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[ "acompsia dimorpha petry, 1904; dt. ent. z. iris 17 (1): 4; tl: pyrenees\nacompsia (acompsia) dimorpha; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 120, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia); huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 114, 110\nacompsia (acompsia) cinerella; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 114, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) antirrhinella; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 119, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) maculosella; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 120, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) subpunctella; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 121, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) delmastroella; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 122, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) muellerrutzi; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 123, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) minorella; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 125, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) tripunctella; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 125, 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (acompsia) caucasella huemer & karsholt, 2002; nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 124, 110; tl: caucasus psysh river\nacompsia (acompsia) schepleri huemer & karsholt, 2002; nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 129, 110; tl: turkey, erzincan kizildag gecidi, 2100m\nacompsia (acompsia) fibigeri huemer & karsholt, 2002; nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 130, 110; tl: turkey, gümüshane, kop pass, 2400m\nacompsia (acompsia) bidzilyai huemer & karsholt, 2002; nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 130, 110; tl: zabajkale sochodnskij zapovednik r. agucakan, 1000m\nacompsia (acompsia) pyrenaella huemer & karsholt, 2002; nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 117, 110; tl: gallia pyren. val. d' ossoue, 1500m\nacompsia (acompsia) ponomarenkoae huemer & karsholt, 2002; nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 128, 110; tl: greece, ipiros, katara pass, 1500 - 1700m\ntelephila (acompsia); huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 131, 110\n= acompsia (telephila); huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 111, 110\nacompsia muellerrutzi wehrli, 1925; dt. ent. z. iris 39: 137; tl: corsica, monte d' oro\nacompsia (telephila) schmidtiellus; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 110; [ fe ]\nacompsia (dichomeridinae); [ sangmi lee ]; [ fe ]; karsholt, mutanen, lee & kaila, 2013, syst. ent. 38: 343\nacompsia subpunctella svensson, 1966; opusc. ent. 31: 188, f. 19, pl. 2, f. 3; tl: sweden, norbotten\nacompsia (telephila) syriella huemer & karsholt, 2002; nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 133, 110; tl: syria, 25km w damascus\nacompsia delmastroella huemer, 1998; linzer biol. beitr. 30 (2): 516, f. 1 - 3, 10 - 11; tl: sw. alps, marmora, colle d' esischie, 2300m\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 177; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 10; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 111, 110; [ sangmi lee ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 114\n=; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 114\nlarva on veronica chamaedrys huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 116\ngelechia antirrhinella millière, 1866; icon. desc. chenilles lepid. 2: 274, 280, pl. 80, f. 6 - 8\nlarva on asarina procumbens huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 119\ngelechia maculosella stainton, 1851; suppl. cat. br. tineidae and pteroph. : 22\nsweden, finland, estonia, nw. poland, kola peninsula, altai, transbaikalia. see [ maps ]\nlarva on veronica longifolia huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 122\nalps (alpes maritimes, alpi cozie, alpes - de - haute - provence). see [ maps ]\naustria, czech republic, france, italy, slovenia, switzerland. see [ maps ]\nbrachycrossata minorella rebel, 1899; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien, 49: 180\nalps, apennines, carpathians, balkans, ..., ?. see [ maps ]\ntinea tripunctella denis & schiffermüller, 1775; ank. syst. schmett. wienergegend: 319\nlarva on plantago alpina huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 127\n=; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 131\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 131\nlarva on origanum vulgare, mentha arvensis, mentha silvestris, m. rotundifolia, calamintha nepeta huemer & karsholt, 2002, nota lepid. 25 (2 / 3): 132\nindicata (meyrick, 1931) (telephila); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 67\ntenebrosella lucas, 1956; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 255\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus, locisque e c. linnaei... systema naturae allegatis. holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nwestwood, 1840 an introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on natural habits and corresponding organization of the different families introd. class. ins. 2: 1 - 352 (1839), : 353 - 587 (1840 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "acompsia dimorpha is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in the french and spanish pyrenees .", "the habitat consists of the alpine zone .", "the wingspan is 16 – 20 mm for males and 11 – 13 mm for females .", "the forewings of the males are greyish to black brown , mottled with light yellow or light greyish scales .", "the hindwings are light grey .", "they have black-brown forewings , mottled with yellow and light brown scales .", "the hindwings light grey , but darker at the apex .", "adults are on wing from late july to early august . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "acompsia dimorpha is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in the french and spanish pyrenees. the habitat consists of the alpine zone. the wingspan is 16 – 20 mm for males and 11 – 13 mm for females. the forewings of the males are greyish to black brown, mottled with light yellow or light greyish scales. the hindwings are light grey. they have black-brown forewings, mottled with yellow and light brown scales. the hindwings light grey, but darker at the apex. adults are on wing from late july to early august." ]

[ "information on partula garretti is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\npartula garretti is classified as extinct (ex) on the iucn red list (1) .\npartulidae » partula garretti, id: 954329, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - partula snail (partula garretti )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - partula snail (partula garretti )\ntitle =\narkive species - partula snail (partula garretti )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > partula garretti < / i > shell\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > partula garretti < / i > shell\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > partula garretti < / i > shell\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfacts summary: partula (commonly known as the partula snail species) is a genus of snails of concern and found in the following area (s): federated states of micronesia, french polynesia, guam, northern mariana islands, palau .\nwikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\npartula calypso\n.\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - partula snail facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nin the late 1980s, native partulid species began disappearing rapidly. by 1992 there were few left and no live individuals were found during surveys in 1994 and 2000 or during subsequent scientific expeditions to high altitudes .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsnails were found on islands across the pacific ocean, from new guinea to polynesia. some 150 species were described and those of french polynesia became important in the study of evolution. they were among the first animals to be investigated in the wild for evidence of speciation in action, first with the studies of alfred meyer in 1899, then henry crampton in 1906 - 56 and finally the geneticists bryan clarke, jim murray and michael johnson from the early 1960s. this research came to an abrupt end in 1987 when most of the species disappeared (as\nare now completely extinct, a further 11 survive only in captivity and just 5 species still exist in the wild in french polynesia. the\nfor the surviving species has been in place since the early 1990s and many species have existed only in small boxes in controlled conditions for many generations. efforts are underway to find a way of returning them to the wild. this requires new approaches to conservation and reintroduction as there is no realistic prospect of eliminating\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\ncoll. daniel mallard. det. justin gerlach. this species is extinct. partulidae are mostly extinct or endangered. their protection is highly needed and we refer to the splendid book of justin gerlach (2014) for a full informative account on this family .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\ncreatures with albinism and leucism are beautiful and rare animals. they have all the characteristics of others of their species except they are white in color. the lack of melanin generally results in the animal looking bleached all over, appearing white or pink. it happens in many animals ranging from squirrels to whitetail deer. here are ten incredible and rare, white - colored creatures that you' ll probably never see in real life .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon." ]

{ "text": [ "† partula garretti was a species of air-breathing tropical land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .", "this species was endemic to ra'iātea , french polynesia .", "it is now extinct . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 0 ] }

[ "† partula garretti was a species of air-breathing tropical land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae. this species was endemic to ra'iātea, french polynesia. it is now extinct." ]

[ "sciteconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: sciteconus algoensis algoensis sowerby, g. b. i, 1834\nworms - world register of marine species - sciteconus mpenjatiensis s. g. veldsman, 2016\nworms - world register of marine species - sciteconus nahoonensis s. g. veldsman, 2016\nspecies sciteconus algoensis (g. b. sowerby i, 1834) accepted as conus (sciteconus) algoensis g. b. sowerby i, 1834 represented as conus algoensis g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies sciteconus bairstowi (g. b. sowerby iii, 1889) accepted as conus (sciteconus) bairstowi g. b. sowerby iii, 1889 represented as conus bairstowi g. b. sowerby iii, 1889\nspecies sciteconus ariejoostei s. g. veldsman, 2016 accepted as conus (sciteconus) ariejoostei (s. g. veldsman, 2016) represented as conus ariejoostei (s. g. veldsman, 2016) (original combination )\nspecies sciteconus mpenjatiensis s. g. veldsman, 2016 accepted as conus (sciteconus) mpenjatiensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016) represented as conus mpenjatiensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016) (original combination )\nspecies sciteconus nahoonensis s. g. veldsman, 2016 accepted as conus (sciteconus) nahoonensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016) represented as conus nahoonensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016) (original combination )\nspecies sciteconus velliesi s. g. veldsman, 2016 accepted as conus (sciteconus) velliesi (s. g. veldsman, 2016) represented as conus velliesi (s. g. veldsman, 2016) (original combination )\nspecies sciteconus xhosa s. g. veldsman, 2016 accepted as conus (sciteconus) xhosa (s. g. veldsman, 2016) represented as conus xhosa (s. g. veldsman, 2016) (original combination )\nconus (sciteconus) algoensis g. b. sowerby i, 1834 represented as conus algoensis g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nconus (sciteconus) mpenjatiensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016) represented as conus mpenjatiensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016 )\nconus (sciteconus) nahoonensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016) represented as conus nahoonensis (s. g. veldsman, 2016 )\nholotype of sciteconus velliesi nmsa p0673 / t4204, 24. 66 mm, off off east london, east coast province, central east coast sub - province, south africa .\nholotype of sciteconus xhosa nmsa p0675 / t4206, 21. 59 mm, off fish river mouth, east coast province, southern east coast sub - province, south africa .\nholotype of sciteconus nahoonensis nmsa p0674 / t4205, 37. 95 mm, off off east london, east coast province, central east coast sub - province, south africa .\nsciteconus. malacologia mostra mondiale, 92: 26 - 35, figs. 8 & 9. off east london (32°59. 9´s, 28°01. 4’e), east coast province, central east coast sub - province, south africa, dredged 65 m on sand. range: central east coast sub - province, reported from east london and glen eden, south africa. genus: sciteconus .\nveldsman s. g. 2016a. description of sciteconus mpenjatiensis (gastropoda: conidae) from southern kwazulu - natal sub - province, south africa. malacologia mostra mondiale. 91: 14 - 17 .\nholotype of sciteconus mpenjatiensis nmsa b5530 / t4173, 21. 15 mm, off trafalgar (31°01. 2´s, 30°22. 9’e), southern kwazulu - natal sub - province, kwazulu - natal province, south africa\nveldsman s. g. (2016). description of sciteconus mpenjatiensis (gastropoda: conidae) from southern kwazulu - natal sub - province, south africa. malacologia mostra mondiale. 91: 14 - 17. [ details ]\nsciteconus. malacologia mostra mondiale, 92: 26 - 35, figs. 6 & 7. off fish river mouth (33°41. 2´s, 27°14. 9’e), east coast province, southern east coast sub - province, south africa, dredged 110 m on sand. range: northern to southern east coast sub - province, reported from fish river mouth, east london and hole - in - the - wall, south africa. genus: sciteconus .\nsciteconus. malacologia mostra mondiale, 92: 26 - 35, figs. 10 & 11 (erroneously numbered as 12). off east london (33°04. 6´s, 27°59. 7’e), east coast province, central east coast sub - province, south africa, dredged 40 m on sand. range: central east coast sub - province, algoa sub - province, reported from east london and glen eden and jeffreys bay, south africa. genus: sciteconus .\nlorenz f. (2015). conus (sciteconus) algoensis norpothi n. ssp. , a new subspecies from cape agulhas, south africa (gastropoda: conidae). conchylia. 45 (1 - 3): 51 - 54. [ details ]\nveldsman, s. g. 2016b. description of four new sciteconus species (gastropoda: conidae): s. ariejooste nov. sp. , s. xhosa nov. sp. , s. velliesi nov. sp. & s. nahoonensis nov. sp. from the east coast province, south africa. malacologia mostra mondiale. 92: 26 - 35 .\nveldsman s. g. (2016). description of four new sciteconus species (gastropoda: conidae): s. ariejoostei nov. sp. , s. xhosa nov. sp. , s. velliesi nov. sp. & s. nahoonensis nov. sp. from the east coast province, south africa. malacologia mostra mondiale. 92: 26 - 35. [ details ]\nveldsman s. g. (2016). description of four new sciteconus species (gastropoda: conidae): s. ariejoostei nov. sp. , s. xhosa nov. sp. , s. velliesi nov. sp. & s. nahoonensis nov. sp. from the east coast province, south africa. malacologia mostra mondiale. 92: 26 - 35. page (s): 32 [ details ]\ntucker j. k. & tenorio m. j. (2013) illustrated catalog of the living cone shells. 517 pp. wellington, florida: mdm publishing. [ details ]\ntucker j. k. & tenorio m. j. (2009) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. hackenheim: conchbooks. 296 pp. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nsouth african conus, p 26 - 27; pl. 195 - 197, 220 / 1\nconus succinctus adams, a. in adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1854: kwazulu - natal, rep. south africa\nvol. 4 / 2 conus, p 356; pl. 66 / 5\nmollusca, no. 3, pt 1, p 17; pl. 5 / 7a, b\nconus turritus sowerby, g. b. iii, 1870: south africa (renamed )\nsouth african conus, p 20 - 21; pl. 199 - 200, 220 / 3\nsouth african conus, p 18 - 19; pl. 198, 220 / 4\nvol. 3 (conus) pt 18, p 31 / 269; pl. 9 / 195 199\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 745 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n, figured. norfolk ridge, new caledonia. range: norfolk ridge (new caledonia), kermadec ridge (new zealand) and possibly balut island (philippines )\n, figured. norfolk ridge, new caledonia. range: norfolk ridge and loyalty ridge, new caledonia\ndauciconus. xenophora taxonomy 13: 6 - 37, pl. 3, figs. 1 - 10. off iracoubo, 102 - 104 m, 06°31’ n; 52°27’ w, french guyana. range: french guyana and surinam, between the deltas of orinoco and amazon rivers. genus: dauciconus .\nholotype of poremskiconus smoesi mzsp 131314, 19. 9 mm, off camocim, ceara state, brazil .\njaspidiconus. the festivus 48 (3): 172 - 178, fig. 1g & h. on carbonate sand in 3 m depth, off tarpum bay, eleuthera island, eastern exuma sound, bahamas. range: known only from the exuma sound area of southern eleuthera island, bahamas, near tarpum bay. genus: jaspidiconus .\nholotype of profundiconus maribelae mnhn im - 2007 - 34878, 27. 5 mm, guadalcanal, 9°19' s, 160°6' e, 416–425 m, solomon islands .\nmiliariconus. the festivus 48 (3): 183 - 187, fig. 1e - h. northernmost gulf of aqaba (gulf of elat), red sea, exposed on coral rubble in 1 m depth, off elat, israel. is fulgetrum, a form or subspecies of miliaris. genus: miliariconus .\nleptoconus amadis f. malacologia mostra mondiale, 91: . southern india. not an available name under iczn articles 45. 5 and 45. 6 (introduced as form after 1960). is amadis. genus: leptoconus .\njaspidiconus. the festivus 48 (3): 172 - 178, fig. 1i & j. 5 - 7 m depth on fine, clean carbonate sand near turtle grass beds, off sandy cay, utila cays, honduras, western caribbean sea. range: known only from the utila cays of the caribbean coast of honduras. genus: jaspidiconus .\nprofundiconus. european journal of taxonomy 173: 1 - 45, figured. plateau des chesterfied, new caledonia. range: solomon islands. genus: profundiconus .\ncylinder textile f. malacologia mostra mondiale, 92: 11 - 12. toliara, sw madagascar. not an available name under iczn articles 45. 5 and 45. 6 (infrasubspecific; introduced as form after 1960). is textile. genus: cylinder .\nallary a. & cossignani t. 2016. darioconus crocatus pseudomagister nuova ssp. malacologia mostra mondiale. 91: 18 - 19 .\nbozzetti, l. 2016a. leptoconus amadis f. superba (nuova forma). malacologia mostra mondiale. 91 :\nbozzetti, l. 2016b. tre nuove forme di cylinder textile (linnaeus, 1758) dalla regione di toliara, madagascar sud - occidentale. malacologia mostra mondiale. 92: 10 - 12. bozzetti, l. 2016c. pionoconus quasimagus (gastropoda, prosobranchia: conidae) nuova specie dalle filippine meridionali. malacologia mostra mondiale. 92: 13 - 14. cossignani, t. 2016. pionoconus vezzaroi (gastropoda: prosobranchia: conidae) nuova specie dalle filippine. malacologia mostra mondiale. 93: 28 .\ncunha, r. l. , lima, f. p. , tenorio, m. j. , ramos. a. a. castilho, r. , williams, s. t. 2014. evolution at a different pace: distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos. systematic biology 63 (6): 971 - 987 .\ndekkers, a. m. 2016. a new tiny conus species from the philippines (gastropoda, conidae). basteria, 80 (1 - 3): 77 - 81 .\nmonnier, e. & limpalaër, l. 2016. revision of the dauciconus daucus complex (gastropoda: conidae). description of two new species: dauciconus jacquescolombi n. sp. from martinique and dauciconus massemini n. sp. from french guyana. xenophora taxonomy 13: 6 - 37 .\nmonnier e. , monteiro, e. & limpalaër l. 2016. phasmoconus (phasmoconus) tenorioi, a new species from the red sea. xenophora taxonomy 10: 14 - 24\npetuch e. j. & berschauer d. p. 2016a. a new species of cone shell (gastropoda: conidae) from the saharan coast of northwestern africa. the festivus. 48 (2): 93 - 99 .\npetuch, e. j. & berschauer, d. p. 2016b. a new species of miliariconus tucker and tenorio, 2009 (conidae: puncticulinae) from the northern red sea. the festivus. 48 (3): 183 - 187 .\npetuch, e. j. & berschauer, d. p. 2016c. six new species of gastropods (fasciolariidae, conidae, and conilithidae) from brazil. the festivus. 48 (4): 257 - 266. petuch, e. j. , berschauer, d. p. & poremski, a. 2016. five new species of jaspidiconus petuch, 2004 (conilithidae: conilithinae) from the caribbean molluscan province. the festivus. 48 (3): 172 - 178 .\ntenorio, m. j. 2016. profundiconus robmoolenbeeki spec. nov. : a new deep water conoidean gastropod from the solomon islands (gastropoda, conilithidae). basteria 80 (1 - 3): 89 - 94 .\ntenorio m. j & castelin, m. 2016. genus profundiconus kuroda, 1956 (gastropoda, conoidea): morphological and molecular studies, with the description of five new species from the solomon islands and new caledonia. european journal of taxonomy 173: 1 - 45 .\nholotype of darioconus crocatus pseudomagister mnhn im - 2000 - 28442, 73. 8 mm, south zamboanga, philippines .\ncylinder textile f. malacologia mostra mondiale, 92: 11 - 12. toliara, sw madagascar. not an available name under iczn articles 45. 5 and 45. 6 (infrasubspecific; introduced as form after 1960). is textile. genus: cylinder .\nholotype of profundiconus neocaledonicus mnhn im - 2009 - 18227, 45. 9 mm, banc crypthélia, norfolk ridge, 23°14' 12\ns, 168°13' 18\ne, 390–570 m, new caledonia .\nconus (pseudolilliconus). basteria, 80 (1 - 3): 77 - 81, figured. philippines, cebu, mactan island. range: central philippines. genus: pseudolilliconus .\nholotype of dauciconus massemini mnhn im 2013 - 56509, 35. 75 mm, off iracoubo, 102 - 104 m, 06°31’ n; 52°27’ w, french guyana .\nholotype of conus (pseudolilliconus) molaerivus 4. 6 mm, nbc rmnh 5004022, cebu, mactan island, philippines, 10 - 20 m .\npionoconus. malacologia mostra mondiale, 92: 13 - 14. pilas island, mindanao, philippines, 45 m depth. range: philippines. genus: pionoconus .\nholotype of profundiconus puillandrei mnhn im - 2000 - 30771, 43. 2 mm, banc jumeau est, norfolk ridge, 23°43' s, 168°16' e, 381–493 m, new caledonia .\nholotype of phasmoconus (phasmoconus) tenorioi smns zi0065744, 48. 3 mm, ras al gurnut, dahlak archipelago, eritrea .\n, figured. trafalgar (31°01. 2´s & 30°22. 9’e), southern kwazulu - natal sub - province, kwazulu - natal province, south africa; dredged 120 m, on sand. range: off kwazulu - natal, south africa\nlamniconus. the festivus 48 (4): 257 - 266, fig. 1e - h. east of santana island, rio de janeiro state, brazil. range: known only from the area extending from cabo frio to rio de janeiro and the offshore islands of rio de janeiro state, brazil. genus: lamniconus .\nholotype of jaspidiconus marcusi lacm 3354, 9. 0 mm, off tarpum bay, eleuthera island, eastern exuma sound, bahamas, 3 m depth .\npionoconus. malacologia mostra mondiale, 93: 28, figured. aliguay island, philippines. is quasimagus. genus: pionoconus .\nholotype of jaspidiconus masinoi lacm 3355, 9. 0 mm, off sandy cay, utila cays, honduras, 7 m depth .\nporemskiconus. the festivus 48 (4): 257 - 266, fig. 2i - l. off camocim, ceara state, brazil. range: known only from the areas offshore of camocim, ceara state, brazil, but may also occur on the offshore canopus banks. genus: poremskiconus .\nholotype of pionoconus quasimagus mnhn, 59. 5 mm, pilas island, mindanao, philippines, 45 m depth .\nholotype of lamniconus petestimpsoni mzsp 131405, 46. 5 mm, off cabo frio, rio de janeiro state, brazil .\ndarioconus crocatus. malacologia mostra mondiale. 91: 18 - 19. south of zamboanga, philippines. it is a plain form of crocatus and not a subspecies, due to its overlapping range of distribution with that for the nominal species. genus: darioconus .\nholotype of profundiconus virginiae mnhn im - 2007 - 30854, 42. 5 mm, plateau des chesterfield, 19°37' s, 158°42' e, 519–522 m, new caledonia .\nholotype of lautoconus saharicus lacm 3333, 27. 4 mm, dahkla bay, western sahara .\nprofundiconus. n malaita, solomon islands, 8°12' 36'' s, 160°41' 42'' e, 498–600 m depth. figs. 1 - 8. range: only known from the type locality and its vicinity, n malaita, solomon islands. genus: profundiconus .\nholotype of pionoconus vezzaroi mmm cupra marittima, 53. 75 mm, aliguay island, philippines .\nholotype of profundiconus robmoolenbeeki mnhn im - 2012 - 43954, 25. 1, n malaita, solomon islands, 498–600 m depth .\nlautoconus. the festivus 48 (2): 93 - 99. dahkla bay, western sahara. it is a form of guanche f. cunha et al. 2014. genus: lautoconus .\n, figured. ras gurnut, dahlak archipelago, eritrea. range: only known from the type locality\nholotype of miliariconus sinaiensis lacm 3350, 22. 1 mm, off elat, israel, gulf of aqaba (gulf of elat), red sea, 1 m depth .\nthis list of genus - group names introduced in conus s. l. is updated from emerson and old (1962 )\npetuch, 1975. veliger, xvii, no. 3, p. 262. type species :\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 24. type species :\n( van mol, tursch, and kempf, 1970), recent, south atlantic, by original designation .\nschaufuss, 1869. molluscorum systema et catalogus. system und aufzählung sämmtlicher conchylien der sammlung von fr. paetel, p. 7. type species :\nhwass in bruguière, 1792, recent, western pacific, by monotypy and by subsequent designation of wenz, 1943, handbuch der paläozoologie herausgegeben von 0. h. schindewolf, vol. 6, pt. 6, p. 1477 .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 85type species :\n( a. adams, 1855), recent, australia, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 138type species :\n( audouin, 1792), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 86type species :\n( weinkauff, 1875), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 18. type species :\n( reeve, 1844), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 155type species :\n( reeve, 1844), recent, east pacific, by original designation .\npetuch, 2004. cenozoic seas: the view from north america, p. 290. type species :\n), upper beds of the bermont formation, okeechobee group, yarmouthian pleistocene of southern florida.', by original designation .\npetuch, 2004. cenozoic seas: the view from north america, p. 291type species :\n( petuch, 1992), recent coral reef systems off honduras and nicaragua and the gorda and rosalind banks of the central caribbean.', by original designation .\nmörch, 1852. catalogus conchyliorum... de yoldi, vol. 1, p. 69. type species :\nmart. [ ini ] hwass in bruguière, recent, west indies, west africa, by subsequent designation of cossmann, 1896, essais de palèoconchologie comparèe, vol. 2, p. 160 .\nthiele, 1929. handbuch der systematischen weichtierkunde, vol. 1, p. 373. type species :\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 87type species :\n( hwass, 1792), recent, west atlantic, by original designation .\nswainson, 1840. a treatise on malacology, p. 311. type species :\nhwass in bruguière, 1792, pliocene, courtagnon, by monotypy. swainson (1840 p. 311) refers to'\nherrmannsen, 1847. indicis generum malacozoorum vol. 1 p 294. type species :\nswainson, 1840. a treatise on malacology, p. 312. type species :\ncossmann, 1896. essais de palèoconchologie comparèe, vol. 2 p. 155. type species :\nolsson and harbison, 1953. monogr. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia no. 8, p. 170. type species :\nlinné, 1758. systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 712. type species :\nlinné, 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of children 1823, quart. jour. sci. lit. and arts, london, vol. 16 p 69 .\nsuzuki, 1972. pacific shell news no. 5, p. 2, text f. 1. type species :\nswainson, 1840. a treatise on malacology, pp. 147, 311. type species :\nhwass in bruguière 1792 ], recent, indo - pacific, by monotypy .\nherrmannsen, 1847. indicis generum malacozoorum, vol. 1 p. 333. type species :\nlinné, 1758 ], recent indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of winckworth, 1945, proc. malacol. soc. london vol. 26, p. 139. not zeder, 1803, nor quoy and gaimard, 1830 .\n( linné), 1758, recent, indo - pacific, type by original designation. not voet, l796 .\nswainson, 1840. a treatise on malacology, p 311. type species :\nhwass in bruguière, 1792 ], recent, western pacific, by monotypy. not swainson, 1840 ,\n' bonanni' herrmannsen, 1847. indicus generum malacozoorum vol. 1 p. 351. type species :\ndeshayes, 1824. dictionnaire classique d' histoire naturelle, vol. 5 p. 236. type species :\nmontfort, 1810. not fitzinger, 1833, nor herrmannsen, 1852, nor neviani, 1928 .\np. fischer, 1883. manuel de conchyliologie et de palèontologie conchyhologique. p. 588. type species :\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 141type species :\n( pilsbry, 1955), recent, west atlantic, by original designation .\nhwass in bruguière, 1792, recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\ncotton, 1945. rec. south australian mus. , vol. 8, p. 246. type species :\nhwass in bruguière, 1792, recent, west indies, by original designation .\nswainson, 1840. a treatise on malacology, pp. 311, 312. type species :\nlinné, recent, indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of herrmannsen, 1847 [ april 18 ], indicis generum malacozoorum, vol. 1, p. 377, and by j. e. gray, 1847 [ november ], proc. zool. soc. london, p. 135 .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classfication of the gastropod family conidae at the generic level, p. 12. type species :\niredale, 1949. proc. roy. zool. soc. new south wales, for 1947 - 1948, p. 20. type species :\npèron, 1807 ], recent, australia, by original designation. is a\niredale, 1937. festschrift embrik strand, vol. 3, p. 407. type species :\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 142type species :\n( conrad, 1833), miocene, europe and the united state gulf coast, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 25. type species :\nda motta, 1991. la conchiglia, xxii, no. 258, p. 12. type species :\n( linnaeus, 1758), recent, sri lanka, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 12. type species :\n( küster, 1838), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 29. type species :\n( e. a. smith, 1875), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 31. type species :\n( kiener, 1845), recent indo - pacific, by original designation .\nlinné, 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of winckworth, 1935, proc. malacol. soc. london, vol. 21, p. 322. not sowerby, ii, 1842, nor sowerby, i, 1846 .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 94type species :\n( linnaeus, 1758), recent, west africa, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 95type species :\n( broderip, 1833), recent, west atlantic, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 145type species :\n( g. b. sowerby iii, 1879), recent, east pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae at the generic level, p. 17. type species :\n( wood, 1828), recent, east pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 18. type species :\n( reeve, 1845), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\n( hwass in bruguière, 1792), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\n( linné), 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by original designation. not gray, 1832 .\n( sowerby, 1887), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\npetuch, 2004. cenozoic seas: the view from north america, p. 292. type species :\n), tropical western atlantic, from southeastern florida (fort lauderdale to the florida keys), throughout the antilles arc, south to the grenadines.', by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 12. type species :\nbrazier, 1896. proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. , xxi, part 3, p. 346. type species :\nbrazier, 1896, recent, new hebrides, by montypy. powell, bull. auckland inst. mus. , no. 5, p. 111, 1966, suggests this is a turrid .\n( hwass in bruguière, 1792), recent, south africa, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 11. type species :\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 146type species :\n( reeve, 1844), recent, west atlantic and east pacific, by original designation .\nshikama & habe, 1968. venus, xxvi, no. 3 - 4, p. 59. type species :\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 20. type species :\n( reeve, 1844), recent, south atlantic, by original designation .\n[ hwass in bruguière, 1792 ], recent, mediterranean, by monotypy .\nswainson, 1840. a treatise on malacology, p. 312. type species :\nmartini, 1773, recent, indian ocean, by subsequent designation of herrmannsen, 1847 [ may 25, 1847 ] indicis generum malacozoorum, vol. 1, p. 584. j. e. gray (1847, proc. zool. soc. london, p. 135) later in the same year [ november, 1847 ] designated\nraybaudi massilia, 1994. la conchiglia, no. 270. p. 20. type species :\n( raybaudi massilia, 1992), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nmörch, 1852. catalogus conchyliorum... de yoldi, vol. 1, p. 66. type species :\nroding, 1798 ], recent, indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of cossmann, 1889, ann. soc. roy. malacol. belgique, vol. 24, p. 232 .\nwils, 1970. familie conidae, 1970, p. 37. type species :\nhwass in bruguiere, 1792, recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 19. type species :\n( hwass in bruguière, 1792), recent, western atlantic, by original designation .\ncotton and godfrey, 1932. south australian nat. , vol. 13, p. 69. type species :\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 108type species :\n( hwass, 1792), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae at the generic level, p. 13. type species :\nwenz, 1943) handbuch der paläozoologie herausgegeben von 0. h. schindewolf, vol. 6, pt. 6, p. 1475. type species :\nherrmannsen' klien', 1846. indicis generum malacozoorum, vol. 1, pp. 124, 125. type species :\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae at the generic level, p. 15. type species :\ncotton and godfrey, 1932. south australian nat. , vol. 13, pp. 68, 69. type species :\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 148type species :\n( g. b. sowerby ii, 1857), recent, west atlantic and east pacific, by original designation .\nmörch, 1852. catalogus conchyliorum... de yoldi, vol. 1, p. 70. type species :\ngmelin, 1791, recent, western pacific, by subsequent designation of cotton, 1945, rec. south australian mus. , vol. 8, p. 250, as'\nlinné, 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of cossmann, 1896, essais de palèoconchologie comparèe, vol. 2, p. 161 .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 111type species :\nmoolenbeek, r. g. , 2008. vita malacologica n. 6, p. 69type species :\n( linnaeus, 1767), recent, west atlantic, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 151type species :\n( e. a. smith, 1894), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 114type species :\n( g. b. sowerby iii, 1879), pliocene, angola, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 19. type species :\n( hwass, in bruguière, 1792), recent, western atlantic, by original designation .\nolsson, 1967. some tertiary mollusks from south florida and the caribbean p, 21. type species :\nhinds, 1843, recent, eastern - pacific province, by original designation .\n( g. b. sowery iii, 1879), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nmörch, 1852. catalogus conchyliorum... de yoldi, vol. 1, p. 68. type species :\nlinné, 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of cossmann, 1896, essais de palèoconchologie comparèe, vol. 2, p. 162 .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 118type species :\n( linnaeus, 1758), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\n( linné), 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by original designation. not walbaum, 1792, nor lacèpéde, 1800 .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 120type species :\n( linné), 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 23. type species :\n( sowerby, 1834), recent, south africa, by original designation .\npetuch, 2004. cenozoic seas: the view from north america, p. 294. type species :\n), buckingham member of the tamiami formation, okeechobee group, early piacenzian pliocene of southern florida.', by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 26. type species :\n( sowerby, 1833), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 25. type species :\n( röding 1798), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\n), widespread caribbean sea, from southern florida, bahamas, to northern south america. nominate subspecies not found in the gulf of mexico.', by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 123type species :\nmörch, 1852. catalogus conchyliorum... de yoldi, vol. 1, p. 65. type species :\nthiele, 1929. handbuch der systematischen weichtierkunde vol. 1 p. 374. type species :\nazuma, 1972. venus, xxxi, no. 2, p. 56. type species :\nlinné, 1758, recent, western pacific, by subsequent designation of cotton, 1945, rec. south australian mus. , vol. 8, p. 261 .\nlinné, 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by subsequent designation of herrmannsen, 1849, indicis generum malacozoorum, vol. 2, p. 571 .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 18. type species :\n( lamarck, 1810), , recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 126type species :\n( hwass, 1792), recent, west africa, by original designation .\nl. [ innè ], 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by monotypy. not blainville, 1830 .\nshikama & habe, 1968. venus, xxvi, no. 3 - 4, p. 57. type species :\nschumacher, 1817. essai d' un nouveau système des habitations des vers testaces, pp. 62, 203. type species :\n( linné), 1758, recent, indo - pacific, by monotypy .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 34. type species :\n( kiener, 1845), recent, west africa, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 152type species :\n( reeve, 1849), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\ncotton, 1945. rec. south australian mus. , vol. 8, p. 253. type species :\nlinné, 1758, recent, indo - pacific, panamic, by original designation .\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae at the generic level, p. 13. type species :\nda motta, 1991. a systematic classification of the gastropod family conidae, p. 28. type species :\n( gray, 1892), recent, eastern pacific, by original designation .\ntucker & tenorio, 2009. systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods, p. 154type species :\n( reeve, 1848), recent, indo - pacific, by original designation .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. 0316338. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation. generous web hosting provided by the burke museum of natural and history and culture .\npicture link: image from the lacm collection, picture taken by j. tucker\nshell biconic with a low, slightly turreted spire, straight sides and about 10 whorls; surface of whorls on the spire evenly excavated, smooth or with two or three faint spiral striae in the channel; sides of the shell straight, smooth with very faint indication of obsolete striation, striae rather distant; near the channel there are, as usual, a few spiral cords; outer lip straight, receding to the sinus at each extremity; ground color of the shell white with broad brownish yellow irregular areas so disposed as to indicate three irregular white spiral areas, one near the channel, one at about the middle of the side and the third somewhat in front of the shoulder. no pattern on the shoulder source walls moderately light in weight, with a good gloss and waxy texture; low conical, the upper sides nearly parallel then straight to base; basal ridges and axial growth marks; shoulder broad, carinate, concave above; spire low / moderate, sharply pointed, the sides concave; early whorls nodulose, slightly stepped becoming undulate; body whorl deep orange tan to bright yellow, sometimes with greenish tint; two distinct bands of white blotches at midbody shoulder; midbody band wider sometimes continuous or narrow axial flammules or narrow spiral line; margin of shoulder narrowly white with axial flammules; spire white, heavily checkered with orange brown to yellowish; early whorls pale; aperture moderately narrow, uniform; outer lip thin, straight; mouth white; columella internal discussion: - was considered juvenile of c. fergusoni; but it is thicker heavier with rounded shoulder and lacks spiral banding .\nmartins, 1943, and then only in general shell shape. the bright golden color bands arid characteristic shoulder coloration readily separates\npublished in: malacologia no. 92, july 2016; p. 28 - 30, fig. 6 & 7 ocean geography: south africa type locality: fish river mouth & southern east coast sub - province, east coast province, south africa type data: holotype in nmsa deposited and catalogued type size: 21. 59 x 12. 80 mm nomenclature: an available name\nand smooth. spire very low, slightly stepped to smooth with a sharp nipple - like - protoconch with a moderately deep suture. thin ridges close to suture on inner part of the spire whorl brown to orange markings on spire. the basal third has very fine ribs around the body whorl. moderately broad aperture with very rounded convex lip. the background color is off - white to cream. thin evenly - spaced orange spotted bands around body whorl. no markings on or below shoulder. thick orange band consisting of a zig - zag like pattern around the middle of the shell .\nis found in a very localized area, in the northern transkei region of south africa. they are a deep - water species, being dredged from about 70 to 100m deep. they are only known from a very restricted area at present .\nintertidal from very low water down to the surge zone, in rock crevices or between rocks, partly buried in sand .\nshell description: small to moderately small, moderately solid, last whorl broadly and ventricosely conical; outline convex at adapical third, straight or slightly concave below. aperture moderate, wider at base than near shoulder. shoulder angulate and smooth. spire of low to moderate height with straight, sometimes slightly convex outline. teleoconch sutural ramps flat with numerous striae, crossed by axial threads. first 4 - 5 postnuclear whorls with 2 stronger spiral grooves, perceptible in juvenile specimens only. surface smooth and slightly glossy with about 10 narrow spiral grooves at base. periostracum yellowish, thick and only partially translucent, with slightly tufted spiral lines .\nground colour bluish white with two small lighter spiral bands at centre and shoulder. dark brown reticular pattern leaving spiral rows of bluish - white axial streaks as well as fine irregular ziczac - lines and flammules. occasionally specimens may be completely brown with scattered light spiral bands at centre and shoulder. aperture dark brown with a light margin; deeper inside light violet\npublished in: zool. beechey' s voyage, p. 119 ocean geography: eastern pacific type locality: panama type data: lectotype in nhmuk deposited and catalogued\ncopyright paul kersten. rights to all images remains with the originator. every effort has been made by the editor to respect copyright and image rights and to seek the appropriate approvals. the source of any text quoted from original descriptions or other publications is acknowledged. acknowledgements and references can be viewed by clicking on the links provided. should you have any queries or material which would improve the content of the website, you may contact the author at the e mail address on home page .\nconus linnaeus, c. , 1758 type species: conus marmoreus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nconus (fusiconus) motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: fusiconus longurionis kiener, l. c. , 1845\ngraphiconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: graphiconus inscriptus inscriptus reeve, l. a. , 1843\nmagelliconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: magelliconus magellanicus hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\ncylinder montfort, p. d. de, 1810 type species: cylinder textile textile linnaeus, c. , 1758\ngastridium modeer, 1793 type species: gastridium geographus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nsplinoconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: splinoconus biliosus röding, p. f. , 1798\nleptoconus swainson, w. a. , 1840 type species: leptoconus amadis amadis gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ndarioconus iredale, t. , 1930 type species: darioconus omaria hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nnataliconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: nataliconus natalis sowerby, g. b. ii, 1858\ncalibanus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: calibanus furvus reeve, l. a. , 1843\nphasmoconus mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: phasmoconus radiatus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nfulgiconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: fulgiconus moluccensis moluccensis küster, h. c. , 1838\neugeniconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: eugeniconus nobilis nobilis linnaeus, c. , 1758\nprotostrioconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: protostrioconus obscurus\nhumphrey, g. ms\nsowerby, g. b. i in sowerby, g. b. ii, 1833\npseudolilliconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: pseudolilliconus boschorum moolenbeek, r. g. & h. e. coomans, 1993\nendemoconus iredale, t. , 1931 type species: endemoconus howelli iredale, t. , 1929\ntextilia swainson, w. a. , 1840 type species: textilia bullata linnaeus, c. , 1758\npionoconus mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: pionoconus magus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nchelyconus mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: chelyconus ermineus born, i. von, 1778\nafonsoconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2013 type species: afonsoconus kinoshitai kuroda, t. , 1956\nmalagasyconus monnier, e. & m. j. tenório, 2015 type species: malagasyconus lozeti richard, g. , 1980\npuncticulis swainson, w. a. , 1840 type species: conus arenatus röding, p. f. , 1798\nasprella schaufuss, l. w. , 1869 type species: asprella sulcata hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\ndauciconus cotton, b. c. , 1945 type species: dauciconus daucus daucus hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nsandericonus petuch, e. j. , 2013 type species: sandericonus sanderi carioca (var .) petuch, e. j. , 1986\nattenuiconus petuch, e. j. , 2013 type species: attenuiconus attenuatus reeve, l. a. , 1844\nlividoconus wils, e. , 1970 type species: lividoconus lividus hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nharmoniconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: harmoniconus musicus hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nkioconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: kioconus recluzianus bernardi, m. , 1853\nlithoconus mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: lithoconus leopardus röding, p. f. , 1798\nmiliariconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: virroconus miliaris miliaris hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nrhizoconus mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: rhizoconus miles linnaeus, c. , 1758\nrhombiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: rhombiconus imperialis imperialis linnaeus, c. , 1758\nstellaconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: stellaconus malacanus hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nstephanoconus mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: stephanoconus regius gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nstrategoconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: strategoconus generalis linnaeus, c. , 1767\nvirgiconus cotton, b. c. , 1945 type species: virgiconus virgo linnaeus, c. , 1758\nvirroconus iredale, t. , 1930 type species: virroconus ebraeus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nvituliconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: vituliconus planorbis born, i. von, 1778\nconasprelloides tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: conasprelloides cancellatus hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\narubaconus petuch, e. j. , 2013 type species: arubaconus hieroglyphus duclos, p. l. , 1833\nbermudaconus petuch, e. j. , 2013 type species: bermudaconus lightbourni petuch, e. j. , 1986\ngladioconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: gladioconus gladiator broderip, w. j. , 1833\nkellyconus petuch, e. j. , 2013 type species: kellyconus patae abbott, r. t. , 1971\nporemskiconus petuch, e. j. , 2013 type species: poremskiconus archetypus archetypus crosse, h. , 1865\natlanticonus petuch, e. j. & d. m. sargent, 2012 type species: atlanticonus granulatus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nfloraconus iredale, t. , 1930 type species: floraconus anemone anemone lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1810\ngradiconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: gradiconus gradatus wood, w. , 1828\nlamniconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: lamniconus clerii reeve, l. a. , 1844\nseminoleconus petuch, e. j. , 2004 type species: seminoleconus violetae petuch, e. j. , 1988\nbrasiliconus petuch, e. j. , 2013 type species: brasiliconus scopulorum mol, j. g. van, b. tursch & m. kempf, 1971\ntenorioconus petuch, e. j. & m. drolshagen, 2011 type species: tenorioconus cedonulli cedonulli linnaeus, c. , 1767\nductoconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: ductoconus princeps linnaeus, c. , 1758\ngenuanoconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: genuanoconus genuanus linnaeus, c. , 1758\ncalamiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: calamiconus lischkeanus lischkeanus weinkauff, h. c. , 1875\nleporiconus iredale, t. , 1930 type species: leporiconus glans hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nhermes montfort, p. d. de, 1810 type species: hermes nussatellus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nturriconus shikama, t. & t. habe, 1968 type species: turriconus excelsus sowerby, g. b. iii, 1908\nkurodaconus shikama, t. & t. habe, 1968 type species: kurodaconus stupa kuroda, t. , 1956\naustroconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: austroconus cyanostoma adams, a. in adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1853\nrolaniconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: rolaniconus varius linnaeus, c. , 1758\npseudonoduloconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: pseudonoduloconus carnalis sowerby, g. b. iii, 1879\nmonteiroconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: monteiroconus ambiguus reeve, l. a. , 1844\npurpuriconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: purpuriconus cardinalis hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\ndendroconus swainson, w. a. , 1840 type species: dendroconus betulinus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nafriconus petuch, e. j. , 1975 type species: africonus cuneolus reeve, l. a. , 1843\ntrovaoconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: trovaoconus venulatus hwass, c. h. in bruguière, j. g. , 1792\nkalloconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: kalloconus pulcher pulcher [ lightfoot, j. ], 1786\nvarioconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: varioconus bulbus reeve, l. a. , 1843\nlautoconus monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1923 type species: lautoconus ventricosus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nplicaustraconus moolenbeek, r. g. , 2008 type species: plicaustraconus advertex garrard, t. a. , 1961\neremiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: eremiconus minnamurra garrard, t. a. , 1961\nlindaconus petuch, e. j. , 2002 type species: lindaconus lindae petuch, e. j. , 1987\npyruconus olsson, a. a. , 1967 type species: pyruconus patricius hinds, r. b. , 1843\ntesselliconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: tesselliconus tessulatus tessulatus born, i. von, 1778\nximeniconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: ximeniconus ximenes gray, j. e. , 1839\nperplexiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: perplexiconus perplexus sowerby, g. b. ii, 1857\nquasiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: quasiconus melvilli sowerby, g. b. iii, 1879\njaspidiconus petuch, e. j. , 2003 type species: jaspidiconus jaspideus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nglobiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: globiconus tornatus\nbroderip, w. j .\nsowerby, g. b. i in sowerby, g. b. ii, 1833\nkohniconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: kohniconus emarginatus reeve, l. a. , 1844\nprofundiconus motta, a. j. da, 1991 type species: profundiconus profundorum kuroda, t. , 1956\nyeddoconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: yeddoconus sieboldii reeve, l. a. , 1848\ndalliconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: dalliconus mcgintyi pilsbry, h. a. , 1955\nlilliconus raybaudi massilia, g. , 1994 type species: lilliconus biraghii biraghii raybaudi massilia, g. , 1993\nparviconus cotton, b. c. & f. k. godfrey, 1932 type species: parviconus rutilus menke, k. t. , 1843\npseudoconorbis tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: pseudoconorbis coromandelicus smith, e. a. , 1894\nbathyconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: bathyconus orbignyi audouin, j. - v. , 1831\nviminiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: viminiconus vimineus reeve, l. a. , 1849\nfusiconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: fusiconus longurionis kiener, l. c. , 1845\nconasprella thiele, j. , 1929 type species: conasprella pagoda\nchenu, j. c .\nkiener, l. c. , 1847\ncaliforniconus tucker, j. k. & m. j. tenório, 2009 type species: californiconus californicus\nhinds, r. b .\nreeve, l. a. , 1844\ntaranteconus azuma, m. , 1972 type species: taranteconus chiangi azuma, m. , 1972\nkenyonia brazier, j. , 1896 type species: conus pulcherrimus brazier, j. , 1894\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nn. puillandre, 1 t. f. duda, 2 c. meyer, 3 b. m. olivera, 4 and p. bouchet 5\ncorrespondence: n. puillandre; e - mail: rf. nhnm @ erdnalliup\ncopyright © the author 2014. published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london, all rights reserved\nwe present a new classification for the genus conus sensu lato (family conidae), based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of 329 species. this classification departs from both the traditional classification in only one genus and from a recently proposed shell - and radula - based classification scheme that separates members of this group into five families and 115 genera. roughly 140 genus - group names are available for recent cone snails. we propose to place all cone snails within a single family (conidae) containing four genera— conus, conasprella, profundiconus and californiconus (with conus alone encompassing about 85% of known species) —based on the clear separation of cone snails into four distinct and well - supported groups / lineages in molecular phylogenetic analyses. within conus and conasprella, we recognize 57 and 11 subgenera, respectively, that represent well - supported subgroupings within these genera, which we interpret as evidence of intrageneric distinctiveness. we allocate the 803 recent species of conidae listed as valid in the world register of marine species into these four genera and 71 subgenera, with an estimate of the confidence for placement of species in these taxonomic categories based on whether molecular or radula and / or shell data were used in these determinations. our proposed classification effectively departs from previous schemes by (1) limiting the number of accepted genera, (2) retaining the majority of species within the genus conus and (3) assigning members of these genera to species groups / subgenera to enable the effective communication of these groups, all of which we hope will encourage acceptance of this scheme .\nafter more than two centuries of naming and overnaming, the species - level systematics of cones is undergoing a reappraisal based, among others, on molecular characters, and this is leading to a more stable taxonomy. conversely, the supraspecific classification of the cone snails has in the last 20 years become more unstable than ever. a plethora of nominal (sub) genera reflect subtle differences in shell form and radular morphology, but these are obscuring phylogenetic relationships between terminal taxa. while toxinologists are longing for a predictive classification that can be used as a roadmap for bioprospecting (olivera, 2006; puillandre & holford, 2010), the two genus - level classifications of cones proposed in the last 25 years (da motta, 1991; tucker & tenorio, 2009, 2013) have remained ignored outside the world of cone - shell collectors .\nrecently published a phylogeny of the cone snails based on 330 species and sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions. in the present paper we utilized this molecular phylogeny as a foundation to establish a new genus - and subgenus - level classification of the conidae, with four genera (\n). we also tentatively allocate all cone snail species currently considered as valid in worms, but not represented in the molecular phylogeny, to genera and subgenera based on their morphological characters .\nsimplified version of the bayesian tree based on the concatenation of sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions (coi, 16s, 12s) and published by puillandre et al. (2014: fig. 2) showing the proposed classification. genera and subgenera with multiple species are reduced to triangles, whose lengths are proportional to the branch lenghts. posterior probabilities (> 0. 95) are shown for each node. only (sub) genera with at least one sequenced representative are figured." ]

{ "text": [ "sciteconus is a subgenus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conus , family conidae , the cone snails and their allies .", "in the latest classification of the family conidae by puillandre n. , duda t.f. , meyer c. , olivera b.m. & bouchet p. ( 2015 ) , sciteconus has become a subgenus of conus as conus ( sciteconus ) da motta , 1991 ( type species : conus algoensis g. b. sowerby i , 1834 ) represented as conus linnaeus , 1758" ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "sciteconus is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conus, family conidae, the cone snails and their allies. in the latest classification of the family conidae by puillandre n., duda t.f., meyer c., olivera b.m. & bouchet p. (2015), sciteconus has become a subgenus of conus as conus (sciteconus) da motta, 1991 (type species: conus algoensis g. b. sowerby i, 1834) represented as conus linnaeus, 1758" ]

[ ", it would be interesting to examine various yellow baboon populations for production of aliphatic acids .\nallows you to instantly special summon yellow baboon. this can let you select which monster to send as well, which can make plays by sending cards like green baboon to graveyard .\nthe yellow baboon inhabits thorn scrub, savannah, open woodland, and gallery forest throughout its range (2) .\nthe hybridization between anubis and yellow baboons seems to have a long history. interestingly, the ibean form of yellow baboon, which has coarser hair than typical yellow baboons, a more pronounced mane, and other somewhat\nanubis - like\nfeatures, is thought by some researchers to be evidence of the historical influx of anubis genes into yellow baboon populations .\nother names: p. cynocephalus: papio hamadryas cynocephalus; cynocephalus baboon or savanna baboon; baviaan (dutch); babouin jaune (french); babbuino (italian); babian, babuin, or gul babian (swedish); p. c. ibeanus: ibean baboon; p. c. kindae: kinda baboon\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus )\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe distinctive elongated muzzle of the yellow baboon is the characteristic responsible for its scientific name, cyanocephalus, which originates from the greek words kynos and kephalikos meaning ‘dog - head’ (4). the yellow baboon is also aptly named for the yellow - brown fur which covers the body except for the underside, which is white (5). other distinctive features include a dark - skinned face covered in fine, yellow - grey fur and a prominent brow ridge (2). male and female yellow baboons cannot only be distinguished by the larger size of the male, but also by the male’s formidable canine teeth, and the brightly coloured sexual swellings which develop in the female during oestrus (2). the yellow baboon moves quadrupedally, holding the tail up at an angle from the body (2). there are three subspecies of the yellow baboon: the yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus cynocephalus), the ibean baboon (papio cynocephalus ibeanus), and the kinda baboon, (papio cynocephalus kindae), which can be differentiated using variation in tail position and shape (5) .\nsapolsky, r. 1996. why should an aged male baboon ever transfer troops? .\nas the common name suggests, the yellow baboon exhibits a yellow - brown overall coloration with a white underside. the scientific name of this primate is “cyanocephalus”, which is a combination of greek words “kynos” (dog) and “kephalikos” (head). the animal is so called due to its conspicuously long muzzle. the yellow baboon is also distinguished by the noticeable brow ridge as well as fine, yellow - grey hairs, covering the dark skin of the face .\nprimate info net, 2000 .\nprimate info net\n( on - line). yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus). accessed july 14, 2003 at urltoken .\nthe yellow baboon is hunted by local people, as an important source of protein, and as human population density in central africa increases, hunting pressure is mounting. in addition to this, human’s continual destruction of the baboon’s natural habitat in some regions, to convert land for agricultural use, destroys important areas in which the yellow baboon can forage and shelter, and also results in the yellow baboon being hunted as a pest species when it is forced to raid agricultural fields for food (7). accidental death on roads is also causing local population declines in this species, as well as its exportation from east africa for medical research (2) .\nthe yellow baboon is found in central and eastern africa, in angola, the democratic republic of congo, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, mozambique, somalia, tanzania, and zambia (2) .\ncite this page as: cawthon lang ka. 2006 january 6. primate factsheets: yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 11 .\nmales have been reported to choose to immigrate into troops containing the fewest like - aged males, and the same factor may play a role when yellow baboon males are choosing a troop in which to settle .\ncawthon lang, k. a. (2006) primate factsheets: yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. primate info net, university of wisconsin, madison. available at: urltoken\naccording to iucn, the yellow baboon is common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. currently, this species is classified as least concern (lc) and its numbers remain stable .\nthis species is part of a complex of closely related african baboon species. we have an account of the whole genus under\nmay be produced by all yellow baboons except infants when they wish to signal amicable intentions to another animal. finally, adult and subadult yellow baboons of both sexes are known to produce a\nthey are some of the world’s largest monkeys. there are five species of the baboon—olive, yellow, chacma, guinea, and sacred—scattered across various habitat in africa and arabia. the olive baboon is the most extensively distributed of the baboon family. the baboon, like other old world monkeys, does not have a prehensile (gripping) tail—meaning their tails are not used as a hand—but they are still able to climb when necessary. they all have dog - like noses, powerful jaws, sharp canine teeth, and thick fur. males have a longer mane around the neck, called a ruff .\nthis page notes details of yellow baboon, archer of the forest (earth / beast / effect monster): decks, tips, effect and rulings. learn and enjoy playing yu - gi - oh! duel links !\nare known to produce aliphatic acids when they are sexually receptive. these acids are thought to enhance a female’s sexual attractiveness. because there is considerable hybridization between anubis baboons and yellow baboons, and because the ibean form of yellow baboons may have arizen originally through hybridization between typical yellow baboons and\nthe natural range of this species covers central and eastern regions of africa, stretching from kenya and tanzania to zimbabwe and botswana. within this territory, the yellow baboon occurs in thorn scrubs, savannahs, open woodlands and gallery forests .\nrhine, r. , r. tilson. 1987. reactions to fear as a proximate factor in the sociospatial organization of baboon progressions .\nbaboons. ibean yellow baboons have large skulls. typical yellow baboons have medium to large skulls. kinda baboons are noted for their greatly reduced cranial size, associated smaller teeth, and weakly expressed temporal lines .\ndespite some yellow baboon populations being locally displaced as a result of habitat loss and hunting, overall this species remains widespread and common within its range. this is largely due to its opportunistic lifestyle and ability to adapt to an array of environments (1). this species is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that trade in the yellow baboon should be carefully controlled to prevent it becoming threatened in the future (3) .\nhamilton iii, w. , j. bulger. 1992. facultative expresion of behavioral differences between one - male and multimale savanna baboon groups .\njolly, c. 1993. species, subspecies, and baboon systematics. pp. 67 - 107 in w kimbel, l martin, eds .\naltmann, s. a. , and altmann, j. (1970) baboon ecology: african field research. university of chicago press, chicago .\nlong - term research on yellow baboons has been conducted since 1971 by jeanne and stuart altmann, susan alberts, and their colleagues at amboseli national park, in southern kenya on the border of tanzania. at mikumi national park, tanzania, ramon rhine and others have been studying yellow baboons since 1974. yellow baboons have also been studied at ruaha national park, tanzania and at the tana river national primate reserve, kenya. there are virtually no published studies of yellow baboons in angola, mozambique, or malawi, countries that are plagued by civil war and where it is impossible for scientists to study baboon behavior .\nbreeding interval female yellow baboons may breed annually under some conditions, but are more likely to reproduce every other year .\nbentley - condit, v. , e. smith. 1997. female reproductive parameters of tana river yellow baboons .\nis a threat behavior, the effect of which is enhanced by the differently colored fur in the region of the eye which is revealed when the baboon stares .\nbentley - condit, v. , e. smith. 1999. female dominance and female social relationships among yellow baboons (\nis common during aggressive encounters, and can be made by any age or sex class. subadult and adult yellow baboons produce a\nwilliams - blangero, s. , j. vandenberg, j. blangero, l. konigsberg, b. dyke. 1990. genetic differentiation between baboon subspecies: relevance for biomedical research .\nas in all highly social species, communication is varied and complex. yellow baboons utilize visual signals and gestures, vocalizations, and tactile communication .\nalberts, s. , j. altmann. 2001. immigration and hybridization patterns of yellow and anubis baboons in and around amboseli, kenya .\na yellow baboon troop spends the majority of the day on the ground foraging, punctuated by periods of social activity. during the night, the troop retreats to trees in the ‘sleeping grove’, an area of forest that typically lies at the centre of the home range (2). the sleeping grove provides refuge from potential predators, including large cats, spotted hyenas, pythons, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and of course humans (4). the yellow baboon is an opportunistic omnivore with an extraordinarily diverse diet, including grasses, dried seed pods, fungi, lichens, fruits, flowers, small invertebrates, reptiles, birds, bird eggs, and even other primates, such as vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) and lesser bush babies (galago senegalensis) .\n. in the amboseli national park in kenya, the amount of reported hybridization between these two species has increased over time. researchers think that the increasing immigration of anubis males into yellow baboon troops is responsible for the increase noted in hybrid characters. because the slopes of mount kilamanjaro are under increasing agricultural pressure, it is likely that anubis males have no alternative areas into which to emigrate .\nbaboons are often intentionally poisoned and killed because they tend to be considered as a pest species. they are also hunted for their skins—this is more common with the sacred baboon. use of baboons in laboratories and medical research has also increased .\nhall, k. r. l. and devore, i. (1965) baboon social behaviour. in: devore, i. (ed .) primate behaviour: field studies of monkeys and apes. holt rinehart winston, new york .\nbentley - condit, v. , t. moore, e. smith. 2001. analysis of infant handling and the effects of female rank among tana river adult female yellow baboons (\nbaboons appear to be more closely related to humans and are therefore good candidates for animal models in biomedical research (fridman & popova 1988a). yellow baboons, in particular, have been used in research on physiology, blood, the cardiovascular system, neurology, and endocrinology. they have also been used as an animal model to study organ transplantation, alcoholism, epilepsy, and high blood pressure (fridman & popova 1988b). about 6% of the biomedical studies involving nonhuman primates include baboon species (carlsson et al. 2004). changes in taxonomy and difficulty identifying species have made it impossible to evaluate which baboon species are used most frequently in research (fridman & popova 1988a) .\npelage is characteristically a yellowish - brown. this overall color is produced by individual hairs which are yellow - brown for most of their length but have a black tips. in typical yellow baboons, both males and females are unmaned. however, in the ibean form of this species, males have a weakly expressed mane. it is not at all comparable to the large mane found in\n, or\nwahoo\ncall, which adult males direct toward feline predators or toward other males. it is thought to communicate the presence of the male and his arousal. adult male yellow baboons make\nthe biggest threat to the population of yellow baboons is hunting for food by local people, compounded by the growing human population within the natural range of this species. furthermore, yellow baboons presently suffer from continuous habitat destruction as a result of human activities. some parts of their range are turned to agricultural land, thus destroying vital foraging and sheltering sites of these animals. additionally, yellow baboons are commonly persecuted and killed as pests because of raiding agricultural fields during periods of food scarcity. other localized concerns include a high number of road mortality and exportation of individuals from east africa to be used in medical research .\nthey sleep, travel, feed, and socialize in groups averaging of about 50. the yellow baboon typically forages in extended, well - spaced troops, which have been recorded to consist of up to 300 animals. these groups usually consist of seven or eight males and about twice as many females plus their young. the family unit of females and juveniles forms the core of the troop. males will leave their natal troops as they mature and move in and out of other troops .\nyellow baboons are aptly named for the yellow - brown fur which covers their bodies except for their undersides, including the inner surfaces of the limbs, cheeks, and patches of fur on either side of the muzzle, which are white (rowe 1996; groves 2001). adult males and females have longer hair along their flanks compared to the rest of their bodies while males have longer fur at the nape of their necks (groves 2001). yellow baboons have a prominent brow ridge covered in yellow - gray fur, but the rest of their face appears black and is only finely covered with fur. their ischial callosities are also black. they have a protruding muzzle, similar to a dog' s. yellow baboons walk quadrupedally, with their tails held up slightly and curved away from the body. there is variation between subspecies in the tail position and shape (groves 2001). all baboons are sexually dimorphic. wild yellow baboon males have an average height of 1200 mm (3. 94 ft) and weigh 25. 8 kg (56. 9 lb) while females measure 976 mm (3. 20 ft) and weigh only 11. 0 kg (24. 3 lb), on average (altmann et al. 1993). variation in length and sharpness of canine teeth is also seen among males and females. male baboons have long, sharp upper canine teeth compared to females. they use their canines in aggressive interactions with other males and when feeding on large vertebrate prey (walker 1984; altmann pers. comm .) .\nare long - lived and philopatric, they are able to develop very complex social relationships. getting and keeping the right friends in yellow baboon society can have strong implications for maintenance of rank, as well as keeping or losing one’s fetus. one might therefore expect that female baboons would maintain their closest ties with females of similar rank. however, this does not appear to be the case. rank was not a good predictor of preferred partners for the females at the tana river national primate reserve in kenya .\nif you already have a beast monster in your graveyard, 3 bubonic vermins can be used to special summon 2 yellow baboons, but it can also be good for tribute summoning if you need to summon it right away .\nwhich has a\nflat\nhead. the pelage of typical and kinda forms of this species is straight. the hair of kinda baboons is reported to be very silky in texture. in contrast, the hairs of ibean baboons are wavey and coarser than those of the other yellow baboons. all yellow baboons have hands and feet that are the same color as the rest of the body, and silver - colored fringes on the hands and feet .\nthe yellow baboon lives in multi - male / multi - female groups, known as troops, which can contain between 17 to 77 individuals (2). both males and females form a linear dominance hierarchy, in which the highest ranking members have access to a larger amount of the troop’s valuable resources, such as food and mating opportunities (2). females reach sexual maturity around five years of age, and will give birth to their first offspring at around six years. gestation lasts 180 days and, typically, a female reproduces nearly every two years (4). after reaching sexual maturity, female yellow baboons reproduce consistently until old age (up to 40 years of age), and remain the primary caregivers to their dependent offspring (2) .\nyellow baboons form an important link in the food chain of their range. firstly, they control population numbers of the animals they consume. then, they themselves are a prey species for numerous local predators. furthermore, due to occasionally passing seeds through their bodies undigested as well as carrying fruits away from trees, yellow baboons act as seed dispersers of these plant species. meanwhile, they largely contribute to soil aeration within their range through their habit of digging for roots and tubers .\nyellow baboons display goodwill through various ways such as grinning, lip - smacking as well as presenting a part of the body for grooming. the latter is a very important activity in this species, believed to help settle down conflict between individuals .\nin ibean and typical yellow baboons, the natal pelage is black. this fur is replaced by the typical yellowish - brown by about 6 months of age. in sharp contrast, the natal coat of kinda baboons is a reddish - brown color .\nalthough generally described as frugivorous, yellow baboons are dietary generalists. they are known to eat pods, grass, sedges, seeds, fruit, roots, leaves, buds, bark, flowers, insects, and meat. they are known hunt and kill rabbits and\nalthough yellow baboons typically flee when faced with a potential predator, they have also been reported to respond aggressively to potential predators. they have been observed killing domestic dogs, mobbing smaller carnivores, such as jackals and cheetahs, and have even fought leopards and lions .\nyellow baboons are polygynandrous (promiscuous) with both males and females mating with multiple partners. yellow baboons breed year - round. gestation period varies between 175 and 181 days. females produce a single offspring at intervals of about 21 - 27 months. during the first few months, the baby totally depends on its mother, after which it begins taking solid food. after a while, the infant is able to walk without its mother' s help. the young baboon is independent and fully weaned at around one year old. as a general rule, 70 - 97% of young males disperse upon reaching independence, some leaving their natal group even prior to reaching sexual maturity. on the other hand, young females generally remain with their natal group throughout their lives, but they may transfer to new groups as well. females reach maturity around 5 - 6 years of age, while males become mature at 4 - 7 years of age .\nthe scientific name for yellow baboons comes from the greek words kynos and kephalikos, meaning dog and head, respectively. this moniker refers to the quadrupedal stance seen in all baboons as well as the elongated muzzle which makes baboons look like dogs compared to most other monkeys and apes, including humans, which have flat faces (altmann & altmann 1970). while groves (2001) recognizes p. cynocephalus to be a separate species from other baboons, some taxonomists have suggested that all yellow baboons be classified as a subspecies of p. hamadryas (jolly 1993) .\nas predators, yellow baboons may affect the populations of prey items. as prey, they may support predator populations. baboons may also help to disperse seeds, by passing some through their bodies undigested, or carrying fruits away from trees. they undoubtedly aid in soil aeration from digging for roots and tubers .\n, with the proximal portion extending straight out from the rump, and the distal 3 / 4 falling limp, as if the tail has been broken. kinda baboons have a gracefully arched tail. typical yellow baboons generally have the bent phenotype, but are variable, with some individuals showing the arched tail morphology .\nyellow baboons inhabit thorn scrub, savanna, open woodland, and gallery forests throughout their range (rowe 1996). at amboseli national park, yellow baboons are found in semi - arid savannas with stands of acacia trees (acacia xanthophloea and a. tortilis) breaking up the open grassland (altmann & altmann 1970). because of the small amount of rainfall, they require proximity to water sources and are found in swamps and groundwater forests created from the underground drainage of mount kilimanjaro which rises above the park. annual rainfall averages 335 mm (1. 10 ft) and falls in two distinct periods, from november through december and march through may. in this marginal environment, the temperature ranges between 8. 89 and 32. 2° c (48 and 90° f) (struhsaker 1967; bronikowski & altmann 1996). in the tana river basin in eastern kenya where yellow baboons are also found, mean monthly rainfall is much higher than at amboseli, around 400 mm (1. 31 ft) and the climate is slightly more temperate with average temperatures ranging between 22 and 34° c (71. 6 and 93. 2° f) (wahungu 1998). the rainy seasons around the tana river last from april to may and november to december, similar to the seasonal pattern at amboseli (wahungu 1998). yellow baboons that are found in central tanzania at mikumi national park live in the floodplain of the mkata river (norton et al. 1987). a mosaic of riverine forests and open grassland, which is seasonally flooded, are found in mikumi and baboons do not range into the open grassland farther than 2 km (1. 24 mi) from stands of trees. the warm, wet season lasts from november through may and the cold, dry season begins in june and continues through october. the average annual rainfall is 842 mm (2. 76 ft) and temperatures range from 15 to 35° c (59 to 95° f) (norton et al. 1987). water is a limiting factor for baboon groups. the amount of rain determines the amount of standing water and therefore dictates the ranging patterns of baboon groups living in the park (norton et al. 1987). in addition to being found in undeveloped savannas, yellow baboons are highly adaptable and can take to living alongside humans in rural areas developed for agriculture (maples et al. 1976; muoria et al. 2003) .\nthree predator species are known for yellow baboons. the predation rate varies by population, and is estimated at between 4 and 8 percent per year. of those who fall victim to predation, about 40% are infants, 30% are juveniles, and 13% are adult females. the remainder are adult males .\nyellow baboons are usually considered to be frugivores, but these animals are actually dietary generalists, consuming various types of food from pods, grass, sedges, seeds, fruit, roots, leaves, buds, bark and flowers to insects and meat. these primates have been known to hunt and eat rabbits and vervet monkeys .\na baboon group' s hierarchy is such a serious matter, some sub - species have developed interesting behaviors intended to avoid confrontation and retaliation. for example, males have frequently been documented using infants as a kind of\npassport\nfor safe approach toward another male. one male will pick up the infant and hold it up as it nears the other male. this action often calms heated nerves and allows the former male to approach safely .\nlike other cercopithecines, yellow baboons have cheek pouches, sacs in the lower portion of the cheek wall that can be used to store food. moving between the cheek pouch and the oral cavity through a slit - like opening, food can be stored in the cheek pouch for consumption at a later time (lambert & whitham 2001) .\nyellow baboons are generally ground - dwelling primates, moving around on all four. the social system of these animals consists of multi - male, multi - female troops. group members share a lot of activities such as sleeping, looking for food and travelling together. individuals of both sexes live in separate social hierarchy systems. usually, the highest ranking animals make use of larger resources of the group. they have primary preferences in mating and feeding. yellow baboons are diurnal animals. during most of their active these animals look for food, occasionally stopping to socialize. they climb to the trees by night in order to sleep in a special area of the forest called' sleeping groove', located in the core of a troop' s territory. yellow baboons are known to form very large social units, members of which communicate with each other through a complex system of signals. instead of fighting, these baboons display threat through a wide variety of ways such as intense staring, eyelid displays, ground - slapping, branch - shaking as well as yawning, during which males expose their canines .\n, tend to emigrate as juveniles or subadults. interestingly, where hybridization between these two species occurs, the hybrids tend to emigrate according to the pattern expressed by the species they most resemble. males with strongly\nanubis\nphenotypes tend to emigrate earlier than do hybrid males with strongly\nyellow\nphenotypes. the reasons for this difference, genetic or social, are not known .\nbaboon males apparently leave their natal groups of their own accord. they are not expelled from their natal troop, as some have thought. emigration of males may be related to sexual attraction to unfamiliar females. male baboons entering a new troop may direct most of their energy to interacting with females, competing for greater access to estrous females than they had in their natal group. concomitantly, female baboons apparently prefer to mate with unfamiliar males, often soliciting copulation from new immigrant males. because of their dispersal pattern, males of\nlongevity in wild female yellow baboons is estimated to be around 14 to 15 years, but females have been recorded living up to 27 years in the wild (rhine et al. 2000). because of their social system and patterns of dispersal, it is more difficult to estimate male longevity in the wild (altmann et al. 1988). the maximum lifespan in captivity is 40 years (ross 1991) .\nthe only differences noted in behavior of hybrid animals is that males with anubis - like features (e. g. coarser hair, longer manes, darker coloration, broader chests, and more sharply\nbroken\ntails) tend to emigrate from their natal group as juveniles or subadults, rather than as full adults. this behavior has been seen occasionally in the anubis baboons of the gombe preserve in tanzania, but is not known in yellow baboons .\nbaboons have a diverse diet and are able to exploit a wide variety of foods, a necessity in an environment that is highly seasonal and in which the availability of food varies in abundance throughout the year. yellow baboons have been called\neclectic omnivores ,\nbecause they are extremely selective in their foraging but they have a highly diverse diet (altmann 1998). for example, in a study done at mikumi national park, tanzania, yellow baboons were recorded eating plant parts from more than 180 species, but of those, only seven species were eaten throughout the year (norton et al. 1987). yellow baboons are highly dependent on reliable food sources including two species of acacia - - the fever tree (acacia xanthophloea) and the umbrella tree (a. tortilis) - - grasses, and tubers (altmann & altmann 1970; post 1982; norton et al. 1987). in gallery forests and around permanent water holes, they consume all edible parts of the fever tree including leaves, gum, inner pith, blossoms, seeds, seed pods, and rotten wood. the umbrella tree, which grows in drier parts of their habitat, is utilized in a similar manner (altmann & altmann 1970). they also feed on grasses, stripping the seed heads from the blades and consuming the most nutritious part of the grass. during the dry season, they dig around the base of grass blades and consume the corms, which are fleshier and have more water content than the tips of the blades (altmann & altmann 1970). immediately following the rainy season, when grass begins to sprout and is plentiful, they consume the entire blade (wahungu 1998). baboons are excellent diggers and utilize tubers, corms, and underground bulbs of plants throughout the year as well (post 1982; norton et al. 1987). in addition to grass, tubers, and acacia tree products, yellow baboons also feed on fruits, flowers, orthopterans, termites, beetles, ants, reptiles, birds, bird eggs, small vertebrate prey, and other primates including vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) and lesser bush babies (galago senegalensis). at the tana river site where baboons are studied, fruit availability peaks after the rainy season and is at its lowest toward the end of the dry season. to cope with these seasonal changes in fruit availability, yellow baboons increase the frequency of consumption of invertebrates as well as eating more roots and tubers (wahungu 1998) .\nas a result of the large troop size, baboons are extremely sociable animals that have developed complex forms of communication. signals such as intense staring, eyelid displays, ground - slapping, branch - shaking, and yawning to display the male’s impressive canine teeth, are used to communicate threat without escalating to physical fighting (2). some friendly signals seen in baboons include grinning, lip - smacking, and presenting a body part for grooming, which can be important for reconciliation between two individuals that have had a dispute (6). vocalisations are also an important form of communication in baboon troops, such as the loud “barks” given by adult males in reaction to dangerous situations (6) .\nthe feeding behavior of yellow baboons has been heavily studied, especially as it impacts survival of immature animals. immatures born late in the wet season when the number of foods and food parts eaten is highest have the highest survival to four years of age. this makes sense, as there is ample food for the lactating mother. survival of immatures is lowest for those born late in the dry season when the number of foods and food parts eaten is the lowest. survival to two years closely parallels the feeding curves .\nyellow baboons are reliant on essential localized resources such as water, food, and sleeping sites to determine their ranging patterns, therefore seasonal differences in daily range length and home range size are seen (altmann 1974). at the tana river study site, during the months following the end of the rainy season, baboons spend more time foraging and moving in gallery forests areas compared to the dry season, when they move into the open woodland and savanna (wahungu 1998). the prevalence of fruit in the forest after the rainy season means they do not have to travel as far to obtain nutrient - rich foods and their daily path length is only about 3. 4 km (2. 11 mi) (wahungu 2001). in the dry season, when fruits are scarce and foods in the forest are fewer compared to the savanna, yellow baboons expand their daily path movements to exploit as many food resources as are available, moving about 7. 2 km (4. 47 mi) each day (wahungu 1998; 2001) .\nin yellow baboons, puberty occurs between the ages of 5 and 6 years in females, and is signaled by menarche, or in some cases, first pregnancy. in males, there is greater variation in age at onset of puberty, with sexual maturation occurring between the ages of 4 and 7 years. between 70 and 97 per cent of males emigrate from their natal troop sometime before reaching sexual maturity. although females typically spend their entire lives in their natal troops, some transfer of females to new groups has been observed .\ngestation lasts about 175 to 181 days, after which the female gives birth to a single offspring, weighing approximately 854 g. this is significantly smaller than the 1068 g neonates reported for p. anubis. the neonate has a black or reddish coat, depending upon the subspecies. this makes it easy to distinguish neonates from older infants. an infant is completely dependent upon its mother for the first few months, until it begins to eat solid food and is able to walk on its own. age at independence is difficult to estimate, because even if the mother dies, a young baboon may continue to receive care from adult males, or other female kin. independence is often listed as the age of weaning .\nover a great part of this species' range, it is specific to fire - climax miombo (brachystegia) woodland. both within this zone and especially to the northeast, it also occupies dry bushland, thickets, steppes, and the coastal littoral (including mangroves); able to persist in secondary and / or highly fragmented vegetation, including cultivated area. it is an opportunistic omnivore which primarily feeds on the seeds, flesh, and pods of the leguminous trees including acacia, albizia, mopane (colophospermum), and tamarind, all of which are seasonal staples. in addition, miombo fauna such as mopane worms and various other insects are equally important at times. in addition, this species also eats grasses, shoots, fungi, lichens, and many invertebrates. it prefers foods with an unusual chemistry, implying that this species has acquired special digestive adaptations. this may help to explain why the boundaries of its distribution do not follow any geographic discontinuities but coincide very closely with the distribution of a plant community (jolly 1993, kingdon 1997). the yellow baboon typically forages in extended, well - spaced troops which can occasionally number up to 300 animals (with an average of 30 - 80). during the calving season, many young antelopes and hares are caught .\nyellow baboons are found in central africa from the west to eastern coasts in angola, zambia, malawi, mozambique, tanzania, kenya, and somalia (groves 2001). from east of the luangwa river in zambia, into malawi, northern mozambique, and most of tanzania, p. c. cynocephalus can be found. papio cynocephalus ibeanus is found in kenya and southern somalia and may range into southeastern ethiopia while p. c. kindae is found in eastern angola, southwestern zambia, and parts of southern democratic republic of congo (jolly 1993; groves 2001). there are some areas of overlap in the range of p. cynocephalus and other baboon (papio) species, but levels of hybridization differ. for example, in zambia and angola, p. c. kindae overlaps with p. ursinus subspecies but there is not evidence of interbreeding (jolly 1993). on the other hand, in kenya, p. c. ibeanus overlaps with p. anubis and forms a hybrid zone, an area in which individuals show unusual phenotypic diversity resulting from ongoing crossbreeding between species (samuels & altmann 1986; alberts & altmann 2001). the crossbreeding of p. cynocephalus and p. anubis in this area may have contributed to the formation of the subspecies p. c. ibeanus (alberts & altmann 2001) .\nsociety. because females of this species do not emigrate from their natal groups, female kin have life - long associations. within a troop of yellow baboons, there is a dominance hierarchy of matrilines, or female lineages, which is very stable over time. generally, an individual female occupies a place in the dominance hierarchy immediately below her mother and her younger sisters. dominance relationships appear to develop from infancy, when maternal kin intervene in encounters with other baboons, and through the differential treatment of the young of higher - ranking females by unrelated animals. within a matriline, the dominance relationships of sisters are the inverse of birth order .\nthese monkeys are highly sexually dimorphic. males weigh around 23 kg and females around 12 kg. the head and body length ranges between 508 and 1, 143 mm, with the tail adding an additional 456 to 711 mm to the total length. these animals have 32 teeth. the first lower premolar is modified and serves as a hone for the upper canine tooth. males have large canine teeth, whereas the teeth of females are much smaller. there is significant geographic variation in average body size and skull size, as well as in the texture of pelage. the three forms most often described are ibean baboons, kinda baboons, and\ntypical\nyellow baboons .\nis related to the social structure of this species. yellow baboons live in multi - male, multi - female troops. mating is polygynandrous, with both males and females mating with multiple partners. most matings occur during consortships. consortships arise when a male, through aggression toward potential rivals, is able to maintain exclusive sexual access to a female. females may consort with multiple males while they are sexually receptive, although they consort with only one male at a time. because it is apparently easier for a male to maintain exclusive access to a female if the female is cooperative, there is a significant amount of female mate choice, with females preferring some partners over others .\nyellow baboons are quadrupedal, mainly terrestrial primates. they are highly social animals, with a complex multi - male, multi - female social structure. members of a troop travel, forage, and sleep together. an average troop may be comprised of 20 to 180 animals. home ranges averaging 2, 408 ha have been reported. the daily range of a troop averages 5, 900 m. the movements of a troop may be limited by the availability of appropriate sleeping locations. because the troop beds down in trees, or on rocks / cliffs, activity of the troop must be coordinated so that one of a set number of sleeping sites can be reached by nightfall .\nmost parental behavior is performed by the female. females nurse, groom, and play with their offspring. females express different patterns of infant care, often associated with rank and age. in yellow baboons, higher - ranking females tend to be more\npermissive\nin their parenting than lower ranking females, who tend to be more nervous and\nrestrictive ,\npreventing their offspring from moving away from them. such differences may be related to the amount of harassment females of lower rank are likely to receive. another difference seen in maternal behavior in this species is that older mothers are known to spend more time in contact or close to their infants and are less likely to terminate bouts of nursing than are younger females. first - time mothers are also likely to reject infants sooner than are experienced mothers. these differences may affect interbirth intervals .\nthis species ranges from somalia, coastal kenya, and northern tanzania southwards to the zambezi valley (jolly 1993). there are hybrid zones with papio anubis near sultan hamud, kenya (2°02' s, 37°23' e), amboseli national park (kenya) and mkomazi reserve in tanzania. there is a broad clinal hybrid zone between laikipia district, just to the northeast and east of mt. kenya, and the lower tana river, kenya coast. baboons in this > 200 - km wide region are intermediate and cannot be readily allocated to either p. anubis or p. cynocephalus (baboons become increasingly “yellow - like” in their phenotypes towards the kenya coast; t. butynski and y. de jong pers. comm .). sympatric with cercopithecus pygerythrus, erythrocebus patas and cercopithecus mitis (t. butynski and y. de jong pers. comms .). there are two subspecies: p. c. cynocephalus occurs in the central and southeastern parts of the range including zambia east of the luangwa, malawi, northern mozambique, and most of tanzania; and p. c. ibeanus is found in southern somalia, and southeast and coastal kenya .\nsubspecific differences are slight among yellow baboons. papio cynocephalus cynocephalus infants are born with a black natal coat that changes to the adult coloration as they age, while p. c. kindae infants have red coats at birth and p. c. ibeanus are born white (groves 2001; jolly & phillips - conroy 2005). young baboons lose their natal coat starting at six months of age and have adult coloration by the end of month nine (altmann pers. comm .). other differences between subspecies include tail shape, body size, and pelage color .\nbroken tails\nare seen in p. c. cynocephalus; the tail is held almost horizontally away from the body and then falls abruptly, appearing broken. the other species have more gently curved tails. differences in body size between subspecies can be seen in p. c. kindae, which is much smaller than other subspecies. papio cynocephalus kindae males are about the same size as females of the other two subspecies and the females are proportionately smaller than the males (jolly 1993). finally, unlike the other subspecies, p. c. ibeanus has wavy instead of straight body hair (groves 2001) .\nwhile most of the day is spent on the ground, baboons retreat to trees in nearby riverine or gallery forests overnight. because of its size, the group is spread out over several trees, utilizing a sleeping grove rather than just a single tree (wahungu 2001). baboons center their home ranges around the main forested area where sleeping trees are located and return to the grove in the evenings (wahungu 2001). the group leaves the sleeping grove between 7: 00 and 10: 00 a. m. each morning. after descending from the trees, the group either remains in the vicinity of the sleeping grove, socializing and grooming or moves into open grassland to forage (altmann & altmann 1970). yellow baboons forage throughout the day, but there are peaks in social activity in the mid - morning, early to mid - afternoon and in the evening after entering the sleeping grove. as they forage, the group moves progressively further from the sleeping grove, but around mid - day, the group turns and begins to forage in the direction of the sleeping grove, working their way back to the forest and entering the sleeping grove between 5: 30 and 6: 45 p. m. (altmann & altmann 1970; wahungu 2001) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmittermeier, r. a. , rylands, a. b. and wilson d. e. 2013. handbook of the mammals of the world: volume 3 primates. lynx edicions, barcelona .\ngrubb et al. (2003) and groves (2001, 2005) recognized three subspecies: papio cynocephalus cynocephalus, p. c. ibeanus and p. c. kindae. subspecies kindae is now treated as a separate species. limits to the distributions of the two remaining subspecies are poorly known. historically, several forms of p. cyanocephalus have been described, some of which may merit subspecies status (e. g. p. c. jubilaeus from the luangwa valley) (mittermeier et al. 2013). papio cyanocephalus hybridizes with p. anubis and there is a broad clinal hybrid zone between laikipia district to the northeast of mount kenya and the lower tana river on the kenya coast. baboons in this more than 200 - km wide region are intermediate and are difficult to allocate to either p. cyanocephalus or p. anubis (mittermeier et al. 2013). papio cyanocephalus also hybridizes with papio kindae, p. ursinus griseipes and rungwicebus kipunji in the respective contact zones (mittermeier et al. 2013). whether their distribution overlaps with p. hamadryas in somalia is not clear (mittermeier et al. 2013) .\nkingdon, j. , butynski, t. m. & de jong, y .\njustification: this is a backcasted assessment because the former subspecies p. c. kindae is now treated as a species. listed as least concern as the species is widespread and common, present in numerous protected areas, and there are no major range - wide threats believed to be resulting in a significant population decline .\nthis species is widespread and locally common, but patchily distributed over its extensive range .\nthere are no major threats to this species, although it has been locally displaced by agriculture and tree clearance in some parts of the range (t. butynski and y. de jong pers. comms .). in addition, it is commonly exported from east africa for medical research .\nthis species is listed under appendix ii of cites. it is listed as vermin under the african convention. it is present in many protected areas. research into the boundaries and possible reasons for separation into distinctly eastern and western subspecies could be useful .\nkingdon, j. , butynski, t. m. & de jong, y. 2016 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of" ]

{ "text": [ "the yellow baboon ( papio cynocephalus ) is a baboon in the family of old world monkeys .", "the species epithet literally means \" dog-head \" in greek , due to the shape of its muzzle and head .", "it has a slim body with long arms and legs and a yellowish-brown hair .", "it resembles the chacma baboon , but is smaller and its muzzle is not as elongated .", "the hairless face is black , framed with white sideburns .", "males can grow to about 84 cm , females to about 60 cm .", "it has a long tail which grows to be nearly as long as the body .", "their life spans are roughly 20 – 30 years .", "the yellow baboon inhabits savannas and light forests in eastern africa , from kenya and tanzania to zimbabwe and botswana .", "it is diurnal , terrestrial , and lives in complex , mixed-gender social groups of eight to 200 individuals per troop .", "it is omnivorous with a preference for fruits , but it also eats other plant parts , as well as insects .", "baboons are highly opportunistic eaters and will eat almost any food they come across .", "yellow baboons use at least 10 different vocalizations to communicate .", "when traveling as a group , males will lead , females and the young stay safe in the middle , and less-dominant males bring up the rear .", "a baboon group 's hierarchy is such a serious matter , some subspecies have developed interesting behaviors intended to avoid confrontation and retaliation .", "for example , males have frequently been documented using infants as a kind of \" passport \" for safe approach toward another male .", "one male will pick up the infant and hold it up as it nears the other male .", "this action often calms the approached male and allows the former male to approach safely .", "baboons are important in their natural environment , not only serving as food for larger predators , but also aiding in seed dispersal due to their messy foraging habits .", "they are also efficient predators of smaller animals and their young , keeping some animals ' populations in check .", "baboons have been able to fill a tremendous number of different ecological niches , including places considered adverse to other animals , such as regions taken over by human settlement .", "thus , they are one of the most successful african primates and are not listed as threatened or endangered .", "however , the same behavioral adaptations that make them so successful also cause them to be considered pests by humans in many areas .", "raids on farmers ' crops and other such intrusions into human settlements have made baboons subject to organized exterminations projects .", "it is important to remember however , that habitat loss is the driving force behind baboons ' migration toward areas of human settlement .", "the three subspecies of the yellow baboon are : papio cynocephalus cynocephalus ( typical yellow baboon ) papio cynocephalus ibeanus ( ibean baboon ) papio cynocephalus kindae ( kinda baboon )" ], "topic": [ 15, 23, 23, 23, 23, 0, 23, 15, 24, 15, 12, 12, 16, 9, 16, 9, 9, 13, 12, 4, 17, 17, 16, 15, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the yellow baboon (papio cynocephalus) is a baboon in the family of old world monkeys. the species epithet literally means \" dog-head \" in greek, due to the shape of its muzzle and head. it has a slim body with long arms and legs and a yellowish-brown hair. it resembles the chacma baboon, but is smaller and its muzzle is not as elongated. the hairless face is black, framed with white sideburns. males can grow to about 84 cm, females to about 60 cm. it has a long tail which grows to be nearly as long as the body. their life spans are roughly 20 – 30 years. the yellow baboon inhabits savannas and light forests in eastern africa, from kenya and tanzania to zimbabwe and botswana. it is diurnal, terrestrial, and lives in complex, mixed-gender social groups of eight to 200 individuals per troop. it is omnivorous with a preference for fruits, but it also eats other plant parts, as well as insects. baboons are highly opportunistic eaters and will eat almost any food they come across. yellow baboons use at least 10 different vocalizations to communicate. when traveling as a group, males will lead, females and the young stay safe in the middle, and less-dominant males bring up the rear. a baboon group's hierarchy is such a serious matter, some subspecies have developed interesting behaviors intended to avoid confrontation and retaliation. for example, males have frequently been documented using infants as a kind of \" passport \" for safe approach toward another male. one male will pick up the infant and hold it up as it nears the other male. this action often calms the approached male and allows the former male to approach safely. baboons are important in their natural environment, not only serving as food for larger predators, but also aiding in seed dispersal due to their messy foraging habits. they are also efficient predators of smaller animals and their young, keeping some animals' populations in check. baboons have been able to fill a tremendous number of different ecological niches, including places considered adverse to other animals, such as regions taken over by human settlement. thus, they are one of the most successful african primates and are not listed as threatened or endangered. however, the same behavioral adaptations that make them so successful also cause them to be considered pests by humans in many areas. raids on farmers' crops and other such intrusions into human settlements have made baboons subject to organized exterminations projects. it is important to remember however, that habitat loss is the driving force behind baboons' migration toward areas of human settlement. the three subspecies of the yellow baboon are: papio cynocephalus cynocephalus (typical yellow baboon) papio cynocephalus ibeanus (ibean baboon) papio cynocephalus kindae (kinda baboon )" ]

[ "species cochylis hospes - banded sunflower moth - hodges # 3777 - bugguide. net\nno one has contributed data records for cochylis hospes [ 3830 ] yet. learn how to contribute .\ncochylis hospes (paperback): fidel, united states 9786138170426 paperback, aufl. . - the book depository\nhospes walsingham, 1884 (conchylis), trans. ent. soc. lond. 1884: 131. tl: usa, north carolina. holotype: bmnh. male .\nlaurence d. charlet, john d. busacca; insecticidal control of banded sunflower moth, cochylis hospes (lepidoptera: cochylidae), larvae at different sunflower growth stages and dates of planting in north dakota, journal of economic entomology, volume 79, issue 3, 1 june 1986, pages 648–650, urltoken\nepiliana svensson, 1966 (cochylis), opusc. ent. 31: 184. no type\nheratna razowski, 1968 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 13: 136 no type\nparalellana razowski, 1964 (cochylis), ann. zool. 22: 377. no type\nhofmanana razowski, 1997 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 40 (1): 131 no type\npseudefessana razowski, 1963 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 8: 275 syntypes: unknown. 8 males .\nminorana prittwitz, 1845 (cochylis), stettin. ent. ztg. 6: 246. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nargentinana razowski, 1967 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 12: 202 tl: argentina, alto garcia. holotype: bmnh. male .\nindica razowski, 1968 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 13: 144 tl: pakistan, khyra gully. holotype: bmnh. male .\nsannitica trematerra, 1995 (cochylis), redia 78: 131. tl: italy, molise, fossalto, campobasso. holotype: tremc. male .\ndormitoria razowski, 1997 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 40: 134 tl: canada, ontario, merivale. holotype: cnc. male .\nlaetana razowski, 1968 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 13: 139 tl: india, assam, khasis. holotype: bmnh. male .\nin 1983, both chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate applied at three different plant growth stages were effective in preventing sunflower yield loss caused by larval feeding of the banded sunflower moth (bsm), cochylis hospes walsingham. chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate also significantly reduced the percentage of seeds (achenes) damaged by bsm at the r4 (ray flowers visible within the opening sunflower bud) and r4 + 1 - week growth stages, but did not reduce damage when treatment occurred at the r4 + 2 - week stage. only fenvalerate prevented a reduction in total number of sunflower seeds per head (capitula) at all three growth stages. in 1984, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and carbofuran prevented significant seed damage when planting occurred on 10 may, but not when planting occurred on 31 may. only fenvalerate reduced percentage of seed damage in both dates of planting. a 3 - week delay in sunflower planting after 10 may did not offer significant seed protection against feeding by bsm larvae .\naethoclasma diakonoff, 1976 (cochylis), zool. verh. leiden 144: 7. tl: nepal, kathmandu, chauni. holotype: zsm. female .\narthuri dang, 1984 (cochylis), can. ent. 116: 253. tl: canada, saskatchewan, se saskatoon. holotype: usnm. male .\navita razowski, 1997 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 40: 133 tl: canada, ontario, port colborne. holotype: cnc. male .\nbucera razowski, 1997 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 40: 136 tl: canada, ontario, vineland station. holotype: cnc. male .\npallidana zeller, 1847 (cochylis), isis von oken (leipzig) 1847 (10): 742. tl: germany, lectotype: bmnh. male .\nposterana zeller, 1847 (cochylis), isis von oken (leipzig) 1847 (10): 740. tl: hungary, holotype: bmnh. male .\nsimilana razowski, 1963 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 8: 274 tl: iran, barfkhaneh, near yezd. holotype: lnk. male .\nislandicana bjornsson, 1968 (cochylis), arsber. skogsins 1968: 24. tl: iceland. raefum and hreoarvatn. syntypes (2): unknown. unknown .\ncarpophilana staudinger, 1859 (cochylis), stettin. ent. ztg. 20: 228. tl: spain. andalusia, chiclana. holotype: zsm. male .\nheratana razowski, 1967 (cochylis), beitr. naturk. forsch. sdwdtl. 26: 107. tl: afghanistan, herat. holotype: lnk. female .\nlutosa razowski, 1967 (cochylis), beitr. naturk. forsch. sdwdtl. 26: 107. tl: afghanistan, panjao. holotype: lnk. male .\nmethoeca razowski & becker, 1986 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 29: 466 tl: mexico, veracruz, huatusco. holotype: mnrj. male .\napricana kennel, 1899 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 27. tl: russia. caucasus, achalzich. holotype: zsm. male .\ndefessana mann, 1861 (cochylis), wien. ent. monatschr. 5: 185. tl: turkey, amasia. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncarduana zeller, 1847 (cochylis), isis von oken (leipzig) 1847 (10): 741. tl: poland. posen. holotype: bmnh. male .\nmolliculana zeller, 1847 (cochylis), isis von oken (leipzig) 1847 (10): 743. tl: italy, sicily. holotype: bmnh. male .\nrufosignana kennel, 1899 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 21. tl: spain. andalusia, chiclana. lectotype: mnhu. male .\nnigrociliana kennel, 1899 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 40. tl: spain. andalusia, grenada. holotype: mnhu. female .\npotrerillana razowski, 1999 (cochylis), polskie pismo ent. 68: 67. tl: mexico, sinaloa, 2 mi sw potrerillos. holotype: eme. male .\ncampuloclinium brown, 2006 (cochylis), proc. entomol. soc. washington 108: 899. tl: argentina, 23 km e itaibate. holotype: samc. male .\nfidens razowski & becker, 2002 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 45: 306 tl: brazil, minas gerais, nova lima. holotype: vbc. male .\nmystes razowski, 1990 (cochylis), shilap revta. lepid. 18: 341. tl: mexico, guerrero, 32 km w iguala. holotype: eme. male .\nglaseri kasy, 1972 (cochylis), ann. naturhist. mus. wien 76: 737. tl: turkey. bithynien, western istanbul. holotype: nhmv. male .\nrosaria razowski & becker, 1993 (cochylis), shilap revta. lepid. 21: 236. tl: mexico, guerrero, villa ayala. holotype: mnrj. male .\nundulatana kennel, 1899 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 28. tl: croatia. dalmatia [ croatia ]. lectotype: mnhu. male .\nsagittigera razowski & becker, 1983 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 26: 435 tl: brazil, mato grosso, rio brilhante. holotype: mnrj. male .\nmillierana peyerimhoff, 1877 (cochylis), pet. nouv. ent 2 (1876 - 1879): 101. tl: france. cannes. holotype: mnhn. male .\ntelephora razowski & becker, 1994 (cochylis), shilap revta. lepid. 22: 40. tl: brazil, minas gerais, una. holotype: mnrj. male .\ntriangula sun & li, 2013 (cochylis), zookeys 258: 92. tl: china, guizhou province, guocun village, daozhen county. holotype: nutc. male .\namoenana kennel, 1899 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 26. tl: uzbekistan, uzbekistan (samarkand oblast). lectotype: mnhu. male .\nphilypna razowski & becker, 1994 (cochylis), shilap revta. lepid. 22: 41. tl: brazil, minas gerais, sete lagoas. holotype: mnrj. male .\nsecurifera razowski & becker, 1983 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 26: 434 tl: brazil, paran, banhado, quatro barras. holotype: mnrj. male .\ntorva razowski & becker, 1983 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 26: 436 tl: brazil, paran, banhado, quatro barras. holotype: mnrj. female .\nmorosana kennel, 1899 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 19. tl: central asia, central asia (usgent). holotype: mnhu. female .\nserrana razowski & becker, 2007 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 50b: 113. tl: brazil, minas gerais, serra do cipo. holotype: vbc. male .\nbrownana metzler & forbes, 2012 (cochylis), zootaxa 3444: 52. tl: usa, new mexico, otero co. , white sands national monument. holotype: usnm. male .\ncaulocatax razowski, 1984 (cochylis), ann. zool. 38: 278. tl: venezuela, bolivar, morichal tauca, 22 km e ro caura. holotype: usnm. male .\nmaestana kennel, 1899 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 32. tl: iran, ne iran (shah - kuh). holotype: mnhu. male .\nsubobscurana kennel, 1900 (cochylis), dt. ent. z. iris 13: 129. tl: central asia. central asia (puli hatum). lectotype: zmas. male .\nsierramaestrae razowski & becker, 2007 (cochylis), shilap revta. lepid. 35: 76. tl: cuba, santiago, sierra maestra p. cuba. holotype: vbc. male .\ncataphracta razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (cochylis), shilap revta. lepid. 34: 42. tl: venezuela, cordillera de merida, merida, monte zerpa. holotype: mzuj. female .\ndiscerta razowski, 1970 (cochylis), microlepid. palaearctica 3: 431. tl: mongolia, cantral [ tov ] province, 11 km s zosijn davaa pass. holotype: mgab. male .\nflabilis razowski, 1993 (cochylis), polskie pismo ent. 62: 123. tl: mexico, baja california sur, 16. 3 mi ne el arco. holotype: sdnh. female .\nmagnaedoeagana gibeaux, 1985 (cochylis), ent. gall. 1: 348. tl: france. pyrnes - orientales, alenya, tang de saint - nazaire. holotype: cgac. male .\nerromena razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 289. tl: mexico, guerrero, taxco. holotype: eme. female .\nobtrusa razowski & becker, 1983 (cochylis), acta zool. cracov. 26: 436 tl: brazil, paran, morro de meio, so jos dos pinhais. holotype: mnrj. female .\ntyphilinea razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 282. tl: mexico, veracruz, cordoba. holotype: eme. female .\nmilitariana derra, 1992 (cochylis), atalanta 21 (1990): 299. tl: turkey, mardin province, 21 km e viransehir, buyuk - trockental, sogukkuyu. holotype: derrc. male .\nparallelana walsingham, 1879 (cochylis), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 28. tl: usa, california, lake co. . lectotype: bmnh. male .\nyingyangana metzler, in metzler & forbes, 2012 (cochylis), zootaxa 3444: 56. tl: usa, new mexico, otero co. , white sands national monument. holotype: usnm. male .\nepilinana duponchel, in godart, 1842 (cochylis), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. (suppl .) 4: 177. tl: germany, syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\ninsipida razowski, 1990 (cochylis), shilap revta. lepid. 18: 342. tl: mexico, baja california sur, las barrancas, ca. 30 km e santiago. holotype: eme. female .\ndipsaceana duponchel, in godart, 1842 (cochylis), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. (suppl .) 4: 178. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nanerista razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 291. tl: mexico, puebla, 2 mi sw tehuacan. holotype: eme. female .\neutheta razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 283. tl: mexico, veracruz, fortn de la flores. holotype: eme. male .\nexomala razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 281. tl: mexico, puebla, 7 km se morelos. holotype: eme. male .\ntephrodrypta razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 282. tl: mexico, sonora, 44 mi nw caborra. holotype: eme. female .\ncentaureana staudinger, 1880 (cochylis), horae ent. soc. ross. 15 (1879): 247. tl: turkey. kleinasien [ turkey ] (kerasdere). syntype (s): mnhu. unknown .\neupacria razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 284. tl: mexico, nuevo leon, 4 mi w iturbide. holotype: eme. male .\neureta razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 290. tl: mexico, durango, 4 mi w el palmito. holotype: eme. female .\ntransversana walsingham, 1879 (cochylis), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 28. tl: usa, california, shasta co. , pitt river. lectotype: bmnh. female .\neutaxia razowski, 1984 (cochylis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 32: 290. tl: mexico, baja california, arroyo catavina, 5 mi s el progresso. holotype: eme. female .\nringsi metzler, 1999 (cochylis), great lakes ent. 32: 191. tl: usa, indiana, newton co. , 416. 42' n, 8726. 25' w, conrad savanna. holotype: usnm. male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadults - golden ochreous with broad, dark brown to rust brown medial fascia and subapical blotch containing irridescent gray patches .\nnorth carolina through the midwest to colorado, utah, new mexico, and northern arizona .\nlarvae feed on developing seeds in flower heads of cultivated and wild sunflower (helianthus) .\nx. north american tortricidae. lord walsingham. 1884. transactions of the entomological society of london, 1884: 121 - 147 .\ncochylini (lepidoptera: tortricidae) of canada razowski, j. 1997. acta zoologica cracoviensia. 40 (1): 107 - 163 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\naestiva walsingham, 1900 (phalonia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 445 tl: syria, haleb, shar devesy. holotype: bmnh. female .\natricapitana stephens, 1852 (eupoecilia), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 80. tl: united kingdom, england [ united kingdom ]. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\naurorana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 83. tl: usa, new jersey, essex county park. lectotype: amnh. male .\ncarmelana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 76. tl: usa, california, carmel. lectotype: amnh. male .\nobispoana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia carmelana var .), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 77. tl: usa. california, san luis obispo. lectotype: amnh. male .\ndisputabilis walsingham, 1914 (phalonia), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 295. tl: mexico, guerrero, omilteme. holotype: bmnh. female .\ndubitana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 12fig. 71. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nambiguana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 53. tl: germany. wrtemberg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbaseirufana bruand, 1850 (lobesia), mm. soc. ent. doubs (1847): 99 (1) 3 tl: france. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfaustana kennel, 1919 (phalonia), mitt. mnch. ent. ges. 8: 73. tl: [ russia ], dscharkent [ russia ] illi - gebiet. lectotype: mnhu. male .\nflaviciliana westwood, in wood, 1854 (eupoecilia), index ent (2nd ed .): 281. tl: united kingdom, england (darenth wood, sanderstead, and near dea) [ united kingdom ]. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nformonana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 81. tl: usa, california, san luis obispo. lectotype: amnh. female .\nmyrinitis meyrick, 1912 (phalonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\nfusca pogue, 2001 (rolandylis), proc. ent. soc. wash. 103: 792. tl: usa, illinois, putnam co. . holotype: usnm. male .\nhoffmanana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 23: 162. tl: usa, north carolina, black mountains. lectotype: amnh. female .\nbaryzela meyrick, 1912 (phalonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\nmarloffiana busck, 1907 (phalonia), j. new york ent. soc. 15: 26. tl: usa. pennsylvania, oak station. holotype: usnm. female .\nnonlavana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 85. tl: usa. pennsylvania. lectotype: amnh. male .\ntelifera meyrick, 1912 (phalonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\ntoxcana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 85. tl: usa. new jersey, essex county park. lectotype: amnh. male .\nzoxcana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 86. tl: usa. ohio, cincinnati. syntype (s): amnh: 1. unknown .\nhybridella hubner, [ 1810 - 1813 ] (tinea), samml. eur. schmett. 8: pl. 51, fig. 351. tl: germany, posnan. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nclarana caradja, 1916 (conchylis dubitana var .), dt. ent. z. iris 30: 52. tl: russia. primorsky krai, kasakewitsch [ kaza - kevich. lectotype: mgab. male .\ndissolutana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 12, fig. 83. no type\nsubvittana staudinger, 1892 (grapholitha carduana? var .), dt. ent. z. iris 5: 299. tl: spain. barcelona and italy sardinia. holotype: mnhn. male .\nsuleimana osthelder, 1938 (euxanthis), mitt. mnch. ent. ges. 28: 26. tl: iran. hecercal - tal. holotype: unknown. male .\nmaiana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 82. tl: usa, new jersey, essex county park. lectotype: usnm. male .\ncatalonica gibeaux, 1985 (rolandylis), ent. gall. 1: 350. tl: france. pyrenees - orientales, alenya, etang de saint - nazaire. holotype: robic. male .\ncalavrytana rebel, 1906 (conchylis), berl. ent. z. 50: 304. tl: greece. greece (morea, kalavryta, peloponnes). lectotype: nhmv. male .\nalbicapitana cooke, 1861 (eupoecilia), zoologist 19: 780 tl: ireland. hill of howth and cheshire coast. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndolosana kennel, 1901 (conchylis), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 234. tl: greece. greece. holotype: mnhu. male .\npiana kennel, 1919 (phalonia), mitt. mnch. ent. ges. 8: 75. tl: [ russia ], dscharkent [ russia ] ili - gebiet. holotype: zsm. male .\npamira obraztsov, 1943 (pontoturania), mitt. mnch. ent. ges. 33: 96. tl: russia. pamirs, chorog. lectotype: zmku. male .\nsubposterana toll, 1948 (phalonia), z. wien. ent. ges. 32 (1947): 112. tl: iran. kuh i mirabi - gebirge. lectotype: isez. male .\ncollaterana seebold, 1879 (conchylis posterana var .), ann. soc. espa. hist. nat. 8: 119. tl: spain. bilbao, brussa. holotype: mncnm. female .\ncuerana chretien, 1925 (conchylis), amat. papillons 2: 244. tl: spain. san ildefonso. holotype: mnhn. male .\nhyrcana toll, 1948 (phalonia posterana ssp .), z. wien. ent. ges. 32 (1947): 112. tl: iran. kuh i mirabi - gebirge. lectotype: isez. male .\nlosterana seebold, 1879 (conchylis), ann. soc. espa. hist. nat. 8: 119. no type\nnubivagana zerny, 1935 (phalonia), mem. soc. sci. nat. maroc 42: 132. tl: morocco. atlas mountains, tizi' n tachdirt. holotype: nhmv. male .\npsychrasema meyrick in caradja & meyrick, 1937 (phalonia), dt. ent. z. iris 51: 171. tl: china, yunnan province, likiang. lectotype: bmnh. female .\nroseana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 401. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nrubellana hubner, 1823 (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett 7: pl. 46 figs. 285 - 287. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nsalebrana mann, 1862 (conchylis), wien. ent. monatschr. 6: 395. tl: turkey, kleinasien [ turkey ] (brussa). lectotype: nhmv. female .\ntemerana busck, 1907 (phalonia), j. new york ent. soc. 15: 28. tl: usa, pennsylvania, oak station. holotype: usnm. male .\ncincinnatana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 78. tl: usa. ohio, cincinnati. lectotype: amnh. female .\nvirilia pogue, 2001 (rolandylis), proc. ent. soc. wash. 103: 792. tl: usa, maine, millinocket. holotype: usnm. male .\nviscana kearfott, 1907 (phalonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 84. tl: usa, new jersey. holotype: amnh. male .\npeganitis meyrick, 1912 (phalonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nthis specimen may be an example of the banded sunflower moth (3777) .\ncontributed by carl d. barrentine on 17 july, 2014 - 7: 47pm\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nagricultural research service, u. s. department of agriculture, department of entomology, north dakota state university, fargo, north dakota 58105\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\ngeneric irradiation and hot water phytosanitary treatments for mango fruits cv. ‘ataulfo’ niño infested by anastrepha ludens and anastrepha obliqua (diptera: tephritidae )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nbook depository is an international bookseller. we ship our books to over 100 countries around the globe and we are always looking to add more countries to the list. we really, really love books and offer millions of titles, currently over 10 million of them, with this figure increasing daily. living by our motto,' bookseller to the world', we focus on offering as many titles as possible to as many customers as possible. most of our titles are dispatched within 2 business days of your order. apart from publishers, distributors and wholesalers, we even list and supply books from other retailers! we hope you enjoy our selection and discover your new favourite book .\nall books are shipped in new condition promptly, we are happy to accept returns up to 30 days from purchase. orders usually ship within 1 - 2 business days. domestic shipments are sent by royal mail, and international by priority airmail. please contact the seller directly if you wish to return an order. name of business: the book depository ltd form of legal entity: a limited company business address: the book depository, 60 holborn viaduct, london, ec1a 2fd, united kingdom email address: abebo ...\norders usually ship within 1 - 2 business days. domestic shipments are sent by royal mail, and international by priority airmail. we are happy to accept returns upto 30 days from purchase. please contact the seller directly if you wish to return an order\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "cochylis hospes , the banded sunflower moth , is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "it is found from north carolina to colorado , utah , new mexico and northern arizona .", "the length of the forewings is 5.5 – 8 mm .", "adults are golden ochreous with broad , dark brown to rust brown medial fascia and a subapical blotch containing iridescent grey patches .", "adults are on wing from july to august .", "the larvae feed on developing seeds in flower heads of helianthus species .", "the species overwinters as a last instar larva . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 8, 8, 3 ] }

[ "cochylis hospes, the banded sunflower moth, is a moth of the family tortricidae. it is found from north carolina to colorado, utah, new mexico and northern arizona. the length of the forewings is 5.5 – 8 mm. adults are golden ochreous with broad, dark brown to rust brown medial fascia and a subapical blotch containing iridescent grey patches. adults are on wing from july to august. the larvae feed on developing seeds in flower heads of helianthus species. the species overwinters as a last instar larva." ]

[ "this is the place for zhongzhiensis definition. you find here zhongzhiensis meaning, synonyms of zhongzhiensis and images for zhongzhiensis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word zhongzhiensis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word zhongzhiensis and, of course, zhongzhiensis synonyms and on the right images related to the word zhongzhiensis .\nhepialus zhongzhiensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: renzhi snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes albipictus (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes anomopterus (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes callinivalis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jianchuanensis (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jinshanensis (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes litangensis (liang, 1995). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yeriensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yulongensis (liang, 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jialangensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes nebulosus (alpheraky, 1889). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes varians (staudinger, 1896). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zaliensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes kangdingensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes lijiangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes menyuanicus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes oblifurcus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes sichuanus (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunglongensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baqingensis (yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes pratensis yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes renzhiensis (yang et al. , 1991). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xizangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zhayuensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nhave a fact about thitarodes xunhuaensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thitarodes xunhuaensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthitarodes ferrugineus (li, yang and shen, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunnanensis (yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baimaensis (liang in liang et al. , 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes damxungensis (yang in yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes markamensis (li, yang and shen, 1992). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes meiliensis (liang in liang et al. , 1998). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes cingulatus (yang and zhang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes gonggaensis (fu and huang in fu et al. , 1991). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes luquensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xunhuaensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes arizanus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes richthofeni; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes malaisei; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sinarabesca; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes nebulosus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes varius; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes varians; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes luteus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes maculatum ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 72; tl: nepal, chungbu khola (14500ft )\nthitarodes harutai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, laam pokhari, 2850m\nthitarodes kishidai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 81; tl: nepal, lete nr nilgiri (2400m )\nthitarodes limbui ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, khambachen (3950m )\nthitarodes bibelteus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes hainanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes namensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xigazeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yongshengensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes dinggyeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes nanmlinensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pui; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yadongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yulongensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sichuanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes xizangensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes variabilis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis ueda, 1996; bull. kitakyushu mus. nat. hist. 15: 35; tl: japan, shirakawadani, izumimura, kumanoto pref .\nthitarodes kingdonwardi ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 84; tl: se. tibet, tsangpo valley, nyima la (14000ft )\nthitarodes quadrata jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016; shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374; tl: china, sichuan, xiaojin\nthitarodes deqingensis [ sic, recte deqinensis? ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nzou, liu & zhang, 2011 two new species of thitarodes (lepidoptera: hepialidae) from tibet in china pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 106 - 113\nthitarodes sejilaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 107; tl: mt sejila, linzhi county, tibet, 4500m, 29°36' n, 94°35' e\nthitarodes dierli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes eberti; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74\nthitarodes danieli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 71; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes jiachaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 110; tl: jiancha county, tibet, 535m, 29°26. 714' n, 94°42. 888' e\nthitarodes namnai maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 43; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes caligophilus maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 47; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes damxungensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes albipictus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes jinshaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes litangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes callinivalis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes jialangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes baqingensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes ferrugineus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes markamensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zaliensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yeriensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pratensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes cingulatus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xunhuaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes armoricanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes baimaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes meiliensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes oblifurcus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes gonggaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zhangmoensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingroides; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes renzhiensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes (hepialidae); [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\neight species, including 1 hepialiscus, 4 hepialus, 1 thitarodes and 2 triodia species (table 1), are considered as indeterminate hosts of ophiocordyceps sinensis. while the distribution ranges of these species are within that of ophiocordyceps sinensis, they lack an altitude record and require further confirmation before being considered as potential hosts of ophiocordyceps sinensis, e. g. , hepialus yadongensis, triodia sylvina, etc .\nthree names of the recognizable potential host insects are invalid (nomen nudum) because no full description of the species was published in the literature, although the names appeared several times in various publications (table 1). among them, thitarodes dongyuensis was described by yang (1992) as ‘ hepialus dongyuensis ’ and deemed as a nomen nudum in nielsen et al. (2000), while hepialus guidera and hepialus lagii were described by yan (2001a, b) and recognized as nomen nudum in the present study. further study is required to describe these species in full .\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\n=; jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\nahamus zou & zhang, 2010; j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116; ts: hepialus jianchuanensis yang\narizanus (matsumura, 1931) (hepialus); 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1022; tl: japan\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nhepialus albipictus yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 184; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , renzhi snow mtn (28°52' n, 99°14' e, 4600 - 4780m )\nhepialus jinshaensis yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 185; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , baima, (28°34' n, 99°18' e, 4600m )\nhepialus deqinensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, jiawu snow mtn\nhepialus litangensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 210, 212; tl: litang, sichuan\nhepialus baimaensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baimae\nhepialus meiliensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 420, 425; tl: yunnan, deqin county, meili snow mtn\nhepialus callinivalis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 209, 212; tl: meili snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus jialangensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 6, 10; tl: xizang, zogang county, meili snow mtn (4000 - 4600m )\nhepialus xiaojinensis tu, ma & zhang, 2009; entomotaxonomia 31: 123, 126; tl: xiaojin co. (30°54' n, 102°18' e, 4300 - 4800m, sichuan\ndierli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 132; tl: nepal\neberti viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 130; tl: thodung, nepal\ndanieli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 128; tl: nepal\nahamus yushuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus altaicola; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus zhayuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus lijiangensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus jianchuanensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 5, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, 2900 - 3100m\nahamus jianchuanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus anomopterus yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, (2800 - 3100m )\nahamus anomopterus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus yunnanensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 245, 249; tl: yunnan, laojun mtn, 26°45' n, 99°51' e\nahamus yunnanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus yunlongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus yulongensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 421, 425; tl: yunnan, lijiang, yulong snow mtn\n? ahamus menyuanensis [ sic, recte menyuanicus ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus ferrugineus li, yang & shen, 1993; acta ent. sinica 36 (4): 495, 496; tl: yunnan, baima snow mountain, 4200 - 4500m\nhepialus gonggaensis fu & huang, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (3): 362; tl: sichuan\nhepialus markamensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 246, 249; tl: xizang, markam county, nimasha snow mtn, 28°59' n 98°46' e\nhepialus zaliensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: xizang, markam county, zhali snow mtn, 28°58' n 98°48' e, 4600 - 4900m\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nsinarabesca (bryk, 1942) (hepialus); ent. tidskr. 63: 153; tl: kansu\nhepialus nebulosus alphéraky, 1889; in romanoff, mém. lép. 5: 85; tl: ne. tibet\nhepialus variabilis bremer, 1861; bull. acad. imp. sci. st. petersb. 3: 478\nhepialus renzhiensis yang, shen, yang, liang, dong, chun, lu & sinaduji, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (2): 218, 224; tl: yunnan\nhepialus yeriensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: yeri snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus pratensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 247, 250; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baima snow mtn, 28°23' n 99°01' e\nhepialus cingulatus yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, wenxian county, 3200m\nhepialus luquensis yang, yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, luqu county, 34°13' n, 102°24' e, 4276m\nahamus luquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus xunhuaensis yang & yang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 359, 362; tl: qinghai, xunhua county, (35°38' n, 102°42' e), 3800m\nhepialus bibelteus shen & zhou, 1997; acta ent. sinica 40 (2): 198, 200; tl: meidu (28°22' n, 90°01' e), baima snow mountain, deqing county, 4500m, yunnan\nhepialus biruensis fu, 2002; acta ent. sinica 45 (suppl .): 56; tl: xizang, biru county, 4400 - 4700m\nhepialus biruens [ sic, recte biruensis ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nahamus zadoiensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus gangcaensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus maquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\ndongyuensis (yang et al. , 1996) (hepialus); (nom. nud. )\ndongyuensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (nom. nud. )\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nlépidoptères rapportés du thibet par le général n. m. przewalsky de son voyage de 1884 - 1885 in romanoff ,\nneue schmetterlinge aus den reichsmuseum in stockholm. nachtrag zur lepidopteren - ausbeute der sven hedinschen expedition (1927 - 1930 )\nentomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india. lepidoptera: fam. notodontidae stephens, cossidae newman und hepialidae stephens gesammelt von rené malaise\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnielsen, e. s. , g. s. robinson, d. l. wagner. 2000. ghost - moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia (mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea) (lepidoptera). journal of natural history 34 (6): 823 - 878 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\neastern asia between the himalayas, altai, taiwan, japan, and the russian far east. majority of species recorded from eastern tibetan plateau and surrounding areas .\none of the most speciose genera of hepialidae, but doubtfully monophyletic. species with a mottled wing pattern\neastern asia between nepal in the west, and taiwan, and japan in the east, and an isolated record in northwestern china (grehan, 2011) .\nthe males of many species have metatibial androconia that are sometimes prominent and almost extend the length of the abdomen .\nmost species occur in alpine or high latitude meadows and grasslands, but lowland forest habitats are also inhabited (maczey et al. , 2011) .\nthe high concentration of species in the tibetan plateau may be the result of this region’s high geomorphic and ecological diversity (zou et al. , 2012) .\n( maczey et al. , 2011; wang & yao, 2011; zou et al. , 2012 )\nmating pair. from zou et al. (2011). image © zhiwen zou .\nde son voyage de 1884 - 1885. in romanoff, n. m. (ed .) mémoires sur les\ncannon, p. f. , hywel - jones, n. l. , maczey, n. , norbu, l. , tshitila, samdup, t. ,\nmaczey, n. , dhendup, k. , cannon, p. , hywel - jones, n. &\nbiology and life cycle (ed. by) k. pourali and v. n. raad) ,\nmale. canadian national collection. identification courtesy of kyoichiro ueda. image: jane hyland (cmnh )\nm ale. photo courtesy of nan jiang. ©institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences\nhitarodes lijiangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\narticle public\n- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en\ntax - treatment - ns0. dtd\nstate key laboratory of mycology, institute of microbiology, chinese academy of sciences, p. o. box 2714, beijing 100101, p. r. china\ngraduate university of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, p. r. china\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nrecently, a global inventory of the suborder exoporia, comprising mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea, was presented by nielsen et al. (2000), in which the systematic position of many taxa was checked and adjusted. nielsen et al. ’s classification system for hepialidae is adopted in this study .\na total of 91 names in 13 genera of hepialidae were found in the literature search. they are listed in alphabetical order in table 1, together with geographic distribution, altitude, main references and the relationship with ophiocordyceps sinensis as determined by this study. insect names used in the references, if different from that in nielsen et al. (2000), are also given. there are 67 names in the references being combined in different genera by nielsen et al. (2000) and a total of 71 species were originally described from china. twenty four species described in the literature were not included in nielsen et al. (2000) .\nfifty - seven species are considered here as recognizable potential host insects of ophiocordyceps sinensis, whilst eight as indeterminate hosts and 26 as non - hosts. the recorded altitude ranges of the recognized potential host insects were found to vary from 2800 to 5100 m. the distribution areas of these species covered 26 provinces in china and more than 12 other countries. three of the recognizable potential host names are invalid (nomen nudum) .\nfujian, guangdong, guangxi, hainan, hebei, he’nan, hubei, hu’nan, jiangxi, shandong, shanxi, sichuan, yunnan and zhejiang provinces; shanghai municipality; d. p. r. korea; india; japan; sri lanka\nchu and wang 1985b, wang et al. 1996, chu et al. 2004\nchu and wang 1985a, wang et al. 1996, yang 1998, chu et al. 2004, karsholt and nieukerken 2010\nchu and wang 1985a, wang et al. 1996, chu et al. 2004\nyan 2001b; yan 2001c, li et al. 2002, li and li 2004, zhang et al. 2009\nchu 1965, chen et al. 1973, yang et al. 1987, chu et al. 2004\nyang et al. 1992b, yang et al. 1996, hu and zha 2010\nyang et al. 1992b, li et al. 1993, chu et al. 2004\nchu and wang 1985a, yang et al. 1991b, chu et al. 2004\nchu and wang 1985a, wang et al. 1996, yang 1998, chu et al. 2004\nyang et al. 1992a, b, wang et al. 1996, yang 1998\nchu and wang 1985a, yang et al. 1991b, yang 1998, ma et al. 1995\nchu and wang 1985a, chu et al. 2004, karsholt and nieukerken 2010\nthrough an extensive literature survey, all the hepialidae species reported from china were listed and analyzed using detailed information on their geographic distribution, altitude and nomenclature. the relationships between the insect species and ophiocordyceps sinensis were clarified based on available information. the data provided here serve as a foundation for further investigations on the conservation biology of this endangered fungal species and its insect hosts .\nnatural production of ophiocordyceps sinensis has been declining significantly over the last few decades while the market demands on the fungus have increased sharply in recent years. clarification of the host insects of ophiocordyceps sinensis will provide basic information for management of the insect resources and for the conservation and sustainable use of the fungus. this work has gathered the available information on the host insects of ophiocordyceps sinensis and will lay a foundation for further studies of the relationship between the fungus and its hosts, especially their co - evolution (an ongoing research project based on dna sequence analyses in this laboratory), and also for the cultivation of this valuable fungus for massive production .\nthis work is supported by the national science and technology supporting projects operated by the ministry of science and technology of the people’s republic of china (2007bai32b03), the key research project of innovation programmes (kscx2 - yw - g - 076, kscx2 - yw - g - 074 - 04, kscx2 - sw - 101c) and the scheme of introduction of overseas outstanding talents operated by the chinese academy of sciences, and the national science funds for distinguished young scholars from the national natural science foundation of china (30025002) .\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) in shanghai. in: cheng zm (eds) science and technology innovation and green plant protection. agricultural science and technology press, beijing, 303–305. [ in chinese ]\nin china. lishizhen medicine and materia medica research 3: 37–39. [ in chinese ]\noberthür. acta entomologica sinica 16 (2): 198–202. [ in chinese ]\noberthür. acta entomologica sinica 14 (6): 620–621. [ in chinese ]\n‘insect - herb’ versus hepialids with descriptions of new genera and new species of chinese hepialidae. sinozoologia 3: 121–134. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\non the stem–borers of chinese hepialids (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 28 (3): 293–301. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfauna sinica, volume 38, lepidoptera: hepialidae, epiplemidae. science press, beijing, 291 pp. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n. lwt - food science and technology 41 (4): 669–677. doi: 10. 1016 / j. lwt. 2007. 05. 002 .\nin china. territory & natural resources study (3): 47–51. [ in chinese ]\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 45 suppl: 56–57. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 34 (3): 362–363. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n( berkeley) sacc. , in kangding. acta entomologica sinica 35 (3): 317–321. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nrecords of chinese edible insects. journal of anhui agricultural sciences 38 (1): 522–526. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nlarva. journal of fujian forestry science and technology 33 (4): 138–141. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfungi and their host insects in china. edible fungi of china 10 (2): 35–37. [ in chinese ]\n. special economic animal and plant 4 (5): 15. [ in chinese ]\n. biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 26: 84–87. doi: 10. 1248 / bpb. 26. 84 .\nfrom yunnan, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 36 (4): 495–496. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n. qinghai medical journal 34 (8): 56–61. [ in chinese ]\n. chinese qighai journal of animal and veterinary sciences 26 (6): 37–39. [ in chinese ]\nin qinghai. qinghai science and technology 9 (4): 15–17. [ in chinese ]\n( ghost moth) from yunnan, china. zoological research 9 (4): 419–425. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n( ghost moth) from yunnan, sichuan of china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). zoological research 16 (3): 207–212. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n. chongqing journal of research on chinese drugs and herbs (1): 45–52. [ in chinese ]\n. chongqing journal of research on chinese drugs and herbs (1): 47–50. [ in chinese ]\nfungus - hepialids. natural enemies of insects 17 (4): 184–190. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nand its utilization. natural enemies of insects 14 (2): 96–100. [ in chinese ]\nin gansu. gansu agricultural science and technology (12): 35. [ in chinese ]\nchu & wang: taxonomy and systematic position (lepidoptera: hepialidae s. str .). systematic entomology 13 (2): 171–195. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1365 - 3113. 1988. tb00240. x .\nghost - moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia (mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea) (lepidoptera). journal of natural history 34 (6): 823–878. doi: 10. 1080 / 002229300299282 .\nfrom yunnan, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 40 (2): 198–201. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nlarva. special wild economic animal and plant research (3): 23–24. [ in chinese ]\nthe list of the wild plants under the state emphasized protection. urltoken [ see also: cites management authority of china and china customers (2000) announcement of adjustment for catalogue of exporting and importing wild animals and plants. beijing: cites management authority of china and china customers. ] [ in chinese ]\nand the clavicipitaceous fungi. studies in mycology 57: 5–59. doi: 10. 3114 / sim. 2007. 57. 01 .\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) from china. entomotaxonomia 31 (2): 123–126. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nspecies: ecology, cultivation and application. science and technology reference press, beijing, 307 pp. [ in chinese ]\nfrom china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 44 (3): 348–349. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\ni. confirmations of chinese name and the insect - hosts. supplement to the journal of sun yatsen university (2): 50–54. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) from chongqing, china. entomotaxonomia 14 (1): 55–56. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\non cellular and humoral immune response against ovalbumin in mice. phytotherapy research 20 (8): 646–652. doi: 10. 1002 / ptr. 1921 .\n( reproduced in 1958) renewed materia medica. science, technology and health press, shanghai, 377 pp. [ in chinese ]\nand the environment. entomological journal of east china 16 (2): 92–95. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\na new genus and two new species of the hepialidae (lepidoptera) from qinghai, china. journal of qinghai university 18 (5): 1–6. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nlarva (lepidoptera: hepialidae) from qinghai. journal of qinghai university 19 (1): 5–8. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nyan in qinghai province. jiangsu agricultural sciences (5): 66–68. [ in chinese ]\nfrom yunnan, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta zootaxonomica sinica 18 (2): 184–187. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom yunnan and xizang, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). zoological research 15 (3): 5–11. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n. in: yang gh (eds) utilization and industrialization of insect resources in china. china agriculture press, beijing, 68–80. [ in chinese ]\n( lepidoptera: hepialidae) from north xizang, china. entomotaxonomia 17 (3): 215–218. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom yunnan and xizang, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). zoological research 13 (3): 245–250. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nmoths distribution. southwest china journal of agricultural sciences 5 (2): 68–73. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nand their geographical distribution. entomologica sinica 39 (4): 413–422. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nresearch on the ecology of yunnan hepialids i. regional and ecogeographical distribution. zoological research 8 (1): 1–11. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom yunnan, china. acta entomologica sinica 34 (2): 218–224. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\ncomparative study of 4 hepialids and their fungal pathogens. in: botanical society of china (eds) study and application of entomogenous fungi in china. china agricultural science and technology press, beijing, 69–73. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nfrom qinghai and gansu, china (lepidoptera: hepialidae). acta entomologica sinica 38 (3): 359–362. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n. special wild economic animal and plant research (3): 28–31. [ in chinese ]\n( fr .) link. in: northwest institute of plateau biology (eds) acta biologica plateau sinica 6. science press, beijing, 1–24. [ in chinese ]\n. journal of fungal research 2 (2): 42–46. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nin streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats. applied microbiology and biotechnology 72 (6): 1152–1156. doi: 10. 1007 / s00253 - 006 - 0411 - 9 .\n( lepidoptera, hepialidae) from china. acta zootaxonomica sinica 32 (2): 473–476. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nin qinghai. special wild economic animal and plant research 31 (1): 19–22. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\n( lepidoptera, hepialidae) currently adopted in china. journal of hunan university of science & technology (natural science edition) 25 (1): 114–120. [ in chinese with english abstract ]\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "thitarodes zhongzhiensis is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .", "it was described by liang in 1995 , and is known from yunnan , china . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "thitarodes zhongzhiensis is a species of moth of the family hepialidae. it was described by liang in 1995, and is known from yunnan, china." ]

[ "number of counts per year in north america, main regal range, core regal range, and count circles ever reporting a regal fritillary .\nthe regal fritillary is found in tall - grass prairies and wet grassy areas .\nregal fritillary surveyors jan and patty (l to r) at barneveld prairie .\nfigure 4: number of counts per year in north america, main regal range, core regal range, and count circles ever reporting a regal fritillary .\nthe regal fritillary is a rare butterfly trying to survive in the remaining grasslands of indiana .\nvolunteers are gathering information about regal fritillary butterflies that could help ensure their survival in wisconsin prairies .\nto drive regal fritillary conservation efforts. they, in turn, coordinate with numerous other organizations across the region. the regal fritillary conservation effort is part of the chicago wilderness priority species focus area .\nd. m. debinski and l. kelly, “decline of iowa populations of the regal fritillary (\nregal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at muralt bluff and oliver prairies in green county .\npercent of counts reporting regal fritillary each year in main regal range, 1977–2014, with linear regression trend line. this declined significantly in both periods analyzed (\nfrom at least the 1930’s regal fritillary began to decline in massachusetts, maintaining populations only on the offshore islands .\nhe regal fritillary is probably not a good candidate for reintroduction into massachusetts today, but protecting the remaining fritillaries here is an achievable goal, and the fate of the regal fritillary should spur us to take on the challenge .\nthe regal fritillary is very different from the other fritillaries when you get a good look at the butterfly, but the aphrodite fritillary can be extremely dark below, especially in poor lighting. more than once i have been excited to see a regal fritillary that turned out to be a dark aphrodite hunkered down in the grass. the regal fritillary below has much bolder and larger white markings than the aphrodite .\nregal fritillary is a strong flier, adapted to large, open grasslands. like our other large fritillaries (great spangled fritillary, aphrodite fritillary, atlantis fritillary), it benefited from the extensive forest clearing and pre - industrial agriculture practiced from colonial days until the end of the 19 th century (table 1) .\npercent of counts reporting regal fritillary each year in core regal range, 1977–2014, with regression trend line. this decline was significant in 1977–2014 but not in 1991–2014 (\nb. ferster and k. vulinec, “population size and conservation of the last eastern remnants of the regal fritillary ,\nsummary statistics on 4jc circles ever reporting a regal fritillary and all counts reported from those circles, by geographic scope .\nmap showing states containing main regal fritillary range (encircled by black dotted line), core range (west of red dashed line), all count circles reporting regal fritillary outside core range (black circles), and the three count circles with highest regal abundance (red stars) .\nl. kelly and d. m. debinski, “relationship of host plant density to size and abundance of the regal fritillary\nbarton, b. 1994. the status report of the regal fritillary at... (site name deleted) .\n). this recent range contraction was corroborated by independent data sources from the last two centuries. the regal fritillary (figures\nfigure 3: map showing states containing main regal fritillary range (encircled by black dotted line), core range (west of red dashed line), all count circles reporting regal fritillary outside core range (black circles), and the three count circles with highest regal abundance (red stars) .\nthe regal fritillary is considered one of the elite butterflies of the eastern united states. this is partially because the regal fritillary has disappeared from many of its former populations in the east and is found in abundance in few locations east of illinois, and also because fresh butterflies are distinctive, beautiful butterflies. i still get excited whenever i am lucky enough to see a regal fritillary .\nin this paper, we analyze trend over time in annual incidence and abundance of regal fritillary in 4jc data. the results of this analysis should be useful for assessing long - term status and trend of the regal fritillary throughout its range. this analysis is timely because the regal fritillary’s status and trend are currently being reviewed by the united stated fish and wildlife service [ 36 ] .\nbarton, b. 1996. final report on the regal fritillary 1993 - 1995... (site name deleted) .\nwilliams, b. 2002. conservation, genetics, extinction, and taxonomic status: a case history of the regal fritillary .\nin this paper, we analyze trend over time in annual incidence and abundance of regal fritillary in 4jc data. the results of this analysis should be useful for assessing long - term status and trend of the regal fritillary throughout its range. this analysis is timely because the regal fritillary' s status and trend are currently being reviewed by the united stated fish and wildlife service [ 36 ] .\ntable 2: summary statistics on 4jc circles ever reporting a regal fritillary and all counts reported from those circles, by geographic scope .\na. b. swengel and s. r. swengel, “a ten - year study to monitor populations of the regal fritillary ,\nnagel h. , nightengale t. , dankert n. regal fritillary butterfly population estimation and natural history on rowe sanctuary, nebraska .\nfigure 5: percent of counts reporting regal fritillary each year in main regal range, 1977–2014, with linear regression trend line. this declined significantly in both periods analyzed (table 3) .\nregal fritillaries have been known by several common names, including regal silverspot butterfly, regal silverwing, and silver argynne. scientific names have changed as well and are as follows :\nfigure 6: percent of counts reporting regal fritillary each year in core regal range, 1977–2014, with regression trend line. this decline was significant in 1977–2014 but not in 1991–2014 (table 3) .\na. b. swengel and s. r. swengel, “a ten - year study of the status and trend of the regal fritillary (\na. f. l. a. powell, w. h. busby, and k. kindscher, “status of the regal fritillary (\nh. nagel, t. nightengale, and n. dankert, “regal fritillary butterfly population estimation and natural history on rowe sanctuary, nebraska, ”\nregal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at barneveld, shea (north, south), and schurch - thomson in iowa county .\nthe nature conservancy .\nregal fritillary at fort indiantown gap, pennsylvania\n( on - line). accessed 02 / 18 / 03 at urltoken .\nbarton, b. 1993. 1993 field study of the regal fritillary < < speyeria idalia > > at... (site name deleted) .\nresults of pearson product moment and spearman rank correlations of a regal fritillary abundance variable to presence - absence (percent) variables. ns = not significant .\nthe regal fritillary needs prairie violets. females lay their eggs on these plants, and the violets are a vital food source for larvae. restoring and conserving their habitat will support population growth for both the violets and butterflies. learn more about prairie restoration programs. you can also donate to our regal fritillary conservation efforts .\ncomplex messages in long - term monitoring of regal fritillary (speyeria idalia) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in the state of wisconsin, usa, 1988 - 2015 .\ntable 5: results of pearson product moment and spearman rank correlations of a regal fritillary abundance variable to presence - absence (percent) variables. ns = not significant .\nregal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at the thomson prairie complex: thomson (original acquisition), thomson (subsequent acquisition), and thousand’s ii .\nc. n. wells and d. w. tonkyn, “range collapse in the diana fritillary ,\nstruttman, j .\nbutterflies of new jersey: regal fritillary\n( on - line). butterflies of north america. accessed 02 / 18 / 03 at urltoken .\nthe regal fritillary is a large and beautiful butterfly in the family nymphalidae (brushfooted butterflies). it has a wingspan of 67 to 105 mm (2⅝ to 4⅛ inches) .\nthe regal fritillary, like the other large fritillaries, has only one generation in wisconsin, and also has a long flight period, being found from late june to early september .\nthe regal fritillary (speyeria idalia) is identified by wings of deep orange with black designs. this butterfly produces one generation of larvae per year, which emerges with the flowers and eats only violets. the population of regal fritillaries and the population of prairie violets are directly related. when violets decline fritillaries do as well, and since prairie violets depend on native prairies, the regal fritillary has been impacted by the decline of this delicate ecosystem .\nin minnesota the regal fritillary is strongly associated with native prairie habitat. adults are encountered in both upland prairies and in wet prairies, although larval development may be restricted to upland prairie .\nwilliams, b .\nevolutionary / conservation genetics of the regal fritillary < < speyeria idalia > >\n( on - line). accessed 02 / 18 / 03 at urltoken .\ntotal regal fritillary individuals per total party - hours reported in core range each year, with regression trend line. this decline was far from significant in 1977–2014 but was significant in 1991–2014 (\ncomplex messages in long - term monitoring of regal fritillary (speyeria idalia) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in the state of wisconsin, usa, 1988 - 2015. - pubmed - ncbi\nregal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at pine island 1 (dog training area), 2 (west), and 4 (east of dog training area) .\nregal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at hogback, thousand’s ii / thomson (subsequent) combined, barneveld, and buena vista (long - term units 1997–2015) .\ntable 4: number of circles in each category of regal abundance (calculated as total regal individuals reported per total party - hours), mean and median year that a count was last reported from those circles, and that regal fritillary was last reported in those circles. spearman rank correlations of total regal individuals per total party - hours per circle with last year reported (,) and with last year regal reported (,) and with number of years reported (,), for all .\nunfortunately for these pretty little creatures, the life span of the regal fritillary is quite short. males survive for about a month while females can live for almost two months. despite its brief lifespan, the butterfly should have the chance to thrive. over the years, regal fritillaries have become increasingly rare. loss of habitat due to agriculture, fragmentation and land development has greatly affected populations in several states. in indiana, the regal fritillary is a state - endangered species .\nthe regal fritillary is found in tall - grass prairies and wet grassy areas mostly in the central united states - including iowa, minnesota and missouri, either extirpated or critically endangered in the american east .\nkopper, b. , r. charlton, d. margolie. 2000. oviposition and site selection by the regal fritillary, * speyeria idalia *, as affected by proximity of violet host plants .\nthe biggest threat to the regal fritillary is loss of its prairie habitat to development and agriculture. in addition, many remaining prairie fragments are inappropriately managed for the butterfly, especially by ill - timed burns .\nnagel, h. g. , t. nightengale, and n. dankert. 1991. regal fritillary butterfly population estimation and natural history on rowe sanctuary, nebraska. prairie naturalist 23: 145 - 152 .\n). seven of the 60 circles ever reporting a regal had a count in only one year. of the remaining 53 circles, 16 reported only one regal individual once .\nregal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at six sites with a record in only one year in this study. this represents 13 regal fritillary individuals in a total of 169. 3 km of surveying on the “peak” survey per year. roznos meadows in devil’s lake state park is also reported in the baraboo 4th of july butterfly count and stanton road is reported in the wazee 4th of july butterfly count () .\ndebinski, d. m. , and kelly, l. 1998. decline of iowa populations of the regal fritillary (speyeria idalia) drury. journal of the iowa academy of science 105: 16 - 22 .\nfigure 7: total regal fritillary individuals per total party - hours reported in core range each year, with regression trend line. this decline was far from significant in 1977–2014 but was significant in 1991–2014 (table 3) .\nmoranz r. a. , fuhlendorf s. d. , engle d. m. making sense of a prairie butterfly paradox: the effects of grazing, time since fire, and sampling period on regal fritillary abundance .\nd. l. wagner, m. s. wallace, g. h. boettner, and j. s. elkinton, “status update and life history studies on the regal fritillary (lepidoptera: nymphalidae), ” in\nkopper, b. , d. margolies, r. charlton. 2002. life history notes on the regal fritillary, < < speyeria idalia > > (drury) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae), in kansas tallgrass prairie .\nregal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at four areas of buena vista grassland (west central, north, southeast, southwest) and fort mccoy. the 2016 abundance index at fort mccoy was 16. 2 .\nthe 4th of july counts provided the tremendous statistical advantage of time depth and geographic breadth for assessing regal incidence and abundance. all measures of regal trend were negative to some degree during 1991–2014 (\ndiamonds may be a girl' s best friend, but when it comes to the larvae of the regal fritillary, violets are life savers - literally. violets are the sole source of food for butterflies belonging in the genus speyeria .\ndorsal view of a regal fritillary nectaring on butterfly milkweed (asclepias tuberosa) in missouri, usa, showing the submarginal row of orange spots on the hindwing in males (white in females). photo by ann b. swengel .\nmap of wisconsin. counties are identified that contained a regal fritillary population during the study period (1988–2015) and locations of one - year records on swengel surveys, others’ observations, and / or a 4th of july butterfly count .\nr. a. moranz, s. d. fuhlendorf, and d. m. engle, “making sense of a prairie butterfly paradox: the effects of grazing, time since fire, and sampling period on regal fritillary abundance, ”\ntotal regal individuals divided by number of counts reporting regal present, 1977–2014, with regression trend line and three - year running average. the three counts in the highest order of magnitude abundance category (\nkelly, l. , and d. m. debinski. 1998. relationship of host plant density to size and abundance of the regal fritillary speyeria idalia drury (nymphalidae). journal of the lepidopterists' society 52: 262 - 276 .\nfigure 1: dorsal view of a regal fritillary nectaring on butterfly milkweed (asclepias tuberosa) in missouri, usa, showing the submarginal row of orange spots on the hindwing in males (white in females). photo by ann b. swengel .\nnumber of circles in each category of regal abundance (calculated as total regal individuals reported per total party - hours), mean and median year that a count was last reported from those circles, and that regal fritillary was last reported in those circles. spearman rank correlations of total regal individuals per total party - hours per circle with last year reported (r = −0. 41920, p < 0. 01) and with last year regal reported (r = + 0. 03631, p > 0. 10) and with number of years reported (r = −0. 50137, p < 0. 01), n = 60 for all .\nanother concern is the impact that controlled fire could be having on the regal fritillary. regals don’t migrate; their caterpillars spend the winter in the plant leaf litter and begin feeding on violets, their sole food source, when they emerge in the spring .\nspearman rank correlations of measures of count effort with year (trend over time) in core regal range .\nregal fritillary (speyeria idalia) primarily inhabits prairie, a native grassland of central north america, and occurs rarely in nonprairie grasslands further east. this butterfly has experienced widespread decline and marked range contraction. we analyze regal fritillary incidence and abundance during 1977–2014 in 4th of july butterfly counts, an annual census of butterflies in north america. volunteers count within the same 24 km diameter circle each year. only 6% of counts in range reported a regal, while 18% of counts in core range in the midwest and great plains did. 99. 9% of regal individuals occurred in core range. only four circles east of core range reported this species, and only during the first half of the study period. all individuals reported west of its main range occurred in two circles in colorado in the second half of the study. the number of counts per year and survey effort per count increased during the study. during 1991–2014, > 31 counts occurred per year in core regal range, compared to 0–23 during 1975–1990. during 1991–2014, all measures of regal presence and abundance declined, most significantly. these results agree with other sources that regal fritillary has contracted its range and declined in abundance .\nthe 4th of july counts provided the tremendous statistical advantage of time depth and geographic breadth for assessing regal incidence and abundance. all measures of regal trend were negative to some degree during 1991–2014 (table 3, figures 5 – 8). this justifies further investigation of the regal’s status and trend currently underway [ 36 ] .\none of those volunteers, jan ketelle, has been helping with the regal surveys since their inception in 1997 .\nwe compiled statistics for each year on number of counts in all of north america, main regal range, and core regal range. we calculated the percent of counts reporting any regals and total regal individuals seen (all, main, and core range), peak regal individual total on a single count, regal individuals per party - hour on all counts reporting regals, and number of counts reporting ≥100 and ≥500 individuals. we also databased summary statistics on all counts in core range each year to assess survey effort on counts over time in the region where most regal fritillaries were found. analysis of this dataset, including regal individuals per total party - hours in core range, could determine whether simply using the number of 4jcs on which regals were eligible to be found was likely to be a valid comparison, or whether regal abundance needed to be indexed to total party - hours of effort .\ninterestingly, farquhar also lists specimens from five locations in maine: wales, waterville, brunswick, norway, and portland. waterville, near bangor, is about the furthest north the regal fritillary reached (see maps in opler and krizek 1984; cech and tudor 2005) .\nyou have probably heard of our famous butterfly…now is your chance to see it up close and personal. the public is invited to tour regal fritillary habitat in an area normally closed to the public and learn how we balance the conservation efforts for this species of concern with military training .\nfor each circle that ever reported a regal, we databased every year of that count with these variables: circle name abbreviation, latitude, longitude, date, party - hours, and number of regals reported (including zero). we calculated years reported for these circles, first and last year reported, first and last year regal reported, and percent of these counts reporting any regals, total regal individuals seen, and regal individuals per party - hour .\nfor each circle that ever reported a regal, we databased every year of that count with these variables: circle name abbreviation, latitude, longitude, date, party - hours, and number of regals reported (including zero). we calculated n years reported for these circles, first and last year reported, first and last year regal reported, and percent of these counts reporting any regals, total regal individuals seen, and regal individuals per party - hour .\nwagner d. l. , wallace m. s. , boettner g. h. , elkinton j. s. status update and life history studies on the regal fritillary (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in: vickery p. d. , dunwiddie p. w. , editors .\nregal fritillary primarily inhabits prairie, a grassland habitat of native floristic composition in central north america. outside the prairie region it occurs in a localized manner in damp meadows and upland pastures, not necessarily of native vegetation types [ 17, 18 ]. because of the vast destruction of prairie in the past two centuries mostly for conversion to agriculture, the regal fritillary has experienced widespread decline and marked range contraction [ 19 – 27 ]. as a result of this conservation concern, much survey work has been conducted to assess this species’ status and trend [ 28 – 35 ] .\nthe regal fritillary (speyeria idalia) is one of the largest and most spectacular butterflies found in north america. its bright orange forewings are marked with a deep orange - brown border and characterized by the two rows of spots along the hindwing. the difference between the sexes is found in these spots; the male has a row of orange and cream spots while the female has only cream colored spots. the male may be showier, but the female is larger in size. the average wingspan of the regal fritillary spans between 2. 5 to 4 inches from tip to tip .\nregal fritillary primarily inhabits prairie, a grassland habitat of native floristic composition in central north america. outside the prairie region it occurs in a localized manner in damp meadows and upland pastures, not necessarily of native vegetation types [ 17, 18 ]. because of the vast destruction of prairie in the past two centuries mostly for conversion to agriculture, the regal fritillary has experienced widespread decline and marked range contraction [ 19 – 27 ]. as a result of this conservation concern, much survey work has been conducted to assess this species' status and trend [ 28 – 35 ] .\ntable 1: spearman rank correlations of measures of count effort with year (trend over time) in core regal range .\nregal fritillary data in 4jcs generally agreed with other sources in that regal fritillary is a localized butterfly that has contracted in range and declined within its existing range. analysis of 4jcs contributes to status and trend assessment by providing geographic breadth and time depth. 4jcs are more suitable for statistical analysis than opportunistic citizen - science reporting programs because 4jcs report complete species lists and consistently measured survey effort [ 43 ]. but targeted and consistent formal surveying at key sites, as promoted by the north american butterfly monitoring network (urltoken), is also needed to document fully the status and trend of this butterfly .\n): four in eastern colorado (west of main range) on three counts in two circles (fort collins in 1997 - 1998, roosevelt national forest in 2008) and one in southern ontario (orillia in 1994). in main range east of core range, regal fritillary only occurred in three circles (\nhabitat of the regal fritillary is tall - grass prairie and other open, sunny locations, including meadows, marshes, and mountain pastures. larval hostplants are violets. a wide range of violets are used, including birdfoot violet (viola pedata) and prairie violet (viola pedatifida) in the western parts of its range .\nthe last regal fritillary on naushon island was seen in 1988 by mark mello; his 7 / 29 / 1988 record for the mas atlas does not indicate whether a specimen was taken. on his visit in august 1989, no regals were found (mello 1989). the last long island record was also in 1988 .\nthe regal fritillary is a large, distinctively marked species and one of temperate north america' s most striking butterflies. forewing length in males is 3. 5 - 4. 8 cm (1. 4 - 1. 9 in .). females are slightly larger than males, with a forewing length of 5 cm (2 in .) not unusual. the sexes are similar in color and pattern. above, the forewings are a rich reddish orange with a number of irregularly shaped black spots and a row of small whitish flecks in a narrow black border along the outer margin. the upper side of the hind wings is a somewhat iridescent blue black, with an inner row of large white spots and an outer row of smaller spots that are orange in males and white in females. the underside of the hind wings is identical in both sexes: a bold pattern of large, triangular silver spots in a dark brown ground color. the only butterflies in minnesota that resemble the regal fritillary are the monarch (danaus plexippus), the great spangled fritillary (s peyeria cybele), and the aphrodite fritillary (s. aphrodite). a fourth similar fritillary, the atlantis fritillary (s. atlantis), is restricted to the forested northern part of the state and wouldn' t be encountered with the regal. uncertainty of identification for any of the 4 species would only arise for individuals seen at a distance or for extremely flight - worn individuals. none of these has the strong contrast in coloration between the forewings and hind wings above .\nbecause most analyses of 4jc data are based on large numbers of counts and years, the sampling effort is usually very large. this dataset is the only way to obtain continent - wide butterfly data compiled the same way and with measures of survey effort. wells and tonkyn [ 16 ] took advantage of 4jcs’ large geographical coverage to demonstrate range contraction in the specialized diana fritillary (speyeria diana), a congener of the regal fritillary (s. idalia). this recent range contraction was corroborated by independent data sources from the last two centuries. the regal fritillary (figures 1 and 2) is also particularly suitable for analysis in 4jc because it is a large and strikingly identifiable butterfly that has a long “flight period” (time of year when in the adult life stage) broadly spanning the summer timing of most counts [ 17, 18 ] .\nthe last regal fritillary on martha’s vineyard was seen in 1986 (goldstein 1997: 220). the 1986 - 90 mas atlas did not find any vineyard records. the last known specimen records from martha’s vineyard are two, august 19 and 20, 1983, from edgartown katama plains, d. schweitzer (yale peabody museum) .\nregal fritillary incidence and abundance at buena vista grassland: individuals per km on peak survey per year in units surveyed 1997–2015 and in the rest of the long - term units surveyed 2000–2015, and total individuals per total km surveyed each year (left axis), and percent presence in all units surveyed each year (right axis) .\nregal fritillaries serve as hosts for parasitic wasps and flies, and as food for birds and spiders. they may also serve as pollinators .\nof all regal individuals reported in the 4th of july count program, 99. 9% occurred in the area defined as core range (\nkopper, b. , s. shu, r. charlton, s. ramaswamy. 2001. evidence for reproductive diapause in the fritillary < < speyeria idalia > > (lepidopter: nymphalidae) .\n) may have underestimated the decline in population size because the diminishing proportion of counts with regal presence also had far fewer regals per count over time. regal presence - absence had a relatively strong negative trend over the whole study and an even stronger decline more recently (1991–2014) (\nin addition to the trend results, another indication of regal decline is its range contraction westward. all individuals on counts east of core range (\nit’s summer on the prairie, and that means the regal fritillary butterfly has taken wing in the military ridge prairie heritage area in parts of dane, iowa and green counties. the area is one of three strongholds in wisconsin for this striking butterfly, which is endangered in all states east of the mississippi river where it occurs, including in wisconsin .\nthe main problems have to do with regal fritillary reproductive strategy. females are very fecund; captive females in the rearing project laid about 1400 eggs each, on average, and one laid about 2500 eggs! (wagner et al. 1977). but as jeff boettner put it in a\nmasslep\npost (8 - 27 - 2012) :\non average, the regal fritillary is the largest fritillary in the state with wingspans to nearly four inches on some individuals. the upper forewings are mainly orange with a few black markings and black borders with a row of white spots in the females. the back wing above is very dark with two rows of light spots. in the male, the outer row of spots is yellowish, not white as in the female. underneath the wing is very dark, chocolate brown with an abundance of white, such that more than half of the wing is actually white .\nthe regal fritillary’s presence in the northeast dates at least from the melting of the wisconsin glaciers approximately 12, 000 to 16, 000 years ago, when a postglacial “prairie peninsula” expanded eastward from the central parts of the continent. the eastern limits of this prairie extension are represented by today’s dry grasslands on martha’s vineyard, nantucket, long island in new york, and the new jersey pine barrens, among others. as glacial melt continued, these areas became disjunct from their midwestern counterparts, as did their component organisms such as the regal fritillary. once established in the east, these areas continued to maintain themselves for some time by a combination of natural and human - set fire, wind blow - down, and grazing farm animals .\nspeyeria idalia (drury), 1773. recent work (williams 2002) has indicated that there may be two subspecies, s. i. occidentalis in the western part of the range and s. i. idalia in the east. however, only a handful of idalia specimens are known and the collapse in the eastern populations of regal fritillary may preclude further studies .\nadult regal fritillaries have a long proboscis that is used for inserting into flowers to obtain nectar. they feed on a variety of nectar plants, most commonly butterflyweed\nof all regal individuals reported in the 4th of july count program, 99. 9% occurred in the area defined as core range (table 2). of the 60 count circles ever reporting any regals, 54 (90 %) were in core range and 57 (95 %) in main range. only five regal individuals occurred outside main range (figure 3): four in eastern colorado (west of main range) on three counts in two circles (fort collins in 1997 - 1998, roosevelt national forest in 2008) and one in southern ontario (orillia in 1994). in main range east of core range, regal fritillary only occurred in three circles (figure 3): twice in st. joseph county, michigan (21 individuals 1977 - 1978), and one individual each in woodbridge / bethany, connecticut (1977) and prince george’s county, maryland (1993). in main range, only 6% of counts reported a regal, while 18% of counts in core range did (table 2). seven of the 60 circles ever reporting a regal had a count in only one year. of the remaining 53 circles, 16 reported only one regal individual once .\nwilliams, b .\nregal fritillaries in a tailspin\n( on - line). north american butterfly association. accessed 01 / 28 / 03 at urltoken .\nregal fritillaries attract ecotourists who are interested in viewing this rare species, thus bringing economic benefit to the nearby communities. the conservation efforts of groups preserving the prairie habitats where regal fritillaries occur provide places for people to visit to enjoy a snapshot of what the midwest once looked like. research activities have enhanced our knowledge of prairie ecosystems .\nsumming up the late 19 th century, samuel scudder found regal fritillary “abundant in connecticut at several places”; “quite common” around springfield, massachusetts; “tolerably abundant” in berkshire county and on cape cod; and “particularly abundant” on the island of nantucket. at least nine of scudder’s nantucket specimens can be found today in the harvard mcz; however there appear to be no berkshire county specimens in museums. regal fritillary was less common to the north: found only sparingly near, but not in, essex county, and at a few locations in new hampshire and maine. it may have been more common in central massachusetts than scudder reports. scudder writes that the butterfly was to be found in “open breezy meadows or pastures in close proximity to marshy land or ponds” (1889: 541 - 2; 1872: 23) .\nthe regal fritillary (\nregal\n) (speyeria idalia) is endangered in wisconsin, usa, and declining and at risk range - wide. during 1988 - 2015, we surveyed 24 known regal sites and > 100 areas of potential habitat in wisconsin. we recorded 9037 individuals in 742. 7 km on the peak survey per year at occupied sites. at six sites surveyed over 5 - 25 years, we found regal fritillaries in only one year, mostly in the latter half of the study. the three populations in the state with more favorable trends than the median had a never - burned refugium and / or infrequent fire management. they also all had substantial amounts of grazing, haying, and / or mowing managements. sites with trends below the regional median trend had frequent or moderate fire management, and either a diminishing never - burned refugium or none at all. regal populations at sites with ≤15 ha of grassland have become undetectable. nonetheless, hogback, a slightly larger than 15 ha site, had the most favorable trend, a significant increase. nearly all wisconsin regal populations known before 1990 declined to consistent non - findability, even though these were conserved sites. more favorable trends at more recently discovered populations may be attributable to species - specific habitat management protocols implemented in the 1990s. two sites with better than median long - term trends represent the longest consistent land ownership of known regal populations in the state. this wide range of population outcomes illustrates both the need for long - term monitoring and the challenges of explaining the outcomes. despite evidence of increasing regal dispersal, this species remains very localized, indicating the unsuitability of the wider landscape as regal habitat. the number of significantly declining or no longer detectable populations in wisconsin indicates an ever more adverse landscape for this species. sites will need to have habitat characteristics that are ever more optimal in a wide range of climatic conditions for regal populations to persist .\nthe denton brothers, inventors of a special plaster mount for natural history specimens, collected butterflies around wellesley between 1870 and 1923. their collection, preserved today by the wellesley historical society, contains seven undated but presumably local regal fritillary specimens; three are labeled “massachusetts. ” three other denton mount specimens, labeled march 10, 1905, “massachusetts”, presumably collected by the dentons, are found in the yale peabody museum .\nthere is no butterfly on earth that can be mistaken for a regal fritillary. its bright - orange fore wings with a deep orange - brown border may appear common, but its velvety blackish hind wings are unique. both sexes have two rows of spots along the hind wings - cream on females, cream and orange on males. its wingspan is relatively large, 2. 5 - 4 inches from tip to tip .\nmedian regal fritillary individuals per km on peak survey per year at sites surveyed each year: four sites surveyed 1990–2015 (muralt bluff, oliver, thomson original, thousand’s ii), five sites surveyed 1992–2015 (muralt bluff, oliver, thousand’s ii / thomson subsequent combined, thomson (original), hogback), and seven sites surveyed 1997–2015 (the five sites plus pine island 1 and buena vista west central areas) .\nthe regal fritillary has suffered a catastrophic recent decline in the eastern half of its historical range, from wisconsin and illinois east to the atlantic seaboard. in the eastern part of its range, it is presumed extirpated in many states and is possibly extirpated in most of the remainder, as well as in ontario. in the few states in this part of its range where it is still extant, it is either imperiled or critically imperiled (natureserve 2008). it is faring better in the western half of its range, but it is considered apparently secure only in kansas. in four states (including minnesota) it is considered vulnerable, and it is imperiled or critically imperiled in the rest (natureserve 2008). because the decline in the east is not understood, it is not possible to evaluate the likelihood of this decline spreading to the western part of the range, but the rapidity and severity of the decline strongly suggests that the species is susceptible to subtle environmental change. in the western part of its range, the regal fritillary is restricted to native prairie habitats (debinski and kelly 1998). less than 1% of minnesota' s native prairie remains, and this consists of widely scattered, mostly small fragments surrounded by agriculture and development. only a few of these remnants are large enough that they could support persistent populations if completely isolated, and probably none is large enough to provide an indefinitely secure future for a completely isolated population. the survival of the regal fritillary in minnesota probably depends upon concentrations of remnants within the dispersal capabilities of adults that can collectively support larger populations. for these reasons, the regal fritillary was listed as a special concern species in minnesota in 1996 .\n< 0. 01 in all comparisons). during the entire study, the regression line indicated a 56% reduction in percent of counts with regal presence in main range (\nthe regal fritillary is found in the great plains states from eastern montana east across the northern u. s. to maine. however, it is very rare or at best locally frequent in its entire range. it is restricted to tall - grass prairie remnants and is rare or absent from former range east of the appalachians. it has been recorded in southern ontario and manitoba, but probably does not have permanent colonies in canada .\nalthough the regal fritillary does not have federal listing status, it is listed as endangered under state legislation in michigan, new york, ohio, and wisconsin, as threatened in illinois, and as a species of concern in five more states. (a tally of state listings exceeded by only one other non - federally listed butterfly, the frosted elfin, callophrys irus. see red list profile for more information on this butterfly. )\nthe regal fritillary is found in the great plains states from eastern montana east across the northern u. s. to maine. however, it is very rare or at best locally frequent in its entire range. it is restricted to tall - grass prairie remnants and is rare or absent from former range east of the appalachians. it has been recorded in southern ontario and manitoba, but probably does not have permanent colonies in canada .\nthere is no information available on anti - predator adaptations by regal fritillaries. adults are susceptable to predation by birds, spiders, and possibly robber flies. known predators include the eastern kingbird\na second habitat implication had to do with nectar availability. the large losses of early instar larvae need to be compensated by high fecundity, and adult female diet influences fecundity. abundant late summer nectar sources with trace amounts of amino acids seem very important to the survival of regal fritillary populations. mark mello carefully documented that the most - used nectar sources for regal fritillaries on block island were butterfly weed (aesclepias tuberosa), and two non - natives, brown knapweed (centaurea jacea), and bull thistle (cirsium vulgare), as well as other milkweeds and thistles (mello 1989; wagner 1995). studies of the pennsylvania regal population also document the importance of milkweeds and thistles (ferster 2005). whether these nectar sources would be abundant enough at a suitable reintroduction site in this state became an important question .\nby the mid - twentieth century, farquhar (1934) lists many additional mainland locations from which regal fritillary specimens had been collected, but does not give dates: worcester (w. t. m. forbes); woods hole (w. t. m. forbes) and sandwich (r. c. williams) on cape cod; edgartown (c. w. johnson) [ two specimens, 1912 and 1917, at boston university ]; and malden (f. h. sprague). j. b. paine collected one in chatham on cape cod in 1918 (mcz). north of boston farquhar lists specimens from salem (f. h. walker), north andover (coll. unkn .), and stoneham (c. v. blackburn). also, austin h. clark reports finding regal fritillary in manchester or essex in 1925 (clark, 1926) .\nthrough the mid - twentieth century, nantucket and martha’s vineyard continued to be strongholds for regal fritillary. on nantucket, charles kimball reported it “well - distributed and common: in especially large numbers at flowers of the swamp milkweed (jones and kimball 1943). five kimball specimens at maria mitchell museum, and ten nantucket specimens at boston university dating 1915 - 1929, all probably by c. w. johnson, amply document its presence on that island .\nthe disappearance of the regal fritillary from the northeast is a great loss. the extinction of the mainland populations seems mainly due to habitat shrinkage and fragmentation. dale schweitzer points out that frequent local colonizations and then local extinctions were probably always characteristic of regals in the east. but in addition to land use changes, schweitzer attributes the loss of one or two individual colonies to butterfly collecting, and to gypsy moth spraying, as factors which tipped the balance toward extinction .\nthe captive breeding project was led by dave wagner (university of connecticut at storrs) and joe elkinton (university of massachusetts amherst). jeff boettner (university of massachusetts amherst) was the hands - on man at the massachusetts lab, responsible for day - to - day care of the butterflies. he has successfully reared many, many species of lepidoptera. captive breeding demonstrated some important limiting factors in regal fritillary biology, which have implications for their habitat needs .\nbased on reference books [ 17, 18 ], we defined the main range of regal fritillary (figure 3) as states south of canada; east of colorado, wyoming, and montana; north of texas, arkansas, kentucky, and north carolina; and excluding vermont, new hampshire, and maine. this excluded large areas of the count program in the usa, canada, and mexico that had virtually no chance of finding a regal. we defined core range as the western half of the main range (figure 3): illinois, iowa, kansas, missouri, minnesota, nebraska, north dakota, oklahoma, south dakota, and wisconsin .\n). it is not possible to address how regal trend would appear if more high - abundance circles had reported for more years of the count program. as it is, the great majority of circles reporting any regals had had low regal abundance. the turnover in which circles reported results each year precluded holding location constant to assess trend over time. counts have been biased toward areas of higher human population density, rather than being evenly spread throughout the continent. when relatively fewer counts were held earlier in the study period, this resulted in few counts in core regal range and habitat (\nthere is indication from mainland connecticut that some colonies there were disappearing by the late 1940’s (wagner et al. 1997). even as the decline became obvious in massachusetts, collectors in connecticut continued to have a field day taking specimens, raising the possibility that over - collecting in the 1950’s and 1960’s hastened or even caused the species’ decline in that state. for the ten years 1950 through 1959, no less than thirteen regal fritillary specimens are to be found in the yale peabody\nkopper, b. j. , s. shu, r. e. charlton, and s. b. ramaswamy. 2001. evidence for reproductive diapause in the fritillary speyeria idalia (lepidoptera: nymphalidae). annals of the entomological society of america 94: 427 - 432 .\nby the mid - 1980s, only six populations of regal fritillary remained in new england, all on the offshore islands: martha’s vineyard, nantucket, naushon and no mans land in massachusetts, and block island and conanicut island in rhode island (wagner et al. , 1997: 262 - 4, and p. z. goldstein 1997: 219 - 220, and schweitzer and mello sources cited therein). there was also a small population on eastern long island, new york .\nthe regal fritillary is very rare or, at best, locally frequent throughout its range. it cannot be considered secure despite the number of extant populations (maybe more than one hundred) because of recent declines and in particular a range contraction of approximately 30 percent of its historic range. this butterfly has almost disappeared from its range east of the mississippi. it is imperiled in five states (illinois, indiana, pennsylvania, virginia, and wisconsin) and probably extirpated in a further fifteen .\nmuseum, taken in places such as woodbridge, washington and lakeville by c. l. remington, s. a. hessel, r. pease, and others. for the years 1960 through 1968, there are six museum specimens, and a 1971 private specimen from roxbury. the latest and probably last connecticut specimen was taken july 7, 1985, by d. j. comboni at lake mohegan in fairfield, at a time when the regal fritillary’s precipitous decline was already well known .\nregal fritillaries are active within their home range, nectaring and engaging in reproductive activities. they are daytime fliers and will often take cover in the shade during extremely hot weather (barton, personal communication) .\nwe searched all 4jc reports of 1975–2014 for regal fritillary data (see the appendix for citations of all annual published count reports). we confirmed that the number of counts reporting any regals we found was the same number of counts identified in summary statistics in each 4jc report tabulating number of counts reporting any regals. we then added regal data for counts published in the late counts section of each report, where counts from prior year (s) are published. at least once, a year’s national high for total regal individuals on a single count was increased by a count reported late. starting in 2007, the count program expanded from one count period per year to three (spring, midsummer, and late summer). for circles reporting more than once per year, we selected the count (summer or late summer) more consistent in timing with previous years of that count (most always occurred in the midsummer period)." ]

{ "text": [ "the regal fritillary ( speyeria idalia ) is a striking nymphalid butterfly found among some of the remaining tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies in the east-central united states .", "this prairie-specialist butterfly has a characteristic deep orange color and unmistakable dark hindwings with two bands of spots ( brock 2003 ) .", "on the female , both bands of spots are white .", "however , on the male , the outer band of spots is orange in color .", "females also tend to be slightly larger than males .", "the ventral surface of the hindwings is olive brown to black in color with bold silvery white spots ( selby 2007 ) .", "the wingspan of s. idalia usually measures 68 – 105 millimetres ( 2.7 – 4.1 in ) ( selby 2007 ) .", "flight is in the summertime from approximately june to september and adults tend to be swift in flight , coasting close to the ground ( brock 2003 ) .", "regal fritillary larvae are approximately 0.08 inches long after they hatch and reach a length of approximately 1.75 inches when fully developed ( edwards 1879 ) .", "the mature larvae have a black body with yellowish-orange bands and stripes .", "there are yellowish middorsal and lateral stripes and a number of dorsal , subdorsal , and lateral fleshy spines extending from the body .", "the head of the mature larvae is rounded and small , orangish-red on top and black underneath ( edwards 1879 ) .", "the larval food source for the regal fritillary and all members of the genus speyeria are violets ( viola spp. ) ( selby 2007 ) .", "the violets are an extremely important component of habitat sustainability for the regal fritillary and there is a correlation between the number of violets present and the number of butterflies found in a given area ( kelly and debinski 1998 ) .", "violet species that the larvae feed on include viola pedata ( bird 's - foot violet ) , v. pedatifida ( blue prairie violet ) , v. papilionacea ( common blue violet ) , v. lanceolata ( lance-leafed violet ) , v. nuttallii ( nuttall 's violet ) ( kelly and debinski 1998 ) , v. sagittata ( arrowleaf violet ) , and v. tricolor ( johnny jumpup ) ( selby 2007 ) .", "these various violet species are associated with the different areas of the regal fritillary 's range .", "for example , the bird 's - foot violet and the prairie violet tend to be the preferred larval food source for the regal in the midwest and great plains regions ( selby 2007 ) .", "the adult butterflies may feed on a variety of nectar plants and their availability throughout the summer flight time can be as important as the presence of larval food plants in determining whether an area can support populations of butterfly species ( selby 2007 ) .", "milkweeds , thistles , coneflowers , blazing-stars , bergamots , clovers , goldenrods , and ironweeds are some of the most important nectar sources for adult regal fritillaries .", "milkweeds and thistles have been observed to be the preferred nectar source throughout the regal fritillary 's range ( selby 2007 ) .", "these two types of plants provide a constant supply of nectar due to their staggered growth times .", "common milkweed starts blooming when male regal fritillaries begin to emerge early in the summer and thistles tend to bloom later in the season which is crucial to females approaching oviposition ( selby 2007 ) . " ], "topic": [ 8, 1, 1, 1, 9, 23, 0, 16, 0, 23, 23, 23, 26, 1, 1, 13, 13, 8, 8, 8, 8, 14 ] }

[ "the regal fritillary (speyeria idalia) is a striking nymphalid butterfly found among some of the remaining tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies in the east-central united states. this prairie-specialist butterfly has a characteristic deep orange color and unmistakable dark hindwings with two bands of spots (brock 2003). on the female, both bands of spots are white. however, on the male, the outer band of spots is orange in color. females also tend to be slightly larger than males. the ventral surface of the hindwings is olive brown to black in color with bold silvery white spots (selby 2007). the wingspan of s. idalia usually measures 68 – 105 millimetres (2.7 – 4.1 in) (selby 2007). flight is in the summertime from approximately june to september and adults tend to be swift in flight, coasting close to the ground (brock 2003). regal fritillary larvae are approximately 0.08 inches long after they hatch and reach a length of approximately 1.75 inches when fully developed (edwards 1879). the mature larvae have a black body with yellowish-orange bands and stripes. there are yellowish middorsal and lateral stripes and a number of dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral fleshy spines extending from the body. the head of the mature larvae is rounded and small, orangish-red on top and black underneath (edwards 1879). the larval food source for the regal fritillary and all members of the genus speyeria are violets (viola spp.) (selby 2007). the violets are an extremely important component of habitat sustainability for the regal fritillary and there is a correlation between the number of violets present and the number of butterflies found in a given area (kelly and debinski 1998). violet species that the larvae feed on include viola pedata (bird's - foot violet), v. pedatifida (blue prairie violet), v. papilionacea (common blue violet), v. lanceolata (lance-leafed violet), v. nuttallii (nuttall's violet) (kelly and debinski 1998), v. sagittata (arrowleaf violet), and v. tricolor (johnny jumpup) (selby 2007). these various violet species are associated with the different areas of the regal fritillary's range. for example, the bird's - foot violet and the prairie violet tend to be the preferred larval food source for the regal in the midwest and great plains regions (selby 2007). the adult butterflies may feed on a variety of nectar plants and their availability throughout the summer flight time can be as important as the presence of larval food plants in determining whether an area can support populations of butterfly species (selby 2007). milkweeds, thistles, coneflowers, blazing-stars, bergamots, clovers, goldenrods, and ironweeds are some of the most important nectar sources for adult regal fritillaries. milkweeds and thistles have been observed to be the preferred nectar source throughout the regal fritillary's range (selby 2007). these two types of plants provide a constant supply of nectar due to their staggered growth times. common milkweed starts blooming when male regal fritillaries begin to emerge early in the summer and thistles tend to bloom later in the season which is crucial to females approaching oviposition (selby 2007)." ]

[ "ensis directus atlantic jackknife clam (also: atlantic jackknife; common jackknife clam) camponelli, k. 2001 .\nensis directus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed march 05, 2009\nmorphological characterization via light and electron microscopy of atlantic jackknife clam (ensis directus) hemocytes .\nthe atlantic jackknife clam is a species of razor clams known by the scientific name ensis directus .\nmorphological characterization via light and electron microscopy of atlantic jackknife clam (ensis directus) hemocytes. - pubmed - ncbi\nlive atlantic jackknife clam spotted on eastern long island during group for the east end summer field ecology program, 2012. more information at urltoken\nthe atlantic razor clam, ensis directus, has been dubbed\nthe ferrari of underwater diggers\n.\nunknown. the jackknife clam burrows deep and surfaces only to obtain food and water. there does not seem to be any negative effect of the clam on humans .\nis found along the atlantic coast from canada to south carolina. it lives in the intertidal zone or subtidal zone in the sand or muddy bottoms .\natlantic surf clam (spisula solidissima) surf clams are very large and fast growing clams which can grow to 8 inches or more, and weigh over a pound. they live burrowed into the sand beneath the turbulent waves of the surf breaker zone. surf clams are regulated by dmr and some coastal towns. many towns require a recreational harvest license, no state license for recreational harvest. the recreational harvest limit is 3 bushels per person daily, unless a municipal ordinance further restricts the limit. other names: bar clam, hen clam, skimmer, sea clam\na new burrowing robot for anchoring miniature submarines has been developed - inspired by the humble razor clam .\natlantic razor clams (ensis directus) brittle, bivalve clams most commonly found from canada to new england and are distinguished by their long thin shells. razor clams are primarily found in shallow subtidal flats close to the shoreline. harvested razor clams generally range in length between 4 - 6 inches. razor clams are regulated by dmr and a few coastal towns. many towns require recreational licenses. the minimum size for harvest is 4 inches. other names: american jackknife clam ,\nwhat this shows is the clam must be actively doing something to the ground when it digs .\nto find out the razor clam' s secret, they studied its digging action and modelled it mechanically .\nthe repeated open - shut of the clam' s valves turned the hard - packed soil around it into quicksand .\nlives in the sandy bottoms in the intertidal or subtidal zones along the atlantic coast. it is usually found in colonies. it is not migratory and therefore it remains in its habitat year round .\nrazor clam text: dave nelson; illustration: jim fowler; revised and reprinted 1994; alaska department of fish and game .\ncompared to existing anchor technology\nthe razor clam is about 10 times more efficient ,\ndr nordstrom told the bbc' s science in action .\nby mimicking the action of the razor clam, they built their own robotic prototype - which has achieved the same digging speed - about 1cm per second .\nif the clam ever feels threatened, it can use its foot to dig into the sand, using it like a wedge. it is compressed and extended to create the hole. some of these clams have been known to dig and disappear within 15 seconds. once the razor clam has made it down far enough it relaxes its abductor muscle and pushes the shell open compacting the sand around it to make it hard. the foot is then made into an anchor by forcing blood to enter the foot. when the foot is enlarged, it contracts the longitudinal muscles in its foot sending the clam downwards. if the animal wishes to return to the surface, it uses its foot to push itself upward. [ 11 ] the razor clam only surfaces at high tide. the species ensis directus will allow its two siphons are exposed. these siphons are used to filter food and water. the razor clam can also swim through the water by expelling water through the shell and drawing in its foot. this action is repeated to continue the action of swimming. [ 12 ]\nthe clam has a positive influence on humans because it can be sold and eaten. [ 14 ] however, razor clams can damage trawls and other fishing nets. they may also leave deep cuts if stepped on. [ 15 ]\nthe clam' s trick is to move its shells in such a way as to liquefy the soil around its body, reducing the drag acting upon it ,\nsaid amos winter, of mit' s department of mechanical engineering .\nhard clam (mercenaria mercenaria) hard clams are found in the sand and mud habitats of the intertidal and sheltered subtidal. they are referred to by different names depending on their size. in the order of largest to smaller, these clams are called: quahogs (chowderhogs), cherrystones, topnecks, littlenecks, and countnecks. hard clams are regulated by dmr and a few coastal towns. many towns require recreational licenses. no state license for recreational harvest. the recreational harvest limit is 1 peck per person daily. other names: round clam, cherrystones, littlenecks, countnecks\nthe atlantic jackknife clam, ensis directus, is currently being researched as a potential species for aquaculture operations in maine. the goal of this study was to describe the hemocytes of this species for the first time and provide a morphological classification scheme. we viewed hemocytes under light microscopy (using hemacolor, neutral red, and pappenheim' s stains) as well as transmission electron microscopy (tem). the 2 main types of hemocytes found were granulocytes and hyalinocytes (agranular cells). the granulocytes were subdivided into large and small granulocytes while the hyalinocytes were subdivided into large and small hyalinocytes. the large hemocytes had both a larger diameter and smaller nucleus to cell diameter ratio than their smaller counterparts. a rare cell type, the vesicular cell, was also observed and it possessed many vesicles but few or no granules. using tem, granulocytes were found to contain both electron - lucent and electron - dense granules of various sizes. these numerous granules were the only structures that took up the neutral red stain. hyalinocytes had few of these granules relative to granulocytes. large hyalinocytes had both various organelles and large vesicles in their abundant cytoplasm while small hyalinocytes had little room for organelles in their scant cytoplasm. total hemocyte counts averaged 1. 96×10 (6) cells ml (- 1) while differential hemocyte counts averaged 11% for small hyalinocytes, 12% for large hyalinocytes, 59% for small granulocytes, and 18% for large granulocytes. the results of this study provide a starting point for future studies on e. directus immune function .\nthe razor clam has a slender, lengthy, [ 1 ] slightly curved shell. [ 2 ] this shell has an outer tissue - like layer called the periostracum that changes color as the bicuspid grows. when the clam is very young this layer is brown. in adolescence and adult life it is a brownish - yellow, and brown again with old age. the periostracum in large and older razorclams are usually eroded. the inner part of the shell is normally a glossy white. occasionally, purple areas may be showing through this layer. a prominent rib extending from the upper part of the shell to the shell edge is also evident. [ 3 ] this shell is created by the mantle. the mantle has two parts and each part of the mantle secretes a shell. these two layers are connected by an elastic ligament that allows the shell to open and close. [ 4 ] the clam will grow about 6 cm by it' s first winter and can grow up to 17 cm. [ 5 ]\nstays very close to the surface and its siphons are sticking up through the surface. the water is drawn into the shell through the mantle cavity by cilia. these cilia cover the ctenidia, or gills, in the clam. it passes along the gills and combines with mucous. the food is now trapped and the cilia drive the food into the digestive tract .\nmost jackknife clams will be sexually mature within the third and seventh growing season. mating can occur between may and september and is associated greatly with the water temperature. 55°f is believed to be the perfect temperature for mating. there are separate genders for the razor clam. in the species ensis directus, the male will release sperm into the water which will enter the female through openings and are implanted in the gill with the eggs. these fertilized eggs will remain in the gills until they are larva. they are released into the surrounding water as first stage larva. the first - stage larva are free - swimming, pear - shaped, translucent, and ciliated. the first stage is considered the trocophore stage. they also go through a second larval stage called the veliger stage, which is also a free - swimming stage. this long pelagic stage allows the larvae to be scattered. once it is done with this [ 6 ] 5 to 16 week [ 7 ] larval stage it will settle in the sand or mud and start to develop. the body, as well as the mantle, will develop creating the shell. [ 8 ]\nrazor clams are filter feeders that draw its food from the water around it. when feeding, the razor clam will stay close to the surface and expose its siphons. cilia covering the gills pulls food into the shell. as the food passes along the gills (ctenidia) they combine with mucous and become trapped. the cilia along the gills then move the food to the digestive tract. they mainly feed upon small plants and plankton (animal). [ 13 ]\nis surrounded by the mantle and the mantle is seperated into two parts. each part of the mantle secretes a shell. the two shells are connected by an elastic ligament that allows for it to open and close. both parts are usually identical and are made up of calcium carbonate and protein. it has a huge foot that allows it to move through water or to burrow in the sand. when the foot is extended all the way, it is almost as long as the clam' s body .\nsoft shell clams (mya arenaria) soft shell clams live in mud, sand and gravel intertidal areas. it takes about three to four years for a clam to grow to legal size, which is two inches. harvest season is year round, peak is may through october. soft shelled clams are regulated by the state dmr and most coastal towns. many towns require recreational licenses. recreational limit is 1 peck per person daily. no state license is required for recreational harvest. other names: steamers, longnecks\ndr. jerry harasewych is a research zoologist and curator of marine mollusks at the smithsonian national museum of natural history. his research specialties include the systematics and biogeography of several groups of deep - sea snails. he conducts field work using a variety of research submersibles to sample and observe these animals. other areas of research include antarctic mollusks and a highly diverse group of land snails endemic to the tropical western atlantic. harasewych first started to work with shells at the age of ten, when he began as a volunteer at the academy of natural sciences in philadelphia. he was an active member and officer of the philadelphia shell club while pursuing an undergraduate degree in chemistry at drexel university in philadelphia. after completing his doctorate in biological oceanography at the college of marine studies of the university of delaware, he moved to the d. c. area and became a research fellow in clinical neurogenetics at the national institute of mental health. harasewych joined the smithsonian in 1985 .\nroboclam\ncould be used to lay undersea cables, and potentially even destroy mines, its inventors say .\nthe device mimics the digging action used by razor clams to turn solid soil into liquid\nquicksand\n, helping them slide through .\na prototype is described in the journal bioinspiration and biomimetics by engineers from mit in boston, us .\nthey set out to design a new low - power, light - weight anchor for autonomous underwater vehicles .\nluckily, nature had already done the work for us ,\nsaid dr kerstin nordstrom, of the university of maryland, who collaborated on the research .\nthe answer was poking out of mudflats off the coast at nearby gloucester, ma .\nan animal of its modest frame (10 - 20cm) should only be strong enough to penetrate 2cm into packed sand. but it can burrow up to 70cm in just over a minute .\nto dig for half a kilometre, it would only use the energy in an aa battery .\nbut when you try plunging the shell into the sand, it doesn' t actually penetrate very far ,\nsaid dr nordstrom .\npushing through sand costs a lot of energy. but if the sand is excited, it' s actually very easy. that' s the trick ,\nadded dr nordstrom .\nthe first\nroboclam\ncan only reach 20cm, and requires a significant rig of machinery to propel it .\nbut having demonstrated the principle, the team now aims to develop a larger, self - contained unit, that can burrow more than 10 metres .\nthis could be used to anchor larger vessels, and may have military applications - such as detonating mines, the researchers suggest .\nthe cool thing is this technology is already 10 times more efficient than any anchor. if we can keep scaling things up, some day it will affect big boats ,\nsaid dr nordstrom .\nalso - undersea cable installation is happening more and more frequently. if we can do it more efficiently we can save costs and cause less disturbance to the environment ,\nshe said .\namos winter agrees :\nhaving a system that could just latch onto the cable, work its way along, and automatically dig it into the soil would be great ,\nhe said .\nthe us leader suggests german imports of russian natural gas are a security concern as nato gathers .\nhas a thin, elongated shell that is slightly curved. it ranges from yellowish to dark brown in color. the length of\nis about six times its width. it can grow to be about 10 in. it has a coating around its shell to protect it from eroding in the mud or sand .\nis a bivalve, which means that its shell has two parts. the body of\n. the males release their sperm into the water and the sperm enters the female through openings. the eggs are fertilized in the interior of the gill by the sperm and these newly fertilized zygotes develop into larva. this larva is then released into the surrounding water. there are two larval stages. the first stage is the trocophore stage that has small larvae that are free swimming. they are pear shaped, translucent, and ciliated. the second stage is the veliger stage, which is also a free - swimming larval stage. it has a very long pelagic or plankton stage, which means that the larvae float freely within the water. this allows for the larvae to spread over large distances. this larva then settles onto the sand or mud and begins to develop into an adult. the body will develop as well as the mantle. the mantle will then secrete and line the shell .\nburrows into the sand using its foot and it only surfaces during high tide. it will climb close to the surface so that only its siphons are exposed. these two siphons are used for filtering food and water. when low tide occurs, it burrows back down below the surface .\nis an extremly fast burrower and is very hard to be caught due to its great speed. it is also a remarkable swimmer. it is able to propel itself through water by expelling water through its shell and drawing in its foot. this action is repeated over and over again allowing it to move through the water .\nis a filter feeder that filters water through its shell in order to obtain food. when feeding ,\nis a very fast burrower and very difficult to catch while it is still alive. however, when it is caught it can be sold and eaten like many other types of clams .\nkimberly camponelli (author), western maryland college, louise a. paquin (editor), western maryland college .\nthe body of water between africa, europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\ngreat northern products, 2001 .\nmolluscs and crustaceous\n( on - line). accessed april 27, 2001 at urltoken .\njobin, a. , r. jobin. 1997 .\nthe assateague naturalist\n( on - line). accessed april 20, 2001 at urltoken .\nkindersley, d .\nmollusca - anatomy\n( on - line). accessed may 9, 2001 at urltoken .\nogden, m .\nmollusca\n( on - line). accessed may 9, 2001 at urltoken .\nto cite this page: camponelli, k. 2001 .\nensis directus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nrazor clams live on sand beaches in low to sub - tidal zones. [ 9 ] they live at depths of 1 - 20 meters down in the sand. it is normally found on the east coast of north america and canada, but can be found in the northern coasts of belgium, the netherlands, germany, britain, and denmark. [ 10 ]\nthis page was last modified on 5 november 2010, at 15: 03 .\nmaine is fortunate to have a rich variety of molluscan or bivalve shellfish in its coastal waters. some of the most frequently encountered species are easy to identify by their shell shape and color. bivalve shellfish are filter feeders and therefore are impacted by environmental pollution and biotoxin. it is important you always check if an area is open before you harvest. the department of marine resources (dmr) posts pollution closures here: urltoken and biotoxin closures here: urltoken\nmussels (mytilis edulis) the blue mussel is a common native bivalve mollusks that lives from the intertidal zone to depths of several hundred feet, and is found frequently clinging to the rocky shoreline. mussels can be harvested all year. mussels are regulated by dmr. the personal use limit for recreational harvest of mussels is 2 bushel per person daily. other names: common mussel\namerican or eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) the american or eastern oyster is native to the east coast of north america. they have two rough, whitish, irregular shells. they naturally grow on oyster reefs but most of maine’s american oysters are now from aquaculture lease sites. american oysters are regulated by dmr and a few coastal towns. many towns require a recreational license. in the damariscotta river, there is a vibrio control plan in place that restricts recreational harvest from may 1st to october 1st each year. other names: wellfleet oyster, virginia oyster, common oyster\neuropean oysters (ostrea edulis) european oysters are characterized by their rounder, flatter shell. european oysters were first grown by aquaculturists in maine, but established wild populations. european oysters are regulated by dmr and a few coastal towns. many towns require recreational licenses. in the damariscotta river, there is a vibrio control plan in place that restricts recreational harvest from may 1st to october 1st each year. there is a seasonal closure statewide from june 15th to september 15th every year. minimum harvest size is 3 inches. recreational harvest is limited to 1 peck. other names: flat oyster, belons, mud oyster, edible oyster\nmahogany quahog (arctica islandica) mahogany quahogs are small hard shell clams that are harvested from maine’s subtidal waters. mahogany quahogs are typically harvested at about 1 ½ - 2 ½ inch shell length. legal size is one inch thickness measured across the hinge width. mahogany quahogs are fish for by draggers and regulated by dmr and the national marine fisheries service. the personal use limit for mahogany quahogs is 3 bushels per person daily. other names: ocean quahog\nsorry i haven’t been about in ages. i’ve been hard at work on the book. unfortunately i will not be able to sell them due to being disabled. so i might just give a few away once their finished. i noticed i had a few searches on razor clams while i was away. specifically how to gather razor clams. there is three types of razor clams and i will discuss both in depth along with how to catch them .\nnow you know how to catch them. how do you clean them? well one can clean them a number of ways. i purge them by letting them sit in salt water over night with bread crumbs so that they can remove the sand and grit from their bellies .\nanother way to do it is to put them in a colander, then pour boiling water over them and then cold water this causes them to pop open. then you remove the meat from the shell it’s fully cooked and we process the meat. snip off the tough part of the neck just below the valve. getting as close to the end as you can. put the edge of your scissors in under the zipper and snip upward toward the end of the neck. make sure your scissors go into the lower chamber of the neck to save time. if you missed it, put the scissors back in and cut through the lower chamber. continue all the way through the end of the neck. use your fingers to grab the foot and gills. squeeze gently and pull to separate the foot from the body. after rinsing, the body is ready to eat. snip at an angle across the end of the foot. insert the scissors into the middle part of the foot. cut all the way through the end of the foot, keeping in the middle so that the foot will lay flat for cooking. pull the foot apart so that it lays flat. pull the dark material from the foot. only remove the dark material. gently pull the foot flat and rinse. there will be soft material that remains on the foot. the foot is now ready to eat. at this point you can batter them and fry them if you wish .\nwonderful put up, very informative. i’m wondering why the other specialists of this sector do not realize this. you must proceed your writing. i am confident, you’ve a great readers’ base already !\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nschool of food and agriculture, aquaculture research institute, university of maine, hitchner hall, orono, me 04469, usa. electronic address: brian. preziosi @ maine. edu .\nschool of food and agriculture, aquaculture research institute, university of maine, hitchner hall, orono, me 04469, usa .\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\nassociated smithsonian expert: m. g. (jerry) harasewych, ph. d .\nthis image was obtained from the smithsonian institution. the image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws .\nyou must be registered to add items to your field book, set field book cover, or add comments or tags .\ncreate your own field book and fill it with images and object from q? rius! when you create a field book, you can put this image on its cover .\nbivalves have a hard shell made of minerals, typically layers of calcite and aragonite. the shell has two halves (valves) connected by a flexible ligament hinge. powerful muscles contract to close the valves into a tight fit. teeth along the edges of each valve interlock to keep them from sliding apart if the bivalve is attacked by a predator. the pattern of teeth, because it is often species - specific, is one feature used to identify bivalves. the shell grows over time, using calcium taken up from seawater or ingested food. bivalves have no heads at all, and a flattened foot. the foot is shaped for wedging into sand, explaining why bivalves have also been called pelecypods (hatchet - feet). to keep from getting moved by water currents, bivalves tend to attach themselves to hard surfaces or burrow into sediments. they burrow by probing down with the foot (lengthening) and then retracting it (shortening) to tug the shell downward .\nmost bivalves filter food with their gills, then transport it to their mouths. while still used to get oxygen, their gills are modified to also act as food strainers. typically, a special tube called a siphon serves as a straw to suck water through the bivalve' s gills, and another siphon lets the water out after filtering has occurred. tiny grooves in the gills are covered with hair - like cilia that trap particles passing by, such as microscopic plants (phytoplankton). particles not accepted as food are sent to where they can be purged from the shell. particles accepted as food are wiped off the gills by flaps (palps) and sent on to the bivalve' s mouth. from there they travel to its complex stomach, where more cilia sort it out by size. some bivalves are scavengers, scraping food from the sea bottom, or sucking in crustaceans or other prey with their siphons .\nmollusks have soft bodies (mollis = soft) with no internal skeleton. they hold their shape by internal water pressure (a hydrostatic skeleton). a muscular skin - like structure called the mantle covers the back of a mollusk, protecting its mass of internal body organs (viscera). most mollusks also have a hard shell or at least some hard plates over the mantle. shells are made of a protein matrix holding together crystals of calcium carbonate. under those layers is a calcium - containing third layer that in some species is shiny mother - of - pearl. this layered structure makes for a strong shell that protects the soft parts from predators and provides a site for muscle attachment. most mollusks move their bodies slowly using a muscular structure called the foot to creep along, stick to, or burrow into surfaces, although some mollusks (e. g. squid and scallops) swim." ]

{ "text": [ "the atlantic jackknife clam , ensis directus , also known as the bamboo clam , american jackknife clam or razor clam ( but note that \" razor clam \" sometimes refers to different species ) , is a large species of edible marine bivalve mollusc , found on the north american atlantic coast , from canada to south carolina .", "it has also been introduced to europe .", "this clam lives in sand and mud and is found in intertidal or subtidal zones in bays and estuaries .", "because of its streamlined shell and strong foot , it can burrow in wet sand very quickly , and is also able to swim .", "it gets its name from the rim of the shell being extremely sharp ( stepping on one can cause injury ) and the shape of the clam overall bearing a strong resemblance to an old fashioned straight razor .", "at low tide the position of the atlantic jackknife clam is revealed by a keyhole-shaped opening in the sand ; when the clam is disturbed , a small jet of water squirts from this opening as the clam starts to dig .", "this species ' remarkable speed in digging can easily outstrip a human digger , making the clam difficult to catch .", "thus the species is not often commercially fished , even though it is widely regarded as a delicacy : in coastal massachusetts , they are sought after in the summer by locals to make home cooked clam strips and most towns insist upon regulations dictating how many can be taken at a time .", "the easiest way to catch jackknives is to pour salt on the characteristic breathing holes .", "the clam will try to escape the salt by coming up out of its hole , at which point you can gently grab the shell and pull it out of the ground .", "predators of ensis directus other than humans include birds , such as the ring-billed gull ( larus delawarensis ) in north america and the eurasian oystercatcher ( haematopus ostralegus ) in europe , and the nemertean worm cerebratulus lacteus .", "the atlantic jackknife clam is now also found in northwestern europe , where it is regarded as a harmful exotic species .", "it was first recorded in europe in 1978/79 , in the elbe estuary .", "the atlantic jackknife clam has inspired a kind of biomimetic anchor in development by a team at the massachusetts institute of technology , adapting the clam 's digging method for use in keeping undersea cables and potentially watercraft anchored securely . " ], "topic": [ 3, 13, 18, 16, 25, 18, 3, 15, 11, 14, 10, 5, 8, 13 ] }

[ "the atlantic jackknife clam, ensis directus, also known as the bamboo clam, american jackknife clam or razor clam (but note that \" razor clam \" sometimes refers to different species), is a large species of edible marine bivalve mollusc, found on the north american atlantic coast, from canada to south carolina. it has also been introduced to europe. this clam lives in sand and mud and is found in intertidal or subtidal zones in bays and estuaries. because of its streamlined shell and strong foot, it can burrow in wet sand very quickly, and is also able to swim. it gets its name from the rim of the shell being extremely sharp (stepping on one can cause injury) and the shape of the clam overall bearing a strong resemblance to an old fashioned straight razor. at low tide the position of the atlantic jackknife clam is revealed by a keyhole-shaped opening in the sand; when the clam is disturbed, a small jet of water squirts from this opening as the clam starts to dig. this species' remarkable speed in digging can easily outstrip a human digger, making the clam difficult to catch. thus the species is not often commercially fished, even though it is widely regarded as a delicacy: in coastal massachusetts, they are sought after in the summer by locals to make home cooked clam strips and most towns insist upon regulations dictating how many can be taken at a time. the easiest way to catch jackknives is to pour salt on the characteristic breathing holes. the clam will try to escape the salt by coming up out of its hole, at which point you can gently grab the shell and pull it out of the ground. predators of ensis directus other than humans include birds, such as the ring-billed gull (larus delawarensis) in north america and the eurasian oystercatcher (haematopus ostralegus) in europe, and the nemertean worm cerebratulus lacteus. the atlantic jackknife clam is now also found in northwestern europe, where it is regarded as a harmful exotic species. it was first recorded in europe in 1978/79, in the elbe estuary. the atlantic jackknife clam has inspired a kind of biomimetic anchor in development by a team at the massachusetts institute of technology, adapting the clam's digging method for use in keeping undersea cables and potentially watercraft anchored securely." ]

[ "epicyme rubropunctaria is a mof of de geometridae famiwy. it is found in new zeawand, de austrawian capitaw territory, tasmania and victoria .\nhippolyte meyrick, [ 1884 ]; trans. n. z. inst. 16: 60 (preocc. hippolyte leach, [ 1814 ] (crustacea) ); ts: ptychopoda rubropunctaria doubleday\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n( photo: courtesy of s. williams, moths of victoria: part 3 )\nearly instars of the caterpillar of this species are white with dark brown bands along the body. later instars become green .\nthe adult moth is brown with wiggly dark lines across the wings, and often has two prominent reddish splodges on each forewing. the moths have a wingspan of about 2. 5 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nwhite, a. in white, a. & doubleday, e. 1843 ,\nlist of the annulose animals hitherto recorded as found in new zealand, with the descriptions of some new species\n, ed. dieffenbach, e. (ed .), travels in new zealand: with contributions to the geography, geology, botany and natural history of that country, vol. 2, pp. i - iv, 1 - 396, john murray, london\nguenée, a. in boisduval, j. - a. & guenée, a. (eds) 1857, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 584 pp. , librarie encyclopédique de roret, paris\nguenée, a. 1868 ,\nnew species etc. of heterocerous lepidoptera from canterbury, new zealand, collected by mr r. w. fereday\n, entomologist' s monthly magazine, vol. 5, pp. 1 - 6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 737c4d3d - 3e16 - 466e - 8b53 - 70ec48aa1afd\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: fbb07c2a - 4d0d - 4692 - b4ee - 15c81c5143ea\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b7e0118a - 75e2 - 46db - b537 - 9058f7ba7356\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 494609\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmeyrick, 1886 notes on nomenclature of new zealand geometrina trans. proc. n. z. inst. 18: 184\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npowered by naturemapr | atlas of life in the coastal wilderness operates under creative commons attribution 3. 0 australia | privacy\nthe warvae have been recorded feeding on pwants in de genera haworagis, gauwderia and geranium .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license; additionaw terms may appwy. by using dis site, you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization, uh - hah - hah - hah." ]

{ "text": [ "epicyme rubropunctaria is a moth of the geometridae family .", "it is found in new zealand , the australian capital territory , tasmania and victoria .", "the wingspan is about 25 mm .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on plants in the genera haloragis , gaultheria and geranium . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "epicyme rubropunctaria is a moth of the geometridae family. it is found in new zealand, the australian capital territory, tasmania and victoria. the wingspan is about 25 mm. the larvae have been recorded feeding on plants in the genera haloragis, gaultheria and geranium." ]

[ "acalyptris psammophricta. acalyptris repeteki group, male genitalia. 5 km se mahafiz, ejvn3732. scale line 100 μm .\nacalyptris psammophricta. female. 5 km se 0f mahafiz, ejvn3982. scale line 1 mm .\nacalyptris psammophricta. male. 5 km se 0f mahafiz, ejvn3982. scale line 1 mm .\nacalyptris psammophricta. abdomen in slide preparation. ejvn3732, large tufts of long scales and strong sclerotizations. \nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial cc by - nc licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nindia, ahmedabas, bombay [ gujarat ], 05. x. 1918, leg. r. maxwell .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "acalyptris psammophricta is a moth of the nepticulidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1921 .", "it is found from india westwards to tunisia and northwards to mongolia , including pakistan , iran , the united arab emirates , israel and libya .", "the habitat consists of deserts and coastal dunes .", "the wingspan 4.9 – 6.9 mm for males and 5.1 – 6.4 mm for females .", "adults are on wing from february to may in the middle east and north africa , from may to june and august to september in central asia and in october in india . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 8 ] }

[ "acalyptris psammophricta is a moth of the nepticulidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1921. it is found from india westwards to tunisia and northwards to mongolia, including pakistan, iran, the united arab emirates, israel and libya. the habitat consists of deserts and coastal dunes. the wingspan 4.9 – 6.9 mm for males and 5.1 – 6.4 mm for females. adults are on wing from february to may in the middle east and north africa, from may to june and august to september in central asia and in october in india." ]

[ "the kodiak brown bear of alaska, and the kamchatka brown bear are the two largest sub - species of brown bear due to the their protein - rich diets of spawning salmon and other fresh fish .\nthe kamchatka brown bear or ursus arctos beringianus is closely related to the alaskan brown bear. it is also known as the far eastern brown bear and is possibly an ancestor of the kodiak bear. it was classified as an ursus arctos subspecies in 1851 by zoologist alexander von middendorff .\nbrown bear is the common name for a large bear, ursus arctos, ranging in color from a common brown to yellowish or black fur and having a noticeable shoulder hump and a concave face. the most widely distributed member of the bear family, ursidae, it is found in much of northern eurasia and north america. other well - known common names for various subspecies or populations include grizzly bear, kodiak bear, alaskan brown bear, russian brown bear, asiatic brown bear, himalayan snow bear, and european brown bear. the brown bear sometimes is referred to as the\nbruin .\nthe largest form of brown bear is the kodiak bear, weighing up to an astounding 780 kilograms .\nshadow of the bear (sotb). n. d. brown bear reproduction. shadow of the bear. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nursus arctos collaris —siberian brown bear; siberia (except for the habitat of the kamchatka and amur brown bears .) also in northern mongolia, far northern xinjiang, and extreme eastern kazakhstan .\nkamchatka has a 12, 000 - strong bear population, the largest in eurasia. photograph: alexander nemenov / afp\ngiant panda cubs have also been reportedly eaten by brown bears (brown 1993) .\nreconstruction of a brown bear confronting a wolf pack by adolph murie (1944) .\nthe brown bear is a european protected species, given protection throughout the european union .\nkamchatka' s 12, 000 strong bear population is the largest in eurasia. recently, however, the bears have faced unprecedented ecological pressures .\nthis is a preview of the kamchatka brown bear species only. once you subscribe you will be able to view all the entry details for hundreds of different species, including full score sheets and photos .\nthere has been a recent increase in interactions between brown bears and polar bears. brown bears have been seen moving increasingly northward into territories formerly claimed by polar bears. brown bears tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses, and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens (dye 2005) .\nbrown, g. 1996. great bear almanac. new york: lyons & burford. isbn 1558212108 .\nin europe, the brown bear shared its habitat with other predators such as the cave lion, cave hyena, and the larger, closely related cave bear, which the brown bear ultimately outlasted. the cave bear was hunted by neanderthals who may have had a religion relating to this bear, the cave bear cult. however, the neanderthal population was too small for their consumption of cave bear to result in the species' extinction, and the cave bear outlasted the neanderthals by 18, 000 years, becoming extinct about 10, 000 years ago. the cave bear and brown bear diets were similar, and the two species probably lived in the same area at the same time. why the cave bear died out is not known .\nthe home range of a brown bear is extremely large, reaching up to 2, 000 square kilometres in males .\nthe awe - inspiring brown bear lives in the forests and mountains of northern north america, europe, and asia. it is the most widely distributed bear in the world .\nstatus kamchatka peninsula is home to the highest recorded density of brown bears on earth. population estimates for the peninsula range from 10, 000 to 14, 000 bears. however, increasing human access through road development to expand mining and mineral exploration is fragmenting the bears' habitat. kamchatka brown bears are now becoming rare in some regions close to human settlements .\nbrown bears have fur in shades of brown, black, tan or blond, or a combination of those colors. the longer outer guard hairs of the brown bear are often tipped with white or silver, giving a\ngrizzled\nappearance .\nthe brown bear has existed in north america since at least the most recent ice age, though it is thought that the larger, taller, and stronger giant short - faced bear, or bulldog bear, was the dominant carnivore at the time. the giant short - faced bear was a tall, thin animal adapted to eating large mammals, whereas the grizzly or brown bear has teeth appropriate for its omnivorous diet .\none of the largest carnivores on earth (4), the brown bear (ursus arctos) is perhaps the most archetypal of all bear species; indeed the genus and species name both mean “bear” in latin and greek respectively (2). the brown bear shows incredible geographical diversity, and the single species recognised today was at one point in history divided into 232 living and 39 fossil species and subspecies (2). some of the more well - known subspecies of brown bear include the grizzly bear, named for its silver tipped fur, and the kodiak bear, the largest form of brown bear, which can reach up to 780 kilograms, and is found on islands off southern alaska (2) (4) .\nursus arctos lasiotus —amur brown bear (or\nussuri brown bear ,\nblack grizzly ,\nor\nhorse bear\n), russia: southern kuril islands, sakhalin, maritime territory, and the ussuri / amur river region south of the stanovoy range. china: northeastern heilongjiang. japan: hokkaidō\nhabitat kamchatka brown bears can be found on the kamchatka peninsula, karaginskiy island, shantar islands, and kuril islands, in eastern siberia. their dens are often built under tree roots on dry slopes in september or october, about 30 days prior to hibernation. they may spend up to 6 months in hibernation .\nthe brown bear is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites. brown bear populations in bhutan, china and mongolia are listed on appendix i of cites (3) .\nkamchatka has some of the best brown bear habitat in the world. the highest concentrations of bears occur along streams during salmon spawning. dense dwarf siberian pine swales as well as expansive berry tundras can be rich feeding grounds for bears. coastal sedge meadows and lush vegetation fed by heavy rainfalls are a bear “salad bar” when less rich food sources are available. in the fall bears in kamchatka will usually excavate dens at higher elevations on south - facing slopes .\nrussian hunting agency (rha). 2007. brown bear hunting in russia. russian hunting agency. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\ncharacteristics the kamchatka brown bear' s forehead is broad and is steeply elevated over its relatively short nose because of enormous sinuses. its fur is long, dense and soft, and varies in color from pale yellow to blackish - brown to dull black. the bear' s claws which are about 4 inches in length are a dark brown and sometimes have yellowish streaks at the tips. males can grow up to 9 feet in length and weigh up to 800 pounds. females can get up to 7 feet in length and 700 pounds. males can be 50 to 53 inches shoulder height. kamchatka brown bears can reach speeds of up to 30 miles per hour if necessary .\ndiet the large physical size of the kamchatka bear is a result of having great access to sources of rich food like salmon, pine nuts and berries. it is of utmost importance that bears maintain their body weight in order to survive through hibernation. because food is so accessible, the kamchatka brown bears are of very little threat to humans. only about one percent of all encounters result in an attack .\nbrown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist. due to their smaller size, american black bears are at a competitive disadvantage over brown bears in open, non - forested areas. although displacement of black bears by brown bears has been documented, actual interspecific killing of black bears by brown bears has only occasionally been reported. the black bear' s habit of living in heavily forested areas as opposed to the brown bear' s preference for open spaces usually ensures that the two species avoid confrontations in areas where they are sympatric .\nbear facts (bf). n. d. types of bears in the yukon. bear facts. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nin canada, the brown bear is listed as vulnerable in alberta, british columbia, northwest territories, and yukon territory. prairie populations of grizzly bear are listed as extirpated in alberta, manitoba, and saskatchewan .\nall forms of brown bear are powerfully built, with a prominent shoulder hump, a large head, and long, robust claws, which are better suited for digging rather than tree - climbing (5). the coat varies in colour, locally between individuals and geographically, appearing brown, blonde, brown with silver - tips, and near black (2). where their ranges overlap, the brown bear and the american black bear (ursus americanus) may be confused due to the potential similarities in coat colour. however, the brown bear is usually larger, with a snout that rises more abruptly to the forehead (4) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brown bear (ursus arctos )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brown bear (ursus arctos )\ntitle =\narkive species - brown bear (ursus arctos )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbrown bears are one of the most widely distributed large carnivores in the world. the kamchatka peninsula was once entirely populated with brown bears, and in remote protected areas is still home to the highest recorded density of brown bears on earth. increasing human access, through road development to expand mining and mineral exploration, is fragmenting the once continuous bear population, and kamchatka brown bears are now becoming rare in some regions close to human settlements. population estimates for the entire kamchatka peninsula range from 10, 000 - 14, 000 bears in an area about the size of california. population counts for the region are based largely on the casual observations of hunters and forest workers and are scientifically questionable. more than a decade has passed since the last aerial survey of the region, and there is a desperate need to redefine survey methods to monitor the long term trends in the bear population .\nmale kamchatka brown bears can reach a weight of 700 kilograms, and are among the largest bears in the world. their large physical size is a result of their access to rich food sources like salmon, pine nuts and berries. maintaining body weight is crucial to survive the long period that bears spend sleeping in their winter dens (up to 6 months on kamchatka) .\nas many as 2, 000 bears are killed every year by poachers who come for the bear' s gallbladder that sells for hundreds of dollars in the asian market to use for folk remedies. also placing the bears in danger are fishing industries seeking profit in the salmon, and decreasing the bears' richest source of food. the kamchatka brown bear is considered to be endangered .\nrelocation has been used to separate the bear from the human environment, but it does not address the problem bear' s newly learned humans - as - food - source behavior. nor does it address the environmental situations which created the human habituated bear. and attracting multiple bears to an area can lead to competition, social conflict, and bear - on - bear injuries and death .\nthe forearms of brown bears end in massive paws with claws up to 15 centimeters (6 inches) in length, which are mainly used for digging. brown bear claws are not retractable, and have relatively blunt points. like all bears, brown bears are plantigrades and can stand up on their hind legs for extended periods of time .\nbrown bears are large and very powerful, and can break the backs and necks of large prey. males are 38 to 50 percent larger than females (brown 1993). the normal range of physical dimensions for a brown bear is a head - and - body length of 1. 7 to 2. 8 meters (5. 6 - 9. 2 feet) and a shoulder height 90 to 150 centimeters (35 - 60 inches). the smallest subspecies is the eurasian brown bear with mature females weighing as little as 90 kilograms (200 pounds) (wood 1983). barely larger, [ grizzly bear ] ] s from the yukon region (which are a third smaller than most grizzlies) can weigh as little as 100 kilograms (220 lb) in the spring (bf), and mature females of the syrian brown bear weigh as little as 150 kilograms (331 pounds). the largest subspecies of the brown bear are the kodiak bear, siberian brown bear, and the bears from coastal russia and alaska. it is not unusual for large male kodiak bears to stand over 3 meters (10 feet) while on their hind legs and to weigh about 680 kilograms (1, 500 lb). the largest wild kodiak bear on record weighed over 1, 100 kilograms (2, 500 pounds) (brown 1993) .\nbrown bears engage in infanticide (bellemain et al. 2006). an adult male bear may kill the cubs of another bear either to make the female sexually receptive or simply for consumption. cubs will flee up a tree when they sight a strange male bear and the mother will defend them even though the male may be twice her size .\nthe brown bear is a massive animal, weighing between 100 and 700 kilograms (220 - 1, 500 pounds) and its larger populations, such as the kodiak bear, match the polar bear as the largest extant land carnivores. while the brown bear' s range has shrunk, and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a least concern species with a total population of approximately 200, 000. its principal range countries are russia, the united states (especially alaska), canada, and finland .\nbear gall bladders reportedly bring high prices on the asian aphrodisiac market, but although demand is growing, there is no evidence that products derived from bear parts have medical value .\nthe mexican grizzly bear is listed as an endangered species, but it may be extinct .\nup to 30 hungry and desperate bears have attacked and eaten two men in russia' s wild far eastern region of kamchatka, and have trapped a group of geologists at their remote site .\nbrown bears are opportunistic and seasonal feeders, moving in response to food aggregations such as spawning salmon .\nnowhere in siberia could enormous brown bears be found, but they are very abundant in kamchatka, home to the densest population of brown bears in the world. each lake, river and stream is populated by several families of those huge animals. the adult male may weigh up to one ton. they might be comparable to american grizzly bears, though they are not so aggressive and predatory. when\nfew animals have captured the imagination like brown bears. they are a high priority in conservation - given their dependence on large natural areas, brown bears are important management indicators for a number of other wildlife species .\nin europe, there is a focus on minimising human / bear conflict, working with government authorities to ensure livestock is adequately protected and wild bear populations are managed effectively. in addition, a nature park in russia provides a safe environment for brown bears and is used by wwf as a model ecotourism project :\nthe grizzly bear, sometimes called the silvertip bear, is listed as threatened in the continental united states. it is slowly repopulating in areas where it was previously extirpated, though it is still vulnerable .\nadult bears are generally immune from predatory attacks from anything other than another bear. some bears emerging from hibernation have been known to seek out tigers in order to steal their kills (matthiessen and hornocker 2001). however, in the russian far east, brown bears, along with smaller asiatic black bears, constitute 5 to 8 percent of the diet of siberian tigers (mazak 1983). in particular, the brown bear' s input is estimated as 1 to 1. 5 percent. however, tigers prefer to contest brown bear sows (seryodkin 2006). for the tiger, even bears of the same size are a force to be reckoned with when confronted head on. there are 12 known incidents when siberian tigers were killed and eaten by brown bears (seryodkin et al. 2005; seryodkin 2006). brown bear / tiger conflict can eliminate the weakest animals from both populations (seryodkin et al. 2005; seryodkin 2006) .\nit' s always the bear' s fault ,\nlaura williams, the director of wwf' s kamchatka office told the guardian yesterday. speaking from moscow, she said she was seeking further details of the standoff amid reports that a jeep had been sent to the region to finish the bears off .\nthere are an average of two fatal bear attacks a year in north america (herrero 2002). in scandinavia, there are only four known cases since 1902 of bear encounters that have resulted in death. the two most common causes for bear attack are surprise and curiosity (smith and herrero 2007) .\nbrown bears can survive for over half a year without eating, drinking, urinating or defecating whilst in hibernation .\ndye, l. 2005. grizzlies encroaching on polar bear country. abc news march 16, 2005 .\nfor example, grizzly bears are now found only in 2% of their former range. logging, mining, road construction and other developments have reduced available bear habitat and contributed to the decrease in bear populations .\na grizzly–polar bear hybrid is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from a union of a brown bear and a polar bear. it has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. in 2006, the occurrence of this hybrid in nature was confirmed by testing the dna of a strange - looking bear that had been shot in the canadian arctic (ap 2008). previously, the hybrid had been produced in zoos and was considered a\ncryptid\n( a hypothesized animal for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild) .\nthe marking activity of brown bears was studied in the kronotsky reserve (eastern shore of the kamchatka peninsula) between 2002 and 2005. the goal of this investigation was to document communication mechanisms within the species. we recorded descriptions of bears rubbing and marking trees, as well as individual marking behaviour of bears in the valley of the geysers .\nnot only does the brown bear have the largest range of any bear species, it is also one of the world' s most widely distributed terrestrial mammals (1). while today the strongholds for this species are found in northern regions, mostly within russia, canada and alaska, up until the mid - 1880s the brown bear occurred as far south as north africa and, until the 1960s, was also found in mexico. in addition, during the middle ages, populations were found in mainland europe, including the british isles (2). fragmented populations of the brown bear do still occur in some parts of southern and eastern europe, as well as in the middle east, and central and eastern asia as far as japan (1) (2) .\nin arctic areas, the potential habitat of the brown bear is increasing. the seeming warming of that region has allowed the species to move farther and farther north into what was once exclusively the domain of the polar bear. in non - arctic areas, habitat loss is blamed as the leading cause of endangerment, followed by hunting .\nc. i. t. e. s. permit charge of $ 200. 00us for each bear .\nbreeding female brown bears in kamchatka are capable of reproducing at about 4 years of age. cubs are born in winter while the female is hibernating. pregnancies will end before birth if the mother too poorly nourished to support her offspring. there are usually 2 to 3 cubs per litter. females can produce offspring from different males in a single litter .\nthe hunt takes place in the northern kamchatka regions in camps that are placed in areas with good populations of bears. the bear season runs from approx. april 25 - may 25 in the spring and september 1 - october 30 in the fall. hunting is done throughout kamchatka; date of hunt determines camp location. weather plays a very big role in kamchatka as without snow in some areas hunting would be very difficult. hunt camp location will be determined after a date is decided on. at this time of the year the ground is covered by approx. 3 - 10 ft. of snow. the temperature range is from 20ƒ in the night and reach 55ƒ during the heat of the day. transportation during the hunt is done on snowmobile and sled. this is a 1 hunter to 1 guide hunt .\nmodern hunters employ a variety of methods for hunting bears. some track bears with specially trained dogs. the dog ranges far ahead of the hunter, searching for a bear. when it finds a bear, the dog runs in circles around the animal, biting at and annoying the huge creature so that it does not run away. this is very dangerous for the dog, who must avoid the bear' s hefty paws, and unsuccesful bear dogs are soon weeded out. alerted by the dog' s barks, the hunter rushes up and shoots the bear .\nthe world' s largest brown bears are found in coastal british columbia and alaska, and on islands such as kodiak .\nbrown bears were once subject to hunting and big game trophies, as well as being sought for their meat and hides .\ndespite their enormous size, brown bears are extremely fast, having been clocked at speeds of 30 miles per hour. they can be dangerous to humans, particularly if surprised or if a person gets between a mother bear and her cubs .\nbrown bear (ursus arctos), nalychevo nature park, russian federation. nalychevo nature park was established in 1995 and was included in the unesco world heritage list in 1996. it is a wwf model project for the development of ecotourism .\nthere are about 200, 000 brown bears in the world. the largest populations are in russia, with 120, 000, the united states with 32, 500, and canada with 21, 750. ninety - five percent of the brown bear population in the united states is in alaska, though in the western united states they are repopulating slowly but steadily along the rockies and plains. in europe, there are 14, 000 brown bears in ten separate fragmented populations, from spain in the west, to russia in the east, and from scandinavia in the north to romania, bulgaria, and greece (with about 200 animals) in the south. they are extinct in the british isles, extremely threatened in france and spain, and in trouble over most of central europe. the brown bear is finland' s national animal. the carpathian brown bear population is the largest in europe outside russia, estimated at 4, 500 to 5, 000 bears .\nkamchatka, 7, 500 miles and nine time zones east of moscow on russia' s pacific coast, is one of the world' s last truly great natural wildernesses. the remote volcanic peninsula is home to the rare steller' s sea eagle, as well as puffins and brown bears, who roam its geysers and snow - covered calderas - collapsed volcanoes .\nour kamchatka journey begins in the city of petropavlovsk. it is located on the se corner of the kamchatka peninsula. overnights may be needed in petropavlovsk or esso before the heli charter into your camp. petropavlovsk is serviced by flights via moscow only at this time. ameri - cana will assist you with booking all your airline flights as required. as in the past, most hunters spend time in moscow, 1 or two nights to enjoy the sightseeing and historical tours that moscow has to offer .\nbellemain, e. , j. e. swenson, and p. taberlet. 2006. mating strategies in relation to sexually selected infanticide in a non - social carnivore: the brown bear. ethology 112 (3): 238 - 246 .\nbrown bears dig dens for winter hibernation, often holing up in a suitable hillside. females, or she - bears, den while pregnant and give birth during this winter rest, usually to a pair of cubs. brown bear cubs nurse on their mother' s milk until spring and stay with her for some two and a half years—so females only reproduce once every three years .\nthe caledonian bear was said to be so fierce that it was favored by the romans who used them in their amphitheatres .\nthe great bear rainforest is home to rich wildlife that includes wolves, black - tailed deer, moose and grizzly bears .\nnorth american brown bears seem to prefer open landscapes, whereas in eurasia they inhabit mostly dense forests. it is thought that the eurasian bears that colonized america were tundra adapted, something indicated by brown bears in the chukotka peninsula on the asian side of bering strait, which are the only asian brown bears to live year - round in lowland tundra like their american cousins (rha 2007) .\nbears become attracted to human created food sources such as garbage dumps, litter bins, and dumpsters; and venture into human dwellings or barns in search of food as humans encroach into bear habitat. in the united states, bears sometimes kill and eat farm animals. when bears come to associate human activity with a\nfood reward ,\na bear is likely to continue to become emboldened and the likeliness of human - bear encounters increases, as they may return to the same location despite relocation. the saying ,\na fed bear is a dead bear ,\nhas come into use to popularize the idea that allowing bears to scavenge human garbage, such as trash cans and campers' backpacks, pet food, or other food sources that draw the bear into contact with humans can result in a bear being put into a situation where it has to be killed for safety reasons .\nthe brown bear also shared north america with the american lion and smilodon, carnivorous competitors. the modern grizzly can eat plants, insects, carrion, and small and large animals. the american lion, smilodon, and giant short - faced bear had a more limited range of food, making them vulnerable to starvation as the supply of available large mammals decreased, possibly due to hunting by humans .\nthe time of the arctodus extinction is about the same as the extinction of the long - horned bison and other megafauna. both of these animals were replaced by eurasian immigrants, specifically the brown bear and american bison. since this was also about the same time as the clovis tool kit hunting culture appeared in north america, with culturally advanced humans entering the americas from asia, the implication is that the brown bear was better adapted to human competition than the megafauna, presumably due to a long term coexistence in the old world with people .\ncameron, w. 2005. learn to identify black bears and grizzly (brown) bears. mountain nature. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nbrown bears are very strong and show remarkable endurance, reportedly being able to outrun a horse, and drag a dead elk up a hill .\npoaching has led to a dramatic decline in the bear' s main food source - the pacific salmon. kamchatka is home to a quarter of the world' s salmon. but the fish is now disappearing. poachers have cleaned out entire species by netting rivers. last year hunters also shot dead at least 300 bears - picking off most of the large ones. at least another 600 were killed illegally, conservationists estimate .\nfemale brown bears in kamchatka can begin to reproduce as early as 4 years of age and typically have litters of 2 - 3 cubs. wcs research has shown that some female bears with cubs do not approach salmon streams, to avoid risking their cubs being killed by another bear. by staying away from the salmon streams the females reduce the risk of cub mortality, but are also forced to survive on less rich food sources. gaining enough weight to survive the winter is critical for female brown bears and their offspring. cubs are born in the dead of winter in dens where the female is hibernating. pregnant female bears that enter the den poorly nourished will often not be able to support their offspring, and the pregnancy will end before the birth of the cubs. the size of male brown bears is related to their social status and access to food and mates. female bears must be induced into estrus, which means a male bear may have to follow a female bear for weeks until she is receptive to mating. during this time the male bears must fight off other male suitors. females can produce offspring from different males in a single litter .\nherrero, s. 2002. bear attacks: their causes and avoidance, revised edition. guilford, ct: lyons press. isbn 158574557x .\nwaits, l. p. , s. l. talbot, r. h. ward, and g. f. shields. 1998. mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the north american brown bear and implications for conservation. conservation biology 12 (2): 408 - 417. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nin accordance with its expansive range, the brown bear inhabits a wide variety of habitats (1). while forest and woodland are commonly occupied by this species, it is less dependent on the presence of trees than some other bear species, and can be found above the tree - line at elevations of up to 5, 000 metres. large populations can also be found along coastlines, in tundra, and in desert and semi - desert regions (2) .\nthere is little agreement on classification of brown bears. some systems have proposed as many as 90 subspecies, while recent dna analysis has identified as few as five clades (fws 2005). dna analysis has recently revealed that the identified subspecies of brown bears, both eurasian and north american, are genetically quite homogeneous, and that their genetic phylogeography does not correspond to their traditional taxonomy (waits et al. 1998). the subspecies of brown bears have been listed as follows (one of which, called clade i by waits et al. (1998), part of the subspecies identified as u. a. sitkensis, by hall and u. a. dalli by kurtén, appears to be more closely related to the polar bear than to other brown bears (waits et al. 1998) ) :\nwhile encounters with the brown bear in the wild can be dangerous for humans, these remarkable animals also add greatly to the wonder of nature and are prized sightings on ecotours. they also are popular trophies in sports hunting. once sought for their meat and hides, they are less commonly used for such purposes. extraction of bear bile, used in traditional chinese medicine (tcm), is reported to involve a great deal of cruelty for the animals (see bile) .\nfyi, we are the no. 1 brown bear company in the world with more entries in the world record books than any other company. right now we have 25 bears in the top 50 spots and 37 in the top 60 spots in the books. that' s twice as many as our nearest competitor! no other outfitter even comes close to our record book presence. we have been hunting russia now for over 2 decades and during that time frame have taken over 1, 000 people to russia. we are pretty much 95% on everything we hunt. our brown bear and moose hunts are especially successful. in alaska right now, according to the alaskan fish & game department, the average bear is 7 1 / 2 feet. our average bear is close to 9 feet. the success rate in alaska is around 60 percent state wide. ours is close to 100 percent. as far as a price comparison... an alaskan peninsula brown bear hunt is $ 19, 600 without a bear license (about $ 600) and without the float plane or other transportation to camp (about $ 1, 200) while our hunt is just $ 13, 995 and we include the license and transportation to camp. now you can get some\ncoastal\nbear hunts in alaska for less money but they are so far up the coast where there are very few salmon streams and thus the bears are small in comparison to the peninsula bears. our bears which are similar to the peninsula bears. i' m comparing apples to apples and not apples to oranges .\nyellowstone national park, an enormous reserve located in the western united states, contains prime habitat for the grizzly bear (ursus arctos horribilis), but due to the enormous number of visitors, human - bear encounters are common. the scenic beauty of the area has led to an influx of people moving into the area. in addition, because there are so many bear relocations to the same remote areas of yellowstone, and because male bears tend to dominate the center of the relocation zone, female bears tend to be pushed to the boundaries of the region and beyond. the result is that a large proportion of repeat offenders, bears that are killed for public safety, are females. this creates a further depressive effect on an already stressed population size. the grizzly bear is officially described as threatened in the united states. although the problem is most significant with regard to grizzlies, these issues affect the other types of brown bear as well .\nthe extinction of ice - age herbivorous megafauna resulted in the extinction of the sabertooth, american lion, and giant short - faced bear, leaving the brown bear as the major large predator in north america, with the gray wolf, the jaguar in the south, the american black bear, and cougar also competing for large prey. the origin of human presence in america is widely accepted to have occurred across the bering land bridge with the largest known immigration being that of the paleo indians at about the last ice age, bringing with them the clovis point and advanced hunting techniques. when the last ice age ended about 10, 000 years ago, brown bears from farther south in north america slowly expanded their range northward and back up into alaska. today there are three genetically distinct grizzly bear clades in north america: the alaskan - yukon grizzly, the alberta - saskatchewan lineage, and those found in the colorado - washington - idaho - montana - wyoming area .\nin some countries, human / bear conflict has caused problems, particularly in areas where bears can interefere with livestock, orchards, water supplies and garbage bins .\nin addition to losses through hunting, many brown bear populations are at risk from habitat loss and fragmentation. as human activities such as agriculture, highways and settlements expand, they reduce available habitat for this species and also result in the fragmentation of populations. the reduced size of the isolated populations can then lead to detrimental genetic effects (1) .\nthe cost is $ 10, 900. 00us. upon harvesting of your bear a $ 4, 000. 00us trophy fee will be paid in cash in camp .\nlike all northern bears, brown bears hibernate throughout winter, preserving energy by reducing heart rate and body temperature by a few degrees. hibernation takes place in a den, often dug into a sheltered slope, in which the bear may survive for over half a year without eating, drinking, urinating or defecating (2) (4). this remarkable feat is achieved by utilising stored fat for energy and by recycling waste products normally excreted as urine to conserve fluids and produce amino acids. incredibly, the female brown bear is also able to give birth and nurse a litter of cubs during hibernation, although the energetic cost is high and can incur a 40 percent loss of body weight (2) .\nwwf in the usa and canada works to conserve bear populations and protect vital habitat for the bears. examples include new partnerships with businesses to ensure adequate protection is in place :\nthe diet of brown bearns varies enormously throughout their differing ranges. for example, bears in yellowstone national park during eat an enormous number of moths during the summer, sometimes as many as 40, 000 in a day in august, and may derive up to half of their annual food energy from these insects (reed 2006). locally, in areas of russia and alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, and the nutrition and abundance of this food accounts for the enormous size of the bears from these areas. brown bears also occasionally prey on deer, elk, moose, caribou, and bison. when brown bears attack these animals, they tend to choose the young ones since they are much easier to catch. when hunting, the brown bear uses its sharp canine teeth for neck - biting its prey. on rare occasions, bears kill by hitting their prey with their powerful forearms, which can break the necks and backs of large prey, such as bison. they also feed on carrion and will use their size to intimidate other predators such as wolves, cougars, and black bears from their kills .\nthe brown bear is primarily solitary animals, although they may gather in large numbers at major food sources and form social hierarchies based on age and size (dewey and ballenger 2002; grzimek et al. 2004). they may be active at any time, but primarily forage in the morning and at dusk, and rest during the day (dewey and ballenger 2002) .\nbrown bears have heads that are large and round with a concave facial profile, a characteristic used to distinguish them from other bears. their snout protrudes from this concave or\nhollow\nface (grzimek et al. 2004). they also have a large hump of muscle over their shoulders (grzimek et al. 2004), which helps to distinguish them from such species as the black bear (ursus americanus), which lacks this characteristic hump (cameron 2005). their tail is short, 10 to 13 centimeters (4 to 5 inches) long (brown 1993) .\ndepartment of commerce, community, and economic development (dced), state of alaska. n. d. alaska is bear territory. state of alaska. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nbrown bears were once native to the atlas mountains in africa, and may have existed as late as the mid - 1800s in algeria and morocco and as late as 1500s in the sinai of egypt, but are not extinct in these areas (mclellan et al. 2008). they also were once in mexico, but were extirpated there and in a large portion of the southwestern united states during the twentieth century (mclellan et al. 2008). although many hold on to the belief that some brown bears still may be present in mexico and the atlas mountains of morocco, both are almost certainly extinct. the last known mexican brown bear was shot in 1960. very small numbers remain in iraq and nepal, but they have apparently been eliminated from syria and possibly bhutan (mclellan et al. 2008) .\nassociated press (ap). wild find: half grizzly, half polar bear. hunter bags what expert\nnever thought would happen\nin wild. msnbc. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nbrown bears are omnivores and feed on a variety of plant products, including berries, roots, and sprouts, as well as fungi and meat products such as fish, insects, and small mammals. despite their reputation, most brown bears are not particularly carnivorous as they typically derive up to 90 percent of their dietary food energy from vegetable matter (dced). their jaw structure has evolved to fit their dietary habits .\nthe most widely distributed ursid (mclellan et al. 2008), the brown bear has a global distribution, with populations in north america, europe, northern asia, and japan (grzimek et al. 2004). it occupies about 5 million square kilometers of north america, 800, 000 square kilometers of europe (excluding russia), and much of northern asia (mclellan et al. 2008) .\nthe area that a bear requires to fulfill all of its life requirements varies depending on habitat type and food sources available. in areas very rich in salmon, wcs research has shown that bears will maintain a home range as small as 12 sq km over the entire year. in areas where salmon and other food sources are scarce, however, home ranges can be as large as 1100 sq km. data from gps - collared bears showed that bears made movements of up to 65 km and crossed kamchatka' s central mountain range to access different salmon runs, crossing into different hunting leases and even leaving protected areas .\nas a result of its wide distribution, the brown bear has an apparently large, healthy global population, which believed to exceed 200, 000 individuals, and is not currently considered to be threatened. nevertheless, while some populations are stable and even expanding, many local populations, such as those in europe, are small, fragmented, and in danger of extirpation (1). as a result of livestock predation and in response to the fact that this species may attack humans, it has, historically, been heavily persecuted (2). today, the brown bear is most commonly hunted for sport, or poached for the commercial trade in bear paws and gall bladders (1) (4). hunting legislation varies between countries, but where permitted, it is controlled through the use of permits and maximum annual quotas. however, due to difficulties with the development of monitoring plans, the sustainability of quotas in some regions is questionable, and there are also significant ongoing problems, such as in the russian far east, with illegal hunting (1) .\nin the summer, the brown bear may put on substantial reserves of fat (up to 180 kilograms or 400 pounds of fat in larger populations), on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes very lethargic. although they are not full hibernators, and can be woken easily, both sexes like to den in a protected spot such as a cave, crevice, or hollow log during the winter months .\na second bear may be taken for an additional trophy fee of $ 5, 300. 00us. this payment can be prepaid to ameri - cana so you do not have to travel with so much cash .\nseryodkin, i. v. 2006. the ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in sikhote - alin (in russian). vladivostok, russia: far eastern national university. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nsmith, t. s. , and s. herrero. 2008. a century of bear - human conflict in alaska: analyses and implications. alaska science center, biological science office. retrieved december 28, 2008 .\nadult brown bears are powerful, top - of - the - food chain predators, but much of their diet consists of nuts, berries, fruit, leaves, and roots. bears also eat other animals, from rodents to moose .\nthere are several national and international measures in place to protect and conserve the brown bear (1). international trade in this species is regulated in accordance with the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), with most populations listed on appendix ii, which permits a limited amount of trade up to a specific annual quota. populations from parts of central asia are, however, listed on appendix i, making all international trade illegal (1) (3) .\nthe california golden bear (ursus arctos californicus) disappeared from the state of california in 1922, when the last one was shot in tulare county, but it is still on the state flag of california. the bear is alluded to in the names of the sports teams of the university of california, berkeley (the california golden bears), and of the university of california, los angeles (the ucla bruins), and in the mascot of university of california, riverside .\nthese omnivorous giants tend to be solitary animals, except for females and their cubs, but at times they do congregate. dramatic gatherings can be seen at prime alaskan fishing spots when the salmon swim upstream for summer spawning. in this season dozens of bears may gather to feast on the fish, craving fats that will sustain them through the long winter ahead. in fall a brown bear may eat as much as 90 pounds of food each day, and it may weigh twice as much before hibernation as it will in spring .\nbrown bears will often use their large size to intimidate wolves from their kills. though conflict over carcasses is common, the two predators will, on rare occasions, tolerate each other on the same kill. given the opportunity, both species will prey on each other' s cubs .\nthe population of brown bears in the pyrenees mountain range between france and spain is so low, estimated at fourteen to eighteen with a shortage of females, that bears, mostly female, from slovenia were released in the spring of 2006 to alleviate the imbalance and preserve the species' presence in the area, despite protests from french farmers .\nin europe, part of the problem lies with shepherds; over the past two centuries, many sheep and goat herders have gradually abandoned the more traditional practice of using dogs to guard flocks, which have concurrently grown larger. typically, they allow the herds to graze freely over sizable tracts of land. as bears reclaim parts of their range, they may eat livestock. in some cases, the shepherd will shoot the bear thinking that his livelihood is under threat. many shepherds are now better informed about the ample compensation available in some areas and will make a claim when a loss to his livestock due to a bear takes place." ]

{ "text": [ "the kamchatka brown bear ( ursus arctos beringianus ) , also known as the far eastern brown bear , is a subspecies of brown bear native to the anadyrsky district , the kamchatka peninsula , karaginskiy island , the kuril islands , the coastal strip west of the sea of okhotsk southward to the stanovoy range and the shantar islands .", "outside the former soviet union , the subspecies occurs in saint lawrence island in the bering sea .", "it is closely related to one clade of brown bears in alaska and northwest north america , and is thought to be the ancestor of the kodiak bear . " ], "topic": [ 21, 5, 21 ] }

[ "the kamchatka brown bear (ursus arctos beringianus), also known as the far eastern brown bear, is a subspecies of brown bear native to the anadyrsky district, the kamchatka peninsula, karaginskiy island, the kuril islands, the coastal strip west of the sea of okhotsk southward to the stanovoy range and the shantar islands. outside the former soviet union, the subspecies occurs in saint lawrence island in the bering sea. it is closely related to one clade of brown bears in alaska and northwest north america, and is thought to be the ancestor of the kodiak bear." ]

[ "establishment of three european flea beetles in nova scotia: longitarsus ganglbaueri heikertinger, l. jacobaeae (waterhouse), and l. rubiginosa (foudras) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: alticinae )\narticle: establishment of three european flea beetles in nova scotia: longitarsus ganglbaueri heikertinger, l. jacobaeae (waterhouse), and l. rubiginosa (foudras) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: alticinae )\ndetails - establishment of three european flea beetles in nova scotia: longitarsus ganglbaueri heikertinger, l. jacobaeae (waterhouse), and l. rubiginosa (foudras) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: alticinae) - biodiversity heritage library\nmohr k. h. 1962. bestimmungstabelle und faunistik der mitteleuropäischen longitarsus - arten. ent. bl. , 58: 55 - 118 .\nty - jour ti - establishment of three european flea beetles in nova scotia: longitarsus ganglbaueri heikertinger, l. jacobaeae (waterhouse), and l. rubiginosa (foudras) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: alticinae) t2 - proceedings of the entomological society of washington. vl - 107 ur - urltoken pb - entomological society of washington cy - washington, etc. : py - 2005 sp - 319 ep - 322 sn - 0013 - 8797 au - hoebeke, e richard au - wheeler, a. g. er -\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nchecklist of beetles (coleoptera) of canada and alaska. second edition bousquet y. , bouchard p. , davies a. e. , sikes d. s. 2013. zookeys 360: 1–402 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nchecklist of beetles of the british isles (andrew duff; http: / / www. coleopterist. org. uk), version 1 (recommended )\ntaxa which do not fall within rdb categories but which are none - the - less uncommon in great britain and thought to occur in 30 or fewer 10km squares of the national grid or, for less well - recorded groups, within seven or fewer vice - counties. superseded by nationally scarce, and therefore no longer in use .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nhoebeke, e richard wheeler, a. g. , jr. 1944 -\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\npattern colour: elytral suture darkened, usually as far as (or almost as far as) the tip, forming a broad, sometimes diffuse, stripe. head dark brown to black .\nstatus: widespread but scattered; not recorded from wales. scarce (notable a) habitat: various host plant: ragworts, senecio spp. overwintering: as adults food: adults on leaves; larvae probably at / on roots. other notes: adults in usa found to be parasitised internally by larvae of an unidentified hymenopteran. oblong and slightly flattened. similar to l. gracilis var. poweri, but note different head colour .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ngatunek obejmujący zasięgiem niemal całą europę prócz strefy roślinności śródziemnomorskiej i obszarów położonych na północ od 60° szerokości geograficznej oraz kraje kaukaskie. w polsce chrząszcz rzadko znajdowany, wykazany z nielicznych stanowisk w dziewięciu krainach. spotykany zarówno na wilgotnych łąkach, jak i w środowiskach o charakterze kserotermicznym. jako rośliny żywicielskie były podawane starzec lepki — senecio viscosus l. i s. zwyczajny — s. vulgaris l .\n, pl, warszawa, natolin, utm ec07, 1898, coll. muz. górnośląskie, bytom: mączyński (borowiec l. 1992b )\npietrykowska - tudruj e. 2002a. stonkowate (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) nowe dla wyżyny lubelskiej. wiad. entomol. , 21 (1): 55 - 56 [ 302 ] .\nborowiec l. 1992b. the leaf - beetles in the collection of wojciech mączyński (1860 - 1911) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). ann. upper siles. mus. , ent. , 3: 3 - 29 .\nburakowski b. , mroczkowski m. , stefańska j. 1991. chrząszcze – coleoptera. stonkowate – chrysomelidae, część 2. katalog fauny polski, xxiii, 17, warszawa .\nwarchałowski a. 1978. część xix. chrząszcze – coleoptera. stonkowate – chrysomelidae. podrodziny halticinae, hispinae i cassidinae. klucze do oznaczania owadów polski, 105, 94c, warszawa - wrocław." ]

{ "text": [ "longitarsus suturellus is a species of beetle in the subfamily galerucinae that can be found in central europe , central italy , southern england , south sweden , mongolia , and algeria .", "it can also be found in dagestan , a russian province . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "longitarsus suturellus is a species of beetle in the subfamily galerucinae that can be found in central europe, central italy, southern england, south sweden, mongolia, and algeria. it can also be found in dagestan, a russian province." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for fischer' s greenbul (phyllastrephus fischeri) yet .\nfischer' s greenbul (phyllastrephus fischeri) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .\ncabanis' s greenbul was originally described in the genus criniger. the common name and latin binomial commemorates the german ornithologist jean louis cabanis. [ 2 ] formerly, some authorities considered the placid greenbul to be a subspecies of cabanis' s greenbul, or cabanis' s greenbul to be a subspecies of fischer' s greenbul .\n) as outgroups. significance was assessed using fischer' s exact test at a threshold of 0. 05 .\nvalues in brackets are the 95% hpd. tmrca were estimated using an uncorrelated lognormal molecular clock model, coalescent prior with constant population size and a mean rate of evolution for the four - fold degenerated sites of 0. 073 s / s / myr (95% ci: 0. 025 - 0. 123 s / s / myr); 192 sites were included in the analyses .\nfjeldså j, bowie rck. new perspectives on the origin and diversification of africa' s forest avifauna .\nbowie rck, fjeldså j, kiure j. multi - locus molecular dna variation in winifred' s warbler\nwe tested for selection acting on the nuclear loci by using the hka test [ 46 ], as implemented in dnasp 5. 0 [ 47 ]. we used sequences from one yellow - streaked greenbul phyllastrephus flavostriatus as an outgroup (s. lokugalappatti unpubl. data) .\nolive greenbul (p. c. sucosus) - reichenow, 1903: found from southern sudan and western kenya to eastern democratic republic of the congo and north - western tanzania\nguindon s, gascuel o. a simple, fast and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood .\nwe used a generation time of 1. 7 years, which reflects the average for several passerine species [ 70 ], and a mutation rate of 1. 05 * 10 - 8 substitutions / site / year (s / s / y) for mtdna (6. 1% per million years, [ 61 ]), and thus a per locus rate of 3. 17 * 10 - 5 substitutions per year. for the z - linked locus we assumed a mutation rate of 3. 6 * 10 - 9 s / s / y and for autosomal loci we selected a rate of 3. 61 * 10 - 9 s / s / y [ 71 ]. this translated into per locus rates of: fgb 2. 01 * 10 - 6 s / l / y, gapdh 1. 17 * 10 - 6 s / l / y, and brm 1. 31 * 10 - 6 s / l / y. the geometric mean of the combined mtdna and ncdna was 3. 14 * 10 - 6 s / l / y. we tested for intralocus recombination using the gard and sbp algorithm, as implemented in hyphy [ 72, 73 ] .\njoly s, bruneau a. incorporating allelic variation for reconstructing the evolutionary history of organisms from multiple genes: an example from\nsæther b - e, lande r, engen s. et al. generation time and temporal scaling of bird population dynamics .\nevanno g, regnaut s, goudet j. detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study .\nthe leafloves are two species of passerine birds in the family pycnonotidae. the two species are placed in different genera within the greenbul complex. one species occurs in the genus phyllastrephus, the other in the genus chlorocichla .\ngenetic diversity estimated using dnasp for each locus: hd, haplotype diversity; s, number of segregating sites and π, nucleotide diversity .\nexcoffier l, laval g, schneider s. arlequin ver. 3. 0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis .\nmarchant r, mumbi c, behera s, yamagata t. the indian ocean dipole - the unsung driver of climatic variability in east africa .\n]) to estimate the speciation probability for the case where all three subspecies are considered species. this decision was based on the results from the s\n]. this aridification peak, together with the general drying of africa since the miocene, may have altered the distribution of coastal lowland forest in northern mozambique, thus promoting the divergence between the mozambique / zimbabwe and tanzanian clades of tiny greenbul .\n] to build a multi - locus network based on the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets. we used the same set of individuals that were used in the s\nthe clear altitudinal segregation in morphology found within the tiny greenbul is the result of secondary contact of two highly differentiated lineages rather than disruptive selection in plumage pattern across an altitudinal gradient. based on our results, we recommend albigula be elevated to species rank .\nthe\naberrant greenbuls\nof the genera bernieria and xanthomixis are actually malagasy warblers (cibois et al. 2001). to recognize this, they are also called bernieria and tetrakas rather than greenbuls. likewise, the golden greenbul (calyptocichla serina) is not a typical greenbul, but apparently the representative of a distinct and ancient lineage of bulbuls, which might include the black - collared bulbul, neolestes torquatus (moyle & marks 2006). a few species within some of the genera in this group are called brownbuls or leafloves .\nsubramanian s, denver dr, millar cd, heupink t, aschrafi a, emslie sd, baroni c, lambert dm. high mitogenomic evolutionary rates and time dependency .\nwe only found evidence for isolation by distance in the tanzanian clade (rabai) (mantel' s test, r = 0. 173, p = 0. 019) .\nhaplotype diversity (hd), nucleotide diversity (π) and watterson' s theta (θ) were estimated with dnasp 5. 0. we used tcs 1. 21 [\n. \u0010è $  ~ dgy\u0001\u0010 `. ÿ } ë¡ç öèñ‰\u0001 # nˆ¢‘óåi \u001aò³õëé \\ î4 * à2½9„\u000eyv\u0017sa¶çfapñð¡2≕d»×ó < 1ª¢¥ëü ^% å‰\u0016 { ê [ î\u0016Œfuç \u0005ãvý ] µk®) \u0013µn / â\u0002øéê? \u0000‚™tó7j—ì + â§õ * ƒuvð\u0012ë ~ ð†ls¡¸\u0014bøé\u000fnq ó¿’ñé1 * ïë\u0012„ó¢\u0019 \\ ‡®s 4l‘–yéäâ5r\u0007þã¹1 ~ öë”a zxn³\b\ndï\u0019¸ô´! < ñì„\u0007 > Š’d× 'æ\u0006‹™m2g ñ‚âð\u0000 㔠[ ·ª¯é4í\u0015ï. fž\u0005ê\n\u0007¢ muñ\u0011s‡ # ¹t3î¶i) ) \u0004n\u0001lþ²œa62 + ¢×”“‰\u0012\u0010þkc†ö¡åe / `% l 1ú / ” pŸ (úêfhd: ì€j4\u000e\u001a3fá8\u0000wmÿëìà '¢üig; ˜, ð% ö \u000eið { ôêÿãu\u0014s\u0003îsœùî (ï\u0003± [ ¥\nè‚? \u001avágñ85ç @ (ó8uü { p nj8\u0000væ\u0005— / ›\u0003¨oi\u0000ã\u0011ãòfïëè * » r\u0001zèÿê; 1\u0003û! ‹ ^ nèpgº©ã\n) ] iõx—v\u000f¹ë\u001a¨ * âô ] \u0004\u001bw @ ýú•º\u0002£ó\u0016\u0001% $ tßxådièp¦\u000f $ Ÿ\u0004ô¢„·é›cþ0, ‰ñì½z { íuò§¹æ3\u0016 & ¡\u0002Š \u0001s ~ ¿p• '\u0012”â\u0016ú, ‹ðn÷\u0011ö¯\u0014 > æ×ø¾° _ ²û + \u0018ç\u0019»w£ > j£ Š¹ø\u0005 < \u0018\u0010dœ®! î¼çÿ\u000e / u 2\u0004˜vòâ\u0001ö«å\u000f? \u0005ú ^ € @ \u0004\u0007 '| / •ôêù‘x›aã®êóþ¨oˆ\u0019ªyðqú–쿝xúw’ { çðê\u0000ûp\u0011ã\u0015yô†ii }; p\u0002‚ $ åd«mèr²? j | ä: zœ¶! úæ¦àä\u0005 *: wþ´ðo\n / î\u0003% èý\u0007¾s‹ ꃏ\u0015sxúüpânq”ouhóá\nt¸ } ³r\u0019 } õ - „ \\ @ ™´õ¿\u0000ã\u0001\bm thn\u001b - s‰à› \u001b¾ $ ó1ó! uû: í®üví¦íí6ljö\u0018æç ¼o¹©z¬•å®aâéä\u001a¬xá5ôóäz / ¾ \\ é \u0002êñ7¤\u0003 { ×esæ§\u0012 pçnxæ (û 'ñ“üá‹bî. $ ¬3lq > ¸ | ‚ãó + ­õs¨ûùí\ncarling md, brumfield rt. haldane' s rule in an avian system: using cline theory and divergence population genetics to test for differential introgression of mitochondrial, autosomal and sex - linked loci across the\naxelsson e, smith ngc, sundström h, berlin s, ellegren h. male - biased mutation rate and divergence in autosomal, z - linked and w - linked introns of chicken and turkey .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nthe bulbuls are generally monogamous. one unusual exception is the yellow - whiskered greenbul which at least over part of its range appears to be polygamous and engage in a lekking system. some species also have alloparenting arrangements, where non - breeders, usually the young from earlier clutches, help raise the young of a dominant breeding pair. up to five purple - pink eggs are laid in an open tree nests and incubated by the female. incubation usually lasts between 11–14 days, and chicks fledge after 12–16 days .\náí² + \u001bð»´¯nû\u00116 ] íªû­u @ çåo‘, ] Žgûþ7 yzúîkmþ emdï + ¶bfï > $ 9ág | ‘ôbp“£ý } ë ½o‰x (°óßí€\u0016†å¤ \u0004jái–óá } ¨5hªã±¤\u0001 –×3„¿µxäá\u0005hkpt–ç) x÷ @ ðg¥zäwb¬vov4â\u0004\u0000\u0002£äc¿¾¢p\u0017 = + ç | eåi€ < ßêüs i€ûcwšµ9\u0005Œi¢ïyeoŒad # xž·§ü 3‘µŽµrog? áö½\u001b¦×9’u€7ñê öúë { ¿f ý; á! ïw\u00045¸1®lãó\u001b ¢ilgœ\u00071é•4 ±u% ô\u0007 '\u0013¨': µç5 / é' l\u0006\u000fèe\be { \u0007ù\u0013e \u0011r¿ã\u0001â®\u000e¸\u0013±påèî% £ú«ö­ù¤hª ^ * ñš™\u0001j­å8ߓ1ðú¹5®\u0012­\u001a < ´à\u0015w§á _ ¨hàœè\u0005eâ5' \u0007ç â\u0003 ˜ž§ý‹ z†s¦ d×á값z / ü8\b\u0012j¿ô°\u0019¤; ô > õnâé ¹±fú g¡ñƒíô×no ~ tùµ »øw‹æ efa\u0012x # Ž·\u0018! éf - 8ù } ûcì\u0012c (ài8ªå / þsqòï¢ [ sa: åþæ»îdâêdª) 7è \u0016s‹ý\u001bí£ ] 4cónz«x! jmqc»v\n? \u0005m éfúi¹ã³¥§\u0005 - ‰ + mŠeþ9\u0016 [ €‚\u0002x ^ w• (àsna9hæœúÿ\u0001¾ç희é§÷ / sžõ\n¾o! b­ > \u0005iv _ ÷òŸ®zª\u000fjé­ñ < « x÷ko @ \u0012–% äò\u0000\u0015¨ä‰ $ { k\u0015߉—úbe: ; \u0015p§líto / ùø\u0012 *; '¥záá2) „Ÿo0¸ œž­ewm uñ ” } ùn¢€”üà\nðîû7‡v ñ®\u0018 | ¼vuy\nðfía; j4 @ â½³òa\u0005Žé÷fç9x\u001bô­ûbûe\u0006ž´ßâp4øè–ßót« ¯ > èל tja›; \u000fŽ { ¸½\néý \u00196ðj & vd; î ~ ó2fi\u0013”c ®p < èåõ / ù– (“ ] ©fhý¯ * õæˆçï yvþý°û”õ\u0000žãozlª6u # ¨’oý\u0011žú±—£ßø⚐ # “ / q®Ž\u001ag³‰1öá ] { âøøak®zª ] \u0003s & o; @ Ÿ€¸x¦\u0019Ÿ - äx4ünÿµjc% lêškn _ •æ ¢êàð / - ¥ßë«\u0010\b ñú6 / «æ [; \u000e¶¤) pˆ\u0011àk: 6»»\u0018ù’€Ž—“ul! ä\u0018óÿ\u0004 = < ‹ - ¾, °sd6\u0015ô & d; –v„ú ›àrhî’ $ ˜ë% ç \\ srl\u0013¦¯þ‚qî\u0006\u0017’³ûnrø‡ ~ p $ óí½\u0001þþ‰si [ ¦¯dqùa’zrîqüã\u000fÿtë\u0017t—s\u0003\u0018lp‰’¶wd &. \u0006 / çg { ] y\u0010 # u\n!; y•úå ^ °hîa¶¼qkù\nöpú¥çmüõí ~ õ * rol *! žþ›bd ^ \u0010ˆ' tu\u0018þ€û: ²\u0004 ÿøú\u0013) \u0013sznb¹ \u0010大‘3õr { bö < êynúz¶ê7û * g $ « \b # ±¿y\u0005ðë { s¼6! üy @ “þŠids\ncibois, alice; slikas, beth; schulenberg, thomas s. & pasquet, eric (2001): an endemic radiation of malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial dna sequence data. evolution 55 (6): 1198–1206. doi: 10. 1554 / 0014 - 3820 (2001) 055 [ 1198: aeroms ] 2. 0. co; 2 pdf fulltext\nin the absence of selection, significant negative values of fu' s fs and low values of r 2 are indicative of population expansion (* p < 0. 05, * * p < 0. 01). for the three nuclear loci, only alleles with phase probabilities greater than 0. 75 were included in the analyses. the subspecies rabai includes all individuals from lowland tanzania (including the three specimens from se tanzania, whereas subspecies debilis only includes individuals from mozambique and zimbabwe, see text for details) .\n! & \u0010h > \u000fû½íîýáþd + ½³ í¼7 ’쌛ºu '< àfö­ / · ¢óš ™àdlhëx\u0013‹sçu% “m•ö£õ\u001bt†ƒåíô‡hgjžé±ñi¡kàõýš€›ì # áôµƒèõ \\ ð4òeeàäãµ } \u0013, ±5µç | 4ò (0æ - 쵚ú; c\u0003å\u0004\nø©\u0019 [ lûh¬ä“ý‘\u000fûo6éhèqßãê¤îy ÷w > vxãë / »\nðæè = ë‡ð5ú ¶ \\ ñþ _ æãå\u0014 _ o‹h¾\u0000ã\u0016m´ (súh / fãmˆüž + ^ õ ~ ‡î–°»¢ 'í } 2ýþoè! ª5ç”m» } ~ „\u0005òg åéâ»\næñ¨™eiã‚ô u h‚£øm¤x\u0000\u0006›Ÿs = „œ7í‚ï æ évª _ pk×®j\u0005×±šà‘ìè & ¢•2 $ \u0018–¿‘ _ ¹fñ ] \u000f + ã ¹ µíq = ôp°¤çƒcôçñf“hïª\u000e3\u0004ôêtî / ^ d›w§øïˆë™¨ xt®²o5zv [ ê\u000fie ~ ’ # op• äþýs¥¾ýùpzo\u0001á5øé5h€œ\u0003jì ~ & t; / 9— _ ¾­·ð§ @ rí¢“z4¾\u0003á > ð­iª\u00143mj8 (v ~ \u0006y³Ž7yô·\u0003xâ. ¾µo\u0000a: hù (èàg¤¼ahjö (äúªêï»a5õoš\u0019í\u0013\u001aþ¦ázb\u0004ú e\nöi\u000e _% $ ö“‡\u0003\u0007ˆ' ”ñoëzdúñn¯aƒómjöŸáô0¯˜zƒ | ­ó\bxƒ6k—¸ | p: ‹ } \u00132ï * ˆ y\u00199y»lòßëj @ ¤\u0017boøù [ ÿ¨ } âò\n6ðmùþ‰, kãc @ \u0011­âù! ×óa¦ö\u000f\u0002\u0011¾êýëð\u0015ô¼ + ûw\u0018 ù­sô\u0015z¤„¼\u0004˜\bå×\u0013 q ú0m4ñ ^ | ±0êú\u0019 2. + ‹†træ©a© { ¸±) ’yîèã\u0003uˆ½¼ún œ\u0019\náµ ‹çrüêtr0®êa©h›ë¬sýí * óùf \\ \u0014¢2 _ x»ƒm0\u0019p„s & °sq2 $ ±ðøpkýⒷ\u0007óöydzbí­Žõýò\b â\u0001ƒvì. , 4\u001a\b¶¥èkßa > \u000e ákm\nöòŽá% ²0öª89ívh\u0003õ\u0007\u0004þæ« _ ߦ7îú œŸ [ þk±) y f” çh iüß / \u0002j\u0015¬ 4é, ½\u0002\nœ # qöfh. yƒ: é # u µ (îóò' 1iàù¾v $ wtˆå\u000fìïãoq”j²\u0000ívî ~ jo žþös¦ù\u0001wz´¾s÷’ò˜8wⓘõã\u000f• ýðô \\ ·x * - ׊ –\u0016v€î‹eŽâöª2h [ œ\u0000; £•oçxâ¡i»¤ ë\u001aŽç ýsãkáù’5¾; 7t‘« $ nýh\u0012ô¢z\u0016 (‡bpùx˜x: øelqê\u001annzigfä5\u000ezî @ s\u0007ýásjçžüõ\u0010掜ƒhðᆆ =. ˆŠø \u0013ê sèç³½q\u0007\u0013 { uñg®1¼i‚ / êlb. áo9\u0000t¸î @ ‹‚ + ‹úa\u001b÷囩ýîba´ñu­o + iþñéàle\bã ôšü¦1 _ ’\u0002´9\u00113ï # òâ¿ð ¤ ,\n. nä $ 4å\u000e¡¥ } «ý | ùz¹ó䆆¥Š£ / & •a—ï / ùv\u0004 ¦c # ì ¶dõt\u0012ëú / çûä\u0005£\u0017‰û < ¤p0æ¨æ\bùgl9œnº÷\u0012 $ õk\u001bûf% è îùcq÷g½¥a ¹ } àá\u0018rï횮 ˜“âq * bä = õ㠇¤®ú¨í•ítðhûæñà±jûô } ô\u0013dã¢\u0018æx |\n¾ h \b»˜¡x†p 6cn÷\u0018váypáa\u0015\u0002 '¦\u0017òg9 >) àt _ s‰šðô£ = ë d—róç\u0007e\u0019á±íc [ Ÿj­ûh: š\u0003Ÿ ‡\u0006‹låšâw $ ïx†ó [ ƒu¯îú: óo > ûïv¬\u0001ibä\u001bøhíúy‡3¹‚šo› } hq\u0003ç ~ \u0018hplãüã ~ yàb% q\u0004ßy\u001a• } ‡\u001b²×ðmcö¥žmü€©ï q ^  ä\u0015á—ãæw å½i\u0017 µ£\bñ¨ &, ôíæ†bc3y€e˜z7o | íŒ\u0005©\u000f | ·¼\u0012 (ñü ðió»k¾Šur\u0011‹üa¡u | ‹ $ (ºl¹‰­\u0006÷›2\u000eür„± - + ¡4¡ ~ ˆf ã‡2e¿ñä \u0000j c? ðð\bøqãï­\u0006w & ·e\u0019ˆ ­d­ðøùf¹u± # êo $ \u0019¡nyúô y†¶úvô虊ga±Žã) ùbadi, m4¬ò\u0004⢒õé _ ø¬€îa j´ / b\u0013 [ ®Ÿ²ê [ ´vóã! 𕜠\u0006\nåø\u0000% \u0015ñi $ ù¿ } ßø = –bcy # ·æ2Œ\u0018n²\u0006åí3k2 ±\u0015†v. m÷§×¶8­÷öêáõ = éj\u0015\u00122\u0015ùw\u000e ñ\u0013dll• é¢û9¾ þ\u001bëà ­ ] \u0019j pâ†d1¾†bë\u0014v\u0018ý´î\u0015 } ü6 < ê‡è! \u0004¿ # lŒñûç³vŠ¸0ö\u0018w¶ ò¤”àê¿ûa + ›\u0014®¾nîmh¬u\u0000og & ó\u000e†² ¢þ¬\u0001×, §6wï׫磪kq”yùá« | îùq\u001bk2\u001apeî 'æŠ)' 0£ø! ÿx9 þcðgo } 1pô«¥\u000fa¤s ;\n\u001añˆþè¹aaeö˜–ýg ~ ì‘çiþ\u0012¥ðû4 * \u0006é µw\u0011j©œå 4bck% 9zu «þh\u0002’£Œ92 / ] ú­‚\u0017æ\u001ax\u000fh [ ô \u000e } ¹þ¿dh¡èç = \\ ãóhúø & { » # ÷ 7“î6cbú16ž\u0005¥\u0015gü‹’ _ cn½\u0006ào€Š×úl€\u0000 [ n\u0019ûcd\u000f\u0011\u0003e¦k% * \u0003€½vå x, ^ í\u0005p \u0007qt\u0018èq±mŒ¶ïàžú\u0003cxa\u0010²–; e«­6x¤õápyìh > * ¥ï ¶m¥7 di\u0019ñmŒ (cýrn5òlrä 4' > \u0013ý% ±õù + †×rcæ냺' ® > [. ïäi, zo. \u0019â⤧\bsðþnæ \\ ä\n­±þïü€\u0018ø% \u00041h •¤“´vx\u0011\u0017öò¤q\u000eî / ”q\u0012é' í\u0007? > sì\u0015ø ] wˆm ä£ ~ â÷\u0010Œò¢ < þ o‚¢\u0010éþôõx†•ã8ù% äú\u0017eù & ÿ; % ‹¸ ~ pæ! p·ž¹ñðð / “\u001bým‚שrênu„ì€\u0012 < ìdkš\u0018\u000e\u0003è‚m†n× & n; ƒ \u001a \u0014 < æ # õäm„µ @ iâ\u001a / ß% y\u0001ùóþ™ü‰•0 ¼p®â, \bà‡g³™°\u0016Ÿ§n í¡ö½¿‹þk ã? îoy\u001aqß * 3pè ~ \u001a = a * áqˆ3 ô # · | 5\ndna was extracted from tissue or blood using the qiagen extraction kit (valencia, ca) following the manufacturer' s protocol. we extracted the dna from toe - pads in a room dedicated to ancient dna labwork. we used the same extraction protocols as for the fresh samples, but added 20 μl of dithiothreitol (dtt, 0. 1 m) to facilitate the digestion of these tissues. we amplified and sequenced four loci, one mitochondrial (nd2), two autosomal (beta - fibrinogen intron - 5, fgb; gapdh intron - 11, gapdh) and one z - linked (brm intron - 15, brm). pcr - amplification was performed using standard protocols, only the annealing temperature varied (54 - 60°c). locations on the chicken genome and primer sequences used are detailed in the additional file\n€ùã£o\u0000\u0006c¼h } ~ ó\u00066þ÷Ÿl¯2 \u000e\u0018“ø²\u000fmé€ç½ûb\u001b™¶»lf¸˜hóîûákü\u0003çé' ß£\u0007h ù ôŽw\u00120§ = ‹²w) yÿø\u00129 = ¯‰a '+ íú™«% »n\u000e\u0004dðº? ® ] å°ã ƒëí\u001a‚á ~ äâ \\ îî\u000eë\u0012— \u000fhp©a _ \u0016¾ævl”‹\u0018oã¬\u0017ï (ý¾ ] @ û\u000fû = _ ˜ïiììçgf딧yq\u0010v7 ñ 3 \b (í¸ã9 (9\u0000õ6èzíø\u0013ß³ b´ $ ^ ö ^ þ & 6èîä # –¿àù ë¼ €\u0004 { (³®¹ \u0014à ~ ƒ»í°arö! § _ r. v·zöæl ãñq\n9˜\u001aû ] ˜µ\u000e¼ _ ý | _ | x„e4 é¹1 ~ t—øo < ‰™åxk. jâñú ] l¸\n\u0003; xævƒ\u0007\u0019öx寂לo\u0004‡\u0018\u000e > \u00051% \u0003a–â¼o“º ‚„d: hy% ñ\u00003yk & ×èaøâò * \bý @ ûôü. 2¼ô (ûßvyîôµ¶) lˆ9‚: \u0000”4ÿ # üŠj¢r / ›\u0007ès‚0•bi ¨ðiú < 2¬\bbi4 u; \u0006ÿ\u0017x! í\u0012u¹« $ ‘‘. ÿ _ èræj\u001aêä < ýäuséâ) ¯q $ µõïész¾ø\u0006? \u0012hëí» | & óœaà®sîöoƒs·­ðzzy®\u0001æfp. róäñµîì \\ §ê4 ee©\u0012 ä†üää ^ vm9·læ3h°l«0nŒgs¦ ^ ¢ý˜d xö\n*' ·–‚¾) 7« (êñ - \u0014 f£· ïફvædš«®eëæ²sså' \u0007“©ïëp\u0017\u0001\u0001\u0001ùŽ¹j‚û­uo›×sð $ Ÿ\u0000\næ5 ^ îxjtŸ™¸ï' ÷\bh\u0007àé \\ pæfo2à0m! á“xß $ \\ \u0000c8 ˆn‘kðº 깛˜ d\u0014½òœåu } v\u0007ô‡úq¯ó | \u0004Šì‰ˆ + ü\u00125™¨ \b \\ (êwðô\u001bñí, g1¬\u0015¢ # m # 4 œ´ „ f ^ eiëgŽkíºñ›ðå _ óº ú z‰g\u0016 $ ã1çëì§õ–ø“dîkak * { [ tgªz { àæ߁ò›ÿ \\ whàmý ð\u0006b @ r«? ] »éøýµ & (©ü\u0016k“\u0017 (ìûá } õ @ ºchäªb! qì\u001b°¬œ¬æôðñ£\u0006ïam áð\u0002¸‰õ\u0011¦ò óíæ5Šäzÿ iðj©ž7; ©Žà˜pfÿuþùlµ±úédè¿®ø\u0001 < ™e9œlû $ ‡ * t\u0018, ­l4j5³x  Ž ^ \u0007\u0005ﺾi + c! ó\u0014ä°\u0017½a\u0019\u0015çw\u0015ey᮪ã\u00181\u000fto | c‹ýbb = \u001a # æg; ñv' \u0012\u0012í û\u0007a¸s„©\u0016 | \u0001ò! àû÷ãùî¢2§\u0013þû ^ { ûÿþ¼÷ @ \u0016) ÿ \u0018b‘™›h) \u001aû»t' (‘ps? ê¾kjs¸v¿Ž? åïes = qy ýòq \u0010eç + t­n @ 8þÿžäëèð­ _ $ »êäñ6\u0019cò8ý¬ ߶–èh¼\n\u0017œ3øº5èaf\u0018v×d\u00152ñŽ ^ °ly˜? f1 { í3ý¯›\u0014lª‰z t }. c\u0003daørè€, e¼\u0017\u0005 < ï6 } ög˜báe«ß: ì2m8\u0019í\u0002csí®§á„´òµ - / ‚yr²4\u001ap # Ÿ - é„i÷‰\u0004é ÷âi | 1§' & ï 6\u000fèxjdýü÷ = bc\u0015öup\u0002j [ haé {, j¢9d’\u001aèãí”÷é @ r¹˜ / ×\u0016ä\u0004y = \u001bၩl\u000f } ãþ\u0006 °\u0010þý‹2¸à óá1³1î\u0016rz”å% €ëñö $ as£ãj§1 } ddö‚ (\u0007 # ‹ƒ } ý, ; ûße¢ { é»h w) lâ\u000f0™è; x5­f\u001a & \u0018’üƒò' µ\u0016öældæaç7Œ7% x\u0012oaã\u001bbcᗠ3 ¬mµõ. æ·t\u0003èvý¼cê\u0012¦ o / c ây\nã\u000f\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 390, 399 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common and abundant over much of its range, although possibly extinct in somalia (del hoyo et al. 2005). trend justification: the population is estimated to be in decline following the possible extinction of the species in somalia (del hoyo et al. 2005) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: phyllastrephus fischeri. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nenglish french online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (urltoken), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nwe found significant biometric differences between the lowland (rabai) and montane (albigula) populations in tanzania. the differences in shape are coupled with discrete differences in the coloration of the underparts. using multi - locus data gathered from 124 individuals, we show that lowland and montane birds form two distinct genetic lineages. the divergence between the two forms occurred between 2. 4 and 3. 1 myrs ago .\nour coalescent analyses suggest that limited gene flow, mostly from the subspecies rabai to albigula, is taking place at three mid - altitude localities, where lowland and montane rainforest directly abut. the extent of this introgression appears to be limited and is likely a consequence of the recent expansion of rabai further inland .\n]. the eastern arc mountains consists of 13 sky islands, which form a chain (ca. 650 km long) of uplifted fault blocks extending from the taita hills in the northeast to the udzungwa mountains in the southwest (figure\n]. at lower elevations (500 - 800 m), the eastern slopes typically sharply grade into savanna or lowland rainforest characteristic of the coastal forests of the littoral plain of africa that runs from somalia to mozambique. the drier western and northwestern slopes typically support deciduous woodland at lower elevations .\ndistribution of phyllastrephus debilis; dots represent our sampling localities (blue: albigula; green, rabai; red, debilis). the painting depicts the typical plumage of p. d. albigula and p. d. rabai / debilis, respectively .\nextensive field research within the eastern arc has taken place over the past 15 years which has led to the description of several new species and the development of novel hypotheses concerning patterns of differentiation among species and populations distributed in east africa [ 4, 8, 9 ]. despite this accumulating body of knowledge, it still remains to be determined to what extent populations inhabiting montane forest interact with populations distributed in adjacent foothills and along a narrow ribbon of lowland forest abutting the coast of eastern africa [ e. g. [ 10, 11 ] ] .\n]). the more common pattern is for polytypic taxa to be distributed as a series of allopatric populations restricted to specific sky islands. three subspecies are currently recognized [\n] and to 2150 m in the west usambara mts. this suggests that the green - headed montane birds represent two separate populations (usambara mts, nguru mts; figure\n) nested inside the geographical range of a more widespread lowland, grey - headed, form. we therefore have to consider the possibility that two ecologically segregated species are involved. however, the existence of some greenish feather edges on the nape and crown of some lowland birds could lead to the alternate interpretation that although gene flow occurs, plumage is under directional selection, with greener plumage being favored in the wetter high - altitude habitats .\n, are generally small (male: weight 14. 2 ± 0. 57 g, wing 68. 3 ± 2. 4 mm, bill 13. 7 ± 0. 82 mm, tail 64. 0 ± 2. 7 mm, tarsus 17. 1 ± 0. 94; female: weight 14. 4 ± 0. 48 g, wing 66. 1 ± 3. 1 mm, bill 13. 5 ± 0. 74 mm, tail 61. 1 ± 3. 7 mm, tarsus 17. 7 ± 0. 69) with a mouse grey crown, pale grey underparts with bright yellow streaks (picric yellow lateral feather edges) contrasting with a very pale grey throat and extensive pale yellow belly. this description also applies to birds from mt. kanga (n = 6), the nguu mts (n = 2) and the uluguru foothills (n = 10; see figure\nspecimens of the montane subspecies albigula from the usambara (n = 6) and nguru mts (n = 11) are generally large (male: weight 17. 8 ± 1. 4 g, wing 73. 5 ± 3. 4 mm, bill 14. 8 ± 0. 57 mm, tail 69. 9 ± 2. 1 mm, tarsus 19. 0 ± 0. 43; female: weight 15. 3 ± 0. 84 g, wing 70. 7 ± 1. 8 mm, bill 14. 0 ± 0. 86 mm, tail 66. 8 ± 3. 3 mm, tarsus 18. 0 ± 0. 47). birds of both sexes from the two montane populations of albigula do not differ significantly from each other in any measured morphometric trait (t - test: male p = 0. 15 - 0. 61, female p = 0. 56 - 0. 97), but do differ from lowland birds, with lowland birds being significantly smaller (rabai vs. albigula, t - test: male all p < 0. 01, female weight p = 0. 94, wing p = 0. 23, bill p = 0. 29, tail p = 0. 04, tarsus p = 0. 47) .\nthe first two principal components (pcs) had eigenvalues greater than one and accounted for 77. 2% of the total variation (factor 1 45. 5% , factor 2 31. 7 %). principal component loadings on pc1 were positive and strongly correlated with weight. loadings on pc2 were positive and strongly correlated with wing - and tail - length; bill - and tarsus - length loaded evenly on both pc1 and pc2. in agreement with the bivariate results above, the scatterplot (additional file 1) suggests that montane populations of debilis (albigula) are separable from lowland populations (rabai) in morphospace, particularly along pc1 (weight and tarsus - length, i. e. indicators of size) .\nin plumage characters, the dark olive - green color of the back of albigula extends to the crown or even upper forehead. however, in some individuals the crown feathers are grey with green lateral edges, giving a streaked appearance. the birds have a distinctive dark grey breast and flanks (gull grey to plumbeous grey, grading to deep grape green on the upper sides) and even the throat and chin are rather grey (pale gull grey, somewhat mottled) leaving only a narrow area on the central belly white. yellow streaks are variably developed but generally weak and there is always a bright yellow axillary patch which, together with the yellow wing - lining, stands out conspicuously. thus, the most prominent plumage difference between the rabai and albigula specimens is in the color of the underparts rather than the crown as traditionally described .\none bird from mt. kanga collected at 900 m (zmuc101292, tissue no. 132719), a locality within the range of lowland rabai, resembles individuals from the adjacent nguru mts (albigula) in plumage and size (male: weight 14. 5 g, wing 76 mm, tail 71 mm). the zmuc specimen (74473) from lindi (southern tanzanian coast, subspecies debilis) we sequenced in this study resembled specimens from lowland populations further north on the tanzanian coast (rabai) in both plumage and size (male: wing 67 mm, bill 13. 7 mm, tail 59 mm, tarsus 17. 2 mm). only one specimen from zimbabwe (debilis) could be compared directly with tanzanian specimens, and differs from the lindi specimen and most of the other rabai specimens only in having a faint greenish tinge on the crown. the description in keith et al. [ 20 ] suggests that plumage and size differences between rabai and debilis are slight .\nin conclusion, there exist significant biometric differences between the lowland (rabai) and montane (albigula) populations in tanzania (our sample size for debilis was too small to allow for a meaningful comparison among lowland taxa). the differences in shape are also coupled with discrete differences in the color of the underparts .\nwe obtained the complete nd2 sequence (1041 bp) for 110 individuals. for some museum samples, we were only able to gather partial sequences. these partial sequences were very similar to the corresponding fragments obtained from individuals collected at the same locality; however, we did not include individuals with partial sequences in our final analyses. all sequences had an open reading frame, with no insertions, deletions or unexpected stop codons .\nwithin p. debilis, 170 sites were variable, delineating 43 haplotypes (hd = 0. 948, π = 0. 05776). results of the macdonald - kreitman test when comparing the p. debilis (n = 110) sequences with two of its closest relatives indicate no consistent evidence of selection (p. hypochloris p = 0. 18; p. xavieri p = 0. 04), although one comparison is marginally significant. we attribute this to homoplasy as a result of the long divergence time between p. debilis and its closest relatives. further, comparing the two primary clades (albigula versus debilis / rabai see below) with each other indicated that no selection is acting on the mtdna locus within p. debilis (p = 0. 85) .\nboth the maximum likelihood (- ln = 3400. 03) and bayesian inference (harmonic mean - ln = 3714. 18) analyses, performed using a hky + γ model, recovered two primary clades (net sequence divergence 9. 6 %); one clade includes birds collected in the lowland forests of tanzania (\n). birds from the lowland forests are further subdivided into two clades, one restricted to tanzania and one distributed in mozambique / zimbabwe (net sequence divergence: 3. 9 %). we only found three mismatches between subspecies designation and our assignment of individuals to a particular clade. the three se tanzanian individuals we sampled (lindi, litipo and pindiro forests, figures\n50% majority consensus rule tree obtained from the bayesian analyses of nd2. values close to nodes represent bootstrap values (above node; if > 75 %) and bayesian posterior probabilities (below node; if > 0. 95). mean genetic distances among the primary groups are indicated. the haplotype networks were constructed using the statistical parsimony algorithm implemented in tcs .\n). the mozambique / zimbabwe clade is further divided into two subclades (zimbabwe versus coastal mozambique forests) that differ from each other by a minimum of nine substitutions. one individual, collected in vimba (zimbabwe, dm29199), possesses a mtdna haplotype that is nested within the mozambique subclade (beira / mapinhane). the three primary clades (montane, lowland tanzania and mozambique / zimbabwe) could not be connected at the 95% level in the tcs haplotype network (figure\nthe hka test did not detect any evidence of selection between the two autosomal data sets (fib vs. gapdh: χ 2 = 0. 429, p = 0. 51), nor between the autosomal and sex - linked locus (gapdh vs. brm: χ 2 = 0. 181, p = 0. 67; fgb vs. brm: χ 2 = 0. 375, p = 0. 54). these results indicate that none of the nuclear introns we sequenced are under selection, or that the selection regime does not differ among them. selection on introns has recently been highlighted for birds in one locus often used in phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies [ 21, 22 ], but even in such rare cases, selective appears to only act on a very few sites (e. g. 2. 2% in mammals [ 23 ]) .\nwe obtained the complete fgb intron - 5 sequence for 98 individuals (559 bp, 25 snps). the allelic phase of six individuals (debilis: dm29193; rabai: zmuc117618, zmuc119477, zmuc121068, zmuc132719, zmuc132720) could not be resolved at the 0. 75 pp threshold, even when we incorporated partial sequences from museum specimens. these six individuals were excluded from further analyses; this resulted in the loss of eight snps, all only present in one out of 196 possible copies) .\nwe obtained the complete gapdh intron - 11 sequence for 113 individuals (328 bp, 21 snps). one individual (zmuc137398) had a three base pair deletion and another (zmuc137531) had a single base pair insertion. we considered the three base pair deletion to be a single mutational event. eight individuals (albigula: zmuc132956, zmuc132939, zmuc132860; rabai: zmuc117617, zmuc119477, zmuc120028, zmuc121087, zmuc121069) could not be phased at the threshold pp of 0. 75 and were excluded from further analyses (four snps were only found in one out of the 226 copies, one snp was present in two copies but only shared between two excluded individuals). we also excluded the individual which had the autapomorphic deletion of three base pairs due to difficulty in determining the allelic phase. most of the alleles were shared among the different subspecies (additional file 2). yet, the amova indicated significant structuring of genetic variability when partitioned by subspecies (df = 207, ϕ st = 0. 32, p < 0. 001), with most of the molecular variability being found within the three subspecies (among: 32. 2% , within: 67. 8 %) .\nwe obtained complete brm intron - 15 sequences from 104 individuals (66 males, 37 females, 1 unknown; 364 bp, 14 snps). twelve snps remained in the data set (106 individuals, 68 males, 37 females and 1 unknown, which we considered a female) after excluding the single individual (rabai: zmuc132703) that could not be satisfactorily phased. no alleles were shared between albigula and debilis / rabai (additional file 2). amova indicated significant structuring of genetic variability when the dataset was partitioned by subspecies (df = 167, ϕ st = 0. 699, p < 0. 001), with most of the molecular variability being found among the three groups (among: 69. 9% , within: 30. 1 %) .\nanalyses performed on the nuclear data set, revealed two primary genotype clusters (- ln p (d) = 595. 9, k = 2), corresponding to the lowland (\n). five intermediate genotypes, with the lowest probability assignment to one or other clade varying from 0. 19 to 0. 40, were sampled from the east usambara mts (zmuc1200079 and 120135), nguru mts (zmuc132600 and 137531), and on mt. kanga (zmuc134311). all the other individuals were assigned to either the montane or lowland clades with a posterior probability greater than 0. 90. at k = 3, the lowland group is divided in two populations with all individuals being of mixed ancestry (assignment probability to population 2 and 3 between 0. 40 and 0. 60, additional file\n). at k = 4, the pattern is very similar to the one observed at k = 2 and k = 3, but the montane group is now considered to be an admixture of two populations, which roughly correspond to the nguru and usambara populations .\nassignment of individuals to genetic cluster using the structure algorithm for k = 2 (mean loglikelihood across three runs, - ln = 595. 9). the red color corresponds to the individuals sampled in the nguru and usambara mts (albigula). green corresponds to individuals sampled in the tanzanian lowland (rabai) and mozambique / zimbabwe (debilis). evidence for admixture involves five individuals sampled in the nguru mts, usambara mts and on mt kanga .\nmulti - locus network obtained using standardized genetic distances of the three nuclear loci. only individuals that could be sequenced and phased with a posterior probability greater than 0. 75 for all three loci (n = 80) are included .\nthe topology we obtained from the species tree analyses based on the coalescent approach (* beast) and information from the mitochondrial and nuclear loci recovered a pattern where the lowland subspecies (debilis and rabai) are sister to the montane subspecies (albigula), although support for the monophyly of the lowland group is limited (pp = 0. 56) .\nthe analyses performed using the species delimitation rjmcmc algorithm implemented in bpp v2. 0 and a (albigula, (debilis, rabai) ) guide tree indicates that all models visited support at least two lineages: albigula and debilis / rabai (pp = 1. 0); this result was not dependent on the assumption of a large or small effective population size or a shallow or deep divergence as all prior combinations resulted in the same posterior probability. a speciation probability greater than 0. 95 was recovered for the node leading to debilis and rabai in three of the four prior combinations; the prior combination of small effective population size and deep divergence resulted in a speciation probability of 0. 76 for debilis and rabai .\n) is estimated to have occurred about 1. 1 myrs ago (95% hpd: 0. 3 - 2. 3 myrs). the estimates obtained using a strict molecular clock hypothesis and the 6. 1% / myr\nrate were very similar to the dates obtained using the neutral four - fold mutation rate and the 95% hpd were largely overlapping. in contrast, the divergence times obtained using the traditional 2. 1% / myr\nmedian estimate of the tmrca (in million years before present) for the mtdna data set .\nthe sbp and gard algorithms did not detect any evidence of recombination in the three nuclear loci. hence we used the complete sequence for the ima analyses. appropriate mixing and satisfactory effective sampled sizes were achieved using 12 chains and a geometric heating scheme (g1 = 0. 15 and g2 = 0. 70) for all parameters except\n), where a non - zero probability tail was observed. hence, for\n, we considered the highest point of the posterior distribution to be the most reliable estimate .\nvalues represent the mean of the distribution and the 90% hpd confidence interval .\nthe posterior distribution of the parameter t possesses a non - zero probability distribution when t increases; the value represents the highest posterior estimate. for this reason we do not discuss the t value from the isolation with migration analyses in the text. the estimates for the t parameters are given in million years before present .\nfor the comparison between the montane populations of albigula from the usambara and nguru mts, some models that assume no gene flow could not be rejected (2llr = 6. 7102, df = 3, ns) .\nfor the comparison between the tanzanian lowland and montane clades (rabai versus albigula), all models that assume no gene flow and asymmetrical gene flow, and all models that assume equal effective population sizes in the two extant lineages were strongly rejected (all p < 0. 001). to determine if gene flow between rabai and albigula was primarily occurring on mt. kanga as suggested by the structure assignments and morphological data, we conducted a separate ima analysis with the individuals from mt. kanga excluded. with birds from mt. kanga excluded we could no longer reject zero gene flow taking place between rabai and albigula (with birds from kanga 2llr = 32. 6935, df = 2, p < 0. 001; without birds from kanga 2llr = 4. 0783, df = 2, ns). this result is consistent with secondary contact and apparent introgression occurring at mid - altitude on mt. kanga .\nfor the comparison between the lowland populations from mozambique / zimbabwe (debilis) and tanzania (rabai), models that assume equal population sizes (both present and past) were all rejected (least significant p - value, 2llr = 4. 5165, df = 1, p = 0. 03). models that assume no gene flow were all rejected, although one was only marginally rejected (2llr = 8. 8385, df = 3, p = 0. 03). hence, we are unable to decisively exclude the possibility that zero gene flow is occurring between mozambique / zimbabwe and the tanzanian lowland populations .\nthe coalescent analyses between the tanzanian montane clade (albigula) and the mozambique / zimbabwe lowland clade (debilis) was not performed because one of the ima assumptions, that is, no gene flow is occurring with an unsampled lineage (geographically intermediate rabai in our case), was not satisfied .\nthe highest posterior estimate for the divergence times between populations pairs were very similar or identical to the tmrca we obtained using the mitochondrial data set and the neutral four - fold and 6. 1% / myr\n) localities could primarily be separated by the level of seasonality. the first two axes explain 92. 7% of the variability (pca axis 1: 64. 3% , pca axis 2: 28. 4 %). sites from the usambara mts appear to be very heterogeneous in their distribution (figure\nare in geographical proximity to each other (on the altitudinal gradient) and appear to have reduced seasonality, suggesting that this climatic variable may provide a key environmental context under which gene flow among the two lineages may take place .\nbiplot of the first two components of the bioclimatic variables extracted from our sampling locality co - ordinates. note the rather disparate environmental conditions for the albigula sampling points. all sites where gene flow was recorded (e. g. mt. kanga) are characterized by reduced seasonality (variable 4) .\n) represent a distinct clade in the molecular analysis and are also readily distinguishable by their grey underparts. in addition ,\nindividuals do have some greenish streaks on the nape and crown. birds of the\nclade are found in foothill forests at a few hundred meters elevation in the east usambara mts, in the tanzanian coastal lowlands, as well as on mt. kanga (common to 900 m), which rises steeply from the lowlands and is only 10 km to the east of the nguru mts, where\n). our structure analyses revealed that gene flow or introgression has occurred at three localities: on mt. kanga, in the foothills forests of the east usambara mts (amani and mazumbai) and in the nguru mts. however, mt. kanga is at present the only locality where we have sampled an individual with a genotype / phenotype mismatch and excluding individuals from this locality from the isolation with migration analyses had strong impact on the conclusion concerning gene flow between\ngiven that the two lineages are well differentiated genetically and morphologically, we do not regard limited gene flow at 1 - 3 localities of intermediate habitat as a sufficient reason to reject species rank for the montane clade. indeed, hybridization and introgression between' good species' is common, especially for neutral loci and does not preclude them from being genetically distinct. (e. g. [ 28, 29 ]). hence, based on the molecular, morphological and altitudinal distribution patterns, we suggest that the taxa albigula and debilis (including rabai) be considered distinct species .\nthe nguru and usambara mts are separated by a substantial 100 - 160 km lowland gap of dry savannah. as these two sky islands hold the only two populations of albigula, it is important to know if gene flow is occurring between the two populations. our coalescent - based analyses could not exclude the hypothesis of zero gene flow between the two populations. our result is consistent with phylogeographic studies of other eastern arc mountain birds where the usambara - nguru gap has consistently been recovered as the major phylogeographic break among clades [ e. g. [ 4, 8, 30, 31 ] ] .\nbirds from lindi district, located on the coast in se tanzania are more closely related to the northern tanzanian - kenyan lowland populations, than to the central mozambique and zimbabwe populations, as traditionally thought. the coastal zone of northern mozambique is fairly dry, and there may be a significant gap in the distribution of this species. recent surveys (2009) in ne mozambique did not detect the species (j. fuchs and j - m pons, unpubl. )\n) diverged about 1 mya, using the neutral four - fold rate and 6% / myr clocks, or 2. 8 mya using the more conventional 2% / myr mitochondrial clock. the divergence time obtained using the four - fold degenerated rate and 6% / myr rate corresponds to a peak of aridification in africa, a consequence of glaciation at higher latitudes [\nthe pattern of disjunct populations distributed in lowland tanzania and zimbabwe / mozambique has been observed for some other vertebrate species, although zimbabwe is often not sampled for species associated with densely wooded habitats. moodley and bruford [ 37 ] found some differentiation of populations of bushbuck (tragelaphus scriptus) in this region, with diverged about 200 000 years ago .\nour morphometric data was drawn from 29 specimens deposited in the zoological museum, university of copenhagen, as well as from notes on an additional 61 specimens deposited at other institutions (field museum, national museum of natural history, national museums of kenya, and museum alexander könig). all morphological measurements and the scoring of plumage patterns were undertaken by j. fjeldså: wing - length (flattened - chord, from carpal joint to tip of the longest primary feather) was measured to the nearest 0. 1 mm using a wing - rule; weight was measured using a pesola spring scale to the nearest 0. 1 g; bill - length (from the bill tip to the base of the exposed bill on the skull), tail - length (from the insertion point on the pygostyle to the tip of the longest feather) and tarsus - length were measured using vernier calipers to the nearest 0. 1 mm. plumage colors were matched to known color standards [ 38 ] to objectively define colors across specimens .\nmorphological measurements were log - transformed (log x + 1) to reduce variance between characters. differences in univariate measures between taxa were tested using paired t - tests. principal component analysis (pca) was used to summarize morphological variation. pca was performed on individuals and only principal components (pcs) with eigenvalues greater than one were extracted. the factor matrix was rotated using the varimax method to optimize variable loadings. the resulting rotated factor matrix was used to determine which of the original variables were most highly correlated with the pcs .\nwe sexed individuals with the primer pair p2 / p8 using the protocol described in griffiths et al. [ 39 ]; sex was deduced based on the number of bands (two for females and one for male). for the museum specimens, sex was inferred from the specimen labels. we could not obtain any pcr - product using the p2 / p8 primer pair for 14 individuals that were homozygous at the z - linked locus we sequenced (brm). for these 14 individuals, we aimed to pcr - amplify and sequence three further z - linked loci (chdz, aco1, spin1, [ 40 ]). our success with pcr - amplification was variable; we considered an individual to be a female if no heterozygous position was detected in at least two loci (minimum length of z - linked data: 834 bp, maximum length of z - linked data: 2849 bp) .\nmolecular phylogenies were estimated using maximum likelihood and bayesian inference, as implemented in phyml 3. 0 [\n]. two analyses of four metropolis - coupled mcmc chains (one cold and three heated) were run for ten million iterations with trees sampled every 100 iterations. the number of iterations discarded before the posterior probabilities were calculated varied among analyses. we checked that the potential scale reduction factor (psrf) approached 1. 0 for all parameters and that the average standard deviation of split frequencies converged towards zero. we also used tracer v1. 5 [\n] to ascertain whether our sampling of the posterior distribution had reached a sufficient effective sample size (ess) for meaningful parameter estimation. we made use of sequences of\n]. the stop codon was excluded from the analyses, leaving a total of 1038 bp for 110 tiny greenbuls. we used sequences of\nwe used phase v2. 1. 1 [ 48 ] to infer the alleles for each nuclear locus. three runs, using different seed values, were performed and results were compared across runs. we used the recombination model and ran the iterations of the final run 10 times longer than for the other runs. we used a threshold of 0. 75 to consider a snp to be satisfactorily phased [ 49 ] and individuals that did not satisfy this threshold were removed from further analysis .\n] to reconstruct a 95% statistical parsimony network. overall genetic structure of populations was investigated with an analysis of molecular variance (amova, 1000 permutations) using pairwise distances (ϕ\n], as implemented in dnasp 5. 0, to detect signatures of demographic change. the significance of the r\nstatistic was assessed using 1000 coalescent simulations. we also used bayesian skyline plots [\nlineages to estimate more complex scenarios of population dynamics. this method is independent of\ndefined demographic models and tree reconstructions, and is thus suitable for taxa with complicated population history. analyses were run in b\n] using the hky model and a strict molecular clock. the mcmc simulations were run for 20\niterations, with genealogies and model parameters being sampled every 1000 iterations. the bayesian skyline plots (bsps) were visualized in tracer v. 1. 5 [\n] to infer how many populations could be distinguished based on the three nuclear loci. we only included individuals (\n= 80) for which: 1) all three nuclear loci could be satisfactorily phased, and 2) sequences of the three nuclear loci were available. we compared the optimal number of populations estimated by structure and the probability of each individual being assigned to each population across analyses. we assumed an admixture model with correlated allele frequencies and let alpha vary among populations. we ran 2 * 10\niterations) from k = 1 to k = 5. the number of clusters (populations) was estimated using δk [\n). species tree approaches implement the coalescent to estimate a species tree based on the individual gene trees; this approach has been shown to outperform the traditional concatenation approaches in that incomplete lineage sorting is explicitly taken into account. we defined each subspecies as a' species'. we used all individuals for which full phase information was available and assumed a strict molecular clock model for all loci and made used of the best - fit model for each partition, as determined with dt _ m\n]. thus, each locus had its own model and clock rate specified. we ran the mcmc chains for 100 million iterations .\nanalyses, multi - locus network and species tree analyses. the method implemented in bpp v2. 0 accommodates the species phylogeny as well as lineage sorting due to ancestral polymorphism. a speciation probability of 1 on a node indicates that every species delimitation model visited by the reverse - jump mcmc algorithm supports the marginal posterior probability inference that two lineages descend from a particular node as' species'. we consider to speciation probability values greater than 0. 95 as strong - support for the occurrence of a speciation event. a gamma prior was used on the population size parameters (θs) and the age of the root in the species tree (τ\n]: equation 2 ]. we ran the rjmcmc analyses for 500 000 generations with a burn - in period of 10 000 and different starting seeds. we ran each analysis at least twice. we evaluated the influence of the priors on the posterior probabilities by changing the priors for θ and τ0, assuming either small or large ancestral population size with g set to (2, 2000) and (1, 10), respectively, and shallow or deep divergence with g set to (2, 2000) and (1, 10), respectively .\nwe used the markov chain monte carlo method implemented in the program ima [ 69 ] to fit the data to a model that included both isolation and migration. ima estimates six parameters scaled to the neutral mutation rate (μ): θ pop1 (4ne pop1 μ), θ pop 2 (4ne pop2 μ), θ popa (4ne popa μ), t (t / μ, where t is the time since population divergence in years before present), m1 (2 m / θ pop1, where m is the effective number of migrants moving into population 1) and m2 (2 m / θ pop2, where m is the effective number of migrants moving into population 2). we defined inheritance scales to reflect the difference in modes of inheritance among the loci used: 0. 25 for the mtdna locus, 0. 75 for the z - linked locus and 1. 0 for the two autosomal loci. we used an hky model of nucleotide substitution for the mtdna and an infinite - sites model for each of the three nuclear loci. parameters and genealogies were sampled every 100 steps for the 5 and 10 million step runs. to assess convergence we monitored the extent of autocorrelation, parameter trend lines and the effective sample size (ess) throughout the run and we also compared the results between three independent runs .\nwe performed four pairwise comparisons: 1) albigula versus rabai, 2) albigula versus rabai with individuals collected on mt kanga excluded (see results), 3) rabai versus debilis, and 4) albigula nguru versus albigula usambara .\ncurrent bioclimatic data (bioclim variables 1 - 18, 30 arc - seconds resolution = c. 1 × 1 km) were collected from worldclim urltoken and compiled using diva - gis v7. 2 [ 74 ]. the climatic envelope for each of the sampling points was then extracted. we performed a principal component analysis on the 18 bioclimatic parameters extracted from each sampling point using a correlation matrix approach in r 2. 10. 1 [ 75 ]." ]

{ "text": [ "fischer 's greenbul ( phyllastrephus fischeri ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .", "it is found in eastern africa from southern somalia to north-eastern mozambique .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 24 ] }

[ "fischer's greenbul (phyllastrephus fischeri) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, pycnonotidae. it is found in eastern africa from southern somalia to north-eastern mozambique. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland." ]

[ "caterpillar hunter, a ground beetle, feeding on the pupa of another beetle (b. newton, 2002 )\nantennal sensilla of the ground beetle bembidion lampros hbst (coleoptera, carabidae) .\nutility of ground beetle species in field tests of potential nontarget effects of bt crops .\nelectrophysiological responses to salts from antennal chaetoid taste sensilla of the ground beetle pterostichus aethiops .\nground beetle species in heathland fragments in relation to survival, dispersal, and habitat preference .\neffects of pasture improvement and management on the ground beetle and spider communities of upland grasslands .\ntemporal effects of selection logging on ground beetle communities in northern hardwood forests of eastern canada .\npeace in ground beetle larvae: non - aggressive outcome in chlaenius spp. larvae interactions .\nshort - term effect of windthrow disturbance on ground beetle communities: gap and gap size effects .\nenvironmental conditions enhance toxicant effects in larvae of the ground beetle pterostichus oblongopunctatus (coleoptera: carabidae) .\ndistribution and abundance of an exotic ground - beetle (carabidae): a test of community impact .\n/ pmg / ne / predaceous _ ground _ beetle. html revised: april 25, 2014 .\nmating pair of the ground beetle leptoferonia hatchi (harpalinae, pterostichini). photo by kipling will .\n, a somewhat different - looking ground beetle (harpalinae, lebiini) from south asia. photo by\ncomposition and origin of the ground beetle fauna (coleoptera, carabidae). monographiae biologicae: 371–389 .\nbeetles - beetles are insects with two pairs of wings. types commonly found in compost piles include the rove beetle, ground beetle, and feather - winged beetle. the feather - winged beetle feeds on fungal spores. immature grubs feed on decaying vegetables. adult rove and ground beetles prey on snails, slugs, and other small animals .\neffects of post - fire salvage logging on boreal mixed - wood ground beetle assemblages (coleoptera, carabidae) .\ninterspecific competition in ground - beetle assemblages (carabidae): what have we learned? oikos 66: 325–335 .\neffects of clear - cut harvesting on boreal ground - beetle assemblages (coleoptera: carabidae) in western canada .\nup high and down low: molecular systematics and insight into the diversification of the ground beetle genus rhadine leconte .\nresponse of ground beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) field populations to four years of lepidoptera - specific bt corn production .\nif you fear that you are dealing with a ground beetle infestation, contact us today for your cost - free inspection .\nthe ground beetle fauna of ancient and recent woodlands in the lowlands of north - west germany (coleoptera, carabidae) .\ninfluence of sewage sludge and fertilizer on the ground beetle (coloptera: carabidae) fauna of an old - field community .\nground beetles are one of the largest groups of beetles found in north america, with over 2, 200 species there alone, most of which were introduced from europe. while there are countless varieties, many of these beetles look and act similarly. a notable ground beetle nuisance is the common black ground beetle .\nfigure 3. larva of calleida decora (fabricius), a ground beetle. photograph by lyle buss, university of florida .\nthe black ground beetle can grow to be about a half - inch long. it’s body is all black with some dark reddish - brown coloring on its legs and antennae. the black ground beetle also has ridges that run lengthwise across the sides of its body .\nup high and down low: molecular systematics and insight into the diversification of the ground beetle genus rhadine leconte. - pubmed - ncbi\nfigure 1. adult calleida decora (fabricius), a ground beetle. photograph by lyle j. buss, university of florida .\na pest management professional has the education, equipment and skills necessary to effectively address an ground beetle problem. finding and treating the ground beetles can be challenging, especially if they are spread throughout your yard. a pest management professional provides their expertise to identify the pest problem and determine the best possible solution to resolve the ground beetle infestation .\nbeing predators, ground beetle feast on caterpillars, fly maggots, aphids, slugs, and even other beetles. any insect or worm with a soft body is susceptible to being the ground beetle’s next meal, including many pests listed in our pest library that fit that criteria .\nground beetle larvae are also predators, and most species hunt in the same way as the adults, by patrolling at night and hiding during the day, although many ground beetle larvae tend to remain undercover even while hunting: some hunt under fallen leaves, others hunt underground .\nchoate p. m. (2004) ground beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) taxonomy. in: encyclopedia of entomology. springer, dordrecht\nelectrophysiological responses from neurons of antennal taste sensilla in the polyphagous predatory ground beetle pterostichus oblongopunctatus (fabricius 1787) to plant sugars and amino acids .\nanthropogenic transformation of ground beetle assemblages (coleoptera: carabidae) in bialowieza forest, poland: from primeval forests to managed woodlands of various ages .\nmost ground beetles are predators, and are not considered pests. the seedcorn beetle, stenolophus lecontei, is sometimes a minor pest of stored grain .\nplant and carabid beetle species diversity in relation to forest type and structural heterogeneity .\nloss of habitats and changes in the composition of the ground and tiger beetle fauna in four west european countries since 1950 (coleoptera: carabidae, cicindelidae) .\nground beetles are often attracted by the exterior lighting of houses and get inside your home during their quest to reach the light. this can be frustrating if there is a large number of ground beetle getting into your home. other than being a nuisance, ground beetles are harmless and will not cause structural damage .\nground beetles are a very common family of beetle that includes thousands of species. as their name suggests they are found living and invading the surface of the ground. they are mainly a predatory species and help to control the populations of nuisance insects. ground beetles are found living throughout the entire state of missouri .\ndirect lethal effects. the pesticide kills the carabid beetle by contact or direct consumption .\n, t. 1991. sexual dimorphism in the defensive secretion of a carabid beetle .\nlike all beetles, ground beetles have chewing mouthparts and hardened front wings (elytra) that meet in a straight line down the back of the abdomen when closed. ground beetles are often black and shiny, but a few species have bright colors. ground beetles have long, slender legs and antennae, and a head that is narrower than their thorax. ground beetles closely resemble their relatives the tiger beetles (cincindelidae), but tiger beetles can be distinguished by the overlapping sickle - shaped jaws which do not occur on ground beetles. most ground beetles do not climb very well, and tend to be found on or near the ground. typical ground beetle larvae are long and slender with dark coloration .\nthe ground beetle family, carabidae, is one of the largest groups of beetles, with over 1700 species in the united states and several hundred species in kentucky .\npolyphagy, oligophagy and food specialization in ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae) .\nground beetles as indicators of land type diversity in the green mountains of vermont .\nlike all beetles, ground beetles have\ncomplete\nmetamorphosis with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. in most ground beetle species, females lay eggs in soil. upon hatching, larvae feed and grow for 1 - 2 years (in most species) and pupate in small chambers made of soil. many species spend the winter in these chambers, and the adults emerge in spring. most adult ground beetles will live for several years. pictured below are typical ground beetle larvae .\nground beetles are fast walking, long - legged predator beetles with powerful jaws. even the larvae are made for hunting. they are usually black or brown; some have a metallic shine. most ground beetles live in passageways under the ground. above ground, they hunt insects, such as ants, spiders, snails and worms. ground beetles cannot fly because the wings under the wing shields have fused together. more than 400 species of ground beetles are found in the netherlands .\nnotes on the reproductive ecology and description of the preimaginal morphology of elaphrus sugai nakane, the most endangered species of elaphrus fabricius (coleoptera: carabidae) ground beetle worldwide .\nground beetles are a nuisance indoors. they won’t reproduce in houses and can’t cause any structural damage. these insects also don’t bite or sting humans. some homeowners confuse the ground beetle with a cockroach or other household pest, causing problems with control. if ground beetles become a nuisance indoors, homeowners should direct their activities to removing as many of the beetle’s natural habitats as possible, plus sealing up possible entryways leading inside .\ncarabid beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) diversity in the black spruce succession of eastern canada .\n( the beetle photographs on this page are all of members of the genus bembidion. )\nthe ground beetle (carabidae) subfamily harpalinae may display such a signature of rapid diversification. harpalinae is the largest subfamily of carabid beetles and includes about 19, 811 species [\nthe role of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) in monitoring programmes in australia .\nmystery of the missing species: species - abundance distribution of boreal ground - beetles .\nsmall terrestrial ground - beetles of central america (carabidae: bembidiina and anillina) .\ntheir larvae are grub - like in appearance. ground beetle larvae have specialized pincher like mouthparts, six legs, and are black, brown, cream, or tan in color .\ndefensive secretions of the carabid beetle chlaenius cordicollis: chemical components and their geographic patterns of variation .\na male onthophagus vacca, the species of dung beetle being released this week in western australia .\ndo they fly? while ground beetles do not fly, they are very mobile when looking for prey and easily climb trees, bushes, and other items on the ground .\nriddick e. w. (2008) ground beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) feeding ecology. in: capinera j. l. (eds) encyclopedia of entomology. springer, dordrecht\npronouncedly synanthropic, restricted to cultivated ground, even in parks & gardens in the cities .\nother ground beetle types vary slightly in shape and size, but they resemble one another in major aspects. for instance, the carabus is mostly black with a red back and long legs .\nfigure 2. eggs of calleida decora (fabricius), a ground beetle. photograph by shepard, reproduced from mcwhorter et al. by permission of the editor, journal of agricultural entomology .\nfigure 4. pupa of calleida decora (fabricius), a ground beetle. photograph by shepard, reproduced from mcwhorter et al. by permission of the editor, journal of agricultural entomology .\nthese beetles are often found outdoors under leaves, logs, and stones, but can cause problems indoors. ground beetles love moisture and are commonly spotted in woods, fields, and gardens. the ground beetle mates in late summer, then the females lay their eggs in soil. eggs hatch during the winter and the young remain in the ground until spring. the larvae then turn into pupae and reach full maturity once the summer months come around. ground beetles are predators that feast on caterpillars, fly maggots, aphids, slugs, and even other beetles. any insect or worm with a soft body is susceptible to being the ground beetle’s next meal .\nthe stink beetle isn' t so bad. just don' t touch it. - hd video\nboreal carabid - beetle (coleoptera, carabidae) assemblages along the clear - cut originated succession gradient .\nspecies decline - but why? explanations of carabid beetle (coleoptera, carabidae) declines in europe .\nthis variety of beetle does not fly but will climb trees, shrubbery, and other plants when looking for prey. while the ground beetle is at the top of the food chain in some instances, it is not invincible; toads, birds, snakes, shrews, and birds like to eat this beetle. ground beetles normally appear at night, as they are primarily nocturnal, but they are also commonly attracted in large numbers to the lights on the outside of buildings. this is one way that ground beetles may unintentionally sneak inside your home. this can become irritating for homeowners .\nmaddison, d. r. 1985. chromosomal diversity and evolution in the ground beetle genus bembidion and related taxa (coleoptera: carabidae: trechitae). genetica, 66: 93 - 114 .\nmost ground beetles are fast - moving predators that feed on small insects, spiders, and other arthropods. they usually hunt at night by patrolling the ground, and are found in a variety of habitats, including farmland, wooded areas, and lawns. during the day, most ground beetles hide under rocks, logs, and fallen leaves. ground beetles seldom fly. a few beetles in this family, such as the seedcorn beetle (stenolophus lecontei), are herbivores .\nwhere do they live? ground beetles in the family carabidae inhabit most of the united states .\n, c. h. 1969. the ground beetles of canada and alaska, part 6 .\nrestoration ecology meets carabidology: effects of floodplain restitution on ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae) .\nthe effects of forest patch size and matrix type on changes in carabid beetle assemblages in an urbanized landscape .\npopulation ecology of the rare carabid beetle carabus variolosus (coleoptera: carabidae) in north - west germany .\ncanadian food inspection agency, 2005. exotic bark beetle trapping. urltoken (accessed 5 august 2006) .\nvivid metallic ground beetles genus: chlaenius ground beetles in the claenius genus are often called\nvivid metallic ground beetles\nbecause of their vibrant, metallic colors. these beetles are also covered in tiny hairs. they are fairly common in kentucky. the one below was about 15 mm long .\nseveral ground beetle species are phytophagous (feed on plants). of particular interest is “seed predation, ” where plant seeds are not only consumed by ground beetles, but destroyed in the process (as opposed to merely ingesting the seed). it has been suggested that plant feeding (herbivory) and weed seed predation (granivory) is largely underestimated in ground beetles (tooley and brust 2002) .\nusing top quality repellants is a must for you if you are to control the ground beetle infestation. low - quality repellants might make them release their defensive secretions which i itself is a very discomforting experience .\nsize: ground beetles range in size from about 1 / 16 to about 1 - inch long .\nimpacts of experimental habitat fragmentation on ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae) in a boreal spruce forest .\ncompetition, cannibalism and intraguild predation among ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae): a laboratory study .\nassessing the potential for environmental monitoring using ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) with riverside scottish data .\nqualitative and quantitative aspects of the food of ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae): a review .\nde vries hh, den boer pj, van dijk ts. ground beetle species in heathland fragments in relation to survival, dispersal, and habitat preference. oecologia. 1996; 107 (3): 332–42 .\njohnson, p. j. 1979. report on a survey for beller’s ground beetle on the north fork snoqualmie river, king co. wa. report to the us army corps of engineers. 19 pp .\ncitation: hanson hi, palmu e, birkhofer k, smith hg, hedlund k (2016) agricultural land use determines the trait composition of ground beetle communities. plos one 11 (1): e0146329. urltoken\nribera i, doledec s, downie is, foster gn. effect of land disturbance and stress on species traits of ground beetle assemblages. ecology. 2001; 82 (4): 1112–29. wos: 000168135100017 .\nground beetles live and breed in the soil. true to their name, the insects are regularly found on the ground under logs, rocks, wood, leaves, boards, and other debris. ground beetles commonly reside in agricultural zones, such as fruit orchards, and rank as the most frequently encountered type of beetle in the yards and gardens of many canadian provinces. when the pests move indoors, they can often be found hiding in damp basement areas or under objects on the floor. most ground beetles are nocturnal creatures that remain hidden during the day. although they invade buildings from time to time, ground beetles only reproduce outdoors .\ndefensive secretions of the carabid beetle chlaenius cordicollis: chemical components and their geographic patterns of variation. - pubmed - ncbi\nboreal carabid - beetle (coleoptera, carabidae) assemblages in thinned uneven - aged and clear - cut spruce stands .\nusda, 1968. a scolytid beetle (xylosandrus germanus). missouri cooperative economic insect report, 18: 821 .\nusda, 1969. a scolytid beetle (xylosandrus germanus). missouri cooperative economic insect report, 19: 16 .\nusda, 1972. a scolytid beetle (xylosandrus germanus). virginia cooperative economic insect report, 22: 640 .\nusda, 1975. a scolytid beetle (xylosandrus germanus). indiana cooperative economic insect report, 25: 783 .\nusda, 1978. a scolytid beetle (xylosandrus germanus). louisiana cooperative plant pest report, 3: 350 .\ntotal abundances of all ground beetle species used in the analysis displayed separately in emergence tents (et) and unfenced pitfall traps (up) across the grasslands, winter wheat fields and sugar beet fields sampled in year 2011 .\nmartin, r. 2003. final report: analysis species assessment: beller’s ground beetle (agonum belleri). unpublished work, puget sound energy, inc. relicense study t - 4, ferc project no. 2150 .\norkin can provide the right solution to keep ground beetles in their place…out of your home, or business .\neffects of pesticide use and cultivation techniques on ground beetles (col. , carabidae) in cereal fields .\nexternal stimuli in searching for favourable habitat, overwintering sites and refugia of ground beetles: a short review .\na molecular phylogeny shows the single origin of the pyrenean subterranean trechini ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) .\nthe delta dust multi use pest control insecticide is very popular because it is very effective in controlling the ground beetle infestation. a bottle of this insecticide contains 1 lb of chemical which is enough to cover 2000 square feet of area. it is equipped with deltamethrin with has the tendency to repel all kinds of pests including ground beetles .\nsouth africa' s black and white oogpister beetle may not just eat ants for their nourishment. it may also eat them for the formic acid they contain and which the beetle sprays in the face of any animal that comes too close for comfort. no wonder then that a tasty lizard has evolved to look just like the beetle, scaring off the predators .\nas well as many ground - beetles (carabidae), are different again in that the body surface producing the colour is hardened and quite permanent and sculptured into subtly varying shapes that reflect light at different wavelengths - blue, purple, green, bronze, silver and gold. the purple flush on the elytra of the ground - beetle ,\nindirect lethal effects. the carabid beetle feeds on a prey item that has been poisoned by the pesticide and consequently dies .\nwhile my passion is for the genus bembidion and its relatives, i am also interested in beetle diversity as a whole .\ncompare the efficiency of ambrosia beetle collection, and problems associated with the use of a number of different types of trap .\nthis study shows that ground beetle trait composition is affected by agricultural land use, and can also differ between communities of emerging and actively moving ground beetles. in partial agreement with our hypothesis, the average body length of emerging ground beetles was lower in communities of crop fields than in grasslands. previous studies across a range of habitats from coniferous forest to crop fields documented that the average body length of actively moving ground beetles and the proportion of species that are capable of flight were reduced by an increase in land - use intensity [ 12, 27 ]. however, within an agricultural context such patterns do not seem to be valid for the actively moving ground beetles as we show that ground beetles with poor flight ability and with a large body size dominated the communities in crop fields. thus, our study highlights that patterns of ground beetle trait composition observed previously in land - use gradients across natural, semi - natural and agricultural land may not be generalized in the context of managed land - use types of agricultural landscapes .\nhave you heard any myths, legends, or folklore about ground beetles? if so, let us know .\nlovei gl, sunderland kd (1996) ecology and behavior of ground beetles. annu rev entomol 41: 231–256\nmaddison, d. r. 1995. carabidae. ground beetles and tiger beetles. urltoken carabidae. html .\nwe' re working on a ground beetle guide and descriptions of local ground beetle communities. as part of our fieldwork, we have been collecting ground beetles from a variety of columbia county habitats. some specimens are kept to insure proper identification and as documentation for our lists. however, others are id' d and then released. as they make their escape, we take photographs. so far, we have live photographs of about one quarter of the county' s ground beetle species. here' s the list of all the species we' ve found and here is the slideshow of some of our local beetles (please note that the names of the beetles appear as the file name below the image and that the slide advance button is on the lower right of the screen; on some screens one must scroll down in order to see the button .) finally, here' s an article we wrote about beetle - ology .\ncardenas, a. m; buddle, c. m (2007) .\ndistribution and potential range expansion of seven introduced ground beetle species (coleoptera: carabidae) in quebec, canada\n. the coleopterists bulletin 61: 135–142 .\nmost ground beetles do not bite people. some species of ground beetles, like scarites quadriceps, do have large mandibles that might be able to pinch your skin, but this pinch is not very painful and is essentially harmless .\nground beetles are nocturnal, this means that they are most active at night; many species are attracted to lights. during the day ground beetles hide in dark moist areas like under wood piles, logs, rocks, mulch, and in grassy areas. ground beetles are a beneficial species preying upon and feeding on other types of insects and small invertebrate animals. ground beetles are found at their highest numbers in the spring, summer, and early fall .\nas beneficial insects that play an important role in curbing populations of pests and weeds, ground beetles generally only become a problem when they occur in large numbers and move indoors. a typical ground beetle infestation comprises just a handful of the harmless insects. in some cases, however, ground beetles will enter buildings in large numbers and cause panic or alarm, even though the pests do not pose a health threat to people or damage property. certain species are capable of releasing odorous secretions, while other types of ground beetles can be major crop pests that feed on seeds of corn .\n). ambrosia beetles are difficult to control with insecticides because the host tree forms a barrier between the insecticide and the beetle. to be effective, insecticides must either be closely timed with beetle attacks, be applied repeatedly, or have long residual activity (\nthe influence of matrix and edges on species richness patterns of ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae) in habitat islands .\nlorenz w: systematic list of extant ground beetles of the world. 2005, tutzing, germany: w. lorenz\npalmu e, ekroos j, hanson hi, smith hg, hedlund k. landscape - scale crop diversity interacts with local management to determine ground beetle diversity. basic appl ecol. 2014; 15 (3): 241–9. wos: 000338606300006 .\nwhat you can do ground beetles frequently become occasional invaders of homes and other buildings. the best techniques to help prevent problems include habitat reduction and sealing entryways to help keep ground beetles from gaining access to the interior of homes or buildings .\nmost, though not all, species of ground beetle are carnivorous and nocturnal. they will deliberately hunt down any invertebrate they are capable of overpowering, in some cases running down their prey. the tiger beetle (cicindelnae) for instance, is capable of maintaining a speed of five miles per hour (8 kilometers per hour), which makes them one of the fastest land animals on the planet in relation to their size. the tiger beetle is also one of the few diurnal beetles, and therefore is more brightly colored and has larger eyes in order to hunt by sight. another species of ground beetle (known as the promecognathus laevissimus in latin) specializes in hunting the cyanide millipede (harpaphe haydeniana) and has evolved to counter the millipede’s deadly hydrogen cyanide .\nto improve the potential of biological control of agricultural pests, it is fundamental to understand which factors influence the composition of natural enemies in agricultural landscapes [ 1, 2 ]. ground beetle species (carabidae) are abundant predators on agricultural pests such as cereal aphids [ 3, 4 ] and to optimize the contribution of ground beetles to pest control it is essential to identify drivers that shape their community composition [ 5 – 7 ]. agricultural land - use intensity can influence ground beetle species composition [ 8 – 10 ] as land use affects how suitable habitats are in terms of foraging, reproduction and overwintering [ 11 ] .\nchapman jw, reynolds dr, smith ad, riley jr, telfer mg, woiwod ip. mass aerial migration in the carabid beetle\nground beetles are members of a large family of beetles that have more than 2, 000 species found in north america .\nguthrie n. a. , weir, t, and will, k. w. 2010. localised and regional patterns in ground - dwelling beetle assemblages in a semi - tropical arid zone environment. records of the western australian museum supplement 78: 169–184 .\nlight attracts ground beetles to homes. the pests often crawl inside through cracks and gaps in foundations, though open doors or windows also provide entry. since the insects prefer to live outside, homeowners will find most ground beetles in hiding places under :\nwhen ground beetles are disturbed, they will run rapidly and try to escape. and, generally, the ground beetle is considered a beneficial insect. while it can be a nuisance when they occur in large numbers, most species will not cause harm that requires medical attention, aside from some that can bite. in fact, most species prey upon other insects that are much more harmful to ecosystems. the violin beetle is practically grayed camoflouge, and wide and round at the bottom, with a tiny, skinny head .\nbottom - up control of carabid beetle communities in early successional wetlands: mediated by vegetation structure or plant diversity? oecologia 135: 407–413 .\n…beetles now placed in the blister beetle (q. v .) family meloidae were for many years known as the family cantharidae. …\nlekander b, 1968. scandinavian bark beetle larvae. royal college of forestry, sweden, research notes, 4: 1 - 186 .\nground beetles are occasional invaders, they are typically encountered from spring to fall and enter homes most frequently during the middle or end of summer. attracted to light, ground beetles are noticeable when they congregate around well - lit structures, before entering all at once and creating an infestation. since ground beetles do not breed indoors, they leave behind few other signs of an infestation .\n, k. 2000. new defensive chemical data for ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae): interpretations in a phylogenetic framework .\nstork ne (ed) (1990) the role of ground beetles in ecological and environmental studies. intercept, andover, uk\nthe use of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) in conservation assessments of exposed riverine sediment habitats in scotland and northern england .\nosawa s, su z - h, imura y (2004) molecular phylogeny and evolution of carabid ground beetles: springer .\nand related ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae: trechinae: bembidiini: bembidiina). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 63: 533–576 .\nmenalled fd, lee jc, landis da (1999) manipulating carabid beetle abundance alters prey removal rates in corn fields. biocontrol 43: 441–456\nwoodland ground beetles genus: pterostichus, agonum, others ground beetles in the pterostichus, agonum, and related genera are often called\nwoodland ground beetles .\nas their name implies, these beetles are often common in wooded areas, but they are common in other habitats as well, including lawns and crops. most species are shiny, dark - colored, and about 15 mm long .\nshearin, a. f. , s. c. reberg - horton, and e. r. gallandt. 2007. direct effects of tillage on the activity density of ground beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) weed seed predators. environmental entomology 36: 1140 - 1146 .\nbecause ground beetles are so common, there are several web pages devoted to them. visit these sites for great information and pictures :\nthe use of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) and spiders (araneae) as bioindicators of sustainable forest management: a review .\nschmidt, j. & michalik, p. (2017) the ground beetle genus bembidion latreille in baltic amber: review of preserved specimen and first 3d reconstruction of endophallic structures using x - ray microscopy (coleoptera: carabidae: bembidiini). zookeys, 662, 101–126. urltoken\nground beetles often gain access to buildings through cracks, crevices, and other small openings, repairing and sealing these potential entry points will help keep the pests from invading. other ways to prevent a ground beetle infestation include keeping mulch away from the building foundation and either reducing the level of outdoor lighting within the immediate vicinity of the structure or using yellow light bulbs instead of bright white ones. furthermore, the yard should remain free of rocks, stones, wood, boards, leaves, and other debris under which ground beetles typically like to live .\nanderson rl, hoffard wh, 1978. fusarium canker - ambrosia beetle complex on tulip poplar in ohio. plant disease reporter, 62: 751 .\nbuchanan wd, 1940. ambrosia beetle xylosandrus germanus transmits dutch elm disease under controlled conditions. journal of economic entomology, 33: 819 - 820 .\ncitation: homburg k, drees c, gossner mm, rakosy l, vrezec a, assmann t (2013) multiple glacial refugia of the low - dispersal ground beetle carabus irregularis: molecular data support predictions of species distribution models. plos one 8 (4): e61185. urltoken\nin conclusion, our results show that increasing management intensity reduces the average body size of emerging ground beetles and the proportion of mixed feeders. this, in combination with recent results imply that predation rates can be higher in generalist predator communities with individuals of smaller average body size [ 18 ] and suggests that increasing land - use intensity may in fact promote the biological control potential of ground beetles. our results suggest that the dispersal ability of ground beetles enables them to compensate for local management intensities. to predict this dynamic in more detail in order to provide management advice further studies are needed. here we show that grasslands might be of lower importance for the biological control potential by ground beetles. however grasslands are still valuable for the conservation of other ground beetle traits and ecosystem services delivered by arthropods in general [ 61 – 63 ] .\nthis ample body “shield” does a good job of protecting ground beetles from traditional insecticides but they can be controlled when using the right actives .\nhengeveld r (1980) polyphagy, oligophagy and food specialization in ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae). neth j zool 30: 564–584\na natural history of the ground - beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) of north america north of mexico. pensoft, sofia - moscow .\nthe ground - beetles of canada and alaska. opuscula entomologica suppl. 20, 24, 29, 33–35. entomologiska sällskapet, lund .\nthe ground - beetles (carabidae, excl. cicindelinae) of canada and alaska. part 3. opuscula entomologica supplementum xxiv: 201–408 .\nthe ground - beetles (carabidae, excl. cicindelinae) of canada and alaska. part 6. opuscula entomologica supplementum xxv: 1–48 .\nwidely regarded as beneficial insects due to their eating habits, ground beetles are predators which feed on common invertebrate pests such as ants, aphids, caterpillars, maggots, slugs, and worms. some species, such as the caterpillar hunter, focus on a particular food source exclusively, while others are generalist feeders. certain ground beetle species even demonstrate phytophagous tendencies by preying on the seeds, shoots, and pollen of plants rather than feeding on other animals. some ground beetles can eat as much as four times their own body weight in prey on a daily basis .\nwinqvist c, bengtsson j, ockinger e, aavik t, berendse f, clement lw, et al. species' traits influence ground beetle responses to farm and landscape level agricultural intensification in europe. j insect conserv. 2014; 18 (5): 837–46. wos: 000343726300008 .\nas previously stated, ground beetles love pine straw, wood chips, mulch and thatch under which they can create secure nests. these nests will protect them from the elements. but excessive rainfall, heat and cold will drive them to seek better shelter. in the fall, ground beetles will forage from their nest sites to more accommodating locations. residential homes and other structures make perfect winter getaways for hibernating ground beetles .\nbuchanan wd, 1941. experiments with an ambrosia beetle, xylosandrus germanus (bldf .). journal of economic entomology, 34: 367 - 369 .\nschmidt, j. , belousov, i. & michalik, p. (2016a) x - ray microscopy reveals endophallic structures in a new species of the ground beetle genus trechus clairville, 1806 from baltic amber (coleoptera: carabidae: trechini). zookeys, 614, 113– 27. urltoken\nrusch a, bommarco r, chiverton p, oberg s, wallin h, wiktelius s, et al. response of ground beetle (coleoptera, carabidae) communities to changes in agricultural policies in sweden over two decades. agric ecosyst environ. 2013; 176: 63–9. wos: 000322859600007 .\ngomez, r. a. , j. r. reddell, k. w. will, w. moore. 2016. up high and down low: molecular systematics and insight into the diversification of the ground beetle genus rhadine leconte. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 98: 161 - 175 .\ndigweed sc (1993) selection of terrestrial gastropod prey by cychrine and pterostichine ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae). can entomol 125: 463–472\ntheory versus reality: a review on the ecological and population genetic effects of forest fragmentation on wild organisms, with an emphasis on ground beetles .\ndigging out the “digging - in effect” of pitfall traps: influences of depletion and disturbance on catches of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) .\nactivity density, diversity and seasonal dynamics of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) in bt - (mon810) and in isogenic maize fields .\nground beetles within the japanese islands as deduced from mitochondrial nd5 gene sequences (coleoptera, carabidae). molecular biology and evolution 15: 1026–1039 .\nschmidt, j. , hoffmann, h. & michalik, p. (2016b) blind life in the baltic amber forest: description of an eyeless species of the ground beetle genus trechus clairville, 1806 (coleoptera: carabidae: trechini). zootaxa, 4083 (3), 431–443. urltoken\neurhinus festivus (?), copyright andreas kay. weevils are one of the most incredibly diverse of beetle groups, coming in an incredible a ...\nlook for ground beetles and their larvae under rocks, logs, and loose bark. they are common around homes, barns, gardens, field crops, and woodland areas. some species will also crawl or fly to lights at night. a pitfall trap can also be used to capture ground beetles. it can be difficult to get a picture of a ground beetle: as soon as they are exposed to daylight, they often try to escape. often, the best plan is to capture one, place it in a regular refrigerator for about 10 minutes, and then take its picture while it is warming up. during this period, the beetle will move slowly (it will recover quickly though, so you have to be fast with your camera !) .\nassessing the potential role of ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae) as bioindicators in poplar stands, with a newly proposed ecological index (fai) .\nbut, just how fast is fast for a tiger beetle? gilbert compared an ordinary tiger beetle to olympic superstar michael johnson. johnson, the world - record holder, can run 200 meters in 19. 32 seconds, which averages to a speed of 10. 35 meters per second (or 23. 1 mph. )\nphylogeny of all beetles: the beetle tree of life (btol), an nsf atol project, joint with brian farrell, mike whiting, and many others .\nground beetles and global change: first results from ongoing studies on case study species. abstracts of the xiv european carabidologists meeting, westerbork, the netherlands .\nground beetles are considered to be beneficial, however; a large number can cause panic and discomfort. too many ground beetles can cause some issues within the households, and for this, you need to get rid of any food supply for them. they have the tendency to live and survive in any habitat. the only way to restrict them is to remove any hiding spots for them. they tend to hide in dark places which serve to be their perfect winter getaways. numerous insecticides are useful in this regard. to control the ground beetle infestation, you may need to seek expert professional advice from your local extension offices .\neach specific species of ground beetle has their own unique life cycle, but in general ground beetles go through a complete metamorphosis. complete metamorphosis means that they develop over time through 4 life stages - egg, larvae, pupa, and lastly adult. females lay their eggs, the larvae hatch and shed their skins multiple times until they grow big enough to pupate. after a period of time they will emerge and once they become sexually mature are considered to be an adult .\ncommunity - weighted means (cwm ± se) for traits: a) body length, b) flight ability, c) carnivory and d) adult overwintering in the three agricultural land - use types: grasslands, winter wheat and sugar beet fields for emerging (●) and actively moving (○) ground beetle .\nin nature, such stop - and - go chase patterns are unusual, but the tiger beetle is unique. in the midst of hot pursuit, it stops three or four times to reorient itself toward the prey. even after a few stops, the tiger beetle has enough time to overtake its prey during its high - speed pursuit .\n, j. 1963. defense mechanisms of arthropods. xi. the structure, function, and phenolic secretions of the glands of a chordeumoid millipede and a carabid beetle .\nmy research interests are in the processes—both past and present—that influence species distributions and diversification, and how insights into those processes can be used to inform conservation. currently, i am examining the biogeography of ground beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) species within the madrean sky island archipelago of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico as part of the\nlundgren, j. g. 2005. ground beetles as weed control agents: effects of farm management on granivory. american entomology 51: 224 - 226 .\nluff ml. the carabidae (ground beetles) of britain and ireland. 2nd ed. st. albans, uk: royal entomological society; 2007 2007 .\nelectrophysiological responses of the antennal campaniform sensilla to rapid changes in temperature in the ground beetles pterostichus oblongopunctatus and poecilus cupreus (tribe pterostichini) with different ecological preferences .\nground beetles develop and mature by undergoing complete metamorphosis from egg to adult. females typically produce one generation of offspring each year and lay their eggs individually in the soil. a single litter of ground beetles contains 30 to 600 offspring that hatch from the eggs as larvae and usually complete three larval instars before pupating. ground beetles emerge as adults shortly after completing the pupal stage of the life cycle, which occurs in the soil and is rarely witnessed. full development from egg to adulthood can take place within a single season. adult ground beetles typically live for one to four years and are usually most active between the months of april and october .\nweber bc, mcpherson je, 1984. attack on black walnut trees by the ambrosia beetle xylosandrus germanus (coleoptera: scolytidae). forest science, 30: 864 - 870 .\n, m. - c. 2003. a natural history of the ground - beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) of america north of mexico. pensoft, sofia .\nthere are some known predators of ground beetles. these include spiders, toads, ants, lizards, ground - feeding birds, moles and other larger beetles. to avoid being eaten, they are equipped with long legs to run from the danger. they also have very tough elytra to protect their delicate bodies. many of ground beetles also give off a bad - tasting chemical. bombardier beetles have the ability to shoot hot, poisonous chemicals from the glands that they have on their abdomen .\na new method for electrophysiological identification of antennal ph receptor cells in ground beetles: the example of pterostichus aethiops (panzer, 1796) (coleoptera, carabidae) .\nif you are having a beetle pest problem, alliance pest services is your local pest control expert for all you bug and insect pest problems. set up a free home evaluation today .\nthis is what the brood ball represents to the larval dung beetle. hatching from a single egg inside each brood ball, the larva eats its way around the interior of the ball .\nhudson w, mizzell r, 1999. management of asian ambrosia beetle, xylosandrus crassiusculus, in nurseries. proceedings of the southern nursery association research conference, 44: 182 - 185 .\nober k: arboreality and morphological evolution in ground beetles (carabidae: harpalinae): testing the taxon pulse model. evolution. 2003, 57: 1343 - 1358 .\nfound throughout the world, tiger beetles come in a variety of species. more than 100 species of the tiger beetle are found in the united states. a common species, cicindela sexguttata, is a large, metallic - green beetle seen commonly along woodland paths in the spring, said gilbert. the largest variety in size in new york state is cicindela formosa. one variety of tiger beetle, cicindela puritana, which might soon find itself on the endangered species list, lives along the banks of the connecticut river throughout new hampshire, vermont, massachusetts and connecticut .\nkirk, v. m. 1975. biology of stenolophus (= agonoderus) comma, a general beetle of cropland. annals of the entomological society of america 68: 135 - 138 .\n). it is likely that in some cases, spores of fusarium spp. are carried on the cuticle of the dispersing adult beetles. the ambrosia fungus of the beetle, ambrosiella hartigii (\nweber bc, mcpherson je, 1983. life history of the ambrosia beetle xylosandrus germanus (coleoptera: scolytidae). annals of the entomological society of america, 76: 455 - 462 .\nhabitat management also plays a critical role in conserving ground beetles (menalled et al. , 2001). for ground beetles to survive and reproduce, they need a protected place to overwinter, mate, and lay eggs. that habitat should also provide food (arthropods, mollusks, and plant seeds), a favorable microclimate, and shelter from other predators. while cover cropped fields can provide excellent winter cover for ground beetles, the eventual mowing or tillage that occurs may make these environments unsuitable for long - term conservation .\nground beetles prefer bright lights, and this is why you need to change you indoor lights from white to yellow. using white neon lights will help in reducing their presence .\nlang a, filser j, henschel jr (1999) predation by ground beetles and wolf spiders on herbivorous insects in a maize crop. agric, ecosyst environ 72: 189–199\nlindroth ch. ground beetles (carabidae) of fennoscandia: a zoogeographic study: part 1. specific knowledge regarding the species. andover, uk: intercept ltd; 1992 .\napplication of the mean individual biomass (mib) of ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae) to assess the recovery process of the guadiamar green corridor (southern iberian peninsula) .\nweber bc, 1982. the biology of the ambrosia beetle xylosandrus germanus (blandford) (coleoptera: scolytidae) and its effects on black walnut. phd thesis. southern illinois university, carbondale .\nground beetles are very closely related to tiger beetles (family cicindelidae), and most of the beetles in both of these groups are predators (both as larvae and adults) .\nlindroth ch: the ground beetles (carabidae excl. cicindelinae) of canada and alaska. part 5. opusc entomologica. 1968, 33 (suppl): 649 - 1192 .\nmateu, 2002, with a revised molecular phylogeny of ground beetles (coleoptera, carabidae). j of zool syst & evo res. 2005, 43: 284 - 296 .\nfournier, e. , and m. loreau. 2002. foraging activity of the carabid beetle pterostichus melanarius iii. in field margin habitats. agriculture, ecosystems & environment 89: 253 - 259 .\nmckenna dd, farrell bd: tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity. pnas usa. 2006, 103: 1047 - 1051. 10. 1073 / pnas. 0507624103 .\nbouget c, noblecourt t, 2005. short - term development of ambrosia and bark beetle assemblages following a windstorm in french broadleaved temperate forests. journal of applied entomology, 129: 300 - 310 .\njordal bh, normark bb, farrell bd, 2000. evolutionary radiation of an inbreeding haplodiploid beetle lineage (curculionidae, scolytinae). biological journal of the linnaean society, 71: 483 - 499 .\noliver jb, mannion cm, 2001. ambrosia beetle (coleoptera: scolytidae) species attacking chestnut and captured in ethanol - baited traps in middle tennessee. environmental entomology, 30: 909 - 918 .\nthe female of some blister beetles (e. g. , epicauta vittata) deposits masses of eggs either on or in the ground. the triungulin feeds on grasshopper eggs, undergoes a series of molts (periodic shedding of skin), and spends the winter in a pupallike stage. after passing through several more larval stages and a true pupal stage, the adult blister beetle emerges .\nlövei gl, sunderland kd. ecology and behavior of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae). annu rev entomol. 1996; 41: 231–56. wos: a1996tp40300012. pmid: 15012329\nponomarenko ag: new ground beetles (insecta: coleoptera: caraboidea) from the jurassic and cretaceous of asia. paleotonologicheskii zhurnal. 1989, 0 (2): 52 - 63 .\narthropods: japanese beetle (e); black cutworm (l); european corn borer (l); common stalk borer (l); armyworm (l); fall armyworm (l) .\narthropods: japanese beetle (e); black cutworm (l); european corn borer (l); common stock borer (l); armyworm (l); fall armyworm (l) .\nwe thank the following for permission to use copyrighted photographs: the canadian biodiversity information facility (urltoken) for the majority of adult beetle pictures and tom murray (urltoken) for the photograph of poecilus chalcites .\noliver jb, hale fa, youssef nn, halcomb m, 2005. management strategies for asian ambrosia beetle in commercial nurseries. proceedings of the southern nursery association research conference, 49: 205 - 209 .\nschneider i, farrier mh, 1969. new hosts, distribution, and biological notes on an imported ambrosia beetle, xylosandrus germanus (coleoptera: scolytidae). canadian entomologist, 101: 412 - 415 .\nmost of the adult ground beetles have shiny metallic or black colors and are equipped with tough elytra. due to these heavy elytra, they are unable to fly, and this makes them the ultimate soil - dwelling predators. all carabid beetles, excluding the flanged bombardier beetles, are equipped with a groove on their foreleg tibiae which bears a hair comb. they usually have long legs and can run fast. ground beetle larvae which are also known as carabid larvae are hairy and have long legs. the adults are not equipped with ferocious physiques, but they certainly built for speed." ]

{ "text": [ "ground beetles are a large , cosmopolitan family of beetles , carabidae , with more than 40,000 species worldwide , around 2,000 of which are found in north america and 2,700 in europe .", "it is one of the ten largest animal families , as of 2015 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 2 ] }

[ "ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in north america and 2,700 in europe. it is one of the ten largest animal families, as of 2015." ]

[ "depressaria pteryxiphaga clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 16, pl. 6, f. 3, 4; tl: ten sleep, wyoming\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 118; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pl. 5, f. 9; [ nacl ], # 938; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria genistella walsingham, 1903; ent. mon. mag. 39: 266\ndepressaria radiosquamella walsingham, 1898; ent. mon. mag. 34: 132\ndepressaria hystricella möschler, 1860; wien. ent. monats. 4: 275\ndepressaria subalbipunctella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 78\ndepressaria irregularis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1090\ndepressaria krasnowodskella hannemann, 1953; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 29: 314\ndepressaria kollari zeller, 1854; linn. ent. 9: 336; tl: sidney\ndepressaria bupleurella heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. scweitz. (2) 3: 171\ndepressaria beckmanni heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. scweitz. (2) 3: 179\ndepressaria nemolella svensson, 1982; ent. scand. 13 (3): 293; tl: sweden\ndepressaria ivinskisi lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria hannemanniana lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria rjabovi lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria zelleri staudinger, 1880; horae soc. ent. ross. 15 (2 - 3): 300\ndepressaria assalella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 343; tl: gafsa\ndepressaria chlorothorax meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 392; tl: palestine, nazareth\ndepressaria compactella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 133\ndepressaria niphosyrphas meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (5): 120; tl: s. ussuri\ndepressaria saharae tabelli buchner, 2017; zookeys 684: 143; tl: canary is. , tenerife, guimar\ndepressaria aurantiella tutt, 1893; ent. rec. j. var. 4: 241; tl: deal\ndepressaria lacticapitella klimesch, 1942; zs. wiener entver. 27: 148, pl. 12, f. 1\ndepressaria pentheri rebel, 1904; ann. mus. wien 19: 360, pl. 5, f. 26\ndepressaria basicostata matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1089; tl: japan, sapporo\ndepressaria artemisiella mcdunnough, 1927; can. ent. 59: 271; tl: seton l. , british columbia\ndepressaria discipunctella var. helladicella rebel, 1906; berl. ent. z. 50 (3 / 4): 311\ndepressaria fuscipedella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 343; tl: frenda, oran\ndepressaria leptotaeniae clarke, 1933; can. ent. 65: 87, pl. 4; tl: pullman, washington\ndepressaria hofmanni stainton, 1861; nat. hist. br. tineina 6: 176, pl. 5, f. 2\ndepressaria pyrenaella sumpich, 2013; ent. rec. j. var. 125 (3): (114 - 118 )\ndepressaria taciturna meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 166; tl: simla\ndepressaria clausulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 74; tl: ngqeleni, west pondoland\ndepressaria colossella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 133; tl: tjutjuje\ndepressaria saharae gaston & vives, 2017; arquivos ent. 17: 352; tl: spain, burgos, la vid, 850m\ndepressaria floridella mann, 1864; wien. ent. mon. 8 (6): 186, pl. 4, f. 14\ndepressaria basicostata; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 31, pl. 1, f. 1; [ nhm card ]\ndepressaria panurga meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 289; tl: cape colony, knysna\ndepressaria prospicua meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 249; tl: cape colony, capetown\ndepressaria reticulatella bruand, 1851; mém. soc. doubs 3 (3, livr. 5 - 6): 39; tl: france\ndepressaria orthobathra meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 31; tl: natal, umkomaas; zululand, nkwaleni\ndepressaria indecorella rebel, 1917; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 67 (s. b .): 25; tl: orenburg\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna); buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria juliella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 91; tl: pecos, new mexico\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) hystricella; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 11\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) taciturna; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) nomia; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) irregularis; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria sp. b; mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 40 (modoc co. , ca )\ndepressaria ultimella stainton, 1849; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 5: 166, pl. 17, f. 6; tl: lewes\ndepressaria cinderella corley, 2002; nota lepid. 24 (4): 29; tl: portugal, alto alentejo, serra de são mamede, minhota, 650m\ndepressaria cervicella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (64): 130, (53) f. 431 - 432\ndepressaria despoliatella erschoff, 1874; in fedschenko, travels in turkestan. 2 (5): 101, pl. 6, f. 113; tl: maracanda\ndepressaria rhodoscelis meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 288; tl: cape colony, gt. winthoek, 4500ft\ndepressaria (depressariini); hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57, 9; [ nacl ], 12; [ fe ]\ndepressaria multifidae clarke, 1933; can. ent. 65: 85, pl. 4; tl: snake r. , whitman co. , opposite clarkston, washington\ndepressaria macrotrichella rebel, 1917; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 67 (s. b .): 26; tl: schahkuh, n. iran\ndepressaria villosae corley & buchner, 2018; ent. rec. j. var. 130: 105; tl: portugal, trás - os - montes, parâmio, vilarinho, 780m\ndepressaria nomia butler, 1879; ill. typical spec. lep. het. colln br. mus. 3: 82, pl. 60, f. 13; tl: yokohama\ndepressaria atrostrigella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 168, pl. 35, f. 194; tl: aweme, manitoba\ndepressaria palousella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 171, pl. 48, f. 284; tl: pullmann, washington\ndepressaria constancei clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 5, f. 2, 9; tl: yreka, siskiyou co. , california\ndepressaria betina clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 9, f. 3, 10; tl: gilmer, klickitat co. , washington\ndepressaria moya clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 13, f. 4, 11; tl: hornbrook, siskiyou co. , california\ndepressaria kailai lvovsky, 2009; zoosyst. rossica 18 (1): 70; tl: kazakhstan, 43°24' n 75°02' e, dzhambul prov. , 70km nne of frunze, 950m\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) bayindirensis buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018; centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 11; tl: turkey, izmir, bayindir\ndepressaria besma clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 14, f. 5, 12; tl: fort lewis, pierce co. , washington\ndepressaria armata clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 19, pl. 6, f. 5; tl: slate peak, whatcom co. , washington, 6500'\ndepressaria f. / sp. ? albiocellata staudinger, 1871; horae soc. ent. ross. 7 (1870): 247, pl. 3, f. 8; tl: greece\ndepressaria schellbachi clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 10, f. 6, 13; tl: sshohone point, grand canyon, arizon, 7050'\ndepressaria angelicivora clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 15, pl. 6, f. 1 - 2; tl: macdonald pass, 15 mi w of helena, montana, 6100'\ndepressaria eleanorae clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 178, pl. 38, f. 204, pl. 47, f. 279; tl: hymers, ontario\ndepressaria artemisiella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67, pl. 4, f. 35; [ nacl ], # 927; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria cinereocostella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63, pl. 4, f. 6 - 11; [ nacl ], # 921; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 185, pl. 37, f. 201, pl. 48, f. 285; tl: yakima, yakima co. , washington\ndepressaria sp. a; mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39 (park co. , wy, lemhi co. , ca, alpine co. , ca, modoc co. , ca )\ndepressaria togata; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 11 - 12, 15; [ nacl ], # 939; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria alienella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 12; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 926; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 182, pl. 36, f. 200, pl. 48, f. 286; tl: snake r. , whitman co. , wahsington, opposite clarkston\ndepressaria angustati clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 189, pl. 36, f. 198, pl. 48, f. 287; tl: skyline ridge, mt baker distr. , whatcom co. , washington, 6200'\ndepressaria atrostrigella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 20; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 62, pl. 4, f. 2; [ nacl ], # 918; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria schellbachi; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 125; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 38; [ nacl ], # 931; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angelicivora; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 39; [ nacl ], # 932; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 148; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 71, pl. 5, f. 4; [ nacl ], # 934; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria moya; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 95; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, pl. 5, f. 8; [ nacl ], # 936; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria besma; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 23; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pl. 5, f. 10; [ nacl ], # 937; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria armata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 18; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 14; [ nacl ], # 940; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angustati; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 13; [ nacl ], # 941; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria juliella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65, pl. 4, f. 14 - 17; [ nacl ], # 923; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria eleanorae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 50; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66, pl. 4, f. 21 - 22; [ nacl ], # 925; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria constancei; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 38; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67, pl. 4, f. 28 - 31; [ nacl ], # 928; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, pl. 4, f. 36 - 37; [ nacl ], # 930; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria leptotaeniae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 81; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 40 - 41; [ nacl ], # 933; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria multifidae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 95; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, pl. 5, f. 5 - 7; [ nacl ], # 935; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria betina; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, pl. 4, f. 23, 32 - 34; [ nacl ], # 929; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1974. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 6. 2, p. 74; pl. 5. 9. order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57; [ nacl ], 12; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ afromoths ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57; [ nacl ], 12; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\neu, ..., nova scotia, s. canada, british columbia - arizona, washington. see [ maps ]\n=; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184; [ fe ]\n=; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184\nlarva on heracleum lanatum, pastinaca sativa hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65 mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\ncanary is. , france, ausria, s. germany, .... see [ maps ]\neu, ..., washington, british columbia, montana, sw. manitoba. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63; [ nacl ], # 919; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia drancunculoides hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63\nmorocco, tunisia, spain, hungary, sicily, dalmatia, asia minor, palestine, .... see [ maps ]\nmarcella marcidella walsingham, 1907; ent. mon. mag. 43: 215\nlarva on (for prangosella) prangos ferulacea walsingham, 1903, ent. mon. mag. 39: 268\nlibya, eu, caucasus, ..., mongolia. see [ maps ]\nbadiella frustratella rebel, 1936; dt. ent. z. iris 50: 97\nhungary, balkans, greece, sweu, asia minor, palestine. see [ maps ]\nlarva on pimpinella villosa corley & buchner, 2018, ent. rec. j. var. 130: 105\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65; [ nacl ], # 924; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 924; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on cicuta douglasi hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66, oenanthe sarmentosa mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nswitzerland, dalmatia, balkans, sicily, .... see [ maps ]\nthoracella müller - rutz, 1922 ²; mitt. schweiz. ent. ges. 13 (5): 237\n603x653 (~ 83kb) russia: moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 9. 5. 2009, photo ©\nsweu, sardinia, sicily, dalmatia, croatia, asia minor, palestine. see [ maps ]\nlarva on conopodium capillifolium corley, 2002, nota lepid. 24 (4): 31\nceu, hungary, dalmatia, austria, ..., =. see [ maps ]\ndanilevskyi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 73\ndjakonovi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 82\nfilipjevi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 80\nillepida hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 461\njugurthella (lucas, 1849) (haemylis); explor. sci. algérie (zool .) 3: 411, pl. 4, f. 10\nkarmeliella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 295\nkasyi hannemann, 1976; dt. ent. z. 23 (4 - 5): 239\nkondarella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nlongipennella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nmanglisiella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 78\nparahofmanni hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 564\npetronoma meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 475\nplatytaeniella hannemann, 1977; dt. ent. z. 24 (1 - 3): 41\nschaidurovi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nsibirella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 80\nspectrocentra meyrick, 1935 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 593\nsubhirtipalpis hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 463\ntabghaella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 294\nvarzobella lvovsky, 1982; ent. obozr. 61 (3): 582\nsw. manitoba, nova scotia - na. georgia, nebraska. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 64; [ nacl ], # 921; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on oxypolis rigidior, sium suave, cicuta maculata, carum carvi, ligusticum scoticum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 64\nwashington, oregon, wyoming, utah, new mexico. see [ maps ]\nlarva on cicuta occidentals hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65, cicuta maculata mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nnova scotia, connecticut, s. canada, british columbia - california, arizona, northwest territories. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 926; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia, achillea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67\nlarva on artemisia hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67\nlarva on lomatium californicum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 78\nlarva on lomatium nudicaule, l. triternatum, l. columbianum, l. dissectum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, lomatium triternatum mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70\nlarva on lomatium macdougalii hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70\nlarva on angelica arguta hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70 mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium dissectum mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39, leptotaenia multifida ?\nlarva on pteryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72\nlarva on lomatium columbianum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, lomatium grayi, pteryxia terebinthina var. californica, p. terebinthina var. foeniculacea mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium vaginatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74\nlarva on lomatium utriculatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74\nlarva on preryxia terebinthina hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pteryxia terebinthina var. calcarea mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nmontana, british columbia - arizona, oregon, washington. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75; [ nacl ], # 939; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lomatium ambiguum, lomatium triternatum macrocarpum, perideridia bolanderi, preryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, lomatium togata, brandegei mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium brandegei hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75\nlarva on lomatium angustatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 76\npleurota aragonella seebold, 1899; dt. ent. z. iris 11 (2): 297 (ragonot i. l. )\noecophora pavoniella amary, 1840; eserc. accad. aspir. nat. , napoli 2 (1): 84, pl. 6, f. 1a - b\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nnatürliche familien des thierreichs. aus dem französischen, mit anmerkungen und zusätzen in latreille ,\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 6. 2. gelechioidea, oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus, with a discussion of the nomenclature of a. heracliana (linnaeus )\nexploration scientifique de l' algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842. histoire naturelle des animaux articules (3) insectes\nsp. n. - a confused species from south - western europe (lep. : depressariidae )\nzeller, 1854 die depressarien und einige ihne nahe stehende gattungen linn. ent. 9: 189 - 403, pl. 2 - 3\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "depressaria pteryxiphaga is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by clarke in 1952 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from wyoming and utah .", "the larvae feed on preryxia terebinthina . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8 ] }

[ "depressaria pteryxiphaga is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by clarke in 1952. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from wyoming and utah. the larvae feed on preryxia terebinthina." ]

[ "ten new gammarus species (crustacea: amphipoda: gammaridae) from yunnan - guizhou plateau, china .\nten new gammarus species (crustacea: amphipoda: gammaridae) from yunnan - guizhou plateau, china. - pubmed - ncbi\nhou, z. ; sket, b. (2016). a review of gammaridae (crustacea: amphipoda): the family extent, its evolutionary history, and taxonomic redefinition of genera. zoological journal of the linnean society. 176 (2): 323 - 348. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nty - jour ti - systematics, speciation, and distribution of the subterranean amphipod genus stygonectes (gammaridae) t2 - bulletin - united states national museum. vl - 259 ur - urltoken pb - smithsonian institution press, [ etc. ]; cy - washington: py - 1967 sp - 1 ep - 176 sn - 0096 - 2961 au - holsinger, john r er -\nbeginning date 1974 ending date 1978 series smithsonian contributions to zoology; ; no. 160, 266 note title from title screen (smithsonian, viewed nov. 9, 2009). part ii has title\nsystematics of the subterranean amphipod genus stygobromus (crangonyctidae) .\navailable in another form print version: holsinger, john r. systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus stygobromus (gammaridae )\n@ article { bhlpart70811, title = { systematics, speciation, and distribution of the subterranean amphipod genus stygonectes (gammaridae) }, journal = { bulletin - united states national museum. }, volume = { 259 }, copyright = { not _ in _ copyright }, url = urltoken publisher = { washington: smithsonian institution press, [ etc. ]; 1877 - 1971. }, author = { holsinger, john r }, year = { 1967 }, pages = { 1 - - 176 }, }\nhorton, t. ; lowry, j. ; de broyer, c. ; bellan - santini, d. ; coleman, c. o. ; corbari, l. ; daneliya, m. ; dauvin, j - c. ; fišer, c. ; gasca, r. ; grabowski, m. ; guerra - garcía, j. m. ; hendrycks, e. ; hughes, l. ; jaume, d. ; jazdzewski, k. ; kim, y. - h. ; king, r. ; krapp - schickel, t. ; lecroy, s. ; lörz, a. - n. ; mamos, t. ; senna, a. r. ; serejo, c. ; sket, b. ; souza - filho, j. f. ; tandberg, a. h. ; thomas, j. ; thurston, m. ; vader, w. ; väinölä, r. ; vonk, r. ; white, k. ; zeidler, w. (2018). world amphipoda database. gammaridae leach, 1814. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 101383 on 2018 - 07 - 11\ngenus boeckia grimm in g. o. sars, 1894 accepted as axelboeckia stebbing, 1899 (junior homonym of boeckia brady, 1872 )\nbellan - santini, d. ; costello, m. j. (2001). amphipoda. in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels 50: pp. 295 - 308. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmartin, j. w. , & davis, g. e. (2001). an updated classification of the recent crustacea. science series, 39. natural history museum of los angeles county. los angeles, ca (usa). 124 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncostello, m. j. ; emblow, c. ; white, r. (ed .). (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50. muséum national d' histoire naturelle: paris, france. isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0. 463 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nde broyer, c. ; lowry, j. k. ; jazdzewski, k. & robert, h. (2007). catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda (crustacea) of the southern ocean, with distribution and ecological data. in: de broyer c. (ed .). census of antarctic marine life: synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean. vol. i. bulletin de l' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique, biologie. 77, suppl. 1: 1 - 325. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncollectors / gatherers / shredders / predators – scuds are omnivores and eat just about any organic material they come upon .\nhabitat: scuds mostly occur in shallow regions of both running and still waters .\nmovement: scuds crawl at the bottom or swim in the position on the side or upside down .\nsize: body length of scuds ranges from 5 mm to 20 mm (without antennae) .\nlife cycle: there is no separate larval stage. young look like small adults and become sexually mature after growing and shedding their skin several times .\nintroduction: scuds (or side - swimmers) are freshwater invertebrates belonging to the order amphipoda. the common name side - swimmer comes from the way that these animals swim, as like the name scud, which has its origins in norwegian .\nscuds live at the bottoms of many types and sizes of habitats, where they occur in spaces between the stones, roots, or tangles of vegetation. the most common they are in shallow areas of streams, rivers, ponds, or lakes (in a depths not exceeding one meter). large numbers can be found in habitats, which are small to have fish populations. some species are adapted to live in saline waters, hot springs, or underground waters of caves .\nscuds also lack carapace, but their hard covering of chitin is reinforced by the presence of calcium carbonate in its structure. segmented body is flattened from side to side and divided into three groups: cephalothorax, thorax, and abdomen .\ncephalothorax consists of the head and the first thoracic segment. there are two pairs of antennae (insects have one pair). eyes are sessile cluster of ocelli, in contrast to crayfish, crabs, or shrimps having eyes placed on stalks .\nnext seven segments (each with pair of legs) form the thorax. first and second pairs of legs have enlarged ends, equipped with hinged claws. they are used for grasping food and to assist in crawling or mating. five remaining pairs of legs end with a simple pointed claw .\nabdomen consists of the rear six segments. each abdominal segment has a pair of shorter and simpler appendages for swimming .\negg development, hatching and the first molts take place within the female brood pouch on the underside of thorax. young are released when the female next molts and look like small adults .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n…as those of the family gammarid ae) are mostly scavengers and herbivores that typically burrow into the soft mud of the sea bottom. amphipod gills are partially protected by long coxae, which are ventral extensions of the basal leg segments. amphipods have compound eyes, like crabs and insects; however, the eyes…\namphipod, , any member of the invertebrate order amphipoda (class crustacea) inhabiting all parts of the sea, lakes, rivers, sand beaches, caves, and moist (warm) habitats on many tropical islands. marine amphipods have been found at depths of more than 9, 100 m (30, 000 feet). freshwater and marine…\nmalacostracan, any member of the more than 29, 000 species of the class malacostraca (subphylum crustacea, phylum arthropoda), a widely distributed group of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial invertebrates. lobsters, crabs, hermit crabs, shrimp, and isopods are all malacostracan crustaceans. …\ncrustacean, any member of the subphylum crustacea (phylum arthropoda), a group of invertebrate animals consisting of some 45, 000 species distributed worldwide. crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and wood lice are among the best - known crustaceans, but the group also includes an enormous variety of other…\narthropod, any member of the phylum arthropoda, the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, which includes such familiar forms as lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes, and millipedes. about 84 percent of all known species of animals are members of this phylum. arthropods are…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nerik thuesen set\nimage of palaemon debilis\nas an exemplar on\npalaemon debilis dana, 1852\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nスネナガエビ\nto\npalaemon debilis dana, 1852\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nスジエビ属\nto\npalaemon\n.\nandrew cannizzaro added text to\ncomprehensive description\non\ngammarus desperatus cole, 1981\n.\nandrew cannizzaro added text to\nbrief summary\non\ngammarus desperatus cole, 1981\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nkey laboratory of zoological systematics and evolution, institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china .\nten new species of the genus gammarus are described from yunnan - guizhou plateau, southwest china, including gammarus amabilis sp. nov. , g. citatus sp. nov. , g. echinatus sp. nov. , g. egregius sp. nov. , g. eliquatus sp. nov. , g. hirtellussp. nov. , g. margcomosus sp. nov. , g. rivalis sp. nov. , g. silendus sp. nov. and g. tranquillus sp. nov. four of them are stygobite and with no eyes. detailed illustrations and comparisons with related species are presented. a key to all species from yunnan - guizhou plateau are given .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nwashington: smithsonian institution press, [ etc. ]; 1877 - 1971 .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nignore this text box. it is used to detect spammers. if you enter anything into this text box, your message will not be sent .\nresponsibility john r. holsinger. imprint washington: smithsonian institution, smithsonian institution press, 1974 - 1978. physical description 1 online resource (2 v .): ill. series smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 160. smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 266 .\nincludes bibliographical references (p. v. 1, p. 62 - 63) .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user" ]

{ "text": [ "gammaridae is a family of amphipods .", "in north america they are included among the folk taxonomic category of \" scuds \" , and otherwise gammarids is usually used as a common name .", "they have a wide distribution , centered on eurasia , and are euryhaline as a lineage , inhabiting fresh to marine waters . " ], "topic": [ 2, 19, 13 ] }

[ "gammaridae is a family of amphipods. in north america they are included among the folk taxonomic category of \" scuds \", and otherwise gammarids is usually used as a common name. they have a wide distribution, centered on eurasia, and are euryhaline as a lineage, inhabiting fresh to marine waters." ]

[ "wikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\nnasolo' s shrew tenrec\n.\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - nasolo' s shrew tenrec facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nfacts summary: the nasolo' s shrew tenrec (microgale nasoloi) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area (s): madagascar .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ntraditionally included in the lipotyphla (= insectivora sensu stricto). various molecular studies (madsen et al. , 2001; murphy et al. , 2001 a, b; springer et al. , 1999) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data (asher et al. , 2003; liu et al. , 2001) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles, which stanhope et al. (1998) named afrosoricida. this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids, and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer, 1986. noting that tenrecomorpha butler, 1972 may be a prior, and more explicit name for this clade following simpson’s (1945) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa, bronner et al. (2003) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nnote: this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .\n13, 000 km 2, it is currently known only from four distinct locations in western and southwestern madagascar and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to deforestation through pastoral use and fires .\nit is a scansorial species that is apparently restricted to transitional dry deciduous forests (vohibasia) and dry sclerophyllous montane forest (analavelona; jenkins and goodman 1999). the forest habitat where m. nasoloi was captured in the menabe region is a seasonally dry deciduous habitat and distinctly more mesic than the zombitse - vohibasia zone (soarimalala and goodman 2007). there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit has been recorded from the zombitse - vohibasia national park, the well - protected sacred forest at analavelona, and the kirindy cfpf area. further research is needed into the population numbers, range, habitat and biology, and threats to this species. further information on distribution may suggest the expansion of protected areas .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfollowing simpson (1931), the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of (extinct and extant) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty, even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont, and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times (e. g. broom, 1916). this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use, even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial. molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria, whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans. lipotyphlan monophyly, however, is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data (asher, 1999) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria (asher et al. , 2003) .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nwas captured; further, no sign of this species was found during extensive small mammal surveys in the zone north of the tsiribihina river (soarimalala and goodman 2007) .\nc. michael hogan selected\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nto show in overview on\nhapalemur aureus meier, albignac, peyriéras, rumpler and wright, 1987\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nprolemur simus\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nliopholidophis sexlineatus günther 1882\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nliopholidophis grandidieri mocquard 1904\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\npseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis raxworthy & nussbaum 1994\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nthe solenodon is a mammal found primarily in cuba and hispanola. the species was thought to be extinct until scientists found a few still alive in 2003. solenodons only prefer to come out at night. they eat primarily insects and they are one of the few mammal species that are venomous, delivering a very powerful toxin. symptoms of a solenodon bite are very similar to a snake bite, including swelling and severe pain, lasting several days .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review." ]

{ "text": [ "nasolo 's shrew tenrec ( microgale nasoloi ) is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .", "it is endemic to madagascar .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 23, 0, 24, 17 ] }

[ "nasolo's shrew tenrec (microgale nasoloi) is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae. it is endemic to madagascar. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "the 250 - 300 tarantula hawk species are divided in genera pepsis and hemipepsis .\nthe tarantula hawk wasp is a common desert wasp of the southwest but can be found anywhere the tarantula is found .\nthe tarantula hawk is neither a tarantula nor a hawk—it’s a very big, very mean desert wasp. and of course someone on the internet decided to get stung by one .\ntarantula hawk wasps do not rely on tarantula spiders instead they consume western soapberry trees, mesquite trees, and flowers of milkweeds .\nnew mexico state insect, tarantula hawk wasp (pepsis formosa), from netstate. com\nthe tarantula hawk developed the venom as protection, and causes pain for mammals in particular .\ndetailing the physical features, habits, territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the tarantula hawk .\ngeographic range: the tarantula hawk wasp is found across most of the southwest down into mexico .\nthe tarantula hawk is a diurnal creature that spends the day in search of nectar and fermented fruits .\ndespite the fact that they pack a painful punch, the tarantula hawk is a non - aggressive insect .\none of the most painful stings one can experience comes from new mexico’s state insects, the tarantula hawk .\nthe tarantula hawk became new mexico’s state insect after edgewood elementary school students started a research campaign in 1989 .\ntheir bold coloration and charismatic swagger make tarantula - hawk wasps an entertaining and welcome addition to the texas landscape .\nafter a tense face - off, the tarantula - hawk wasp makes its move: darting under the tarantula and biting a hind leg while using its own hind legs to hold the tarantula’s fangs out of biting range. then, in a bold wrestling move, the tarantula hawk flips the tarantula on its back and delivers the coup de grace: a sting, usually at the base of the first leg (a veritable chink in the tarantula’s armor) that paralyzes the tarantula in seconds .\na closeup of a tarantula hawk wasp and tarantula on display at the orange county vector control district in garden grove. (robert lachman / la times via getty images )\nmale tarantula hawks never hunt tarantulas. during the breeding season, males exhibit a behavior called hill - topping, where they defend small territories on tall treetops and wait for females to pass by. the male tarantula hawk can be quite territorial during this period. after mating, the female tarantula hawk is the one that goes for the tarantula hunt .\ntarantula hawks are large wasps. pepsis thisbe, the most common species of tarantula hawk in the grand canyon, can grow up to 2 inches (5mm) in length .\nonly female tarantula hawk wasps can sting, but its stinger is formidable: as long as 1 / 3 inch long .\nearlier this week, peterson posted an enthralling 15 - minute youtube video documenting his experience getting stung by a tarantula hawk .\nk. the tarantula hawk wasp, scientifically known as pepsis formosa, is adopted as the official insect of new mexico .\ntarantula hawk wasps are insects that entrap tarantulas as nurseries for their young ones. their powerful stingers render the huge tarantula helpless and paralyzed for the rest of its life ...\nthe female tarantula hawk then drags the paralyzed tarantula to her burrow, lays an egg on its body, then covers the burrow. when the egg hatches, the emerging larva feeds on the tarantula, eating it in about a month .\nbiologist and author justin o. schmidt tells the story of getting stung by a tarantula hawk, whose sting is extremely excruciating .\nthis is a tarantula hawk wasp in action. it has already stung this tarantula now it is dragging it back to its brood chamber to lay an egg that will hatch out a larva that will consume this tarantula in this paralyzed state. pretty gruesome stuff kinda makes you feel for the tarantula .\nthe tarantula hawk is a parasitic wasp that uses the spider to feed its young in a macabre scene one expects in a horror story .\nhutchins wrote in a texas parks and wildlife article that the adult tarantula - hawk wasps are mostly docile vegetarians, feeding primarily on nectar .\nthe tarantula hawk wasp preys on its namesake, engaging in a ferocious battle that leads to the spider being paralysed with a highly painful sting .\nthe scariest wasp on the planet is called the “ tarantula hawk ”– a name that sounds more like a super - villain than an insect .\nwhy the tarantula hawk wasp? perhaps one of the main reasons was the interesting way in which the female wasp goes about raising her young .\nif you’ve never heard of the tarantula hawk before, you probably want to keep it that way. for those unfamiliar, the tarantula hawk is a wasp that – no joke – actively hunts tarantulas. tarantula hawks can be found across most parts of the world but you thankfully don’t need to run for cover as they don’t often sting humans unless provoked .\na tarantula hawk is a spider wasp which hunts tarantulas as food for its larvae. tarantula hawks belong to any of the many species in the genera pepsis and hemipepsis in the family pompilidae (spider wasps) .\nbehavior: the tarantula hawk flies low along the ground in search of spiders. it is most active during summer days but does not like extreme heat .\nin the wild, most predators hunt for food, but the female tarantula hawk doesn’t eat its prey. she hunts the victim down to serve as a living host for her larva. over the years of evolution, female tarantula wasps seem to have specialized in the art of hunting tarantulas. she either finds a male tarantula looking for a female or spots one hiding in its burrow. to lure the spider out, the wasp deliberately walks through the webs at the entrance of its burrow. this triggers the trap and the spider plunges out expecting to see an unsuspecting prey but, unfortunately, meets its own predator. the tarantula is quite larger and stronger compared to the tarantula hawk, but even the largest tarantulas maintain a defensive posture when they sense a tarantula hawk buzzing around. when these two formidable predators meet, the battle between them is fierce and exhausting. the female tarantula hawk circles around the tarantula and tries to sting from the back while the tarantula tries to use its strength and speed to bite the wasp. the tarantula hawk carefully stings the spider to paralyze it. the wasp stings the spider multiple times in order to completely subdue its victim. the tarantula spider is then dragged back in its own burrow, where the wasp lays a single egg on its body. afterward, the female tarantula hawk seals off the chamber .\ntarantulas may be the largest and scariest spiders on earth, but in the wild, nature has a match for all. the fierce tarantula meets his match in the form of a wasp known as the tarantula hawk. the tarantula hawk has specialized the hunt on tarantulas; but instead of killing instantly, they like to provide a slow and painful death to the spider ...\nthe new world tarantula - hawk wasp genus pepsis fabricius (hymenoptera: pompilidae). c. r. vardy. 2005. zoologische verhandelingen / zoologische mededelingen .\na tarantula hawk (pepsis formosa) is a spider wasp that typically preys on tarantulas. it is the insect of new mexico that belongs to the members of spider wasp family. the tarantula hawk is the largest central american spider wasp, reaching a length of about 3 inches with a wingspan measuring up to 100 mm .\na crazy episode from brave wilderness shows coyote peterson letting a huge tarantula hawk wasp sting him in the arm. he writhes around on the floor crippled with pain .\nwhat makes the tarantula hawk as intriguing as it is terrifying is that its sting is incredibly painful. so painful, in fact, that a sting from a tarantula hawk is largely considered to be the second most painful sting in the world. now if you’re a human being of even moderate intelligence, you’re obviously going to do everything in your power to stay out of a tarantula hawk’s way. but if your name happens to be coyote peterson, well, you’ve really got no choice but go out into the desert, capture a a tarantula hawk, let it sting you on purpose, and film the entire ordeal for the collective amusement and horror of the masses .\nadult tarantula hawks feed primarily on nectar though the females will actively hunt tarantulas for more nefarious reasons. tarantula hawks can deliver a sting that is very painful to people, but downright paralyzing to tarantulas. once paralyzed, the poor and helpless tarantula is brought back to the tarantula hawk' s burrow. to add more agony to the fate of the unfortunate tarantula, it is usually buried alive (still paralyzed) with some tarantula hawk eggs. the newly hatched larvae will immediately begin to feed on the tarantula until it is consumed. male and female tarantula hawks vary in subtle ways. male antennae are straight and their abdomens are segmented into 7 sections. female antennae are curved and their abdomen has only 6 segments. tarantula hawks take on many shades of black, but the orange wings always contrast with their dark bodies, making it easier to identify them .\ncoyote peterson, who hosts the brave wilderness channel on youtube, carried out the terrifying experiment so the public could see the effects of a tarantula hawk' s venom .\nthis real - life horror story behind the tarantula hawk does not put peterson off, however, as he prepares to carry out the dangerous experiment in tucson, arizona .\nthe tarantula hawk sting can be very painful but it is not actually harmful to humans. no medical attention is required and the effects last for only a few days .\nthen the tarantula’s day gets even worse. the immobilized but still - alive tarantula is carried back to a burrow, where the tarantula - hawk wasp lays a single egg. like a tomb, the burrow is then sealed until the egg hatches, and the wasp larva begins to feast on the living tarantula. although chances for survival are slim, all hope is not lost for the tarantula. in at least one species, if the wasp egg does not hatch, the venom will eventually wear off, allowing the tarantula to make a full recovery .\nbehavior: the tarantula hawk wasp is diurnal, but its prey is nocturnal; so most hunting occurs at dusk. during the day they spend most of their time feeding around flowers. after mating the female will search for a tarantula. this may involve finding a roaming male tarantula or a tarantula' s burrow. the female locates the tarantula burrows by using her sense of smell as she runs around on the ground. when a burrow is found she will sometimes touch the silk around the burrow entrance to entice the tarantula to come out of the burrow. the female must now sting the tarantula between the legs on the underside of the spider. she may use the tarantula' s burrow or drag the paralyzed tarantula to a burrow she has made. she will next deposit eggs on the tarantula. the female may also use the venom in the sting as a defensive weapon .\nthere are hundreds of species of tarantula hawks and their population is distributed worldwide .\nin summer, tarantula hawks become extremely active but they will avoid extreme temperatures .\ntarantula hawks are brilliantly colored, but are predators with an incredibly painful sting .\naside from their behavior toward tarantulas, adult tarantula - hawk wasps are, for the most part, docile vegetarians, feeding primarily on nectar. about 13 of the 250 - plus species of tarantula - hawk wasps occur in texas. body lengths typically measure up to 2 inches, though the largest of the south american species can reach lengths up to 2½ inches .\nthere' s la lechusa and the cucuy, but now san antonio - area parents are warning their kids of an insect with a name scarier than the two — the tarantula hawk .\ntarantula hawk wasps have to drag the sleeping spider – which can be up to eight times their weight – to a burrow, lay an egg on the tarantula and seal up the tunnel. the young wasp devours the tarantula in order to develop into an adult, eating the non - essential organs first to keep it alive for as long as possible .\nthe creature is neither a tarantula, or a hawk, instead it' s an approximately two - inch wasp with a sting university of arizona researcher justin schmidt called\ntraumatically painful .\non monday, april 03, 1989, governor garrey carruthers signed house bill no. 468 declaring the tarantula hawk wasp (pepsis formosa) the official insect of the state of new mexico .\nhas a blue - black body, 6 long legs, a pair of long antannae. and large bright orange wings. it is also known by another name, the tarantula hawk wasp .\ni admire any hunter that specializes in prey larger than itself, particularly if that prey has the substantial defensive weaponry of a tarantula. but the tarantula - hawk wasp takes on the challenge without fear, not only hunting tarantulas at the ground level but also being so bold as to enter occupied tarantula burrows, forcing the spider to the surface for an attack .\ntarantula hawk wasps were chosen as the official state insect of new mexico in 1989. in an effort initiated by edgewood, new mexico, a few elementary school students selected three insects as candidates for the state' s officially declared insect. the tarantula hawk won the election and was designated the title. these wasps are truly fascinating creatures. their unique style and appearance is truly intriguing !\nthe tarantula hawk gets its name from the female' s\nprovisioning of their larvae\ndr. chris nice, a texas state university biology professor said .\nthey capture and paralyze (with\nfifteen species of pepsis are found in the united states, nine of those occur in the desert. as their name suggests, tarantula hawk wasps will be found where ever you can find tarantulas !\na dime shows just how big the colorful tarantula hawk wasp is. the wasp is known for, besides eating tarantulas, its excruciatingly painful sting. photo: paul zahl / national geographic / getty images\nhabitat: the tarantula hawk wasp is found in a variety of desert habitat s such as shrub lands, grasslands, and arroyos. they are often seen around flowers or running around on the ground .\ntarantula hawks have dark blue, iridescent bodies, bright orange wings, and long legs .\nthe pain inflicted by a tarantula hawk’s sting has been rated by dr schmidt as one of the worst in the insect world. he created the schmidt sting pain index as a pain scale of all insect stings .\nroadrunners are one of the few animals that will risk being stung to feed on tarantula hawks .\nthe tarantula hawk is a diurnal creature that spends the day in search of nectar and fermented fruits. however, due to the nocturnal lifestyle of the tarantulas, hunting usually occurs at dusk. the wasps are usually calm and do not attack humans unless their life is in danger. tarantula hawks do not live in colonies like most wasps, ants and bees of the hymenopterans order; instead, they prefer a solitary lifestyle. their capability of strategically luring out and hunting down large tarantulas clearly indicates that the tarantula hawk is quite smart and efficient .\nthe tarantula hawk wasp or tarantula hawk (pepsis formosa) was selected because of an initiative from a classroom in edgewood, nm. an elementary class and their teacher researched states which has selected state insects and then selected three insects for students around the state for which to vote. this species was then selected by the 39th legislature in 1989. a class in alaska became interested in the project and attended the legislative session where the bill was introduced .\ntarantula hawks exist worldwide (mostly in the tropics and southern hemisphere) due to their adaptable nature .\ntarantula hawks are distributed all over the india, southeast asia, america, australia, and africa .\nthe she - wasp has to be careful, because while she' s pretty darn big, the tarantula can be several times bigger than her. and although tarantulas may be harmless to humans, they have massive fangs that could do a number on the wasp. “the tarantula hawk will kind of approach the tarantula, ” says hutchins, “back away, approach, and then go in and actually get in underneath the tarantula and then flip it over, and then sting it. she' s usually looking for a chink in the tarantula' s armor, and that' s often at the joints in the legs. ”\nthe morbid aspect of the hunting technique is that the female does not kill the tarantula, instead paralyzes it. the egg hatches to reveal a hungry larvae, which then begins to suck out all the fluids from the paralyzed and live tarantula. the larvae first sucks out all the fluid, then consumes the entire tarantula body. so the poor tarantula dies a slow, torturous death. talk about morbidity !\necosystem roles: the adults feed on nectar and in the process help pollinate the plants they visit. the female is one of the predat ors of tarantulas. predat ors that can catch them also prey upon the tarantula hawk wasps .\nfirst, the list of nominees was culled by a survey of 532 students within the moriarty school district. the jerusalem cricket, the tarantula hawk wasp, and the yucca moth were selected as the three contenders for a statewide ballot .\ntarantula hawks detect chemical scents in its surroundings as they walk on forest grounds. the insect is also equipped with one centimeter long stingers. the tarantula hawk sting is described as one of the most painful stings of the insect world. only the bullet ants of south and central america are known to have a stronger sting than the tarantula hawk. however, the sting is not dangerous for humans and the pain will fade in a few minutes. the effects of the sting can last for up to a week. generally, tarantula hawk species are blue - black in color with either rusty or black colored wings. there are a few factors that can be used to distinguish the male from the female tarantula hawk. while the antenna is straight in males, it is curved in females. in the abdomen region, males have seven articulating exoskeleton segments, in contrast to the female who has only six. last but not least, male tarantulas have a lifespan of up to 2 months whereas the females live a little longer than that .\ndr. nice, who has studied in costa rica said\ni see tarantula hawks quite commonly throughout our area and the southwest. i’ve seen some really big ones in costa rica .\naccording to a texas parks and wildlife article ,\nabout 13 of the 250 - plus species of tarantula - hawk wasps occur in texas .\nschmidt has described the pain of the tarantula - hawk wasp as “immediate, intense, excruciating, and totally debilitating. the pain is so debilitating and excruciating that few, if any, can maintain normal coordination or cognitive control” if stung .\ntarantula hawks are a tribe of spider wasps belonging to the genera pepsis and hemipepsis. each species of this tribe is specialized in the hunt on different spider species. they are widely known as tarantula hawks because of their capability of hunting down tarantulas. standing at a length of 5 cm, the tarantula hawk can kill even the biggest of all tarantulas, including the goliath bird - eating spider that can have a leg span of up to 30cm .\nthe tarantula hawk also hunts the largest of all tarantulas, the goliath bird - eating spider. these spiders have a leg span of 30 cm and are capable of hunting small birds, but are often subdued by the 5 cm long wasp .\ndespite the sobering warning, humans have little to fear from tarantula - hawk wasps. they don’t show unprovoked aggression toward humans, and in the unfortunate event of a sting, the pain completely subsides after a few minutes, leaving no permanent damage .\nin 1988, her class contacted entomologists and scientists across the state seeking their recomendations for an official state insect. they recieved responses from almost 20 scientists nominating a number of insects they thought deserving of the honor; the assassin bug; the black cactus longhorn beetle; the jerusalem cricket; the pictured grasshopper; the sphinx or hawk moth; the tarantula hawk wasp; and the yucca moth .\npeterson says of the tarantula hawk' s sting:' it' s like being stunned with a taser and they say it puts you in a state of paralysis for up to five minutes and all you can do... is scream' .\nmales are harmless. the tarantula hawk rarely stings unless it is handled or disturbed. because they tend to fly low and hunt along the ground for spiders, a person moving barefoot across a lawn without looking down could get stung by stepping on the wasp .\nthe tarantula hawks in the texas - area, while large, are small compared to south america - area wasps .\nas nectar - eaters female tarantula hawks do not normally need to be aggressive, only using their stings to defend themselves, so the question remains how their ancestors first worked out they had the power to take on a tarantula and win .\nthese wasps require a tarantula to serve as a host or' meal\nfor their larvae. the female wasp will look for a burrow that contains a tarantula and then disturb the webbing around the burrow to coax the tarantula to come out. she stings the tarantula on its underside paralyzing it and drags it down into a burrow. she lays one egg on the paralyzed spider and seals the opening to the burrow. when the egg hatches it eats the still living spider .\ntarantula hawks are diurnal. within the summer months, they are most active during day time. the wasp avoids high temperatures and can be seen flying under the shade of plants and trees. the contrasting orange colored wings may be acting as a strong warning signal for other predators in its habitat; only a very few animals dare to hunt the tarantula hawk. roadrunners are one of the few regular predators known to feed on tarantula hawks, but these wasps form a very small portion of this predators’ diet .\nan adult female will paralyze a tarantula with its stinger, and then transport the spider back to the hawk' s nest. once there, the female lays an egg in the spider' s abdomen, then covers the entrance of the burrow to trap the spider .\nafter mating, the female wasp goes looking for a tarantula for her young one' s feed. she uses her sense of smell to track down tarantulas or their burrows. once she finds her prey' s hideout, she will wheedle the tarantula into coming out of the burrow, by tampering with the tarantula' s silk webbing cast at the burrows entrance. the tarantula is made to believe the web has struck lunch and comes out of the burrow to lap up the meal .\nonce the female wasp manages to finagle the tarantula out of the burrow, she uses her 1 / 3 - inch stinger to nail her prey. the poison from the stinger, when injected into the tarantula causes it to become paralyzed. she then drags her find all the way to her burrow and lays her egg onto the paralyzed tarantula and leaves the burrow .\ni guess the one thing that concerns most people about the tarantula hawk is “can it sting? ”, and as we read above, the answer is most definitely yes! the female spider killer is unquestionably capable of and can give a very vicious sting, but it rarely ever does so. i wouldn’t go so far as to call the tarantula hawk tame but it is fairly passive and rarely stings unless somehow provoked. there have been instances where one has mistakenly landed on a person, and just set there for a short time before moving on .\nonce the egg hatches, the tiny hawk larva pierces and enters the abdomen of the still living paralyzed tarantula. the larva continuously feeds on the still living spider, till it grows into a full - size wasp. amazingly but cruelly, the larva avoids the vital organs of the spider in order to keep it alive for as long as possible. after approximately three weeks, the larva emerges out from the dead tarantula’s body as a fully grown wasp. the mature males and females live for up to 2 months and reproduce as quickly as possible. the tarantula hawk’s lifecycle and their effective method of reproduction, allow the larva to become a fully grown wasp without being eaten by predators .\ni know of only two people who were “voluntarily” stung by tarantula hawks. i say “voluntarily” as both were film actors performing their\nthe adult tarantula hawks grows up to 3 inches (75 mm) with the wingspan measuring 4 inches (100 mm) .\n5. the tarantula hawks in the texas - area, while large, are small compared to south america - area wasps .\noddly, the tarantula hawk isn’t a particularly aggressive insect. generally they buzz around, eating nectar and avoiding humans or other animals. it’s even the state insect of new mexico. the thought of friendly, brightly colored bugs peacefully humming around cacti almost makes up for their horrifying reproductive cycle .\n' i' m on a quest to find the most painful sting in the insect kingdom and the tarantula hawk is definitely the last act,' peterson, who hails from columbus, ohio, announces in the full video version of the challenge, admitting it' s' absolutely crazy' .\n“wasps almost never get killed by a tarantula – at best, maybe one wasp in a hundred is seriously injured or killed. ”\nlarvae feed on tarantula and some other large spiders. adults take nectar, and are particularly fond of milkweed (genus asclepias) .\nsurprisingly, the adult tarantula hawk feeds only on nectar. they do not hunt for food, but can be seen flying from plant to plant in search of nectar. they may consume fermented fruits whenever available; feeding on fermented fruits often gets them intoxicated to a point where they can hardly fly .\nseveral species of the wasps known as\ntarantula hawks\ninhabit the desert lands of the southwest. pepsis formosa and pepsis thisbe are probably the two most common. wasps in the genus hemipepsis are also known as\ntarantula hawks .\nthe species are difficult to distinguish .\nwhile adult tarantula hawks are nectavores and feed on flowers, they get their name because adult females hunt tarantulas as food for their larvae .\nthe famous desert tarantula is one of hollywood' s favorite creatures and has been featured in scary movies, old westerns, and television .\nthe winner? completed ballots were returned by almost 10, 000 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders from 100 new mexico schools. the tarantula hawk wasp was the overwhelming favorite of kids across the state, receiving over 50% of the vote, nearly 6, 000 votes. the yucca moth took second place .\ntarantula hawks have not only worked out how to successfully attack a predatory spider but also to reserve the best meals for their most valuable offspring .\ntarantula hawks are found in every continent except europe and antartica. in the united states, they are found in the deserts of the southwest .\nthe endangered mexican orange - kneed tarantula is protected by international laws so it can remain a part of its natural ecosystem for generations to come .\naccording to a report in the journal of the kansas entomology society, “tarantula hawks produce large quantities of venom and their stings produce immediate, intense, excruciating short term pain in envenomed humans. ” the report adds that “the instantaneous pain of a tarantula hawk sting is the greatest recorded for any stinging insect, ” but “the venom itself lacks meaningful vertebrate toxicity. ” in other words, the wasp’s sting isn’t deadly, but it’s so painful that it’ll make you want to die .\nduring the breeding season, tarantula hawks like to hunt female tarantulas because male tarantulas go little skinny as they continue searching for female to mate with .\nit’s also how the female captures her prey. she’ll fly around and track down a tarantula. she’ll administer a sting, which paralyzes the spider .\nthe tarantula hawk lives in many areas of the world but prefers a more dry arid weather environment. they live mostly in india, africa, southeast asia and both the americas. in the u. s. , they have been seen on the north american west coast in (lakewood) washington state and as far south as argentina .\ntarantula hawk wasps are distributed, right from the rainforest regions to deserts. one can find them all the way from india to southeast asia, africa, australia and america. about 250 species of these wasps, dwell in south america itself! these insects are active during the summer months and are found looking for their prey on the ground .\nif the female wasp encounters a tarantula anywhere on her way, she will subdue it by a rather award - winning style. it' s more like a wrestling match! she grabs hold of the tarantula by the leg and flips it over on the back and then stings it. what a technique! it takes only a few seconds for the poison from the stinger to work its way through the tarantula' s body and render it paralyzed for life .\njustin schmidt from the university of arizona hypothesizes that this confidence has arisen from the female tarantula - hawk wasp’s spectacular ability to inflict pain. schmidt is well qualified to make this claim: as creator of the schmidt sting pain index, he has been stung by more species of pain - inducing invertebrates from around the world than most of us care to think about. on the schmidt sting pain index, tarantula - hawk wasps hold an infamous distinction as one of only three insects to attain the highest possible rating of 4 or “traumatically painful. ” for perspective, the rather aggressive red wasps (polistes carolina and polistes exclamans) that are common throughout much of texas get a 2, merely “painful. ”\nfemale tarantulas are aggressive in that they sting a tarantula and paralyze it, moments later it drags to the underground burrow. they have 7 mm long sting .\naccordingly, there’s not much to stop them when their numbers start climbing, like they are right now in texas. thanks to a strong rainy season, vegetation is doing quite well, and when vegetation does quite well, so do insects. the tarantula hawk is actually a nectar - feeder, not a carnivore, so it’s in fat city these days .\ncalled the tarantula hawk, this insect' s name is accurate and misleading all at the same time. it is actually a wasp, but unlike its better - known cousins, it preys on tarantulas, in much the same way a hawk preys on rodents. it is, in fact, much more dangerous to tarantulas (paralyzing them in order to feed them to their young) than to humans. although the sting of this wasp is said to be the most painful of any insect found in north america, it is not aggressive and rarely stings .\ndespite its misleading name, this insect is in fact a wasp - the largest species of wasp in the us, according to peterson - which hunts tarantulas from up high, just like a hawk .\nthe sting from a tarantula hawk is so painful that the recommended treatment by biologist justin o. schmidt is to simply “ lie down and scream. ” thankfully, the creature doesn’t come in contact with humans too often, though they are common in the southern united states. they generally only sting when provoked, and the pain, while crippling, subsides rather quickly .\ntarantula hawks pepsis spp. (hymenoptera: pompilidae): by noami marquez, erik balderrama, and jessica westin, 2007, university of texas at el paso .\ninterestingly, the female tarantula hawk is a parasite that attacks tarantulas, and is actually quite docile towards humans. it paralyzes the deadly spider, several times its size, with a single sting, and drags it into its den. there, it lays an egg that hatches into a larva and eats up the paralyzed, still alive spider over the course of several weeks .\nthat there is one hell of a head start in life for the kiddo. it’s a striking contrast to the lives of social wasps, which collectively care for their young without encouraging them to devour paralyzed tarantulas. and indeed, this manifests in the wasps’ venom itself. typically, the venom of social wasps tends to be both painful and damaging to tissue, whereas the tarantula hawk’s is all agony and no damage. this is likely because social wasps have a queen and young to protect from their enemies, so simply inflicting pain may not do the trick—the target may be down, but not out. in contrast, the tarantula hawk is a lone wolf, looking out only for itself. all it has to do is stun its attacker and make a getaway .\none of the most conspicuous of texas’ invertebrates, tarantula - hawk wasps (genus pepsis) are also one of our most fascinating. these big wasps could certainly be described as beautiful with their iridescent, blue - black bodies and their wings and antennae that can be metallic black, orange or red. what’s most interesting about these wasps, however, is their namesake behavior: hunting tarantulas .\ntarantula hawk wasps are nectarivorous insects and feed on nectar and pollen. these wasps get highly attracted to flowers and make one of the largest species of pollinators. the larval stages of the insect feed on tarantulas, which is why the female wasp captures tarantulas. however, the technique of capture is quite morbid! although, we have to give credit to the wasp' s virtuoso performance .\nfood web: the adult feeds on nectar found in the flowers from a variety of desert plants. the larva feed on a tarantula that the female has paralyzed and provided .\nthe tarantula hawk gets its name from the female' s\nprovisioning of their larvae\ndr. chris nice, a texas state university biology professor said .\nthey capture and paralyze (with their venom) spiders, (then) they then bring the paralyzed spider to an underground nest, lay eggs on the spider and the wasp larvae hatch and feed on the spider ,\nnice said .\ntarantula hawk wasp features an enamoring metallic, bluish - black body with wings that vary in color from mahogany, orange, red, iridescent black or bluish - black tinge. their beguiling appearance wards of potential predators from attacking them. their claws are hooked, so as to quash their prey. these wasps are not particularly aggressive and seldom sting humans without provocation, however, their highly virulent stingers makes these one of the most agonizing insect stings in the world. though, the sting conduces to excruciating pain, it is not particularly lethal. tarantula hawk wasps have bodies that are strong in form, thereby preventing them from sustaining injuries during' hunting encounters' with tarantulas. their venomous stingers have succeeded, in keeping most predators at bay. except for the roadrunner, these wasps have no real enemy !\nreproduction and development: mating occurs around flowers where the males and females feed. the eggs are deposited on a paralyzed tarantula that the female has stung and placed in a burrow. the grub - like larva feed on the tarantula. they next spin a golden colored cocoon around themselves and go into a resting stage. they emerge from this resting stage as adults .\ntarantula hawks exist worldwide (mostly in the tropics and southern hemisphere) due to their adaptable nature. however, their survival is directly dependent on the population of tarantulas. tarantulas are popular as pets in many countries; as a result of which these spiders are captured in large numbers. even a larger number of tarantulas get killed during the capture process. in many countries, these spiders form a part of local cuisines. on the other hand, there are hundreds of species of tarantula hawks that hunt tarantula spiders to lay their eggs on them .\nthis nightmarish process proves just how fearsome the wasp is. the winged insect tracks down a tarantula in its burrow and taunts it before before stinging its belly and thereby paralysing the arachnid .\nin a moment of exasperation, wrote of an experience in mexico: “ [ tarantula hawks ] are spectacular creatures, on a number of occasions i collected these wasps in the southwest and in mexico, followed by a group of urchins who asked questions and tried to help. my trick to be rid of them was to pick a tarantula hawk off the flowers with my fingers and show it to them. of course i always picked up a male, which cannot sting. but my curious followers would pick up a big one, usually female, and quickly decided they wanted no more of that. ”\na human might be on the receiving end of the stinger from time to time, but the tarantula hawk is not really a threat. “even though they do have a really painful sting, in my opinion they’re just a really cool component of our fauna, ” hutchins said. “people don’t really need to be afraid of them, and indeed i think they’re really cool to just sit and watch in your yard. ”\nthough the populations of both tarantulas and tarantula hawks are rising at the moment, the rapid growth of human population and occupation can act as a serious threat to these creatures in near future .\nnevertheless, female wasps do need to be given credit for their whizz performance. however, the male wasps cannot be overshadowed by the females. male behavior in the tarantula - hawk wasp is also intriguing. they perch on high points or taller trees to get a good view of the surrounding regions and keep an eye for all the virgin females interested in mating! this behavioral pattern of these wasps is termed as' hill topping' .\ntarantula hawks have never been recorded as a part of human warfare, but they might be candidates in some future altercations, and surely they come a close second in personal battles. howard evans ,\ndr. nice, who has studied in costa rica said\ni see tarantula hawks quite commonly throughout our area and the southwest. i’ve seen some really big ones in costa rica .\naccording\nboasting the world’s 2nd most painful sting, the tarantula hawk also happens to be the largest species of wasp in north america! these enormous spider wasps are most notorious for their macabre breeding habits but are also becoming well known for their ranking on the insect sting pain index. only trailing in behind the bullet ant in terms of “sting pain” coyote felt it necessary to experience this fear inducing sting before taking on the highly anticipated bullet ant challenge .\nthere are 250 - 300 species of tarantula hawks worldwide. over 250 species can be found in south america whereas 15 species occur in the united states (9 of them inhabit deserts). these wasps are highly adaptable, capable of surviving in a wide range of habitat settings. tarantula hawks inhabit tropical rainforests, deserts, shrub - and grasslands. simply, they are found wherever tarantulas appear .\nthe tarantula hawk is a type of wasp with an excruciatingly painful sting that lasts only three minutes, but feels like a lifetime. the pain, rated four (highest) on the schmidt sting pain index, is best described as “fiercely electric”. bug experts and people who have been stung claim the pain is a lot like getting electrocuted. and the best strategy to deal with it is – get this – to lie down and start screaming !\ntarantula hawks tend to live alone, rather than in colonies. many do not build nests at all, but instead, burrow into the soil or use natural cavities or the burrows of other insects or animals .\nsure, every so often it’s an unfortunate human on the receiving end of that stinger, but the tarantula hawk is far more placid than it may let on. “even though they do have a really painful sting, in my opinion they' re just a really cool component of our fauna, ” says hutchins. “people don' t really need to be afraid of them, and indeed i think they' re really cool to just sit and watch them in your yard. ”\nthere’s a good chance that the sting might send the area around the bite into numbness. but, just be thankful that you’re not a tarantula, or you’d end up paralyzed and being eaten alive by wasp larvae .\ndiet: adults feed on flower nectar, pollen, and the juice of berries and other fruits, but the larvae feed on tarantulas provided to them by their mother. to capture its prey, the female searches the ground for tarantulas. if the spider found in its burrow, she will stroke its web, making the tarantula think it has captured prey. when the tarantula appears to claim its food, the wasp stings it .\ntarantula hawks are brightly - colored wasps with the wings that show black or metallic blue colors. like other spider wasps, they have large eyes with antennae along with the long legs that are adapted to powerful flight .\nthe map below showcases (in red) the states and territories of north america where the tarantula hawk may be found (but is not limited to). this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species' given lifespan. some species are naturally confined by environment, weather, mating habits, food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most, or all, of north america .\na female wasp finds a tarantula by smell. generally, she scampers across the ground to locate a burrow. she will enter the burrow and expel the spider, then attack it. she may also encounter a male tarantula during his search for a mate. in an attack, the wasp uses her antennae to probe the spider, which may raise its front legs and bare its fangs. (a tarantula does not always counterattack .) she then attempts to sting the spider. she might seize the spider by a leg, flip it over on its back and sting it, or she may approach from the side to deliver a sting. once stung, the tarantula becomes paralyzed within seconds. the condition will last for the remainder of its life. the wasp may drink the body fluids oozing from the spider’s wounds or from its mouth to replenish nutrients and water she used during the attack .\nwhich is why folks in texas have seemed a bit... worried over the past few weeks, as numbers of the things are on the rise. in reality, though, there’s nothing to be worried about here (trust me). the tarantula hawk is in fact a brilliant parasite that attacks tarantulas, not humans, paralyzing them with a sting before dragging them into a den. here it lays an egg that hatches into a larva and devours the paralyzed spider alive—over the course of several weeks .\nresistance to the legislation in the full house was minor with representative rubin smith suggesting that the cockroach ,\nla cucaracha ,\nbe substituted for the tarantula hawk wasp. he quickly withdrew his amendment, however, after a somewhat silly, one verse rendition of\nla cucaracha\nwith representative barbara casey. put to a vote in the full state house of representatives, house bill no. 468 found itself well approved by a vote of 62 - 4. it was quickly sent to the state senate for consideration .\n“the tarantula hawks are really bold in terms of wasps, ” hutchins explained. “researchers think that’s because they have very few natural predators. they have such an effective deterrent mechanism, and that’s their really painful sting. ” so no living creature is actually dumb enough to provoke or attack it – a fact that the hawk seems keenly aware of. it’s a nectar feeder, not a carnivore, and the male hawks can’t even sting. so you don’t really stand a chance of being bitten by the fearless wasp, unless you do something incredibly stupid like that scientist above .\nthe other actor was a solidly built fellow who could easily have been a football linebacker, and who was a master of performing paindefying acts of bravery. i, however, was charged with catching the wasp and delivering it to the scene. five or six tarantula hawks were easily netted from flowers of an acacia tree; unfortunately, the net snagged on some thorns, and all but one wasp escaped. the remaining wasp was a male, so i summoned the cameraman to demonstrate how males cannot sting and are harmless. i reached in and casually grabbed “him. ” the him was a her. yeee…ow, except this time it was me. i managed to toss her back in the net, while attempting to explain my blunder and pain on camera. unfortunately, i was not the actor, so the footage was relegated to some obscure studio archive, perhaps someday to be resurrected on youtube. that episode over, the tarantula hawk was delivered to the rightful actor. he grabbed her, was stung, and showed no reaction beyond a begrudging “ouch, that did hurt a bit. ” i figured the guy had no nerves. but his director handed him a habanero pepper, the tarantula hawk of chili peppers, which he enthusiastically bit into. he became instantly speechless, convinced fire was blasting from his mouth, nose, and ears. apparently, he did have some nerves—sensitive at least to chili peppers." ]

{ "text": [ "a tarantula hawk is a spider wasp that hunts tarantulas .", "tarantula hawks belong to any of the many species in the genera pepsis and hemipepsis , in the family pompilidae ( spider wasps ) .", "the more familiar species are up to 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) long , making them among the largest of wasps , and have blue-black bodies and bright , rust-colored wings ( other species have black wings with blue highlights ) .", "the vivid coloration found on the bodies , and especially wings , of these wasps is an aposematism , advertising to potential predators the wasps ' ability to deliver a powerful sting .", "their long legs have hooked claws for grappling with their victims .", "the stinger of a female pepsis grossa can be up to 7 mm ( ¹ ⁄ ₄ in ) long , and the sting is considered one of the most painful insect stings in the world . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 23, 10, 16, 26 ] }

[ "a tarantula hawk is a spider wasp that hunts tarantulas. tarantula hawks belong to any of the many species in the genera pepsis and hemipepsis, in the family pompilidae (spider wasps). the more familiar species are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long, making them among the largest of wasps, and have blue-black bodies and bright, rust-colored wings (other species have black wings with blue highlights). the vivid coloration found on the bodies, and especially wings, of these wasps is an aposematism, advertising to potential predators the wasps' ability to deliver a powerful sting. their long legs have hooked claws for grappling with their victims. the stinger of a female pepsis grossa can be up to 7 mm (¹ ⁄ ₄ in) long, and the sting is considered one of the most painful insect stings in the world." ]

[ "bucculatrix seorsa is a moth in the bucculatricidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 13813 genus: bucculatrix species: seorsa sex: location: wendel county: lassen collector: coll _ date: in jun specimen _ loc: cdfa url: https: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5490 genus: bucculatrix species: ceanothiella sex: location: fairmont ridge, se san leandro county: alameda collector: hsu, powell coll _ da... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 25607 genus: bucculatrix species: insolita sex: location: san bernardino mts county: san bernardino collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 25606 genus: bucculatrix species: micropunctata sex: location: needles county: san bernardino collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 29872 genus: bucculatrix species: albaciliella sex: location: prisoner' s harbor, sta cruz is county: santa barbara collector: j. powell co... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5486 genus: bucculatrix species: dominatrix sex: location: strawberry cyn county: alameda collector: j. powell coll _ date: jun 20 90 specim... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5488 genus: bucculatrix species: taeniola sex: location: del valle lake rec area county: alameda collector: whitfield, wagner coll _ date: f... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 8599 genus: bucculatrix species: ericameriae sex: location: placerville county: el dorado collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: http... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 14348 genus: bucculatrix species: eurotiella sex: location: lancaster county: los angeles collector: a. koebele coll _ date: in may 1890 spe... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 23638 genus: bucculatrix species: nigripunctella sex: location: pinyon crest county: riverside collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: jul 22... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 1062 genus: bucculatrix species: tetradymiae sex: f location: oro grande wash county: san bernardino collector: not given coll _ date: apr 25... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 21135 genus: bucculatrix species: sexnotata sex: location: upper sagehen cr county: nevada collector: j. powell coll _ date: jul 15 66 speci... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 6060 genus: bucculatrix species: tridenticola sex: location: carson pass county: alpine collector: coll _ date: in aug specimen _ loc: cdfa u... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5484 genus: bucculatrix species: ochristrigella sex: location: oakland county: alameda collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: https: /... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7553 genus: bucculatrix species: columbiana sex: location: pt molate, richmond county: contra costa collector: j. powell coll _ date: nov 19... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7548 genus: bucculatrix species: longula sex: location: walnut creek county: contra costa collector: j. powell coll _ date: may 16 67 specim... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 10977 genus: bucculatrix species: enceliae sex: location: ocotillo county: imperial collector: coll _ date: in apr specimen _ loc: cdfa url: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 14351 genus: bucculatrix species: koebelella sex: location: el segundo dunes county: los angeles collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: sep... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 14347 genus: bucculatrix species: seneciensis sex: location: mint cyn county: los angeles collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: http... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 25608 genus: bucculatrix species: latella sex: location: loma linda county: san bernardino collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: htt... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5491 genus: bucculatrix species: quadrigemina sex: location: berkeley, 2135 calif. st. county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: o... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5489 genus: bucculatrix species: albertiella sex: location: 2135 ca. st berkeley county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: aug 18 97... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5487 genus: bucculatrix species: separabilis sex: location: berkeley campus county: alameda collector: d. l. wagner coll _ date: apr 10 83 sp... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7555 genus: bucculatrix species: zophopasta sex: location: ygnacio valley county: contra costa collector: p. a. opler coll _ date: aug 20 68... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5485 genus: bucculatrix species: variabilis sex: location: 2135 ca. st berkeley county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: may 16 967... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7552 genus: bucculatrix species: transversata? sex: location: antioch nwr county: contra costa collector: j. powell coll _ date: jun 15 82 s... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 12234 genus: bucculatrix species: viguierae sex: location: kernville county: kern collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: sep 15 73 specimen _... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 26942 genus: bucculatrix species: franseriae sex: location: pala county: san diego collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: jan 19 86 specimen... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 14352 genus: bucculatrix species: leptalea sex: location: bob' s gap, pearblossom county: los angeles collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 11245 genus: bucculatrix species: evanescens sex: location: olancha county: inyo collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: https: / / essig... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 11246 genus: bucculatrix species: floccosa sex: location: olancha county: inyo collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: https: / / essigdb... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 22035 genus: bucculatrix species: illecebrosa sex: location: colfax county: placer collector: coll _ date: specimen _ loc: url: https: / / ess... more\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\ncompiled from kelly richers' california moth specimen database. kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources, museum collections, and (i believe) novel collections. these lists are probably not comprehensive (if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms), but given kelly' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state, it' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level, and approaching that state at the county level. all errors are my own, and if you find any, please let me know .\nsource: richers, k. (2015). california moth specimen database. essig museum of entomology, berkeley, ca. accessed 24 22 2015. (link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here, e. g .\nbirds of california\n.\nfile should be in the following format: taxon name, description, occurrence status, establishment means. csv should not contain a header row. allowed occurrence status values: present, common, uncommon, irregular, doubtful, absent allowed establish means values: native, endemic, introduced\nthe wingspan is about 7 mm. the forewings are white, with two black dots and aggregations of minutely dark - tipped pale ocherous scales. the hindwings are white, faintly ocherous tinged. adults have been recorded on wing in june .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "bucculatrix seorsa is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .", "the wingspan is about 7 mm .", "the forewings are white , with two black dots and aggregations of minutely dark-tipped pale ocherous scales .", "the hindwings are white , faintly ocherous tinged .", "adults have been recorded on wing in june . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "bucculatrix seorsa is a moth in the bucculatricidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california. the wingspan is about 7 mm. the forewings are white, with two black dots and aggregations of minutely dark-tipped pale ocherous scales. the hindwings are white, faintly ocherous tinged. adults have been recorded on wing in june." ]

[ "what type of species is nassarius samiae? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius samiae species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius samiae species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius samiae .\nhow to identify nassarius samiae marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius samiae. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius samiae are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius samiae found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius samiae can be found .\nnassarius samiae, n. sp. , a new deep water species from the philippines (gastropoda: nassariidae) .\ntwo new western pacific deep water species of nassarius (gastropoda: prosobranchia: nassariidae): nassarius herosae sp. nov. and nassarius vanpelei sp. nov .\nkool h. h. 2006. nassarius samiae n. sp. , a new deep water species from the philippines (gastropoda: nassariidae). miscellanea malacologica, 2 (1): 5 - 8 [ details ]\nin this paper we revise the nassariid plio - pleistocene assemblages of northwestern france. twenty - eight species are recorded, of which eleven are described as new; nassarius brebioni nov. sp. , nassarius landreauensis nov. sp. , nassarius... more\non the identity of nassarius castus (gould, 1850), with the description of nassarius multivocus n. sp. from the western pacific (gastropoda: buccinoidea: nassariidae )\non two fequently\nlumped\nand misidentified species of nassarius, with the introduction of n. bourbonensis nomen novum (gastropoda: nassariidae )\nreview of the nassarius pauper (gould, 1850) complex (gastropoda, nasssariidae). part 1, with the description of four new species from the indo - west - pacific\nreview of the nassarius pauper (gould, 1850) complex (gastropoda, nasssariidae). part 2, the western indian ocean species, with the description of two new species and introducing a nomen novum\non the identity of nassarius vitiensis (hombron & jacquinot in rousseau, 1854), n. rufus (dunker, 1847), n. kiiensis kira, 1954, and n. caelatus (a. adams, 1852) (gastropoda: nassariidae )\nnassarius garuda n. sp. , a new deepwater species from the indonesian tanimbar and kai islands and a review of the species n. crematus (hinds, 1844), n. euglyptus (sowerbyiii, 1914) and n. siquijorensis (a. adams, 1852) (gastropoda: buccinoidea: nassariidae )\nafter more than 2 years of preparations, the diatombase portal is now officially launched... .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop. the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete, where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium (isbs). the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae, and adding this data through the amphipoda species database... .\non 23 april 2018, a number of editors of the world register of introduced species (wrims) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute (vliz). these three days were used to evaluate, complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register (tsd)... .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read. congratulations! ...\nin 2018, to celebrate a decade of worms' existence, it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species, both for 2017 and for the previous decade... .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal. this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa ...\nbouchet, p. ; fontaine, b. (2009). list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006. census of marine life. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nphilippines. tip of olango island. trawled. 350 m. may 2016 .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 001 seconds. )\nshell gallery view « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc. » conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 434 seconds. )\nif you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the library know, stating your reasons. in case of a legitimate complaint, the library will make the material inaccessible and / or remove it from the website. please ask the library, or send a letter to: library of the university of amsterdam, secretariat, singel 425, 1012 wp amsterdam, the netherlands. you will be contacted as soon as possible .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbioone sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to... more\nbioone sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research .\nresults of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon (1990). part 9. the nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda )\nnineteen million, two hundred and fourteen thousand, five hundred and fifty - seven researchers use this site every month. ads help cover our server costs .\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010" ]

{ "text": [ "nassarius samiae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "nassarius samiae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks." ]

[ "gelechia lynceella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 1946; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ochrocorys meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 43\ngelechia rescissella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 110\ngelechia allomima meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 12\ngelechia wacoella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 237\ngelechia sirotina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 107\ngelechia albomaculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngelechia capiteochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 252\ngelechia discostrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 248\ngelechia flexurella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia maculatusella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245\ngelechia mimella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia packardella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 143\ngelechia palpialbella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 253\ngelechia ribesella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (4): 290\ngelechia amorphella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 124\ngelechia badiomaculella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (10): 192; tl: kentucky\ngelechia (mesogelechia) teleiodella omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 105\ngelechia unistrigella chambers, 1873; can. ent. 5 (9): 176; tl: kentucky\ngelechia anthracopa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 501; tl: china, shanghai\ngelechia grisseochrella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia griseella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia dujardini huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 127; tl: yugoslavia, krk i. , punat\ngelechia mediterranea huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 125; tl: hellas, lakonia, 7km sw monemvasia\ngelechia chionomima meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia epiphloea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 292; tl: barberton\ngelechia overhaldensis strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 85 a (4): 63; tl: overhalden, norway\ngelechia resecta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 288; tl: pretoria\ngelechia anarsiella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 126; tl: edgerton\ngelechia arotrias meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 725; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia grisseochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 247; tl: california\ngelechia horiaula meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: nw. india, abbottabad\ngelechia thoracestrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245; tl: california\ngelechia discoanulella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 254; tl: texas\ngelechia amorphella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 891\ngelechia rhombelliformis staudinger, 1871; berl. ent. z. 14 (3 / 4): 303; tl: sarepta\ngelechia abjunctella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 629; tl: cape\ngelechia albatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 636; tl: ceylon\ngelechia angustella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 637; tl: ceylon\ngelechia anomorcta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 277; tl: e. siberia, khaborowsk\ngelechia desiliens meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 23; tl: california, venice\ngelechia fecunda meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 17; tl: natal, umkomaas\ngelechia griseaella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. , incertae sedis )\ngelechia liberata meyrick, 1910; ann. s. afr. mus. 5: 414; tl: cape colony, capetown\ngelechia marmoratella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 646; tl: sydney\ngelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers, 1875; can. ent. 7 (3): 53 (emend. )\ngelechia suspensa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 19; tl: brazil, teffé\ngelechia tetraleuca meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 18; tl: zululand, eshowe\ngelechia anagramma meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 72; tl: cape colony, middelburg\nclandestina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 96 (preocc. gelechia clandestina meyrick, 1923 )\ngelechia junctipunctella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 100; tl: biskra\ngelechia omphalopis meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 330; tl: sw. africa, otjiwarongo\ngelechia veneranda walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 62; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia dyariella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; tl: colorado\ngelechia gammanella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 638; tl: sarawak, borneo\ngelechia lactiflora meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 71; tl: portuguese east africa, magude\ngelechia cuneatella douglas, 1852; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 1: 242; tl: london\ngelechia anthochra lower, 1896; trans. proc. r. soc. s. austr. 20: 168; tl: rockhampton, queensland\ngelechia platydoxa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 20; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\ngelechia versutella zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 253; tl: texas\ngelechia adapterella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 890; [ nhm card ]\ngelechia dromicella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 177; tl: placer co. , california\ngelechia panella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 889; tl: arizona; california\ngelechia caudatae clarke, 1934; can. ent. 66: 175, pl. 9, f. 3 - 4; tl: washington, pullman\ngelechia cuneifera walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 64; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ngelechia mandella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia monella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia picrogramma meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 489; tl: brazil, teffé; british guiana, bartica, mallali\ngelechia traducella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 12; tl: la chorrera, panama\ngelechia albomaculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia invenustella berg, 1876; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 49 (4): 240; tl: cerro de caballada, rio negro\ngelechia teleiodella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia flavipalpella walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 262, pl. 12, f. 31; tl: spring vale\ngelechia intermedia braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 120; tl: angeles bay, lower california\ngelechia benitella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 229; tl: san benito, texas\ngelechia impurgata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 67, pl. 2, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sonorensis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 69, pl. 2, f. 26; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sestertiella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (65): 186, (58) (ii) pl. 66, f. 487\ngelechia hetaeria walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 68, pl. 2, f. 24; tl: mexico, vera cruz, orizaba\ngelechia petraea walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: guatemala, las mercedes, 3000ft\ngelechia adapterella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 590; tl: st. martin' s falls, albany river, hudson' s bay\ngelechia discoanulella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 126 (unrecognized); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia versutella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878; [ nacl ], # 1966; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia albisparsella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; [ nacl ], # 1929; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 13\ngelechia anarsiella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 874; [ nacl ], # 1930; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bianulella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 873; [ nacl ], # 1933; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ribesella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 860; [ nacl ], # 1960; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia rileyella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 887; [ nacl ], # 1961; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia badiomaculella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1931 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1934 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia capiteochrella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 893; [ nacl ], # 1936 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia flexurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 895; [ nacl ], # 1942 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ocherfuscella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1954 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia wacoella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 902; [ nacl ], # 1967 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia palpialbella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1957 (ident. uncert .); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia discostrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 894; [ nacl ], # 1939 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (incertae sedis )\ngelechia maculatusella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 897; [ nacl ], # 1947 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia mimella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1949 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia obscurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1952 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia packardella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 866; [ nacl ], # 1955 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia pallidagriseella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1956 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia thoracestrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1963 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia unistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1965 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 8. 24f; p. 91. book review and ordering\nneu, ceu, caucasus, transcaucasia, china (gansu, qinghai, jilin), korea. see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp. , p. spinosa, p. domestica [ me3 ], 108\nmorocco, austria, bosnia, seu, asia minor. see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus sabina, j. oxycedrus, j. phoenicea [ me3 ], 109\ntinea sororculella hübner, [ 1817 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: pl. 66, f. 440\nlarva on salix spp. , s. caprea, s. cinerea, s. aurita, s. viminalis, s. purpurea [ me3 ], 111\nneu, ceu, russia, china (xinjiang, jilin), japan. see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix ssp. , s. alba, s. caprea [ me3 ], 113\nlarva on salix spp. , populus spp. , p. tremula, p. alba, p. nigra, populus canescens [ me3 ], 117\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera, p. laurifolia [ me3 ], 118\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera [ me3 ], 119\ns. finland, austria, poland, schweden, .... see [ maps ]\nlarva on acer campestre, a. platanoides huemer, 1991, nota lepid. 14: 124\nalpes maritimes, croatia, macedonia, greece, italy, turkey. see [ maps ]\natlanticella (amsel, 1955) (nothris); bull. inst. sci. nat. belg. 31 (83): 59\nlarva on platanus occidentalis busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878\natrofusca omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 103\ndepressaria bistrigella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 92\nclopica meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 384\nconditor omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 91\ncuspidatella turati, 1934; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 73: 197\ndelapsa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndelodectis meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 3\ndichomeris dolbyi walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 98, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: panama, la chorrera\nepistolica meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\ntelphusa exposita meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 152; tl: mt murud, 6500 - 7200ft\nfarinosa teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\nphthorimaea frequens meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 426; tl: queensland, brisbane\nfuscooculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngoniospila meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 385\nparasia griseaella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 88; tl: ontario [? ]\nhaifella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 300\nteleia hyoscyamella rebel, 1912; dt. ent. z. iris 26 (1): 89; tl: heluan\ninconspicua omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\ntelphusa inferialis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: bengal, chapra\nlongipalpella teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\ntelphusa machinata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: assam, khasis\npsoricoptera melanoptila lower, 1897; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (2): 272; tl: broken hill, new south wales\nnothris mundata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 495; tl: new mexico, mescalero, 7000ft\nnotabilis omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\nophiaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ntelphusa paraula meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (18): 568; tl: ceylon, maskeliya and madulsima; s. india, nilgiris\nparoxynta meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\npistaciae filipjev, 1934; trav. inst. zool. acad. sci. urrs 2: 17\npraestantella lucas, 1956; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 256\nrepetitrix meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndepressaria rileyella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (6): 106; tl: kentucky\nsachalinensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1083\nsattleri piskunov, 1982; dokl. akad. nauk. armyan. ssr 74 (3): 138\ntelphusa sematica meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\nstenacma meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 585\nnothris thymiata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 497; tl: arizona, nogales\nchelaria trachydyta meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 304; tl: bombay, dharwar\ntribalanota meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 67\nnothris griseella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 245; tl: texas\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nnotice sur la chassa des lépidoptéres durant l' été 1904 dans le district d' ourjoum, gouv. de viatka [ in russian ]\nreview .\na list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects\n. by harrison c. dyar, ph. d. , ...\nzerny, 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 1 - 163, pl. 1 - 2\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by carl d. barrentine on 30 june, 2012 - 2: 09pm\ncontributed by carl d. barrentine on 6 june, 2012 - 2: 52pm last updated 30 june, 2012 - 2: 03pm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlee, s. , r. w. hodges and r. l. brown. 2009. checklist of gelechiidae (lepidoptera) in american north of mexico. zootaxa 2231: 1 - 39 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npohl, g. r. , g. g. anweiler, b. c. schmidt, and n. g. kondla. 2010. an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta, canada. zookeys 38: 1 - 549 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "gelechia lynceella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , british columbia , california , illinois , indiana , maine , manitoba , mississippi , nevada , new york , north dakota , ohio , ontario , quebec , texas and wyoming . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "gelechia lynceella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alberta, british columbia, california, illinois, indiana, maine, manitoba, mississippi, nevada, new york, north dakota, ohio, ontario, quebec, texas and wyoming." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npsyche: journal of entomology. (journal, magazine) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: psyche: journal of entomology. publisher: cambridge, cambridge entomological club. mass. : isbn / issn: 0033 - 2615 oclc: 476600365\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\npsyche: journal of entomology. / cambridge entomological club. ;; cambridge, cambridge entomological club. mass. :\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: f. m. carpenter. 1969. fossil insects from antarctica. psyche 76: 418 - 425\ntype specimen: usnm 165874, a hindwing. its type locality is carapace nunatak, which is in a toarcian pond mudstone in the carapace formation of antarctica .\naverage measurements (in mm): hindwing 40. 0 x 8. 0\nnel & henrotay, 1993 in nel, et al. , 1993 | | '- - †\n( pritykina, 1980) nel, et. al. , in prep. [ nomen nudum ] [\nsogdopteron\npritykina, 1970 sensu nel, et al. , 1993 [ after bechly, 1998 - 2002b ] '- - o †\nbechly, g. , 1998 - 2002a: phylogenetic classification of fossil and extant odonates. –inet: günter bechly' s odonatology webpage: phylogenetic systematics of odonata: urltoken\nbechly, g. , 1998 - 2002b: phylogenetic systematics of\nanisozygopteres\n. –inet: günter bechly' s odonatology webpage: phylogenetic systematics of odonata: urltoken\nthe isophlebioptera are a group of dragonflies known from the triassic to early cretaceous of eurasia. most species are known only from wings, though the discovery of the more completely preserved\nfrom the yixian formation of china indicates that at least some exhibited a greater differentiation between fore and hind wings than modern dragonflies (fleck & nel 2002) .\n( from fleck & nel 2002): wings with vein rp3 / 4 slightly curved, more or less parallel to ir2, space between rp3 / 4 and ma distinctly expanded and transversed by several pectinated convex secondary branches of rp3 / 4; postdiscoidal space between mp and ma very narrow, primitively with only one row of cells between them; cuaa shortened, posterodistally indistinct (zig - zagged), distal space between mp and cuaa strongly expanded; all antenodal cross - veins between costal margin and scp suppressed distad of ax2 (reversed in some taxa). hindwings with subdiscoidal space enlarged with bulged posterior margin, correlating with unique course of anal vein aa (' pseudo - anal loop') .\n[ fb03 ] fleck, g. , g. bechly, x. martínez - delclòs, e. jarzembowski, r. coram & a. nel. 2003. phylogeny and classification of the stenophlebioptera (odonata: epiproctophora) .\n[ fn02 ] fleck, g. , & a. nel. 2002. the first isophlebioid dragonfly (odonata: isophlebioptera: campterophlebiidae) from the mesozoic of china .\n[ f71 ] fletcher, h. o. 1971. catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the australian museum, sydney .\n[ nb01 ] nel, a. , o. bethoux, g. bechly, x. martínez - delclòs & f. papier. 2001. the permo - triassic odonatoptera of the “protodonate” grade (insecta: odonatoptera) .\n[ rp02 ] rasnitsyn, a. p. , & l. n. pritykina. 2002. superorder libellulidea laicharting, 1781. order odonata fabricius, 1792. the dragonflies. in\n( a. p. rasnitsyn & d. l. j. quicke, eds) pp. 97 - 104. kluwer academic publishers: dordrecht .\n[ s02 ] sinitshenkova, n. d. 2002. ecological history of the aquatic insects. in\n( a. p. rasnitsyn & d. l. j. quicke, eds) pp. 388 - 426. kluwer academic publishers: dordrecht .\ni' m an entomologist and taxonomist, currently based in perth, western australia. if you' d like to comment (or offer work), i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet. com. au .\nthe information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources. apart from the time taken to bring it all together, very little of it represents my own work. all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners, and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls. if you re - use anything taken from this site, please attribute it to the original owner. if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage, please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .\nexplore extinct life by family groupings (i. e. , cladistic relationships )\nexplore extinct life by geological time period (i. e. , when the life form lived )\nexplore extinct life by geographic location (i. e. , where the fossils were found )\nexplore extinct life by paleontologist / author (i. e. , person (s) who named the life form )\nexplore fantasy life forms shaped by the human mind and experience (i. e. , fictional creatures & monsters )\nthe' cross' symbol indicates that this life form is globally extinct whereas the' heart' symbol indicates that at least one species of this life form still exists today .\nimages of collectibles (scans / photos of cards, stickers, etc .) are available in the detail page" ]

{ "text": [ "caraphlebia is an extinct genus of dragonflies , known from the early jurassic of the antarctica .", "is one of the only named fossil insects from antarctica that have been formally described are two beetles , grahamelytron crofti and ademosynoides antarctica , both from a jurassic deposit on mount flora formation .", "caraphlebia is related to the genus liassophlebia , but the hind wing has several weak antenodals in addition to the two strong , primary ones . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 26 ] }

[ "caraphlebia is an extinct genus of dragonflies, known from the early jurassic of the antarctica. is one of the only named fossil insects from antarctica that have been formally described are two beetles, grahamelytron crofti and ademosynoides antarctica, both from a jurassic deposit on mount flora formation. caraphlebia is related to the genus liassophlebia, but the hind wing has several weak antenodals in addition to the two strong, primary ones." ]

[ "melete lycimnia, the common melwhite, primrose flag or lycimnia white flag, is a butterfly in the pieridae family. it is found from texas in the united states to bolivia. the habitat consists of lowland rainforests .\nmelete lycimnia occurs in several geographical forms. on the underside, subspecies peruviana has a white ground colour, narrow black borders, and a yellow spot at the base of the hindwings. at the other extreme the nominate subspecies lycimnia has the underside hindwings primrose yellow, with broad blackish borders .\n( eurasian and north american) genera such as pieris, pontia and anthocharis, and others such as pereute, catasticta and melete which are found only in central and south america .\nthe genus melete contains 6 species, characterised by having a yellow spot at the base of the hind wing on the underside. the forewings of most species have a blackish apex, and often a dark bar at the end of the discal cell .\nthe wingspan is 52–56 mm (2. 0–2. 2 in). the appearance of the adults depends on the subspecies and ranges from a white ground colour, narrow black borders, and a yellow spot at the base of the hindwings (m. l. peruviana) to primrose yellow, with wide brown borders (m. l. lycimnia). in all subspecies, females are more yellowish .\ni started the inventory of the butterflies of sangay national park in 2006. since that time we make all our data available on this site as soon as we get them, even though incomplete, particularly re. identification. so they are everybody’s data, and so we need your help, of you who are familiar with the butterflies from ecuador and from the andes, because: - our data are incomplete, there are butterflies that we could not identify, and obviously there will be mistakes in our work, so your comments will prove very helpful, - and maybe you know of interesting butterflies that have been collected in the park area? and these data would be priceless. thanks\ni am particularly grateful for guiding me through difficult groups, and identifying many specimens, to: - maurizio bollino, for papilionidae and pieridae, and more particularly catasticta and leodonta that he is presently revising, - pierre boyer, one of the very best experts on andean butterflies and an outstanding fieldworker, - ernst brockmann for hesperiidae, and more precisely pyrrhopygini, eudaminae ans dalla, - robert busby and christophe faynel for lycaenidae another incredibly complex family, - bernard hermier who spent hundreds of hours helping us on hesperridae, an extremely difficult group for which there is very little documentation, - tomasz pyrcz, from warsaw jagìellonskiego university, for pronophilini, a challenging group particularly important in sangay np, and for which he is the leading expert in the world - fabio vitale, for heliconiidae and, more important, ithomiidae, another baffling group, - et keith r willmott, who is about to publish a book on the butterflies of ecuador, and who is so kind as to share with us his amazing knowledge of the butterflies from this country .\nmore recenlly andree salk made his expertise in riodinidae available to us; we highly value it as it is a family for which we were rather helpless. jean - claude petit e. mail: rhopalducy @ urltoken\nhe pieridae is divided into 3 subfamilies. the dismorphiinae, with a small number of exceptions is entirely neotropical in distribution. the coliadinae (sulphurs and yellows) and pierinae (whites & orange tips) however have worldwide distribution .\nthere are 217 members of the pierinae in the neotropical region. these include familiar holarctic\nthis is a rainforest species, occurring at elevations between sea level and about 1000m .\nmales are a regular sight along forest edge habitats on the banks of rivers, and at roadsides, where they gather to imbibe mineral - laden moisture from sand or mud. they often congregate in dense clusters of 50 or more, packed very tightly together, and erupt nervously into flight if disturbed .\nfemales are not normally seen in such open situations, staying instead in the forest interior. they do not visit flowers in the understorey, or along forest roads, so presumably feed at the nectar of arboreal flowers. their flight is direct and fairly rapid, interrupted by long periods at rest on foliage in the sub canopy .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nsecond u. s. record national butterfly center mission, hidalgo co. , tx november 21, 2004 (david hanson, phil kelly )\nfirst u. s. record mission, hidalgo co. , tx november 20, 2004 (jan dauphin )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe world association for the development of philately (wadp) and the universal postal union (upu) jointly conceived and developed the wadp numbering system - wns, which was launched on 1 january 2002 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "melete lycimnia , the common melwhite , primrose flag or lycimnia white flag , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "it is found from texas in the united states to bolivia .", "the habitat consists of lowland rainforests .", "the wingspan is 52 – 56 mm ( 2.0 – 2.2 in ) .", "the appearance of the adults depends on the subspecies and ranges from a white ground colour , narrow black borders , and a yellow spot at the base of the hindwings ( m. l. peruviana ) to primrose yellow , with wide brown borders ( m. l. lycimnia ) .", "in all subspecies , females are more yellowish .", "the larvae probably feed on loranthaceae species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 1, 9, 8 ] }

[ "melete lycimnia, the common melwhite, primrose flag or lycimnia white flag, is a butterfly in the pieridae family. it is found from texas in the united states to bolivia. the habitat consists of lowland rainforests. the wingspan is 52 – 56 mm (2.0 – 2.2 in). the appearance of the adults depends on the subspecies and ranges from a white ground colour, narrow black borders, and a yellow spot at the base of the hindwings (m. l. peruviana) to primrose yellow, with wide brown borders (m. l. lycimnia). in all subspecies, females are more yellowish. the larvae probably feed on loranthaceae species." ]

[ "variety fungia fungites var. columnifera döderlein, 1902 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nvariety fungia fungites var. grandis döderlein, 1902 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nvariety fungia fungites var. incisa döderlein, 1902 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nvariety fungia fungites var. indica döderlein, 1902 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nvariety fungia fungites var. insularis nemenzo, 1955 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nvariety fungia fungites var. lucapensis nemenzo, 1955 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nvariety fungia fungites var. plicata döderlein, 1902 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nvariety fungia fungites var. stylifera döderlein, 1902 accepted as fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym )\nfungia species (enter fungia in search bar) on the iucn red list of threatened species website: technical fact sheet .\nfungia granulosa. philippines. common appearance of a small polyp. charlie veron .\nafter maturity, the fungia species detaches itself from the stalk and moves away .\nadd calcium, strontium and trace elements as dietary supplements for the fungia species .\nfungia (cycloseris) – hoeksema 1989: 30–31; hoeksema and van ofwegen 2004 .\nthe fungia species moves to a distance of about thirty centimeters per day and flips .\nthe fungia species requires moderate to high intensity lighting in the marine aquarium it inhabits .\nfungia granulosa. philippines. showing the typically wavy appearance of the septa. charlie veron .\nacute sedimentation causes size - specific mortality and asexual budding in the mushroom coral, fungia fungites .\ndana campbell marked\nn26 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\nfungia dentata\npage .\n( of fungia fungites var. plicata döderlein, 1902) döderlein, l. 1902. die korallengattung fungia. abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 27: 1–162, i–xxv. [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. incisa döderlein, 1902) döderlein, l. 1902. die korallengattung fungia. abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 27: 1–162, i–xxv. [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. indica döderlein, 1902) döderlein, l. 1902. die korallengattung fungia. abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 27: 1–162, i–xxv. [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. grandis döderlein, 1902) döderlein, l. 1902. die korallengattung fungia. abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 27: 1–162, i–xxv. [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. stylifera döderlein, 1902) döderlein, l. 1902. die korallengattung fungia. abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 27: 1–162, i–xxv. [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. columnifera döderlein, 1902) döderlein, l. 1902. die korallengattung fungia. abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 27: 1–162, i–xxv. [ details ]\ndöderlein, l. 1901. die korallengattung fungia. zoologischer anzeiger 24: 351–360. [ details ]\nfungia fungites. tanzania. showing regular septal teeth with internal ridges and small tentacular lobes. charlie veron .\nfungia fungites. fiji. tentacular lobes (where septa commence) are sometimes distinctly coloured. neville coleman .\nfungia fungites. indonesia. showing regular septal teeth with internal ridges and small tentacular lobes. charlie veron .\nlate detachment conceals serial budding by the free - living coral fungia fungites in the inner gulf of thailand .\noddly, both fungia patella and fungia patellaris are junior synonyms of fungia fungites (linnaeus, 1756), the type species of fungia (see hoeksema 1989). however, döderlein' s (1902) photographs of his fungia patella corals show that he referred to complete and fragmenting specimens of the free - living species cycloseris fragilis (alcock, 1893) and cycloseris sinensis milne edwards & haime, 1851 (see hoeksema 1989). the outlines of döderlein' s (1902: pls. 1–2) smallest specimens are either circular or hexagonal .\nfungia fungites. great barrier reef, australia. costal spines at the edge of a polyp. neville coleman .\nfungia species on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website: technical fact sheet .\nplace the fungia species at the bottom of your marine aquarium, on sand or on any other soft substrate .\nvariety fungia danai var. vitiensis döderlein, 1902 accepted as danafungia scruposa (klunzinger, 1879) (junior synonym )\nthe “fungia patella group” (scleractinia, fungiidae) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp. n .\nfungia (cycloseris) spec. – hoeksema et al. 2004: 15; hoeksema 2008: 11–12; 2010: 24–25 .\nfungia (verrillofungia) spinifer spec. nov. , a new scleractinian coral (fungiidae) from the indo - malayan region .\nhistorical biogeography of fungia (pleuractis) spp. (scleractinia: fungiidae), including a new species from the seychelles) .\nthe fungia species occurs in red, purple, pink, green, brown, tan, blue, orange and yellow colors .\nthe “ fungia patella group” (scleractinia, fungiidae) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp. n .\nphenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia (cycloseris) spp. (scleractinia: fungiidae) near river outlets .\nthe fungia species derives its nutrition chiefly through photosynthesis which is performed by zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga living symbiotically within the plate coral .\ndonít place the fungia species on a hard surface as it may erode the coralís soft bottom and may eventually lead to its demise .\n( of fungia (fungia) lamarck, 1801) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe\nfungia patella group\n( scleractinia, fungiidae) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp. n .\ndöderlein, l. 1902. die korallengattung fungia. abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 27: 1–162, i–xxv. [ details ]\nthe fungia species may feed upon zooplankton, phytoplankton, acellular marine invertebrates and meaty bits of raw shrimp, silver side and mysis shrimp .\nwhat made you want to look up fungia? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nfungia fungites occurs in the indian and pacific oceans, where it is mostly restricted to tropical and subtropical latitudes (3) (4) .\n( of fungia (fungia) fungites (linnaeus, 1758) ) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mushroom coral (fungia fungites )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mushroom coral (fungia fungites )\ntitle =\narkive species - mushroom coral (fungia fungites )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfungia fungites is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (2) .\nlectotype of fungia marginata boschma, 1923 (zma coel. 604, ethanol), which is a specimen of cycloseris costulata ortmann, 1889, collected at siboga expedition sta. 315, anchorage east of sailus besar, in the paternoster islands, indonesia. a upper side b lower side c collection labels indicating the first identification by van der horst (fungia patella) and the later one by boschma (fungia marginata). scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\nthe\nfungia patella group\n( scleractinia, fungiidae) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp. n. - pubmed - ncbi\nsulfitobacter pontiacus subsp. fungiae subsp. nov. , isolated from coral fungia seychellensis from andaman sea, and description of sulfitobacter pontiacus subsp. pontiacus subsp. nov .\n( of fungia (fungia) lamarck, 1801) wells, j. w. 1966. evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae. in: rees wj (ed .) the cnidaria and their evolution. symposium of the zoological society of london 16: 223–246, pl. 1. academic press, london. [ details ]\ngrant, n. and manning, m. (2000) distribution and abundance of five subgenera of fungia in opunohu bay, moorea, french polynesia. report, unpublished .\nsulfitobacter pontiacus subsp. fungiae subsp. nov. , isolated from coral fungia seychellensis from andaman sea, and description of sulfitobacter pontiacus subsp. pontiacus subsp. nov. | springerlink\n( of fungia (fungia) fungites (linnaeus, 1758) ) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nparalectotype of fungia marginata boschma, 1923 (zma coel. 723, dry), which may be a juvenile specimen of cycloseris costulata ortmann, 1889 or cycloseris hexagonalis milne edwards & haime, 1849, collected at siboga expedition sta. 315, anchorage east of sailus besar, in the paternoster islands, indonesia a specimen with collection box and labels; scale bar: 1 cm. collection labels indicating the first identification by van der horst (fungia patella) and the later one by boschma (fungia marginata) b close–up upper side c close–up lower side .\nthe fungia species originates from the indo - pacific region including tonga, fiji, the great barrier reef, the red sea, eastern africa, palau, indonesia and the solomon islands .\nthe preferred substrates for fungia corals are live coral and rubble, and they are more abundant on outer reef slopes than in lagoons (5). as they are free - living, and therefore readily moved by waves, fungia are usually found below the depth of strong wave action. it is especially common on the slopes of fringing reefs where many species are usually found together (4) .\n( of fungia (fungia) fungites (linnaeus, 1758) ) gittenberger, a. , reijnen, b. t. & hoeksema, b. w. 2011. a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. contributions to zoology 80: 107 - 132. , available online at urltoken; idno = 8002a02 [ details ]\nfungia corals are abundant on unstable substrates and in volatile environments, uninhabited by many other coral species, and are able to withstand sedimentation, breakage and immersion by freshwater for short periods of time. to survive in such environments, fungia corals are particularly successful in their ability to repair and regenerate their tissues and skeleton. when repair is impossible, asexual reproduction allows them to repopulate an area following a catastrophe (6) .\n( of fungia crassilamellata milne edwards & haime, 1860) milne edwards, h. & haime, j. 1860. histoire naturelle des coralliaires 3: 1 - 560. roret, paris. [ details ]\n( of fungia puishani veron & devantier, 2000) veron jen. (2000). corals of the world. vol. 1–3. australian institute of marine science and crr, queensland, australia. [ details ]\norange fungia coral eating some pellets, some video is at 4x, some is at 1x. it' s amazing how this coral strings food up it and into it' s mouth. filmed using a canon hg10. enjoy !\n( of fungia puishani veron & devantier, 2000) veron, j. e. n. 2002. new species described in corals of the world. australian institute of marine science monograph series 11: 1 - 209. [ details ]\nalthough some material of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. was already available in museum collections (rmnh, uzmk), the species could only be discovered because of much fieldwork (1983–2013) with proportionate opportunities for observations and sampling to enable separation of the new species from resembling ones. boschma (1923a, 1925) might have had the same species in mind when he described and studied fungia marginata, but his selection of type specimens from the paternoster islands and the unclear comparison with other species of döderlein' s, fungia patella group are not convincing. he described this species because of its supposedly thick corallum margin as compared to the other species in the fungia patella group, but this character is not useful when applied several other cycloseris species .\n( of fungia dentata dana, 1846) dana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia confertifolia dana, 1846) dana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia haemei verrill, 1864) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia agariciformis lamarck, 1801) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia dentata dana, 1846) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia papillosa verrill, 1866) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia confertifolia dana, 1846) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia pliculosa studer, 1878) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia patella ellis & solander, 1786) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. insularis nemenzo, 1955) nemenzo, f. (1955). systematic studies on philippine shallow water scleractinians: i. suborder fungiida. natural and applied science bulletin, university of the philippines. 15: 3 - 84. [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. lucapensis nemenzo, 1955) nemenzo, f. (1955). systematic studies on philippine shallow water scleractinians: i. suborder fungiida. natural and applied science bulletin, university of the philippines. 15: 3 - 84. [ details ]\n( of fungia agariciformis var. tenuifolia dana, 1846) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. grandis döderlein, 1902) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. indica döderlein, 1902) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. incisa döderlein, 1902) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia crassilamellata milne edwards & haime, 1860) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. plicata döderlein, 1902) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia crassolamellata milne edwards & haime, 1851) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. lucapensis nemenzo, 1955) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. insularis nemenzo, 1955) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. columnifera döderlein, 1902) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia fungites var. stylifera döderlein, 1902) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia crassolamellata milne edwards & haime, 1851) milne, h. ; haime. j. (1851). recherches sur les polypiers. mémoire 6. monographie des fongides. annales des sciences naturelles, zoologie. 15 (3): 73 - 144. [ details ]\n( of fungia puishani veron & devantier, 2000) iczn (2011) coral taxon names published in ‘corals of the world’ by j. e. n. veron (2000): potential availability confirmed under article 86. 1. 2. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 68: 162 - 166. [ details ]\n( of fungia haemei verrill, 1864) verrill, a. e. (1864). list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange, with annotations. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology. 1: 29 - 60. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia (fungia) lamarck, 1801) lamarck j. b. (1801). système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d' apres la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l' arrangement établi dans les galeries du muséum d' histoire naturelle, parmi leurs dépouilles conservées; précédé du discours d' ouverture du cours de zoologie, donné dans le muséum national d' histoire naturelle l' an 8 de la république. published by the author and deterville, paris: viii + 432 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvan der horst (1921) mentioned six specimens of fungia patella (sensu döderlein), which he obtained from the siboga expedition collections: “the 3 cycloseris - forms of stat. 315 have both surfaces flat. two of these specimens have the ribs obviously only at the edge of the corallum, the centrum of the under surface being irregularly covered by fine granulations. the septa of these two specimens are equal in height and very much grained. they have the appearance of fungia patella var. filigrana död. in the third specimen (dimensions 52 × 52 m. m .) the ribs reach the centrum, the scar of the attachment is here obvious. the edge of the corallum is slightly undulating. ”\n( of fungia pliculosa studer, 1878) studer, t. (1878). übersicht der steinkorallen aus der familie der madreporaria aporosa, eupsammina und turbinaria, welche auf der reise s. m. s. gazelle um die erde gesammelt wurden. monatsberichte der königlichen preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin. 1877: 625 - 655 pls 1 - 4. [ details ]\n( of fungia patella ellis & solander, 1786) ellis, j. ; solander, d. (1786). the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected from various parts of the globe. systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander. 4. (benjamin white & son: london): 1 - 206, pls 1 - 63. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia papillosa verrill, 1866) verrill, a. e. , 1866. synopsis of the polyps and corals of the north pacific exploring expedition, under commodore c. ringgold and capt. john rodgers, u. s. n. from 1853 to 1856. collected by dr. wm. stimpson, naturalist to the expedition. with descriptions of some additional species from the west coast of north america. comm. essex inst. 5: 17 - 50. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiaseris milne edwards and haime 1849: 72; milne edwards and haime 1850: xlix; milne edwards and haime 1851: 117; milne edwards 1860: 54 - 55; duncan 1883: 150; gardiner 1905: 945; veron and pichon 1980: 119 - 121; veron 1986: 326 - 327; veron 1992: 127; veron 1993: 205; latypov 1995: 95; nishihira and veron 1995: 239; veron 2000: 248; suharsono 2004: 197; claereboudt 2006: 190; latypov 2006: 185; suharsono 2008: 222. (type species: fungia distorta michelin, 1842. designation by monotypy .\n( of fungia agariciformis lamarck, 1801) lamarck j. b. (1801). système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d' apres la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l' arrangement établi dans les galeries du muséum d' histoire naturelle, parmi leurs dépouilles conservées; précédé du discours d' ouverture du cours de zoologie, donné dans le muséum national d' histoire naturelle l' an 8 de la république. published by the author and deterville, paris: viii + 432 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fungia agariciformis var. tenuifolia dana, 1846) lamarck j. b. (1801). système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d' apres la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l' arrangement établi dans les galeries du muséum d' histoire naturelle, parmi leurs dépouilles conservées; précédé du discours d' ouverture du cours de zoologie, donné dans le muséum national d' histoire naturelle l' an 8 de la république. published by the author and deterville, paris: viii + 432 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe fungia marginata material from banda is suitable as type material of the new species. because the banda specimens were wrongly identified by him, this does not concern a new name for an existing species but an entirely new species (hoeksema 1993b). these old museum specimens are not just useful as type material but also because they supply information about habitat (field data) and asexual reproduction by budding. they also constitute the oldest material of cycloseris boschmai, which gives them potential historical value as baseline material in studies on changing coral faunas (hoeksema and koh 2009, van der meij et al. 2010, hoeksema et al. 2011, van der meij and visser 2011, hoeksema and wirtz 2013) .\nlamarck j. b. (1801). système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d' apres la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l' arrangement établi dans les galeries du muséum d' histoire naturelle, parmi leurs dépouilles conservées; précédé du discours d' ouverture du cours de zoologie, donné dans le muséum national d' histoire naturelle l' an 8 de la république. published by the author and deterville, paris: viii + 432 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription corals are solitary (except for f. simplex and occasionally other species), free - living (except for juveniles), flat or ...\ndescription corals are solitary (except for f. simplex and occasionally other species), free - living (except for juveniles), flat or done - shaped, circular or elongate in outline, with a central mouth. septa have large or small, rounded or pointed teeth, costae consist mostly of rows of spines. the disc often has pits between the costae on the lower surface. polyps are usually extended only at night and have short widely spaced tentacles. (veron, 1986 < 57 >) [ details ]\nhoeksema, b. w. ; cairns, s. (2018). world list of scleractinia .\nhoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngittenberger, a. , reijnen, b. t. & hoeksema, b. w. 2011. a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. contributions to zoology 80: 107 - 132. , available online at urltoken; idno = 8002a02 [ details ]\nwells, j. w. 1966. evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae. in: rees wj (ed .) the cnidaria and their evolution. symposium of the zoological society of london 16: 223–246, pl. 1. academic press, london. [ details ]\nveron jen. (2000). corals of the world. vol. 1–3. australian institute of marine science and crr, queensland, australia. [ details ]\nif you typed the domain you' re interested in, directly into your browser and it brought you here, please click the\nget started\nbutton below to receive more information about pricing and availability .\ndomains for everything, from dispensaries to edibles... we have over 6000\npremium\ncannabis - related domains in our portfolio! volume discounts are available... the more you buy, the better the deal! all transactions are processed through escrow. com... the largest, most credible escrow company online .\nalready a multi - billion dollar industry and the # 1 cash crop in the united states, the marijuana / hemp / cbd industry is about to explode (trump\nfinally\ncommitted to leaving it up to the states to decide on 4 - 13 - 18, google it)! and just imagine what will happen once the democrats take over congress... cannabis will almost certainly be legalized nationwide and regulated like liquor, just think! ?\nprices are only going up, so don' t delay... claim your piece of internet\nreal estate\n, before it' s too late! like real estate, there are only so many good spaces available (\nlocation, location, location\n) and once a\npremium\ndomain sells, it' s likely gone for good .\nfor domain inquiries, please use the contact form below... we' ll get back to you asap! !\nthe real opportunity is now ...\nin 2004 urltoken sold for $ 1 million. today, it' s value exceeds $ 2 million .\nfor domain inquiries, please use the contact form below... our response time is very fast !\npolyps are approximately circular and up to 280 millimetres diameter. septal teeth are triangular, pointed and usually have well defined central ribs. tentacular lobes may be present. costal spines are tall, smooth and conical .\ntaxonomic note: source reference: veron (2000). taxonomic references: veron and pichon (1980), hoeksema (1989). additional identification guides: veron (1986), sheppard and sheppard (1991), nishihira and veron (1995) .\n© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3. 0\npolyps are circular, up to 135 millimetres diameter and flat or with a central arch. septa are thick and wavy, with finely granulated margins. tentacular lobes are wide, causing the wavy shape of the septa. costae are fine. the undersurface has pits between the costae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nin the indo - west pacific, this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden, southwestern indian ocean, northwestern indian ocean and arabian / iranian gulf, northern indian ocean, central indo - pacific, north and west and south australia, south - east asia, southern japan and east china sea, eastern australia, oceanic west pacific, central pacific .\nthis species is very common and widespread (hoeksema 1989). it can occur in very dense clusters on reef flats and in multi - species fungiid assemblages on slopes .\ndisturbed habitats provide good settlement areas for this species, and in many areas population size may be increasing .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years (wallace 1999) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years. furthermore, based on average sizes and growth rates, we assume that average generation length is 10 years, unless otherwise stated. total longevity is not known, but likely to be more than ten years. therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species is found on back reef, flat reef, reef slopes and lagoons. this is a solitary, free - living coral found between depths of 1 - 20 m. the depth range is from < 1 - 25 m (hoeksema 1990). the maximum size of the species is 31 cm diameter. it is a good asexual reproducer and often occurs in clusters as a result. this species is one of the first colonisers to settle in blasted areas and thrives in disturbed environments. it is always attached as a juvenile and free living as an adult, and as a result it is mobile. it is a good competitor and can live on a variety of substrata .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nin the indo - west pacific, this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden, southwestern indian ocean, central indian ocean, central indo - pacific, north, west and east australia, southern japan and east china sea, oceanic west pacific, central pacific, hawaii islands and johnston atoll .\nthis species lives as a free - living single polyp in reef slopes. maximum size is 18 cm in diameter. the depth range is from 1 - 30 m (hoeksema 1990). it may also reproduce asexually by budding (hoeksema pers. comm .) .\nall corals are listed on cites appendix ii. parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas. recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy, population, abundance and trends, ecology and habitat status, threats and resilience to threats, restoration action; identification, establishment and management of new protected areas; expansion of protected areas; recovery management; and disease, pathogen and parasite management. artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nfor further information on this species see veron, j. e. n. (1986) corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus and robertson publishers, uk .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nveron, j. e. n. (2000) corals of the world. australian institute of marine science, townsville, australia .\nveron, j. e. n. (1986) corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus and robertson publishers, uk .\nkramarsky - winter, e. and loya, y. (1996) regeneration versus budding in fungiid corals: a trade off. marine ecology progress series, 134: 179 - 185 .\nwilkinson, c. (2004) status of coral reefs of the world. australian institute of marine science, townsville, australia .\ngreen, e. and shirley, f. (1999) the global trade in corals. world conservation press, cambridge, uk .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nlinnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora fungites linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription corals are circular. septa have triangular, small teeth, and costae have regular, tall and smooth spines. coralla reach ...\ndescription corals are circular. septa have triangular, small teeth, and costae have regular, tall and smooth spines. coralla reach over 30 cm across and are slightly arched. the species is very common in sandy, rubble and hard substrate areas, down to at least 35 m deep. (sheppard, 1998 < 308 >) corals are circular or subcircular, up to 280 mm in diameter. septal teeth are triangular, pointed, coral spines are tall, smooth and conical. colour: brown, sometimes mottles. abundance: very common. (veron, 1986 < 57 >) [ details ]\n( of halomitra fungites studer, 1901) studer, t. (1901). madreporarier von samoa, den sandwich - inseln und laysan. zoologische jahrbüchern, abteilung für systematik, biologie und biogeographie der tiere. 14: 388 - 428, pls. 23 - 31. [ details ]\n( of halomitra (halomitra) fungites studer, 1901) studer, t. (1901). madreporarier von samoa, den sandwich - inseln und laysan. zoologische jahrbüchern, abteilung für systematik, biologie und biogeographie der tiere. 14: 388 - 428, pls. 23 - 31. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of madrepora fungites linnaeus, 1758) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of halomitra (halomitra) fungites studer, 1901) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of halomitra fungites studer, 1901) hoeksema, b. w. , 1989. taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae). zoologische verhandelingen, leiden 254: 1 - 295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nin the indo - west pacific, this species is found in the red sea, central indo - pacific, northwest and eastern australia, southern japan and south china sea, oceanic west pacific, central pacific and hawaii islands .\nthis species is found on reef slopes and is a free living adult. it is commonly found from 12 - 20 m, rarely from 9 - 11 m, in the south china sea and gulf of siam (titlyanov and titlyanova 2002). the depth range is from 1 - 25 m (hoeksema 1990) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n1 department of marine zoology, naturalis biodiversity center, p. o. box 9517, 2300 ra leiden, the netherlands\ncorresponding author: bert w. hoeksema (ln. silarutan @ ameskeoh. treb )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\n). one of these syntypes is a coral with a circular outline and a diameter of 48. 5 mm (zma coel. 604, herein designated lectotype ;\n), whereas the other is a smaller specimen with hexagonal outline, a diameter of 13 mm, and relatively thick primary costae (zma coel. 723, herein designated paralectotype ;\n). because of its doubtful identity, the juvenile specimen is not useful as type .\nas a species with a solid corallum wall, unequal costae, and thick corallum margin as distinguishing characters. actually, the type of\nbwh = b. w. hoeksema; exp. = expedition; i. = island; sta. = station; mtq = museum of tropical queensland, townsville, australia; rmnh coel. = rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie, coelenterate collection (naturalis biodiversity center), leiden, the netherlands; uzmk = zoological museum – university of copenhagen, denmark; zma coel. = zoological museum of amsterdam coelenterate collection (naturalis biodiversity center), leiden, the netherlands .\ncycloseris milne edwards and haime 1849: 72; milne edwards and haime 1850: xlix; milne edwards and haime 1851: 111–112; milne edwards 1860: 49; tenison - woods 1878: 328; duncan 1883: 149–150; quelch 1886: 119–120; gardiner 1899: 171; gardiner 1905: 944; vaughan and wells 1943: 139; wells 1956: 388; wells 1966: 235–236; veron and pichon 1980: 107–108; ditlev 1980: 54; nemenzo 1981: 182; scheer and pillai 1983: 74; nemenzo 1986: 140; pillai 1986: 153; veron 1986: 320–321; chevalier and beauvais 1987: 710; veron 1992: 123; veron 1993: 199; latypov 1995: 88; nishihira and veron 1995: 234; veron 2000: 236; suharsono 2004: 191; claereboudt 2006: 187; latypov 2006: 178; suharsono 2008: 215; wallace et al. 2009: 46 .\nadult corals either encrusting and polystomatous or free - living and monostomatous (gittenberger et al. 2011, benzoni et al. 2012). outline of free - living, unfragmented specimens varying from circular to oval. juveniles may be hexagonal. free - living corals may fracture repeatedly into regenerating wedge - shaped pieces (hoeksema 1989, yamashiro et al. 1989, yamashiro and nishihira 1994, 1998, hoeksema and waheed 2011, 2012). fragmenting corals may produce extra stomata along fracture lines. corallum wall without perforations. septal margins ornamented by fine, sharp dentations. costae covered by fine spiny protuberances, which may become granular and blunt in large specimens. tentacles small and usually translucent in extended state .\nholotype of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 8333). indonesia, banda, danish exp. to the kei islands, 1922. a upper side b lower side. scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\ncycloseris boschmai sp. n. specimen showing transparent extended tentacles with white acrospheres at their tips; indonesia, north sulawesi, lembeh strait, lobangbatu, february 2012 .\ncycloseris sp. 1 – gittenberger et al. 2011: 117; hoeksema 2012a: 188 .\nfrom banda, moluccas, indonesia (danish exp. to the kei islands, 1922), previously identified as\nrmnh coel. 8334 (1 dry specimen: 29 mm), banda, lontor, 12. vi. 1922; rmnh coel. 8335 (5 dry specimens: 20 - 30 mm), banda, off lontor, 10 - 20 m depth ,\ntwo specimens of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 8286) with marginal buds and sand in the mouths. indonesia, banda, off lontor, danish exp. to the kei islands, 15 june 1922 .\njuvenile, attached specimens of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. a papua new guinea, bismarck sea, madang, june 1992 b–d malaysia, south china sea, layang layang, easternmost point, (rmnh coel. 40095), 28 march 2013 b in situ (bleached) c lower side d upper side. scale bars: 0. 5 cm .\nspecimen of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 21471). indonesia, ne komodo, s gili lawa laut, snellius - ii exp. sta. 4. 253, 27 october 1984. a upper side b lower side. scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\nspecimen of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 31190). indonesia, n sumbawa, bay of sanggar, snellius - ii exp. sta. 4. 132, 30 october 1984 a upper side b lower side. scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\nspecimen of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 31188). indonesia, south sulawesi, spermonde archipelago, north side of bone tambung island, 13 june 1986. a upper side b lower side. scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\nspecimen of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 24291). indonesia, central sulawesi, togian islands, s togian i. , tethyana exp. sta. 14, 23 / 24 september 1999 a upper side b lower side. scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\nspecimens of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 31193). indonesia, central sulawesi, togian islands, s waleabahi i. , tethyana exp. sta. 8, 19 september 1999 a upper side b lower side. scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\ntwo specimens of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. (rmnh coel. 24278). indonesia, central sulawesi, togian islands, s talatakoh i. , tethyana exp. sta. 10, 21 september 1999. scale bar: 0. 5 cm .\ncycloseris boschmai sp. n. a indonesia, bali, tulamben, september 1997 b philippines, cebu, november 1999 c–e indonesia, central sulawesi, togian islands, september 1999 f indonesia, south sulawesi, spermonde archipelago, bone lola reef, august 1997 .\n): eastern malaysia (sabah and layang layang), eastern indonesia (from bali to west papua), central philippines (cebu strait), papua new guinea (madang lagoon), and palau .\nmap of the central indo - pacific indicating localities where cycloseris boschmai sp. n. has been recorded .\nthe species is named after the late prof. hilbrand boschma, former director of the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie (now naturalis biodiversity center), who devoted much of his research time to the study of mushroom corals, including specimens of the new species .\nadult corals small (< 50 mm) with uneven circular corallum margin owing to enlarged costae. live specimens with variable, patchy colouration .\ncorallum outline slightly oval, lower order costae irregularly and roughly ornamented (20–70 / cm), maximum corallum diameter 8. 5 cm, habitat consisting of upper reef slopes\ncorallum outline clearly oval, lower order costae sharp, costal ornamentation very fine (40–90 / cm) and nearly absent on higher order costae, maximum corallum diameter 12. 5 cm, habitat mostly consisting of deep, sandy reef bases\ncentral fossa short (< 10% of corallum diameter); all septa perforated, nearly equal in size and tightly packed with little space in between them, maximum corallum diameter 8. 5 cm, habitat mostly consisting of deep, sandy reef bases\nlength of central fossa > 10% of corallum diameter, septa of lower order solid and thicker than adjacent septa with distinct space in between them, maximum corallum diameter 7. 5 cm, habitat consisting of deeper reef slopes or reef bases\ncoralla convex around fossa (humped), costae equal in juveniles, maximum corallum diameter 12. 5 cm, habitat mostly consisting of deep, sandy reef bases\ncoralla thin, central fossa short (< 10% of corallum diameter), margin undulating (hexagonal in juveniles) maximum corallum diameter 8. 5 cm, habitat consisting of sandy reef slopes or sandy reef bases\ncoralla thick and usually strongly arched, margin with folds, maximum corallum diameter 8. 5 cm, habitat consisting of lower reef slopes or sandy reef bases\ncycloseris boschmai sp. n. also resembles cycloseris tenuis, which is more oval, less corlourful (see gittenberger and hoeksema 2006), and with lower order costae that are rougher and more irregularly ornamented. cycloseris tenuis is most common on upper reef slopes (hoeksema 2012a), whereas the rarer cycloseris boschmai shows a deeper depth range. the new species also resembles cycloseris vaughani, which has sharper lower order costae, a brown colouration (hoeksema 1989, hoeksema and van ofwegen 2004) and a much deeper depth range (hoeksema 2012a) .\nwith the inclusion of cycloseris boschmai sp. n. , 11 free - living cycloseris species are distinguished. since the taxonomic revision of the fungiidae by hoeksema (1989) various other mushroom coral species were reported as new to science (veron 1990, 2000, 2002, hoeksema and dai 1991, hoeksema 1993a, 1993c, 2009, 2012c, latypov 1995, 2006, ditlev 2003, mondal and raghunathan 2013). two of these were originally classified as cycloseris but they appear to be synonyms of previously described species and one of these is not a cycloseris .\nis a rare species (considering that most material was gathered during fieldwork in a time span of 30 years) and its geographic distribution range is restricted to the coral triangle, not much can be said about its ecology. specimens are difficult to find, owing to their small body size compared to other mushroom coral species (\n) suggests that they were collected from a sandy substrate, which may not be their preferred habitat. during the author' s, fieldwork (1983–2013), no specimens were observed on sandy reef bases .\nhave been observed to show a similar abundance of buds on a sandy slope in eastern sabah (bwh personal observation 2009). budding may be a mushroom coral' s, last resort of survival when its mouth is clogged and not capable of food intake anymore (\nan account of the deep - sea madreporaria collected by the royal indian marine survey ship investigator .\nbenzoni f, arrigoni r, stefani f, reijnen bt, montano s, hoeksema bw. (2012 )\nphylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c. wellsi (scleractinia: fungiidae): lost mushroom corals find their way home .\nbongaerts p, hoeksema bw, hay kb, hoegh - guldberg o. (2012 )\nsymbiotic fishes (gobiidae and labridae) of the mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis (scleractinia; fungiidae) .\nan illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the recent azooxanthellate scleractinia (cnidaria: anthozoa), with an attached glossary .\nin: grassé pp. (ed) traité de zoologie tome iii, fasc .\na field - guide to the reef - building corals of the indo - pacific .\nnew scleractinian corals (cnidaria: anthozoa) from sabah, north borneo. description of one new genus and eight new species, with notes on their taxonomy and ecology .\nobservations on the madreporarian family the fungidae with special reference to the hard structures .\neffects of aggregation and species identity on the growth and behavior of mushroom corals .\nerftemeijer pla, riegl b, hoeksema bw, todd pa. (2012 )\na hitherto unnoticed adaptive radiation: epitoniid species (gastropoda: epitoniidae) associated with corals (scleractinia) .\ncryptic, adaptive radiation of parasitic snails: sibling species of leptoconchus (gastropoda: coralliophilidae) in corals .\na molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits .\nmobility of free - living fungiid corals (scleractinia), a dispersion mechanism and survival strategy in dynamic reef habitats .\ncontrol of bleaching in mushroom coral populations (scleractinia: fungiidae) in the java sea: stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy .\nevolution of body size in mushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae) and its ecomorphological consequences .\nmushroom corals (scleractinia: fungiidae) of madang lagoon, northern papua new guinea: an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec. nov .\ndelineation of the indo - malayan centre of maximum marine biodiversity: the coral triangle." ]

{ "text": [ "fungia is a genus of mushroom , disc or plate corals in the family fungiidae .", "members of the genus are found growing on reefs in the indo-pacific . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "fungia is a genus of mushroom, disc or plate corals in the family fungiidae. members of the genus are found growing on reefs in the indo-pacific." ]

[ "original video from urltoken if you have a photo of a blenny labeled secretary blenny, acanthemblemaria maria, it is likely that you actually have a photo of a spinyhead blenny, acanthemblemaria spinosa .\njennifer hammock marked\nsecretary blenny, copyright les wilk\nas hidden on the\nacanthemblemaria maria\npage. reasons to hide: low quality\ngreek, akantha = thorn + greek, emblema, - atos, anything that is nailed, knocked in; also anything with bass or high relief (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated. tropical; 18°n - 10°n, 90°w - 58°w (ref. 56273 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 5. 1 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5521 )\ninhabits limestone slopes rather than patch reefs; these slopes usually dotted with small brain corals, stinging coral, sea fans, whips, and sea urchins (ref. 5521) .\nböhlke, j. e. and c. c. g. chaplin, 1993. fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd edition. university of texas press, austin. (ref. 5521 )\n): 27. 4 - 28. 4, mean 28 (based on 142 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00457 (0. 00182 - 0. 01148), b = 3. 08 (2. 86 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months () .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\ninhabits limestone slopes rather than patch reefs; these slopes usually dotted with small brain corals, stinging coral, sea fans, whips, and sea urchins (ref. 5521) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclaro, rodolfo, and lynne r. parenti / claro, rodolfo, kenyon c. lindeman, and l. r. parenti, eds .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nvery similar to the spinyhead blenny, (same genus) and live and generally act the same way. both are\ntube blennies\nwhich means rather than living on the sea floor like many other blennies, they take up residence in abandoned tube worm tubes and in sponge holes. these are very tiny fish, less than an inch long. look for them at depths of 3 feet or more. they have eyes that can turn in almost any direction. see pictures 6 and seven .\nplease consider supporting this site. help keep this site advertisement free by making a donation through paypal. if you have found this site useful, please consider lending your support to it' s continuation. as an incentive, ten percent of all donations will go to the no lionfish stj organization to purchase spears, markers and other organizational needs. i would appreciate your support .\nplease respect the time and effort and expense to create this site. all text and photos are copyrighted unless clearly noted otherwise. no use is authorized without written permission .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - 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{ "text": [ "acanthemblemaria maria , the secretary blenny , is a species of chaenopsid blenny found in coral reefs from the bahamas to tobago , in the western central atlantic ocean .", "it can reach a maximum length of 5.1 cm ( 2.0 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0 ] }

[ "acanthemblemaria maria, the secretary blenny, is a species of chaenopsid blenny found in coral reefs from the bahamas to tobago, in the western central atlantic ocean. it can reach a maximum length of 5.1 cm (2.0 in) tl." ]

[ "a young / baby of a spotted bolo mouse is called a' pinkie, kitten or pup'. the females are called' doe' and males' buck'. a spotted bolo mouse group is called a' nest, colony, harvest, horde or mischief' .\nthe spotted bolo mouse is listed as least concern (lr / lc), lowest risk. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthomasomys rosalinda thomas and st. leger, 1926 - roslanda' s oldfield mouse\napodemus hermonensis filippucci, simson, and nevo, 1989 - mt. hermon field mouse\nvernaya fulva (allen, g. m. , 1927) - red climbing mouse\nakodon affinis (allen, j. a. , 1912) - colombian grass mouse\nakodon urichi allen, j. a. and chapman, 1897 - northern grass mouse\nosgoodomys banderanus (allen, j. a. , 1897) - michoacan deer mouse\nperomyscus difficilis (allen, j. a. , 1891) - zacatecan deer mouse\nperomyscus furvus allen, j. a. and chapman, 1897 - blackish deer mouse\nperomyscus nasutus (allen, j. a. , 1891) - northern rock mouse\nperomyscus yucatanicus allen, j. a. and chapman, 1897 - yucatan deer mouse\nphyllotis osilae allen, j. a. , 1901 - bunchgrass leaf - eared mouse\nreithrodontomys gracilis allen, j. a. and chapman, 1897 - slender harvest mouse\nrhipidomys ochrogaster allen, j. a. , 1901 - yellow - bellied climbing mouse\nmacrotarsomys bastardi milne - edwards and g. grandidier, 1898 - bastard big - footed mouse\nperomyscus melanotis allen, j. a. and chapman, 1897 - black - eared mouse\nthomasomys cinereiventer allen, j. a. , 1912 - ashy - bellied oldfield mouse .\nrhipidomys couesi (allen, j. a. and chapman, 1893) - coue' s climbing mouse\nzygodontomys brevicauda (allen, j. a. and chapman, 1893) - short - tailed cane mouse\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\npardiñas, u. f. j. , teta, p. , ortiz, p. e. , jayat, j. p. and salazar - bravo, j. 2015. genus necromys. in: j. l. patton, u. f. j. , pardiñas and g. d' elía (eds), mammals of south america, pp. 232 - 247. the university of chicago press, chicago .\ndescribed as a species of akodon but referred to a subspecies of zygodontomys brevicauda by hershkovitz (1962) .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: this species is listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, threats, status and ecological requirements .\nthis species occurred in an indeterminate area of ecuador and perhaps colombia (voss, 1991; musser and carleton, 2005). the enigmatic distribution of the few fragmentary specimens assignable to punctulatus, which originate from a region outside of the core geographic range of bolomys (= necromys), is discussed by voss (1991) .\nunknown. this species was listed as extinct in the red book of mammasl of ecuador (tirira, 2001) .\nfurther research is needed into the distribution, habitat and ecology, and threats to this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\necuadorintassuhiiru\nto\nbolomys punctulatus (thomas, 1894 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ndicrostonyx exsul allen, g. m. , 1919 - st. lawrence island collared lemming\npolyplax meridionalis johnson, 1962 * (type host? perhaps a. spinosissimus )\nhoplopleura himalayana mishra, kulkarni and bhat, 1973 * (host sp. ? )\nbunomys andrewsi (allen, j. a. , 1911) - andrew´s hill rat\npolyplax humae khan and khan, 1985 * (host? , perhaps millardia sp. )\nhoplopleura sinhgarh mishra, bhat, and kulkarni, 1972 * (mus sp. )\nrattus lutreolus (j. e. gray, 1841) - australian swamp rat\nlenoxus apicalis (allen, j. a. , 1900) - andean rat\nneotoma anthonyi allen, j. a. , 1898 - anthony' s woodrat\nneusticomys mussoi ochoa g. and soriano, 1991 - musso' s fish - eating rat\noecomys speciosus (allen, j. a. and chapman, 1893) - arboreal rice rat\noecomys trinitatis (allen, j. a. and chapman, 1893) - trinidad arboreal rice rat\noryzomys alfaroi (allen, j. a. , 1891) - alfaro' s rice rat\nsigmodon fulviventer allen, j. a. , 1889 - tawny - bellied cotton rat\nsigmodontomys alfari allen, j. a. , 1897 - alfaro' s rice water rat\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\ninfonatura species index: 51 - 100 of 479 records in family muridae of order rodentia .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: data presented in infonatura at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of april 2007. note: this report was printed on .\ntrademark notice :\ninfonatura\n, natureserve, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: © 2007 natureserve, 1101 wilson boulevard, 15th floor, arlington virginia 22209, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\ncitation: infonatura: animals and ecosystems of latin america [ web application ]. 2007. version 5. 0. arlington, virginia (usa): natureserve. available: http: / / infonatura. natureserve. org. (accessed :\ncitation for bird range maps: ridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2005. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 2. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\nacknowledgement statement for bird range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for mammal range maps: patterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2005. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 2. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\nacknowledgement statement for mammal range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for amphibian range maps: iucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2006. global amphibian assessment. urltoken, version 1. 1 .\nacknowledgement statement for amphibian range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with iucn, conservation international and the global amphibian assessment .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nfeedback request: using the comment form, please note any errors or significant omissions that you find in the data. your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the network of users .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about, follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nvery rare leather / wool garment by dr suess. (mint condition! )\nmen’s us size: medium. european size: 52. – (will also fit a men’s size: us large )\nthe jaded by knight brand is known for reconstructing vintage garments into completely new creations .\noriginal vintage 90’s tommy hilfiger red / navy blue biker zipper jacket. fits women’s medium .\njacket measurements: armpit seam to armpit seam = 18″ sleeve length = 25″ top of collar to end of sleeve = 31. 5″ armpit seam to end of sleeve = 18″ armpit to bottom of jacket = 12. 5″ waist = 17 .\n* * hilfiger beautifully embroidered on the left sleeve / with letter ‘h’! * * (features tommy hilfiger’s signature branded logos on breast and right sleeve. )\na & g amal guessous x chrome hearts cashmere flaming guitar (. 925 sterling silver zipper pull) rocker gray hooded sweater jacket m l\n100% authentic vintage amal guessous “ exclusive” zip up flaming guitar hooded sweater. * * same brand and similar style as worn by samuel l jackson * *\n100% genuine cashmere, with flaming cross guitars, roses, and “rock n roll” insignia including “fleur de lis” design on the hood .\noriginal rrp – $ 1200 + “ wearing a & g denotes a rocker, bad ass, and wealthy lifestyle. ”\namazing high quality with all the style and class you would expect from this world - famous brand .\ninclude: usher raymond, lenny kravitz, cher, eddie murphy, jamie foxx, arnold schwarzenegger, samuel l. jackson, & fashion x model icons, naomi campbell & karl lagerfeld. about a & g :\na & g is the brainchild of – amal guessous the “rock couture” brand has developed as a major status symbol especially in cities where sold and has been in action for over 20years with current locations in new york, los angeles, and paris .\ntrendsetters, particularly in los angeles and paris, have adopted this among rolex and mercedes as “the” items to have. wearing a & g denotes a rocker, bad ass, and wealthy lifestyle .\nin this handout photo provided by mtv, american idol judge randy jackson (l) and actor samuel l. jackson at the hope for haiti now: a global benefit for earthquake relief telethon on january 22, 2010 in los a ngeles, california .\nauthentic one of a kind chrome hearts iridescent white leather. 925 “sterling silver cross studded” jacket. “ m “ original rrp – $ 5, 000. 00 “worn by high fashion enthusiasts and celebrity rockstars throughout hollywood! ! ” “ wearing ch denotes a rocker, bad ass, and wealthy lifestyle. ”\n* * super elegant, super classy, and mega quality! ! * * gothic antiqued. 925 sterling hardware making it super edgy and stylish .\nthis is a fabulous women’s chrome hearts masterpiece jacket with solid sterling silver hardware details which includes signature ch dagger zipper pulls, & three large cross stud buttons. all sterling details have been antiqued for a real rocker edgy look. made of 100% leather. it is in mint condition !\nchrome hearts has developed as a major status symbol especially in cities where sold. trendsetters, particularly in los angeles and japan, have adopted this among rolex and mercedes as “the” items to have. wearing chrome hearts denotes a rocker, bad ass, and wealthy lifestyle .\nthere are chrome hearts boutiques in new york, tokyo, osaka, los angeles, malibu, las vegas, hong kong and paris (2006) .\ncelebrity patrons celebrities who wear chrome hearts include: rappers jim jones and juelz santana, mary - louise parker, ashlee simpson, lenny kravitz, cher, eddie murphy, mischa barton, jamie foxx, fashion icon karl lagerfeld, and cantopop star nicholas tse .\nrapper jim jones of the harlem, ny based diplomats apppears in the video for the song “we fly high” wearing several items of clothing and jewelry made by chrome hearts, including one of their signature wallet chains. juelz santana (another member of the diplomats) also appears in the same video wearing chrome hearts clothing, as does a female affiliate .\none of a kind “cleveland cavaliers” masterpiece designed by the one and only “dr x romanelli” .\neach of these jacket’s are one of a kind / custom made & sold in high end boutiques. original rrp – $ 2100 +\ndr romanelli’s one off cre ations sell for thousands & “wearing dr romanelli denotes a trendy, bad ass, and creative lifestyle. ”\nsize: xl “will fit size large comfortably! ” (elastic cuff and waistband flexibility for a tailored fit. )\n100% genuine soft lambskin leather detail panels & 100% wool combinations with silk inner liner. overall amazing quality & craftsmanship !\nthe dr x romanelli brand is known for reconstructing nike flight vintage garments into completely new creations .\ndarren romanelli (drx, dr. romanelli) is a los angeles based designer, marketer, and director. [ 1 ] he is most notable for creating series of customized, limited edition clothing, furniture and collectibles. romanelli adds his signature (drx) to each project and has been involved with all levels of a project’s development, from inception to display to promotion. [ 2 ] he has had collaborations with converse, [ 3 ] coca - cola, [ 4 ] jaeger lecoultre, [ 5 ] and disney among others. dr. romanelli collaboration is ongoing .\nlooney tunes (1998) ‘warner bros’ reversible cartoon leather & satin reversible bomber jacket. exclusive design by – jeff hamilton .\nbugs bunny, sylvester, taz, daffy duck, porky pig & road runner .\njh trademark: designs ranging from the nfl, nba, nhl, mlb to all entertainment licenses such as warner bros. and disney .\nmaterial: 100% genuine “full leather! ” on one side & satin on the other .\nlogo: signature adidas 3 stripes blended but noticeable, with sample “adidas” tag on the inside .\n1993 vintage looney tunes bugs bunny x elmer fudd ‘warner bros’ suede / leather bomber jacket. (full suede - leather !) * * very rare * *\nmen’s us size: large (will also fit size ‘medium’ comfortably !) european size: 52, uk size: 42. “model featured height = 5ft11″ weight 80kgs”\n“imagine rocking up to your next vip event, stage show, or music video wearing this bad boy! !? ” wearing this is an extremely cool way to bring something different yet tasteful and iconic to the eyes of many fashionistas or anyone who of course loves “looney tunes! ”… .\nmaterial: 100% genuine “full suede leather! ” with plaid inner liner .\njh trademark: similar in design to that of jeff hamilton his designs range from the nfl, nba, nhl, mlb to all entertainment licenses such as warner bros. and disney .\n$ 2k jaded by knight ‘genuine leather & swarovski crystal embellished brown army field jacket. men’s us size: medium. european size: 48. (hand crafted in los angeles, ca .) original rrp – $ 2000 +\n* * embroidered work with “genuine leather panels”. & embellished w / (100% genuine swarovski crystals! ! )\nmeasurements: sleeve length = 26″, chest size = 17″, shoulder to shoulder = 20″, shoulder to hem = 24″, underarm to underarm = 24″ .\nnever sold or released to the general public. * * only a few ever made for production crew only! ! * *\n– our certificate of authenticity is presented with an embossed starwear status metallic sticker which preserves the authenticity of these truly unique screen used movie props and celebrity owned entertainment products for you to enjoy for years to come .\nthis jacket was made for promotional purposes to celebrate the success of sonic the hedgehog 2 in (1992) .\nthis is a rare seldom found jacket and made specifically for (sega staff / crew members only & not released for public sale. )\nextra details: this jacket is “varsity american football” style. it’s blue with cream leather sleeves, and has elastic red and blue cuffs. has elastic cuffs and waistband for that perfect tailored fit! ! it fastens with 7 snap buttons with satin blue inner lining .\nfeatures: adidas trefoil logo on jacket breast with “michael jackson” signature thriller album font with a massive silhouette of michael jackson in his “smooth criminal” outfit .\nboth items were gifted personally to (poltergeist star) heather o’rourke from sylvester stallone. auction includes –\n1. rocky iv crew jacket w / x2 coa’s. (from heather’s estate & signed by mother kathleen !) 2. signed rambo photo image w / coa. signed by mother kathleen & (signed personally to heather o’rourke from sylvester stallone) “from rocky iv comes this extremely rare original production worn movie cast / crew issued jacket w / leather details personally owned & issued to heather o’rourke from sylvester stallone w / a personally signed ‘sylvester stallone’ rambo photo! ! both come w / coa, signed by ‘kathleen o’rourke’ (mother) – from heather o’rourke’s estate .\nthese jackets are seldom found and were made specifically for either cast or crew members only, and not released for public sale. )\nboth come with ‘coa’s’ from heather o’rourke’s estate! (signed by kathleen o’rourke’s) heather’s mother .) & starwear status certificate of authenticity !\ncondition: in immaculate condition which is amazing for a jacket which is (30 + years old) .\ncomes with a starwear status certificate of authenticity ” plus + two coa’s from heather o’rourke’s estate! (signed by kathleen o’rourke’s) heather’s mother. – our certificate of authenticity is presented with an embossed starwear status metallic sticker which preserves the authenticity of these truly unique screen used movie props and celebrity owned entertainment products for you to enjoy for years to come\nwe aim to provide you with that\ncelebrity lifestyle\ngiving you a unique opportunity to feel & look like a star! ! with our inventory of celebrity clothing & exclusive one of a kind trends you never know what you might find... this is why at starwear status “exclusivity is our priority” & you the client will get the credit that you deserve." ]

{ "text": [ "the spotted bolo mouse or ecuadorian akodont ( necromys punctulatus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .", "it is known from ecuador and may also occur in colombia .", "little is known of its status and range . " ], "topic": [ 29, 13, 17 ] }

[ "the spotted bolo mouse or ecuadorian akodont (necromys punctulatus) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae. it is known from ecuador and may also occur in colombia. little is known of its status and range." ]

[ "notes for phylogenetic study of chrysomelinae with descriptions of new taxa and a list of all the known genera (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: chrysomelinae .\na chromosomal analysis of four species of chilean chrysomelinae (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) .\nthe genera of chrysomelinae (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in costa rica. - pubmed - ncbi\nchromosomal variability and evolution of chrysomelidae (coleoptera) particularly that of chrysomelinae and palearctic alticinae .\ndonnées sur la biosystématique des chrysolina l. s. (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: chrysomelinae) .\nseven new species of the genus chrysolina motschulsky from china (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: chrysomelinae) .\na chromosomal analysis of four species of chilean chrysomelinae (coleoptera, chrysomelidae). - pubmed - ncbi\n( coleoptera: chrysomelinae). b. a laboratory comparison of geographically isolated populations and experiments on conditioning .\nmise au point et compléments sur la révision des taeniosticha du genre craspeda (coleoptera, chrysomelidae, chrysomelinae) .\na review of the subgenus arctolina kontkanen, 1959 of the genus chrysolina motschulsky, 1860 (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: chrysomelinae) .\nmonrós, f. (1955) on some new genera of nearctic chrysomelinae (chrysomelidae). the coleopterists’ bulletin, 9, 53–60 .\nweise, j. (1916) coleopterorum catalogus. pars 68. chrysomelidae: 12. chrysomelinae. w. junk, berlin, 255 pp .\nflowers, r. w. (2004) the genera of chrysomelinae (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in costa rica. revista de biología tropical, 52, 77–83. urltoken\na study on the genus chrysolina motschulsky, 1860, with a checklist of all the described subgenera, species, subspecies, and synonyms (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: chrysomelinae) .\nrévision du genre chalcoidea motschulsky, 1860 avec description d’une espèce nouvelle, chalcoidea (s. str .) hollandei (1ère partie) (coleoptera, chrysomelidae, chrysomelinae) .\nreid, c. a. m. (2002) a new genus of chrysomelinae from australia (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). the coleopterist’s bulletin, 56, 589–596. urltoken; 2\nburgos - solorio, a. & anaya - rosales, s. (2004) los crisomelinos (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: chrysomelinae) del estado de morelos. acta zoológica mexicana, new series, 20, 39–66 .\nmontelongo, t. & gómez - zurita, j. (2014) multilocus molecular systematics and evolution in time and space of calligrapha (coleoptera: chrysomelidae, chrysomelinae). zoologica scripta, 43, 605–628. urltoken\ngómez - zurita, j. (2005) new distribution records and biogeography of calligrapha species (leaf beetles), in north america (coleoptera: chrysomelidae, chrysomelinae). the canadian field - naturalist, 119, 88–100 .\nmontelongo, t. & gómez - zurita, j. (2013) morphological and molecular characterization of a new nearctic species of calligrapha chevrolat, 1836 (coleoptera: chrysomelidae, chrysomelinae) from central mexico. proceedings of the entomological society of washington, 115, 369–391. urltoken\njurado - rivera ja, petitpierre e (2015) new contributions to the molecular systematics and the evolution of host - plant associations in the genus chrysolina (coleoptera, chrysomelidae, chrysomelinae). in: jolivet p, santiago - blay j, schmitt m (eds) research on chrysomelidae 5. zookeys 547: 165–192. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 547. 6018\nkeys in spanish and english are given for the genera of chrysomelinae known from costa rica. for each genus, a list of species compiled from collections in the university of costa rica, the national biodiversity institute, and the entomological literature is presented. the genus planagetes chevrolat 1843 is recorded for the first time from central america, and the genus leptinotarsa stål 1858 is synonymized with stilodes chevrolat 1843 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nconvex, round, or oval, often brightly colored. head partly inserted into prothorax (to the eyes). eyes slightly emarginate. antennae moderately long, clavate, insertions separated by width of frons. pronotum at least slightly convex and nearly as wide basally as elytra; lateral margins defined. procoxae transversely oval. third tarsal segment usually entire. elytra covering pygidium and with wide epipleura .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\na review of the north american chrysomeline leaf beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) john a. wilcox. 1972. new york museum and science service bulletin, 37 pp. , 162 figs. 1972. new york museum and science service .\nchrysomelid males with enlarged mandibles: three new species and a review of occurrence in the family (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) reid c. a. m. , beatson m. 2013. zootaxa 3619: 79–100 .\nthe leaf beetles of alabama edward balsbaugh and kirby hays. 1972. agricultural experiment station, auburn university .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\n- - - page mise à jour le 28 / 06 / 2018 à 16: 44: 23 - - - page affichée en 0. 02 s - - -\njesús gómez - zurita animal biodiversity and evolution, institut de biologia evolutiva, csic - universitat pompeu fabra, pg. marítim de la barceloneta 37, 08003 barcelona, spain .\nachard, j. (1923) étude sur le genre zygogramma chevr. fragments entomologiques, 4, 51–65 .\nbechyné, j. (1952) nachträge zu den katalogen von blackwelder und junk - schenkling der neotropischen echten chrysomeliden (col. phytophaga). entomologische arbeiten aus dem museum gg. frey, 3, 1–62 .\nbechyné, j. (1997) evaluación de los datos sobre los phytophaga dañinos en venezuela (coleoptera). boletín de entomología venezolana, serie monografías, 1, 1–459 .\nbechyné, j. & springlová de bechyné, b. (1965) notes sur les chrysomelidae s. str. de venezuela et des pays limitrophes. revista de la facultad de agronomía de maracay, 3, 44–110 .\nblackwelder, r. e. (1944–1957) checklist of the coleopterous insects of mexico, central america, the west indies and south america. parts 1–6. bulletin of the united states national museum, 185, i–xii, 1–1492 .\nbousquet, y. & bouchard, p. (2013) the genera in the second catalogue (1833–1836) of dejean’s coleoptera collection. zookeys, 282, 1–219. urltoken\nbrown, w. j. (1945) food - plants and distribution of the species of calligrapha in canada, with descriptions of new species (coleoptera, chrysomelidae). canadian entomologist, 77, 117–133. urltoken\nchapuis, f. (1874) genera des coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les genres proposés jusqu' ici dans cet ordre d' insectes. tome dixième. famille des phytophages. librairie encyclopédique de roret, paris, 455 pp .\nchevrolat, a. (1836) calligrapha. in: dejean, p. f. m. a. (ed), catalogue des coléoptères de la collection de m. le comte dejean. [ livraison 5 ]. méquignon - marvis, paris, pp. 398 .\nchevrolat, a. (1844) chrysomélines. in: d’orbigny, c. (ed), dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle. tome troisième. langlois et leclercq, paris, pp. 654–657 .\ncrotch, g. r. (1873) materials for the study of the phytophaga of the united states. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 1873, 19–83 .\ndugés, e. r. d. (1901) catálogo de la colección de coleópteros mexicanos del museo nacional. imprenta del museo nacional, méxico, 125 pp .\nerichson, g. f. (1847) conspectus insectorum coleopterorum, quae in republica peruana observata sunt. archiv für naturgeschichte, 13, 67–185 .\nescalante, t. , morrone, j. j. & rodríguez - tapia, g. (2013) biogeographic regions of north american mammals based on endemism. biological journal of the linnean society, 110, 485–499. urltoken\nescalante, t. , rodríguez - tapia, g. , szumik, c. , morrone, j. j. & rivas, m. (2010) delimitation of the nearctic region according to mammalian distributional patterns. journal of mammalogy, 91, 1381–1388. urltoken\ngemminger, m. & harold, b. de (1874) catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. tom xi. chrysomelidae (pars i .). suptu g. beck, monachii. p. 3233–3478 .\ngermar, e. (1821) neue exotische käfer beschrieben von c. r. w. wiedemann u. e. f. germar. magazin der entomologie, 4, 107–183 .\ngómez - zurita, j. , vogler, a. p. & funk, d. j. (2004) diagnosing an overlooked north american taxon: biological observations and mitochondrial insights on calligrapha suturella schaeffer, 1933 new status (coleoptera, chrysomelidae). annals of the entomological society of america, 97, 28–36. urltoken; 2\ngómez - zurita, j. , funk, d. j. & vogler, a. p. (2006) the evolution of unisexuality in calligrapha leaf beetles: molecular and ecological insights on multiple origins via interspecific hybridization. evolution, 60, 328–347. urltoken\ngómez - zurita, j. , hunt, t. & vogler, a. p. (2008) multilocus ribosomal rna phylogeny of the leaf beetles (chrysomelidae). cladistics, 24, 34–50. urltoken\nguérin - méneville, f. e. (1844) iconographie du règne animal de g. cuvier ou représentation d' après nature de l' une des espèces les plus remarquables, et souvent non encore figurées, de chaque genre d' animaux. chez j. b. baillière, paris, 576 pp .\nguérin - méneville, f. e. (1855) catalogue des insectes coléoptères, recueillis par m. gaetano osculati, pendant son exploration de la région équatoriale, sur les bords du napo et de l' amazone. verhandlungen des zoologisch - botanischen vereins in wien, 5, 573–612 .\nhope, f. w. (1840) the coleopterist’s manual, part the third, containing various families, genera, and species, of beetles, recorded by linneus and fabricius. also, descriptions of newly discovered and unpublished insects. j. c. bridgewater, and bowdery & kerby, london, 191 pp .\njacoby, m. (1877) descriptions of new species of phytophagous coleoptera. proceedings of the zoological society of london, 1877, 510–520 .\njacoby, m. (1880–1892) insecta. coleoptera. phytophaga (part). vol. vi. part 1 and suppl. in: godman, f. d. & salvin, o. (eds .), biologia centrali - americana. r. h. porter, london, pp. iii–xx, 1–625, 1–374 .\njacoby, m. (1896) remarks on the system of coloration and punctuation in the beetles of the genus calligrapha. proceedings of the zoological society of london, 1896, 224–225 .\nle conte, j. l. (1859) additions to the coleopterous fauna of northern california and oregon. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 11, 281–292 .\nleng, c. w. (1920) catalogue of the coleoptera of america, north of mexico. john d. serman, jr. , mont vernon, n. y. , 470 pp .\nlinell, m. l. (1896) a short review of the chrysomelas of north america. journal of the new york entomological society, 4, 195–200 .\nmaes, j. - m. (1998) insectos de nicaragua. vol. 2. secretaría técnica bosawas, marena, managua, 683 pp. [ pp. 487–1169 ]\nmaes, j. - m. & staines, c. (1991) catálogo de los chrysomelidae (coleoptera) de nicaragua. revista nicaragüense de entomología, 18, 1–53 .\nmorrone, j. j. (2006) biogeographic areas and transition zones of latin america and the caribbean islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. annual review of entomology, 51, 467–494. urltoken\nmotschulsky, v. de (1860) coléoptères rapportés de la sibérie orientale et notmment des pays situées sur les bors du fleuve amour. in: schrenck' s, l. v. (ed .), reisen und forschungen im amur - lande. band ii. coleopteren. commissionäre der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften, st. petersburg, pp. 79–246 .\npallister, j. c. (1953) the leaf beetles of north central mexico collected on the david rockefeller mexican expedition (coleoptera, chrysomelidae). american museum novitates, 1623, 1–95 .\nquicke, d. l. j. (1993) principles and techniques of contemporary taxonomy. chapman & hall, london, 311 pp .\nrogers, w. f. (1856) synopsis of the species of chrysomela and allied genera inhabiting the united states. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 8, 29–39 .\nscherer, g. (1959) chrysomelidenausbeute der reise von herrn dr. h. c. georg frey nach nord - und mittelamerika (col. chrysomelidae). entomologische arbeiten aus dem museum frey, 10, 605–612 .\nschilthuizen, m. (2003) shape matters: the evolution of insect genitalia. proceedings of the section applied and experimental entomology, netherlands entomological society, 14, 9–15 .\nselander, r. b. & vaurie, p. (1962) a gazetteer to accompany the “insecta” volumes of the “biologia centrali americana”. american museum novitates, 2099, 1–70 .\nshapiro, a. m. & porter, a. h. (1989) the lock - and - key hypothesis: evolutionary and biosystematic interpretation of insect genitalia. annual review of entomology, 34, 231–245. urltoken\nsharp, d. & muir, f. (1912) the comparative anatomy of the male genital tube in coleoptera. transactions of the entomological society of london, dec. 1912, 477–642 .\nstål, c. (1859) bidrag till kännedomen om amerikas chrysomeliner. öfversigt af kongl. vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar, 16, 305–326 .\nstål, c. (1860) till kännedomen om chrysomelidae. öfversigt af kongl. vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar, 17, 455–470 .\nstål, c. (1862–1865) monographie des chrysomélides de l’amérique. c. a. leffler, uppsala, 365 pp .\nsteinheil, e. (1877) die columbischen chrysomelinen der coleopteren - sammlung. mittheilungen des münchener entomologischen vereins, 1, 31–48 .\ntower, w. l. (1906) an investigation of evolution in chrysomelid beetles of the genus leptinotarsa. carnegie institution of washington, washington d. c. , 320 pp .\ntownsend, c. h. t. (1895) on the coleoptera of new mexico and arizona, including biologic and other notes. the canadian entomologist, 27, 39–51. urltoken\nwilcox, j. a. (1972) a review of the north american chrysomeline leaf beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). new york state museum science service bulletin, 421, 1–37 .\nwilcox, j. a. (1975) checklist of the beetles of canada, united states, mexico, central america and the west indies. vol. 1. pt. 7. the leaf beetles biological research institute of america, new york, 166 pp. [ red version ]\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndept. biologia, universitat de les illes balears, 07122 palma de mallorca, spain .\npmid: 24260673 pmcid: pmc3834574 doi: 10. 3897 / compcytogen. v6i4. 3519\na blaptea elguetai metaphase i showing 13 + xy p, the xy p is arrowed b henicotherus porteri spermatogonial metaphase with 2n = 28, the y - chromosome is arrowed. c karyogram showing small meta / submetacentric chromosome pairs, the medium - sized x and the smallest y - chromosome are in the extreme right. bar = 10 µm\na jolivetia obscura pachytene showing 13 + xy p with striking procentric heterochromatic bands in the autosome bivalents, and the presumed xy p arrowed b pataya nitida spermatogonial metaphase (left) and pachytene (right), some autosome bivalents show small procentric bands of heterochromatin c anaphase i showing 2n = 38 chromosomes. bar = 10 µm\ncenter for biological control, florida a & m university, tallahassee, fl 32307, usa. rflowers @ urltoken\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\nmaggie whitson marked\nchrysomela scripta\nas hidden on the\nchrysomela scripta\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nmaggie whitson set\ncottonwood leaf beetle (chrysomela scripta )\nas an exemplar on\nchrysomela scripta fabricius, 1801\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\ncottonwood leaf beetle (chrysomela scripta f. )\nas hidden on the\nchrysomela scripta\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nmaggie whitson marked\ncottonwood leaf beetle (chrysomela scripta )\nas hidden on the\nchrysomela scripta\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\non the pacific coast of panama. these snails consumed a variety of invertebrate species such as bivalves, limpets, and polychaetes. daily observation and mapping of marked snails yielded records of sequential prey eaten by each individual. both the temperate and tropical species of carnivorous snails were generalized in overall diet but within each population individuals varied in degree of specialization .\nfeeding sequences for the 51 temperate and 100 tropical snails that were observed through 5 or more feeding attacks revealed two patterns. first, diets varied from specialized to generalized even among individuals of similar size foraging adjacent to one another in the same habitat. second, among individuals which exhibited more specialized diets, the prey species of choice was not always the same. these patterns of interindividual variability were not a result of individuals foraging in homogeneous patches of a few prey species since mapped foraging tracks of individual snails intersected and overlapped extensively. nor were these patterns solely a result of random foraging given the relative abundances of prey species in the habitat .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nabbott, d. p. and e. c. haderlie. 1980. prosobranchia: marine snails. pages 230–307\nabbott and e. c. haderlie, editors. intertidal invertebrates of california. stanford university press, stanford, california, usa .\nfairweather, p. g. , a. j. underwood, and m. j. moran. 1984, preliminary investigations of predation by the whelk\nfeller, w. 1968. an introduction to probability theory and its applications. volume 1. third edition. j. wiley and sons incorporated. new york, new york, usa .\ngrant, p. r. 1971. variation in the tarsus length of birds in island and mainland regions .\nkeen, a. m. 1971. sea shells of tropical west america. stanford university press, stanford, california, usa .\nkitting, c. l. 1980. herbivore - plant interactions of individual limpets maintaining a mixed diet of intertidal marine algae .\nkrebs, c. j. 1972. ecology, the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. harper and row, publishers, new york, new york, usa. pp. 506–508 .\nlaverty, t. m. 1980. the flower - visiting behaviour of bumble bees: floral complexity and learning .\nmenge, b. a. 1978. predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. effect of an algal canopy, wave action and desiccation on predator feeding rates .\nmenge, b. a. , and j. lubchenco. 1981. community organization in temperate and tropical rocky intertidal habitats: prey refuges in relation to consumer pressure gradients .\npalmer, a. r. 1984. prey selection by thaidid gastropods: some observational and experimental field tests of foraging models .\nroughgarden, j. 1979. theory of population genetics and evolutionary ecology. macmillan publishing company incorporated, new york, new york, usa. pp. 512–513 .\nstuart, v. , e. j. h. head and k. h. mann. 1985. seasonal changes in the digestive enzyme levels of the amphipod\nwerner, e. e. , g. g. mittelbach and d. j. hall. 1981. the role of foraging profitability and experience in habitat use by the bluegill sunfish .\n: a study of the effects of interindividual variation and foraging experience on growth and gonad development. doctoral dissertation, department of zoology, oregon state university, corvallis, oregon, usa .\nwest l. (1988) interindividual variation in foraging behaviour within a temperate and a tropical species of carnivorous gastropods. in: chelazzi g. , vannini m. (eds) behavioral adaptation to intertidal life. nato asi series (series a: life sciences), vol 151. springer, boston, ma\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe social diaea are non - territorial, periodically - social spiders that do not weave a snare web, a factor considered to be important in spider sociality. maternal care and heritable retreats are factors common to most group living animals, including social diaea; suggesting that they are important factors in the evolution of spider sociality. a 4 year survey, along with field and laboratory experiments revealed that mother spiders provided crucial care in the form of a protective eucalyptus leaf nest and large prey for their offspring. after the mother' s death, the nest was inherited and expanded by the offspring. larger groups built larger, more protective nests, but expended less individual effort doing so, and so survived better than smaller groups .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\npopulations of insect herbivores exploiting habitats that differ in host species composition may experience selection for divergent host - selection behaviour. to assess potential genetic constraints on the evolution of host - selection behaviour in such populations, we estimated genetic variation and covariation in larval acceptance of different host species within and between populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, choristoneura rosaceana. host - acceptance behaviour was analysed using the threshold model of quantitative genetics. according to this model, there is a continuously distributed variable describing the motivational / physiological state of individuals in the population, and a threshold of acceptance representing the acceptability of a host species. individuals in which this variable exceeds the threshold accept the host while individuals below the threshold reject it. parent–offspring regressions, a selection experiment, and comparisons of full - sibs in three pairs of populations revealed significant additive genetic variation in host acceptance. genetic correlations between the responses to different hosts were either positive or not significantly different from zero, suggesting that local change in host acceptance will not favour behavioural specialization in populations of c. rosaceana. the pattern of the reaction norms for host response in the pairs of populations confirmed that divergence in host - selection behaviour does not involve behavioural specialization in the obliquebanded leafroller .\nbehavioral variation in natural populations. 1. phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations among chemoreceptive responses to prey in the garter snake ,\nmaintenance of ecologically significant genetic variation in the tiger swallowtail butterfly through differential selection and gene flow .\nevolution of phenotypic variance: non - mendelian parental influences on the phenotypic and genotypic components of the life - history traits in a generalist herbivore .\ncoevolution of pierid butterflies and their cruciferous food plants. v. habitat selection, community structure and speciation .\n1983. selective factors in the evolution of host choice by phytophagous insects. in: ahmad, s. (ed. )\n( homoptera: aphididae), for winged morph production, life - history and morphology in relation to host plant permanence .\nan ecological genetic analysis of the settling behaviour of a marine polychaete: 1. probability of settlement and gregarious behaviour .\nsas institute. 1988. sas / stat user' s guide, release 6. 03 edition. cary, nc .\nmass rearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species on a simple artificial medium .\n1986. the definition and measurement of oviposition preference in plant - feeding insects. in: miller, t. a. and miller, j. (eds )\n1985. within - patch dynamics of life - histories, populations and interactions: selection over time in small spaces. in: pickett, s. t. a. and white, p. s. (eds )\npreference hierarchies and the origin of geographic specialization in host use in swallowtail butterflies .\n1987. genetic constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. in: loeschcke, v. (ed. )\necological genetics of herbivorous insects: the experimental study of evolution in natural and agricultural systems .\nthe genetic structure of host plant adaption in a spatial patchwork: demographic variability among reciprocally transplanted pea aphid clones .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nback to resources coleoptera suborders, series, superfamilies, families, and subfamilies after j. f. lawrence and a. f. newton, jr. 1995. families and subfamilies of coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family - group names). pp. 779 - 1006 in: j. pakaluk & s. a. slipinski (eds .): biology, phylogeny, and classification of coleoptera: papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a. crowson. museum i instytut zoologii pan, warszawa .\nh. s. barber p. f. m. a. dejean g. h. horn w. s. blatchley h. f. wickham e. c. van dyke c. h. boheman j. l. leconte e. c. a. candèze c. degeer fabricius h. c. fall p. k. vaurie thomas say g. fischer von waldheim g. r. crotch t. l. casey c. g. von mannerheim f. e. blaisdell e. a. schwarz h. ulke d. h. blake\n© 2007 - 2018 the coleopterists society | website coordinator the coleopterists society is a 501 (c) 3 corporation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlawrence, j. f. , and a. f. newton, jr. / pakaluk, james, and stanislaw adam slipinski, eds .\nbiology, phylogeny, and classification of coleoptera: papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a. crowson, vol. 2\nriley, edward g. , shawn m. clark, and terry n. seeno\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ncorresponding author: josé a. jurado - rivera (se. biu @ odaruj. esoj )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nin this work we present the results of a phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences from a sample of chrysolina and oreina species, using bayesian and maximum likelihood (ml) inference approaches. we expand the taxon sampling of previous molecular studies (garin et al. 1999, hsiao and pasteels 1999) through the inclusion of representatives for nearly half of the chrysolina subgenera comprising most of the morphologically defined groups and ecological variation of the genus. in addition, the inferred molecular phylogeny is used to test the validity of a number of taxonomic hypotheses derived from morphological, ecological, chemical and genetic data. finally, we aim to investigate the evolution of the host plant associations in the genus chrysolina .\nspecies from two subgenera. our sampling includes type species representatives regarding 13 of the studied\n). beetles were collected by us in the field or received from colleagues in absolute ethanol and stored in the laboratory at - 20 °c before processing. voucher specimens are deposited for long - term storage at the dna and tissue collection of the biodiversity, systematics and evolution group (bio6evo) of the university of the balearic islands .\nstudied taxa, sources, host plants and genbank accession numbers. species groups defined by bourdonné and doguet (1991) are also indicated. a: baselga and novoa (2006), b: bieńkowski 2010, c: bieńkowski 2011, d: bourdonné 2005, e: bourdonné and doguet 1991, f: cobos 1953, g: garin et al. 1999, h: jolivet and petitpierre 1976, i: jolivet et al. 1986, j: koch 1992, k: lopatin and mikhailov 2010, l: mikhailov 2006, m: petitpierre 1981, n: rizza and pecora 1980, o: vela and bastazo 1999 .\nchrysolina costalis (olivier, 1807) (= chrysolina obsoleta brullé, 1838 sensu bieńkowski 2014 unpubl. )\ntotal dna was purified from beetle head and pronotum using the dneasy tissue kit (qiagen, west sussex, uk) and following the manufacturer’s protocol. elutions were done in 200 μl volume and one microliter was used in pcr reactions. three different molecular markers were selected for the study, including a partial sequence of the mitochondrial 16s rdna (\n). pcr conditions used 0. 2 μm of each primer and 3. 5 mm mgcl\nusing a standard protocol of 35 cycles with annealing temperature ranging from 50 to 45 °c (60s) depending on the sample, and denaturation (94 °c) and elongation (72 °c) lasted 30 and 60s, respectively. pcr products were visualized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and subsequently purified using msb spin pcrapace (invitek, berlin, germany). sanger sequencing was performed with the same primers as above using the bigdye terminator cycle sequencing kit (applied biosystems, foster city, ca, usa). sequences were edited and contigs were assembled using bioedit v. 7 (hall 1999), and deposited at genbank under the accession numbers referred in table\nheterogeneity in base composition across taxa was explored for each codon position of the protein - coding genes and for rrnl using the chi - square test for base frequency differences implemented in paup * 4. 0b10 (swofford 2003). multiple sequence alignment was performed using mafft 7 online version (urltoken, katoh and standley 2013) under default parameters. molecular markers were checked for combinability using the incongruence length difference (ild) test (farris et al. 1994) implemented in paup * v4. 0b10 (swofford 2002). the test was run using 100 random stepwise additions and 1000 replicates of heuristic search with tree bisection–reconnection (tbr) branch swapping. the optimal partitioning strategy and evolutionary models for the combined sequence matrix were assessed with partitionfinder (lanfear et al. 2012) under the bayesian information criterion (bic) and using the implemented greedy algorithm .\nbayesian phylogenetic inference was conducted using mrbayes 3. 2 (ronquist et al. 2012). two independent analyses consisting of four chains each were run for 5·10 6 generations specifying a sampling frequency every 100 generations, and setting a burn - in fraction of 10% . mcmc convergence and the effective sample sizes (ess) estimates were checked with tracer v. 1. 5 (rambaut and drummond 2007). additionally, a maximum likelihood search was done using garli v. 2. 01 (zwickl 2006) and performing 100 bootstrap replicates .\nwe also used bayestraits to evaluate different ancestral host plant affiliations scenarios at the root of the chrysolina tree. analyses were conducted by enforcing the ancestral state of the most recent common ancestor (mrca) for the core chrysolina node (excluding the divergent species chrysolina vigintimaculata) to be one of the eight host plant families recorded for the studied chrysolina species. mcmc was used to explore the samples and the space rate parameter of 1000 post - burnin trees generated in the mrbayes analysis. we performed two independent runs of 10·10 6 generations for each one of the constrained searches, and sampling rate parameters every 100 generations. the constrained runs were then compared by calculating the bayes factors between the best and second best models based on the harmonic mean of the likelihood from each analysis as indicated in bayestraits manual .\n). the effective sample size value for each parameter sampled from the mcmc analysis was always > 200. bayesian and ml searches resulted in almost the same topology (figures\nclade, which were higher in the bayesian analysis (e. g. nodes k, d and t). the resulting phylogenetic trees revealed the paraphyly of the genus\n, which showed a higher affinity with outgroup taxa. in addition, the monophyletic status of the subgenera with more than one species sampled in the study was recovered in all cases excepting\nclade with high support values in at least one of the resulting trees (clades b, c, d and k). within these main lineages, it was also possible to identify systematic relationships among subgenera at different phylogenetic levels. the inferred groups of phylogenetically related subgenera and their statistical supports are summarized in table\nbayesian phylogenetic tree obtained from the combined analysis of cox 1, rrn l and h3. node numbers represent bayesian posterior probability values. only support values higher than 0. 9 are shown. numbers accompanying the subgeneric classification of the chrysolina species on the right correspond to the systematic groups defined by bourdonné and doguet (1991). clades mentioned in the text are highlighted .\nmaximum likelihood phylogenetic tree obtained from the combined analysis of cox 1, rrn l and h3. node numbers represent bootstrap support values. only support values higher than 0. 7 are shown. numbers accompanying the subgeneric classification of the chrysolina species on the right correspond to the systematic groups defined by bourdonné and doguet (1991). clades mentioned in the text are highlighted .\noptimal partitioning strategy and evolutionary models selected using partitionfinder under the bayesian information criterion .\n; p≤0. 001 in all cases). conversely, the molecular data could not reject the reciprocal monophyly of several taxa assemblages, such as\nresults of the approximately unbiased test (au test, shimodaira 2000). statistically significant p values are indicated in bold (p < 0. 05) .\n). this plant family was also recovered as the most likely ancestral host for three of the main clades in our molecular phylogeny (nodes b, c and d; p = 0. 94, 0. 99 and 0. 95, respectively). within clade d, a host shift from\n( clade g’). on the other hand, ancestral host plant reconstruction for node k was ambiguous, recovering associations with multiple families. however, it was possible to identify the occurrence of several host shifts for its derived lineages towards a new trophic association with (i )\n( nodes p and q, p = 0. 51 and 0. 97, respectively), (iii )\n( node x, p = 0. 91), and (v )\nhost family (p = 0. 5) as well as a new trophic link with\n). pie charts at selected nodes show probabilities of each state from the bayesian analysis in bayestraits. clades mentioned in the text are highlighted .\nposterior probability values of ancestral host - plant affiliations calculated in bayestraits for the selected nodes in the chrysolina - oreina phylogeny. the highest probability value (s) for each node are highlighted in bold. ast. = asteraceae, api. = apiaceae, hyp. = hypericaceae, lam. = lamiaceae, plant. = plantaginaceae, scro. = scrophulariaceae, ran. = ranunculaceae, apo. = apocynaceae .\ncomparing model support with the bayes factor. bayes factors were calculated as described in the bayestraits manual: bf = 2 (ln lha−ln lhb), where ln lhx is the marginal likelihood from the harmonic mean of the post - convergence. the plant family lamiaceae is the most likely ancestral host at the root of the core chrysolina clade with the highest harmonic mean. the right column indicates the bayes factor compared against lamiaceae as the favoured ancestral host. * indicates positive evidence, * * indicates strong evidence, and * * * indicates very strong evidence for the favoured hypothesis .\nspecies analysed here, reinforcing our conclusions and highlighting the need for a taxonomic revision for the group. on the other hand, the proposal of considering the genera\n, clades b, c, d and k). the clades b and c comprised species from the “group 2” defined by\n). the hypothetical monophyly of the aforementioned “group 2” was statistically rejected by the au test, thus reinforcing our finding that such an assemblage of species does not constitute a natural group. the clade b included two monotypic subgenera (\n, a taxonomic decision that is strongly supported in our phylogenetic analyses. the monophyly of the species nested in clade c were also noted in the phylogenetic study of\n( motschulsky, 1860) inferring a clear relationship with the remainder of the members in clade c that is supported with maximum posterior probability and bootstrap values. genetic distances (\n: 0. 08), thus suggesting that the taxa in question do not belong to the same species. it remains to be investigated whether their divergence is due to specimen misidentification or whether\nwe would like to thank the following colleagues who kindly provided us several specimens for this study: dr. yuri mikhailov (ural state forestry engineering university, ekaterinburg, russia; the species from russia and kazakhstan), jean - claude bourdonné (lesparrou, ariège, france; two species from france) and prof. josé serrano (univ. murcia, spain; the species from turkey) .\nan update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: apg iii .\ndiversity of chrysomelidae (coleoptera) in galicia, northwest spain: estimating the completeness of the regional inventory .\na review of the leaf - beetle genus chrysolina motschulsky (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) from russia and european countries of the former ussr: i. a key to species with developed hind wings .\nreview of the leaf - beetle genus chrysolina motschulsky (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) from russia and the european countries of the former ussr: ii. a key to species with the reduced hind wings .\nrévision du sous - genre taeniosticha motschulsky, 1860 du genre craspeda motschulsky, 1860 (coleoptera, chrysomelidae). 1ère partie .\nchrysolina (stichoptera) oceanoripensis nova species, endémique des dunes françaises des landes de gascogne et considérations sur le sous - genre stichoptera motschulsky, 1860 (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) .\nfamille des phytophages. in: lacordaire t, chapuis f. histoire naturelle des insectes. genera des coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les genres proposés jusqu’ici dans cet ordre d’insectes. tome dixième .\ncolgan dj, mclauchlan a, wilson gdf, livingston sp, edgecombe gd, macaranas j, cassis g, gray mr. (1998 )\nin: furth d. (ed .) proceedings of the third international symposium on the chrysomelidae, beijing, 1992 .\nconsiderazioni biogeografiche sulle chrysolina delle province appenninica e sicula con descrizione di chrysolina (stichoptera) bourdonnei n. sp. (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) .\ndobler s, mardulyn p, pasteels jm, rowell - rahier m. (1996 )\nhost - plant switches and the evolution of chemical defense and life history in the leaf beetle genus oreina .\nfarris js, källersjö m, kluge ag, bult c. (1994 )\nin: rosenthal ga, berenbaum m. (eds) herbivores: their interactions with secondary plant metabolites – evolutionary and ecological processes .\ngenetic constraints and the phylogeny of insect - plant associations: responses of ophraella communa (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) to host plants of its congeners .\ninsect - plant interactions: the evolution of component communities. philosophical transactions of the royal society of london .\nmitochondrial dna phylogeny and the evolution of host - plant use in palearctic chrysolina (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) leaf beetles .\nge s, daccordi m, li w, yang xk. (2011 )\ngómez - zurita j, hunt t, kopliku f, vogler ap. (2007) recalibrated tree of leaf beetles (chrysomelidae) indicates independent diversification of angiosperms and their insect herbivores. plos one 2: e360. doi :\nevolution of host - plant affiliation and chemical defense in chrysolina - oreina leaf beetles as revealed by mtdna phylogenies .\nin: cox ml. (ed .) advances in chrysomelidae biology 1 .\njanz n, nyblom k, nylin s. (2001) evolutionary dynamics of host - plant specialization: a case study of the tribe nymphalini. evolution 55 (4): 783–796. doi :\nin: tilmon kj. (ed .) specialization, speciation, and radiation: the evolutionary biology of herbivorous insects .\ndiversity begets diversity: host expansions and the diversification of plant - feeding insects .\nles plantes hôtes connues des chrysolina (col. chrysomelidae) – essai sur les types de sélections trophiques .\nles plantes - hôtes des chrysomelidae. quelques nouvelles précisions et additions (coleoptera) .\njurado - rivera ja, vogler ap, reid cam, petitpierre e, gómez - zurita j. (2009 )\nkergoat gj, delobel a, fédière g, le rü b, silvain jf. (2005 )\nboth host - plant phylogeny and chemistry have shaped the african seed - beetle radiation .\nin: löbl i, smetana a. (eds) catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera .\nlanfear r, calcott b, ho sy, guindon s. (2012 )\nnew species of leaf - beetles (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) from china: x .\nnew species of leaf - beetles (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) from china: xi .\ncontribution to the knowledge of the leaf - beetle fauna (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) of eastern kazakhstan .\nlopez - vaamonde c, wikström n, labandeira c, godfray hcj, goodman sj, cook jm. (2006 )\nfossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf - mining moths radiated several million years after their host plants .\nmckenna dd, sequeira as, marvaldi ae, farrell bd. (2009 )\nnew and little known leaf beetles of the genus chrysolina motschulsky, 1860 from altai and sayany mountains in south siberia (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) .\nconsideration of the subgenera timarchoptera motschulsky, 1860 and paraheliostola l. medvedev, 1992 of the genus chrysolina motschulsky (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) after description of two new forms from khakassia .\nmikhailov ye. (2005) contribution to the knowledge of chrysolina (crositops) pedestris (gebler, 1823) (coleoptera, chrysomelidae): preimaginal stages and ecology. contributions to systematics and biology of beetles – papers celebrating the 80 th birthday of igor konstantinovich lopatin, 143–151 .\non the types and status of chrysolina sylvatica (gebler, 1823) and chrysolina subcostata (gebler, 1848) from the subgenus pleurosticha motschulsky, 1860 (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) .\nto speciate, or not to speciate? resource heterogeneity, the subjectivity of similarity, and the macroevolutionary consequences of niche‐width shifts in plant - feeding insects .\npagel m, meade a. (2013) bayestraits v. 2. 0. university of reading, reading .\npasteels jm, termonia a, daloze d, windsor dm. (2003 )\nin: furth dg. (ed .) special topics in leaf beetle biology .\nnotes on chromosomes of ten species of the genus chrysolina mots. (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) .\nnew data on the cytology of chrysolina mots. and oreina chevr. (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) .\nkaryometric differences among nine species of the genus chrysolina mots. (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) .\nthe cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of chrysolina mots. and oreina chevr. (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) .\npetitpierre e, kippenberg h, mikhailov yu, bourdonné jc. (2004 )\nchromosomal evolution and trophic affiliation in the genus chrysolina (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) .\nin: jolivet p, santiago - blay j, schmitt m. (eds) research on chrysomelidae 2 .\nbiology and host specificity of chrysomela rossia, a candidate for the biological control of dalmatian toadflax, linaria dalmatica .\nronquist f, teslenko m, van der mark p, ayres dl, darling a, höhna s, larget b, liu l, suchard ma, huelsenbeck jp. (2012 )\nmrbayes 3. 2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space .\nanother calculation of the p - value for the problem of regions using the scaled bootstrap resamplings .\nsimon c, frati f, beckenbach a, crespi b, liu h, flook p. (1994 )\nevolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers .\nraxml version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post - analysis of large phylogenies .\npaup *. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods), version 4. 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmiiz pan, call no. p. 255; click here to follow the link; miiz pan, call no. p. 4314\nprogramme innovative economy, 2010 - 2014, priority axis 2. r & d infrastructure; european union. european regional development fund\ndescription of a new tardigrade, macrobiotus barbarae (eutardigrada: macrobiotidae) from the dominican republic / kaczmarek, łukasz (i in. )\nnew species of microdalyellia (rhabditophora: rhabdocoela: dalyelliidae) from temporal freshwater rock pools in utah, usa / willems, wim (i in. )\nmesocyclops bosumtwii sp. nov. (copepoda: cyclopidae) from ghana / mirabdullaev, iskandar m. (i in. )\nnomenclatural notes on tenebrionid beetles of the palaearctic region (insecta: coleoptera) / bouchard, patrice (i in. )\nnew synonymies and lectotype designations in the neotropical tribes nycteliini, praocini, and scotobiini (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) / flores, gustavo e .\nnew mesozoic cockroaches (blattaria: blattulidae) from jehol biota of western liaoning in china / wang, tiantian (i in. )\nnew stegelytrine leafhopper genus (hemiptera: cicadellidae) from south east asia / zhang, yalin (i in. )\nmorphology of juvenile stages of parachipteria bella (sellnick, 1928) and p. willmanii hammen, 1952 (acari: oribatida: achipteriidae) / seniczak, stanisław; seniczak, anna\nthis page is maintained by: ioaae, iolr, nioeb, mri, iophch, iooch, iopas, sliogaso, tmioh, iopl, iom, mmmrc, ioftr, ioss, ioemt, maioz." ]

{ "text": [ "the chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles ( chrysomelidae ) .", "some 2000 species are found , with worldwide distribution .", "the best-known member is the notorious colorado potato beetle ( leptinotarsa decemlineata ) , an important agricultural pest . " ], "topic": [ 11, 20, 27 ] }

[ "the chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (chrysomelidae). some 2000 species are found, with worldwide distribution. the best-known member is the notorious colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata), an important agricultural pest." ]

[ "jonathan coulton: well, this game is called the top row, because all the answers in this game can be typed using only the top row of letters on a computer keyboard .\nthe top row keys are the ten keys found above the home row keys on a qwerty us keyboard. the top row keys include the q, w, e, r, and t keys for the left - hand and y, u, i, o, and p keys for the right - hand. in the picture below, the hands are on the home row keys and the top row keys are above the home row keys .\nas you may have already noticed the first six top row keys on a qwerty keyboard are\nqwerty\n.\nsearch top row and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso. you can complete the definition of top row given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries: wikipedia, lexilogos, oxford, cambridge, chambers harrap, wordreference, collins lexibase dictionaries, merriam webster ...\nchung: well, in this game, top row, we asked the contestants to remember all those letters in their head. we didn' t give them a computer keyboard and they had to figure out words that could be spelled using only that row of letters .\nthe loudest or highest pitch (esp. in the phrase top of one' s voice )\nwith a dvorak keyboard the top row keys are the? , <, >, p, and y keys with the left - hand and the f, g, c, r, and l keys with the right - hand .\ni' m writing a little array whose elements are matrices of different sizes, and i want them aligned by their top rows .\neisenberg: now standing at attention, we have our next two contestants. we have joe altieri and lorna jordan, ready for our next game. just as a warm - up, joe, can you give me any four letters that appear on the top row of a keyboard ?\nchung: well, i' m looking at my computer and it does stand for the letters on the top of the computer keyboard .\nyou' re listening to ask me another, npr' s hour of puzzles, word games, and trivia. i' m your host ophira eisenberg and this hour we' re featuring some of the most mind - bending games we have ever played. in the studio with me is our puzzle editor art chung and our next number is called top row, which unfortunately has nothing to do with top shelf. it has everything to do with qwertyuiop .\ne. g. : just when i had got all my ducks in a row and i was ready to go, i received a call and had to cancel my trip .\ntop row forget the typing etiquette you learned in school. in this game, we ignore most of the keyboard to focus only on the 10 letters to the right of the tab key. house musician jonathan coulton leads this game and shows us just how many words we can spell with q, w, e, r, t, y, u, i, o and p .\nfor practical purposes, you can consider yourself having mastered an exercise only if you are able to type three reloaded screens of exercises in a row in under 60 seconds each, with no errors, confidently .\nuse the \\ belowbaseline macro of the stackengine package. it will place the top of its argument a given distance below the baseline. the distance is given either as an optional argument (\\ belowbaseline [ < gap > ] {... }), or else may be set as the default optional argument via \\ setstackgap { s } { < gap > } .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ncompiled by gustavo mendez, hilda marshall, anne peters. upated by hilda marshall\nnpr' s exciting new show featuring puzzles, word games and trivia played in front of a live audience. ask me another is a co - production of npr and wnyc .\nforget the typing etiquette you learned in school. in this game, we ignore most of the keyboard to focus only on the 10 letters to the right of the tab key. house musician jonathan coulton leads this game and shows us just how many words we can spell with q, w, e, r, t, y, u, i, o and p .\nchung: q - w - e - r - t - y - u - i - o - p .\neisenberg: yeah, more or less. ok. yeah. you know what, just remember that .\ncoulton: so there are 10 altogether, the 10 next to the tab key: q, w, e, r, t, y, u, i, o, and p. a simple pneumonic is to remember the word qwertyuiop .\ncoulton: and letters can be used more than once in the answer. here we go. you might use your keyboard to tap out this message, limited to 140 characters .\neisenberg: h - t is hat tip. i just learned that. i love it .\ncoulton: that' s internet talk. in ballet, a twirl on your toes .\ncoulton: gentlemen should always hold open doors for ladies, according to this .\neisenberg: joe is getting all the polite things. he has etiquette. he queues. he buys potpourri .\ncoulton: you know why? because don' t let him fool you. joe is a nice young man, that' s why .\ncoulton: before alaska became a u. s. state, it was a this .\neisenberg: all right, that was close, but it turns out, lorna, you won this round. congratulations, you' ll be moving onto our ask me one more final round at the end of the show .\ncopyright © 2013 npr. all rights reserved. visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at urltoken for further information .\nnpr transcripts are created on a rush deadline by verb8tm, inc. , an npr contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with npr. this text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. accuracy and availability may vary. the authoritative record of npr’s programming is the audio record .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na thing that forms or covers the uppermost part of anything, esp. a lid or cap\na garment, esp. for a woman, that extends from the shoulders to the waist or hips\nmanagement complains about the parsimony of expense reimbursements. shareholders will not look kindly to executives flying helicopters or first - class international flights unrestrained. urltoken\n[ uk ]; [ slang ] refers to the dog' s habit of licking its testicles. by extension (and not without humor) the latter probably taste good! ex: among their albums ,\nmaster of puppets\nis likely the dog' s bullocks !\non the pattern of' binge - eat' or' binge - drink', the term' binge' meaning an excessive indulgence in something. ex: as i became bored, i decided to binge - watch the entire season of my favorite series\nyou want to reject this entry: please give us your comments (bad translation / definition, duplicate entries... )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary, become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntoprow ltd. is a leading calgary and surrounding area siding and roofing contractor. we have knowledge and expertise in all aspects of exterior finishing .\ntoprow only uses the highest quality materials from the industry' s leading manufacturers, and our qualified personell will make sure the job is done right. contact us with your project, toprow handles complete exteriors & repairs\nconsidering giving your home a face lift but not certain what look you want, you could mix and match color swatches or you could try toprow' s exclusive exterior color scenes color selection utility, and see how it will all fit together .\nno mistakes. always be sure and in control. follow the principle of 100% correct practice: to make a mistake is to learn incorrect things, and to confuse that which you already know .\nslower is faster. speed comes from certainty. the more you type things correctly, no matter how slow it has to be, the more certain you will be, and the faster you will become a proficient typist. increase speed only when you feel sure enough to do so .\ndon' t look at the keyboard! if you don' t know where a key is, look at the keyboard to find it, then look away and type the key. do not guess; always be sure .\ntype to a steady rhythm. generally, the time between keystrokes should be the same, giving you a sense of flow and the ability to scan ahead at a constant speed .\nrelax. no unnecessary or dysfunctional tension. enjoy the rhythm of your own typing !\nhit the keys squarely in the center. if you find you aren' t consistently doing so, slow down! !! it should feel good to type !\npress the\nclick here to start\nbutton, then type what you see on the screen. if you type correctly, the letter will turn to grey. if you err, it won' t, and you will hear an error sound .\nto do the same again (which you should do if you make any mistakes), press the\ngo again !\nbutton that appears when you finish .\nremember, shoot for no errors! ! that is the most important thing right now. speed means nothing; certainty and correctness are what' s important .\nif you are accessing this course on the desktop or a laptop, google chrome (currently the most popular browser in the world) is the recommended browser for this site, and switching to it will likely solve any issues you may be experiencing. it is a free download, easy to install, and available for all platforms .\nother major browsers, such as apple safari, mozilla firefox and microsoft internet explorer should generally be ok, however please make sure you are using a current version. older versions or other browsers may give inconsistent results .\njavascript is required for the typing functionality, so please ensure it is turned on in your browser preferences .\nsome third - party extensions for web browsers, such as ad blockers, might interefere with the typing functionality. if you are using such an extension, turn it off temporarily and see if that is the cause. if so, it should be possible to whitelist this site so that the extension is turned off for this site only .\nthis course is not designed to be used with a soft keyboard on a tablet, although it has been successfully tested to work with ios devices (ipad and iphone). if you are on android or a windows mobile device it is hit or miss, however it should work absolutely fine with an external keyboard. it is highly recommended to learn touch typing on a physical keyboard for the tactile feedback, and bluetooth keyboards can be obtained very inexpensively these days (i. e. as little as $ 10). this is a very worthwhile investment to learn touch typing, a skill which will last you a lifetime .\nif you' re still having problems, you can still access the old, flash - based version of the course here .\nthe quotation marks and the apostrophe sit on the same key, which is pressed by the right - hand pinky finger in an extended position .\nconsider this a gentle introduction to extending your right hand pinky finger to reach non - alphanumeric characters. as you can see, there is an awful lot of responsibility for such a little finger !\nfor some variety and supplementary practice, here are some other things i created that you can do before and / or after this lesson' s exercise. they link back here when you' re done; give them a try! ! !\nmusical typing (quotes and apostrophe) - generate music with your keystrokes, making you type rhythmically while testing your powers of concentration. cool musical arrangements by yours truly !\nhere is your exercise... read those principles for effective learning before you begin! !\nthe interactive typing functionality requires javascript. please enable javascript in your browser' s preferences, and reload this page .\nif the above exercise isn' t working for you, please click here .\n© 2004 - 2018 peter hudson. all rights reserved. this page last updated: 11 july 2018 | privacy policy\nstack exchange network consists of 174 q & a communities including stack overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers .\nthis site uses cookies to deliver our services and to show you relevant ads and job listings. by using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our cookie policy, privacy policy, and our terms of service. your use of stack overflow’s products and services, including the stack overflow network, is subject to these policies and terms .\nthere is a comparable \\ abovebaseline macro for setting the bottom of an object at a given vertical level relative to the baseline .\nnote that the $ delimiters in the \\ belowbaseline argument can be eliminated if \\ stackmath (rather than the default \\ stacktext) is in force .\nby clicking\npost your answer\n, you acknowledge that you have read our updated terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy, and that your continued use of the website is subject to these policies .\nnot the answer you' re looking for? browse other questions tagged vertical - alignment matrices arrays or ask your own question." ]

{ "text": [ "top row ( foaled in 1931 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse who , during three years of racing , set two track records , one of which was a world record , and won the then world 's richest horse race .", "bred by mrs. elsie cassatt stewart , daughter of businessman and thoroughbred racehorse owner , alexander cassatt , top row was claimed by trainer bert baroni for $ 3,500 .", "at age three in 1934 the colt set a new world record of 1:42 for a mile and a sixteenth on dirt in winning the san francisco handicap at bay meadows racetrack in san mateo , california , beat the great and future hall of fame inductee discovery to win the prestigious narragansett special in 1935 , won the 1935 christmas stakes at santa anita park in a track record time of 1:35 4/5 for a mile on dirt , and in 1936 won the santa anita handicap , the then world 's richest horse race .", "top row 's earnings for 1936 played the major role in making his damsire high time the leading broodmare sire in north america .", "top row was retired to stud duty in california where he met with modest success as a sire . " ], "topic": [ 14, 14, 14, 7, 7 ] }

[ "top row (foaled in 1931) was an american thoroughbred racehorse who, during three years of racing, set two track records, one of which was a world record, and won the then world's richest horse race. bred by mrs. elsie cassatt stewart, daughter of businessman and thoroughbred racehorse owner, alexander cassatt, top row was claimed by trainer bert baroni for $ 3,500. at age three in 1934 the colt set a new world record of 1:42 for a mile and a sixteenth on dirt in winning the san francisco handicap at bay meadows racetrack in san mateo, california, beat the great and future hall of fame inductee discovery to win the prestigious narragansett special in 1935, won the 1935 christmas stakes at santa anita park in a track record time of 1:35 4/5 for a mile on dirt, and in 1936 won the santa anita handicap, the then world's richest horse race. top row's earnings for 1936 played the major role in making his damsire high time the leading broodmare sire in north america. top row was retired to stud duty in california where he met with modest success as a sire." ]

[ "what type of species is callistoctopus ornatus? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the callistoctopus ornatus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of callistoctopus ornatus species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species callistoctopus ornatus .\nhow to identify callistoctopus ornatus marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species callistoctopus ornatus. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species callistoctopus ornatus are marked in green .\nwhere is callistoctopus ornatus found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species callistoctopus ornatus can be found .\n16b. water pouches and pores absent; ligula well - developed in mature males………………. . …… ………………………………………………………………………. callistoctopus taki, 1964\ncitation :\nwhite striped octopuses, callistoctopus ornatus ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed wednesday, july 11, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 3 / 14 / 2014 2: 22: 00 am ~ contributor (s): marinebio\ncallistoctopus ornatus foraging in less than 10 cm of water, less than one meter from the beach. rurutu, austral islands © 2006 christine huffard; octopus cyanea on an intertidal reef, rurutu, austral islands. © 2006 christine huffard; undescribed octopus foraging on sand plains in north sulawesi, indonesia; 15 m deep © 2006 christine huffard; graneledone boreopacifica davidson seamount; 1973 m deep. © 2002 noaa / mbari .\n( of callistoctopus arakawai taki, 1964) norman m. d. & hochberg f. g. (2005) the current state of octopus taxonomy. phuket marine biological center research bulletin 66: 127–154. [ details ]\nthe octopus fishery in velondriake targets a group of four shallow - water species: octopus cyanea (95% of local catches), callistoctopus macropus (~ 4 %), amphioctopus aegina (~ 1 %), callistoctopus ornatus (rare) (d. raberinary pers. comm, [ 52 ]). these four octopus species each have a lifecycle of about one year, dispersing as paralarvae for 2–3 months, then growing over 6–9 months from < 1 g at settlement to commonly above 3 kg [ 53 – 55 ]. they appear to be year - round spawners, although recent studies suggest that recruitment fluctuates throughout the year [ 52 ] .\n( of octopus ornatus gould, 1852) van der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnorman, m. d. 1993c. octopus ornatus gould, 1852 (cephalopoda: octopodidae) in australian waters: morphology, distribution and life history. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 106 (4): 645 - 660 .\nresearch callistoctopus ornatus » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\ncommon on shallow reefs at night. long arms with white dots and lines forming ridges. an aggressive species that delivers a painful bite if handled. attains length of at least 3 feet. hawaii & the indo - pacific. formerly known as octopus ornatus .\n( of octopus ornatus gould, 1852) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\noctopus vulgaris, octopus cyanea and callistoctopus ornatus may co - occur in near - shore shallow reef habitats across the southwestern indian ocean. all three species are harvested, both by small vessels and individual spearfishers and are of considerable socio - economic importance. phenotypic - based discrimination of the three species is unreliable and at present species - specific catch data are not collected, preventing evaluation of species specific fisheries effects. in light of increasing exploitation rates the development of an unambiguous means of species discrimination is required for sustainable management and conservation of species and intraspecific stocks. in this study, a simple, cost effective, molecular technique to differentiate the three species is described .\n( of callistoctopus arakawai taki, 1964) taki, i. (1964). on eleven new species of the cephalopoda from japan, including two new genera of octopodinae. journal of the faculty of fisheries and animal husbandry, hiroshima university. 5 (2): 277 - 343. , available online at urltoken page (s): 292 [ details ]\nfor many species, activity is restricted to specific periods. many species are only active at night (e. g. , octopus ornatus), while others are predominantly day active (e. g. , octopus cyanea), see houck (1982). certain species are further restricted in their activity periods to the duration of low tides, only emerging to forage in rock pools on exposed intertidal reefs .\n( of octopus ornatus gould, 1852) gould a. (1852). mollusca and shells [ in ]: united states exploring expeditions, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of charles wilkes, u. s. n. . philadelphia, c. sherman & son: vol. 12, xv + 510 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 476 [ details ]\nmembers of this family prey on a wide range of animals, although primarily crustaceans (view abdopus foraging). certain species appear to be generalists (one individual of octopus dierythraeus was caught carrying crabs, a bivalve shell, a fish, a polychaete worm and a freshly decapitated octopus; norman, 1993a), while others concentrate on a single group. octopus alpheus has a diet apparently restricted to crabs (norman, 1993). certain species use the radula to drill bivalve or gastropod shells (e. g. , nixon and maconnachie, 1988). octopus ornatus preys heavily on octopuses of other species (norman, 1993b). cannibalism has also been reported for many species .\nnorman m. d. & hochberg f. g. (2005) the current state of octopus taxonomy. phuket marine biological center research bulletin 66: 127–154. [ details ]\nnorman m. d. , finn j. k. & hochberg f. g. (2014). family octopodidae. pp. 36 - 215, in p. jereb, c. f. e. roper, m. d. norman & j. k. finn eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. volume 3. octopods and vampire squids. fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome, fao ]. 4 (3): 353 pp. 11 pls. page (s): 99 [ details ]\nlu, c. c. & chung, w. s. (2017). guide to the cephalopods of taiwan. national museum of natural science, taichung, taiwan, 560 pp. isbn 978 - 986 - 05 - 2569 - 4. page (s): 478 [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ngould, a. a. 1852 ,\nmollusca of the united states exploring expedition under captain charles wilkes\n, mollusca of the wilkes expedition, vol. 12, pp. 1 - 510 pls 1 - 52\ntaki, i. 1964 ,\non eleven new species of the cephalopoda from japan. including two new genera of octopodinae .\n, journal of the faculty of fisheries and animal husbandry, hiroshima university, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 297 - 343\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 83ee7757 - 3375 - 4dba - a28e - 313519efd613\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 607217\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin: okutani, t. (ed .), marine mollusks in japan. tokai university press, tokyo, 1077 - 1087 (in japanese) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntaxon validity: [ fide voss (1981: 525) ]. repository: ytkc holotype. type locality: minami - amabe, oita, kyushu, japan\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social, add text and more with istock editor. open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nmark d. norman, f. g. hochberg, christine huffard, and katharina m. mangold (1922 - 2003 )\nthis family is made up of the familiar bottom - living octopuses and contains the majority of the genera and species which make up the order incirrata. the taxonomy of the family is poor with more than 30 genera coined, of which the following 24 are generally accepted as valid. there are over 200 species worldwide with the majority lacking detailed descriptions .\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting, please see interpreting the tree or classification. to learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\neditorial note: this page was written prior to the recent paper by strugnell, et al. (2013) which restructured the classification to the form seen above. previously the above taxa, with the exception of the amphitretidae were included within the family octopodidae .\nmembers of this family are the best known of the octopods. there is considerable diversity within this family. they range in size from pygmy species mature at under one gram (e. g. , octopus wolfi) to the giant pacific octopus (octopus dofleini) of the north pacific reaching weights in excess of 150 kilograms with an arm span of over 5 m. all are muscular with one or two rows of suckers. body proportions vary between species, from animals with arms approximately twice the mantle length (as in the blue - ringed octopuses, genus hapalochlaena) to those with arms up to 10 times the mantle length (as in ameloctopus) (see title photos above). the skin also varies between species from smooth (as in benthoctopus - left photograph below) to highly sculptured (as in octopus cyanea - right photograph) below .\nbenthoctopus levis (left) from heard island, indian ocean (photograph copyright © 1996, t. stranks); octopus cyanea (right) from the great barrier reef (photograph copyright © 1996, mark norman) .\none of the third arms modified in males (= hectocotylus), as an open sperm groove (running along ventral edge of the arm) to subterminal tip (calamus) and a modified terminal tip (ligula), typically spoon - like .\nmembers of this family mate by the male transferring sperm packages (spermatophores) to the female using the modified third arm (hectocotylus). spermatophores are shunted along an open groove on the hectocotylised arm to a spoon - shaped tip (ligula). the male places the spermatophores within the oviducts of the female. females can store sperm for up to 10 months (mangold, in boyle, 1983), and in many species immature females can mate and store viable sperm until mature. the elongate spermatophores evert within the oviduct to form a sperm bulb (spermatangia). in certain species, the everting spermatophore is covered in sharp teeth which aid the penetration of the sperm bulb along the oviduct through the oviducal glands and into the body of the ovary. in most species, sperm is stored within or adjacent to the oviducal glands. fertilization typically occurs as the eggs pass through the oviducal glands .\nspermatophore groove of abdopus aculeatus, arrow points to spermatophore guide that may direct the spermatophores as they are expelled from the funnel. note coiled tip of this mating arm, perhaps to protect the ligula. © 2005. ligula of octopus humilis from tonga. © 1997. diagram of the female reproductive tract (abdopus aculeatus) during copulation. arrow 1 points to the spermatophore groove of the inserted hectocotylus. arrow 2 points an oviducal gland, photo © 2005\nhatchling paralarva of octopus cyanea, off hawaii. © 1996, richard young .\ncrawl - away hatchling of the large - egged octopus cf. mercatoris. © 2006\negg size varies between different species and falls into two broad categories, according to boletzky (1977) :\nlarge - egg\nspecies produce eggs greater than 10% of the mantle length (as few as 50, up to 30 mm long), and\nsmall - egg\nspecies produce many small eggs less than 10% of mantle length (up to 600, 000, as small as 1. 5 mm each). hatchlings of most large - egg species are well - developed and adopt a benthic habit on hatching, although this generalization does not hold for some pygmy species such as o. bocki. these young typically possess arms with many suckers and adult - like skin sculpture and colour patterns .\nthe hatchlings of the\nsmall - egg\nspecies live in the plankton in their early stages and are characterized by short arms with few suckers and simple colour patterns consisting of a few large\nfounder\nchromatophores (packard, 1985). the morphology of these planktonic stages changes rapidly on settlement, quickly transforming to resemble the adult .\nspawning is terminal in the majority of octopodid species, i. e. , females die shortly after the last embryos have hatched. in other species, e. g. , octopus chierchiae, spawning is intermittent, where females resume feeding after the embryos hatch, and grow until the next spawning takes place (rodaniche, 1984) although the ovaries do not regress and regrow between spawning episodes. at the end of their life span, octopuses tend to lose mass, coordination, and the ability to express complex body patterns (see brooding female abdopus abaculus below) .\nas in all cephalopods, octopuses are fast growing. at hatching, octopus vulgaris juveniles weigh 2 mg, growing to weights of 2 to 3 kg in 12 to 18 months (mangold, in boyle, 1983). paralarvae of this species feed on planktonic crustaceans, whereas the newly settled young feed mostly on benthic prey. the conversion rate of young octopus vulgaris is 50% when fed crustaceans. the life - span of members of the octopodidae varies between about 6 months in small tropical species to four years in cold water species such as bathypolypus arcticus (o' dor and macalaster, in boyle, 1983) .\nhapalochlaena maculosa, jetting, from victoria, southern australia © 1996 m. norman\noctopodids primarily move by crawling over the substrate (view abdopus aculeatus crawling in situ). they are also capable of swimming via two methods :\nin addition to using these modes, two octopuses (amphioctopus marginatus and abdopus aculeatus) are known to walk bipedally (view abdopus aculeatus walking) .\nmany shallow - water species exhibit a remarkable match to the color and texture of the background (in spite of the fact that they are color blind !). this camouflage is produced by chromatophore combinations, passive reflection from specialized cells (iridophores, leucophores) and sculpture formed by raised (even branched) muscular patches and papillae (see image below). variation in skin anatomies leads to a wide range of species - specific body patterns and skin textures. for example, body patterns in octopus bocki appear limited to fairly uniform purple with iridescent patches on the mantle and around the eyes, while octopus cyanea can display numerous patterns using differently colored chromatophores .\ncamouflaged undescribed member of octopus horridus group, great barrier reef, © 1996 m. norman\ndefenses in this group range from camouflage (as seen in the photograph below), to ink dummy decoys, to ink smoke screens (see image below of ink from o. cyanea), to arm - dropping (as in ameloctopus) and production of strong toxins advertised by distinctive colour patterns (as in hapalochlaena). alarm displays in certain species have been supplemented by a pair of false - eye spots, one on the lateral arm crown below each eye. these ocellate octopuses flare the webs and display these spots to produce the appearance of the head of a large predator (e. g. , photograph below of octopus mototi, norman, 1993b). some sand - dwelling octopuses (such as thaumoctopus mimicus) can escape threatening sitations by burying into the sand and emerging more than one meter away .\noctopus berrima, from victoria, southern australia, © 1996 s. foale. ink smokescreen of octopus cyanea, from palmyra atoll. © 2006. ocellated octopus octopus mototi, from the great barrier reef © 1996 m. norman .\nthe following key treats clearly defined or named genera within the family octopodidae. the generic placement of many taxa within this family remain unresolved and are thus not covered by this key. these taxa are treated below under the general category “unplaced octopus ”. genera designated with an asterisk (*) are in urgent need of revision .\nmale diagnostic characters: as for many other cephalopod groups, octopus taxonomy relies heavily on the reproductive characters of mature males, particularly structures of the modified reproductive arm (hectocotylised arm). female material is harder to identify .\narm lengths: use of relative arm lengths requires intact arms. a sudden change in sucker diameter at any point along an arm is an indicator of partial arm regeneration. such arms should not be considered in assessing relative arm lengths .\n3a. webs greatly enlarged at distal ends to forms wing - like vanes (single species restricted to western indian ocean) …... ……………………………………………… velodona chun, 1915\n3b. web margins absent or as narrow bands to arms tips, not expanded in distal portion……... … 4\n4a. mature males with suckers highly modified on tips of normal arms, as ridges, stellate suckers, frills of papillae or spongiform tissue; some member taxa with hectocotylised arm tip that lacks a distinct ligula and / or calamus…………………………………. ……………………... . 5\n4b. mature males with distinct ligula and calamus; normal arm tips of mature males without obvious sucker modifications ……………………………………………………………... …. 6\n5a. hectocotylised arm tip of mature male fleshy and convoluted in the form of a walnut, no obvious calamus; distal suckers of normal arms of mature males modified into a fringe of long thin papillae (single species restricted to southern africa) ……………………………………… …………………………………………... aphrodoctopus roper and mangold, 1992\n5b. hectocotylised arm tip as normal ligula and calamus or may lack calamus; distal suckers of normal arms of mature males modified as regular ridges or as spongiform tissue… ……. . …………………………………………………………………………. . eledone leach, 1817 *\n7a. funnel organ as w, uu or vv - shaped pads; skin smooth or sculptured …………………. . 8\n7b. funnel organ as four distinct short longitudinal pads (iiii); all dorsal and lateral surfaces covered in large branched papillae (single species restricted to central western atlantic ocean) ……………………………. . …………………………… tetracheledone voss, 1955\n8a. small to moderate species, never attaining large sizes; head width close to or greater than mantle width; gills with 6 - 11 lamellae per demibranch……………………………………. 9\n8b. large (up to 14kg) species with loose soft gelatinous skin; head distinctly narrower than mantle; gills with 10 - 11 lamellae per demibranch (single species restricted to antarctic waters) ……………………………………………. . …………… megaleledone taki, 1961\n9b. ligula grove with distinct transverse ridges; lower beak with sharp modified tip, rostrum straight or slightly upturned in lateral profile; posterior salivary glands approximately twice length of buccal mass; stylets absent …………………... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . ……………………………. adelieledone allcock, hochberg, rodhouse and thorpe, 2003\n10b. skin lacks hardened papillae, sculpture soft or skin completely smooth…………………. 11\n12a. radula reduced to three to five rows of teeth; skin covered in low regular rounded papillae ………………………………………………………………. . thaumeledone robson, 1930 *\n12b. radula complete with 7 rows of teeth, lateral teeth flattened into broad plates; skin smooth (single species known only from tasman sea) ………………………………………………. . ……………………………. . microeledone norman, hochberg and boucher - rodoni, 2004\n15a. arm autotomy present, evident as multiple arms severed or regenerating from set level near to arm base (restricted to long - armed species, arms typically > 4 times mantle length) …. ……. 16\n15b. arm damage and regeneration not at set plane on arm (long and short - armed species) …. … 17\n16a. third or fourth arm pair longest; large crescent - shaped markings on mantle absent; fields of enlarged suckers present on arms 2 and 3 of mature males (indo west pacific only) …... …... .. …………………... …... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . abdopus norman and finn, 2001\n17a. dorsal arms distinctly longer than remaining arms, arm formula 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 ………………... 16\n17b. arms approximately equal in length or lateral arms longest ………………………………... 17\n17a. ligula with transverse ligula groove containing small teeth - like lugs; raised skin ridge present on lateral mantle [ single deepwater species (200 - 400 m) in western pacific ] …………………. ………………………………………… galeoctopus norman, boucher and hochberg, 2004\n17b. ligula groove longitudinal, without teeth - like lugs; lateral mantle ridge present or absent... 18\n19a. mantle opening narrow, one third or less of body circumference, fitting close to funnel; paired narrow papillae over each eye; skin ridge absent from lateral mantle; body markings absent …………………………………………………………………. … pteroctopus fischer, 1882 *\n19b. mantle opening moderate to wide, approximately one half of body circumference; single large papilla over each eye; lateral mantle skin ridge present; two pairs of dark spots visible on mantle of live and well - preserved material………………………. scaeurgus troschel, 1857\n20a. giant species (to > 4m total length); skin on mantle in loose longitudinal folds; ligula very long to accommodate giant spermatophores (up to 1 m long) ………………………………………. . ……. . ………………………………………... . enteroctopus rochebrune and mabille, 1889\n21a. arms typically 2 - 3 times mantle length; skin sculpture of dorsal mantle head and webs continues on to oral surface of shallow dorsal web; colour patterns often incorporate dark leading edges along dorso - lateral face of arms 1 - 3; four short longitudinal ridges of skin in diamond arrangement on dorsal mantle; stylets absent ………... amphioctopus fisher, 1882\n21b. arms typically 3 - 5 times mantle length; sculpture on oral surface of dorsal web not a continuation of mantle and aboral web sculpture; colour patterns of dark leading arm edges absent; four large primary papillae in diamond arrangement on dorsal mantle, stylets present…………………………………………………. . octopus sensu strictu cuvier, 1797 *\n22a. arms extremely long, more than 6 times mantle length; arms with banded brown and white colour pattern ……………………………………………………. ameloctopus norman, 1992\n22b. arms short to moderate in length, less than 6 times mantle length; arms not banded ……... 23\n23a. skin white, lacking any pigmentation; iris of eye absent; eyes small (single species from hydrothermal vents) ……………………………. vulcanoctopus gonzalez and guerra, 1998\n23b. skin with at least some pigmentation (ie oral webs, ventral and / or dorsal surfaces); iris present; eyes moderate to large ……. . ……………………………………………………… 24\n24a. calamus of mature males very large, over half ligula length (single species, southern australia)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . …… grimpella robson, 1928 *\n25b. ligula moderate to large, elongate, typically with closed ligula groove; raised laminae absent …………………………………………………………………. benthoctopus grimpe, 1921 *\nboletzky, s. von. 1977. post - hatching behaviour and mode of life in cephalopods. pp. 557 - 567. in: m. nixon and j. b. messenger (eds). the biology of cephalopods. symposia of the biological society of london, volume 38 .\nboyle, p. r. (ed .). 1983. cephalopod life cycles. vol. ii. species accounts. academic press, n. y .\nhanlon, r. and j. b. messenger. 1996. cephalopod behaviour. cambridge university press, cambridge. 232 pp .\nhouck, b. a. 1982. temporal spacing in the activity patterns of three hawaiian shallow water octopods. nautilus, 96 (4): 152 - 156 .\nnaef, a. 1923. die cephalopoden. fauna e flora del golfo di napoli, 35: (i - 1) v - xiv, 1 - 863. english translation (1972), israel program for scientific translations, jerusalem. 292 pp .\nnesis, k. 1982. cephalopods of the world (in russian). english translation (1987) by b. s. levitov. t. f. h. publication, neptune city, new jersey, 351 pp .\nnixon, m. and e. maconnachie. 1988. drilling by octopus vulgaris (mollusca, cephalopoda) in the mediterranean. jour. zool. lond. , 216: 587 - 716 .\nnorman, m. d. 1992. ameloctopus litoralis gen. & sp. nov. (cephalopoda: octopodidae), a new shallow - water octopus from tropical australian waters. invertebrate taxonomy, 6: 567 - 582\nnorman, m. d. 1993a. four new species of the octopus macropus group (cephalopoda: octopodidae) from the great barrier reef australia. memoirs of the museum of victoria (1992), 53 (2): 267 - 308 .\nnorman, m. d. 1993b. ocellate octopuses (cephalopoda: octopodidae) of the great barrier reef, australia: description of two new species and redescription of octopus polyzenia gray, 1849. memoirs of museum of victoria (1992), 53 (2): 309 - 344 .\npackard, a. 1985. sizes and distribution of chromatophores during post - embryonic development in cephalopoda. vie milieu, 35: 285 - 298 .\nrobson, g. c. 1929. a monograph of the recent cephalopoda. part i. octopodinae. british museum (natural history), london. 250pp .\nrobson, g. c. 1931. a monograph of the recent cephalopoda. part ii. the octopoda (excluding the octopodinae). british museum (natural history), london. 359 pp .\nrodaniche, a. f. 1984. iteroparity in the lesser pacific striped octopus, octopus chierchiae (jatta, 1889). bulletin of marine science, 35 (1): 99 - 104 .\nsasaki, m. 1929. a monograph of the dibranchiate cephalopods of the japanese and adjacent waters. journal of the faculty of agriculture, hokkaido imperial university, vol. 20 suppl. 357 pp .\nsweeney, m. j. and c. f. e. roper 1998. classification, type localities and type repositories of recent cephalopoda. smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 513: 561 - 599 .\nvoss, g. l. 1988. evolution and phylogenetic relationships of deep - sea octopods (cirrata and incirrata). pp. 253 - 276. in: clarke, m. r. and e. r. trueman (eds). the mollusca, vol. 12. palaeontology and neontology of cephalopods. academic press, london .\nchristine huffard has contributed to the life history, behaviour and distribution sections of this page .\npage copyright © 2016, f. g. hochberg, , and katharina m. mangold (1922 - 2003 )\nnorman, mark d. , f. g. hochberg, christine huffard, and katharina m. mangold (1922 - 2003). 2016. octopodoidea\n. octopods, octopuses, devilfishes. version 16 november 2016 (under construction) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\ncuvier, 1797 inhabits amsterdam and saint paul islands (southern indian ocean). ices j mar sci 67: 1401–1407\nhall ta (1999) bioedit: a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt. nuclear acids symp ser 41: 95–98\ngray, 1849 (mollusca, cephalopoda) in australian waters—description, distribution and taxonomy. b mar sci 49: 20–38\nvincze t, posfai j, roberts rj (2003) nebcutter: a program to cleave dna with restriction enzymes. nucleic acids res 31: 3688–3691\nwinnepenninckx b, backeljau t, de wachter r (1993) extraction of high molecular weight dna from molluscs. trends genet 9: 407\ntaylor, a. l. , mckeown, n. j. & shaw, p. w. conservation genet resour (2012) 4: 885. urltoken\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data, we' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service. please review these pages now, as they apply to your continued use of our website .\npark in autumn octopus dofleini in bivalve graveyard common octopus (octopus vulgaris). lonely woman in the mountains dad and son having fun in the garden\nisolated hand drawn black outline monochrome abstract ornate octopus on white background. ornament of curve lines. page of colorin hand drawn octopus in graphic ornate style. coloring page with ornate octopus isolated on white background. coloring page with ornate octopus isolated on white background. coloring page with ornate octopus isolated on white background. coloring page with ornate octopus in waves. vertical composition. octopus coloring book for adults vector nautical mandala with octopus tentacles and floral elements. octopus rastafari\na widespread tropical species, not typically found on reef surveys during the day. usually nocturnal on coral reefs .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\ngraduate students in the tropical conservation biology and environmental science program at the university of hawai‘i at hilo are giving their theses defense, april - june, 2015 .\nall presentations are open to the uh community and the general public to attend .\ntomoko sakishima when: wednesday, june 3 at 1: 00 p. m. where: wentworth 14 title: local adaptation of the hawaiian endemic tree (metrosideros polymorpha) across a long elevation gradient\nfriday, may 8, 2015, at 12: 30 p. m .\n- dominated forests, which were the most homogeneous and poorest (unsurprisingly) in light quality. in partially - invaded forests, light quality at 30 - 50 cm above the ground was similar to that at ground level in native forests, and considering that native seedling regeneration is occurring at ground level in native forests, seedling regeneration may be hampered by low - lying non - native vegetation in partially - invaded forests. while i predicted that native seedlings would prefer high light quality sites, all seedlings preferred medium quality environments, regardless of biogeographic origin. invasive understory vegetation is likely contributing to the lack of native seedling regeneration in partially - invaded hawaiian lowland wet forests, and restoration efforts should focus on selective and carefully - conducted understory removal .\nthursday, april 16, 2015, at 4: 30 p. m .\n. speciation in sympatry remains a topic of contention among evolutionary biologists, partially due to the difficulty of demonstrating evolutionary divergence in the absence of geographical barriers. in the remote hawaiian islands where speciation plays a central role in generating biodiversity ,\n—greek for “many forms”—presents an extraordinary opportunity to investigate how new tree species arise. one of its many forms, variety\n, is restricted to a few known populations along rivers on the windward coast of hawai 'i island, sympatric with the wet - forest var .\nhas a stouter, sometimes prostrate, growth form and stenophyllous leaves, while var .\nreaches heights of up to 30 meters—show surprisingly high neutral genetic divergence despite occurring in sympatry. the gradient in genetic isolation of var .\nfrom its probable site of origin in kohala to its southern - most population on the wailuku river suggests the origin of this form through sympatric speciation via disruptive selection with gene flow. i compared the growth and survivorship of seedlings of\nunder different experimental conditions and compared their adult leaf anatomies to uncover functional differences between the varieties that might explain their divergence. results reveal the riparian environment to be particularly harsh with var .\nseedlings significantly more resistant to the mechanical stress of strong water currents, retaining significantly more branch length and leaves than var .\nhad significantly higher survivorship immediately following exposure and for five weeks afterward. var .\nalso showed higher survivorship in high light, lower shade tolerance, and more drought - resistant leaf venation relative to var .\n. these findings support the hypothesis that strong selection in a marginal habitat is responsible for the emergence of the island - endemic riparian var .\nwednesday, april 15, 2015, at 12: 15 p. m .\nwithin the last 50 years wildfire has become an increasingly destructive and anthropogenically driven disturbance in hawai‘i, and is a serious threat to remaining native vegetation communities. to examine vegetation response to wildfire, i surveyed 14 sites on hawai‘i island that experienced fire between ten and 45 years ago. these sites span a diverse environmental gradient and encompass different vegetation communities, but all are dominated by the native tree\n( ‘ōhi‘a). vegetation at each burned site and a corresponding unburned control site was measured to analyze vegetation response following wildfire. native vegetation levels were suppressed across all sites regardless of time since fire, environmental conditions, or vegetation community type. rates of recovery were not consistent between study sites, and i postulate that post - fire trajectories encompass a gradient between sites that will complete a slow recovery to pre - fire native vegetation composition and structure to sites that have entered an alternate stable state and will never return to their pre - fire vegetation conditions. site rainfall, elevation, and the density of invasive species were weakly correlated with site recovery, wotj wetter, higher, and / or less - invaded sites generally recovering at a faster rate. the best case scenario for these vegetation communities following fire appears to be a slow recovery that may take centuries, while the worst (and more common) outcome is a permanent replacement of the native vegetation community with alien - dominated grasslands and savannas .\n“palmeria dolei1” by artist / künstler: john gerrard keulemans (1842 - 1912) – walter rothschild. wikimedia commons .\nthe university of hawai‘i at hilo and hawai‘i community college are closely monitoring the ongoing kilauea lava and seismic activity. see recent messages from interim chancellor sakai and chancellor solemsaas about response and resources. for the latest information go to the joint uh hilo and hawai‘i community college information website .\nthe hawaiian monk seal, neomonachus schauinslandi (formerly monachus schauinslandi), is a highly endangered species of earless seal in the family phocidae that is endemic to the hawaiian islands. the hawaiian monk seal is one of two remaining monk seal species; the other is the mediterranean monk seal .\nmonk seals are so - named because their uniform brown or greyish coats supposedly resemble a monk’s robes. they are ‘true seals’ that retain certain primitive features found in 14 - 16 million year old seal fossils. the hawaiian monk seal is the only surviving tropical seal species, but despite extensive conservation efforts it continues to decline at an alarming rate .\n] / index [ 7210 13 ] / info 7209 0 r / length 52 / prev 1807084 / root 7211 0 r / size 7223 / type / xref / w [ 1 2 1 ] > > stream hþbbd\u0010 '` b '¾ $ \u0018gˆ' n\u0014 '¹\u000f $ ¾ \\ '` b”ù d100¢\u0013ÿŸ. û\u0003\u0010 '\u0000 ï ð endstream endobj startxref 0% % eof 7222 0 obj <\n> stream h‰¬vmoû8\u0010½ûwì‘ \\ t ii”´ (4q»è. \u0002\u0004­ö”ìá¶ìø‹dêæqƒþûî\u001b } ¶‰\u0015 öb“ôp > ߛñy1; »¢·oï. / > íéð»wçó š ] | 1´úó\u0005íwõì¬ (y * 63ë (0 | í¿öúðzjm šŒŠûùµºòa¬¶: °f } בqw: pª–óízçªâòˆë –\u0015Ÿh®ûó7‘ƒäƒŽôžoí = ë [ çúœqôèúðwºða $ ò _ · ^ \u001bs _ ë\u0012\u0007ºq: hõ { v ] ‰Ž {, ½ø®; ýŽí% , õòa–ƒ˜†o\u0010¹ñ0\u0006m êv³\u0007 $ alaž¾ è \u000e¼: ”¢™ô? 埳à„æät¬¨ý < ñ5 { äß ±ä³ ž - 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* mopëqlc§l\u0000ìárôø â\u001aá6þá! þ ²úª¬\u0016i: i% ? ûýä÷\bd ^ l ºð—dîétwå ¾ $ eë) f\u0014²välàt / b\u0002 ˆþ–Œ€cr®ïèè”\u0002óá0zôã\u0015–¨\u0011›d\u0004ñ $ õ [ lþawå¿ { z‚\u0004\u0013˜\u0004ëŠä\u001a¶ + ú ¤ / \u0012\u0010 $ 19ìk×wöŽ½â\u0015ü = ⯠\u0018Š\u000f ^ ñc€\u0018\u0017¦b¡ã > œ£ (nh„\u0005ï¡ôq£\u0013jdój ºxú‘‡†¨å¾\u001aà‘z7 - ž–c\u0003Štm? åöò { ›? 3uçcdŽ Š { ¹µ«d£1\u0011‡åt\u0000’v\u0000êt© \u0001ˆüì } ª¼¬ò¢õ\u0010\u0015\u0017×ôê ¬§5ãî\b®\u001aº! \u0001\u0018ðms) t # póò¯ + àgjã $ õ ùh ù´ñ\u0005 # ô\u0014µƒŽ! ‚ ¤à\u0012í # jƒa\u0007\u0011ðû þþ øty‘§°›¾­ & x \u0011a뀶£¢ | ë­ôöðž›fkð \u0004 \u0018 > ê ^ ™»ceu\u001a×d wu×\u0001 > íw wýçµ€å€ão„‹åüz _; Š% [ y‹a°i + ¢\u0012 + © _ þét€' j\b¾dé‘9Œ á¶n¹‘av«–g + é, [ ¶nz\u0007üöäö\u000f´\u0003ò¦¾z - l & t ;\nèø‰' 'n9z ì•t—¹ a¬\nâ < ì \\ n5 - 4v [ òûŽr8†úˆ (êæpâsö } c } 8\u0002‡œ + gmi\u0017ñ90såe '3oëÿ ­mðc×·”\u0012 & { lüo (\u0011\u0002Ž) â\u000et¹¶o9 # 8í»±ƒ < * kóú‘®Žü×efywö' çd + \u000f‘ # ¨vuj«›\u0012®ðg\u0012â3‚þ—§íù: \u0012òh˜úºôkí! æ $ â! æ; ód÷xä\u000eì›z\u0014–9­ _ ñÿ ý\u0019¼ } e\u0015êkŠó à% ê * deîæ\u0002á„ëätleà ¯»6 «œ1 &; } õ±ö2\u0010qovnk # ƒ£\u000eŽ3‘ozéx‰ \u0002 | œ! e”\u0007×0qåñá°¥ž»ê£z 'mz¦¤©ùº²gúáù\u001bé1ø0ê\u0011ð¦êõ '±¢i1k ~ jgpd‰hž©bìw3ƒe Ž„®æ¨c\u0018ònc a‹› ñ\u0004s2˜2ˆj€du¶døý\u0014gt\u0014\u0005–\u0014 } økq [ \u0015»çƒì\u0011Š \u001alöî - ¦b›\u000fˆ ] ¥y' di“ (hu“u› < # ã†è‚„‘æotŸþ ‘Še5æ\u0010Š‰€4çbñ ø\u0001ä5 ~% j. ×ùªui\u0015s䂂â¹qëc5h³äm³ãk¦c”zh9l –m ~% gðk?' rx\u0004o! £ì¬àmñiæó\u0016útìj¡r¡¤ú | ‚ul¢ô. 8) — < \u0017b˜ (\n\u001a. 4\u001az”âc„l { > ­\u0004ääb£ $ šã‘é¦\u0010t©ˆãé # i, ñ \u0003' to [ ãe \\ a\u0010øªwêr\u0014ý - > ª\u0013 $ c ös2\u0000\u0014dáó¹ & j\u0016: üŒî–fá4ßê1Ÿdo‡ = m˜úþ€¯yjþ\u0018p±àœª‚ã°\b ½ou¤h‚\u0001vŸfgëggˆš nk¡Ž\u0010îè\u0002õ\u0013\u0005æˆ\u0014õ < ç 'lsi i¤ããàtŽø¿ðöo‚ûìóóã\u0013 ] * t; ñùñ©b < j5cíà9j + ´n% 9ûä­úãk |! ¼\u001aëz { ùì—v—×ùì _ \u0001\u0006\u0000pé * endstream endobj 18 0 obj <\n, commonly referred to as either the big blue octopus or day octopus, is a benthic species occurring on coral reefs throughout the indo - pacific region from east africa to the hawaiian islands. artisanal fishing for\n), providing a national source of foreign currency earnings through export to europe and the far east and a protein - rich food source for local people. despite the socioeconomic importance of the species, and the increasing harvesting pressure, fishery data are extremely limited. taylor et al. (\n) and, thus, offering potential for the collection of species - specific catch data and other information (e. g. mckeown et al .\n), little is known about its intraspecific biocomplexity and informative genetic markers, such as microsatellites, would greatly enhance eco - evolutionary studies. this research reports the development of the first polymorphic microsatellite markers from\ni (new england biolabs) and the blunt - ended fragments ligated to double - stranded supersnx linkers. enrichment was then performed by selective hybridisation of biotin - labelled repeat motif oligonucleotide probes [ (tg )\n] with hybridised complexes captured using streptavidin - coated magnetic beads (dynal) and unbound dna removed by a series of washes. dna fragments were then eluted from the magnetic beads and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using the supersnx24f oligonucleotide. the pcr products were cloned using the topo - ta cloning kit (invitrogen) and recombinant colonies identified by disruption of β - galactosidase activity. recombinants were individually transferred into 50 μl of water and incubated at 95 °c for 10 min to promote plasmid dna release. one microlitre of each plasmid extract was submitted to pcr using m13 forward and reverse primers. the pcr mixture contained 1× buffer, 1. 5 mm mgcl\ndna polymerase (bioline, uk), 1 pmol of each primer and the thermoprofile consisted of 30 cycles of 95 °c for 30 s, 50 °c for 30 s and 72 °c for 30 s. pcr products were then sequenced directly using the internal t7 vector primer. for sequences containing microsatellite arrays, pcr primers were designed from flanking regions using the program primer3 (untergasser et al .\ncollected from madagascar. for each locus, the respective forward primer was labelled with a fluorescent dye at the 5′ end (life technologies). each locus was individually pcr amplified in a 10 - μl reaction containing 100–200 ng dna, 5 μl biomix (bioline, uk) and 0. 2 pmol of each primer. pcr thermoprofiles included an initial denaturation step (95 °c for 3 min), followed by 35 cycles of 95 °c for 30 s, 55 °c for 60 s and 72 °c for 30 s. amplicons were separated using an ab3500 genetic analyser (applied biosystems) and alleles designated using the genemapper software (version 4. 1, applied biosystems) .\nall loci produced high quality products, with allele sizes differing in expected multiples of their repeated motifs. however, in the case of ocya - 5, alleles differed in multiples of four base pairs, despite the microsatellite array being composed of a dinucleotide motif. standard diversity indices for each locus along with primer sequences and allele size ranges are presented in table\n. tests for linkage disequilibrium (ld) and deviations from hardy–weinberg equilibrium (hwe) expectations were performed using default parameters in genepop 4. 0 (raymond and rousset\n). no significant ld was detected between any locus pair. genotype proportions conformed to hwe expectations for 6 of the 8 loci, with ocya - 5 and ocya - 8 exhibiting significant heterozygote deficits. such heterozygote deficits are quite common for cephalopod microsatellites (mckeown and shaw\nand offer considerable potential as tools for diverse areas of eco - evolutionary research, such as studies of population structure / dynamics, phylogeography and adaptation. cephalopods display some of the most complex behavioural adaptations among marine invertebrates, particularly in respect to their mating strategies (hanlon and messenger" ]

{ "text": [ "callistoctopus ornatus ( ornate octopus ) is a tropical species of octopus native to the indo-pacific region .", "other common names include white-striped octopus and night octopus , in reference to its nocturnal habits .", "it was previously known as polypus ornatus .", "c. ornatus is edible and was recorded in a hawaiian market in 1914 by s. s. berry . " ], "topic": [ 27, 25, 27, 8 ] }

[ "callistoctopus ornatus (ornate octopus) is a tropical species of octopus native to the indo-pacific region. other common names include white-striped octopus and night octopus, in reference to its nocturnal habits. it was previously known as polypus ornatus. c. ornatus is edible and was recorded in a hawaiian market in 1914 by s. s. berry." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the otago branch, 1945; received by editor, february 20, 1946; issued separately, september, 1946 .\nresults of my first entomological expeditions to the homer area proved so interesting that two further collecting expeditions have since been made. they were all at similar seasonal periods—from the second week in december to the end of the first week in january .\nin 1943–44 mr. j. t. salmon, entomologist to the dominion museum, and mr. t. murray smith, of dunedin, accompanied me; in 1944–15 the same entomologists made the trip, and also dr. w. r. b. oliver, director of the dominion museum, who concentrated on the botany of the district .\nweather conditions were those usual to the homer district, that is to say it rained most of the time and the last expedition included periods of heavy rain, often continuous for many days at a time. sometimes over an inch of rain fell in an hour and the sides of the mountains streamed with water. the collecting conditions were as bad as they could be, but, despite this, we secured excellent series of rare insects, further new locality records, and species new to science .\neach night, whenever collecting conditions allowed, we used attracting lamps. each collector selected some suitable locality and placed his lamp on a flat - topped rock sufficiently high off the ground for ease of collecting. despite the cold and miserable weather, we secured good results on most nights. during this last expedition one outstanding night calls for special record. we then had the amazing experience of moths coming to the light in almost unbelievable numbers. standing alongside the lamp was like being in the midst of a swarm of bees. they were so numerous it was almost impossible to follow with the eye some desired specimen as it crawled and fluttered around the lamp. numbers fell to the ground around the rock table, and so we often walked over rarities that would have been welcome in any collection. this went on until midnight, when we were all forced to give up. this wonderful evening was followed by the most continuous and heavy rain we experienced. the large number of beautiful specimens secured that night provided welcome indoor occupation in preparing and setting our catch for several days during which it was impossible to collect .\nin addition to the previously published list of homer lepidoptera (see trans. roy. soc. of n. z. , vol. 73, pp. 90–96), i now place on record a note of the additional species taken, further remarks incidental to previous records, and add the list of the micro - lepidoptera\nsecured on all the expeditions. in going to the homer we stopped at certain places on the way, and so species are listed also from these places, viz. , gorge hill (a few miles beyond mossburn), the wilderness, the upper eglinton river flats, the divide, key summit, and marion p. w. d. camp .\nvanessa gonerilla: rather scarce, but a few at marion and eglinton river .\nchrysophanus boldenarum: specimens from monkey flat, close to homer, were large and brilliantly coloured .\nmetacrias huttoni: especially common at homer, but males were noted flying as far down as marion .\nsp. ?: a single caterpillar taken at the wilderness by mr. t. murray smith was not reared, but appeared to be distinct from the caterpillars of huttoni .\nlindsayi: fairly abundant and the good series secured shows a great amount of variation .\nthe homer district has now produced all the species of ichneutica recorded throughout new zealand and, in addition, the fine i. homerica. the identification of i. ceraunias is slightly doubtful, being based on an abbreviated wing specimen which might be a female of lindsayi .\naletia empyrea, as identified in my paper in vol. 73 of the transactions, proves to be a new species which is now described as a. nobilia. a. empyrea has to be deleted from the homer record of species .\nmelanchra plena: the homer again produced many beautiful varieties which differ from any seen in other localities .\npetrograpta: as common at homer as m. mutans is in the lower areas .\nmaya and m. lithias: fairly common at homer and well coloured .\ntatosoma tipulata, t. alta, t. fasciata, t. monoviridisata have to be added to the species previously recorded from homer .\nchloroclystis species require quite a number of additions to the homer records. these are: semialbata, bilineolata, ida, urticae, aristias, malachita, lichenodes, cotinea (?), nereis, sandycias, muscosata, punicea, fumipalpata, lacustris, dryas, and paralodes .\nxanthorhoe cinnabaris: flying in the sunshine of a swampy, tussock - covered area at gorge hill, on similar ground to where i took the original specimens; we secured a fine series. apparently this is the first record of this species since the original specimens were secured .\nclarata, x. camelias, x. rosearia were taken at homer .\nchlamydota: one specimen only taken at the wilderness by m. smith .\ndasyuris octans, d. enysii, d. partheniata, and d. anceps at homer .\ntransaureus: a few specimens were taken at homer. these were all very dark, and probably this melanic form is due to the excessively wet conditions .\nthe homer area under better weather conditions should produce further new species of the day - flying moths—the weather conditions of the last two years provided very little sunshine .\ndeclana griseata, d. niveata, d. egregia were common at homer .\nferedayi was plentiful at homer and a fine series was secured. previous references in my last paper to d. hermione apply to feredayi, as we have no records of hermione from homer .\nglacialis: this richly - coloured day - flying member of the genus was taken in fair numbers near the tunnel entrance .\nthe combined list which follows is a record of the species taken during the various visits to the district from early december to early january in each year .\norophora unicolor: larval cases plentiful below stones, but only a few of them contained larvae .\ngliphipteryx barbata: gorge hill, homer. the late mr. s. lindsay considered this species should be removed to charaxana .\nplutella megalynta: homer; a regular visitor at the light; specimens very large .\nporina leonina: mrs. j. sutherland forwarded a fine series to me, taken at homer in april, 1942 .\numbraculata: wilderness; one or two large, well - coloured specimens came to the light .\nfusca: homer. taken in fair numbers flying in the late afternoon and early evening. males were plentiful; a few females also taken. this species shows considerable variation .\nwing expanse varying, in males from 48 to 50 mm. ; in females from 45 to 54 mm. head and thorax bluish - grey with the face lighter in shade. antennae serrate, grey. palpi very short. forelegs bluish -\nten specimens taken at homer in december and carly january included both sexes, and showed practically no variation. despite the absence of distinct markings, the even silken sheen of the wings makes this a most beautiful insect. faintness of markings and absence of the lunule will enable this species to be readily distinguished from a. empyrea, which is apparently the nearest form to it .\nthe single male specimen secured was attracted to light at homer in december, 1944. each collector used his own light, but mr. t. m. smith came to see how i was faring, and netted the moth as it came to the light i was using—so each must share the honours .\nalthough we were keenly alert for further specimens, no others appeared during the rest of our stay at the homer .\nwing expanse 31 mm. head and face uniform golden brown, antennae brown. palpi prominent, upcurved, basal portions pink, the tips yellow. thorax and crests warm brown. first two pairs of legs pink, hindlegs ochreous. forewings: costa bowed; apex not obtuse—termen rather rounded. an orange band runs along costa narrowing at base and apex. from the base an orange coloured area extends through centre of wing as far as the discal dot. the rest of the forewing is a warm orange brown deepening to warm brown at the termen. along the veins thin orange coloured streaks extend out towards the termen. cilia brown, duller than the main wing colouring. lower wings silvery white with a pink suffusion along the terminal edge. cilia pink .\nthe late mr. s. lindsay compared this specimen with the type of p. clarkei in the canterbury museum collection and agreed that this species was distinct. it differs from p. clarkei in having the antennal pectinations about half the length of those of clarkei. the terminal joint of the palpi is much shorter, the wings are broader, the termen less oblique, and the general colour pattern is much brighter .\none male specimen was taken by mr. t. m. smith at homer in carly january. 1945 .\ndots does not appear in the related species. cilia ochreous - grey lightly barred with grey. hindwings grey - white, darker on the upper costal and outer terminal areas. cilia silvery - white .\nten specimens taken at the forks, close to homer tunnel. all were taken in this limited area during december in 1942, 1943, and 1944 .\nin this new species all the specimens taken were large and even in size, light in colouring, and included both sexes. twelve specimens were taken at homer in december .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nlepidoptera of new zealand consist of both the butterflies and moths recorded from the islands of new zealand. according to a recent estimate, there are a total of approximately 1, 800 lepidoptera species present in new zealand. of these, about 1, 600 are endemic. lepidoptera is the third largest insect order in new zealand .\nthis page provides a link to either individual species or genera. the latter is used when all species of the genus are endemic to new zealand .\ncould not connect: can' t connect to local mysql server through socket' / var / run / mysqld / mysqld. sock' (111 )\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session." ]

{ "text": [ "scoparia claranota is a moth of the crambidae family .", "it was described by howes in 1946 .", "it is found in new zealand .", "the wingspan is about 39 mm .", "the forewings are silvery-white with a streak of ochreous-brown along the costa and light ochreous-brown borders around the dark markings .", "there is a black line from the centre of the base to the centre of the wing , as well as a black line from the centre of the wing to the termen slightly above the tornus .", "the hindwings are silvery-white .", "adults have been recorded on wing in december . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "scoparia claranota is a moth of the crambidae family. it was described by howes in 1946. it is found in new zealand. the wingspan is about 39 mm. the forewings are silvery-white with a streak of ochreous-brown along the costa and light ochreous-brown borders around the dark markings. there is a black line from the centre of the base to the centre of the wing, as well as a black line from the centre of the wing to the termen slightly above the tornus. the hindwings are silvery-white. adults have been recorded on wing in december." ]

[ "atrophaneura rhodifer (butler, 1876) = papilio rhodifer = parides rhodifer = pachliopta rhodifer = losaria rhodifer butler, 1876 .\nlosaria moore, [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp. ] losaria coon (fabricius, 1793) losaria neptunus (guérin - méneville, 1840) losaria palu (martin, 1912) * losaria rhodifer (butler, 1876 )\nlosaria rhodifer, the andaman clubtail, is a rare species of the swallowtail family, papilionidae, native to india .\npapilio rhodifer butler, 1876; ent. mon. mag. 13: 57; tl: andaman is .\nthe male andaman mormon resembles the blue mormon (papilio polymnestor) while the female resembles the female form alcanor of the great mormon (papilio memnon) and is a mimic of the andaman clubtail (losaria rhodifer) .\npachliopta (losaria) coon doubledayi; [ bmp ]: 62, pl. 2, f. 4\nparides (losaria) neptunus neptunus; [ bmp ]: 63, pl. 2, f. 8\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). losaria rhodifer (butler, 1876). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 11, 2018 ] .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). losaria rhodifer (butler, 1876). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 11, 2018 ] .\nlosaria palu; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 83, pl. 3, f. 6\nlosaria neptunus siborangitana tsukada & nishiyama, 1980; in tsukada (ed .), butts se asian islands 1: 259, pl. 52, f. 3 - 4\noriginally described as papilio species rhodifer butler, 1876 treated as a species of papilio linnaeus, 1758 by rothschild (1895: 254). treated as a species of polydorus swainson, 1833 by talbot (1939: 79). treated as a species of parides hübner, [ 1819 ] (atrophaneura reakirt, 1864) by munroe (1961: 46). treated as a species of losaria by tsukada & nishiyama (1982: 258). treated as a species of atrophaneura reakirt, [ 1865 ] by hancock (1983: 47). treated as a species of pachliopta reakirt, [ 1865 ] (losaria) by fujioka et al. (1997: 176) .\npalu [ losaria ]: previously regarded as conspecific with l. coon by munroe (1961), and tsukada & nishiyama (1982: 256), but now confirmed as a separate species (collins & morrris 1985, hancock 1984a) .\nprepared by christoph l. häuser, in cooperation with rienk de jong, gerardo lamas, robert k. robbins, campbell smith & richard i. vane - wright .\nparnassiinae duponchel, [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp. ] parnassiini duponchel, [ 1835 ] :\ndriopa korshunov, 1988 [ 8 spp. ] parnassius (driopa) ariadne lederer, 1853 - clarius eversmann, 1843 * parnassius (driopa) clodius ménétriés, 1855 parnassius (driopa) eversmanni ménétriés, 1855 - felderi bremer, 1861 * - litoreus stichel, 1907 * parnassius (driopa) glacialis butler, 1866 * - sulphurus antram, 1924 * parnassius (driopa) mnemosyne (linnaeus, 1758) parnassius (driopa) nordmanni [ ménétriés ], 1850 parnassius (driopa) orleans oberthür, 1890 parnassius (driopa) stubbendorfii ménétriés, 1849 - hoenei schweitzer, 1912 *\nparnassius latreille, 1804 [ 13 spp. ] parnassius (parnassius) actius (eversmann, 1843) parnassius (parnassius) apollo (linnaeus, 1758) parnassius (parnassius) apollonius (eversmann, 1847) parnassius (parnassius) bremeri bremer, 1864 parnassius (parnassius) dongalaicus tytler, 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki, 1995 * parnassius (parnassius) epaphus oberthür, 1879 parnassius (parnassius) honrathi staudinger, 1882 parnassius (parnassius) jacquemontii boisduval, 1836 parnassius (parnassius) nomion fischer de waldheim, 1823 parnassius (parnassius) phoebus (fabricius, 1793) * - ruckbeili deckert, 1909 * parnassius (parnassius) sacerdos stichel, 1906 * parnassius (parnassius) smintheus doubleday, 1847 * - behrii edwards, 1870 * parnassius (parnassius) tianschanicus oberthür, 1879\nleptocircini kirby, 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk, 1929; [ = graphiini talbot, 1939 ] * [ 144 spp. ]\nmimoides brown, 1991 [ 11 spp. ] mimoides ariarathes (esper, 1788) mimoides euryleon (hewitson, [ 1856 ]) mimoides ilus (fabricius, 1793) - belesis (bates, 1864) * - branchus (doubleday, 1846) * mimoides lysithous (hübner, [ 1821 ]) - eupatorion (lucas, 1857) * - harrisianus (swainson, 1822) * - oedipus (felder, 1865) * - rurik (eschscholtz, 1821) * - sebastianus (oberthür, 1880) * mimoides microdamas (burmeister, 1878) mimoides pausanias (hewitson, 1852) mimoides phaon (boisduval, 1836) - hipparchus (staudinger, 1884) * mimoides protodamas (godart, 1819) mimoides thymbraeus (boisduval, 1836) mimoides xeniades (hewitson, 1867) * - chibcha (fassl, 1912) * - harmodius (doubleday, 1846) * mimoides xynias (hewitson, 1875) - trapeza (rothschild & jordan, 1906) *\nprotesilaus swainson, [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp. ] protesilaus aguiari (d' almeida, 1937) protesilaus earis (rothschild & jordan, 1906) * protesilaus glaucolaus (bates, 1864) protesilaus helios (rothschild & jordan, 1906) protesilaus leucosilaus (zikán, 1937) * protesilaus macrosilaus (gray, [ 1853 ]) * - penthesilaus (felder & felder, 1865) * protesilaus molops (rothschild & jordan, 1906) - hetaerius (rothschild & jordan, 1906) * protesilaus orthosilaus (weymer, 1899) protesilaus protesilaus (linnaeus, 1758) - archesilaus (felder & felder, 1865) * - embrikstrandi (d' almeida, 1936) * - nigricornis (staudinger, 1884) * - pseudosilaus (zikan, 1937) * - travassosi (d' almeida, 1938) * protesilaus stenodesmus (rothschild & jordan, 1906) protesilaus telesilaus (felder & felder, 1864 )\nprotographium munroe, [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp. ] protographium agesilaus (guérin & percheron, 1835) - autosilaus (bates, 1861) * - neosilaus (hopffer, 1865) * - oberthueri (rothschild & jordan, 1906) * protographium anaxilaus (felder & felder, 1865) * - arcesilaus (lucas, 1852) * protographium asius (fabricius, 1781) protographium calliste (bates, 1864) protographium celadon (lucas, 1852) protographium dioxippus (hewitson, [ 1856 ]) - lacandones (bates, 1864) * protographium epidaus (doubleday, 1846) protographium leosthenes (doubleday, 1846) protographium leucaspis (godart, 1819) protographium marcellinus (doubleday, [ 1845 ]) protographium marcellus (cramer, [ 1777 ]) protographium philolaus (boisduval, 1836) - oberthueri (rothschild & jordan, 1906) * - xanticles (bates, 1863) * protographium thyastes (drury, 1782) - marchandii (boisduval, 1836) * protographium zonaria (butler, 1869 )\nbattus scopoli, 1777 [ 12 spp. ] battus belus (cramer, [ 1777 ]) battus chalceus (rothschild & jordan, 1906) * - ingenuus (dyar, 1907) * battus crassus (cramer, [ 1777 ]) battus devilliersii (godart, 1823) battus eracon (godman & salvin, 1897) battus laodamas (felder & felder, 1859) battus lycidas (cramer, [ 1777 ]) battus madyes (doubleday, 1846) - philetas (hewitson, 1869) * battus philenor (linnaues, 1771) battus polydamas (linnaeus, 1758) - archidamas (boisduval, 1836) * - psittacus (molina, 1782) * - streckerianus (honrath, 1884) * battus polystictus (butler, 1874) battus zetides munroe, 1971 - zetes (westwood, 1847) *\ncressida swainson, 1832 [ 1 sp. ] cressida cressida (fabricius, 1775 )\neuryades felder & felder, 1864 [ 2 spp. ] euryades corethrus (boisduval, 1836) euryades duponchelii (lucas, 1836 )\nornithoptera boisduval, [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp. ] ornithoptera aesacus (ney, 1903) * ornithoptera alexandrae (rothschild, 1907) ornithoptera chimaera (rothschild, 1904) ornithoptera croesus wallace, 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberthür, 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis (rothschild, 1897) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger, 1893 ornithoptera priamus (linnaeus, 1758) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya, 1978 * - allotei (rothschild, 1914) * - euphorion (gray, [ 1853 ]) * ornithoptera richmondia (gray, [ 1853 ]) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick, 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya, 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan, 1840 ornithoptera victoriae (gray, 1856) - allotei (rothschild, 1914) *\npharmacophagus haase, 1892 [ 1 sp. ] pharmacophagus antenor (drury, 1773 )\ntrogonoptera rippon, [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp. ] trogonoptera brookiana (wallace, 1855) trogonoptera trojana (honrath, 1886 )\nmeandrusa moore, 1888 [ 3 spp. ] meandrusa payeni (boisduval, 1836) meandrusa sciron (leech, 1890) * - hercules (blanchard, 1871) * meandrusa lachinus (fruhstorfer, 1902) * - gyas (westwood, 1841) *\nabderus [ papilio (pterourus) ]: generally seen as conspecific with p. garamas (e. g. , bryk 1930, d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966, tyler et al. 1994), but sometimes also treated as a distinct species (collins & morris 1985: 87, hancock 1983, llorente - bousquets et al. 1997) .\nacco [ parnassius (tadumia) ]: is treated here to include baileyi south, przewalskii alpheraky, and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species (e. g. , bryk 1935, chou 1994, collins & morris 1985, munroe 1961); the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned (e. g. , ackery 1975, eisner 1976, hancock 1983, inaoka & sugisawa 1997, rose 2000, shinkai 1997, sorimachi 1994a, sorimachi 1995) .\nadamas [ pachliopta ]: previously regarded as conspecific with p. aristolochiae (e. g. , fujioka et al. 1997, tsukada & nishiyama 1982), but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway (1995) .\naesacus [ ornithoptera ]: generally regarded as a separate species (e. g, collins & morris 1985: 83, hancock 1983, hancock & orr 1997, munroe 1961, otani & kimura 1998, von knötgen 1997), but also considered as conspecific with o. priamus by parsons (1996) .\naethiops [ papilio (druryia) microps ]: formerly in general use as the species name (e. g. , carcasson 1975, d' abrera 1980, munroe 1961), but invalid as a junior primary homonym (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1983); aethiopsis hancock, 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name (see below), but microps storace, 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name (ackery et al. 1995: 152) .\naethiopsis [ papilio (druryia) microps ]: proposed as an objective replacement name for p. aethiops rothschild & jordan, 1905, which is invalid as a junior primary homonym (hancock 1983: 38); at species level, however, microps storace, 1952 is already available as a valid name (see below) .\naglaope [ parides panthonus ]: previously treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 70, d' almeida 1966, and hancock 1983: 47), but recently regarded as conspecific with p. panthonus by lamas (pers. com .), and tyler et al. (1994: 28) .\nakakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ]: originally described as a separate species, but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o. priamus and o. rothschildi (otani & kimura 1998: 101) .\nalcindor [ papilio (menelaides) polytes ]: generally held to be conspecific with p. polytes (e. g. , bryk 1930, d' abrera 1982, tsukada & nishiyama 1982) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al. (1997: 228) .\nalexiares [ papilio (pterourus) glaucus ]: previously regarded as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966: 132, hagen & scriber 1995, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), but recently seen as conspecific with p. glaucus (llorente - bousquets et al. 1997, tyler et al. 1994) .\nallotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ]: originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species (e. g. , munroe 1961), it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o. priamus and o. victoriae (collins & morris 1985: 82, haugum & low 1978. 1985, otani & kimura 1998: 99, parsons 1999: 225) .\nammosovi [ parnassius (sachaia) arcticus ]: originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner, which first had been misplaced under p. simo (see häuser 1993, tuzov et al. 1997) .\nanaxilaus [ protographium ]: the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym (see below) .\nandreji [ parnassius (sachaia) ]: long treated as conspecific with p. simo (e. g. , ackery 1975, bryk 1935, collins & morris 1985, eisner 1976, and munroe 1961), but recently accepted as a separate species by chou (1994), sorimachi (1995: 72), and weiss (1991), which has also been found sympatrically with p. simo (koiwaya 1995) .\nangolanus [ graphium (arisbe) ]: in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius, which is invalid as a junior primary homonym (see below) .\nannae [ pachliopta phlegon ]: previously in use as the species name (e. g. , d' abrera 1982), but invalid as a junior primary homonym; strandi bryk, 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name (see below) .\nantiphus [ pachliopta ]: until recently regarded as conspecific with p. aristolochiae (e. g. , fujioka et al. 1997, tsukada & nishiyama 1982), but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway (1995) .\napollinaris [ archon ]: for a long time treated as a subspecies of a. apollinus (e. g. , ackery 1975, bryk 1934, d' abrera 1990, igarashi 1979, collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983), but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a. apollinus in part of its range (carbonell 1991, de freina 1985, hesselbarth et al. 1995) .\narcas [ parides eurimedes ]: the species has long been known under this name which, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name (tyler et al. 1994) .\narcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ]: previously the species has been known under this name (e. g. , d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966, munroe 1961) which, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym (hancock 1983) .\narchesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ]: listed as a separate species by d' almeida (1966: 249), but now generally regarded as conspecific with p. protesilaus (e. g. , brown 1991, hancock 1983: 20, munroe 1961, tyler et al. 1994: 30) .\narchidamas [ battus polydamas ]: previously mostly treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 70, d' almeida 1966, hancock 1983: 47, möhn 1999, racheli & pariset 1992), but recently regarded as conspecific with b. polydamas by lamas (pers. com .), and tyler et al. (1994: 28); the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina, 1782 (see below), which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae (racheli & pariset, 1992: 53) .\narcticus [ parnassius (sachaia) ]: originally described as a siberian subspecies of p. simo, a species which does not occur in siberia, and subsequently placed as conspecific with p. tenedius (eisner 1969); recognized as a separate species by mrácek (1989), and recently accepted as such (e. g. , korshunov & gorbunov 1995: 54, sorimachi 1995, tuzov et al. 1997: 142, and weiss 1991); includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym (see above) .\naristeus [ papilio (pterourus) menatius ]: previously in use as the species name (e. g. , bryk 1930, d' abrera 1981) but invalid as a junior primary homonym (hancock 1983: 32) .\naristolochiae [ pachliopta ]: for taxa formerly included under this species, see also under p. adamas and p. antiphus (see above) .\naristophontes [ papilio (princeps) nireus ]: originally described and often regarded as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 105, d' abrera 1980, d' abrera 1997), but recently treated as conspecific with p. nireus with which it is allopatric (ackery et al. 1995: 153, hancock 1984b) .\narnoldi [ papilio (druryia) arnoldiana ]: this name is invalid as a junior primary homonym, and arnolidana vane - wright has been proposed as an objective replacement name for this taxon (see below) .\narnoldiana [ papilio (druryia) ]: originally described as a subspecies of p. cynorta and treated as such by most authors (e. g. , carcasson 1975, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1980), but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al. (1995: 139), and hancock (1989, 1993); the taxon was previously known under the name arnoldi poulton, which, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym (see above) .\nascolius [ papilio (pterourus) zagreus ]: previously regarded as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 85, d' almeida 1966: 147, de vries 1987, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), but recently treated as conspecific with p. zagreus (racheli & pariset 1993, tyler et al. 1994) .\naugustus [ parnassius (kailasius) imperator ]: recently proposed as a separate species from p. imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki (1997) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern; regarded as conspecific with p. imperator by all previous authors, e. g. , ackery (1975), bryk (1935), collins & morris (1985), ohya (1990), sorimachi (1995: 166), and weiss (1991); this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .\nauriger [ graphium (arisbe) ]: several taxa in the past sometimes treated as conspecific with g. auriger are now regarded as distinct species; see also under g. olbrechtsi, and g. schubotzi .\nautosilaus [ protographium agesilaus ]: listed as a separate species by d' almeida (1966: 256), but generally regarded as conspecific with p. agesilaus (brown 1991, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1981, hancock 1983, tyler et al. 1994: 30) .\nbachus [ papilio (pterourus) zagreus ]: previously regarded as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 85, d' almeida 1966: 154, hancock 1983, munroe 1961, racheli & pariset 1993), but recently treated as conspecific with p. zagreus (tyler et al. 1994) .\nbaileyi [ parnassius (tadumia) acco ]: originally described as a subspecies of p. acco, later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii (e. g. , bryk 1935), and subsequently also treated as a separate species (e. g. , weiss 1992); more recently, however, regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p. acco (ackery 1975, eisner 1976, inaoka & sugisawa 1997, shinkai 1997, sorimachi 1994a, sorimachi 1995, weiss 1992) .\nbairdii [ papilio (papilio) machaon ]: previously often regarded as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 95, d' almeida 1966: 155, hancock 1983, miller & brown 1981, munroe 1961), but now generally treated as conspecific with p. machaon (d' abrera 1990, fujioka et al. 1997, scott 1986, sperling 1987, tyler et al. 1994) .\nbatjanensis [ graphium (graphium) stresemanni ]: described as a distinct species in the g. weiskei group, and recently accepted as a separate species by hanafusa (1998), and müller & tennent (1999); since batjanensis appears to be allopatric to g. stresemanni, it is retained here provisionally under that species; it has also been suggested to be conspecific with g. weiskei (parsons 1999: 245) .\nbeehri [ parnassius (parnassius) smintheus ]: as the other north american taxa in this group, beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p. phoebus (e. g. , bryk 1935, eisner 1976, ferris 1976, tyler et al. 1994); following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p. smintheus (see below), it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon; in a recent study, species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology (shepard & manley 1998) .\nbelesis [ mimoides ilus ]: formerly treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 49, d' almeida 1966: 257, hancock 1983, and munroe 1961), but recently regarded as conspecific with m. branchus by brown (1991), and with m. ilus by tyler et al. (1994: 31) .\nbenguetanus [ papilio (sinoprinceps) ]: sometimes regarded as conspecific with p. xuthus (e. g. , fujioka et al. 1997: 220; munroe 1961), but mostly accepted as a separate species (collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, treadaway 1995, tsukada & nishiyama 1982) .\nbiokoensis [ graphium (arisbe) ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. policenes and subsequently treated as such (ackery et al. 1995: 165) or considered conspecific with g. liponesco (larsen 1994), but recently accepted as a separate species restricted largely to central africa by smith & vane - wright (2001) .\nbiseriatus [ papilio (menelaides) helenus ]: generally treated as conspecific with p. helenus (e. g. , bryk 1930, fujioka et al. 1997, tsukada & nishiyama 1982), but regarded as a distinct species by collins & morris (1985: 98) following hancock (1983: 37) .\nbjorndalae [ papilio (heraclides) aristodemus ]: originally described and subsequently treated as a subspecies of p. aristodemus, but listed as a distinct species by d' abrera (1990: 44) .\nboedromius [ parnassius (sachaia) ]: originally described as a separate species, but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p. simo (e. g, ackery 1975, bryk 1935, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1990, eisner 1976, munroe 1961, verity 1905 - 1911); reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg (1985), and recently accepted as such by most authors (e. g. , häuser 1993, lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994, sorimachi 1995, tuzov et al. 1997, and weiss 1991) .\nboolae [ graphium (arisbe) policenoides ]: originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by munroe (1961), it has been regarded as conspecific with g. policenoides (ackery et al. 1995), but is now established as conspecific with g. liponesco (hancock 1986, larsen 1994, smith & vane - wright 2001) .\nbranchus [ mimoides ilus ]: in the past generally treated as a separate species (e. g. , brown 1991: 401, collins & morris 1985: 49, d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966: 258, de vries 1987, hancock 1983, and munroe 1961), but recently regarded as conspecific with m. ilus by lamas (pers. com .), llorente - bousquets et al. (1997), and tyler et al. (1994: 31) .\nbrevicauda [ papilio (papilio) ]: usually treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 94, d' abrera 1990, hancock 1983, layberry et al. 1998, miller & brown 1981, munroe 1961, scott 1986), but has also been regarded as conspecific with p. machaon (fujioka et al. 1997, sperling & harrison 1994, tyler et al. 1994) .\nbridgei [ papilio (menelaides) ]: this species has sometimes been regarded to also include p. erskinei (see below) which recently has been accepted again as a distinct species (tennent 1999); the two taxa were introduced in the same paper, and this name has been given precedence over erskinei mathew, 1886 as the species name by parsons (1999) despite the fact that the latter name had already been given priority by racheli (1980) acting as first reviser (see tennnet 1999: 215) .\nbromius [ papilio (druryia) chrapkowskoides ]: a name in general use for this species (e. g. , berger 1981, carcasson 1975, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1980, d' abrera 1997, hancock 1984b, larsen 1991, munroe 1961) which has recently been recognised to be invalid as a junior primary homonym (koçak 1983); it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday, 1845 (ackery et al. 1995: 140) .\nbrontes [ papilio (druryia) desmondi ]: previously in use as the species name (e. g. , carcasson 1975, munroe 1961), but invalid as a junior primary homonym (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1984b) .\nburaki [ pachliopta leytensis ]: buraki koçak, 1983 has been proposed as a replacement name for papilio phegeus hopffer, 1885, which is invalid as a junior primary homonym (see below); leytensis murayama, 1978, however, is available as a subjective conspecific name (see below) .\ncanadensis [ papilio (pterourus) glaucus ]: generally placed as a subspecies of p. glaucus (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1990, d' almeida 1966, miller & brown 1981, scott 1986, tyler et al. 1994), but recently accepted as a separate species (caterino & sperling 1999, hagen et al. 1991, hagen & scriber 1995, layberry et al. 1998) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium (arisbe) almansor ]: originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species (e. g. , hancock 1983), it has been regarded as conspecific with g. adamastor (ackery et al. 1995), but is recently treated as conspecific with g. almansor (d' abrera 1997, larsen pers. com. , smith & vane - wright 2001) .\ncardinal [ parnassius (koramius) ]: for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p. delphius (e. g. , ackery 1975, bryk 1935, eisner 1976, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1990, munroe 1961), but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p. delphius group (kreuzberg 1985, stshetkin 1979), a view which lately has been generally accepted (e. g. , häuser 1993, sorimachi 1995, tuzov et al. 1997, weiss 1992) .\ncastilhoi [ parides panthonus ]: originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by collins & morris (1985: 70) and hancock (1983: 47), but now seen as conspecific with p. panthonus (lamas pers. com. , tyler et al. 1994: 28) .\ncaucasica [ zerynthia (allancastria) ]: originally placed and long regarded as conspecific with z. cerisy (e. g. , ackery 1975, bernardi 1970, bryk 1934), but now generally accepted as a separate species which coexists in part of its range with z. cerisy (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, häuser 1993, hesselbarth et al. 1995, kuhna 1977, nekrutenko 1990, and tuzov et al. 1997: 148) .\nchalceus [ battus ]: previously treated as conspecific with b. belus (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 66, d' almeida 1966, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), but now generally accepted as a separate species (möhn 1999, llorente - bousquets et al. 1997, racheli & pariset 1992 [ all as' ingenuus' ], and tyler et al. 1994: 28); however, the proper identity of the taxon chalceus rothschild & jordan, 1906 appears somewhat questionable with regard to the type locality, and according to racheli & pariset (1992: 136) the type specimens might have been mislabeled and actually represent an andean subspecies of b. belus in which case the valid species name would then be b. ingenuus (see below); until further clarification, the species is here retained under b. chalceus thus following tyler et al. (1994) .\nchaon [ papilio (menelaides) nephelus ]: listed as a separate species by munroe (1961) and talbot (1939), but now generally regarded as conspecific with p. nephelus (collins & morris 1985: 100, d' abrera 1982, hancock 1983, tsukada & nishiyama 1982) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium (arisbe) aalmansor ]: originally described and subsequently sometimes treated as a distinct species (e. g. , hancock 1983), but mostly regarded as conspecific with g. adamastor (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1985); recently, however, seen as conspecific with g. almansor (d' abrera 1997, smith & vane - wright pers. com .) .\nchibcha [ mimoides xeniades ]: originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by d' abrera (1981), d' almeida (1966), and munroe (1961), but now generally regarded as conspecific with m. xenidaes (brown 1991, hancock 1983, tyler et al. 1994) .\nchinensis [ luehdorfia ]: originally described and in the past often treated as conspecific with l. japonica (e. g. , ackery 1975, d' abrera 1990, rothschild 1918) or with l. puziloi (e. g. , bryk 1934, eisner 1974), but now recognized as a separate species (chou 1994, collins & morris 1985, fujioka et al. 1997, hancock 1983, igarashi & fukuda 1997, kato 1998, nosé 1990, watanabe 1996) .\nchitondensis [ papilio (druryia) ]: originally described as a subspecies of p. chrapkowskoides and subsequently treated as such (hancock 1984b), but recently accepted as a separate species (ackery et al. 1995: 140) .\nchoui [ parnassius (tadumia) szechenyii ]: recently described as a separate species related to p. szechenyii; as judged from the illustrations of the original description, however, it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .\nchrapkowskii [ papilio (druryia) ]: originally described and now again mostly treated as a separate species (ackery et al. 1995, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1997, hancock 1983, hancock 1993, kielland 1990), but sometimes in the past also regarded as conspecific with p. chrapkowskoides (e. g. , carcasson 1975, d' abrera 1980, larsen 1991) .\nchrapkowskoides [ papilio (druryia) ]: this species has long been know under the name of bromius doubleday, 1845 (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1980, hancock 1984b, munroe 1961), which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym; chrapkowskoides storace, 1952 is available as a subjective replacement name at the species level (hancock 1993) and an objective replacement name has been proposed by koçak (1983), but it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday, 1845 (ackery et al. 1995: 140) .\nchungianus [ graphium (pazala) timur ]: treated as a separate species by shirozu (1992), but otherwise seen as conspecific with g. alebion (d' abrera 1982: 108) or with g. timur (koiwaya 1993) .\ncinyras [ papilio (heraclides) thoas ]: mostly seen as conspecific with p. thoas (e. g. , d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966, munroe 1961, racheli & pariset 1993: 436, tyler et al. 1994), but treated as a separate species by collins & morris (1985: 89), and hancock (1983) .\nclarius [ parnassius (driopa) ariadne ]: the species has in the past often been referred to under this name (e. g. , bryk 1935, eisner 1974) which, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym .\ncleotas [ papilio (pterourus) menatius ]: previously treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 86, d' almeida 1966, de vries 1987, hancock 1983), but now seen as conspecific with p. menatius by tyler et al. (1994) .\ncodrus [ graphium (graphium) ]: this species is seen by some authors to include g. empedovana (d' abrera 1982: 96, parsons 1999: 251), which is treated here as a separate species (see below) .\ncoelus [ parides vercingetorix ]: in the previous literature the species was known under this name (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' almeida 1966, hancock 1983) which, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym; vercingetorix oberthür is available as a subjective replacement name (tyler et al. 1994) .\ncoloro [ papilio (papilio) polyxenes ]: previously regarded as a separate species (collins & morris 1985: 95) or placed with p. zelicaon (d' almeida 1966: 243, miller & brown 1981), but now regarded as conspecific with p. polyxenes (fujioka et al. 1997, sperling 1987, tyler et al. 1994) .\ncolumbus [ eurytides serville ]: listed as a separate species by collins & morris (1985: 51), d' almeida (1966: 259), hancock (1983), and munroe (1961), but recently regarded as conspecific with e. serville (lamas, pers. com. , tyler et al. 1994: 30) .\ncretica [ zerynthia (allancastria) ]: originally described and often still regarded as conspecific with z. cerisy (e. g. , ackery 1975, bryk 1934, collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, and tolman & lewington 1997); more recently, it has been accepted as a separate species based on constant differences of adults and early stages by several authors (carbonell 1996b, de prins & iversen 1996, olivier 1993) .\ncroesus [ ornithoptera ]: generally accepted as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 83, hancock & orr 1997, munroe 1961, otani & kimura 1998, tsukada & nishiyama 1982: 240, von knötgen 1997), but recently considered as conspecific with o. priamus by parsons (1996, 1999: 226) .\ncyproeofila [ papilio (druryia) ]: previously this species was generally referred to as p. zenobius godart (e. g. , carcasson 1975, collins & morris 1985: 107, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), which, however, appears to be not an available name but an unjustified emendation of p. zenobia fabricus (hancock 1988b: 297). in almost all the previous literature (see above), this name has been misspelled as\ncypraeofila\nresulting from an incorrect transliteration of the symbol\nœ\nused in the original description .\ndelphius [ parnassius (koramius) ]: for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p. delphius, see also under p. acdestis, p. cardinal, p. maximinus, p. staudingeri, p. stenosemus, and p. stoliczkanus .\ndiodorus [ parides bunichus ]: has sometimes been treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 68, d' almeida 1966, hancock 1983: 47), but mostly regarded as conspecific with p. bunichus (lamas pers. com. , rothschild & jordan 1906, tyler et al. 1994: 28) .\ndoddsi [ papilio (achillides) dialis ]: generally treated as concpecific with p. dialis (e. g. , bryk 1930, d' abrera 1982: 51), but recently elevated to species rank by bauer & frankenbach (1998), and gu (1997) .\ndohertyi [ troides rhadamantus ]: treated as a separate species by collins & morris (1985: 79), d' abrera (1982), and tsukada & nishiyama (1982: 232), but regarded as conspecific with t. rhadamantus by hancock (1983), haugum & low (1978 - 1985), and munroe (1961) .\ndongalaicus [ parnassius (parnassius) epaphus ]: originally described as a separate species, but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p. epaphus (bryk 1935); recently, again, it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki, 1995 (see below) based on the sympatric occurence with p. epaphus (sorimachi 1995, sugisawa 1996) .\ndospassosi [ papilio (heraclides) chiansiades ]: originally described and subsequently regarded as a separate species (collins & morris 1985: 90, hancock 1983), but recently placed as conspecific with p. chiansiades (tyler et al. 1994) .\ndrucei [ parides anchises ]: previusly often treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 70, d' almeida 1966, hancock 1983: 47), but recently regarded as conspecific with p. anchises (tyler et al. 1994: 29) .\nearis [ protesilaus ]: originally described and generally recognized as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 48, d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966: 268, hancock 1983, and munroe 1961), but regarded as conspecific with p. telesilaus by brown (1991), and tyler et al. (1994: 30); recently the species status has been reaffirmed by bollino & vitale (1999) based on constant differences in male genitalia between the two taxa .\nembrikstrandi [ protesilaus protesilaus ]: originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by collins & morris (1985: 48), d' almeida (1966: 268), hancock (1983), and munroe (1961), but recently regarded as conspecific with p. protesilaus (brown 1991, tyler et al. 1994: 30) .\nempedovana [ graphium (graphium) ]: generally treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, corbet & pendlebury 1992, saigusa et al. 1982, treadaway 1995, and tsukada & nishiyama 1982), but regarded as conspecific with g. codrus by d' abrera (1982: 96) and parsons (1999: 251) .\nerlaces [ parides erithalion ]: previously treated as a separate species by collins & morris (1985: 70), d' almeida (1966), and hancock (1983: 47), but recently regarded as conspecific with p. erithalion (lamas pers. com. , tyler et al. 1994: 29) .\nerostratinus [ papilio (heraclides) erostratus ]: originally described and subsequently treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 90, d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966: 172, hancock 1983), but now seen as conspecific with p. erostratus (llorente - bousquets et al. 1997, tyler et al. 1994) .\nerskinei [ papilio (menelaides) ]: originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species (bryk 1930, munroe 1961), it was later placed as conspecific with p. bridgei (collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, parsons 1999, racheli 1980), but recently has been accepted again as a separate species (tennent 1999) .\nesperanza [ papilio (pterourus) ]: this species has been classified in the subgenus heraclides by collins & morris (1985), and hancock (1983), but it is recently included in the subgenus pterourus by tyler et al. (1994) .\neupatorion [ mimoides lysithous ]: generally regarded as conspecific with m. lysithous (e. g. , brown 1991, collins & morris 1985: 49 - 50, d' abrera 1981: 69, and tyler et al. 1994: 31), but previously listed as a separate species by d' almeida (1966: 269) .\neuphorion [ ornithoptera priamus ]: often accepted as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 83, hancock 1983, hancock & orr 1997, nielsen et al. 1996), but recently regarded as conspecific with o. priamus by braby (2000), munroe (1961), otani & kimura (1998), parsons (1996), and von knötgen (1997) .\neuphratoides [ graphium (pathysa) ]: in the past generally not treated as a distinct species (collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, munroe 1961) and placed with either g. euphrates (e. g. , d' abrera 1982) or with g. decolor (e. g, tsukada & nishiyama 1982: 413); elevated to species rank by page (1987), and accepted as a species by treadaway (1995); further clarification by additional comparative studies is apparently hindered by the taxon becoming exceedingly rare due to habitat destruction (page 1987: 235) .\nfebanus [ byasa impediens ]: sometimes accepted as a separate species endemic to taiwan (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, igarashi & fukuda 1997), but recently more often treated as conspecific with b. impediens from mainland china (chou 1994, d' abrera 1982, fujioka et al. 1997, hancock 1983, and shirozu 1992) .\nfeisthamelii [ iphiclides podalirius ]: recently treated as a separate species by fernandez - rubio (1991), tennent (1996), and wohlfahrt (1996, 1998) but generally regarded as conspecific with i. podalirius (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, de prins & iversen 1996, hancock 1983, munroe 1961, tolman & lewington 1997) .\nfelderi [ parnassius (driopa) ]: until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p. eversmanni (e. g. , ackery 1975, bryk 1935, eisner 1974, fujioka et al. 1997, iwamoto & inomata 1988, and sorimachi 1995: 173), but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris (1985), korshunov & gorbunov (1995: 52), tuzov et al. (1997: 138), and weiss (1999). unpublished results of genetic studies (zakharov in prep .) confirm the conspecifity of p. eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .\nfernandus [ papilio (druryia) ]: originally described as a subspecies of p. cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1980, hancock 1983), but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al. (1995: 149), and hancock (1988b, 1993) .\nfilaprae [ papilio (druryia) ]: originally described as a subspecies of p. cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors (e. g. , by collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1980, hancock 1983), it recently has been regarded as a separate species by ackery et al. (1995: 149), and hancock (1988b, 1993) .\nflavisparsus [ graphium (arisbe) illyris ]: originally described and generally placed as conspecific with g. illyris (e. g. , ackery et al. 1995, smith & vane - wright 2001), but recently regarded as a distinct species by d' abrera (1997) .\nfurvus [ papilio (druryia) chrapkowskoides ]: orginally described as a subspecies of p. bromius [ = p. chrapkowskoides ] and subsequently treated as such by most authors (e. g. , ackery et al. 1995, bryk 1930, hancock 1984b), but recently elevated to species rank by wojtusiak & pyrcz (1997) based on differences in male genitalia; the name furvus joicey & talbot, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym, and nerminae koçak, 1983, has been proposed as an objective replacement name (see below) .\nglacialis [ parnassius (driopa) ]: originally described as a separate species, but subsequently treated as conspecific with p. stubbendorfii (e. g. , bryk 1935, munroe 1961, verity 1905 - 1911) until hering (1931) based on marked differences in male genitalia argued again in favour of species status, a view which since has been generally followed (e. g. , ackery 1975, collins & morris 1985, eisner 1974, hancock 1983, sorimachi 1995); the allocation of several populations and named subspecies from the asiatic mainland to either p. glacialis or p. stubbendorfii still needs to be clarified .\ngoodenovi [ graphium (graphium) weiskei ]: orginally described as a subspecies of g. weiskei based on a single specimen, it has been suggested to be specifically distinct from that species by parsons (1999: 250) on the basis of notable differences in male genitalia .\ngothica [ papilio (papilio) polyxenes ]: originally described as a separate species, and later treated as conspecific with p. nitra (hancock 1983: 35) or with p. zelicaon (collins & morris 1985, miller & brown 1981, scott 1986); also placed together with the other two taxa mentioned with p. polyxenes (tyler et al. 1994) .\ngyas [ meandrusa lachinus ]: previously in use as the species name (e. g. , d' abrera 1982, munroe 1961, talbot 1939, rothschild 1895), but invalid as a junior primary homonym; lachinus fruhstorfer is available as a subjective replacement name for this taxon (see below) .\nharmodius [ mimoides xeniades ]: the name harmodius has long been in use for this species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1981, d' almeida 1966, hancock 1983, munroe 1961) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym (brown 1991) .\nharrisianus [ mimoides lysithous ]: generally regarded as conspecific with m. lysithous (e. g. , brown 1991, collins & morris 1985: 50, d' abrera 1981: 69, and tyler et al. 1994: 31), but has previously been listed as a separate species by d' almeida (1966: 277) .\nhector [ pachliopta ]: this species has been transfered to the (sub) genus pharmacophagus by hancock (1988a), which, however, has not been followed by other authors .\nhedistus [ byasa ]: generally accepted as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), but treated as conspecific with b. dasarada by d' abrera (1982: 37) .\nhercules [ meandrusa sciron ]: this name has previously been in use for this taxon (e. g. , rothschild 1895, tsukada & nishiyama 1982: 366) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym; sciron leech is available as a subjective replacement name (see below) .\nheringi [ papilio (menelaides) fuscus / tydeus ]: previously listed as a distinct species (e. g. , bryk 1930, collins & morris 1985, racheli & haugum 1983), it is now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between p. fuscus and p. tydeus (hancock 1983: 38, tennent 1999) .\nhermeli [ papilio (achillides) ]: a recently described species from mindoro island, philippines, closely related to p. chikae, and accepted as a separate species by bauer & frankenbach (1998), shimogori (1997), and treadaway (1995) .\nhermosanus [ papilio (achillides) paris ]: generally treated as a subspecies of p. paris, but considered as a separate species by shirozu (1992) .\nhetaerius [ protesilaus molops ]: originally described as a subspecies of p. molops and treated as such by most authors (e. g. , brown 1991, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1981, tyler et al. 1994), but previously listed as a separate species by d' almeida (1966: 279), and placed as conspecific with p. macrosilaus by hancock (1983: 20) .\nhide [ parnassius (koramius) patricius ]: first described and subsequently treated as a separate species (e. g. , chou 1994, sorimachi 1995, weiss 1992); here, regarded as conspecific with p. patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .\nhipparchus [ mimoides phaon ]: generally regarded as conspecific with m. phaon (e. g, brown 1991, collins & morris 1985, tyler et al. 1994: 31), but listed as a separate species by d' abrera (1981), d' almeida (1966: 280), and munroe (1961) .\nhippocrates [ papilio (papilio) machaon ]: generally regarded as conspecific with p. machaon (bryk 1930, d' abrera 1990, fujioka et al. 1997), but also treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 94, hancock 1983, munroe 1961) .\nhoenei [ parnassius (driopa) stubbendorfii ]: generally regarded as conspecific with p. stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence (e. g. , ackery 1975, bryk 1935, collins & morris 1985, eisner 1974, fujioka et al. 1997, and hancock 1983), but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al. (1982), kitahara (1990), korzhunov & gorbunov (1995: 51), and sorimachi (1995: 128) .\nhuberi [ parnassius (tadumia) schultei ]: recently described as a distinct species closely related to p. acco and p. schultei; in judging from the original description (paulus 1999), the taxon resembles more closely p. schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .\nhunnyngtoni [ parnassius (tadumia) ]: in the past often treated as conspecific with p. acco (e. g. , ackery 1975, eisner 1976, hancock 1983), but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p. acco (bryk 1935, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1990, häuser 1993, inaoka & sugisawa 1997, sorimachi 1994a, sorimachi 1995, weiss 1991) .\nimpediens [ byasa ]: this taxon has generally been cited byasa impediens rothschild, 1895, but as realized by fujioka et al. (1997) it was originally described as an infrasubspecific form (rothschild 1895: 269 - 270), and has only been made available through a subsequent citation as a subspecies by seitz (1907: 9) .\nimperiatrix [ teinopalpus imperialis ]: regarded as conspecific with t. imperialis by most authors (e. g. , d' abrera 1982, eisner 1974, talbot 1939, turlin 1991), but recently treated as a distinct species based on sympatric occurence with t. imperialis by gaonkar (in prep .) .\nincertus [ graphium (pazala) ]: originally described and subsequently treated as conspecific with g. tamerlanus (e. g. , bryk 1930), but recently regarded as a separate species by chou (1994), and koiwaya (1993) who noticed differences in male genitalia .\ningenuus [ battus chalceus ]: depending on the identity of the type specimen of chalceus rothschild & jordan, 1906 (see above) this might represent the valid name for this species, which has already been used by some authors (llorente - bousquets et al. 1997, möhn 1999, racheli & pariset 1992) .\ninterjecta [ papilio (druryia) interjectana ]: previously in general use as the species name (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1980, hancock 1984b, 1993, larsen 1991), which, however, is invalid as a junior primary homonym; interjectana vane - wright, 1995 has been proposed as an objective replacement name (see below) .\ninterjectana [ papilio (druryia) ]: this name has been proposed as an objective replacement for interjecta van someren, 1960, which is invalid as a junior primary homonym (ackery et al. 1995: 150) .\njoanae [ papilio (papilio) machaon ]: previously often treated as a separate species (collins & morris 1985: 95, hancock 1983, miller & brown 1981, sperling 1987), but recently regarded as conspecific with p. machaon (fujioka et al. 1997, sperling & harrison 1994, tyler et al. 1994) .\nkahli [ papilio (papilio) polyxenes ]: previously regarded as a separate species (collins & morris 1985: 95, hancock 1983, miller & brown 1981), placed with p. nitra (d' almeida 1966: 203), now presumed to represent a hybrid between p. machaon and p. polyxenes (layberry et al. 1998, sperling 1987), or treated as conspecific with p. polyxenes (fujioka et al. 1997, scott 1986, tyler et al. 1994) .\nkigoma [ graphium (arisbe) ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. almansor and subsequently also placed with g. poggianus (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1985), it has recently been accepted as a separate species due to constant differences in male genitalia and wing pattern by smith & vane - wright (2001) .\nkiritshenkoi [ parnassius (koramius) staudingeri ]: generally treated as conspecific with p. delphius (ackery 1975, bryk 1935) or p. staudingeri (sorimachi 1995, weiss 1992); recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al. (1997: 139) based on a sympatric occurence with p. staudingeri .\nkosii [ graphium (graphium) weiskei ]: recently described as a separate species from new ireland related to g. weiskei (müller & tennent 1999); despite differences in wing pattern and male genitalia it is provisionally retained here under g. weiskei due to its allopatric distribution .\nkotzebuea [ pachliopta ]: previously often regarded as concpecific with p. aristolochiae (e. g. , hancock 1983, munroe 1961), but more recently accepted as a separate species following the study by hiura & alagar (1971), e. g. , by collins & morris (1985), treadaway (1995), and tsukada & nishiyama (1982); according to page & treadaway (1995: 148), this philippine species might be more closely related to p. polyphontes from sulawesi .\nlabeyriei [ parnassius (tadumia) maharaja ]: first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou (1994) and weiss (1992), it is now regarded as conspecific with p. maharaja (d' abrera 1990, häuser 1993, ohya 1993, sorimachi 1995) .\nlacandones [ protographium dioxippus ]: previously treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' almeida 1966, de vries 1987, hancock 1983, munroe 1961) but recently regarded as conspecific with p. dioxippus by brown (1991), llorente - bousquets et al. (1997), and tyler et al. (1994: 30) .\nlachinus [ meandrusa ]: often treated as conspecific with m. sciron (chou 1994, collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1982, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), but regarded as a distinct species by several authors (corbet & pendlebury 1987: 87, rothschild 1895, talbot 1939); this taxon appeared previously in the literature under the name of gyas westwood, which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym (see above) .\nleptocircini [ papilioninae ]: for the availability and correct usage of the tribal name, see smith & vane - wright (2001: 506 - 508) .\nleucosilaus [ protesilaus ]: previously regarded as conspecific with p. molops by collins & morris (1985) and hancock (1983: 20), but treated as a separate species by brown (1991), d' almeida (1966: 283), and tyler et al. (1994) .\nleytensis [ pachliopta ]: this taxon has originally been proposed and sometimes subsequently been treated as a separate species from buraki / phegeus (e. g. , tsukada & nishiyama 1982: 277), but the two taxa are linked by gradual intermediate forms and are thus now regarded as conspecific (collins & morris 1985, page & treadaway 1995, treadaway 1995: 96 - 97); therefore, leytensis can be used as the valid species name instead of phegeus which is invalid a a junior homonym (see below) .\nliponesco [ graphium (arisbe) ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. policenes and treated as such by most authors, it has been considered as conspecific with g. policenoides by ackery et al. (1995) and hancock (1986), and is recently regarded as a separate species (d' abrera 1997, larsen 1994, smith & vane - wright 2001) .\nlitoreus [ parnassius (driopa) felderi ]: generally treated as conspecific with p. eversmanni or p. felderi (e. g. , bryk 1935, eisner 1974, iwamoto & inomata 1988, weiss 1999), but it has been listed as a possibly distinct species by korshunov & gorbunov (1995: 52). unpublished results of genetic studies (zakharov in prep .) confirm the conspecifity of p. eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus." ]

{ "text": [ "losaria rhodifer , the andaman clubtail , is a rare species of the swallowtail family , papilionidae , native to india .", "the butterfly belongs to the genus losaria , or the clubtails , as they are commonly known . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "losaria rhodifer, the andaman clubtail, is a rare species of the swallowtail family, papilionidae, native to india. the butterfly belongs to the genus losaria, or the clubtails, as they are commonly known." ]

[ "carnation tortrix moth has a similar lifecycle to light brown apple moth but can breed continuously in glasshouses and on houseplants .\noriginal american traditional tattoo flash print. skull, moth, lady head, eye and clouds. hand crafted, watercolor print. death moth\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nthe moth is a 501 (c) (3) registered non - profit organization .\ngothic literature has elicited spirited critical debate from its earliest days. according to botting in his book, the gothic\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bordered gothic moth (heliophobus reticulata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bordered gothic moth (heliophobus reticulata )\ntitle =\narkive species - bordered gothic moth (heliophobus reticulata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe adult moth shown was attracted to an mv light in north cornwall on 14th july 2013 .\nat a glance this is a pretty uninspiring looking caterpillar and similar to several other noctuid moth caterpillars .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland. l & r moth group status = a (common and resident )\n1960 vintage garden tiger moth print. butterfly illustration. insect. caterpillar. criptic coloration. entomology. natural history .\nthese small green caterpillars are the larval stage of moths belonging to a family called tortrix moths (tortricidae). there are almost 400 species of tortrix moth in the uk but there are two which can feed on a wide range of plants and commonly cause problems in gardens and glasshouses; the carnation tortrix moth (cacoecimorpha pronubana) and light brown apple moth (epiphyas postvittana) .\ngoddu, teresa a. , gothic america, columbia university press, 1997 .\noates, joyce carol, ed. , american gothic tales, plume, 1997 .\nthe feathered gothic (tholera decimalis) is a species of moth of the family noctuidae. it is found in europe and scandinavia then through the palearctic to asia minor, western central asia, southern siberia and in north africa .\npunter, david, ed. , a companion to the gothic, blackwell, 2000 .\nquite similar in appearance to the bordered gothic (heliophobus reticulata) and the feathered gothic (tholera decimalis), this species can be identified by its broader wings and dark patch between the forewing stigmata .\nmore recent criticism has approached gothic literature from a variety of directions. punter in his literature of terror outlines a number of approaches critics often take. first, critics often see gothic literature as a\nrecognisable movement in the history of culture, with recognisable sociopsychological causes .\nthat is, events and ideas present in the culture find an outlet through gothic literature. punter, david stevens in the gothic tradition, and ronald paulson in\ngothic fiction and the french revolution ,\nan article appearing in the journal english language history, among many other critics and historians, all comment on the connections between contemporary historical events and the rise of the gothic .\nfrank, frederick, the first gothics: a critical guide to the english gothic novel, garland, 1987 .\ngraham, kenneth w. , ed. , gothic fictions: prohibition / transgression, ams press, 1989 .\nmcwhir, ann ,\nthe gothic transgression of disbelief: walpole, radcliffe and lewis ,\nin gothic fictions: prohibition / transgression, edited by kenneth w. graham, ams press, 1989, pp. 29–48 .\nthe bordered gothic moth has an attractive pale network - like patterning on the otherwise mottled grey - brown forewings. the hindwings are whitish - tan in colour, becoming darker towards the outer margins (1). a darker form (h. reticulata hibernica) occurs in southern ireland (3) .\nwingspan 33 - 40 mm. quite similar in appearance to the bordered gothic (heliophobus reticulata) and the feathered gothic (tholera decimalis), this species can be identified by its broader wings and dark patch between the forewing stigmata .\nbirkhead, edith, the tale of terror: a study of the gothic romance, russell & russell, 1963 .\nthis novel is a parody of the gothic romance, popular in jane austen' s own day. the student acquainted with the conventions of gothic novels will find northanger abbey, originally published in 1818, an entertaining and comical read .\ntortrix moth caterpillars bind leaves together with silky threads and feed inside, they can also damage fruits. they can affect a range of plants and in a glasshouse can cause damage throughout the year .\nsource: diane andrews henningfeld, critical essay on gothic literature, in literary movements for students, the gale group, 2003 .\nalthough the gothic movement itself may have ended in about 1820, the gothic continues to exert considerable influence on both literature and criticism. if anything, critical interest in the gothic continues to grow at a remarkable rate, perhaps because of the renewed interest in monsters, the uncanny, the supernatural, and the unexplained evident in late twentieth - century and early twenty - first - century culture .\n———, ed. , the literature of terror: a history of gothic fictions from 1765 to the present day, longman, 1980 .\ngoddu examines the gothic in american literature from the 1770s through the 1860s, looking particularly at african - american, southern, and female writing. the book would be of interest to anyone concerned with the way that oppression and social myth interact to produce the gothic in literature .\nmany critics suggest that the gothic continues to influence contemporary art and literature, primarily through the media of film and video. consider michael jackson' s thriller video, various film adaptations of frankenstein, and a selection of films based on stephen king' s books. how do these works reflect the basic characteristics of gothic literature? how do twentieth - and twenty - first - century representations transform the idea of the gothic prevalent in earlier centuries ?\nread about scientific, biological, psychological, and spiritual explanations for why humans dream. sigmund freud' s on dreams might also provide you with useful information. connecting your reading about dreams with the interior landscapes of gothic fiction may help you understand the imagery and narrative present in many gothic novels .\npaulson, ronald ,\ngothic fiction and the french revolution ,\nin english language history, vol. 48, 1981, pp. 532–53 .\noates selects forty - six american tales, ranging from some by charles brockden brown in the eighteenth century to nicholas baker in the twentieth century. what the tales have in common is a\ngothic - grotesque vision ,\naccording to oates. students of the gothic should enjoy this influential collection .\nwhile it may be comparatively easy to date the beginning of the gothic movement, it is much harder to identify its close, if indeed the movement did come to a close at all. there are those such as david punter in the literature of terror: a history of gothic fictions from 1765 to the present day and fred botting in gothic who follow the transitions and transformations of the gothic through the twentieth century. certainly, any close examination of the works of edgar allan poe, bram stoker' s dracula, or robert louis stevenson' s the strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde in the nineteenth century demonstrates both the transformation and the influence of the gothic. in the twentieth and twenty - first centuries, the ongoing fascination with horror, terror, the supernatural, vampires, werewolves, and other things that go bump in the night evinces the power the gothic continues to exert .\nbernstein, stephen ,\nform and ideology in the gothic novel ,\nin essays in literature, vol. 18, 1991, pp. 151–65 .\nlikewise, a number of artists of this time, including spanish artist francisco de goya and english poet and engraver william blake, produced works that visually represent the gothic. in particular, goya' s\nthe sleep of reason produces monsters ,\ndrawn in 1799, has been called by richard davenport - hines in gothic: four hundred years of excess, horror, evil, and ruin\nperhaps the most important single image for the historian of the gothic .\ndavenport - hines, richard, gothic: four hundred years of excess, horror, evil, and ruin, farrar, straus, and giroux, 1998 .\ngothic literature .\nliterary movements for students: presenting analysis, context, and criticism on literary movements. . retrieved july 09, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nas the eighteenth century waned, however, growing numbers of thinkers and writers began to rebel against the rationality of the enlightenment and to produce works that privileged the irrational, emotional responses and feelings, and the uncanny. they argued that truth could not be derived from pure thought but rather could be approached through the senses. in particular, gothic literature, art, and architecture revolted against the strict rationality of the enlightenment. gothic writers looked to the middle ages for their models. while some scholars see the rise of the gothic as a response to the enlightenment, there are others who argue that the gothic is an essential part of the enlightenment, with the gothic providing the mirror image of the enlightenment. in either regard, the two movements are inextricably linked in the study of the eighteenth century .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp .\nbeckford, william, vathek: an arabian tale, in three gothic novels, edited by e. f. bleiler, dover, 1966, pp. 109–253 .\nso prevalent is the notion of doubling in gothic literature that it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify gothic novels that do not use the device in some form. one way that gothic writers often introduce a double is through the use of literal mirror images. a character gazes into a mirror, for example, and sees not only himself but also his darker side at the same time. robert louis stevenson' s dr. jekyll looks in his mirror to behold the demonic mr. hyde .\nanother critical track is the formalist approach. that is, critics examine the narrative structure of the gothic novel to find those elements that bring unity to the work. conversely, other formalist critics approach gothic fiction, according to punter, by revealing its\nnarrative complexity and its tendency to raise technical problems which it often fails to resolve .\nclemens, valdine, the return of the repressed: gothic horror from\nthe castle of otranto\nto\nalien ,\nstate university of new york press, 1999 .\nwinter, kari j. , subjects of slavery, agents of change: women and power in gothic novels and slave narratives, 1790–1865, university of georgia press, 1992 .\nin addition, gothic writers as a rule set their novels in the distant, medieval past, in what they thought of as the gothic period. however, their descriptions have little to do with the medieval period as it was; rather, the settings in gothic novels reveal much more about what eighteenth - and nineteenth - century writers believed about the middle ages. for gothic writers, the medieval past was a time of superstition and catholicism, made exotic and eerie by monks, nuns, ghosts, and crumbling castles. although most of the novels are set in some european landscape, others, most notably beckford' s vathek, have foreign locations, such as the middle east. again, removing the setting of the novel from contemporary locations and time periods allowed gothic writers to infuse their works with the fear of the unknown, mysterious occur - rences, and strange, unusual customs .\ngothic literature .\nliterary movements for students: presenting analysis, context, and criticism on literary movements. . encyclopedia. com. (july 9, 2018). urltoken\nthis moth tends to inhabit open calcareous or sandy grassland habitats (4). the foodplant of the caterpillars is not known, but it is thought that the seedpods of bladder campion (silene vulgaris), soapwort (saponaria officinalis) and knotgrass (polygonum aviculare) are likely candidates (2) .\nthere are a variety of critical interpretations of how the double in gothic literature functions as a response to the dualities discussed above. frederick frank in the first gothics calls the gothic\nthe literature of collapsing structures where even the narrative context itself is in a constant state of fall with no possibility of a visionary reordering .\nhe further quotes thompson, who argues that gothic literature\nbegins with irreconcilable dualities .\nthus, the attempted synthesis or reunion of the divided narrative, the divided psyche, and the divided culture ultimately and inevitably fails .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp. southdene sdn bhd, kuala lumpur .\nan audio tape of an abridged version of the castle of otranto, produced by naxos audio books in 1995, provides a brief introduction to the famous work that started the gothic movement .\nevil image: the literary art of terror from daniel defoe to stephen king (1981), edited and introduced by patricia l. skarda and nora crow jaffe, is a compilation of gothic short fiction and poetry from the past two hundred years. the book is an excellent start for students want to read a wide variety of gothic literature in a short period of time .\nprofessor douglass h. thomson of southern georgia university maintains a site at urltoken that offers a superb collection of articles, a glossy of literary gothic terms, an author list, and other resources .\ntooley, brenda ,\ngothic utopia: heretical sanctuary in ann radcliffe' s the italian ,\nin utopian studies, vol. 11, no. 2, 2000, pp. 42–56 .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. memoirs of the american entomological institute, 69: 1 - 824 .\ndoody, margaret anne ,\ndesert ruins and troubled waters: female dreams in fiction and the development of the gothic novel ,\nin genre, vol. 10, 1977, pp. 529–73 .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. 824 pp. [ memoirs of the american entomological institute, volume 69. ]\nthe best of gothic horror is a collection of abridged novels and stories by edgar allan poe, robert louis stevenson, and mary shelley recorded on audio tape by counter - top audio and released in june 2000 .\nvarnado, s. l. ,\nthe idea of the numinous in gothic literature ,\nin literature of the occult, edited by peter b. messent, prentice hall, 1981, pp. 51–67 .\nthompson, g. r. ,\na dark romanticism: in quest of a gothic monomyth ,\nin literature of the occult, edited by peter b. messent, prentice hall, 1981, pp. 31–39 .\nsource: ellen rees ,\nholy witch and wanton saint: gothic precursors for isak dinesen' s' the dreamers ,\n' in scandinavian studies, vol. 78, no. 3, fall2006, pp. 333–48 .\nrees, ellen ,\nholy witch and wanton saint: gothic precursors for isak dinesen' s' the dreamers' ,\nin scandinavian studies, vol. 78, no. 3, fall 2006, pp. 333–48 .\ngothic writers also often present an exceedingly complicated narrative, woven around some theme or idea. for example, in maturin' s mel - moth the wanderer, there are stories within stories. kiely describes the narrative of this book in his the romantic novel in england :\nthe structure of melmoth the wanderer, a series of narrations within narrations—often compared with a nest of chinese boxes—defies conventional chronological sequence and replaces it with obsessive variations on the single theme of human misery .\nthe overall effect of such construction is to distort the chronological and spatial development of the story and to give the overall work a dreamlike quality .\nin this essay, rees argues that modernist author isak dinesen in her gothic short story\nthe dreamers\nuses two earlier gothic stories. from robert louis stevenson' s story\nolalla ,\ndinesen was inspired to create her character olalla who is an inversion of the title character in stevenson' s story. dinesen drew from jules amadee barbey d' aurevilly' s story\nat a dinner of atheists\nto create the character of rosalba for her story .\nkarl, frederic r. ,\ngothic, gothicism, gothicists ,\nin the adversary literature: the english novel in the eighteenth century: a study in genre, farrar, straus and giroux, 1974, pp. 235–74 .\nout of doors light brown apple moth has two overlapping generations during the spring and summer. eggs are laid in batches on the leaves of host plants and hatch after about ten days. the caterpillars then feed with foliage sown together with silken threads and pupae where they have been feeding. in glasshouses and on houseplants the lifecycle can vary, with adults and caterpillars active from late winter until late autumn .\nnarrative is an accounting of an event or sequence of events, real or invented. in literary criticism, the expression\nnarrative technique\nusually refers to the way the author structures and presents his or her story. gothic literature can be characterized by the complex and complicated narrative structures writers give their work. there are usually plots within plots, and there are episodes that seem to have little connection to the episodes immediately before and after. the episodic nature of the narrative perhaps can be attributed to the gothic writers' attention to medieval romance. william malory' s early fifteenth - century morte d' arthur, a compilation of medieval arthurian romances circulating in malory' s day, for example, comprises episodes of knights, damsels, challenges, and castles. likewise, gothic writers often provide little transition or explanation for the arrangement of their episodes. the overall effect, both in medieval romance and gothic novels, is to render the narrative strange and fragmented .\nmany of the details of burke' s analysis have relevance to the gothic writers—in particular his emphasis on obscurity, vastness, magnificence as constitutive elements of the sublime—but his most important contribution was to confer on terror a major and worthwhile literary role .\ngiven that the use of doubling techniques features so heavily in so much gothic literature, perhaps it is important to identify the roots of the double, as well as critical interpretations of its function in the literature. most obviously, the use of the double in gothic literature seems to spring from the duality of the middle ages, the era that gothicists attempt to recreate in their writing. certainly, medieval romance offers many models of the use of the double: malory' s story of the twins balin and balan who meet each other in combat, unknown to each other, is an excellent example, as is the guinevere / false guinevere motif of the arthurian legend. g. r. thompson' s chapter ,\na dark romanticism: in quest of a gothic monomyth ,\nin literature of the occult speaks to the duality of the middle ages made graphic by\nthe evocation of the transcendent, upward thrust of gothic cathedrals\nand\nthe vision of the dark night of the soul and the nightmare terrors of demons .\nthat both are so present in the literature and the iconography of the middle ages demonstrates at least one channel through which notions of the double find their way to gothic literature .\nbutterfly and moth caterpillars, on the other hand, are much more variant. the only way to tell them apart is to learn about what the specific caterpillars for both groups look like. however, butterflies have a few stages that they go through; egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, and finally, mature, adult, butterfly. it’s lucky that bermuda is only home to seven prominent species of butterfly !\nborn on january 19, 1809, in boston, massachusetts, edgar allan poe is a well known american poet and short story writer. he was orphaned at three and raised by john allen, with whom he had an uneasy lifelong relationship. poe was a victim of depression; he turned to alcohol for relief and eventually became an alcoholic. his marriage to his beloved cousin virginia clemm ended with her death in 1847. while many critics suggest that poe is a post - gothic writer, he nevertheless used many gothic conventions in his own work, including medieval settings, supernatural occurrences, terror, and architectural ruins. certainly ,\nthe fall of the house of usher\n( 1834) has all of the gothic ingredients. moreover, poe is particularly important to the ongoing influence of the gothic on contemporary literature, moving the genre from an external to an internal psychological focus. poe died in baltimore on october 7, 1849, from complications related to a brain lesion .\nbotting in the gothic identifies the use of the double in gothic literature, along with other stock features, as the\nprincipal embodiments and evocations of cultural anxieties .\nthe growth of science, for example, with the decline of religion offers such an example of a cultural anxiety. thus, frankenstein and his monster are both embodiments of the anxiety caused by the replacement of ultimate meaning with science. likewise, the french revolution, with its violent upheaval of social structures, is yet another cultural anxiety .\nfinally, a number of critics identify an important theme in gothic literature: that the sins of the father will be visited upon the son. in other words, the evil that someone does in his or her lifetime will be repaid in the lives of his or her offspring. again, while this may not seem like an obvious use of doubling, it allows a gothic writer to reintroduce the injustice perpetrated by a previous generation on the current generation, until the injustice is righted. thus, sin is doubled and doubled until it is corrected .\nandrews henningfeld is a professor of english literature and composition who has written extensively for educational and academic publishers. in this essay, andrews henningfeld considers the device of the\ndouble\nin gothic literature and connects the prevalence of this device to psychological, cultural, and historical causes .\nthree important critical strategies prevalent in the late twentieth and early twenty - first century include psychoanalytical, marxist, and feminist critiques. in the first place, the work of sigmund freud, particularly his 1919 essay ,\nthe uncanny ,\ninforms many critics, who use freud' s formulation of the death wish, the oedipus complex, repression, and divided self as productive means of entry into the complexities of gothic fiction. likewise, marxist critics examine the class structures of the novels. there are clearly upper - and lower - class characters in all the novels under discussion, and these characters reflect the class biases of the novelists themselves. finally, feminist critics, such as margaret anne doody, concentrate either on an analysis of the female characters of gothic literature or on the role played by female writers in the development of the gothic .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world' s butterfly and moth (lepidoptera) caterpillars eat. the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180, 000 records comprising taxonomically' cleaned' hostplant data for about 22, 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources. it is not (and cannot be) exhaustive, but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nprofessor jack g. voller maintains a comprehensive web site at urltoken with research suggestions, a library of e - texts, extensive factual material, a large database, and critical articles. the site is easily navigable, reliable, and useful for a student starting a study of the gothic .\nthroughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the impulse toward the gothic affected not only literature but also architecture. william kent (1686–1748) was perhaps the best - known landscape designer and architect of the time, and he helped rich landowners design and build elaborate buildings and landscaping. these designs included mock towers, castles, and abbeys constructed to look as if they had been built in the middle ages and had since fallen into ruin. david stevens, in the gothic tradition, reports that kent\neven went so far as suggest' planting' dead trees to present an appropriately ghoulish effect .\nread selections from edmund burke' s a philosophical enquiry into the sublime and the beautiful, and then connect burke' s ideas to one gothic novel. how do burke' s ideas find expression in the novel you select? be sure to use specific examples from the text to support your claim .\nanother way that gothic writers introduce doubling into their work is through the use of artwork. it is a stock device in gothic fiction that portraits and artwork can come alive at any moment. in lewis' s the monk, the evil matilda has a portrait of the madonna painted for the monk ambrosio. unbeknownst to ambrosio, however, matilda has had her own image embedded in the picture of the madonna. thus, when ambrosio adores the portrait of the holy madonna, he also adores the satanic matilda. this adoration of a doubled portrait leads to violently sexual dreams and ambrosio' s ultimate destruction .\ndracula (1931), starring bela lugosi, is a classic adaptation of stoker' s famed novel. lugosi' s portrayal of the gothic villain count dracula became the yardstick by which all other dracula adaptations are measured. directed by tod browning, this film was available on dvd from universal studios as of 2008 .\nperhaps the most notable variation on the gothic movement, however, is not a literary movement at all but rather the introduction of film during the twentieth century. from the first silent movies, audiences have demonstrated their delight at being terrified. in the 1920s and 1930s, many movies were made about frankenstein, dracula, and werewolves. later films drew on the work of poe. actors such as bela lugosi, lon chaney, and vincent price made their careers on their roles in horror films. furthermore, films such as the shining, released in 1980, starring jack nicholson and directed by stanley kubrick, featured many of the characteristic elements of the gothic novel. based on a novel of the same name by stephen king, the shining features a huge, deserted, old hotel that turns out to be haunted. there are supernatural events and chases through the corridors of the hotel. madness and chaos reign. nicholson' s portrayal of the lead character, a down - on - his - luck writer, is both excessive and terrifying, as are the best of the gothic novels. many critics of the gothic, including punter, davenport - hines, and botting, trace the twentieth - century horror film all the way back to the castle of otranto .\na final influence on the growth of the gothic sprang from a philosophical treatise on aesthetics called a philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful, written and published by edmund burke in 1757. burke' s ideas had far - reaching implications. in this treatise, drawing on the classical philosopher\nthe castle of otranto, by walpole, published in december 1764, is universally regarded as the first gothic novel. set in some undefined medieval past, the novel draws on heroic romance as well as legends and folklore. in this one novel, walpole established virtually every convention of gothic literature. these include the gothic castle, a presence so real as to nearly be a character in and of itself. he also uses gloomy weather, clanking chains, midnight bells, and subterranean passageways. the story is a strange one: manfred, prince of otranto, has one son, conrad. on the eve of conrad' s marriage to the lovely isabella, a huge antique helmet falls on conrad and crushes him. manfred decides to put away his wife and take isabella as his wife in order to continue his line. this is not something isabella wants and thus begins the chase and imprisonment. in due time, readers find that the peasant isabella encounters in the passageways is really the true heir of otranto; the death of conrad was in repayment for the sins of his father. it is impossible to overestimate the influence this novel has had on the course of gothic writing. walpole' s invention and imagination set the arc of the novel for years to come .\neven time and experience become doubled in gothic fiction through the use of déjá vu, the feeling that one has experienced an event before, and memory, the recollection of a real event. in many ways, this feeling is like a haunting; it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify why one has the feeling. by introducing the sense of déjá vu in their stories, gothic writers bring both the past and the future into the present. although a character may only experience an event once in reality, the twin devices of recollection and déjá vu allow the experience to happen again and again and again within the pages of the novel .\nperhaps the single most interesting literary device used by gothic writers is that of the\ndouble .\ngenerally, the most common form of doubling in literature is the doppelgänger, a german term meaning\ndouble - goer .\na literary doppelgänger often takes the form of an alternate identity of the main character. sometimes this can be\nthree gothic novels (1966), edited by e. f. bleiler, contains the texts of the castle of otranto, by horace walpole; vathek, bywilliam beckford; and the vampyre, byjohn polidori, as well as a fragment of a novel by lord byron. bleiler also provides a short introduction to each of the novels included .\nthrough parody, writers reveal and mock standard conventions of a given genre. for example, the airplane series of films renders the convention of the disaster film both visible and very funny. in her novel northanger abbey, eighteenth - century writer jane austen parodies the gothic novels of her day. read northanger abbey and identify the specific characteristics austen is parodying .\nin 1798, charles brockden brown, an american, published wieland, the first gothic novel written in the united states. the work is known for its psychological depth as well as for its gothic excess. brown explores the role of religion in the lives of driven characters. for brown, morality resides in the individual conscience, and revealed religion may produce horrific results. in wieland, a ventriloquist' s evil tricks, along with religious fervor, convince wieland, the main character of the novel, that god wants him to kill his family. he does so, killing his wife and children. his sister narrowly escapes to narrate the tale. in the novel, brown tries to negotiate between the rationality of the enlightenment and the irrationality of religious fervor. by so doing, brown shifts the gothic tale from supernatural events and superstition into the realm of human psychology. is weiland mad or deluded? do his crimes spring from insanity, or has his religious calling merely rendered him irrational? a dark and brooding book, wieland remains a masterpiece of american literature .\nin its attention to the dark side of human nature and the chaos of irrationality, the gothic provides for contemporary readers some insight into the social and intellectual climate of the time in which the literature was produced. a time of revolution and reason, madness and sanity, the 1750s through the 1850s provided the stuff that both dreams and nightmares were made of .\ndavid blayney brown' s romanticism (2001), in the art and ideas series, focuses on european artists during the years 1775–1830, connecting radical new ideas about art to the larger social and political scene of the day. an important consideration for any student is how the gothic fits within the larger scope of the romantic movement in art, literature, and music .\nin gothic literature, the setting may be the single most important device. gothic writers generally set their novels in wild landscapes; in large, often ruined, castles; and / or in subterranean labyrinths. in walpole' s the castle of otranto, the castle itself plays a major role in the novel. robert kiely writes in the romantic novel in england :\nif anything gives this novel unity and animation, it is the castle. the place itself seems sufficiently charged with emotion to require little assistance from the characters. in fact, external conditions play a larger part in determining the behavior of the characters than do their own internal motivations .\nthus, the setting itself provides as much suspense as does the plot or the characters .\nmany historians and scholars explain the rise of the gothic as a response to the prevailing mode of rational thought and reason. indeed, eighteenth - century thought was dominated by an intellectual movement called the enlightenment by later historians. enlightenment philosophers and writers privileged reason and human understanding above emotions and feelings. furthermore, the rise of experimental science during this period offered an empirical model for how one could arrive at truth .\nmary shelley' s frankenstein was published in 1818. the novel does not fit neatly into any generic designation, but many critics suggest that it is the first modern work of science fiction. however, shelley' s emphasis on isolation, wild landscapes, supernatural occurrences, and the haunting presence of the double places the novel within the context of the gothic. the narrative of frankenstein is complicated; it opens on a boat\ndiction is the choice of words and the order of words a writers make for their literary creations. diction may be on the continuum from informal, or low diction, to formal, or high diction. in gothic novels, writers opted to use somewhat archaic and formal language, particularly in dialogue. although the word choices are not accurate representations of the speech patterns of medieval people, the diction of a gothic novel is reminiscent of a medieval romance. further, the diction removes the novel from the present - day reality. walpole, for example, writes the following for his heroine isabella in the castle of otranto :\nsir, whoever you are, take pity on a wretched princess standing on the brink of destruction: assist me to escape from this fatal castle, or in a few moments i may be made miserable for ever .\na rich example of dinesen' s use of nineteenth - century sources is the second to last story in the 1934 collection seven gothic tales ,\nthe dreamers .\nin this analysis, i will examine the gothic precursors for the figures olalla and rosalba, who are presented as alternative identities for the tale' s female protagonist, pellegrina leoni. the figures and their hypo - texts can serve as a case study in dinesen' s intertextual practice, a way of interrogating the frequent comment that dinesen can and should be read through the lens of postmodernism (see rostbøll 12; kyndrup 149). two nineteenth - century texts—robert louis stevenson' s story\nollala\nfrom 1885 and jules amadée barbey d' aurevilly' s story\nà un d îner d' athées\n[ at a dinner of atheists ] from the 1874 collection of stories les diaboliques [ the she - devils ], which contains a rosalba\nsailing in the arctic, when the crew sees a large figure driving a sledge. the next day, they find another sledge, this one containing victor frank - enstein, who then recounts to the captain of the vessel the story of his life and the creation of the monster. shelley also includes some six chapters from the monster' s point of view, in which he speaks of his own life. ironically, it is through the pen of a woman that this novel transforms the gothic from a feminine form of literature. that is, earlier gothic novels featured heroines fleeing for their lives and honor. in shelley' s novel, there are virtually no female characters, and victor is a cold and hard scientist. indeed, shelley brings together both the rationality of science and the irrationality of the will to power. victor is the model of a man seduced by the power of science, unable to see until it is much too late that there are some things, such as the creation of life, that belong to god alone .\ngothic literature often explores the difference between appearance and reality. for example, in radcliffe' s works, events often appear to have supernatural causes. however, by the end of the book, radcliffe offers logical explanations. thus, in the case of radcliffe, it is possible for the reader to distinguish by the close of the novel what is real and what is apparent. by contrast, writers such as lewis do not always differentiate between appearance and reality. this ambiguity leads to a dreamlike (or nightmarish) atmosphere in the novel. readers recognize the state: for all intents and purposes, a dream appears to be real until awakening. it is in the foggy fugue state, however, that the dreamer is unsure of what is the dream and what is the reality. in addition, other writers play with appearance and reality through the use of different narrative structures and voices. poe famously develops the unreliable narrator who appears initially to be sane but who, through the course of the story, is revealed to be insane. the struggle to differentiate the reality from the appearance rests at the heart of much gothic literature .\nlikewise, the eighteenth century was also a time of extreme duality. the enlightenment emphasis on reason and rationality, so dominant in this time, denies fully one half of human experience, that of passion and emotion. writers of the eighteenth century were obsessed with distinguishing good from evil, truth from falsehood, and reason from passion. perhaps the only way, then, for writers to account for both sides of this duality was to separate them in the creation of doubling experiences. and yet, throughout gothic literature, it is as if what has been divided struggles mightily for reunion, a reunion that often results in death .\nterror and horror are the tools of the gothic novelist. drawing on the work of edmund burke, ann radcliffe distinguished between the two terms, suggesting that terror grows out of suspense while horror produces disgust. in other words, a character experiences terror in the anticipation of some dreaded event; the character experiences horror when the event really happens. thus, in radcliffe' s novels, there is an emphasis on terror and the terrible, which she creates through her long descriptions of sublime landscapes and her intimations of the supernatural. moreover, the agonizing suspense to which she subjects her characters produces terror in both the character and the reader .\nm. g. lewis wrote the monk in 1795, when he was just twenty - one years old. it took him all of ten weeks to complete the novel, and it appeared in print in 1796. lewis wrote the book after reading ann radcliffe' s the mysteries of udolpho. two different stories comprise the monk. in one plot, two lovers, agnes and raymond, are separated by their parents and the catholic church. agnes is pregnant and is sent to a convent where she is chained to a wall and tortured. she gives birth to her baby, who then dies in front of her. in the other plot, the monk ambrosio breaks his vows of chastity through the machinations of the evil matilda. through a series of complicated plot twists, ambrosio murders one woman and rapes another. he ends up in an inquisition prison and then sells his soul to satan. he dies a horrible and prolonged death. critics of the day found the novel to be both obscene and blasphemous. nevertheless, the novel was wildly popular. the monk shifts the gothic novel from the explained supernatural of ann radcliffe; the supernatural in the monk is truly supernatural. in addition, lewis' s prose is both graphic and intense; his descriptions of the putrefaction of the dead baby, for example, are particularly disturbing. nevertheless, the monk continued to expand the popularity of the gothic novel in its heyday of the 1790s .\nthe self - divided hero / villain, found so often in gothic fiction, offers yet another way to examine the notion of doubling. in this case, the character is often brave and cowardly, strong and weak, moral and depraved. certainly, shelley' s dr. frankenstein falls into this category. he is a brilliant scientist, so bent on overcoming death that he crosses the boundary that divides the moral from the immoral. he sees himself to be above such petty and bourgeois distinctions, a precursor of german philosopher friedrich nietzsche' s ubermensch, or\noverman .\nhowever, frankenstein is both triumphant and repentant, a deeply troubled and deeply divided individual, so deeply divided that the warring sides of his psyche seem to belong to a set of mirror image twins .\ndoubling, then, serves not only as a literary device designed to invoke terror in the reader, or as a complicated narrative maneuver, but also as an impetus for self - reflection and growth. doody offers that\nthe most important point regarding the double is the necessity to confront and recognize the dark aspect of one' s personality in order to transform it by an act of conscious choice .\nthat is, the double allows a character to both confront his or her own darker self and reintegrate that self. thus, the double, be it as doppelgänger, literal or figurative mirror image, artwork, or déjá vu functions as a means for self - confrontation and self - knowledge not only for the characters in the stories but for the reader of gothic literature as well .\nmost of us, at one time or another, have gone out catching butterflies, or have had the opportunities to keep caterpillars and watch them grow. it’s a classic primary school activity to document the life cycle of these beautiful insects. when i was working with children at the bermuda aquarium museum and zoo, a butterfly course was offered to teach children about butterflies and to allow them to take a caterpillar home. i was tasked with the collection of caterpillars and their food – i chose the gulf fritillary caterpillar, which looks rather like a punk - rocker of the caterpillar world with its deep orange colouring and impressive, gothic spikes. these caterpillars feed on the beautiful passion flower plant’s leaves. however, we found ourselves short of caterpillars for the children in the course, and resorted to giving out the caterpillars of moths instead !\nlonginus, burke distinguishes between beauty as a product of proportion and dimension and the sublime as a product of wild, irregular, and uncontrollable nature. for example, a perfectly groomed and well - designed garden could be beautiful, invoking pleasure in the eye of the beholder. on the other hand, a view of the swiss alps with its craggy cliffs and huge dimensions would be sublime, invoking a kind of terror or fear in the viewer. the sublime carries with it both elements of attraction and terror. according to david punter in the literature of terror, as a result of burke' s treatise ,\nthe excitation of fear becomes one of the most significant enterprises a writer can undertake; thus also fear is recognized as the primary means by which the dictates of reason can be bypassed .\npunter continues with a discussion of burke' s contribution to gothic literature :\nfirst written in french and then later translated into english, vathek, written by william beck - ford and published in english in 1786, is the story of a mad caliph' s vices and his descent into hell. beckford formulated the idea of vathek at a christmas eve orgy at fonthill. many consider vathek the best oriental tale in english. lord byron, in particular, found beck - ford' s work to be powerful. certainly, any reading of vathek will acknowledge beckford' s infatuation with the arabian nights. some critics have identified vathek' s wild life as a reflection of beckford' s own; the author led a life of excess and eccentricity. for all that, vathek moves the gothic novel out of medieval europe and into an exotic, oriental setting. the novel exerted considerable influence on writers such as hawthorne, poe, and stephane mallarmé. artists and musicians also engaged the fantastic world of vathek .\nin his analysis of the tale, langbaum relegates the connection to stevenson to a footnote. in it, he conjectures :\nisak dinesen must have been struck in stevenson' s story by the idea that extraordinary beauty is both more than and less than human. it is characteristic of her that she combines olalla and the mother in the ambivalent figure of pellegrina\n( 104, note 1). the inter - textual resonances that the textual origins for rosalba and olalla add to the tale go even further than langbaum suggests in that they complicate and refine the questions of identity that dinesen raises in the text. by looking to the hypotexts, we see more than the stereotypes of whore and saint: we see dinesen radically rescripting the gothic tradition to create female identifies who are far from silenced by patriarchal fears about the (sexual) power of women and who instead propel at least some men into the realm of what dinesen calls the\ndreamer .\nfinally, many critics turn to psychology for an interpretation of the function of the double in gothic literature. freud, in his essay\nthe uncanny ,\nreviewed the work of otto rank, who studied\nthe connections which the' double' has with reflections in mirrors, with shadows, with guardian spirits, with the belief in the soul and with the fear of death .\nfreud argues that although the double starts out as a form of ego protection in children, it becomes\nthe uncanny harbinger of death—a thing of terror .\ncertainly, readers in the late twentieth and early twenty - first century would find it difficult to even think about the notion of the double without referencing freud and perhaps carl jung. the double can be seen as a representation of the divided self, personifying the pleasure seeking id, the self - aware ego, and the morality of the super - ego. likewise, mirror images provide a way that the self can project its own darkness out of itself onto another." ]

{ "text": [ "the gothic ( naenia typica ) is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "it is distributed in temperate eurasia , in the palearctic ecozone , including europe , turkey , iran , caucasus , armenia , transcaucasia , central asia , altai mountains , and west and central siberia .", "the forewings are broader than those of most other noctuids , and blackish with a network of fine white lines .", "the pattern is supposedly reminiscent of some elements of gothic architecture .", "the hindwings are grey .", "the species flies at night in june and july in the british isles .", "it sometimes comes to light but is not generally strongly attracted .", "by contrast , it is strongly attracted to sugar and flowers . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 1, 23, 1, 28, 19, 19 ] }

[ "the gothic (naenia typica) is a moth of the family noctuidae. it is distributed in temperate eurasia, in the palearctic ecozone, including europe, turkey, iran, caucasus, armenia, transcaucasia, central asia, altai mountains, and west and central siberia. the forewings are broader than those of most other noctuids, and blackish with a network of fine white lines. the pattern is supposedly reminiscent of some elements of gothic architecture. the hindwings are grey. the species flies at night in june and july in the british isles. it sometimes comes to light but is not generally strongly attracted. by contrast, it is strongly attracted to sugar and flowers." ]

[ "general references: morris et al. , 1980 (as olivella biplicata) kozloff, 1993 (as olivella biplicata) lamb and hanby, 2005 (as olivella biplicata) niesen, 1994 (as olivella biplicata )\nsubspecies olivella biplicata angelena t. oldroyd, 1918 † accepted as olivella biplicata (sowerby i, 1825 )\nolivella biplicata (g. b. sowerby i, 1825) – purple dwarf olive\nworms - world register of marine species - olivella biplicata angelena t. oldroyd, 1918 & nbsp; & # 8224 ;\nfigure 4. olivella wall beads from ca - mnt - 33a: length x perforation .\nolive shells callianax biplicata can often be located at low tide through signs of their subterranean burrowing 0. 5x\nresearch interests: cultural resources management; archaeology of the central coast of california; prehistory; protohistoric period; chumash culture; salinan culture; olivella (callianax biplicata) shell bead economies and classification; colonization of california by native peoples .\nhow to distinguish from similar species: olivella baetica is more narrow and is usually brown, plus is mostly subtidal and is rarely found on exposed beaches. o. biplicata generally has purple coloration on it, even when worn (picture )\n( of olivella biplicata angelena t. oldroyd, 1918 †) coan e. v. & kellogg m. g. (1990). the malacological contributions of ida shepard oldroyd and tom shaw oldroyd. the veliger. 33 (2): 174 - 184. [ details ]\nolive shells have a long, narrow aperture and short, raised spire (picture). the outside of the shell is smooth and polished because the animal' s mantle typically covers the outside of the shell. the anterior end of the aperture has a small siphonal notch (picture, picture), but it has no anal notch. the species has two folds on the columella (photo) and has a white columellar callus near the anterior end (visible near the aperture, photo) which extends about 1 / 3 the length of the shell. olivella biplicata is one of the largest olive shells on the pacific coast (none of them are very large), and can get up to 3 cm long, though on our coast i have rarely found one over 2 cm. its foot is white or cream colored .\nreferences harbo, r. m. (1999). whelks to whales: coastal marine life of the pacific northweest. madeira park, bc: harbour publishing. p. 110 callianax biplicata (g. b. sowerby i, 1825). in klinkenberg, brian. (ed .). e - fauna bc: electronic atlas of the fauna of british columbia. lab for advanced spatial analysis, department of geography, university of british columbia, vancouver. accessed on 04 / 06 / 2013. authors and editors of page kelly fretwell and brian starzomski (2013) .\ncoan e. v. & kellogg m. g. (1990). the malacological contributions of ida shepard oldroyd and tom shaw oldroyd. the veliger. 33 (2): 174 - 184. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nturgeon, d. d. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, w. k. emerson, w. g. lyons, w. pratt, et al .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n). the outside of the shell is smooth and polished because the animal' s mantle typically covers the outside of the shell. the anterior end of the\nis one of the largest olive shells on the pacific coast (none of them are very large), and can get up to 3 cm long, though on our coast i have rarely found one over 2 cm. its foot is white or cream colored .\nis more narrow and is usually brown, plus is mostly subtidal and is rarely found on exposed beaches .\nolive shells are often found worn in shelly debris on the sand. photo by dave cowles, catalina island, ca may 1995\nolive shells have a long narrow aperture and a siphonal notch. photo by dave cowles, catalina is. , ca 1995\nthis species is of special value to the makah indian tribe at neah bay .\nthis individual (above and below) was found at toleak point, on the open washington coast. the scale in millimeters, with centimeters marked .\nnote that there are two folds on the columella, and that the white callus on the anterior (right) end is about 1 / 3 the total length of the shell .\nactvity on sandy regions of shi shi beach. all the photos can be enlarged for a closer look by clicking on them .\nseen in late july. there was a wide sandy area the individuals could have occupied but nearly all the individuals were aggregated in a this and a few other small areas near the zero tide line. the photo was taken at daybreak in late july, 2008 by dave cowles .\nmost of the individuals in the aggregation at left were completely buried in the sand as can be seen on the left and right in this photo. a number of them, however, were incompletely buried as seen in the center. the center individual is burying itself posterior end - first in the sand, and is extending its inhalant siphon up toward the surface .\nthis individual is crawling across the beach. unlike the other photos in this set, this one was taken in 2007, of an individual not in an aggregation. the individual was buried in the sand at the end of the trail but i popped it out for the photo. photo by dave cowles at shi shi beach, near dawn in early august 2007 .\nthis individual appears to have previously been in or at the burrow at the right which is still occupied by another individual. now it is crawling around among the burrows on the left. this was not the only individual in the aggregation that appeared to have been visiting other burrows. because of the tight aggregation of individuals and the evidence of visiting burrows, i assume that this is a mating aggregation .\nthis member of the aggregation is crawling across the sand. note the plowlike configuration of the anterior foot, which would help the snail to burrow through sand. note also the white incurrent siphon, which is extended forward, and the dark tentacle - like extension of the mantle which is held across the top of the shell .\nthis individual member of the aggregation appears to be lying on its left side with its foot and mantle extended around the anterior and ventral end. note how the inhalant siphon is extending back toward the nearby burrow. i wonder if this individual is preparing to dig into the sand next to the individual in the burrow .\nthis photo shows a 1. 7 cm - long individual crawling along underwater in the lab. notice the raised incurrent siphon and the extended mantle. photo by dave cowles, february 2014\noccupied and unoccupied purple olive shells. the shell in in the bottom right is occupied by a hermit crab. empty shells can sometimes be found in abundance along the tide lines of beaches. photos stuart higgs (top), kelly fretwell (bottom right), and chanda brietzke (bottom left) .\nlocally abundant in fine sand at any depth. feeds in the surf at night. preyed upon by spiny sand stars. attains 1. 5 inch. alaska to baja california .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsowerby i, g. b. (1825). a catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late earl of tankerville. london, privately published. vii + 92 + xxxiv pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): p. xxxiii [ details ]\nignore this text box. it is used to detect spammers. if you enter anything into this text box, your message will not be sent .\nimprint 1973. physical description 23, [ 1 ], ii leaves illus. , col. map 29cm .\nnote\nin satisfaction of the requirement for a human biology workshop, october 29, 1973 .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nflickr photos above were identified by the individual photographers but not reviewed by eops. contact us to report errors .\ndepth range based on 10 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples .\nenvironmental ranges depth range (m): 0 - 440 temperature range (°c): 4. 870 - 10. 345 nitrate (umol / l): 5. 774 - 36. 596 salinity (pps): 32. 028 - 33. 984 oxygen (ml / l): 1. 498 - 6. 643 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 883 - 3. 099 silicate (umol / l): 12. 975 - 75. 000\nsilicate (umol / l): 12. 975 - 75. 000 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species .\nutilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results. ex. a common name search of northwestern sedge matches' northwestern sedge' and' northwestern showy sedge'. typing\nnorthwestern sedge\nreturn only' northwestern sedge' .\n© 2012 - 2018. encyclopedia of puget sound is published by the puget sound institute at the uw tacoma center for urban waters .\nhuman activities are increasingly threatening the future survival of many species, both on land and in the oceans. emerging evidence suggests that the nature and selectivity of losses due to anthropogenic extinctions may be different from those due to natural causes in the geological past. but we still know little about how human - caused extinctions erode phenotypic diversity and evolutionary histories of clades and how such losses compare to those in the past. we are exploring this issue using simulation models as well as empirical data for marine and terrestrial mollusks. [ more on the figure above in huang & roy 2013 ]\nmicrobes represent the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on this planet. they are also known to impact everything from organismal physiologies and metabolism to the functioning of ecological systems and biogeochemical processes. yet we still know very little about the microbial communities associated with marine invertebrate species. we have recently initiated a research project that will quantify (i) how the microbiomes of marine mollusks vary across large spatial and environmental gradients (ii) how such patterns have evolved and (iii) how they are affected by anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication and climate change .\npublication info: melbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc .\nby: pilsbry, h a - olsson, axel a. (axel adolf) ,\nbhl' s existence depends on the support of its patrons. help us keep this free resource alive !\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nobservations on the feeding of aeolidia papillosa l. , with notes on the hatching of the veligers of cuthona amoena a. & h\nbiodivlibrary rt @ siobhanleachman: # conservation status of # newzealand chimaeras # sharks and rays. includes great white sharks listed as nationally endan…\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe topic of egg production & encapsulated development is divided into a section on other genera considered here, and a section on nucella spp. , presented elsewhere. the studies below proceed alphabetically .\nand individuals mature at about 16mm shell length. after copulation, females deposit single fertilised eggs in capsules (cases) that are attached to solid substrata, such as shell bits and small rocks. a single female may deposit several thousand capsules over a period of a few weeks. although olive shells are reported by some authors to hatch from their capsules as veliger larvae, this may be a laboratory artifact, as other world species of\nspend their larval lives within their capsules and emerge as tiny juveniles. the adults are thought to live for 10 - 12yr .\nedwards 1968 the veliger 10: 297; edwards 1969 am zool 9: 399; stohler 1969 the veliger 11: 259 .\n, apparently the only representative of family potamidae on the california coast. the 4yr study also includes features of temperature, salinity, and desiccation tolerances, not included here. the species inhabits marshy regions, such as in the san francisco bay area, where it encounters and is usually competitively recessive to introduced east - coast mud snails\noccurs in late spring / summer and eggs are deposited in cases in may. each egg case contains 50 - 160 eggs. the eggs hatch in june to crawl - away juveniles. this spring cohort can be seen on the shore in july, and by august the young snails have grown to about half adult size (see histograms). the cohort of larger snails shown in the figure will die out during the following year, so life span is about 2yr .\n. over a reproductive life span of 7yr, then, an average female will produce about 14, 000 eggs. an individual reaches a 6cm shell length after about 2. 5yr, and an 8cm shell length after about 5yr. reproductive maturity is reached after 4yr, and total life span is about 11yr .\nthis species appears not to produce any nurse eggs. these are the unfertilised eggs that in some species of whelks provide sustenance to the juveniles later in development within the capsules\nby the tide, but still depositing egg cases in the wave swash. the cases are laid in a\ncounterclockwise spiral. the author does not give information on rate of deposition, number of eggs per case, or other details .\noccurs during july following large and prolonged aggregations of sexes. after deposition, the female apparently remains around the egg casesfor a time, a\nindicates a distinct seasonal cycle of reproduction for females, with largest sizes of gonad and capsule - albumin glands occurring during aggregation, then declining as the eggs are manufactured and deposited. the authors observe no similar body - component cycles in the males .\nthese include shell mass, water content, relative sizes of gonad / digestive glands and capsule - albumin glands. these data are not presented here\nclose view of head of fusitriton oregonensis showing right tentacle, right eye, proboscis with puckery mouth, and encrusted shell above. the left tentacle and eye appear to be missing 2x\nall snail species that package their eggs within jelly masses or capsules have the potential problem of reduced oxygen supply to the developing embryos, especially as the embryos grow larger. several previous studies on gastropods have documented a thinning of capsule walls during development, possibly a hatching strategy, but also raising the question that the thinning may enhance diffusion of oxygen to the\npartial pressures within the capsules (see histogram upper right). the explanation rests in a significantly increased diffusibility of oxygen through the capsule wall from early to late developmental stages (see histogram lower right) .\nthe author suggests that, as has been found for other species that encapsulate their embryos, thinning of the capsule wall may be caused by feeding by the embryos on the structural proteins comprising the inner capsular walls. the study is the first of its kind to couple capsule thinning during development with increased need of the embryos for oxygen .\n“early’ refers to egg - to - late trochophore, while “late” refers to early veliger - to - shelled veliger. there are about 1800 embryos per capsule in\ngrows to shell lengths of 15cm. copulation occurs in springtime with egg - capsule deposition in april - may. a\nfemale may have multiple depositions over a period of several weeks. capsule size depends on size of female and ranges from 7 - 12mm in height. in the study reported here, each capsule contains 400 - 1000 eggs, but up to 2000 may be present in capsules in other\n. eggs are yellow in colour and range from 200 - 300µm in diameter. in the laboratory at 14 - 17\nsouthern california whelk kelletia kelletii depositing capsules 0. 8x (the snail is outlined in white for clarity )\nmethod to determine natal origins of larvae in marine - invertebrate ecological studies is trace - element analysis. the efficacy of the method is tested by a researcher at the university of california, santa barbara using field - collected encapsulated veliger\n( specifically, magnesium, strontium, and barium) of statoliths and protochonchs vary spatially and temporally at different natal sources. results indicate that elemental compositions of larval statoliths and protoconchs can provide 80% and 89% , respectively, correct identification of site of formation, and thus have potential for use as tags of natal origin .\nzacherl 2005 mar ecol progr ser 290: 145; see also zacherl et al. 2003 geochiica et cosmochimica acta 67 (21): 4091 for an earlier background study .\nthe method currently provides the only “tried and true” way to track marine larvae from their source to their recruitment site. the method originated with, and has been used successfully over the past 2 decades for, identification of spawning grounds and juvenile habitats of fishes\nmap showing northern and central california distribution of, and collection sites for, whelks kelletia kelletii. sites north of point conception are characterised by upwelling of colder, nutrient - and metal - rich, seawater\nfrom 2 source populations in southern california reveals significant effects of environmental conditions on elemental composition of the statoliths. most notable were differences in responses of ba, pb, mg, sr, mn, and zn to culture concentrations of these elements and to temperature. as in previous studies, egg source has strong and significant effects on elemental signatures in statoliths in the larvae, and confirms the method as an effective means of tracking free - spawned larvae .\n) is a scavenger / predator inhabiting intertidal and subtidal shores from alaska to monterey, california. females do not congregate to lay eggs. females deposit clutches of capsules (cases), up to 6 - 10 at a time, each of 4. 0 x 3. 2mm internal chamber size, and each containing an average of 7 fertilised eggs and 125 - 145\n. development to a crawl - away juvenile takes several months and occurs when the capsule deteriorates. unlike in\nresearch interests: cultural resource management, traditional ecological knowledge, land management policy .\nresearch interests: cultural response to climate change; motherhood and mothering; u. s. social movements and countercultures; feminist anthropology; native sovereignty, cultural survival and land rights\nresearch interests: poetics; linguistic anthropology; literature; aesthetics; eating disorder narratives; psychocentrism; patholigization of women; feminist studies; virginia woolf; modernism; critical theory .\nresearch interests: cultural resources management; coordination with native american tribes and various agencies; california and oregon coastal archaeology, worked bone artifacts and faunal bone analysis .\nresearch interests: archaeology of the northwest coast and california, cultural resource management, traditional ecological knowledge, gis .\nresearch interests: evolution of religion; hunter - gatherer religion; cultural and behavioral ecology; primate cognition .\nresearch interests: cultural and medical anthropology; ethnography; post 9 / 11 american veterans; veteran transition and reintegration experiences; military sociolinguistics; female veteran identity; veteran specific nonprofit development; military hero complex; motherhood and mothering along with early childhood diet and nutrition .\nresearch interests: mass incarceration; re - entry; globalism; structural violence; conflict; peace building; colonialism; white supremacy; self - care; epigenetics and inequality .\nresearch interests: multivocality; collections management; digital public archaeology, digitization standards, visual archaeology, user experience, and archaeology on the internet .\nresearch interests: food culture, medical anthropology, consumer habits, community health, rural studies .\nresearch interests: archaeology; remote sensing; gis; cultural resource management; settlement patterns; preservation .\nresearch interests: bioarchaeology; human osteology; migrations; biodistance; nutrition; stable isotopes; dna .\nresearch interests: indigenous food sovereignty; evolutionary medicine; south african culture; social & environmental justice; decolonization strategies of colonized nations; advocacy .\nresearch interests: forensic anthropology; trauma; pathology; bone nutrition and health; taphonomy; forensics education, outreach, and research institutes .\nresearch interests: north american archeology of the high plains; indigenous archaeology; archaeological geophysics .\nresearch interests: domestic violence; sexualized violence; policy; policing; gender; race; sexuality; mesoamerica; post - colonial studies .\nresearch interests: bioarchaeology; isotopic analysis; skeletal pathology and trauma; eurasian horse cultures; feminist theories .\nresearch interests: biological anthropology; forensic anthropology; identification of subadults; facial reconstruction .\nresearch interests: archaeology, island settlement, and ecology; isotopic signatures and ancient migration patterns .\nthesis title: intra - insular mobility and ancient human adaptations to restricted environments. case study: the use of strontium isotope analysis in the archaeology of lanzarote, canary islands .\nthesis title: stress and frailty in medieval prussia: interpretations from skeletal remains at bezławki .\nresearch interests: nationalism, state - sanctioned violence, globalization, labor, community development .\nthesis title: a new frontier: politics, life and labor in three american orchestras .\nresearch interests: medical anthropology, sexual and reproductive health, us / mexico border studies, social determinants of health, structural competency, latin american studies, global feminism .\nthesis title: equal access, knowledge, and empowerement: promoting inclusion in sex education and reproductive health care for humboldt county' s spanish speaking population .\nthesis title: united states - mexico border: rights of the dead, forensic anthropologists, and families of the victims .\nthesis title: what does it mean to go paleo? an exploration of the ancestral diet movement .\nafter completing ma: coordinator of humboldt food policy council and lecturer in anthropology at hsu .\nthesis title: juvenile remains: predicting body mass and stature in modern american populations .\nresearch interests: forensic anthropology, forensic odontology, and human osteology. learn more about kristyna' s research on csu voices and views .\nthesis title: the effects of heat on δ13c and δ18o ratios in dental enamel: implications for forensic anthropology .\nthesis title: examining veiled muslim women’s experiences in educational institutions in france and the united states and decolonizing the curriculum to reflect their stories .\nafter completing ma: working at the university of valenciennes. fulbright english teaching assistant award for the 2018 - 2019 school year in romania .\nresearch interests: unregulated development in rural communities, ifugao philippines, tourism, religion, post - colonialism, social justice and advocacy .\nresearch interests: cultural anthropology, food systems, elementary education, public diplomacy, community development .\nthesis title: from soil to soul: food systems curriculum for 5th graders .\nafter completing ma: integrated learning specialist at humboldt county office of education. working on ph. d. in education .\nthesis title: subtropical agronomy on a variable landscape: exploring late classic farming the three rivers region through geotechnical design and the distribution of edaphic variables .\nafter completing ma: working as a research associate for the cultural resources facility at humboldt state university .\nthis report originally appeared in\nanalyses of south - central californian shell artifacts: studies from santa cruz, monterey, san luis obispo, and santa barbara counties .\ncoyote press archives of california prehistory 23: 87 - 105 1988 .\nanalysis of the ca - mnt - 33a shell beads and ornaments will not completely resolve any of these matters, but the resulting data add to an accumulating body of evidence which can potentially be of value to future researchers concerned with such problems. this paper describes the shell artifacts found, briefly examines the context in which they occurred, and discusses some of their implications .\nsp. shell found at the base of the cultural deposit (132 cm below surface) in unit a1 .\ntwenty - three shell artifacts were recovered from the 1972 excavations at ca - mnt - 33a (plate 1). one of these is a fragment of a small pendant manufactured from an undetermined species of\nplate 1. shell beads and ornaments from ca - mnt - 33a. top row: 33a - 1. second row: 33a - 2 through 33a - 6, and 33a - 8 - 9. third row: 33a - 10 through 33a - 16. bottom row: 33a - 17 through 33a - 23 .\nfigure 1. selected beads and ornaments from ca - mnt - 33a. no scale. illustrations by anna l. runnings .\ntwo of these were found at ca - mnt - 33a (see plate 1 and figure 1). class a\nbeads consist of whole shells which have the spire end modified by breaking or grinding to produce a hole for stringing or attachment. these are the simplest and most cheaply produced form of shell bead. type a1b beads are characterized by their size, as measured in maximum outside diameter. type a1b ranges from about 7 - 9 mm in diameter, or are\nmedium - sized\nspire - lopped\nbeads (bennyhoff and fredrickson 1967: 7). a third spire - lopped bead from ca - mnt - 33a measures 9. 5 mm in diameter and could be placed in either the\nlarge\nor\nmedium\nsize category. bennyhoff and hughes (1987: 117) indicate type a1b beads range from 6. 5 - 9. 5 mm, so this bead should belong in this category. however, due to its morphological dissimilarity to the other two type a1b specimens, it was classified as an a1c, large spire - lopped bead in this instance. this classification seems more appropriate than to lump dissimilar specimens simply in accordance with arbitrarily defined metric morphological criteria .\nthe two type a1b specimens are similar in size. each measures 7. 5 mm in diameter. their lengths differ slightly (9. 5 vs. 11. 5), but this could be due to the fact the shorter bead (33a - 18) has had its spire end completely broken off. the other (33a - 13) has a well - ground spire. both type a1b beads occurred 24 - 30 inches in depth, although in different units (figs. 2 and 3). specimen 33a - 13 was found in unit a4, specimen 33a - 18 in unit d1. at ca mnt - 33a, the type a1b beads occurred stratigraphically below other class a whole\ntable 1. data on individual shell beads and ornaments from ca - mnt - 33a .\nbeads are not considered to be reliable time markers in central california. this is particularly true for the large and mid - sized types (a1c and a1b). the smaller (a1a) form is made from immature\nshells, and is somewhat more diagnostic. these are most common in early period sites and during phase 1 of the late period (bennyhoff and heizer 1958: 81). there are exceptions to this tendency, however, so dating upon the basis of class a beads of any type is unwise. bennyhoff and hughes (1987: 118) state that type a1b\nbeads have no temporal significance. the stratigraphic occurrence of type a1b beads below other class a forms may or may not have regional temporal implications, with the possibility that use of mid - sized\nspire - lopped types may have generally preceded the use of larger forms. this pattern might reflect other aspects of bead manufacturing practices in this area, such as the selection of specific sizes for making cut shell beads, or attempting to produce multiple numbers of cut beads from a single shell .\nbeads are probably the oldest form of shell bead known from california there is evidence for their use in the monterey bay area at least as early as 5000 years ago at ca - mnt - 391 (cartier 1984). they continued to be used through historic times (cf. howard 1974; dietz and jackson 1981; roop and flynn 1978; and others). it is interesting to note that a native woman from monterey drawn by josť cardero of the malaspina expedition in 1791 is depicted wearing medium to large sized class a\nthree beads of this type were found at ca - mnt - 33a (see plate 1 and figs. 1 - 3). an additional bead, herein classed as an a3c\nbead, might also be included. its uncertain taxonomic status is discussed below. regardless of its placement, a maximum of three or four beads can be classified in this typological category. type a1c\nbeads are poor temporal markers since they occur throughout much of california prehistory (cf. bennyhoff data in elsasser 1978). in central california, the large form of spire - lopped\nbeads predominantly occur during the middle and protohistoric periods (bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 118) .\nboth ground and chipped spires were observed in the class a beads from ca - mnt - 33a. the perforation on one of the type a1c, (and one of the a1b beads), has been ground flat. this spire - ground a1c specimen (33a - 23) was found on the surface of the site. the other specimens (33a - 5 and 33a - 16) occurred in the 18 - 24\nlevel of unit a3 and the 12 - 18\nlevel of unit d1 respectively (figs. 2 and 3). two of the a1c beads and one of the type a1b have large, roughly chipped holes made by completely breaking off the spire end of the original shell. although the sample is small, about 50% of the class a beads from ca - mnt - 33a have these distinctly broken\nperforations .\ntable 2. occurrence of shell artifacts in excavation units at ca - mnt - 33a .\none of the a1c specimens (33a - 5) has been burned to a chalky white color (calcined). this was also observed of one of the a1b beads, as well as some specimens classified in other types. the burning of\nshells is documented ethnographically as a practice sometimes associated with their manufacture into beads (cf. barrett and gifford 1933: 251). beads also were sometimes intentionally burned in the process of conducting other cultural activities, as when burning possessions of the deceased, or tossed as offerings during other ceremonial activities. of course it also is possible for beads scattered in a midden deposit to be inadvertently burned if located adjacent to hearths or other pyrotechnical activity areas .\na single specimen of this type occurred in the 18 - 24 inch level of unit a3 (see plate 1 and figs. 1 - 3). type a3c beads consist of whole shells which usually have the spire end ground down or broken off, and have an additional perforation in the side of the body (bennyhoff and fredrickson 1967: 7). the bead from ca - mnt - 33a has a chipped and subsequently ground spire, and a small, irregular hole punched into one side. sometimes type a3 beads do not have modified spires, and if these did not occur in grave lots possibly would not even be considered to be beads (bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 119). many of the side perforations found on shells may be the natural result of some agent in the marine environment. carnivorous boring gastropods (such as the\nitself), boring marine worms, and other agents could account for these perforations. as bennyhoff and fredrickson (1967: 7 - 8) have noted, the presence of side perforations may indicate the beads were made from the shells of dead\nsnails collected along the beach. ethnographically, live shells were generally preferred for bead making .\nshells may also reflect the collection of old shells. this is because the spire is the weakest portion of the shell, and can be readily broken off in rough surf or other taphonomically adverse situations. thus, many of the class a\nbeads could have been collected as finished beads, with their spires already\nlopped .\nbennyhoff and fredrickson (ibid. : 8) have suggested that preference for the use of large mature\nshells for manufacturing beads from the wall portion of the shell (e. g. , saucers, discs, rectangles, etc .), may have selectively lead to smaller shells being strung whole. similarly, the type a3c and broken spire class a beads from ca - mnt - 33a could perhaps indicate selection against the use of old shells in the making of cut bead forms. instead, these may have been strung whole, possibly along with other\nrejected\nshells .\nbeads are more common in southern california than they are in central california (bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 119). there they often are found in the early period and phase 1 of the late period (ibid. ; king 1982). in central california, this type of bead is rare, but specimens are known from both early and late phases of the middle period (bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 119). type a3c beads are already known from other sites in the monterey bay region. for example, they occurred at ca - mnt - 391, an early period site in monterey (cartier 1984). they have been found in middle period contexts at ca - mnt - 113, ca - mnt - 115, and ca - mnt - 116 (dietz and jackson 1981: 346, 398, 464 - 465, fig. 5 - 151). type a3 beads have also been reported from a phase 1, late period component at ca - mnt - 298 (roop and flynn 1978: plates xliv - xlvii) .\nbead (see plate 1 and figure 1). the specimen is unique in the assemblage, and is of a form which is highly variable in shape. these factors make typological identification difficult, especially in the case of a singular specimen. it conforms best to the description of type c7 beads provided by bennyhoff and fredrickson (1967: 13). the split, amorphous\nbead type\nconsists of bead lots which are highly variable in form... specimens usually have broken edges with occasional edge grinding .\nthey average about 9 x 10 mm in size (ibid .) .\nthe bead from ca - mnt - 33a measures 9. 0 x 10. 5 mm, and has portions of its periphery broken although they now appear smoothly worn. in general, this bead is oval to sub - rectangular in shape. with the exception of its fairly large perforation (2. 5 mm), could easily be classified as a class f, type f3a square saddle\nbead (ibid. : 18). the large perforation, however, excludes this specimen from that category. class c, split drilled\nbeads are believed to be the form out of which class f square saddle beads developed (ibid. : 14), and potential for morphological confusion can exist, especially when beads occur in small lots or as singular specimens .\nit is possible this bead should instead be classified as a type g6b2, large, asymmetrical ,\nirregular saucer\n( bennyhoff 1986: 230; bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 133 - 134), although it is just outside the size range indicated for this type (ibid .). type g6 irregular saucer\nbeads are characterized by a lack of standardization, and as with other roughly finished bead forms are difficult to individually classify. they are, however, a locally produced bead type (i. e. , monterey bay), and should be considered here. it also is conceivable that the single bead under discussion is instead a type c3 ,\nsplit oval\nbead. these, however, are usually better finished than the ca - mnt - 33a specimen and are more common in other areas, particularly in the great basin (bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 123) .\nthe type c7 bead from ca - mnt - 33a is calcined white from burning, as are many of the beads from this site. it was found in the uppermost level (0 - 6\n) of unit a3 (figs. 2 and 3). the specimen is roughly rectangular in shape, has partially ground edges, and retains a small portion of the interior shelf. it is this last trait which convinced me to classify this as a class c ,\nsplit\nbeads were predominantly in use during the middle period of central california prehistory. class c7, split amorphous\nbeads are considered a marker type for the middle / late period transition (bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 125). this dates to approximately 700 - 900 a. d. type c3, split oval beads usually occur during this same time range in central california, although they are known from early period contexts in the great basin (ibid. : 123), and could appear in collections from any time during the middle period. type g6, irregular saucer beads also appear to occur throughout the middle period, although they have only been found in large lots in association with burials datable to the early / middle period transition (ibid. : 135). given the ambiguity inherent in classifying singular beads of carelessly finished shape, this bead could date anywhere from about 200 b. c. to 900 a. d. it is perhaps significant that the specimen from ca - mnt - 33a occurred in the uppermost excavated level of the site. stratigraphically this would be expected if indeed this is a late middle period bead type, as are type c7, split amorphous\nbeads similar to the ca - mnt - 33a specimen were found in the excavations at the monterey presidio site, ca - mnt - 101 (pritchard 1984: 13 - 14, 36 - 37, plate 2e [ a - f ]). ca - mnt - 101 has not been radiometrically dated, but typologically the bead assemblage is quite like that from ca - mnt - 33a, indicating possible contemporaneity between these village sites .\na single specimen of this bead type occurred in the collection (see plate 1 and figure 1) .\nsaddle beads are made from the outer wall of the shell. they are characterized by having been cut from the original shell body with a somewhat diagonal configuration. this can be identified by orienting the growth lines on the convex surface of the bead to the vertical axis, and then observing the degree of variation from a right angle the top and bottom edges of the bead form in relation to the vertical axis (bennyhoff and fredrickson 1967: 18). when the concave surface is up, the left side of the bead slants upward and the right downward (ibid .). type f2a full saddle beads are distinguished by a definite diagonal cut, with a width longer than their length. usually perforations are relatively small. size can be variable and both chipped and ground edges occur within this type (ibid. ; bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 130) .\nthe specimen from ca - mnt - 33a is moderately large and has ground edges. it has a relatively large hole (2. 0 mm) for this type of bead (figure 4). in fact, bennyhoff and hughes (ibid .) indicate perforations in this type only range from 1. 1 - 1. 9 mm, making this specimen clearly outside their dimensional criteria. having carefully compared the ca - mnt - 33a specimen with other possible types, i have concluded it best fits the morphological criteria defined for the full saddle (f2a) type. the bead has been burned or baked white, as previously described for other specimens. it was discovered in the 0 - 6\nlevel of unit a4 .\nbeads are a particularly diagnostic form in central california. saddle beads probably developed out of class c split drilled bead forms (bennyhoff and fredrickson 1967: 19). the various different saddle bead types form a developmental sequence through prehistory (ibid .). grave lots with only type f2a full saddles mark the intermediate phase in the middle of the middle period (bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 130). this would date to approximately between 100 and 300 a. d. these beads also persist through the late and terminal phases of the middle period, where they occur in mixed lots with type f3 square saddle (f3a) or small saddle beads (f3b) (ibid .). this means it is conceivable the specimen found at ca - mnt - 33a could date to as late as 500 to 700 a. d .\ntype f2b round saddle beads are temporally diagnostic of the middle portion of the middle horizon (bennyhoff and fredrickson 1967: 19; bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 131). the antiquity suggested by the presence of these beads is similar to that indicated by the full saddle (type f2a) beads, or roughly from 100 - 300 a. d. type f2a and f2b saddle beads are known to sometimes occur together in bead lots in the san francisco bay area (ibid .). the f2b round saddles are particularly characteristic of bay region sites of this period (ibid .) .\nsaddle beads at ca - mnt - 33a clearly links the site with others in the central california economic interaction sphere. saddle beads were never manufactured in southern california, as were many other forms of shell beads and ornaments (cf. gifford 1949; gibson 1973; king 1982). residues from\nshell bead making have been identified in several sites in the monterey bay, and it is quite likely that many, if not all, of the beads found at ca - mnt - 33a originally came from somewhere in this general vicinity .\ntwelve beads of this type are represented in the collection from ca - mnt - 33a (see plate 1 and figure 1). this amounts to about 55% of the total sample of 22 beads from the site. morphologically this is a relatively uniform group of beads in terms of shape, outside diameter, and perforation size. the saucers range from 7. 5 to 8. 5 mm in length and have perforations averaging 2. 3 mm in diameter. a single bead (33a - 10) has a slightly larger hole (2. 9 mm) than any of the other beads in this category. conceivably, this specimen could represent a type g3b, large ring\nbead (bennyhoff and fredrickson 1967: 20; bennyhoff and hughes 1987: 132 - 133). this bead has a biconical perforation (cf. gibson 1973: 21). the remaining type g2b beads have perforations that range between 1. 9 and 2. 5 mm. all but two of these are drilled from the interior side only. perforation diameters are temporally diagnostic in class g\nsaucer beads. the measurements from the sample considered here are fairly large, and specific temporal affinities are suggested. type g2b beads were found in four of the five excavated units at ca - mnt - 33a. they were stratigraphically distributed throughout the deposit, although most occurred in the middle and lower levels (figs. 3 and 4). type g2b saucer beads (and the\nsaucers have been reported from other sites in the monterey bay region, and some of these have associated radiocarbon dates. excavations in monterey at ca - mnt - 114 and ca - mnt - 115 produced both early middle period c14 dates and type g2b beads (dietz and jackson 1981). they also occurred at soberanes creek (ca - mnt - 185) along the coast below carmel (fenenga 1979). a radiocarbon date of 2030 ± 220 b. p. (rl - 1156) was obtained on shell found in close proximity. these beads also have been reported from ca - mnt - 229 at moss landing in association with c14 dates and other diagnostic forms of middle period shell beads (bennyhoff 1986) .\nit is worth noting that traces of asphaltum were observed on about one - third of the type g2b saucers (n = 4). the presence of this material indicates these were probably originally appliqued or\nglued\non to some object, rather than strung as beads. interestingly, asphaltum was not noticed on any other bead types found at ca - mnt - 33a .\npendant is therefore not incompatible with an early middle to middle middle age assessment of ca - mnt - 33a. long narrow pendants with a squared and perforated proximal end, and a pointed distal end, frequently occur in early middle period assemblages (cf. bennyhoff 1978). it is possible the ca - mnt - 33a specimen was originally of this form. both square and rectangular\nornaments are known from early period sites in coastal central california (cf. bennyhoff 1978; cartier 1984). small, narrow, rectanguloid pendants also were common during other periods of prehistory, particularly in the end of the early period and in phase 1 of the late period in the san francisco bay region, so other temporal interpretations are conceivable. the absence of decorative incising along the edges of either face of the artifact implies earlier rather than later affinities, since this trait is typical of late period ornaments. since the\nornament from ca - mnt - 33a is incomplete, it cannot be unambiguously classified into existing shell ornament typologies (e. g. , gifford 1947; bennyhoff and hughes 1987) .\nshell are quite often found associated with human burials in california. this fact, and the occurrence of the ca - mnt - 33a specimen at the bottom of the cultural deposit, suggests the possibility human remains may be located somewhere in the near vicinity of this discovery .\nthe collection of shell artifacts from ca - mnt - 33a is rather small (n = 23), yet is important for several reasons. very few shell bead and ornament assemblages have been described from this part of california and the ca - mnt - 33a data add to the presently meager sample available for regional comparisons or other analysis. small collections of shell artifacts are generally characteristic of sites in this region, particularly in the time range suggested by the beads from ca - mnt - 33a .\nthose bead types which are temporally diagnostic indicate the sampled area of ca - mnt - 33a was undoubtedly occupied during the early and middle portions of the middle period of central california prehistory. roughly, this spans the period from about 100 b. c. to 500 a. d. there also is a possibility that use continued, or re - occurred, through the end of the middle period, or roughly around 700 to 900 a. d. the type g2a\nbeads document use of the locale during the intermediate phase (bennyhoff data in elsasser 1978, and elsewhere; bennyhoff and fredrickson 1967; bennyhoff and hughes 1987; king 1982). the single type c7 split amorphous bead, if properly classified, indicates a middle / late period transitional phase occupation (bennyhoff and hughes 1987) .\nbead types are quite common in this region, however the types found at ca - mnt - 33a (types a1b, a1c, and a3c) are not particularly useful for cross - dating purposes. it is possible the class a beads could represent a temporal component not indicated by other bead forms, although this is not likely in light of their distribution within the sample (figs. 3 and 4). the stratigraphic occurrence of class a" ]

{ "text": [ "olivella biplicata , common names the \" purple dwarf olive \" \" purple olive shell \" or \" purple olivella \" is a species of small predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family olivellidae , the dwarf olives . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "olivella biplicata, common names the \" purple dwarf olive \" \" purple olive shell \" or \" purple olivella \" is a species of small predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family olivellidae, the dwarf olives." ]

[ "other common names: oriental carp, european carp, common carp, koi .\ncyprinus carpio (common carp); mirror carp. artwork of adult fish .\nthere are 3 recognized varieties of cyprinus carpio: common, mirror and leather carp .\nmeans of spread: the incidental inclusion and later release of live bait spreads common carp .\n). the worldwide introduction and transfer of common carp is demonstrated (see pictures) .\nphenotypic variation and associated predation risk of juvenile common carp cyprinus carpio. - pubmed - ncbi\neffects of food type on diel behaviours of common carp cyprinus carpio in simulated aquaculture pond conditions .\ncommon carp are an introduced species throughout most of the world and are generally considered a nuisance .\nrisk - taking behaviour may explain high predation mortality of gh - transgenic common carp cyprinus carpio .\nhaematopoiesis in the head kidney of common carp (cyprinus carpio l .): a morphological study .\ncommon carp have large populations in north america, australia, and new zealand. they are native to eastern europe and asia. currently, common carp are established in 48 states in the u. s .\ncryopreservation of common carp (cyprinus carpio l .) sperm induces protein phosphorylation in tyrosine and threonine residues .\ncommon carp can be found within each of the biogeographic regions, but are only native to europe in the palearctic region. common carp have been widely introduced and are found worldwide except for the poles and northern asia .\nsuzuki r, 1979. the culture of common carp in japan. advances in aquaculture, 161 - 166 .\nmaisrc researcher joey discusses using native species predation to impact the eggs and larvae of common carp in control efforts .\neffects of food type on diel behaviours of common carp cyprinus carpio in simulated aquaculture pond conditions. - pubmed - ncbi\nrisk - taking behaviour may explain high predation mortality of gh - transgenic common carp cyprinus carpio. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe common carp or european carp (cyprinus carpio), family cyprinidae is a freshwater fish most closely related to the common goldfish (carassius auratus), which was bred in china from the prussian carp. the common carp originated from western asia and spread throughout china, siberia and the danube basin, australia. carp was spread throughout europe as a food fish, and has now been introduced to all continents and some 59 countries .\nnew mexico game and fish. 2000. biota information system of new mexico bison: common carp, cyprinus carpio. urltoken\nhistory of common carp in north america - mississippi national river and recreation area (u. s. national park service )\ncommon carp frequent the shallow, warm waters of lakes and streams, even when the water is somewhat muddy or polluted .\nhaematopoiesis in the head kidney of common carp (cyprinus carpio l .): a morphological study. - pubmed - ncbi\ncurrent maisrc research on common carp focuses on: 1) developing toxin - delivery systems and testing the limits of common carp biocontrol in hypereutrophic lakes; 2) determining abundance, seasonal movements, and recruitment patterns in six mile creek subwatershed in order to develop carp control strategies; 3) determining the seasonal distribution and 24 - hour movement patterns of common carp in an attempt to restore ecological balance to a rice creek watershed; and 4) developing edna and microbial techniques for detection of multiple carp species. click here to download a factsheet about common carp research at maisrc .\ndomestic carp: common and widespread: not threatened (2). wild carp: classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (3) .\nkomen, j. 1990. clones of common carp, cyprinus carpio. agriculturasl univeristy of wageningen, netherlands. 169 pp .\ncryopreservation of common carp (cyprinus carpio l .) sperm induces protein phosphorylation in tyrosine and threonine residues. - pubmed - ncbi\ncommon carp are native to europe but have been widely introduced and are now found worldwide except for the poles and northern asia .\nkloskowski j (2009) size - structured effects of common carp on reproduction of pond - breeding amphibians. hydrobiologia 635: 205–213\nwithin its native geographical range, common carp spawns from late spring until early summer in repeated occasions. in subtropical and tropical climates, common carp may have two or even three spawning periods annually which are linked to the start of the rainy season and floods .\ndevaney et al. (2009) performed ecological niche modeling to examine the invasion potential for common carp and three other invasive cyprinids (grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella, black carp mylopharyngodon piceus, and tench tinca tinca). the majority of the areas where common carp have been collected, stocked, or have become established had a high predicted ecological suitability for this species .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - common carp laying eggs\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - common carp laying eggs\ntitle =\narkive video - common carp laying eggs\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nkirpichnikov vs, 1999. genetics and breeding of common carp. paris, france: institute national de la recherche agronomique, 98 pp .\nfeeding common carp cyprinus carpio with β - glucan supplemented diet stimulates c - reactive protein and complement immune acute phase responses following pamps injection .\nweber mj, brown ml (2009) effects of common carp on aquatic ecosystems 80 years after “carp as a dominant”: ecological insights for fisheries management. rev fish sci 17: 524–537\nfor much more information on carp and how to catch them, visit orvis’s carp central page .\ncarp can typically be found in small schools, although larger carp often lead a solitary existence .\nopuszyński k (1981) comparison of the usefulness of the silver carp and the bighead carp as additional fish in carp ponds. aquaculture 25: 223–233\nanthony, 1958 (cestoda, caryophyllaeidae) in hungarian pond - farmed common carp. acta parasitol. 2003, 48: 222 - 228 .\ncommon carp has been introduced into practically all countries where there is a chance for successful reproduction. in many of the natural waters where it has been introduced, the common carp is considered as an invasive species whose populations should be reduced or even eliminated. still, common carp is one of the most widely cultured freshwater fish species in the world (welcomme, 1988; hasan at al. , 2007; figis, 2011) .\ncarp can typically be found living together in small groups called schools. larger carp often live alone .\ncommon mola, atlantic cod and atlantic hagfish: added as part of our national water project .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common carp (cyprinus carpio )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common carp (cyprinus carpio )\ntitle =\narkive species - common carp (cyprinus carpio )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncahn, a. 1929. the effect of carp on a small lake: carp as a dominant .\npublication of the common carp fact sheet was funded by the south dakota department of game, fish and parks, division of wildlife, pierre, sd .\ncommon carp are found in manitoba, and now range from central canada to central mexico, and from coast to coast. avoid transporting young and adult carp between lakes while fishing, or during other recreational activities .\nin contrast, balon (1995) mentions only two subspecies, c. carpio carpio and c. carpio haematopterus, while froese and pauly (2011) do not recognize any subspecies of common carp. common carp is one of the most variable freshwater fish species with regard to the body shape (figure 1) .\nto cite this page for personal use: “common carp”. [ online ]. natural history notebooks. canadian museum of nature. last updated (web site consulted\nthere is a report of a common carp living an astounding 47 years, probably in captivity. other reports of 13 to 20 years are probably more typical .\nfeeding common carp cyprinus carpio with β - glucan supplemented diet stimulates c - reactive protein and complement immune acute phase responses follo... - pubmed - ncbi\nthere is a report of a common carp living an astounding 47 years, probably in captivity. other reports of 17 to 20 years are probably more typical .\ncommon carp is active in feeding when the water temperature is over 18–20 o c. though common carp tolerates high water temperature (around 28–30 o c) the optimum temperature of growing is between 20 and 25 o c. during those periods when the water temperature is lower than about 15–16 o c feeding of common carp becomes less and less intensive. feeding practically stops if the water temperature sinks under about 8 o c. when the water temperature is under about 5 o c carp hibernates in groups in the mud of deeper waters .\n[ accessed march 27, 2007 ]. dawson, peter. 1998. carp - l faq - carp .\nkirpichnikov, v. s. 1999. genetics and breeding of common carp. institute national de la recherche agronomique, cedex, paris, france. 98 pp .\nwohlfarth gw, 1984. common carp. in: mason il, ed. evolution of domesticated animals. london and new york: longman, 375 - 380 .\ncommon carp (cyprinus carpio) which oddly does not grow to anywhere near the proportions of its european or canadian cousins (10lb fish would be considered huge) .\nwanner et al 2009. common carp abundance, biomass, and removal from dewey and clear lakes on the valentine national wildlife refuge: does trapping and removing carp payoff? usfws. accessed 11 / 1 / 2013. urltoken\nspawning carp are usually not interested in eating, but post spawn carp are. pre - and post - spawning carp can be found in the rolling waters where the spawning happens. anglers should look for post - spawn carp for the best fishing during this period of the carp’s life .\nkohlman k, kresten p, 1999. genetic variability of german and foreign common carp (cyprinus carpio l .) populations. aquaculture, 173: 435 - 445 .\n], this effect has not been investigated in common carp before our study. other hormones like cortisol may also reduce the igm secretion, as shown in salmonid fish [\nbaldry, i. 2000 .\neffect of common carp (cyprinus carpio) on aquatic restorations\n( on - line). accessed 2 april 2002 at urltoken .\n: first introduced to north america in the 1870s as a food and sport fish. common carp are now widely distributed throughout southern canada and most of the united states .\ncarp are a family of fish native to europe and asia. the common carp (cyprinus carpio) has been in the us for over 100 years - long enough that we don' t really know what our waters would be like without them. the common carp is considered a nuisance fish, but it doesn' t seem to be doing too much harm to the lakes and rivers it lives in .\ncommon carp (cyprinus carpio) response to two pieces of music (\neine kleine nachtmusik\nand\nromanza\n) combined with light intensity, using recirculating water system .\nnutrient requirements of common carp were fairly well researched and established (table 4. 1, table 4. 2, table 4. 3 and table 4. 4) .\nráb p, pokorny j, roth p, 1989. chromosome studies of the common carp, cyprinus carpio. i. karyotype of amurian carp, c. carpio haematopterus. . caryologia, 42 (1): 27 - 36 .\ncommon carp occur within the temperature range of 3–35 o c (froese and pauly, 2011). the optimum water temperature for growth and propagation is 20–25 o c. in nature, common carp live in the middle and lower sections of rivers and in areas where the water is shallow (only a few meters deep) and the bottom is muddy .\n[ a ] a channel in delta marsh, mb, where a screened culvert blocked the entrance of numerous carp for research purposes. [ b ] a young carp showing full bodied view. [ c ] the difference in size between a newly hatched common carp and an approximately one - year old specimen .\njeney, zs. and jeney, g. 1995. recent achievements in studies on diseases of common carp (cyprinus carpio l .). aquaculture, 129: 397 - 420 .\ncrivelli, a. j. 1981. the biology of the common carp, cyprinus carpio l. in camargue, southern france. journal of fish biology 18: 271 - 290 .\nvandeputte m, 2003. selective breeding of quantitative traits in the common carp (cyprinus carpio): a review. aquatic living resources, 16 (5): 399 - 407 .\nto become one of the most widely distributed fish species in north america, ranging from central canada to central mexico, and from coast to coast. in texas, common carp are ubiquitous .\ncarp are very common. they are hardy and have been used to stock lakes. however, they have a tendency to outlive and outreproduce native fish, competing with native fish for resources .\n). the common carp (hereafter: carp) is a species capable of substantial impact on aquatic ecosystems. while the carp itself is highly tolerant of environmental stress, its benthic feeding habits are responsible for severe habitat alteration. in eutrophic waters, carp may trigger a shift from clear - water conditions to a turbid, macrophyte - poor state accompanied by a sharp decline in biodiversity (scheffer\njeney z, jeney g, 1995. recent achievements in studies on diseases of common carp (cyprinus carpio l .). aquaculture, 129 (1 / 4): 397 - 420 .\ncommon carp (cyprinus carpio) response to two pieces of music (\neine kleine nachtmusik\nand\nromanza\n) combined with light intensity, using recircu... - pubmed - ncbi\nmineral requirements are summarized in table 4. 3. common carp requires cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus and zinc. since common carp lacks an acid - secreting stomach essential for digesting and solubilizing various compounds containing both calcium and phosphorus, the availability of phosphorus depends on the water solubility. phosphorus from tricalcium phosphate or fishmeal (fm) is less available than that from the more soluble mono - and dicalcium phosphates. supplementation of monobasic phosphate to fm - based diets resulted in an increase in growth response of common carp (takeuchi, satoh and kiron, 2002) .\nbakos j, gorda s, 2001. genetic resources of common carp at the fish culture research institute, szarvas, hungary. fao fisheries technical paper, no. 417: vi + 106 pp .\nmatsuzaki ss, usio n, takamura n, washitani i (2007) effects of common carp on nutrient dynamics and littoral community composition: roles of excretion and bioturbation. fundam appl limnol 168: 27–38\nintroduction of common carp into many areas has resulted in significant development of aquaculture. the carp is not native in 16 out of the 33 main carp - producing countries, where the production is above 1000 t / year. however, the rapid (in certain periods exponential) growth of carp production in these countries proves the economic advantages of introduction of carp (fao, 2002). moreover, pond culture of other species was rendered possible after introduction of carp, since the bottom - stirring habit of carp increased the biological productivity of fish ponds (sinha and olah, 1982). carp may have significant and positive role in maintenance of the ecosystem of wetlands (sumiec, 1995) .\nhulata, g. 1995. a review of genetic improvement of the common carp (cyprinus carpio l .) and other cyprinids by crossbreeding, hybridization and selection. aquaculture, 129: 143 - 155 .\nsarig s, 1966. synopsis of biological data of common carp cyprinus carpio (linnaeus), 1758 (near east and europe). fao fisheries synopsis no. 31. 2. fao, rome .\nthe proportion of common carp within the polyculture can be as high as 90 percent but can also be very low, only a few percent of the stocked fish. the highest stocking ratios are essentially monoculture .\nhorvath, l. , 1985. egg development in the common carp. in j. muir & r. roberts (eds), recent advances in aquaculture, crom helm publ. 2: 31–77 .\nstuart i, jones m (2006). large, regulated forest floodplain is an ideal recruitment zone for non - native common carp (cyprinus carpio l .). marine and freshwater research 57: 333–347 .\n) are grown in man - made, open, shallow ponds, typically originating from natural wetlands, but their environmental conditions are to a large extent under human control. carp are often reared in a polyculture, but in cold climate regions monoculture of common carp is more popular (opuszyński\nadverse impacts of carp on the natural water ecosystems have been proved in some places. carp have uprooted aquatic plants and destroyed the aquatic weed populations (\ndemonstrated that up to 90% of adult carp can be removed from lake using winter seining that targets carp aggregations (bajer et al. 2010 )\nhinojosa - garro, d. , and l. zambrano. 2004. interactions of common carp (cyprinus carpio) with benthic decapods in shallow ponds. hydrobiologia 515 (1 - 3): 115 - 122 .\ncsizmadia c, jeney z, szerencsés i, gorda s, 1995. transferrin polymorphism of some races in a live gene bank of common carp. aquaculture, 129 (1 - 4): 193 - 198 .\nwolfarth gw, moav r, 1990. genetic differences between the chinese and european races of common carp. 6. growth of fish in cages. theor. appl. genet. , 79: 693 - 698 .\naquaculture production of common carp increases parallel to the increase of global aquaculture production of freshwater fishes. according to fao (figis, 2013), production of freshwater fishes was 31 839 573 tonnes in 2005, and increased to 45 335 385 tonnes by 2011 (an increase of more than 42 percent). during these years, the contribution of common carp to the global aquaculture production remained at about 8–9 percent (figure 4) .\nin the subtropics and tropics, if well - prepared common carp brooders are stocked into a pond promptly inundated with freshwater, mating will very likely occur if a suitable spawning substrate can be found by the matured fish .\nsarig, s. 1966. synopsis of biological data of common carp cyprinus carpio (linnaeus), 1758 (near east and europe). fao fisheries synopsis no. 31. 2. fao, rome, italy .\nmiller, s. a. , and t. a. crowl. 2006. effects of common carp (cyprinus carpio) on macrophytes and invertebrate communities in a shallow lake. freshwater biology 51: 85 - 94 .\nalikhuni kh, 1966. synopsis of biological data of common carp cyprinus carpio (linnaeus), 1758 (asia and far east). fao fisheries synopsis no. 31 (1). rome, italy: fao .\ncommon carp belongs to the class osteichthyes (the bony fishes), the order cypriniformes and the family cyprinidae. in everyday life, commercial, artisanal and sport fishers use the short scientific name cyprinus carpio in their publications .\naccording to different authors (e. g. jhingran and pullin, 1985; pintér, 1989; kuznetsov, aminova and kuliev, 2011), scientists have identified four subspecies of common carp. these are as follows :\ngilligan d, gehrke p, schiller c (2005). testing methods and ecological consequences of large scale removal of common carp. fisheries final report series no. 77, nsw department of primary industries, 46 pp .\nin most of asia and especially china where the tonnage of fish produced in aqua culture is staggering the common carp is valued highly as a food fish. parts of europe as a food fish and in several european countries eaten in various customs and on special occasions. in western europe and britain the common carp is most valued as a sport fish by millions of anglers who spend hours, days, weeks and months chasing monster carp and the catch of a lifetime the surrounding carp fishing tackle and bait industry alone is worth hundreds of millions of £' s, eu' s and $' s .\ncommon carp degrade water quality and destroy habitat for waterfowl, fish and amphibians. they are voracious feeders that forage primarily on plant seeds and insect larvae that live in lake sediments. while searching for food, carp burrow into lake sediments and in the process they uproot aquatic vegetation, increasing water turbidity and releasing large quantities of sediment - bound nutrients, which stimulate algal blooms. it is estimated that over 70% of lakes in southern minnesota have lost their plant cover and suffer from excessive algal blooms due to carp’s foraging activity. tens of thousands of hectares of waterfowl habitat have been devastated by common carp .\n, a common species in europe, is known to reach high abundance on their hosts during late summer and early autumn (e. g. [\nbakos, j. and gorda, s. 2001. genetic resources of common carp at the fish culture research institute szarvas, hungary. fao fisheries technical paper no. 417. fao, rome, italy. 106 pp .\nwohlfarth, g. w. 1984. common carp. in: i. l. mason (ed), evolution of domesticated animals, longman, london and n. y, usa. pp. 375 - 380 .\nstuart, ig, a williams, j mckenzie and t holt. 2011. managing a migratory pest species: a selective trap for common carp. north american journal of fisheries management. accessed 11 / 1 / 13. urltoken\ngorda s, bakos j, liska j, kakuk c, 1995. live gene bank of common carp strains at the fish culture research institute, szarvas. aquaculture, 129 (1 - 4): 199 - 202 .\nhulata g, 1995. a review of genetic improvement of the common carp (cyprinus carpio l .) and other cyprinids by crossbreeding, hybridization and selection. aquaculture, 129 (1 - 4): 143 - 155 .\nwohlfarth gw, moav r, hulata g, 1983. a genotype - environment interaction for growth rate in the common carp, growing in intensively manured ponds. aquaculture, 33 (1 - 4): 187 - 195 .\nlastly, carp make terrific fertilizer in your garden. we highly recommend them !\nwohlfarth, g. w. , moav, r. and hulata, g. 1983. a genotype - environment interaction for growth rate in the common carp, growing in intensively manured ponds. aquaculture 33: 187 - 195 .\nthere are two variants of the common carp—mirror carp, which has much larger scales, and the leather carp, which has virtually no scales except near the dorsal fin. native to eurasia, common carp were an important food source, and the romans built special ponds in which to raise the species near the delta of the danube river in romania. a more advanced kind of aquaculture was spread throughout the continent by monks between the 13th and 16th centuries, the beginning of the widespread introductions over the next few centuries that would result in carp populations in virtually every part of the globe, except the northern and southern extremities. ironically, as this expansion of the carp’s range has gone on unabated, what is thought to be the original wild population, in the danube, is now threatened .\n: common carp removal and control began in the 1950s. state programs to trap, seine, or poison the fish were frequent but often unsuccessful. state - regulated commercial fishing to control carp problems has been a favored control method since the 1980s. control of this species continues to be a problem for many states .\nadámek z, sukop i, 2001. the role of supplementary feeding in food competition between common carp (cyprinus carpio) and perch (perca fluviatilis) in a pond culture. krmiva, 43 (4): 175 - 184 .\nrepresented the dominant cestode species of common carp in this study. the abundance of cestode infection can be connected with the temporal presence of intermediate hosts. the highest cestode abundance was recorded in late summer. similar seasonal changes in the abundance of\ni see common carp in fish tanks for sale all the time. although, i usually buy saba (mackerel) or sanma (saury fish) whole for my dinners, the chinese usually pick one from the tank and have it filleted by the fish monger on the spot. japanese people traditionally had carp as sushi .\narlinghaus, r. and t mehner. 2003. socio - economic characterization of specialized common carp (cyprinus carpio l .) anglers in germany, and implications for inland fisheries management and eutrophication control. fisheries research 61: 19 - 33 .\nthere are common carp that spawn regularly in a pond beside my school. the pond is very small and unclean. will storing the caught fish in clean water for a time really help purge it of “river” taste, like the article says ?\nlougheed, v. , b. crosbie, p. chow - fraser. 1998. predictions on the effect of common carp (- cyprinus carpio -) exclusion on water quality, zooplankton, and submergent macrophytes in a great lakes wetland .\n2007. www. carp - fishing - tactics. com. all rights reserved .\ndeveloped mechanistic model that explains the success of carp in complex systems of lakes and marshes which can now be used to affect carp control (bajer et al. 2015b )\nalikhuni, k. h. 1966. synopsis of biological data of common carp cyprinus carpio (linnaeus), 1758 (asia and far east). fao fisheries synopsis no. 31. 1. fao, rome, italy. 77 pp .\nwohlfarth gw, moav r, hulata g, 1986. genetic differences between the chinese and european races of common carp. 5. differential adaptation to manure and artificial feeds. theoretical and applied genetics, 72 (1): 88 - 97 .\nthe type and number of different species and the proportion of common carp within the polyculture system vary according to the climate and the suitability, availability and marketability of other native or introduced fish species. consequently, common carp is widely reared with chinese major carps (silver, bighead, grass and black carps), indian major carps (catla, rohu and mrigal), tilapia (oreochromis spp .), south american major characids (tambaqui, pirapitinga and pacu) and with different predator fishes .\nalthough small carp can be mistaken for goldfish, carp can be distinguished by having a pair of barbels (whiskers) at each corner of their mouth. they have small eyes, thick lips, a forked tail and a single dorsal (top) fin with strongly serrated spines. the scales are large and thick. the colour of carp varies. in the wild they are usually olive green to bronze or silvery in colour with a paler underside. koi (or japanese) carp are domesticated ornamental varieties of common carp and show a much broader range of colours and colour patterns, with various combinations of white, black, red, yellow, blue and orange markings. scale variations, including large shiny scales either scattered or in a line along the flanks (‘mirror carp’) or an absence of scales (‘leather carp’) are also common in ornamental and wild fish. all strains belong to the same species, cyprinus carpio .\nfarmed common carp production was nearly 14 percent of the total global freshwater aquaculture production in 2002 (33 138 962 tonnes). common carp production increased by an average global rate of 9. 5 percent / yr between 1985 (681 319 tonnes) and 2002. in the past decade (1993 - 2002) this has increased to 10. 4 percent / yr. this is greater than the expansion rate of farmed grass carp (10. 1 percent / yr), silver carp (8. 8 percent / yr), and bighead carp production (7. 2 percent / yr), but less than that for tilapias (11. 8 percent / yr) during this decade. in europe, common carp production was 144 602 tonnes in 2002. this represents a substantial reduction from peak production of over 402 000 tonnes in 1990, caused by changes in eastern europe. however, european production appears to be gradually increasing again; the 1993 - 2002 trough was 125 274 tonnes in 1997 .\ncommon carp can also be stocked into natural waters, reservoirs, and temporarily inundated areas, in order to utilize the natural food production of these waters for enhanced capture fisheries. in this case the fish stocked should be 13 - 15 cm fingerlings produced in fish farms (' aquaculture - based fisheries') in order to avoid the losses that would occur with smaller fish. common carp are usually stocked with other cyprinid species, in accordance with the productivity of the water and the intensity of exploitation .\npanek fm (1987) biology and ecology of carp. in: cooper el (ed) carp in north america. american fisheries society, bethesda, md, pp 1–15\ncosta pierce ba, moreau j, pullin rsv, 1993. new introductions of common carp (cyprinus carpio l .) and their impact on indigenous species in sub - saharan africa. discovery and innovation, 5 (3): 211 - 221 .\nbighead and silver carp eat plankton, which native mussels and fish depend on. grass carp consume plants, and can drastically change river and shoreline vegetation. black carp have human - like molars and eat snails and mussels, including native species that are already endangered .\nfor a bottom - feeder, what is the good life? the common carp isn’t very demanding: any body of water that’s sluggish and murky will do. if the water is clean, and you’ve got corn for bait, try one of these recipes .\ncarp rarely eat fish, but may consume fish eggs and larvae and disturb breeding sites .\nbecause of their adaptability, carp have been very successful in their colonisation of new environments .\nmurray - darling basin commission (2000). national management strategy for carp control 2000–2005. murray - darling basin commission, on behalf of the carp control coordination group, canberra .\nbillard r (ed) (1999) carp: biology and culture. springer, berlin\n) (val .) on the ecosystem of carp ponds. ekol pol 32: 307–339\nis greek, and carpio is latin; both words mean\ncarp .\nthe common carp is a heavy - bodied minnow with barbels on either side of the upper jaw. typically, color varies from brassy green or yellow, to golden brown, or even silvery. the belly is usually yellowish - white. the dorsal fin with 17 - 21 rays, and the anal fin both have a heavy toothed spine. individuals 12 - 25 inches in length and weighing up to 8 - 10 pounds are common, although they can grow much larger. common carp may live in excess of 47 years and weigh over 75 pounds. the all - tackle world record was landed in 1987 from lac de st. cassien, france, and weighed in at 75 pounds 11 ounces .\nover many centuries, the development of well - documented propagation techniques for common carp took place. this includes natural propagation, semi - artificial propagation and artificial propagation (huet, 1972; woynarovich and horváth, 1980; horvath, tamás and coche, 1985a) .\nhistory: common carp is native from asia and parts of europe. it was introduced to north america as a food and ornamental fish into freshwaters throughout the world. it was first introduced to manitoba in 1886, by 1954 they were a nuisance to commercial fishers .\ncommon carp is a typical peaceful omnivorous fish which consumes a range of different natural foods, including planktonic crustaceans, insects (including their larvae and pupae), the tender parts and seeds of water plants, and also fish eggs and larvae, as well as smaller fish (table2. 1, table2. 2 and table5. 1). it is important to note that common carp is a flexible and opportunistic feeder that can switch from preferred to alternative diets according to the food availability (hoole et al. , 2001) .\ncommon carp are one of the world’s most widely introduced and invasive species of fish. currently, they dominate the fish biomass of many shallow lakes, rivers, and wetlands in north america and around the world, including many lakes in central and southern minnesota. carp degrade water quality and destroy waterfowl habitat by rooting in the lake bottom while searching for food .\npeteri, a. and ruttkay, a. 1983. a takarmany mennyisegenek hatasa a ponty petefeszek - testsuly aranyanak es ikraproduciojanak alakulasara. halaszat, 29: 167 - 169. (in hungarian) [ effect of feeding on the gsi and egg production of common carp ]\ncommon carp are native to temperate portions of europe and asia. they were first introduced into north america in 1877. at that time they were considered so valuable that the precious brood stock was fenced and guarded. since that time countless introductions both intentional and unintentional have allowed\ncommon carp feed on insect larvae, crustaceans, snails and plants. they uproot aquatic vegetation in search of this food. not surprisingly, effective bait to catch them includes dough balls, potatoes or worms. the most effective method for catching them is still - fishing .\ncarp can grow to a very large size, with overseas reports of fish as large as 1. 2 metres in length weighing 60 kg. fish of up to 10 kg have been caught in australia, but weights of around 4 - 5 kg are more common .\nbajer, p. g. , g. sullivan, and p. w. sorenson. 2009. effects of a rapidly increasing population of common carp on vegetative cover and waterfowl in a recently restored midwestern shallow lake. hydrobiologia 632 (1): 235 - 245 .\nparkos, j. j. , v. j. santucci, and d. h. wahl. 2003. effects of adult common carp (cyprinus carpio) on multiple trophic levels in shallow mesocosms. canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic science 60: 182 - 192 .\ncarp may be an invasive species, but many fly fishers love them. photo courtesy mike mazzoni\nthey contain an enzyme known as thiaminase that can eventually poison game fish that eat young carp .\nincrease oil heat to 375f and fry carp a second time for about 3 to 4 minutes .\n) the presence of carp may be one reason why the populations of native species are declining .\nsoller, m. , 1965. carp growth in brackish water. bamidgeh 17: 16–23 .\ncarp migrate to and from breeding grounds during the breeding season, sometimes travelling hundreds of kilometres .\nerosion: carp feeding habits can undermine river banks leading to the collapse of banks and vegetation .\ndetermined how the partial migrations of carp lead to their success (bajer et al. 2015b )\ncommon carp can be produced in extensive, natural food and supplementary feed - based monocultural production systems, in stagnant water ponds. artificial feed - based intensive monocultural production can be carried out in cages, irrigation reservoirs, and running water ponds and tanks, or in recirculation systems .\nthe common carp is easily identified by regular scales over the whole of its body. they have an orderly scale pattern and slender bodies, but those bred in captivity and well - fed have a more rotund body shape. the mirror carp is identified by irregular scales dotted haphazardly over its body. anglers have subdivided the patterns of the scales into easily identifiable descriptive patterns. fully - scaled mirror carps are completely covered in scales of different sizes. mirror carp generally have a fuller and more rounded shape than common carp. a large swollen belly is not uncommon in larger specimens. the colors in a mirror carp are dependent on the water in which it lives. gravel pit carp can be almost black, whereas those found in clay ponds can be a light gray or brown with large areas of red, orange or gold coloring. the leather carp is completely devoid of any scales, but some have scales along the dorsal line and at the wrist of the tail. the anal fin often has fewer rays and the dorsal fin is often imperfect .\ndemonstrated that native predators, such as bluegills, can control carp reproduction in most lakes in minnesota by consuming carp eggs and larvae (bajer et al. 2012, bajer et al. 2015a )\nthe body of native forms and improved strains may vary from elongated to deep oval. there are two basic forms of common carp: cyprinus carpio morpha hungaricus and c. carpio morpha acuminatus. the first has an elongated torpedo - like body, while the body of the second is short and stocky, with a high shoulder (pintér, 1989). these basic forms are presented by balon (1995) as typical wild common carp and a feral form from the danube delta. there are four basic types of scaliness: scaly carp, mirror carp, linear carp (also called frame carp) and leather carp (figure 2, from upper left to bottom right). the transitional forms are the strongly or slightly - scaled irregular mirror or scattered carp (pintér, 1989; bakos and gorda, 2001). body shapes of the different forms and strains are described by the profile, head and width indexes. the profile index is the ratio of body length to body height, the head index is the ratio of body length to head length, while the width index is the ratio of body height to body width (figure 3) .\none of the best fish to catch is a carp. whether you are a beginner or a expert on carp fishing you will find a wealth of information just a few click away. this is a completely free site so feel free to add your carp fishing sites to are ever growing database. carp fishing. org it continually growing so remember to bookmark us as you one stop fishing resource centre .\nwithin these pages we hope to give you some ideas on how and where you can catch carp .\nadult carp have no natural predators. large predatory native fish, such as murray cod, golden perch and bass, may consume juvenile carp, although it appears they are not a favoured prey item .\nindustry & investment nsw (2010). nsw control plan for the noxious fish carp cyprinus carpio .\n≤ 0. 047). in all macroinvertebrate taxa, densities decreased with carp age (fig .\nasian carp overview - mississippi national river and recreation area (u. s. national park service )\ntractors remove millions of pounds of carp from beneath thick winter ice. photo courtesy of deseret news .\ncommon carp are usually 38 to 46 cm (15 to 18 in .) long. it is not unusual for some to grow to more than 100 cm (39 in .) and to reach 22 kg (48 lb .). sometimes specimens have only a few large scales (\nmirror carp\n) or none at all (\nleather carp\n). they have two pairs of barbels, which are the fleshy filaments that grow near their mouths and resemble a moustache .\nvonbank, j. a. , deboer, j. a. , casper, a. f. , and h. m. hagy. 2018. ichthyochory in a temperate river system by common carp (cyprinus carpio). journal of freshwater ecology 33 (1): 83–96 .\ncommon carp has one long dorsal fin which possesses 2–3 hard and 17–22 soft rays. the first (largest) hard ray is sharp and is serrated on its posterior margin. additional morphological characteristics include 2–3 anal spines, 5–6 anal rays and 36–37 vertebrae (froese and pauly, 2011) .\ni would like to find out if we were to put carp into a dam that has bass bream and barbel in it would the carp survive and would the eat or destroy the nests of other fish. i have heard carp may eat other fish eggs is this true could you please help on this .\nritz. a. w. 1987. commercial fishing for carp. pages 17 - 30 in e. l. cooper, editor. carp in north america. american fisheries society, bethesda, maryland .\nriera, p. , j. juget & f. martinet, 1991. predator - prey interactions: effects of carp predation on tubificid dynamics and carp production in experimental fishpond. hydrobiologia 226: 129–136 .\nthe common periwinkle, which first appeared in new england in the 1860s, is now found along the coast wherever there’s hard substrate–rocks, riprap, broken concrete, or docks–from labrador to ...\ncarp is only established in the florida panhandle. it does not appear to be established in south florida .\ncarp are an important food fish throughout most of the world except for in australia and north america where the fish is considered bad - tasting. the world catch rate of carp per year exceeds 200, 000 tons. the more colorful carp, called koi, are bred in captivity and sold as ornamental pond fish .\n= 0. 034). the explanatory terms other than carp age were insignificant in all reml models .\n< 0. 05) were significant only in ephemeroptera and odonata between 0 + and older carp cohorts .\nsince this species has outstanding importance in freshwater aquaculture, many aspects of its physiology, nutrition, genetics, and diseases have been studied during past decades. the role of common carp in water ecosystems has been examined, and breeding and rearing technologies that fit various climatic conditions and intensity levels have been developed .\njhingran vg, pullin rsv, 1985. a hatchery manual for the common, chinese and indian major carps. manila, philippines: iclarm studies and reviews 11, adb / iclarm, 191 pp .\nunlike trout, common carp (cyprinus carpio) are unattractive, slimy, feed almost exclusively below the surface, and rarely inhabit clear mountain streams—choosing instead to live in turbid or brackish waters. for these reasons, the species was denigrated as a “trash fish” by generations of fly fishermen, who saw carp as somehow too unsophisticated for the long rod. but a small cadre of anglers realized that carp are actually difficult to hook, and once they are on the line, they fight with power an enough tenacity to test both tackle and an angler’s resolve. it is these qualities that earned the carp the nickname “freshwater bonefish. ”\ndespite the best intentions and desires of decades of anglers, the once common practice of leaving accidentally landed carp along the shore, instead of returning them to the water, has likewise failed to make a permanent impact upon most fishing hole' s carp populations. in some cases, in fact, the removal of similar native species with which the carp is often confused has actually aided carp proliferation. in an effort to prevent such instances, as well as to reduce the occurrence of piles of rotting fish along the state' s waters (of which only dogs were typically fond), minnesota declared the practice illegal in 1981 .\ndriver pd, harris jh, norris rh, closs gp, 1997. the role of the natural environment and human impacts in determining biomass densities of common carp in new south wales rivers. in: fish and rivers in stress [ ed. by harris jh, gehrke pc ], 225 - 250 pp .\nhorvath l, 1985. egg development (oogenesis) in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l .). in: muir j, roberts j, eds. recent advences in aquaculture. volume 2. boulder, colorado, usa: croom helm, london & sidney, westview press, 31 - 77 .\n). the metazoan parasites belonging to six parasitic groups were found on common carp including ectoparasitic monogenea, crustacea, mollusca and hirudinea, and endoparasitic cestoda and digenea. no nematoda or acanthocephala were observed. monogenea was the species' richest and most numerous group (almost 90% of total parasite abundance) and included\ncarp prefer slow moving rivers and streams and warm lake habitats with abundant vegetation. they feed on a wide variety of plant and animal food items from the waters surface, from vegetation and rocks, and from stream and lake bottoms. shallow sloughs and marshes, adjacent to stream channels or lakes, are preferred breeding habitats. common carp prefer large bodies of slow or standing water and soft, vegetative sediments. a schooling fish, they prefer to be in groups of 5 or more. they natively live in a moderate climate in fresh or brackish water with a temperature range of 35 – 85 f. common carp will willingly survive winter in a frozen over pond, as long as there remains some free water. carp can with stand summer water temperatures in the low 90' s degrees fahrenheit for short periods. ideal temperature is 68 °f .\nwolfe, m. d. , v. j. santucci jr. , l. m. einfalt, and d. h. wahl. 2009. effects of common carp on reproduction, growth, and survival of largemouth bass and bluegills. transactions of the american fisheries society. 138, 975 - 983 .\nwheeler (1978); becker (1983); page and burr (1991); etnier and starnes (1993); jenkins and burkhead (1994); balon (1995). in eurasia there are two poorly defined subspecies c. c. carpio and c. c. haematopterus; unfortunately, feral common carp, descendants of earlier escapees or introductions, have greatly confused the picture (balon 1995). several genetic strains—some bred in aquaculture or used as ornamentals (e. g. , leather carp, mirror carp, israeli carp, koi) —are recognized by some as separate varieties (robison and buchanan 1988; balon 1995) .\ndon’t miss neil b’s effort to re - create the great jane grigson’s eighteenth - century christmas eve carp recipe .\nlamarra, v. 1975. digestive activities of carp as a major contributor to the nutrient loading of lakes .\nmale and female carp spawn by swimming side by side. a female carp has up to seven males fertilising her eggs at any one time, although three to four males is average and spawning may occur over several days .\n( leather carp) with few or no scales on the back and a thick skin (mccrimmon 1968) .\ndeveloped rapid - assessment methods to estimate carp biomass in lakes using boat electrofishing (bajer and sorensen 2012) .\nkestemont p (1995) different systems of carp production and their impacts on the environment. aquaculture 129: 347–372\njackson, z. j. m. c. quist, j. a. downing, and j. g. larscheid. 2010. common carp (cyprinus carpio), sport fishes, and water quality: ecological thresholds in agriculturally eutrophic lakes. lake and reservoir management 26 (1): 14 - 22 .\nthwaites l, fleer d, smith b (2007). conceptual development of a ‘finger’ style pushing trap for the common carp, cyprinus carpio. sardi aquatic sciences publication no. f2007 / 000790 - 1. sardi research report series no. 238. south australian research and development institute (aquatic sciences), adelaide .\nironically, the greatest present promise for carp control hearkens back more than a century, when carp was intended to become a great renewable food source. a steady, or hopefully increasing, market for carp and carp products could today provide the prolonged check upon their population that state removal programs have been unable to due to limited resources. most state agencies, in fact, have favored state - regulated commercial fishing to removal programs since the early 1980s .\ncarp become invasive in regions with productive lakes that also have low abundance of bluegills, which eat carp eggs and larvae. in all other lakes, those that are clear and oligotrophic or which have high densities of bluegills, carp are not invasive because their eggs and larvae do not appear to be able to survive the critical developmental period .\nspecies and origin: the common carp is a large omnivorous fish. they have large scales, a long dorsal fin base, and two pairs of long barbels (whiskers) in its upper jaw. native to europe and asia, it was intentionally introduced into midwest waters as a game fish in the 1880s. (be aware of a native look - a - like: the native fish bigmouth buffalo looks like a carp without barbells )\ndisease: in other parts of the world, carp have been associated with the distribution of a range of parasites and fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. however, there have been few disease outbreaks attributed to carp in australia." ]

{ "text": [ "the common carp or european carp ( cyprinus carpio ) is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in europe and asia .", "the native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by the iucn , but the species has also been domesticated and introduced into environments worldwide , and is often considered a destructive invasive species , being included in the list of the world 's 100 worst invasive species .", "it gives its name to the carp family cyprinidae . " ], "topic": [ 13, 17, 25 ] }

[ "the common carp or european carp (cyprinus carpio) is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in europe and asia. the native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by the iucn, but the species has also been domesticated and introduced into environments worldwide, and is often considered a destructive invasive species, being included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species. it gives its name to the carp family cyprinidae." ]

[ "sunshine forever, the champion turf male of 1988, died tuesday at old friends equine retirement in georgetown, ky. he was 29 .\nwhile the cause of death is pending a necropsy, blowen said that sunshine forever appeared to suffer a heart attack, and showed no signs of problems the previous evening .\nsunshine forever won eight of 23 starts during his racing career for earnings of $ 2, 084, 800, running for breeder john galbreath’s darby dan farm and trainer john veitch .\nsunshine forever was retired to stud at darby dan in lexington, ky. , and was sent to japan in 1995. in 14 crops, he sired 250 winners and the earners of $ 21, 903, 390. his leading runners included grade 1 winner sunshine street and grade 3 winner gastronomical .\n“we’d never done anything like bring horses home from japan ten years ago, so when they told me that sunshine forever was available, i freaked out, ” blowen said. “it was like telling me you could have larry bird move in or something. from the moment that he arrived, i had a great deal of love and respect for him. ”\nat sunshine forever... you' ll be at the water' s edge at a moments notice! ! this wonderful home offers private access to the beach over a sea oats covered dune. wow... it doesn' t get any better than that! this 2017 - renovated jewel welcomes her guests to all the comforts of home while offering great atlantic views from the sunken living room with its 46\nhdtv, open kitchen / dining area and master bedroom. oceanside decks on two floors! its comfortable, contemporary ambience is sure to please. enjoy the great floorplan affording plenty of privacy for two families vacationing together. there' s even a downstairs rec. room with a 42\nflat panel tv that can be used as a 5th bedroom fireplace is decorative only (not for guest use). for lasting memories of the beautiful atlantic, sunshine forever is the place to be !\nin johnson’s “the rock x siri dominate the day” apple commercial released recently, viewers may have noticed the former wrestler’s phone background in the commercial was a picture of a young johnson donning a turtleneck and fanny pack in his 1997 toronto sun sunshine boy photo shoot .\nthe son of roberto had been at old friends since november 2004, when he was retired from stallion duty at nitta farm in japan and returned to the u. s .\n“he was my favorite horse, ” said michael blowen, founder of old friends. “he was the first horse we ever brought home from japan after his breeding career was over, so he set the standard. he wasn’t the friendliest horse, he wasn’t a big pet or anything, but i had such a great deal of respect for him. ”\nhis eclipse award - winning campaign included wins in the grade 1 budweiser international, the turf classic, and the man o’ war stakes, as well as the grade 2 lexington stakes and the grade 3 hill prince stakes. he also finished second in that year’s breeders’ cup turf at churchill downs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnovember 4, 2018 12 noon - 4 pm breeders’ cup celebration at old friends old friends farm ...\nold friends 14th annual homecoming event kick up your heels at our annual fundraiser! ...\n1841 paynes depot rd. georgetown, ky 40324 phone: 502 - 863 - 1775 | contact us\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nconfined to a barbed - wire mental health facility for teens, hunter must find a way out of the hellhole everyone says he deserves to be in .\nactor in tv and film / writer of novels and screenplays. you can see me in better call saul, preacher, war on everyone, manh (a) ttan, camouflage, and odd thomas .\nfor almost a century, the good people of toronto have gathered in the majestic, outdoor sunnyside pavillion, overlooking the stunning toronto skyline, to enjoy the sights and sounds of summer .\non saturday, june 10, 2017, you are cordially invited to continue this tradition. go out & find yourself a friend with ...\nadvance tickets may also be purchased at june records, invisible city record shop, as well as all of the djs & hosts .\nhave an event you’d like to plug? adding an event to our listings is free and only takes seconds. whether you’re organizing the event, or just know about one you think others should know about, submit it and we’ll add it to the calendar .\nget our weekly event picks delivered straight to your inbox. you can unsubscribe anytime or contact us for details .\nthe newspaper’s entertainment editor and 24 hours contributor mark daniell brought the photo’s origin to johnson’s attention during a 2014 interview .\n“how did you guys find that? did you google ‘rock’ and ‘fanny pack’? that s— went viral because of that picture. you found that and posted that? that’s brilliant, dude, ” johnson said .\nthe photo was heavily circulated across the internet after johnson re - posted it with the snap eventually became a popular meme that poked fun at his ‘90s style .\nall siebert realty rentals are fully furnished to ensure your satisfaction. the following are standard features in every rental unless otherwise noted in property description or amenities:" ]

{ "text": [ "sunshine forever ( march 14 , 1985 – january 7 , 2014 ) was an american champion thoroughbred racehorse .", "bred by darby dan farm owner john w. galbreath who owned his dam , outward sunshine , and his damsire , graustark , sunshine forever was sired by galbreath 's 1972 epsom derby winner , roberto .", "trained by future u.s. racing hall of fame inductee , john m. veitch , sunshine forever was voted the eclipse award for american champion male turf horse following a 1988 season in which he won three grade i races .", "in addition to winning the important turf classic , man o ' war stakes , and the washington , d.c. international stakes , the colt ran second to great communicator in the breeders ' cup turf and third to winner mill native in the arlington million .", "in 1989 , sunshine forever 's best major race results were a second in the grade ii canadian turf handicap at gulfstream park in florida and a third-place finish in the grade iii fort marcy handicap at aqueduct racetrack in new york city .", "retired to stud duty at darby dan farm , sunshine forever 's offspring met with modest racing success .", "after standing in the united states , he was sent to nitta farm in japan .", "in late 2004 , arrangements were made to bring the then nineteen-year-old horse to the old friends retirement home for thoroughbred racehorses in georgetown , kentucky .", "he died at old friends on january 7 , 2014 aged 29 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 7, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7, 14 ] }

[ "sunshine forever (march 14, 1985 – january 7, 2014) was an american champion thoroughbred racehorse. bred by darby dan farm owner john w. galbreath who owned his dam, outward sunshine, and his damsire, graustark, sunshine forever was sired by galbreath's 1972 epsom derby winner, roberto. trained by future u.s. racing hall of fame inductee, john m. veitch, sunshine forever was voted the eclipse award for american champion male turf horse following a 1988 season in which he won three grade i races. in addition to winning the important turf classic, man o' war stakes, and the washington, d.c. international stakes, the colt ran second to great communicator in the breeders' cup turf and third to winner mill native in the arlington million. in 1989, sunshine forever's best major race results were a second in the grade ii canadian turf handicap at gulfstream park in florida and a third-place finish in the grade iii fort marcy handicap at aqueduct racetrack in new york city. retired to stud duty at darby dan farm, sunshine forever's offspring met with modest racing success. after standing in the united states, he was sent to nitta farm in japan. in late 2004, arrangements were made to bring the then nineteen-year-old horse to the old friends retirement home for thoroughbred racehorses in georgetown, kentucky. he died at old friends on january 7, 2014 aged 29." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for gobicyon macrognathus yet. learn how to contribute .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njust enter the word in the field and the system will display a block of anagrams and unscrambled words as many as possible for this word .\nthe section is also useful for those who like compiling words from other words. you will get a list that begins with 3 letters and ends with 8 or more letters .\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository: 2511782 (61. 20% )\ndescription: ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nget cash back by selling your textbooks through alibris. our program is as easy as 1 - 2 - 3 and offers super competitive prices .\nas one of the premier rare book sites on the internet, alibris has thousands of rare books, first editions, and signed books available .\nwith one of the largest book inventories in the world, find the book you are looking for. to help, we provided some of our favorites .\nwith an active marketplace of over 175 million items, use the alibris advanced search page to find any item you are looking for .\nthrough the advanced search page, you can find items by searching specific terms such as title, author, subject, isbn, etc or you can narrow your focus using our amazing set of criteria parameters .\nlike classical music? so does alibris. see one of the largest collections of classical music around .\nthrough the advanced search, you can find items by searching specific terms such as title, artist, song title, genre, etc or you can narrow your focus using our amazing set of criteria parameters .\nthrough the advanced search, you can find items by searching specific terms such as title, director, actor, genre, etc or you can narrow your focus using our amazing set of criteria parameters .\nmillions of books available with some of the lowest prices you will find online .\nfind the items displaying the free shipping icon. add $ 39 + into your cart and your items ship for free !\nget exclusive access to all of our latest deals and coupons. changes daily .\ncome back each month to discover new genres and titles through the alibris seasonal guide .\nby signing up you enjoy subscriber - only access to the latest news, personalized book picks and special offers, delivered right to your inbox .\nhephaestus books represents a new publishing paradigm, allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive, relevant, and informative books. to date, this content has been curated from wikipedia articles and images under creative commons licensing, although as hephaestus books continues to increase in scope and dimension, more licensed and public domain content is being added. we believe books such as this represent a new and exciting lexicon in the sharing of human knowledge. this particular book is a... read more\ncurrently there are no copies available. however, our inventory changes frequently. please check back soon or try\narticles on chinese people of world war ii, including: chiang kai - shek, deng xiaoping, mao zedong, soong may - ling, zhou enlai, song zheyuan, chiang ching - kuo, liu shaoqi, wang jingwei, h. h. kung, zhang zizhong, zhu de, peng dehuai\nterms of use | privacy policy | recommendations by simularity | copyright © 1998 - 2018 alibris. all rights reserved .\nalibris, the alibris logo, and urltoken are registered trademarks of alibris, inc .\ncopyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by nielsen book services limited, baker & taylor, inc. , or by their respective licensors, or by the publishers, or by their respective licensors. for personal use only. all rights reserved. all rights in images of books or other publications are reserved by the original copyright holders .\ncajviewer7. 0 supports all the cnki file formats; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\n©2006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co. , ltd. (beijing) (ttkn) all rights reserved\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nalopex, caedocyon, canis (synonymous with aenocyon, lyciscus), cerdocyon, chailicyon, chrysocyon, cuon, cynodesmus, cynotherium, dusicyon, ectopocynus, enhydrocyon (syn. hyaenocyon), eucyon, hesperocyon (synonymous with pseudocynodictis), leptocyon, mesocyon (synonymous with hypotemnodon), neocynodesmus, nyctereutes, osbornodon, otocyon, paraenhydrocyon, philotrox, protocyon, prototocyon, pseudalopex, sunkahetanka, theriodictis, urocyon, vulpes .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nborophagus, like other borophaginae, are loosely known as\nbone - crushing\nor\nhyena - like\ndogs. though not the most massive borophagine by size or weight, it had a more highly evolved capacity to crunch bone than earlier, larger genera such as epicyon, which seems to be an evolutionary trend of the group (turner, 2004). during the pliocene epoch, borophagus began being displaced by canis genera such as canis edwardii and later by canis dirus. early species of borophagus were placed in the genus osteoborus until recently, but the genera are now considered synonyms. borophagus parvus possibly led a hyena - like lifestyle scavenging carcasses of recently dead animals .\nparacynarctus was named by wang et al. (1999). its type is paracynarctus sinclairi. it was assigned to cynarctina by wang et al. (1999) .\nof the old world. the adult animal is estimated to have been about 80 cm in length, similar to a\nwere measured by legendre and roth in 1988. they estimated that the first specimen weighed 28. 8 kg (63 lb) and the second weighed 25. 8 kg (57 lb) .\nlambert, david (1985). the field guide to prehistoric life. new york: facts on file. p. 163. isbn 0 - 8160 - 1125 - 7 .\npalmer, d. , ed. (1999). the marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs and prehistoric animals. london: marshall editions. p. 220. isbn 1 - 84028 - 152 - 9 .\ns. legendre and c. roth. 1988. correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (mammalia). historical biology: p. 85 - 98\nalan turner ,\nnational geographic: prehistoric mammals\n( washington, d. c. : firecrest books ltd. , 2004), pp. 112 - 114. isbn 0 - 7922 - 7134 - 3\nxiaoming wang ,\nthe origin and evolution of the dog family\naccessed 1 / 30 / 06 .\npicture of an osteoborus skull in a museum, from\nworld of the wolf .\n( accessed 6 / 19 / 06 )\nrussell hunt ,\necological polarities of the north american family canidae: a new approach to understanding forty million years of canid evolution\n( accessed 1 / 30 / 06) .\nwang et al. ,\nphylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae (carnivora: canidae) .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history, no. 243, nov. 17 1999. (pdf) (accessed 4 / 11 / 06 )\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from read africa are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from world journals, database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nas with other borophaginae, paracynarctus was a\nbone - crushing dog\nwith powerful teeth and jaws, and hyena - like features .\nfossil specimens of two individuals' body mass were examined by legendre and roth. the first specimen was estimated to weigh 8. 57 kg (19 lb). the second specimen was estimated to weigh 8. 18 kg (18 lb)." ]

{ "text": [ "gobicyon is an extinct genus of terrestrial carnivore belonging to the dog family ( \" canidae \" ) endemic to central asia from the early miocene subepoch through to the late miocene subepoch 13.6 — 11.6 ma , existing for approximately 2 million years .", "gobicyon was named by edwin harris colbert in 1939 . " ], "topic": [ 26, 25 ] }

[ "gobicyon is an extinct genus of terrestrial carnivore belonging to the dog family (\" canidae \") endemic to central asia from the early miocene subepoch through to the late miocene subepoch 13.6 — 11.6 ma, existing for approximately 2 million years. gobicyon was named by edwin harris colbert in 1939." ]

[ "yan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile: uroplatus phantasticus. jpg\n.\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile: uroplatus phantasticus, andasibe, madagascar. jpg\n.\nbauer & russell (1989) synonymized u. phantasticus with u. ebenaui .\nreminded me i have video of phantasticus mating. i only uploaded it to myspace videos... lets see if it works. uroplatus phantasticus mating video by michael deeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee! - myspace video won' t embed .\n- - spear - point leaf tail gecko (uroplatus ebenaui). uroplatus is a genus of\narai, yuji 1996. in the spotlight: uroplatus phantasticus (boulenger, 1888). dactylus 3 (1): 7 - 8\narai, y. 1996. in the spotlight - uroplatus phantasticus. jour. int. gecko soc. 3 (1): 7 - 8\nuroplatus phantasticus is a small species of the genus uroplatus (leaf tail or flat tail geckos). all species of uroplatus are endemic to madagascar. madagascar is an island off the southeastern coast of africa, and is the 4 th largest island in the world. uroplatus occupy the eastern forests, extreme northern and southern mountain ranges and some offshore islands .\nsatanic panic my male uroplatus phantasticus is doing the same way. the whole tail i waving when the lights turned off when he is hunting or when he is near the female\ni witnessed that in phantasticus more when feeding than anything else. that sure is a tiny wiggle if it was intended to be threatening .\ngenetic data reveal that u. phantasticus is a complex of several species and a full taxonomic revision is required (glaw and vences 2007) .\n- - species: uroplatus ebenaui family: gekkonidae. distribution and habitat: eastern\nuroplatus geckos are popular in the exotic - pet trade. in some areas there is concern that over - zealous collectors are reducing uroplatus populations. uroplatus are also threatened by habitat destruction and two species discovered in the 1990s, uroplatus malama and u. malahelo, may now be extinct in the wild for this reason .\nuroplatus (leaf - tailed gecko) | perinet reserve, madagascar. … | flickr\nuroplatus finiavana ratsoavina, louis jr. , crottini, randrianiaina, glaw & vences 2011\nuroplatus finiavana ratsoavina, louis jr. , crottini, randrianiaina, glaw & vences, 2011\nduring their breeding season, female uroplatus lay from 2 - 4 eggs depending on species and conditions .\n- -... [ gecko ] quarantined uroplatus ebenaui possibly gravid. maleldil gecko @ lists .\nthis satanic leaf - tailed gecko (uroplatus phantasticus) was photographed in the rainforest of central madagascar (ranomafana national park). a recent update to the conservation status of reptiles in madagascar shows that 40% are at risk of extinction. (© piotr naskrecki / www. naskrecki. com )\n- - re: [ gecko ] quarantined uroplatus ebenaui possibly gravid. from: julie bergman; subject :\n- - ul - 1. spear - pointed leaf - tail gecko uroplatus ebenaui female. spear - pointed\nan overview of madagascar' s leaf tailed geckos (genus uroplatus): species boundaries, candidate spec ...\ntwo new species of leaf - tailed geckos (uroplatus) from the tsaratanana mountain massif in northern m ...\nnew uroplatus duméril (reptilia: squamata: gekkonidae) of the ebenaui - group from the anosy mountains of southern madagascar .\n- - re: [ gecko ] ltc uroplatus ebenaui. from: maleldil; subject: re: [ gecko ] ltc\nwhile husbandry practices for uroplatus are similar, caging requirements does differ depending on the species being kept. obviously, larger species will require larger enclosures. that being said, i have had luck with the following recommendations. single adults of smaller species such as u. phantasticus and u. ebenaui can be housed in enclosures measuring approximately 10 inches long by 10 inches wide and 20 inches tall. pairs and trios can be housed in slightly larger enclosures. i used cages measuring 12 by 16 by 20 inches for breeding pairs and trios o f u. phantasticus and u. ebenaui .\nvolta, k. u. & höhne, p. 2013. ein gespenst im terrarium - die erfolgreiche haltung und zucht von uroplates phantasticus (boulenger 1888). draco 13 (52): 46 - 52 - get paper here\ndue to their low numbers in the wild, and sensitivities in captivity many phantasticus breeders will not sell a gecko to someone would has not had experience with other leaf tailed geckos. the uroplatus henkeli is known as one of the best starting leaf tailed gecko to work with due to being much more forgiving of mistakes and changes as well as a much larger temperature gradient .\nthere are currently 10 valid species of uroplatus. within the genus there are 3 sub - categories: the allaudi - group consisting of\nbecause most are no longer exported from madagascar and those that are have smaller quota numbers, uroplatus are increasingly difficult to find for sale. it was once common to see multiple importers offering large numbers of nearly every known (and unknown) species of uroplatus. unfortunately, the chance of survival for most imported animals was ill - fated, which gave uroplatus a reputation for being difficult lizards to keep .\nendemic to madagascar, the genus uroplatus of the family gekkonidae consists of 13 nominal species of leaf - tailed geckos. these forest dwelling lizards are famous for their cryptic and odd appearance. we describe a new species of the uroplatus ebenaui group from the montagne d’ambre massif in northern madagascar. uroplatus finiavana sp. nov. , is morphologically similar to the sympatric u... . [ show full abstract ]\nschönecker, p. 2006. plattschwanzgeckos (uroplatus). natur und tier verlag (münster), 64 pp. - get paper here\nwhile uroplatus still remain rather uncommon in the mainstream reptile trade, they offer huge rewards to keepers diligent enough to keep them properly. it is imperative that more people succeed in the keeping and breeding of uroplatus if these wonderful geckos stand any chance of continuing to thrive in the hobby .\ntime to press on once more with gekkotan lizards, and again with yet more on the remarkable leaf - tailed geckos (uroplatus) of madagascar. so far, we’ve been introduced to these lizards and have also looked at their anatomical pecularities and on a little bit of their history within the herpetological literature [ image below shows u. phantasticus – i think – photographed at mandatia; courtesy of mary blanchard ] .\na systematic review of the genus uroplatus (reptilia: gekkonidae), with comments on its biology. journal of natural history. 1989 169 - 202\nknown to scientists as uroplatus (meaning “flat tail”) phantasticus (meaning “good lord what is this thing and why is it looking at me like that? ”), the satanic leaf - tailed gecko is one of 14 species in its genus, including the mossy leaf - tailed gecko, which long ago renounced satan in favor of mosses. these geckos are found only in madagascar, and emerge only at night to hunt .\nuroplatus phantasticus are one of the geckos that, if you have success keeping it, then ultimately breeding it, you' re really done something special. known as the satanic leaf tail gecko they posses wonderfully spear shaped / leaf shaped tail gecko. their body is a brown - grey - green. one of the smaller uroplatus the satanics can attain a length of 3 to 3. 5 inches inches. this is a nocturnal gecko - active during the night. they are semi - arboreal - spending most of their time on branches but some on the ground in the leaf litter .\ndetermining the sex of adult uroplatus is simple. upon reaching sexual maturity, males of all species have clearly visible hemipenal bulges at the base of their tails .\nthe most commonly available species are u. henkeli, u. sikorae, u. fimbriatus, u. phantasticus, u. lineatus and u. ebenaui, more or less in that order. the other species remain rare in collections, with most animals retained by serious breeders and sold privately .\ncaptive bred phantasticus are fairly hard to come by, but not impossible to find, while wild caught specimens are still imported in fairly large numbers at this point. market price in the united states ranges from $ 350 - 450 each for captive bred geckos, with wild caught being slightly less expensive .\ndaoues, karim and francis girard 2005. note on the leaf - tail geckos of the uroplatus ebenaui - group. gekko 4 (2): 40 - 41\ngehring, p. s. 2013. seelenräuber mit haftlamellen - madagassische plattschwanzgeckos der gattung uroplatus. draco 13 (52): 4 - 17 - get paper here\nthere are few animals in the world that exhibit such incredible camouflage as the group of geckos in the genus uroplatus. this remarkable ability is what lures many people into keeping uroplatus in the first place. endemic to the island nation of madagascar, uroplatus is a diverse group of geckos that includes species ranging in size from a few inches to more than a foot. coveted by reptile keepers for decades, uroplatus remain fairly uncommon in home collections, and while captive breeding efforts have grown, success is usually limited to just a few species. however, for keepers who are willing to devote the work required in keeping these geckos properly, there will be great rewards .\n. they are a wonderful and amazing species of gecko that will bring enjoyment to those who will take the time and dedication to properly care for them. if you have any further questions on u. phantasticus or u. sikorea as well, i will be happy to answer them. you can email me at\nuroplatus ebenaui also caused confusion. when it was being imported, many animals sold as “ebenaui” were in fact an undescribed species (uroplatus aff. ebenaui). the difference between true ebenaui and the undescribed species is most easily distinguished by the throat color. uroplatus aff. ebenaui possess a pink buccal membrane, while u. ebenaui has a black one. the head structure also differs, but unless you have a representative of each species side by side to compare, it can be difficult to distinguish the two .\nsatanic leaf tailed gecko is primarily a nocturnal reptile which belongs to the gekkonidae family. they are endemic to madagascar. in 1888, george albert boulenger referred this species as the smallest of all the uroplatus geckos, though some say uroplatus ebenaui is the smallest in this family. in the wild it often remains unspotted as it almost looks like a dead leaf .\nyou can keep a pair or trio of u. phantasticus in a 10 gal tank. males can be kept together, and fighting occurs only very rarely. a screen top is necessary for proper ventilation and air circulation. i keep a breeding trio in a 20 - gallon high tank. all - glass aquariums or acrylic cages are the best choices. hexagonal tanks can be used, but finding screen tops for these can be difficult to find and expensive. you may have to make your own homemade cage top. reptariums© and screen mesh cages made for chameleons are not a good choice for u. phantasticus because they impair the ability to keep correct ambient humidity levels .\nuroplatus are found in the herpetology and pet trade, but rarely. most are threatened due to deforestation and habitat loss, therefore more are taken out of the wild in areas that are being preped for being cut down. the world wide fund for nature (wwf) lists all the uroplatus species on their\ntop ten most wanted species\nlist of animals threatened by illegal wildlife trade, because of it\nbeing captured and sold at alarming rates for the international pet trade\n. uroplatus spp. are on appendix ii of the cites list .\nwe’ll begin with the affinities of these lizards. as mentioned in the previous gekkotan article, garth underwood * showed that uroplatus should be included among the gekkonines. specifically, underwood (1954) favoured an affinity with the fan - fingered geckos (ptyodactylus) of africa and the middle east. more recently, kluge & nussbaum (1995) found uroplatus to be the sister - taxon of the african urocotyledon species. an affinity with ptyodactylus looks unlikely given that this taxon has been identified as part of a trans - atlantic gekkotan clade (the recently named phyllodactylidae) that almost certainly does not include uroplatus (gamble et al. 2008). matoatoa from madagascar and afrogecko from, err, africa have more recently been suggested to be the closest relatives of uroplatus (greenbaum et al. 2007) [ adjacent image: how good is camouflage in uroplatus? here’s an animal in the wild, photo by mary blanchard ] .\nthe generic name, uroplatus, is a latinization of two greek words :\nourá\n( οὐρά) meaning\ntail\nand\nplatys\n( πλατύς) meaning\nflat\n.\nthe uroplatus are nocturnal and arboreal. they range in size from about 12 inches (u. giganteus) to 4 inches (u. ebenaui). the larger leaf - tailed geckos spend most of the daylight hours hanging vertically on tree trunks, head down, resting, while the smaller leaf tailed geckos (u. phantasticus and u. ebenaui) spend more time in ficus bushes imitating twigs and leaves. during the night, they will venture from their daylight resting spots, and go off in search of prey. they are all insectivores .\ncare for juveniles is the same as that of the adults, but one of the most vulnerable times in a uroplatus gecko’s life is right after it emerges from the egg. if conditions are not ideal, especially humidity, hatchling uroplatus frequently have problems shedding their first shed and they can quickly die if not assisted. if conditions are right, they may shed without you even noticing .\nit’s thought that they’re after mostly insects, yet little is known about their diet in the wild. in captivity, though, “satanic leaf - tailed geckos feed on almost everything they can overwhelm, including crickets, flies, spiders, cockroaches, and snails, ” said herpetologist frank glaw of the bavarian state collection of zoology. “large species like uroplatus fimbriatus and uroplatus giganteus even accept young mice. ”\nnussbaum, r. a. & raxworthy, c. j. 1994. a new species of uroplatus duméril (reptilia: squamata: gekkonidae) from southern madagascar. herpetologica 50, 319 - 325 .\nbauer, a. m. and a. p. russell 1989. a systematic review of the genus uroplatus (reptilia: gekkonidae) with notes on its biology. journal of natural history 23: 169 - 203\nthe tsaratanana massif is the highest mountain massif of madagascar and is characterized by a high species - level endemism of its biota. here we describe two new small - sized species of leaf - tailed geckos of the uroplatus ebenaui group from this region. named in a preliminary way as confirmed candidate species uroplatus ebenaui [ ca1 ] and [ ca2 ] in previous studies, we here provide detailed data... [ show full abstract ]\ni must stress that hot spots must be localized. you don’t want their heat spreading through the terrarium, as uroplatus will stress and die if they cannot retreat to areas that are maintained at the previously mentioned cooler temperatures .\nhabitat destruction and deforestation in madagascar is the primary threat to the future of uroplatus geckos as well as collection for the pet trade. the world wide fund for nature (wwf) lists all of the uroplatus species on their\ntop ten most wanted species list\nof animals threatened by illegal wildlife trade, because of it\nbeing captured and sold at alarming rates for the international pet trade\n. it is a cites appendix 2 protected animal .\nthat' s extremely cool. when i was 12 i had 1. 1 uroplatus ebenaui among many other reptiles, at that age i thought that i would just by them put them in the same take and eventually babies would be running around, obviously it didn' t happen. my parents got rid of my remaining reptiles when i went to college but now at 25 i' m getting back into it. ive had a few really cool turtles for about a year now and yesterday i picked up a pair of phantasticus at the hamburg pa show. i can' t wait too see my new little lady shake her tail feather .\nthe geckos that make up the genus uroplatus are certainly some of the most fascinating and cryptic animals in the world. despite a rather rocky introduction into herpetoculture, there has been a great deal learned about keeping these geckos in captivity in recent years, and with proper husbandry all uroplatus are capable of living up to 10 years in captivity. but there still remains a great deal to be learned about them, and many species are still only rarely bred .\nleaf - tailed or uroplatus geckos are one of madagascar' s most unique species. these moderate - to large - sized geckos rely on cryptic coloration as they sleep with their heads downward, flattened against tree trunks and adjusting their body coloration to their surroundings. inactive during the day, uroplatus geckos move only when disturbed. they respond to prodding with an impressive display of a brightly colored gaping mouth and an erect tail. at night they hunt insects .\nderek dunlop has bred more than 100 reptile species and maintained a large collection of uroplatus species. with a bachelor’s degree in ecology / evolutionary biology, he travels the world assisting in fieldwork and photographing reptiles and amphibians in the wild .\nthey also do a tail wave when they wave their entire tail all around, but i haven' t caught that on video. they do that serpentine tail movement usually when they see prety. they also do the tip vibration too. each of my phantasticus have different reactions to prey. some will do a vertical wave motion down the tail. some sway side to side. pretty neat on how they kind of have unique characteristics .\nrussell, a. p. & bauer, a. m. 1987. rediscovery of uroplatus guentheri (reptilia: gekkonidae). bulletin du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 4c serie 9 sect. a. no 4, 961 - 966 .\ngreenbaum, eli; aaron m. bauer, todd r. jackman, miguel vences & frank glaw 2007. a phylogeny of the enigmatic madagascan geckos of the genus uroplatus (squamata: gekkonidae). zootaxa 1493: 41 - 51 - get paper here\nratsoavina, fanomezana mihaja; miguel vences & edward e. louis jr. 2012. phylogeny and phylogeography of the malagasy leaf - tailed geckos in the uroplatus ebenaui group. african journal of herpetology 61 (2): 143 - 158 - get paper here\nlarger species of uroplatus are distinguished among geckos in having the largest number of marginal teeth and the highest among all living amniotes. other rare apomorphic character states include multiple inscriptional ribs, restriction of autotomy planes, and finger - like diverticula of the lungs .\nuroplatus guentheri i’ve kept seemed to enjoy resting inside bamboo tubes during the daytime. to allow this, simply drill a small entry hole that is just large enough for the gecko to fit through into the side of a bamboo tube. i noticed animals utilizing these retreats frequently, often with gravid females depositing eggs inside the bamboo tubes. cork bark can also be used with all uroplatus species. none will make use of it more than u. pietschamanni, which will mimic the bark impeccably while resting on it frequently during the day .\ntaking care of the babies is the most difficult part in captive breeding u. phantasticus. babies should be kept with temperatures and humidity identical to that of the adults. a small cage like a kritter keeper is best to house each individual. as a substrate i prefer moistened orchid moss or paper towels. small, sterilized sticks, bio - vine and small golden pothos plants are appropriate choices for cage furniture. offer crickets about 1 / 8” (1 - 2 weeks old). small terrestrial snails may be offered. alternate the use of herptivite© and rep - cal© at every feeding for the first month. i believe a good amount of calcium is extremely beneficial for hatchling uroplatus. the first 3 months is crucial to their survival into adulthood. after this point you are out of the ‘danger zone’ .\ngreenbaum, e. , bauer, a. m. , jackman, t. r. , vences, m. & glaw, f. 2007. a phylogeny of the enigmatic madagascan geckos of the genus uroplatus (squamata: gekkonidae). zootaxa 1493, 41 - 51 .\nglaw, f. , kosuch, j. , henkel, f. - w. , sound, p. , & böhme, w. (2006). genetic and morphological variation of the leaf - tailed gecko uroplatus fimbriatus from madagascar, with description of a new giant species .\ni also use a lot of freshly cut oak and maple tree branches, situated vertically throughout the enclosure. for u. phantasticus and u. ebenaui, i provide branches about the diameter of a pencil; medium - sized species get branches about 1 to 2 inches in diameter, and larger species are given branches with a diameter of 2 to 5 inches. the goal is to provide branches upon which a gecko can comfortably and easily rest upon during the day. i have also found bamboo to be useful. uroplatus lineatus, especially, should have bamboo incorporated into its terrarium, as i have noticed this species seems to prefer resting on bamboo over oak or maple branches. more moss - cryptic species such as u. henkeli and u. fimbriatus, on the other hand, prefer to rest on the oak and maple branches .\nwild - caught uroplatus are still offered in small numbers, though captive - bred specimens are usually more frequently seen today. the best way to acquire one would be to purchase directly from a breeder. wild - caught animals are usually best reserved for experienced keepers looking to diversify their current bloodlines .\nuroplatus grow quite quickly under ideal conditions, and you should increase the size of a juvenile’s terrarium as it grows. once the gecko is feeding well on its own and has reached at least half the size of an adult animal, then you can move it into a more elaborate, naturalistic enclosure .\nthe décor of a uroplatus terrarium also varies with species; however, regardless of species, it’s important to utilize as much vertical space as possible. don’t buy a tall enclosure and leave the top half or third dead space—that defeats the purpose of a tall enclosure. uroplatus do best in naturalistic style enclosures, and i always incorporate live plants and branches into their terrariums. plants i typically use include ficus, pothos and dracaena fragrans, as these are hardy, grow quickly and are available nearly anywhere that sells tropical plants. once grown into the enclosure they will provide numerous climbing and hiding places for animals .\nuroplatus are largely endemic to the rain forests of eastern madagascar, and many species can be kept and bred under similar conditions (the exception being u. guentheri, which inhabits drier deciduous forests in western madagascar). the main differences in specific care mainly relate to the size and décor of the terrarium .\nother keepers have offered a dish of shredded cuttlebone to uroplatus and witnessed females eating it directly. i tried this, but never saw my animals eat it, and the cuttlebone usually got wet quickly due to the high humidity inside the enclosures. so i didn’t offer cuttlebone as often as i did snails .\nraxworthy et al. (2008) found paroedura to be the sister - taxon to uroplatus, with ebenavia and a matoatoa + blaesodactylus clade being successively more distant. these geckos are all animals of the western indian ocean and it seems that they represent a regional radiation; however, other madagascan geckos (like the phelsuma day geckos) don’t seem to be part of this clade, so it still seems that the island’s several gecko lineages colonised the region independently. estimated divergence dates suggest the origin of uroplatus in the early oligocene (raxworthy et al. 2008), long after madagascar had become isolated during the cretaceous .\nratsoavina, fanomezana mihaja; edward e. louis jr. , angelica crottini, roger - daniel randrianiaina, frank glaw & miguel vences 2011. a new leaf tailed gecko species from northern madagascar with a preliminary assessment of molecular and morphological variability in the uroplatus ebenaui group. zootaxa 3022: 39–57 - get paper here\nuroplatus finiavana is morphologically similar to the sympatric u. ebenaui but differs in multiple character state expressions, among which are a longer tail and an unpigmentated oral mucosa. it also can be differentiated from u. ebenaui and all other uroplatus spe - cies based on a high level of divergence in the mitochondrial nd4 gene and the nuclear c - mos gene, and no instances of haplotype sharing exist in these genes among the analysed species. the new species is relatively abundant at montagne d' ambre national park where at lower elevations (ca. 700 m) it occurs together with u. ebenaui, without any signal of genetic admixture .\nuroplatus is a genus of geckos commonly referred to as flat or leaf - tailed geckos. all of the species of this genus are found in primary and secondary forests on the island of madagascar, and some on islands off madagascar, such as nosy be. they are endemic to madagascar, and found nowhere else on earth .\nif proper humidity levels are not maintained, uroplatus can die very quickly. the humidity inside their cages should be between 60 and 100 percent. (some species, such as u. guentheri and u. pietschmanni, seem able to tolerate short, slightly drier periods .) how frequently you mist the cage will depend on where you live and conditions in the room where you are keeping the geckos. i live in the southeastern u. s. , and my uroplatus room’s humidity was always around 55 percent. if you live in a drier area, investing in a misting system can be very helpful, as you can set the time when you want the cage to be misted, and for how long. there are also gauges available that will automatically turn on the misting system when the humidity drops below a pre - set level. while this equipment may be expensive initially, it can be a lifesaver when dealing with uroplatus, as these geckos can dehydrate and die very quickly if not properly hydrated .\nmany uroplatus that were imported as one species were actually representatives of yet undescribed species, and they have since been reclassified. this may be one reason why earlier breeding attempts were uncommon, as people may have been trying to breed what they thought were two lizards of the same species, when in fact the animals were separate species altogether .\nupdate: for more on new / yet - to - be - named uroplatus species, check out the discussion thread here at geckos unlimited. the photo below was shared there: the animal resembles u. sikorae somewhat but differs in some respects (it doesn’t seem to have fringes on its limbs, for example) and might be new .\ngenerally, uroplatus do better when kept at cooler temperatures than other reptile species, and ambient daytime temperatures between 72 and 78 degrees fahrenheit, with nighttime temps between 60 and 65 degrees, are ideal for them. during the winter, from november through february, i reduce slightly to 68 to 74 degrees during the day and 56 to 64 at night .\nindividuals of all species, especially breeding females, will utilize a localized hot spot with temperatures ranging from 90 to 100 degrees, particularly in the morning after the lights have been turned on. uroplatus guentheri, in particular, seems to relish a hot spot; i observed breeding females concealed in bamboo tubes directly under a hot spot with a temperature of 105 degrees .\nthey all have coloration developed as camouflage, most being grayish brown to black or greenish brown with various markings meant to resemble tree bark. there are two variations of this camouflage: leaf form, and bark form. the leaf form is present on only two species, u. phantasticus and u. ebenaui, which are also the two smallest species. all other forms blend in well with tree bark upon which they rest during the day. some of these treebark forms have developed a flap of skin, running the length of their bodies, known as a dermal flap, which they lay against the tree during the day, scattering shadows, and making their outline practically invisible .\ni have housed uroplatus in screen cages, partially screened cages, glass and customized sterilite plastic container bins. where you live and the conditions inside the room housing the gecko enclosure (s) will determine the best enclosure options for you. i had a room dedicated to uroplatus that i more or less treated as a large enclosure by maintaining ambient room conditions that were ideal for the geckos. if room conditions are ideal (e. g. , high humidity and appropriate temperature), then screen enclosures are a great housing option because they allow maximum airflow, which is important in reducing stagnant air that can occur in solid - glass enclosures. they also tend to be lighter and less expensive than other caging options of comparable size .\nthe spectacular appearance of malagasy leaf - tailed geckos (genus uroplatus) makes them one of the most fascinating reptile groups of madagascar. however, species delimitation in these nocturnal geckos is notoriously difficult due to a high intraspecific genetic variability and an insufficient knowledge of the distribution and taxonomy of the 14 recognized species. numerous surveys with new... [ show full abstract ]\nratsoavina, f. m. , n. r. raminosoa, e. e. louis jr. , a. p. raselimanana, f. glaw & m. vences 2013. an overview of madagascar’s leaf tailed geckos (genus uroplatus): species boundaries, candidate species and review of geographical distribution based on molecular data. salamandra 49 (3): 115 - 148 - get paper here\nthis is my female uroplatus sikorae sikorae, (mossy leaftail gecko )\nsuccubus\n. she is a wild caught gecko from madagascar. she has been in captivity for approximately 8 months, 5 of those months being with me. for information on captive care of this species, please email me if you have genuine interest in keeping them. i highly reccommend doing thorough research before considering a pair .\n“both strategies, to mimic dead leaves or tree bark, are obviously very successful to bluff diurnal predators that rely on their vision, especially birds, ” said graw. “a similar strategy has evolved in the australian leaf - tailed geckos that resemble uroplatus, although they are not closely related. however, it remains remarkable that these strategies have not evolved more often among geckos from other parts of the world. ”\n... the leaf - tailed geckos of the genus uroplatus are one such clade; their relationships and taxonomy have been assessed in various recent studies (glaw et al. 2006; greenbaum et al. 2007; raxworthy et al. 2008b; ratsoavina et al. 2012ratsoavina et al. , 2013), and several candidate species await taxonomic revision and formal description. a subclade of small - bodied species, the uroplatus ebenaui group, has the highest species diversity in the genus, with numerous new candidate species in northern madagascar (ratsoavina et al. 2011ratsoavina et al. , 2012ratsoavina et al. , 2013 ratsoavina et al. , 2015). species in the u. ebenaui group are characterized by the absence of dermal fringes, a triangular head and dermal spines on the head and especially the eyebrow... .\nraxworthy, c. j. , pearson, r. g. , zimkus, b. m. , reddy, s. , deo, a. j. , nussbaum, r. a. & ingram, c. m. 2008. continental speciation in the tropics: contrasting biogeographic patterns of divergence in the uroplatus leaf - tailed gecko radiation of madagascar. journal of zoology 275, 423 - 440 .\nsatanic leaf geckos are members of the genus uroplatus, which contains 14 species of leaf - tailed geckos. satanic leaf geckos certainly have the best name of the bunch, though. all leaf - tailed geckos are found in madagascar and surrounding islands, and the satanic gecko is limited to the northern and central forests of the island. they spend most of their time in trees, for reasons that will soon become very clear .\nfor larger species, such as u. fimbriatus, u. henkeli, u. lineatus and u. sikorae, i recommend a 6 - inch - diameter water bowl containing 2 to 3 inches of fresh water. i frequently observed animals soaking their cloaca in the water bowls, and they often defecated in them, as well. i am uncertain if these animals are capable of absorbing water via their cloacas, but their frequent use of the water bowls makes me believe providing the bowls is beneficial. all water bowls should be cleaned daily or as needed. smaller species, such as u. phantasticus and u. ebenaui, do not need water bowls and will drink droplets of water inside the cage after a misting. if you notice any geckos with sunken eyes or a folded tail, this could be a clue that they are becoming dehydrated .\nsome keepers have noted that various species will eat fruit or pre - made gecko diets, but insects still comprise the bulk of uroplatus’s diet. offer appropriately sized crickets and roaches (blatta lateralis, blaptica dubia, gromphadorhina portentosa). hornworms can be offered once or twice monthly and should be relished by most species. dust all crickets and roaches every feeding with a 50 / 50 mix of calcium with d3 and a multivitamin. adults of the larger uroplatus should be offered larger prey items. i often talk to keepers who are feeding crickets to adult u. fimbriatus or u. henkeli and wondering why the animals are thin or not breeding. offering appropriately sized prey items is better than offering dozens of relatively small prey items. for the gecko, it takes the same amount of energy to stalk and catch a three - quarter - inch cricket as it does a 3 - inch cockroach, and i believe it is better for the gecko to stalk a larger prey item that offers a greater return on its energy investment .\na few other uroplatus species have only been described quite recently: witness u. henkeli böhme & ibisch, 1990, u. malahelo nussbaum & raxworthy, 1994, u. malama nussbaum & raxworthy, 1994 and u. pietschmanni böhle & schönecker, 2003. u. guentheri mcquard, 1908 has been said to be the rarest of leaf - tailed geckos and was known from just a single specimen (of unknown provenance) until a second one – collected in 1970 – was described in 1987 (russell & bauer 1987) .\nu. phantasticus is one of the smallest species in its genus with a total length of 5 - 6 inches (12. 5 - 15cm). it has several common names that imply their physical features including satanic, eyelash, and fantastic leaf tail geckos over either eye there is a backward facing spine, resembling an eyelash. their tails are shaped exactly like a dead leaf. males especially will have small gaps in the sides of the tails to mimic as if eaten by insects. this is not a 100% form of identifying males and females. more times than not though, males will have the gaps in the tail, but are usually absent in females. males will have hemipenal bulges at the base of the tail; this structure is absent in females. the ground color ranges from tans, creams and browns, to brick color and purple. patterns can vary never - ending possibilities. blotches, bands, pin stripes, leaf veins and lichen spots are among the most common .\n... this group is currently composed of five nominal species of which u. ebenaui occurs in low - elevation forests of northern madagascar, u. finiavana is restricted to mid - elevation rainforest of the montagne d' ambre massif in the north, u. fiera occurs in the northern central east, u. malama is restricted to the southeast, and u. phantasticus is widespread in the northern central east and southern central east (ratsoavina et al. 2011). ratsoavina et al. (2013) identified five confirmed candidate species (ca1, ca2, ca3, ca4 and ca7), as well as five unconfirmed candidate species (jx205421, eu596671, ca6, ca8 and ca10) within the u. ebenaui group, and only one of these lineages (ca7) has since been revised, and validated as new species u. fiera (ratsoavina et al. 2015). almost all candidate species enumerated in the u. ebenaui group show morphological affinities to the nominal taxon u. ebenaui, and most of them are restricted to the northern region of madagascar... .\n... as a result, even many comparatively species - rich groups are now well studied in terms of their taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography. this is especially true for many gecko genera such as phelsuma (rocha et al. 2007rocha et al. , 2009), uroplatus (greenbaum et al. 2007; raxworthy et al. 2008; ratsoavina et al. 2012 ratsoavina et al. , 2015), and paroedura (jackman et al. 2008 ;). in contrast, the genus geckolepis, despite its apparent low diversity, is widely considered a taxonomically difficult group... .\nsingle adults of medium - sized species such as u. guentheri, u. sikorae, u. sameiti and u. pietschmanni can be housed in enclosures measuring 18 by 18 by 24 inches, with 24 - by 18 - by 30 - inch enclosures for pairs or trios. larger species such as u. henkeli, u. lineatus and u. fimbriatus will require more spacious enclosures. single adults should have enclosures no smaller than 24 by 18 by 30 inches. i housed my larger uroplatus in screen enclosures measuring 2 by 2 by 4 feet, which was large enough to comfortably house up to four individuals .\nsexing younger animals can be trickier, but with some experience you can usually sex young or newborn animals rather easily based on patterning. for instance, males of the u. fimbriatus group sometimes exhibit dorsal striping, while females don’t. uroplatus lineatus males typically display more splotchy color patterns; females exhibit distinct stripes devoid of any splotches. lastly, the tails of males in the u. ebenaui group typically resemble a leaf that has been eaten by insects, while females’ tails look like a fresh leaf. males may also exhibit what looks like a white teardrop below their eyes. keep in mind that the sexual characteristics described here are all generalities, and there are always exceptions .\n... almost all candidate species enumerated in the u. ebenaui group show morphological affinities to the nominal taxon u. ebenaui, and most of them are restricted to the northern region of madagascar. in this study we focus on revising two confirmed candidate species from the tsaratanana massif previously named as uroplatus ebenaui [ ca1 ] and [ ca2 ] (e. g. , ratsoavina et al. 2012ratsoavina et al. , 2013 ratsoavina et al. , 2015). we complement the sampling of these lineages with newly collected material, provide expanded evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes as well as morphology for their status as independent evolutionary lineages, and provide their formal description as new species... .\nthe one prey item i believe is crucial for long - term breeding of all uroplatus is snails. my gravid females often exhibited a very strong feeding response whenever i offered snails, but males accepted them only occasionally. even if animals were fed crickets and roaches that were heavily dusted every feeding, i would eventually run into calcium issues with females, sometime after just two or three clutches. then i began offering snails and had much better breeding success. i often used locally sourced snails as well as helix aspersa. if land snails are not available, aquatic snails can be used. offer them just after your gecko’s lights are turned off, in a very shallow dish with just enough water to keep the snails alive and moving around .\nif ambient room conditions are not gecko friendly, then glass or other solid - sided enclosures will allow you to control humidity and temperature levels inside the enclosures themselves. when selecting a glass enclosure it is important to select one that will maintain the conditions the geckos require, and being all uroplatus are arboreal, cages should be vertically oriented. regular glass aquariums with large, top - opening screen lids often dry out quickly between mistings (more on them later) and can be difficult to clean without disturbing the animals. i prefer commercially made reptile terrariums over standard fish tanks, as these offer front - opening doors that allow you to clean the terrarium without disturbing the inhabitants. they also often allow for cross ventilation inside the enclosure, which can help reduce stagnant air .\nwhether or not uroplatus need uv is largely debated because of the geckos’ nocturnal lifestyle. personally, i see no downside in providing it, other than the initial cost of the bulb. however, other breeders have been successful while not providing any uv, so the choice is yours. if you do decide to use it, i recommend a bulb with a 5. 0 or 2. 0 output. for ambient light, i use uv and full - spectrum lighting on all my enclosures. lights should be on 14 hours during march through october, then reduced to 12 hours on from november through february. when the lights are turned off, the room should be completely dark with no other light interference. if any work needs to be done in the room where the enclosures are located after the lights are off, it should be done using a dim flashlight or infrared to reduce the stress on the animals .\neveryone has their own opinions on uv rays concerning nocturnal geckos, uroplatus especially. some say uvb is good for them and helps w / fertile egg production, and others say too much light will stress them. i have always used uvb lights on my animals. i believe that since they hide in exposed, uncovered spots, that they would naturally be exposed to uv rays. if not for the animals, they are beneficial for the plant - life. a full - spectrum bulb should be used in conjunction with a uvb bulb if you have live plants. i have used uvb for other gecko species and i do notice that it enhances their color. you can acquire hoods at wal - mart for $ 8 for fluorescent tubes. i believe the best uvb lights are the repti - sun 2. 0 fluorescent tubes. i also use a generic full spectrum bulb for plants called sunshine from home depot. places such as home depot, wal - mart, etc have fluorescent tubes for indoor plants. they are cheaper than the commercial reptile full spectrum bulbs .\nhere' s the new guy. born on new year' s day, the gecko is the first animal to arrive in 2011 at the san diego zoo .\nhere' s the new guy. born on new year' s day, the gecko is the first animal to arrive in 2011 at the san diego zoo. (/ ken bohn, san diego zoo )\nhappy belated new year to the newest member of the san diego zoo: a satanic leaf - tailed gecko. it' s the first animal to be welcomed at the zoo this year. so pop the bubbly and call in a priest. no, no, no, it' s not the devil in disguise .\naccording to the zoo, which posted the news on its facebook page, this gecko\ngets its name from the horns above its eyes and a tail that looks like a dead leaf .\nthe zoo notes that it is one of only seven in the nation with this particular gecko. it' s one of two zoos breeding them .\nit' s not exactly a hefty fellow. it weighs less than a gram and is smaller than a dime, according to the zoo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern on the basis that it has an extent of occurrence of 41, 507 km², and although the eastern humid forest is declining rapidly, it still occurs in several large protected areas and exhibits a limited ability to tolerate forest degradation. more research is needed into this species' population status and levels of commercial exploitation to establish whether it is declining sufficiently rapidly to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. if pending changes to this species' taxonomy indicate that the extent of occurrence is considerably less, it will need to be immediately reassessed .\nthis leaf - tailed gecko is endemic to madagascar, where it has been recorded from many localities in the central - east of the island (glaw and vences 2007). confirmed localities include the angavo - anjozorobe corridor (raselimanana and andriamampionona 2007), iofa, didy and andriantantely (rabibisoa\n. 2007). it occurs from 400 m asl. , reaching as high as 1, 300 m in andringitra, and has an estimated extent of occurrence of 41, 507 km² .\nthis species is locally abundant, although as a forest - dependent species it is likely that the population is declining .\nthis is a nocturnal lizard that lives in relatively intact humid forest. it can tolerate only very light levels of disturbance, and is unlikely to persist in forests subject to heavy logging. it has been observed at heights of between 0. 5 and 2 m above ground. it lays two spherical eggs .\n. there is currently no legal export in this species, and illegal exploitation is likely to be low. captive breeding occurs only in low numbers .\nthis species is threatened by the loss and degradation of humid forest due to logging, agriculture and cattle grazing. more information is needed on the impact of collection for the pet trade, as it may be exploited locally at levels high enough to represent a threat .\nthis species occurs in a few protected areas in eastern madagascar. it is included in cites appendix ii. more research is needed into its taxonomy, the limits of its distribution, its population status, and harvest levels .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nangel, f. 1942. les lézards de madagascar. mem. acad. malagache, tananarive xxxvi: 193 pp .\nboulenger, g. a. 1888. descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from madagascar. ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 1: 101 - 107. - get paper here\ndoughty, paul; luke kealley, and stephen c. donnellan 2011. revision of the pygmy spiny - tailed skinks (egernia depressa species - group) from western australia, with descriptions of three new species. rec. west. austr. mus. 26: 115–137 - get paper here" ]

{ "text": [ "uroplatus phantasticus , the baweng satanic leaf gecko , is a species of gecko indigenous to the island of madagascar .", "first described in 1888 by george albert boulenger , u. phantasticus is the smallest in body of the uroplatus geckos , though there is an ongoing debate as to whether one of its cousins , u. ebenaui , is smaller because of its shorter tail .", "it may also be known as the eyelash leaf tailed gecko or the fantastic leaf tailed gecko . " ], "topic": [ 27, 23, 27 ] }

[ "uroplatus phantasticus, the baweng satanic leaf gecko, is a species of gecko indigenous to the island of madagascar. first described in 1888 by george albert boulenger, u. phantasticus is the smallest in body of the uroplatus geckos, though there is an ongoing debate as to whether one of its cousins, u. ebenaui, is smaller because of its shorter tail. it may also be known as the eyelash leaf tailed gecko or the fantastic leaf tailed gecko." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for longuemare' s sunangel (heliangelus clarisse) yet .\nthe longuemare' s sunangels (heliangelus [ amethysticollis ] clarisse) - are south american hummingbirds .\nlonguemare' s sunangels have been reported in breeding condition from may to august. one case of hybridization has been recorded between a longuemar' s and a violet - fronted brilliant hummingbird (heliodoxa leadbeateri) .\nlonguemare' s sunangels occur naturally in colombia and venezuela at elevations from 5, 900 to about 10170 feet (1, 800 - 3, 100 meters) .\nthis bird was dedicated by lesson to mr. goüye de longuemare, naturalist, to whom we owe the description of several new species of hummingbirds. mr. de longuemare was born in 1790; he died in 1866 ,\nit´s been suggested that we´re talking about the fairly unknown french (amateur ?) ornithologist (m. =\n( longuemare, 1841) – e andes of colombia (norte de santander to cundinamarca) and adjacent w venezuela .\nheynen, i. , boesman, p. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). longuemare' s sunangel (heliangelus clarisse). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nand here´s the type description of phaethornis longuemareus lesson 1832... (attached) link to full volume (here )\nsunday, june 12 – david’s brother picked us up at the hotel and made sure we got on our flights home .\ne de longuemare (1823–1890), as he was only 9 in 1832, and 15 in 1938. could it be his father ?\ncoastal se alaska s through sw canada (british columbia, w alberta) to nw usa (washington, n idaho and extreme w montana to n california). winters in s california, throughout mexico (except nc) and along gulf coast of usa .\nthey produce short, low - pitched, cricketlike trills that are very similar to the calls of the orange - throated sunangel; as well as\na single, upward - inflected tsit\nthat is repeated about every half - second .\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nobviously this longuemare was still a friend of lesson in 1835... ps. also see bulletin des lois de la république française, volym 28 .\nthe name is misspelled (\ngorge de longuemares\n), but it' s hard to believe that it could not be the same .\nmigrant hummingbird’s accommodation into tropical communities. pp. 395–409 in: keast, a. & morton, e. s. eds. (1980). migrant birds in the neotropics: ecology, behavior, distribution, and conservation. smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c .\nif you have videos, photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection. it' s free and easy to do .\nyou are currently reading a free species account of the hbw alive. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\n, was discovered at santa - fé de bogota. here are its main characters, that we extract from the note that mr. de longuemare handed us for the magazine .\nlonguemare' s sunangels measure about 3. 7 inches (9. 4 cm) in length - from top of the head to the tip of the tail; and they average a weight of about 1. 9 oz (5. 3 grams). the bill is relatively short - measuring about 0. 7 inches or 1. 8 cm .\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ncet oiseau a été dédié par lesson à m. goüye de longuemare, naturaliste, à qui l' on doit la description de plusieurs espèces nouvelles d' oiseaux - mouches. m. de longuemare était né en 1790; il est mort en 1866, chevalier de la légion d' honneur, et sous - chef de bureau en retraite, du ministère de la marine .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n] 4 jan 1823 in paris, from agathe - françois gouÿe de longuemare, and françoise victoire rosalie joséphine marsy (? not too sure of the spelling) .\nfanny\nis a diminutive of françoise .\nfjeldså, j. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). bogota sunangel (heliangelus zusii). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\ncette jolie espèce, destinée à figurer dans une des prochaines livrasion du magasin de zoologie, a été découverte à santa - fé de bogota. voici ses caractères essentiels, que nous extrayons de la notice que m. de longuemare nous a remise pour le magasin .\ncette jolie espèce, destinée à figurer dans une des prochaines livraison du magasin de zoologie, a été découverte à santa - fé de bogota. voici ses caractères essentiels, que nous extrayons de la notice que m. de longuemare nous a remise pour le magasin .\nthe year after he wrote a longer account for the same species: gouye de longuemare. 1842 .\no. clarisse\n: revue et magasin de zoologie dʼanatomie comparée …. (livrasion 3) 18: 1 - 2, plate 26. (attached) link to full volume (here )\nit inhabits the surroundings of cayenne, whence two individuals were sent, in all respects similar to those of mr. de longuemare, who procured us a host of species that can be found in his curious collection of hummingbirds, remarkable by the freshness and the nice preparation of the individuals .\nbirdforum is the net' s largest birding community, dedicated to wild birds and birding, and is absolutely free! you are most welcome to register for an account, which allows you to take part in lively discussions in the forum, post your pictures in the gallery and more .\nelle habite les environs de cayenne, d' où on en envoya deux individus en tout semblables à ceux de m. de longuemare, qui nous a procuré une foule d' espèces qu' on peut retrouver dans sa curieuse collection d' oiseaux - mouches, remarquable par la fraîcheur et la belle préparation des individus .\nchinese: ?? ?? ?... czech: kolib? ík clarissin... danish: rosastrubet solalf... french: héliange clarisse, héliange de clarisse... german: longuemare - sonnennymphe... norwegian: santandersolengel... polish: lordzik kolumbijski... slovak: nymfárik ružovohrdlý... spanish: colibrí de clarissa... swedish: rosastrupig solängel\nsaturday, may 28 – travel day to caracas. we arrived mid - afternoon and were met at the airport by david’s younger brother. the transfer to our hotel, which is only 10 minutes away from the airport, was smooth and we encountered no problems. the hotel was a best western hotel named puerto viejo and it was nice and clean with a good restaurant and internet availability .\nclearly still the same person. (versailles is in the department of yvelines .) (\ngouÿe de longuemare\n, wherever you place the umlaut, and whether you use one or two' r', is certainly not a frequent name ;\nagathe - françois\nis a first - name combination that i have never seen anywhere else - -\nagathe\nis usually female ,\nfrançois\nis male. )\nour trip was oriented around trying to find as many endemics as we could, but not necessarily as many species as we could. this worked out fine for us and in the end i saw 413 species and heard another 36. this included 20 endemics. clements’ list says there are 45 endemics in venezuela, so this adds up to about 44% of venezuela’s endemics. adding in what others saw and heard but i didn’t, we finished up with nearly 500 species anyway. pretty awesome for just 2 weeks !\nthursday, june 9 – after breakfast, we drove to cerro chichiriviche, which is in morrocoy nat. park. our main target was black - backed antshrike. david heard one and soon we were watching it in a vine tangle. other species we found in the area included reddish egret (some white forms as well), a very brief look at a pale - bellied hermit, russet - throated puffbird, red - billed scythebill, white - bellied antbird, pale - tipped tyrannulet, glaucous tanager, lesson’s seedeater, and a great look at a king vulture .\nroufous - and - white wren, southern nightingale wren, 15 species of tanagers, and orange - crowned oriole. some of these birds were found right around the station, as we went back there to have lunch. after lunch and another hike along some of the station’s trails, we left and started going back down the road to maracay. along the road we added red - billed parrot and small - billed elaenia. we finished up at the rancho grande museum near the bottom of the hill, but we only added bare - eyed thrush. night in maracay .\nhummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding; and the male' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female. they neither live nor migrate in flocks; and there is no pair bond for this species. males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them. he will separate from the female immediately after copulation. one male may mate with several females. in all likelihood, the female will also mate with several males. the males do not participate in choosing the nest location, building the nest or raising the chicks .\n... you´re just as\nnever happy\nas i think everyone should be! better to point at any weak parts than leaving the field open for all sorts of possible misconceptions. i actually saw this one coming... i had exactly the same problem, understanding but not knowing how to phrase it in english. that´s why i added that lame\nin paris, france, ...\nbut i got the drift of it; he wasn´t stationed in any colony, he was simply a\ncommon bureaucrat\nor\ndesk - jockey / clerc\n, administrator of some colonial / / marine matters, from his desk in paris... and i will make this chrystal clear in swedish. just hope everybody else reading this will understand it as well, formulating it (not citing me) in a proper way. cheers !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nheliangelus amethysticollis, h. clarisse and h. spencei (del hoyo and collar 2014) were previously lumped as h. amethysticollis following sacc (2005), and prior to that were split as h. amethysticollis and h. spencei (including clarisse) following sibley and monroe (1990, 1993) .\njustification: although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe species occurs in the andes of venezuela, colombia, ecuador, peru and bolivia .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' fairly common' (stotz et al. 1996) and' generally common' (del hoyo et al. 1999). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nthe species is found predominantly in wet and humid montane forests (cloud forest and elfin forest), and to a lesser extent in forest - edge, bushy second growth, open bushy terrain along streams and humid grassy slopes, from 1, 800 - 3, 200 m (schuchman 1999). it forages in the low and middle strata, feeding on nectar and insects .\nconservation actions underway the species is protected within reserves in many areas throughout its extensive range, for instance in cordillera azul, apurímac (peru), and beni (bolivia) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nvariously treated as conspecific with h. spencei and / or h. amethysticollis, but differs from latter in its much smaller green frons set in blackish vs moss - green crown and head sides (3); much narrower but much whiter breastband (2); much more iridescent green lower breastband (2); more uniformly green central belly with little, if any, buff mottling (ns [ 2 ]). one case of hybridization between present species and heliodoxa leadbeateri recorded. proposed taxon dubius, known only from two trade skins, may be a melanistic form of present species. three subspecies recognized .\nphelps, sr & phelps, jr, 1953 – sierra de perijá, along colombia–venezuela border .\nphelps, sr & phelps, jr, 1955 – tamá region of e colombia and w venezuela .\n9–10 cm; 5·0–6·0 g. bill blackish and straight. male shining dark bronzy - green above with dusky crown and a narrow glittering blue - green frontlet; ...\n) a repeated dry, upward - inflected “tsik” or “tsit”, at rate of c. 1 ...\nmainly inhabits borders of humid cloudforest and dwarf forest, but can occasionally be found in ...\nterritorial. usually forages at flowers at low to medium height, generally between 0·6 m and 6 m above ground, often along streams, ...\nbirds in breeding condition may–aug in sierra de perija and ne colombia. the nest consists of moss and fine plant material and is ...\nnot globally threatened. cites ii. generally common or fairly common; no potential threats identified to date. considered abundant, at least seasonally, in upper quinimar ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nrecent molecular analysis found that most genera in the following linear sequence, from heliangelus to metallura, are members of a monophyletic group # r; authors of that study also proposed that polyonymus, sappho and taphrolesbia (not sampled in their analysis) be included in same group .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nmauricio rueda, phillip edwards, richardgreenhalgh031, margareta wieser, lars petersson, olivier boissier .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 390, 456 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthey mostly inhabit forests, particularly edges and openings, as well as damp ravines with bushes and brushy pastures .\nrange: eastern andes of colombia (norte de santander to cundinamarca to the latitude of bogotá) and adjacent western venezuela, where they are relatively common .\nrange: andes of mérida in northwestern venezuela, where they are relatively rare .\n( phelps and phelps, jr. , 1953 / 1959 ?) ] - considered an invalid species by some authorities\nrange: sierra de perijá mountain range, along colombia - venezuela border, where they are relatively common .\nrange: páramo de tamá - a mountain range in táchira, venezuela and southeastern norte de santander, colombia .\n[ heliangelus clarisse dubius ] - not currently recognized. only known from two trade skins (origin unknown). could be a melanistic (dark - plumaged) form (genetic anomaly) .\nthe male is mostly dark green above, except for the crown ranges from dull - green in ssp. clarisse, purplish in ssp. violiceps to velvety black in race verdiscutus. he has a narrow, glossy blue\nfrontlet\nabove the bill and a bold white spot behind each eye. there is a glittering pinkish - purple throat patch with a white crescent below across the chest, with a green lower border. the rest of the underside is mostly glossy dark green mixed with grey. the undertail feathers are white except in ssp. spencei, where they are buff. the color of the long and broad tail ranges from bronze - green to blackish, with tiny white tips on the two outer feathers .\nthe female looks similar, except has a duller plumage and white feather bases may show in the throat .\nalong forest edges, they frequent rich patches of brightly colored, tubular - shaped flowers (often of the heath family, such as psammisia) .\nin forests, they usually feed on flowering vines, epiphyte or shrub. occasionally, they feed amongst mixed - species flocks .\nthey commonly feed by\ntrap - lining\n- a feeding strategy that entails visiting a circuit of specific feeding plants or feeding sites .\nthey seek out, and aggressively protect, those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar. they use their long, extendible, straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second. sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .\nmany native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination. the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and, subsequently, from pollinating the plants .\nthey may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water, or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds; however, they only remain still for a short moment .\nthey also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young. insects are often caught in flight (hawking); snatched off leaves or branches, or are taken from spider webs. a nesting female can capture up to 2, 000 insects a day .\nmales establish feeding territories, where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory. they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .\nonly one nest has been found of this species, and it was a downy cup placed on a small root exposed by an overhanging roadbank .\nhummingbird females usually lay two to three white eggs, which they incubate alone, while males defend their territories and the flowers they feeds on .\nthe young are born blind, immobile and without any down. the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food (mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks). the female pushes the food down the chicks' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .\nas is the case with other hummingbird species, the chicks are brooded only the first week or two, and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size. the chicks leave the nest when they are about 20 days old .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: heliangelus clarisse. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nenglish turkish online dictionary tureng, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nclick here to go to the home page and find out more. | click here to join .\nwith only limited knowledge (close to none !) of french i hope that any of bird forums readers feel like translating this quote for me! ? if so, please as accurate as possible, as i might need to quote it myself in swedish. and don´t hesitate to remark on any errors that i might have done transcribing it .\nnous donnons à ces oiseaux, dont nous ignorons la patrie, le nom de madame fanny gorge de longuemares, dont le mari possède la collection la mieux préparée sans contredit d' oiseaux - mouches, et auquel nous unissent les liens d' une vieille amitié .\nwe give to these birds, of which we don' t know the homeland, the name of mrs. fanny gorge de longuemares [\n], whose husband possesses unquestionably the best prepared collection of hummingbirds, and to whom we are attached by the bonds of an old friendship .\n( both were made\nchevaliers de la légion d' honneur\n, which is why they appear on this website. )\nand a retired deputy head of office (\nsous - chef de bureau\n), of the ministry of marine .\n: agathe - françois and his son henry victor (as cited above). agathe - françois was born in 1792 and not 1790, hence m & v would have lacked precision on this point. but he was indeed\n, they wrote it with a single r. i think this is most likely a mistake by m & v .\nborn (even if not in 1790, but) 6 feb 1792 in yvelines, versailles … who also was\nsous - chef de bereau des chiourmes et hôpitaux\n( whatever that is ?) and attached to both the ministry of marine and the légion d' honneur … and who died 12 february 1866, in paris .\ni' d write\nin versailles, yvelines\n, rather than the other way around (versailles is the town, yvelines the department) .\nreau des chiourmes et hôpitaux\n: bureau = office; sous - chef = the second important person, just below the head of office; chiourmes = galley slaves, convicts; hôpitaux = hospitals. no idea what his actual work was like - - probably administration? (it would probably be enough to say that he worked for the ministry of marine. i insisted on the position above, mainly because it supported the idea that the two sources gave info about the same person. )\nis a decoration. he was made\nchevalier\n: knight of the legion of honour. (this is the lowest degree in the order. )\nsous - chef de b u reau des chiourmes et hôpitaux\n: bureau = office; sous - chef = the second important person, just below the head of office; chiourmes = galley slaves, convicts; hôpitaux = hospitals. no idea what his actual work was like - - probably administration ?\nwithin the « département de la marine et des colonies » (ministry of navy and colonies), there were several « bureaux » (agencies). one of them was the « bureau des hôpitaux et des chiourmes » (overseas hospitals and prisons agency). his boss was the « chef du bureau ». however, « sous - chef de bureau » (not « sous - chef\nbureau ») is simply an administrative rank, not necessarily the deputy of the « chef du bureau » .\n...), which is certainly not what he did. he just worked for the administration. not fully sure how i would say that in english, though. maybe\nfrench administrative official\n?\npowered by vbulletin®, copyright ©2000 - 2018 vbulletin solutions, inc. © birdforum ltd 2002 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\ncopyright and usage info: my photos are free to use for non - commercial internet use only, up to five for any one purpose, provided that you retain the urltoken imprint or visibly display © urltoken with the image. for internet usage, a link from the image to urltoken is required. i would also like to know where the image is being used .\ndescription based on a specimen purchased in bogotá, colombia, in 1909. this was thought to be an example of what had been named neolesbia nehrkorni, type specimen of which had been lost; for a long time, latter was considered by most authorities to be a hybrid between aglaiocercus kingii and probably thalurania (t. furcata or t. colombica), although some argued that it was more likely a valid and probably extinct species related to h. regalis. recent molecular study # r indicates that it is an independent species, belonging alongside aglaiocercus and taphrolesbia griseiventris; the generic affiliation thus probably needs to be changed. monotypic .\nnot known. specimen suspected to have been collected in e andes of colombia, possibly in submontane forest towards magdalena valley .\n12 cm. single (probably male) specimen is dark bluish black, with deep greenish - blue lower back and rump; upperwing - coverts like back, flight - feathers and primary - coverts ...\njudging from its phylogenetic relationships, it is plausible that this trochilid lives or lived in ...\nnot globally threatened. data deficient. cites ii. known only from one old museum specimen, purchased in 1909 and thought to have originated in e andes of colombia. since ...\njorge l. perez - eman, jhoniel perdigon ferreira, natalia gutierrez - pinto, andres m. cuervo, laura n. cespedes, christopher c. witt, carlos daniel cadena: an extinct hummingbird species that never was: a cautionary tale about sampling issues in molecular phylogenetics. in: biorxiv. 2017, p 1–8, doi: 10. 1101 / 149898 .\nchingaza national park is a large, mountainous area in the highlands of the eastern andes cordillera. the habitat consists of montane cloud forest, high elevation lakes, and specialized paramo covered by a vast expanse of frailejones, a rare and quite spectacular plant found only in a few places. these strange plants can get as much as 12m (40 ft) tall .\nchingaza national park is located 50 km southeast of bogota and is reached by a good road .\nall content and design © 2004 - 2017 by exotic birding, llc. original banner photo © laura l fellows. all rights reserved. no photos, descriptions, or other content may be copied or disseminated on any media without prior written permission. checklists may be copied or printed for personal use only but not for commercial purposes of any kind. website designed and produced by jim wittenberger and laura l fellows. photography by laura l fellows and jim wittenberger .\nc. 8·5 cm; 2·9–3·9 g. male has medium - short, straight black bill; crown bronze or bronze - green, remaining upperparts rufous, occasionally with a few green feathers on the back; throat iridescent scarlet - bronze to golden green, remaining underparts white on breast changing to rufous on lower belly; tail rounded, rufous above with black tips on central two pairs of rectrices, outer 3 pairs with black outer webs and dark greyish tips. female is bronze - green on head and back; throat feathers often tipped with iridescent bronze, sometimes resulting in a large iridescent patch, rest of underparts including chin are dull white; central rectrices metallic green, outer rectrices rufous, subterminally green and black, tipped white. immature resembles adult female .\nc. 8·5 cm; 2·9–3·9 g. male has medium - short, straight black bill; crown bronze or bronze - green, remaining upperparts rufous, occasionally with a few green feathers on the back; throat iridescent scarlet - bronze to golden green, remaining underparts white on breast changing to rufous on lower belly; tail rounded, rufous above with black tips on central two pairs of rectrices, outer 3 pairs with black outer webs and dark greyish tips. female is bronze - green on head and back; throat feathers often tipped with iridescent bronze, sometimes resulting in a large iridescent patch, rest of underparts including chin are dull white; central rectrices metallic green, outer rectrices rufous, subterminally green and black, tipped white. immature resembles adult female .\napparently no song is used in courtship or territory defence. display - flight describes an oval or j - shape, during which wings make a high - pitched, trilled buzzing sound and, at the foot of the dive, the tail - feathers produce a loud stuttering, gallinago - like, bleating noise “ch - ch - ch - ch - chrrr”. also during normal flight, the rattling wing noise (c. 8–10 khz) is heard. calls include dull “chup” notes, often doubled, or in short chatters. chase calls typically 2–3 buzzy reeling notes followed by twittering calls “zrreee - zzreee - zrreee - chupity - chup” .\nfound typically in cool climates; in breeding range primarily in second growth forests; also frequent clearings and brushy areas where food flowers grow. winter range is characterized by a wide variety of habitats, ranging from thorn forest and scrubland to mixed pine - oak - juniper forest. during migration frequents disturbed areas where food plants generally abundant .\nnectar from several plant species, and small arthropods. flowers visited for nectar include agave, aquilegia, arbutus, castilleja, cleome, epilobium, linaria, opuntia, ribes, rubus and scrophularia. might also feed on sap from species such as alder (alnus) and willow (salix) through holes made by woodpeckers. arthropods taken are primarily insects such as dipteran flies (anisopodidae, chironomidae) and hemiptera (aleyrodidae), and small spiders .\nseason likely timed with flowering of food plants. nests are constructed in a wide variety of shrubs and trees; small nesting colonies have been reported. nest is a cup lined with soft downy plant material, exterior covered with lichen, moss, or bark glued in place with spider web. clutch size two white eggs; incubation 15–17 days, by female; fledging at 20–21 days. female occasionally double brooded, starting second clutch while young from first attempt still in nest # r .\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. some concern over a decline in numbers during migration. in usa, artificial feeders maintain unusually large populations that exceed available natural food sources. the species is susceptible to natural or unnatural disturbances, such as forest fires, because its habitat is often restricted to the higher elevations of isolated mountain ranges. in the future, habitat destruction could prove to be a major concern throughout its range .\na guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings of north american birds. academic press, san diego, california .\nthe feeding and related behavior of hummingbirds with special reference to the black - chin, archilochus alexandri (bourcier and mulsant). mem. boston soc. nat. hist. 9 (3): 395 - 478 .\nlife histories of north american cuckoos, goatsuckers, hummingbirds, and their allies. us national museum bulletin 176. smithsonian institution, washington, d. c. (reprinted by dover publications, new york). 506 pp .\nambient temperature and the daily energetics of two species of hummingbirds, calypte anna and selasphorus rufus .\na distributional survey of the birds of the mexican state of oaxaca. ornithological monographs 43. american ornithologists’ union. washington, d. c .\nfield guide to the birds of east asia: eastern china, taiwan, korea, japan and eastern russia. christopher helm, london .\neffects on experimental manipulation of inflorescence size on pollination and pre - dispersal seed predation in the hummingbird - pollinated plant ipomopsis aggregata .\nbrown, j. h. & kodric - brown, a. (1979 )\nconvergence, competition and mimicry in a temperate community of hummingbird - pollinated flowers .\nventilatory and metabolic dynamics during entry into and arousal from torpor in selasphorus hummingbirds .\nimplications of recapture data for migration of the rufous hummingbird (selasphorus rufus) in the rocky mountains .\nconsequences of body size for avian energetics. pp. 86 - 151 in: paynter, r. a. ed. (1974). avian energetics. publications of the nuttall ornithological club 15, cambridge, massachusetts .\nenergetics of small body size and high latitude: the rufous hummingbird in coastal alaska. int. j. biometeorol. 20 (1): 23 - 35 .\nsouthbound through colorado: migration of rufous hummingbirds. natl. geogr. res. 3: 40 - 51 .\nrufous hummingbird (selasphorus rufus). no. 53 in: poole & gill (1993) .\nmigration of rufous hummingbirds. wildbird 7 (5): 43 - 45 .\nred - hot hummers. nat. conserv. council chief. sci. dir. rep. 48 (2): 12 - 16 .\nthe spatial scale of genetic differentiation in a hummingbird - pollinated plant: comparison with models of isolation by distance .\ncampbell, r. w. , dawe, n. k. , mctaggart - cowan, i. , cooper, j. m. , kaiser, g. w. & mcnall, m. c. e. (1990 )\nthe birds of british columbia. vol. 2. nonpasserines: diurnal birds of prey through woodpeckers. ubc press, vancouver .\npollen transfer efficiency compensates for pollinator crashes in a specialized bird - pollinated plant. pp. 536 - 548 in: ouellet (1988) .\nsexual differences in resource acquisition by migrant hummingbirds. pp. 1156 - 1165 in: bell et al. (1991) .\nrufous hummingbirds at ccrs: a summary of four years of banding data. riparia news 7 (3): 1 - 5 .\nneotropical migratory birds. natural history, distribution, and population change. comstock publishing associates, ithaca & london .\ndes granges, j. l. & grant, p. r. (1980 )\npollination ecology of castilleja in mount rainier national park. ohio j. sci. 72: 110 - 114 .\nmixed support for spacial heterogeneity in species interactions: hummingbirds in a tropical disturbance mosaic .\ndistributional checklist of the birds of mexico. part 1. pacific coast avifauna 29. cooper ornithological club, berkeley, california. 202 pp. , 2 plates .\nspecialization by territorial hummingbirds on experimentally enriched patches of flowers: energetic profitability and learning .\nfeeding territoriality in postbreeding migratory rufous hummingbirds. phd thesis, university of oregon, eugene, oregon .\neffects of hummingbird migration on plant speciation in the california flora. evolution 21: 457 - 465 .\nselasphorus hummingbirds. notes on identification. birding 29 (1): 18–29 .\ninteractions among rufous hummingbirds (selasphorus rufus), hymenopterans, and a shared resource: exploitative exclusion of a vertebrate from a nectar source, scrophularia montana, by insects. phd dissertation, university of new mexico, albuquerque, new mexico .\neffects of sylvicultural treatments in the rocky mountains. pp. 220–244 in: martin, t. e. & finch, d. m. eds. (1995). ecology and management of neotropical migratory birds. a synthesis and review of critical issues. oxford university press, oxford & new york .\ntorpor in the rufous hummingbird (selasphorus rufus). phd dissertation, university of washington, seattle, washington .\nenergy costs and temporal organization of torpor in the rufous hummingbird (selasphorus rufus) .\nseasonal differences in the response of rufous hummingbirds to food restrictions: body mass and the use of torpor .\ntime - dependent thresholds for torpor initiation in the rufous hummingbird (selasphorus rufus). j. comp. physiol. b biochem. syst. environm. physiol. 162 (3): 249 - 255 .\ndistinguishing energy maximizers from time minimizers: a comparative study of two hummingbird species .\na guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america. oxford university press, new york .\nspatial memory in rufous hummingbirds: memory for rewarded and non - rewarded sites .\nthe hummingbirds of north america. smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c .\nlives of north american birds. houghton mifflin company, boston & new york .\nkodric - brown, a. & brown, j. h. (1978 )\ninfluence of economics, interspecific competition, and sexual dimorphism on territoriality of migrant rufous hummingbirds .\nagonistic and foraging behavior of hummingbirds co - occurring in central coastal california. phd dissertation, university of california, berkeley, california .\nearly spring feeding of the rufous hummingbird on the coast of southern british columbia .\nthe effect of radiant energy on the energy and activity budgets of the rufous hummingbird (selasphorus rufus). bsc thesis, university of british columbia, vancouver .\nmolt, retained flight feathers, and age in north american hummingbirds. pp. 155–166 in: dickerman (1997a) .\nthe birds of north and middle america. us national museum bulletin 50 (5). smithsonian institution, washington, d. c. 859 pp .\natlas of wintering north american birds. an analysis of christmas bird count data. the university of chicago press, chicago & london .\nthe impact of variation in stopover habitat quality on migrant rufous hummingbirds (selasphorus rufus) .\necological consequences of variation in pollinator availability: ocotilo, carpenter bees, and hummingbirds in two deserts. phd dissertation, louisiana state university, baton rouge, louisiana .\nnote on the identification of selasphorus and archilochus hummingbirds. bird observer east. mass. 8 (4): 143–146 .\nfeeding territoriality in migrant rufous hummingbirds: defense of yellow - bellied sapsucker (sphyrapicus varius) feeding sites .\npowers, d. r. , boesman, p. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). rufous hummingbird (selasphorus rufus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nmolecular studies # r # r indicate that genera myrtis, eulidia, rhodopis, thaumastura and chaetocercus form a monophyletic group that includes also calypte, archilochus and selasphorus .\nmy wife, dollyann myers, and i joined our friends frank bills and his wife sharon bostick for a 2 week trip to venezuela. frank had contracted with venezuelan guide david ascanio (david @ urltoken) to guide us for this trip. david is a well known native venezuela guide and guides regularly for victor emanuel nature tours and other tour companies, as well as private groups. we all found david to be one of the best guides we have ever used, anywhere. his knowledge of venezuelan birds, their calls, and their habitats is unbelievable. on top of that he is a great guy with a superb sense of humor. we had a fantastic time with him and highly recommend him to anyone going to venezuela or nearby countries. he has his own web site at www. urltoken .\ni’ll write up the daily accounts, highlighting most of the new species for the day (but not necessarily the common birds like tropical kingbird, etc .), and then i’ll give the overall species list at the end of this report. in the itinerary below, (e) denotes a venezuelan endemic, according to “birds of the world: a checklist” by james clements .\ni have tried to be as accurate as possible in writing up this report. if there are any mistakes, they are mine alone and i would like to hear about them at rondolly @ urltoken .\nsunday, may 29 – this was mostly a travel day. we left caracas and flew to puerto ordaz. we were met there by our driver for nearly all of the trip, a great guy named carlos. he was an excellent driver and helped fix our meals on the road. we had a very nice, tall mercedes van. it was comfortable and spacious. we left puerto ordaz and drove the 5 - 6 hours to las claritas, a small town at the base of la escalera. we arrived near sunset and checked into our hotel there, the anaconda. our chalet was tidy and air - conditioned. it was nice, as the humidity in las claritas was pretty stuffy. our evening meals were all at our hotel and the staff there did a great job cooking for us. on the drive from puerto ordaz, we spotted a couple of savannah hawks and a couple of aplomado falcons. at our hotel, we found a bat hawk in the trees behind the hotel along with a ferruginous pygmy - owl. night at the anaconda hotel .\nwe had lunch near the police checkpoint at sierra de lema, and then started to work our way down to the lower part of the escalera. there is a well known lek area for the guianan cock - of - the - rock and in this area david helped us find some more species like paradise jacamar and blue - cheeked parrots .\nsporadic showers followed us all day, but they didn’t hamper us too much. we finally called it quits and went back to the hotel, arriving at dusk. the hotel staff served up a delicious meal and then we retired to our rooms for the night. night at the hotel anaconda .\ntuesday, may 31 – today was basically a repeat of yesterday. we started out near the top of the escalera and worked our way back down. we had a bit better luck with the rose - collared piha, as we got excellent looks near the top and eventually saw 5 for the day. a couple of other species we had were red - and - green macaw and plumbeous kite. we searched the forest near the sierra de lema checkpoint and eventually managed to fine a roraiman barbtail, a really stunning bird! a while later we had a feeding flock move through very quickly, taking only about 4 minutes to pass by, but in the flock were a golden - spangled piculet, another roraiman barbtail, and a tepui foliage - gleaner. this morning also produce a flutist wren and a tepui whitestart. one of the birds we tried hard to find was the red - banded fruiteater. david briefly saw one and we heard them repeatedly, but we never got our bins on one .\nwe had lunch and then went back to las claritas to check out the cuyuni’ road (also known as the capuchinbird rd). rain followed us for a while, but as it let up some, we decided to try some birding anyway. we went into the forest at the capuchinbird lek area and david managed to find us a one perched in the rain. we all had great looks at it .\nwe didn’t find many more species that afternoon, as the rain persisted, so we finished up a bit early and went back to the hotel, knowing we had an early start for some nightjars tomorrow morning .\nwednesday, june 1 – we got up extra early this morning to try for some nightjars. after breakfast, we drove straight to the gran sabana park headquarters. we got there about 30 minutes before light and were able to get good looks at both roraiman and band - winged nightjars. after this we went back to near the top of the escalera to have breakfast and look for the red - banded fruiteater. david eventually heard the fruiteaters several times but each time they eluded our eyes. i have poor high - pitch hearing, so i never even heard them call anyway. we kept trying and trying and eventually we managed to track a pair down. they hung around a fruiting tree this time, allowing us to get some really good views of them. the male was drop dead gorgeous. we all breathed a big sigh of relief, as we all knew this was our last chance to find this cryptic species." ]

{ "text": [ "longuemare 's sunangel ( heliangelus clarisse ) is a hummingbird found in venezuela and northeastern colombia .", "it is closely related to the amethyst-throated sunangel , and species limits in this complex are unclear .", "the american ornithological society has not recognized the split . " ], "topic": [ 20, 18, 5 ] }

[ "longuemare's sunangel (heliangelus clarisse) is a hummingbird found in venezuela and northeastern colombia. it is closely related to the amethyst-throated sunangel, and species limits in this complex are unclear. the american ornithological society has not recognized the split." ]

[ "microgale dobsoni (dobson' s shrew tenrec): narrative microgale dobsoni is insectivorous .\nthe dobson' s shrew tenrec is listed as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nit is an abundant species, and in some sites it is the most commonly trapped tenrec .\n' s ability to live in second growth forest may save it from extinction .\nmicrogale dobsoni is shrew - like in general appearance, has a grey - brown back, a grey belly, and a tail almost as long as its head and body .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\nmacphee, r. d. e (1987) the shrew tenrecs of madagascar: systematic revision and holocene distribution of microgale (tenrecidae, insectivora). american museum novitates 2889: 1 - 45 .\nit is a terrestrial species that occurs in lowland to montane eastern humid forests, forest margin habitats, pine plantations, heavily disturbed areas, agricultural land, and non - forested regions of the eastern humid forest. in some sites it is the most commonly trapped tenrec species .\nis shrew - like in general appearance, has a grey - brown back, a grey belly, and a tail almost as long as its head and body. measurements: head - body: 92 - 114mm; tail: 102 - 108mm; hind foot: 19 - 24mm .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nto cite this page: jansa, s. 1999 .\nmicrogale dobsoni\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nis solitary and live in populations with individuals well spaced in the wild. they are primarily nocturnal and communicate with sound and scent. vocalizations range from a soft twittering squeak to a loud scream. both males and females give a repeated soft squeak during initial contact with unknown conspecifics. it is thought that this vocalization serves to reduce aggression and facilitate contact, especially between males and females. if interactions between conspecifics become aggressive, one or both interactors will give a loud repeated squeal. finally, if threatened by a hostile conspecific or a predator, the animal will emit a single piercing scream. shrew tenrecs also communicate by scent. both male and female shrew tenrecs will mark areas with secretions from their cloacal openings as they move through a new area or during male - female encounters. shrew tenrecs groom themselves by spreading saliva over their face and paws. it is possible that this saliva may function in olfactory communication during conspecific contact .\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\ntraditionally included in the lipotyphla (= insectivora sensu stricto). various molecular studies (madsen et al. , 2001; murphy et al. , 2001 a, b; springer et al. , 1999) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data (asher et al. , 2003; liu et al. , 2001) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles, which stanhope et al. (1998) named afrosoricida. this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids, and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer, 1986. noting that tenrecomorpha butler, 1972 may be a prior, and more explicit name for this clade following simpson’s (1945) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa, bronner et al. (2003) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfollowing simpson (1931), the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of (extinct and extant) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty, even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont, and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times (e. g. broom, 1916). this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use, even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial. molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria, whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans. lipotyphlan monophyly, however, is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data (asher, 1999) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria (asher et al. , 2003) .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nnote: this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .\njustification: it is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population. it occurs in a number of protected areas and tolerates a degree of habitat modification. therefore, in spite of continued habitat loss it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is widespread in the lowland to montane forests of eastern madagascar. it has an altitudinal range of between sea level to 2, 500 m asl (above the treeline) .\nthere are no major threats to this species. habitat loss is ongoing in parts of the range .\nit has been recorded from several protected areas including the ambohitantely special reserve; andringitra national park; marojejy national park; ankarafantsika national park; pic d’ivohibe special reserve; manongarivo special reserve; andohahela national park and kalambatsitra special reserve .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\noccurs generally in second growth deciduous forests subjected to seasonal rainfall and cool temperatures during the winter .\nthe mass of this small insectivore varies by season. without fat reserves, an individual weighs between 34 - 45g. with fat reserves stored in the tail and body, a single individual in captivity reached 84g. all members of the genus microgale possess a cloaca (a single opening for the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts), a trait that is considered primitive for mammals .\nin the wild. in captivity, copulation occurs from december to august and young are born from february to may. when\nwas trapped in the wild during the month of april, no lactating females were captured and none of the animals were fully adult. this suggests that the breeding season is considerably shorter in the wild than in captivity .\ndoes not usually enter torpor, but if the animal has sufficient fat reserves, it will become inactive, eat less and allow its body temperature to fluctuate to some degree with the ambient temperature .\nis insectivorous. in captivity, it readily eats insects, earthworms and raw ground meat. in the wild, it probably subsists on a diet of insects supplemented with ant eggs .\nthis species of microgale is not specifically threatened, but the island of madagascar is rapidly losing much of its endemic fauna due to rapid deforestation of the tropical rainforest .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\neisenberg, j. f. and e. gould (1970) the tenrecs: a study in mammalian behavior and evolution. smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 27. smithsonian institution press (washington) .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\ndeniz martinez marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from\nmicrogale dobsoni thomas, 1884\nas untrusted .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\ndobsonintanrekki\nto\nmicrogale dobsoni thomas, 1884\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nrasvahäntätanrekki\nto\nmicrogale dobsoni thomas, 1884\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >" ]

{ "text": [ "dobson 's shrew tenrec ( microgale dobsoni ) is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .", "it is endemic to madagascar .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , plantations , and heavily degraded former forest . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 24 ] }

[ "dobson's shrew tenrec (microgale dobsoni) is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae. it is endemic to madagascar. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, and heavily degraded former forest." ]

[ "once considered synonymous with forsten' s tortoise, the travancore tortoise has since been resurrected as a separate species .\nthe travancore tortoise has an omnivorous diet, feeding mainly on plants but occasionally eating some animal matter .\na forest dwelling species, the travancore tortoise is endemic to the mountains of the western ghats in southwest india .\ninformation on the travancore tortoise (indotestudo travancorica) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nramesh, m. 2004. long distance dispersal by a travancore tortoise, indotestudo travancorica. hamadryad 28 (1 & 2): 105\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - travancore tortoise male and female\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - travancore tortoise male and female\ntitle =\narkive photo - travancore tortoise male and female\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - travancore tortoise (indotestudo travancorica )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - travancore tortoise (indotestudo travancorica )\ntitle =\narkive species - travancore tortoise (indotestudo travancorica )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nboulenger, g. a. 1907. a new tortoise from travancore. journal of the bombay natural history society. 17. pp560 - 564 .\n* remember, each tortoise order comes with a free starter sample of the same tortoise diet your tortoise has been raised on - to order larger quantities, see the lower left side of this page. *\nboulenger, g. a. 1907. a new tortoise from travancore. j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17: 560 - 564. - get paper here\naffenburg, w. 1964. notes on the courtship of the land tortoise geochelone travancore. journal of the bombay natural history society. 61 (2): pp247 - 253 .\nbhupathy, s. and choudhury, b. c. 1995. status, distribution and conservation of the travancore tortoise, lndotestudo forestnii in western ghats. journal of the bombay natural history society. 92 (3) .\nthe travancore turtle was first described by boulenger in 1907. he described this tortoise as geochelone travancorica, which happened to be the same species described earlier as indotestudo forstenii by schlegel and muller in 1844, from sulawesi (hoogmoed and crumly, 1984). smith (1931) in his review made authentic comments on this tortoise too, while auffenburg (1963 & 1964) published notes on the behaviour of these tortoises in captivity. groombridge et al. , (1983) published some notes on the occurrences of the tortoise. moll (i989) and das (1991) have reviewed the status of this chelonian. the travancore tortoise has an entry in the iucn red data book (groombridge, 1982). based on the collections made by the author, bhupathy (i995), frazier (1994) and sharath (i990a) reported the travancore tortoise from karnataka in south india .\nnine transacts were surveyed for the two terrestrial turtles namely the travancore tortoise (indotestudo fortenni) and the cane turtle (geoemyda silvatica). a total of 79 sites were sampled in the seven districts of the state of karnataka. out of the sites sampled travancore tortoises were sighted in 21 sites. whereas the cane turtle was rarer and found in only 4 sites. the travancore tortoise seems to be more abundant than the cane turtle both these chelonians were found only in the western slopes from an altitude of around 100 m above sea level to 686 m. the locations of sightings of the tortoises were recorded and used to produce the distribution map. the survey is complete in the state of karnaka only, a complete distribution map will be available once the ongoing study is over. the travancore tortoise was seen to occur along a stretch of about 200 km in karnataka .\neffectively the range of the travancore tortoise is known to be confined only to the hills of anamalai and chalakudy in kerala (figure 2). it is noteworthy that this range of the tortoise is to the south of the paighat only (figure 2). the paighat gap is a 30 km gap between the otherwise uninterrupted hill ranges of the western ghats. the habitat in the paighat area is drier and quite different from the hill ranges. hence, this gap offers a natural barrier to most animals. the author reported the occurrence of the travancore tortoise north of this barrier (sharath, 1990) .\nkanagavel, arun & rajeev raghavan 2012. local ecological knowledge of the threatened cochin forest cane turtle vijayachelys silvatica and travancore tortoise indotestudo travancorica from the anamalai hills of the western ghats, india. journal of threatened taxa 4 (13): 3173–3182 - get paper here\nvijaya, j. 1983. the travancord tortoise, geochelone travancorica. hamadryad 8 (3): 11 - 13\nthe iucn red data book (groombridge, 1982) lists the travancore tortoise as\ninsufficiently known\n'. both the jucn red data book (i982) and the 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals (i 994) lists travancore tortoises as\nvulnerable\n'. cites puts it in the appendix ii whereas the indian wildlife (protection) act of 1972 includes it in the schedule iv'. (the act is being revised). das 1. (1985) rightly classifies this animal as\nvulnerable\n. the conservation priority ratings and action plan rating (apr) of this tortoise is\n2\nwhich means, species with restricted distribution and needs status investigation (stubbs, 1991) .\nsummary. – the travancore tortoise, indotestudo travancorica (family testudinidae) is a medium - sized tortoise (straight carapace length [ scl ] up to 331 mm) endemic to the mountain ranges of the western ghats in southwestern india. the taxonomy of the genus indotestudo has recently been revised, and i. travancorica is considered a distinct species. it is found in semi - evergreen, evergreen, moist deciduous, and bamboo forests, as well as in rubber and teak plantations, occurring mostly near streams and marshes, with a home range of 5. 2–34 ha. travancore tortoises are omnivorous; their diet encompasses grasses to mollusks and they occasionally scavenge on dead animals. they breed from november to march in captivity, have a clutch size of 1–5 eggs, and hatchlings measure 55–60 mm scl. the major threats to this species are hunting and habitat loss. conservation measures should focus on protection, identification of crucial tortoise habitats, and increasing awareness among local communities .\nhenderson, j. r. 1912. preliminary note on a new tortoise from south india. records of indian museum. calcutta 1 (21). pp2l7 - 218 .\nsharath, b. k. 1990b. the land tortoise along the western ghats of karnataka - an excellent indicator. journal of ecological society. l: p4l - 44 .\npritchard, peter c. h. 2000. indotestudo travancorica... a valid species of tortoise? . reptile & amphibian hobbyist 5 (2): 18 - 28 .\nthe tortoise was known to occur in the evergreen and semi evergreen forests of the western ghats up to an altitude of 450 m above sea level (moll, 1989). this information was based on the observations and collections made in the trichur district of the kerala state. the small population of travancore tortoises in sulawesi and indonesia are not native, instead introduced by travellers from south india (hoogmoed and crumly, 1984). hence from the available literature one can summarize that the known range of the tortoise was sulawesi (celebes) and halmahcra islands in indonesia and kerala in india (iverson, 1992) .\ndeepak, v. ; barry r. noon, and karthikeyan vasudevan 2016. fine scale habitat selection in travancore tortoises (indotestudo travancorica) in the anamalai hills, western ghats journal of herpetology 50 (2): 278 - 283 - get paper here\nhowever, smith (1931) based on one single collection reported by annandale (1915) describes the range of the travancore tortoise in india to be as follows :\nin the district of trichur in kerala and along the eastern slopes of western ghats in coorg\n( coorg is a district of the karnataka state). annandale himself records that his report of the travancore tortoise in karnataka was based on one single collection (a shell). this shell was given to him by a british administrator, mr. f. hannyngt, ics, presumably from the eastern slopes of the western ghats in coorg. this location reported by annandale must be inaccurate for two reasons. firstly, currently the animal does not occur here (confirmed by this survey). secondly, the climate, habitat and vegetation type of the eastern slope of the western ghats are quite different from the evergreen and semi evergreen vegetation of the western slopes. hence it is most unlikely that the animal be found there .\ndeepak, v. , ramesh, m. , bhupathy, s. , and vasudevan, k. 2011. indotestudo travancorica (boulenger 1907) – travancore tortoise. in: rhodin, a. g. j. , pritchard, p. c. h. , van dijk, p. p. , saumure, r. a. , buhlmann, k. a. , iverson, j. b. , and mittermeier, r. a. (eds .). conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises: a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group. chelonian research monographs no. 5, pp. 054. 1–054. 6, doi: 10. 3854 / crm. 5. 054. travancorica. v1. 2011, urltoken\n©2018 british chelonia group - for tortoise, terrapin and turtle care and conservation. company limited by guarantee (england & wales) no. 07541800. registered charity no. 1140830 registered office: new barn farmhouse, toft road, kingston, cambridgeshire cb23 2ns .\nthe travancore tortoise generally ranges along the western slopes of the western ghats in karnataka (figure 1). the northern limits of this range can now be extended by 600 km outside it' s previously known range. the animal was found from the waynad region in north kerala to the uttara kannada (earlier known as north kanara) district of karnataka. the animal was recorded from the forests at the base of the western ghats, which is at about i 00 m from the mean sea level, up to an altitude of 650 m up the ghats. hence, it can be said that the animal is found to occur in the forests, all along the western slopes. the map in figure 1 shows the results of this survey. therefore, the present range of the tortoise in karnataka is continuous all along its western slopes (480 kms) and seems to be well defined .\nhoogmoed, m. s. and crumly, c. r. 1984. land tortoise type in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie with comments on nomenclature and systematics (reptilia: testudines: testudinidae). zool. med. leiden 58 (15): pp241 - 256 .\nas a result of the present study it is evident that the range of the travoncore tortoise (indotestudo forstenii) is more extensive than previously known. hence, reporting an extension of the known range of the two chelonian species, this study establishes the present range for the species .\nhoogmoed, m. s. , and c. r. crumly. 1984. land tortoise types in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke histoire with comments on nomenclature and systematics (reptilia: testudines: testudinidae). zoologische mededelingen 58 (15): 241 - 259. - get paper here\nthe distribution of cane turtle seems more complicated. their densities in karnataka are extremely low, much less than their counterpart population in kerala. the secretive living and feeding habits of the animal makes it difficult to find them in the forests. the distribution of cane turtles in the study area is not constant, it seems the range is patchy and fragmented. although it is tempting to conclude and draw a distribution map, more distribution data are needed in order to understand the actual range of these animals. however, it is evident that this survey extends the range 300 kms north of the previously known range of the animal. wherever it occurs, the travancore tortoise is abundant. although, it would be befitting to conduct a quantitative estimation of the densities and abundance of this tortoise, it was out of scope of this study. meanwhile the animal is hunted for its meat and is considered a delicacy among tribal people. however, the meat is consumed locally and no export of the meat is recorded .\nindia has one of the richest diversity of habitats, ranging from the cold himalayan to dry deserts and mangroves to the tropical rainforests. the tropical forest, although degraded due to heavy human activity, supports a great variety of animal populations. the reptilian fauna here is well represented with 389 species among which 186 are endemic species' (groombridge, 1994). the ganges - brahamaputra river basin in india and bangladesh combined has the greatest species richness of turtle in the world (iverson, 1992). little has been published on the terrestrial chelonians of india especially of the two rare and endemic south indian species, the travancore tortoise (indotestudo forstenii, schlegel & muller, 1844) and the cane turtle (geoemyda siloatica, henderson, 1907) .\nbased on the above information a detailed' all out search' was planned for the third run. these searches were organized using trained dogs and trackers (local experts in tracking tortoises). searches were conducted in sites identified in the second run. once an animal was located, the search was abandoned in that area, and then continued 2 km further along the transact. after recording the morphometric details of the tortoise they were marked and released wherever they had been found. no collections of specimens were made for reasons of conservation .\nboth these tortoises are diurnal and are active during the day. it was observed during the study that the travancore tortoises begin their activity at dawn (06. 00) and were found to be actively foraging on the forest floor until dusk (18. 00). they rest for a couple of hours during the midday under short shrubs. most of the time they were found feeding on fallen fruits and grass, occasionally they were found to feed on mushrooms too. when they rest they do so adjacent to a rock or fallen tree. these tortoises were conspicuously absent in large openings in the forests due to felling of trees. many of them were found near water sources as there are numerous perennial hill streams flowing in the study area .\none of the rarest tortoises bred in captivity, travencore tortoises (indotestudo travancorica) are only found in the limited hill country of south western india. their habitat is made up of hilly forests and rocky areas. when it' s very hot they will burrow into the forest leaf litter. a big fan of fruit, groups of travencore tortoises can be seen gathering under fruit trees when in season. travencore tortoises also have a fondness for mushrooms, greens, carrion and even invertebrates and frogs. our juveniles savor leafy greens, fruits, cactus pads, squash and tortoise diet mixed with veggies .\ntravencore tortoises appreciate high humidity levels, and we soak ours 3 time each week. juveniles resemble little domed orange pumpkins as they very actively move about. adults can range from chocolate brown to reddish brown with soft black markings (like our adults). their heads are a creamy white, and become pinkish red during breeding season. a very active, outgoing and personable tortoise, travencores are almost never seen in breeder' s collections, and are only occasionally available in the us. this species is right at the top of rare and exotic tortoises - and one that most keepers never even get the chance to work with .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nharikrishnan s. / wildlife institute of india (www. wii. gov. in )\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nnikhil whitaker curator, madras crocodile bank trust p. o. box 4, mamallapuram tamil nadu 603 104 india tel: 095001 01470\ndoctype html public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html / / en / / 2. 0\ngeochelone travancorica boulenger 1907 (fide hoogmoed & crumly 1984) geochelone travancorica — pritchard 1967 testudo travancorica — wermuth & mertens 1961 indotestudo travancorica — bour 1980 indotestudo elongata travancorica — obst 1985 geochelone (indotestudo) travancorica — alderton 1988 indotestudo travancorica — iverson et al. 2001 indotestudo travancorica — ttwg 2014\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\ntypes: bmnh 1946. 1. 22. 80 - 81 (and possibly additional specimens) .\nalderton, d. 1988. turtles and tortoises of the world. facts on file, new york .\nbonin, f. , devaux, b. & dupré, a. 2006. turtles of the world. english translation by p. c. h. pritchard. johns hopkins university press, 416 pp .\nbour, r. 1980. essai sur la taxinomie des testudinidae actuels (reptilia, chelonii). bull. mus. natl. hist. nat. paris (4) 2 (2): 541 - 546\ndas, i. et al. 2008. tortoises and freshwater turtles of india. wwf / wii poster\niverson, john b. , phillip q. spinks, h. bradley shaffer, william p. mccord and indraneil das 2001. phylogenetic relationships among the asian tortoises of the genus indotestudo (reptilia: testudines: testudinidae). hamadryad 26 (2): 271 - 274\nkanagavela, arun; and rajeev raghavan 2013. hunting of endemic and threatened forest - dwelling chelonians in the western ghats, india. asian journal of conservation biology, 2 (2): 172–177 - get paper here\nmccord, w. p. & joseph - ouni, m. 2004. chelonian illustrations # 13: asian and indonesian tortoises. reptilia (gb) (33): 35 - 38 - get paper here\npalot, m. j. 2015. a checklist of reptiles of kerala, india. journal of threatened taxa 7 (13): 8010–8022 - get paper here\nplatt, steven g. ; lee, robert j. ; klemens, michael w. 2001. notes on the distribution, life history, and exploitation of turtles in sulawesi, indonesia, with emphasis on indotestudo forstenii and leucocephalon yuwonoi. chelonian conserv. biol. 4 (1): 154 - 159 .\npritchard, p. c. h. 1979. encyclopedia of turtles. t. f. h. publications, neptune, new jersey: 895 p .\nttwg [ peter paul van dijk, john b. iverson, anders g. j. rhodin, h. bradley shaffer, and roger bour ] 2014. turtles of the world, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. 000. v7. chelonian research monographs (issn 1088 - 7105) no. 5, doi: 10. 3854 / crm. 5. 000. checklist. v7. 2014 - get paper here\numapathy, govindhaswamy; veerappan deepak, vinod kumar, mithileshwari chandrasekhar, and karthikeyan vasudevan 2015. endocrine profiling of endangered tropical chelonians using noninvasive fecal steroid analyses. chelonian conservation and biology 14 (1): 108 - 115 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nwe provide chelonia keepers with the support needed to ensure that their captive animals receive quality husbandry .\nwe raise funds from members, and from the public, to finance chelonia rescue, research and conservation projects worldwide .\nwe discourage the importation and purchase of wild caught specimens, in favour of responsible captive breeding .\ndepartment of zoology, vivekanada college, nehru nagar p. o. , puttur (d. k .) 574 203 india\nthe cane turtle was described by henderson in 1912 as heosemys situatica from kavalai hills in kerala. moll et al. (1987) renamed this turtle as geoemyda silvatica. after it' s first description in 1912, this turtle was not reported at all for a long time, until vijaya (1983) rediscovered it. however, this discovery was again from the same forests in kerala. for the first time this endemic turtle was reported outside it' s known restricted range in kerala by sharath (i990) .\n2) red data book status categories: insufficiently known: taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the categories of threat because of lack of imformation .\n3) red data book status categories: vulnerable: likely to move into the\nendangered\ncategory in the near future if the causal factors continue operating .\n4) schedule iv of the indian wildlife (protection) act of 1972: this species is protected but may be exploited with a permit .\n5) schedule i of the indian wildlife (protection) act of 1972: capture. trade or possession of an animal is prohibited .\nthe cane turtle is protected under schedule 15 of the indian wildlife (protection) act of 1972. this means capture, trade or posession of the animal is prohibited (das, 1991). the iucn red data book (1982) and the 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals (1993) lists cane turtle as vulnerable. the action plan rating for this chelonian is\n2\n.\nthe cane turtle (geoemyda silvatica) was thought to be an endemic species, restricted only to the forests of kavalai which are in the hills of chalakudy, in kerala, until sharath (1990) reported it from the forests of karnataka. this location in kerala is also the type locality of the species. the turtle was rediscovered from the same area (chalakudy) later by vijaya (1982). all the live specimens that were kept captive at the madras crocodile park were all collected from the same (chalakudy) locality (r. whiteker, pers. comm .). hence the cane turtle is known to occur only in chalakudy hill above an elevation of around 450 m above sea level .\nthe western ghats are a chain of mountains (i 800 km long) running north to south in south western india. it stretches through the indian states of gujrai, maharashira, goa, karnatake, kerala and tamil nadu. in karnataka these mountains ranges run close and parallel to the coastline. the average altitude of this mountain range is around 900 m. however, the range is studded with abruptly arising mountain peaks ranging from 1200 m to more than 1900 m above sea level. the mountain slopes on the west support rich tropical rain forests. these forests are classified as evergreen and semi evergreen type forests (champion and seth, 1968). the rich forest is due to the heavy rainfall it receives from the south west monsoon winds (annual average more than 4000 mm), while the eastern slopes are not very steep and this face leads into a plateau (the deccan plateau) which receives less rainfall. the forests in this region are mainly moist deciduous or dry deciduous type .\nthis study involved extensive survey of the forests in seven districts of karnataka state, the forests in this area are given different levels of protection. some are reserved forests, some are sanctuaries, while others are national parks. there is very little human activity within these forests. surveys were conducted during the post monsoon (november to february) and summer (march to may) months as the forests becomes impregnable during monsoon. all the searches for the tortoises in the forest used trained dogs and local people which proved to be the best way to find the animal. however, many of these searches became impractical in forests infested with leeches and ticks and with temperatures ranging from 27 to 33 degrees celsius during the day. the harsh terrain denies easy access to the researcher, as the sites are often six to seven hours trek from the nearest road access. hence, in order to reduce the efforts with optimum results the following method was followed :\nsampling was done along transacts, cutting across the ghats from east to west. nine transacts spaced approximately 50 km distance between two consectutive transacts were marked in the study area. these transacts were one km wide and 40 km long (figure 3). these transacts were run three times during the survey period, the details of the activity conducted during these runs are given below :\na presence absence survey based on interviews of knowledgeable persons living within the marked area was conducted. this involved collecting information in a formatted questionnaire and showing people photographs and sometimes a live specimen. areas of possible occurrence of the tortoises were identified in this run. this reduces the unfruitful searches in sites where the animal is unlikely to be seen .\nduring the second run a team of students with educational materials visited. and camped in the regions which were identified in the previous run. this was more educative than explorative. during this visit a brief educational talk was organized to educate the locals of the need for chelonian conservation. a preliminary survey of the area was conducted and sites were marked for an all out search .\nthe data collected was recorded and plotted on a map of the district. later all these maps were compiled together and a distribution map for the state was made. the exercise takes around a week per run or on average of little over a month per transect .\nthe population of the cane turtle is much lower than those populations found in kerala. due to the scanty population the secretive nature of the animal and its crepuscular habit it became out of the scope of this study to assess the status of the animal .\nthe main threats to these animals seems to be habitat destruction and overhunting. the karnataka state government has notified protected areas in addition to those which had already been brought under protection. new areas should be identified and added to those notified areas with specific intention of protecting these chelonians .\nthe staff of the forest department have to be educated about these chelonians and their ecology. many of them are not able to differentiate these tortoises from the other common chelonians like the black pond turtle (melanochelys tryuga). the people living close to forests are ignorant of the need to conserve these chelonians and are presently hunting them for food. hence, public awareness has to be created through school and village administrations. the public need to be educated of the role these animals play as a component of the forest floor ecosystem. they must also be informed of the endemic character of the tortoises, which are not found elsewhere and thus need protection to ensure future survival of the species .\nthere are not many non - government organizations (ngo) engaged in wildlife conservation activities within the study area. it is therefore essential to promote the functioning of healthy ngo' s in the area which will take care of the survival of the chelonians in the future .\nthere is little information literature, on the ecology of these tortoises. ecological information such as home range, feeding and breeding habits and activity patterns are essential to recommend positive conservation measures. with this in mind the following research activity in the western ghats region is suggested for the future .\na comprehensive survey of the western ghats in india, including the states of maharashtrsa, kerala and tamil nadu including more study sites .\nradio telemetry based field work leading to the information on home range and activity pattern of these terrestrial tortoises .\nquantitive estimations of the population densities and population structure to be carried out using methods such as capture, recapture or line transect .\npreliminary research trials leading to development of semicaptive breeding of these chelonians with a view to reintroduce the species in protected areas with suitable habitat. the monitoring of the reintroduced animals for a long term project is essential to ensure that it is successful .\nthis project was partly funded by the british chelonia group conservation grant. it was also supported by the wildlife conservation society, the mangalore university, and the neria estates pvt. ltd. the author expresses his profound gratitude to dr. john g. frazier, crc, front royal, virginia, usa for his motivation. thanks are due to prof. ian r. swingland, dice, university of kent at canterbury, uk, for his recommendations and guidance. wg. cdr. r. p. langton, british chelonia group and mr. r. 1. vane - wright of the natural history museum, london who encouraged the author to take up this work. thanks to dr. ullas karanth and prof. s. n. hedge of mangalore university for the support in the field .\nannadale, n. 1915. notes on some indian chelonia. records of the indian museum. xi, (11) no. ii .\nauffenberg, w. 1963. a note on the drinking habits of some land tortoises. animal behavior. i 1: pp72 - 73\nchampion, h. g. and seth, s. k. 1968. a revised survey of the forest types of india. manager of publications, new delhi .\ndas, 1. 1991. colour guide to the turtles and tortoises of the indian subcontinent. r & a, publications, avon, uk .\ndas, 1. 1985. indian turtles - a field guide. calcutta: w. w. f. - india (eastern region). pl 19 .\nfrazier, g. j. and das, 1. 1994. some noteable records of testudines from the indian and burmese subregion. hamdryad. i - q pp47 - 66 .\ngroombridge, b. , moll, e. 0. and vijaya, j. 1983. rediscovery of a rare indian turtle. oryx 17: ppl3o - l34 .\ngroombridge, b. (ed). 1993. the 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland. p286 .\ngroombridge, b. (ed). 1994. biodiversity data sourcebook. world conservation press, cambridge, uk. pl55 .\ngroombridge, b. 1982. the iucn amphibian - reptilia red date book, testudines, crocodylia, rhynchocephalia part 1. iucn, glad, switzerland. p426 .\niverson, b. j. 1992. a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world. richmond, indiana. p286 .\nmoll, e. 0. 1989. tortoises of tropical asia in: ian r. swingland and michael w. klemens (eds). the conservation biology of tortoises. iucn, ssc occasional papers no. 5: p 118 .\nmoll, e. o. , groombridge, b. and vijaya, j. 1987. redesciption of cane turtle with notes on its natural history and classifivcation. journal of the bombay natural history society. (centenary suppliment). 83: ppl 12116 .\nschlegel, h. and mciller. 1844. over de schildpadden van den indischen archipel. , beschrijving einer nieuwe soort van sumatra, pp29 - 36. in: c .\nj. temminck (ed). verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiendenis der nederiandsche overzeesche bezittingen, 1893 - 44. part 3. ziiiogy, schildpadden .\nsharath, b. k. 1990a. on the occurrence of the forest cane turtle (geoemyda silvatica) in the western ghats of karnataka, south india. h @ dryad. 15 (1): p34 .\nsmith, m. a. 1931. the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma. reptilia and amphibia. vol 1. loricata and testudines. taylor and francis, red lion court, fleet street, london. uk. p 185 .\nstubbs, d. (compiler). 1991. the tortoises and fresh water turtles - an action plan for their conservation. iucn / ssc. p47 .\nvijaya, j. 1982. rediscovery of the forest cane turtle heosemys (geoemyda) silvatica (reptilia, testudinata, emydidac) from chalakudy forests of kerala. journal of bombay natural history society. 79 (3): pp676 - 677 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nv. deepak 1, madhuri ramesh 2, s. bhupathy 3, and karthikeyan vasudevan 1\n1 wildlife institute of india, p. o. box 18, dehradun 248001 india [ deepaksalea @ gmail. com, karthik @ wii. gov. in ]; 2 ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment, royal enclave, sriramapura, jakkur post, bangalore 560064, india [ madhurir @ hotmail. com ]; 3 sálim ali centre for ornithology and natural history, anaikatty p. o. , coimbatore 641108 india [ bhupathy. s @ gmail. com ]\ndistribution. – india. endemic to the western ghats, across the states of kerala, karnataka, and tamil nadu of southwestern india .\nsynonymy. – testudo travancorica boulenger 1907, testudo (indotestudo) travancorica, geochelone travancorica, geochelone (indotestudo) travancorica, indotestudo travancorica .\n; cites: appendix ii, as testudinidae spp. ; indian wildlife (protection) act (1972): schedule iv .\nfemale indotestudo travancorica from the anamalai hills, southern western ghats, india. photo by v. deepak .\ndistribution of indotestudo travancorica in the western ghats of southwestern peninsular india; the discontinuity in the range is the palghat gap. red dots = museum and literature occurrence records of native populations based on iverson (1992) plus more recent and authors’ data; green shading = projected distribution based on gis - defined hydrologic unit compartments (hucs) constructed around verified localities and then adding hucs that connect known point localities in the same watershed or physiographic region, and similar habitats and elevations as verified hucs (buhlmann et al. 2009), and adjusted based on authors’ data .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n10. pricing: 1 or more: $ 1, 495. 00 / ea .\nwow! housewife finds a dangerous viper in coconut shed. she just escaped | snakemaster" ]

{ "text": [ "the travancore tortoise ( indotestudo travancorica ) is a large forest tortoise growing up to 330 millimetres ( 13 in ) in length .", "it primarily feeds on grasses and herbs .", "it also feeds on molluscs , insects , animal carcass , fungi and fruits .", "it occurs in hill forests at 450 – 850 m elevation .", "males combat by ramming their shell during their breeding season between november and march .", "it makes a shallow nest in the ground and lay 1-5 eggs .", "hatchlings are 55 – 60 mm in size .", "the tortoise is hunted and it is threatened due to forest fires , habitat destruction and fragmentation .", "identification : a scute right behind the head is absent and the second scute along the vertebral column is located at the highest point of the shell .", "status : iucn red list - vulnerable ; indian wildlife ( protection ) act : schedule iv .", "distribution : restricted to the western ghats , in the states of kerala , karnataka and tamil nadu ( india ) .", "vernacular names : tamil : periya amai , kal amai .", "kadas : vengala amai .", "kannada : betta aame , gudde aame , kadu aame .", "malayalam : kattu aama . " ], "topic": [ 0, 8, 8, 24, 14, 28, 9, 17, 21, 17, 13, 25, 0, 0, 6 ] }

[ "the travancore tortoise (indotestudo travancorica) is a large forest tortoise growing up to 330 millimetres (13 in) in length. it primarily feeds on grasses and herbs. it also feeds on molluscs, insects, animal carcass, fungi and fruits. it occurs in hill forests at 450 – 850 m elevation. males combat by ramming their shell during their breeding season between november and march. it makes a shallow nest in the ground and lay 1-5 eggs. hatchlings are 55 – 60 mm in size. the tortoise is hunted and it is threatened due to forest fires, habitat destruction and fragmentation. identification: a scute right behind the head is absent and the second scute along the vertebral column is located at the highest point of the shell. status: iucn red list - vulnerable; indian wildlife (protection) act: schedule iv. distribution: restricted to the western ghats, in the states of kerala, karnataka and tamil nadu (india). vernacular names: tamil: periya amai, kal amai. kadas: vengala amai. kannada: betta aame, gudde aame, kadu aame. malayalam: kattu aama." ]

[ "a new fish species of roeboides from panamá (characiformes: characidae). - pubmed - ncbi\nlucena (2000) examined a few young specimens in poor condition from the río coclé del norte drainage (río tambo) and identified them as roeboides sp. he pointed out some differences between these specimens and specimens belonging to other species of roeboides in central america. the analysis of new samples from that drainage allowed the recognition of a new species of roeboides, which is described herein .\nour results confirmed that the three species of roeboides consumed scales differently. roeboides paranensis was insectivorous - lepidophagous, because it consumed more insects than scales, which confirmed the results of hahn et al. (2000) and casatti et al. (2003). we found r. prognathus to be lepidophagous as verified by sazima & machado (1982). roeboides microlepis predated on whole fish, and we considered it piscivorous .\nroeboides microlepis was known until recently as roeboides bonariensis (steindachner, 1879), but lucena (2003), in his taxonomic revision of the genus roeboides, considered r. bonariensis a synonym of r. microlepis. voucher specimens were deposited in the ichthyological collection of núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia, ictiologia e aqüicultura (nupélia): nup 937 (19), 3129 (10), 921 (64), 930 (20) .\na new species of roeboides (teleostei: characidae) from costa rica and panama, with a key to the middle american species of the genus .\nin the area where our study was carried out, three species of roeboides were caught: roeboides paranensis (pignalberi, 1975), roeboides prognathus (boulenger, 1895) and roeboides microlepis (reinhardt, 1851). information about diet and trophic morphology of these three species are scarce. to r. microlepis only 14 stomach contents had been analyzed (sazima, 1983); to r. prognathus, menezes & silva (1949) described the diet, and sazima & machado (1982) described morphological characteristics of one young (30 mm) and one adult (76 mm), and to r. paranensis only one previous study had looked over the diet (hahn et al. , 2000) .\nr. occidentalis is a benthopelagic species. species from the genus roeboides generally prefer to live among water plants rather than in the open water of the rivers (heckman 1998) .\nlucena, c. a. s. 2007. revisão taxonômica das espécies do gênero roeboides grupo - affins (ostariophysi, characiformes, characidae). iheringia 97: 117 - 136. [ links ]\na freshwater fish roeboides loftini n. sp. is described from the río coclé del norte drainage of the atlantic versant of panamá. the new species differs from other species of the roeboides guatemalensis - group by the number of perforated scales on the lateral line (83 - 100), body depth (31. 8 - 36. 1 %), predorsal distance (49. 1 - 51. 9 %) and the shape of the humeral spot .\nlucena, c. a. s. 1998. relações filogenéticas e definição do gênero roeboides günther (ostariophysi: characiformes: characidae). comun. mus. ciênc. tecnol. pucrs 11: 19 - 59. [ links ]\nroeboides loftini n. sp. , se describe en la desembocadura del río coclé del norte en la vertiente atlántica de panamá. la nueva especie se diferencia de otras especies del grupo del roeboides guatemalensis, por el número de escamas perforadas en la línea lateral (83 - 100), la profundidad del cuerpo (31. 8 - 36. 1 %), distancia predorsal (49. 1 - 51. 9 %) y la forma de la mancha humeral .\nlucena, c. a. s. 2000. revisão taxonômica e filogenia das espécies transandinas do gênero roeboides günther (teleostei: ostariophysi: characiformes). comun. mus. ciênc. tecnol. pucrs 13: 3 - 63. [ links ]\nroeboides loftini has an incomplete infraorbital series. one of the synapomorphies of the r. guatemalensis - group is a complete infraorbital series with the presence of the fourth and fifth infraorbitals (lucena submitted). the condition present in r. loftini may be parsimoniously considered an autapomorphy .\nlucena, c. a. s. de, 2007. revisão taxonômica das espéces do gênero roeboides grupo - affinis (ostariophysi, characiformes, characidae). iheringia, ser. zool. , porto alegre 97 (2): 117 - 136. (ref. 75795 )\na freshwater fish roeboides loftini n. sp. is described from the río coclé del norte drainage of the atlantic versant of panamá. the new species differs from other species of the roeboides guatemalensis - group by the number of perforated scales on the lateral line (83 - 100), body depth (31. 8 - 36. 1 %), predorsal distance (49. 1 - 51. 9 %) and the shape of the humeral spot. rev. biol. trop. 59 (4): 1663 - 1667. epub 2011 december 01 .\nlucena, c. a. s. , 2003. revisão taxonômica e relações filogenéticas das espécies de roeboides grupo - microlepis (ostariophysi, characiformes, characidae). iheringia, sér. zool. , porto alegre 93 (3): 283 - 308. (ref. 57858 )\nr. affinis is a benthopelagic (ecological region at the lowest level of water body) species. species from the genus roeboides generally prefer to live among water plants rather than in the open water of the rivers (heckman 1998). lives in the shallow waters of large streams, flood plain areas and ponds .\ndiet. diets among the three species varied. roeboides paranensis primarily consumed insects (70 %) and scales (28 %), whereas r. prognathus ingested mostly scales (79 %) and insects (16 %). the diet of the r. microlepis was dominated by whole fishes (65 %), and others components, including fish muscles, scales, crustaceans and insects (fig. 2) .\no hábito de consumir escamas tem sido registrado para várias espécies de roeboides. neste estudo foram examinados a variação ontogenética na dieta e o desenvolvimento dentário de três espécies de roeboides (r. paranensis, r. prognathus e r. microlepis). roeboides paranensis consumiu insetos, escamas e microcrustáceos, sendo que os menores indivíduos (< 3, 4 cm - cp) consumiram basicamente insetos, enquanto que escamas foram utilizadas apenas por indivíduos a partir de 3, 4 cm. para r. prognathus, escamas constituiu - se no alimento dominante em todos os tamanhos analisados. a dieta de r. microlepis foi composta principalmente por peixes inteiros, no entanto, os menores indivíduos (< 5, 4 cm) consumiram somente insetos. durante a ontogenia, a migração dos dentes para o exterior da boca se inicia a partir de 3, 7 cm em r. paranensis e de 6, 5 cm em r. microlepis. com o crescimento dos indivíduos, mais dentes migram para fora da boca e tornam - se mais desenvolvidos, o que reflete um consumo maior de escamas para as três espécies. r. prognathus foi a mais especialista, visto que escamas representou cerca de 80% da dieta. esta espécie também apresenta maior número de dentes externos e mais desenvolvidos que as outras espécies .\nty - jour ti - a new species of roeboides (teleostei: characidae) from costa rica and panama, with a key to the middle american species of the genus t2 - sociedade brasileira de ictiologia ur - urltoken pb - sociedade brasileira de ictiologia py - 2013 - 06 - 01 au - matamoros, wilfredo a. au - chakrabarty, prosanta au - angulo, arturo au - garita - alvarado, carlos a. au - mcmahan, caleb d. kw - central america kw - characinae kw - distribution kw - freshwater kw - pacific slope er -\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto by galvis, g. / mojica, j. i. / camargo, m .\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 18. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 36811 )\nlucena, c. a. s. and n. a. menezes, 2003. subfamily characinae (characins, tetras). p. 200 - 208. in r. e. reis, s. o. kullander and c. j. ferraris, jr. (eds .) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america. porto alegre: edipucrs, brasil. (ref. 36811 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01445 (0. 00762 - 0. 02744), b = 3. 08 (2. 91 - 3. 25), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 2 ±0. 73 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 20. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 81048 )\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01072 (0. 00345 - 0. 03326), b = 3. 09 (2. 84 - 3. 34), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (14 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 7. 5; dh range: ? - 2. tropical; 22°c - 25°c (ref. 13614 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 11. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 36811 )\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00708 (0. 00370 - 0. 01356), b = 3. 13 (2. 95 - 3. 31), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 57 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nneotrop. ichthyol. vol. 2 no. 3 porto alegre july / sept. 2004\nnúcleo de pesquisas em limnologia, ictiologia e aquicultura (nupélia), universidade estadual de maringá, av. colombo 5790, 9020900 maringá, pr, brazil. e - mail: rfugi @ urltoken\nstudy area. our study was conducted at manso reservoir (area = 427 km 2) located in the state of mato grosso (brazil) near to the parque nacional da chapada dos guimarães, and in cuiabá river. the manso river joins the cuiabazinho river 80 km downstream the reservoir dam, forming the cuiabá river that empties in to the pantanal. eighteen sites were sampled: one in the upstream and downstream reach of the manso river, manso reservoir, the cuiabá river and in two floodplain lagoons (fig. 1) .\nfishes were collected monthly from march / 2000 to february / 2001 by gillnets (2. 4 to 30. 0 cm mesh), and seining (1cm mesh). gill nets were set fov 24 hours and seining was conducted along the shoreline. all specimens were identified, measured and weighed, and their stomachs were excised and fixed immediately in 4% formaldehyde .\nstomach contents were analyzed by volumetric method (hyslop, 1980), using graduated test tubes, and a counting glass plate (hellawell & abel, 1971) .\nontogenetic variation (size classes based on the dental development) in the diet was determined using dental development, described to determine in which fish length (standard length – sl) the external teeth in the maxillary and premaxillary appear, and whether differences of number, form and size of these teeth are related to fish size. ten specimens of different size classes of each species were taken at random for measurement of morphologic characterization. dental development was described for three size classes of r. paranensis (2. 0 to 7. 9 cm sl) and r. prognathus (3. 7 to 14. 0 cm sl), and five size classes of r. microlepis (2. 7 to 19. 5 cm sl). teeth descriptions for r. prognathus were done only for individuals that already had external teeth .\nthe size class analysis showed that r. paranensis specimens smaller than 3. 4 cm (sl) ate only insects (98. 6 %) and microcrustaceans (1. 4 %). scales attained maximum consumption at 40% of the diet for larger size individuals (> 5 cm). the diet of r. prognathus was composed predominantly by scales in all size classes, however, the proportion of this item gradually increased in largest individuals (63% , 75% and 93% , respectively, to the different size classes). insects were the sole component (100 %) in the diet of r. microlepis smaller than 5. 4 cm. individuals larger than 6. 7 cm appeared to switch to whole fish. scales attained maximum consumption at 68% of the diet for larger size individuals (11. 5 - 14. 0 cm). the diet of the largest individuals (> 14. 5 cm) was dominated by whole fishes (fig. 3) .\ndental development. external teeth were not found in small individuals (2. 6 cm sl) of r. paranensis, but similar conical teeth in the maxillary, premaxillary and dentary were observed (fig. 4). individuals 3. 7 cm in length (sl) exhibited external teeth, three conical in the premaxilla, two in the dentary and about six longitudinally distributed in the maxilla. the development of these teeth was gradual, and the superior became mammiliform (hypertrophied bases) before the inferior ones. the number of external teeth remained constant in all the largest individuals (6. 2 cm sl), however an increase in their size was observed. the mouth has terminal position .\nexternal mammiliform teeth of different sizes in the premaxilla were present in r. prognathus (3. 7 cm sl) (fig. 5). the most developed teeth were the foremost premaxillary, and also, two mammiliform teeth of approximately the same size were present in the dentary. in the maxilla, about five conical teeth and one mammiliform were longitudinally located in the superior part. in larger individuals (7. 0 cm sl), new teeth had migrated to the external part of the premaxilla. the conical teeth became mammiliform in the maxilla. in the largest individuals (11. 0 cm sl) new teeth migrated to the external surface of maxilla and all external teeth were well developed. the mouth is subterminal and the upper jaw elongated forming a\nsnout\nas the fish grew .\nsmall individuals (4. 0 cm sl) of r. microlepis contained a series of conical teeth in the interior part of the mouth, similar to the premaxillary and dentary teeth (fig. 6). three teeth had migrated to the external surface of premaxilla and two to the dentary in smaller fishes (6. 5 cm sl). as the individuals of this species grew to 11. 5 cm sl, two external maxillary teeth became visible. in larger individuals (14. 5 cm ls) a new tooth migrated to the maxilla. a new tooth had also migrated to the external surface of maxilla in the largest individuals (18. 0 cm sl), as well as one to the external surface of premaxilla. the teeth of the largest sized fishes were hypertrophied. the mouth is wide and has terminal position .\nscales can be found in fish stomach for several reasons; however, a true lepidophagous fish must contain scales in the stomach without the presence of bones, muscles or other tissues. for example, piscivorous frequently contain scales in their stomachs after soft tissues have been digested, and detritivorous fishes may consume scales that are in the substrate (peterson & mcintyre, 1998) .\naccording to peterson & winemiller (1997), fish scales are a nutritious, abundant and represent a renewable food resource. given this inexhaustible feeding resource, several fish species, four freshwater and seven marine families (gerking, 1994), have evolved specialized strategies, tactics, and changes in mouth structure (e. g. , acquiring specialized teeth and jaw more appropriated to this type of predation) to better obtain this food .\nthe migration of teeth to the external part of mouth seems to be the determinant factor of the feeding pattern of the three species we analyzed. this pattern was best noted in r. paranensis and r. microlepis, considering that absence of external teeth was found in fish consuming mostly insects, and then when fish shifted to a diet of scales the exteriorization of the teeth was present. it was not possible to follow the exteriorization of the teeth in r. prognathus since the smallest individuals collected already had external teeth .\nasymmetric grow of the jaws (upper jaw longer than lower jaw) may increase the ability of fish to consume scales (sazima & machado, 1982; peterson & mcintyre, 1998), however we only observed this characteristic in r. prognathus. the elongation of the upper jaw has previously been observed in r. dayi and r. affinis and more pronounced in the r. affinis whose diet contained 100% scales (peterson & mcintyre, 1998) .\nwe are grateful to nupélia / uem, furnas centrais elétricas sa. for logistic and financial support and conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico (cnpq) in terms of personal grants (cnpq procs. nsh: 350538 / 02 - 6). we thank to sidinei m. thomaz and eric d. dibble for reviewing the english manuscript .\nangermeier, p. l. & j. r. karr. 1983. fish communities along environmental gradients in a system of a tropical stream. environmental biology of fishes, 9 (2): 117 - 135 .\ncasatti, l. , h. f. mendes & m. ferreira. 2003. aquatic macrophytes as feeding site for small fishes in the rosana reservoir, paranapanema river, southeastern brazil. brazilian journal of biology, 63 (2): 213 - 222 .\ngerking, s. d. 1994. feeding ecology of fish. new york, academic press. 416p .\n( osteichthyes, characinae) in pools of the upper rio paraná floodplain (state of paraná, brazil). revista brasileira de biologia, 60 (1): 93 - 99 .\nhellawell, j. & abel. 1971. a rapid volumetric method for the analysis of the food of fishes. journal of fish biology, 3: 29 - 37 .\nhyslop, e. m. s. 1980. stomach contents analysis – a review of methods and their application. journal of fish biology, 17: 411 - 429 .\nlucena, c. a. s. & n. a. menezes. 2003. subfamily characinae (characins, tetras). in: reis, r. e. , s. o. kullander & c. j. ferraris (eds). pp. 200 - 208. check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america. edipucrs, porto alegre, 729p .\n, günther (ostariophysi; characiformes; characidae). comunicações do museu de ciências e tecnologia da pucrs, série zoologia, 11: 19 - 59 .\n( ostariophysi, characiformes, characidae). iheringia, 93 (3): 283 - 308 .\n( boulenger) da bacia do rio parnaíba, piauí. revista brasileira de biologia, 9 (2): 235 - 239 .\nwith morphological comparisons. environmental biology of fishes, 53: 105 - 110 .\n, a neotropical characid. environmental biology of fishes, 49: 111 - 118 .\nsazima, i. 1983. scale - eating in characoids and other fishes. environmental biology of fishes, 9 (2): 87 - 101 .\n, um peixe lepidófago (osteichthyes, characoidei). boletim de zoologia da universidade de são paulo, 7: 37 - 56 .\n( pisces, carangidae). revista brasileira de biologia, 40 (4): 701 - 710 .\nuniversidade estadual de maringá núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia, ictiologia e aquicultura / coleção ictiologia av. colombo, 5790 87020 - 900 maringá, pr, brasil tel. : (55 44) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is extremely widespread, common, and not threatened. it has therefore been assessed as least concern .\nthis species is extremely widespread and occurs in the amazon, the orinoco, the paraguay river and watercourses in the guianas .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsnoeks, j. , laleye, p. & contreras - macbeath, t .\njustification: assessed as least concern due to its large distribution and the lack of any known major widespread threats .\nthis species is found in the pacific versant rivers of panama, colombia and northern ecuador .\nsnoeks, j. , laleye, p. & contreras - macbeath, t. 2009 .\nlaboratório de ictiologia, museu de ciências e tecnologia da pucrs. av. ipiranga 6681, 90619 - 900, porto alegre, rs, brazil; lucena @ urltoken\nkey words: distribution, freshwater fish, río coclé del norte, atlantic versant .\npalabras clave: distribución, peces de agua dulce, río coclé del norte, vertiente del atlántico .\nholotype: stri - 7655 (65. 1mm sl), río turbe, tributary of río san juan, upper río coclé del norte drainage, panamá, 08º 47’05’’ n - 80º 38’10’’ w, 2009, jorge garcia .\nparatypes: stri - 7656 (3, 44. 4 - 64. 6mm sl), same locality as holotype; stri - 7657 (14, 39. 7 - 80. 2mm sl, 1 c & s specimen, 65. 0mm sl), río turbe, tributary of río san juan, upper río coclé del norte drainage, panamá. 08º47’09’’ n - 80º 37’55’’ w, mcp 45775 (3, 57. 7 - 75. 1mm sl), same locality as stri - 7657 .\nnon - types: stri 400 (9, 35. 0 - 65. 1mm sl), río tambo, río coclé del norte drainage, panamá (lucena, 2000) .\ngill - rakers long, upper limb with five to seven rakers (n = 20, mode = 6) [ 6 ], lower limb with nine or ten rakers (n = 20, mode = 9) [ 9 ] .\ndorsal fin rays i + 9 (n = 20). fin origin situated approximately slightly beyond vertical through origin of anal fin. anal fin rays iv - v, 45 - 50 (n = 20, mode = 47) [ 46 ]. males with one or two small, retrorse bony hooks per segment on first to seventh or eighth segmented rays. pectoral fin rays i + 12 - 14 (n = 19, mode = 13) [ 12 ]. tip of longest ray falling slightly short of, or reaching, anal fin origin. pelvic fin rays i, 7 (n = 20). longest pelvic ray extending beyond anal fin origin. males with one bony hook per segment present from first to seventh segmented anal fin rays. caudal fin forked with 19 principal rays (n = 20) .\nlateral line scales 83 - 100 (n = 20, mode = 88 / 89) [ 85 ]. scale rows above lateral line 20 - 22 (n = 20, mode = 20) [ 21 ]; scale rows below lateral line 20 - 24 (n = 19, mode = 22) [ 22 ]; scale rows around caudal peduncle 25 - 30 (n = 10, mode = 29 / 30) [ 20 ]. precaudal vertebrae 15; caudal vetrabrae 23; total vertebrae 38 (n = 1 c & s specimen) .\ncolor in life: overall coloration silvery or yellowish. tip of snout black. dark midlateral stripe sometimes inconspicuous and hidden by silvery lateral band. dark humeral spot conspicuous. caudal peduncle spot dark diffuse. caudal fin yellow. tip of caudal - fin rays clear. other fins slightly yellowish .\netymology: the specific epithet, loftini, is a patronym in honor of dr. horace loftin in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of the distribution of the freshwater fishes of panamá .\ndistribution: the species is known only from the río coclé del norte drainage, an atlantic versant drainage of northwestern panamá .\ni am grateful to the following: jorge garcía, universidad del panamá, for sending the specimens that served as the basis of the description of the new species; rigoberto gonzáles g. , for his help in sending specimens since 1999 and for the suggestion of the specific epithet; oris sanjur and gisela reina of stri, for cataloging the type series. fernando jerep provided the photo of the holotype .\nbussing, w. a. 2002. peces de las aguas continentales de costa rica. universidad de costa rica, san pedro, costa rica. [ links ]\nfink, w. l & s. h. weitzman. 1974. the so - called cheirodontin fishes of central america with descriptions of two new species (pisces: characidae). smithson. contrib. zool. 172: 1 - 46. [ links ]\nmatamoros, w. a. , j. f. schaefer & b. r. kreiser. 2009. annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular honduras. zootaxa 2307: 1 - 38. [ links ]\ntaylor, w. r. & g. c. van dyke. 1985. revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. cybium 9: 107 - 119. [ links ]\nlaboratório de ictiologia, museu de ciências e tecnologia da pucrs. av. ipiranga 6681, 90619 - 900, porto alegre, rs, brazil ;\nuniversidad de costa rica. escuela de biología, 2060 san josé, costa rica, san pedro, san josé, cr, 2060, 2511 - 5500, 2511 - 5550 rbt @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nlaboratório de ictiologia, museu de ciências e tecnologia da pucrs, av. ipiranga 6681, 90619 - 900 porto alegre, rs, brazil. lucena @ urltoken\ncentral and south america: pacific versant rivers of panama, and colombia to north of ecuador .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 13. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 36811 )\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 8 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\nmatamoros, wilfredo a. chakrabarty, prosanta angulo, arturo garita - alvarado, carlos a. mcmahan, caleb d .\nbiodivlibrary rt @ siobhanleachman: # conservation status of # newzealand chimaeras # sharks and rays. includes great white sharks listed as nationally endan…\nbiodivlibrary the caption on this # sciart reads ,\nsome of the most remarkable # parasites found upon fish and crustaceans .\nsome o… urltoken\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "roeboides is a genus of characins from central and south america .", "these fish , among other characteristics , are small , are typically translucent , and have a rhomboid shape . " ], "topic": [ 26, 23 ] }

[ "roeboides is a genus of characins from central and south america. these fish, among other characteristics, are small, are typically translucent, and have a rhomboid shape." ]

[ "xiao s, knoll ah, yuan xunlai (1998) morphological reconstruction of miaohephyton bifurcatum, a possible brown alga from the neoproterozoic doushantuo formation, south china. journal of paleontology 72: 1072–1086 .\n' aggregatosphaera miaoheensis belongs to aggregatosphaera' according to s. xiao et al. 2002' anomalophyton zhangzhongyingi belongs to anomalophyton' according to chen et al. 1994' archaeocladiphyton quyuani belongs to archaeocladiphyton' according to chen et al. 1994' archaeocladiphyton quyuani is recombined as doushantuophyton quyuani' according to s. xiao et al. 2002' archaeocladiphyton is a subjective synonym of doushantuophyton' according to s. xiao et al. 2002' baculiphyca taeniata belongs to baculiphyca' according to yuan et al. 1995' calyptrina striata belongs to calyptrina' according to sokolov 1967' cucullus fraudulentus belongs to cucullus' according to steiner 1994' doushantuophyton lineare belongs to doushantuophyton' according to steiner 1994' enteromorphites siniansis belongs to enteromorphites' according to zhu and chen 1984' glomulus filamentum belongs to glomulus' according to steiner 1994' jiuqunaoella simplicis belongs to jiuqunaoella' according to chen 1991' konglingiphyton erecta belongs to konglingiphyton' according to chen and xiao 1992' liulingjitaenia alloplecta belongs to liulingjitaenia' according to chen and xiao 1992' longifuniculum dissolutum belongs to longifuniculum' according to steiner et al. 1992' miaohephyton bifurcatum belongs to miaohephyton' according to steiner 1994' niuganmafeia typica belongs to niuganmafeia' according to li 1996' niuganmafeia typica is recombined as sinospongia typica' according to s. xiao et al. 2002' niuganmafeia is a subjective synonym of sinospongia' according to s. xiao et al. 2002' protoconites minor belongs to protoconites' according to chen et al. 1994' sinocylindra yunnanensis belongs to sinocylindra' according to chen and erdtmann 1991' sinospongia chenjunyuani belongs to sinospongia' according to chen 1992\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nstramenopiles constitute a large and diverse eukaryotic clade that is currently poorly characterized from both phylogenetic and temporal perspectives at deeper taxonomic levels. to better understand this group, and in particular the photosynthetic stramenopiles (ochrophyta), we analyzed sequence data from 135 taxa representing most major lineages. our analytical approach utilized several recently developed methods that more realistically model the temporal evolutionary process .\nphylogenetic reconstruction employed a bayesian joint rate - and pattern - heterogeneity model to reconstruct the evolutionary history of these taxa. inferred phylogenetic resolution was generally high at all taxonomic levels, sister - class relationships in particular receiving good statistical support. a signal for heterotachy was detected in clustered portions of the tree, although this does not seem to have had a major influence on topological inference. divergence time estimates, assuming a lognormally - distributed relaxed molecular clock while accommodating topological uncertainty, were broadly congruent over alternative temporal prior distributions. these data suggest that ochrophyta originated near the proterozoic - phanerozoic boundary, diverging from their sister - taxon oomycota. the evolution of the major ochrophyte lineages appears to have proceeded gradually thereafter, with most lineages coming into existence by ∼200 million years ago .\nthe evolutionary timescale of the autotrophic stramenopiles reconstructed here is generally older than previously inferred from molecular clocks. however, this more ancient timescale nevertheless casts serious doubt on the taxonomic validity of putative xanthophyte / phaeophyte fossils from the proterozoic, which predate by as much as a half billion years or more the age suggested by our molecular genetic data. if these fossils truly represent crown stramenopile lineages, then this would imply that molecular rate evolution in this group proceeds in a fashion that is fundamentally incompatible with the relaxed molecular clock model employed here. a more likely scenario is that there is considerable convergent morphological evolution within heterokonta, and that these fossils have been taxonomically misdiagnosed .\ncitation: brown jw, sorhannus u (2010) a molecular genetic timescale for the diversification of autotrophic stramenopiles (ochrophyta): substantive underestimation of putative fossil ages. plos one 5 (9): e12759. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 brown, sorhannus. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: jwb is funded through a rackham predoctoral fellowship from the university of michigan. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe photosynthetic stramenopiles (ochrophyta) [ 1 ] constitute a highly diverse clade within heterokonta, a clade that also includes a number of heterotrophic lineages such as plant molds and aquatic pseudofungi [ e. g. 2 ], [ 3 ]. the majority of published molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the photosynthetic and non - photosynthetic stramenopiles form a monophyletic taxon [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 5 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 8 ]. heterokonts are typically characterized by the presence of a flagellum with tripartite tubular hairs (stramenopiles) and a smooth flagellum (i. e. lacking mastigonemes), although these are secondarily reduced or lost in some lineages [ 8 ]. the closest living relative of the heterokont eukaryotes has traditionally remained unclear. however, in a number of recent studies, rhizaria has been identified with high support values as the sister - lineage ([ 5 ], [ 6 ]; however, see [ 7 ], [ 9 ] for different inferred relationships) .\nthe major ochrophyte lineages, often considered as different classes, include aurearenophyceae, bacillariophyceae, eustigmatophyceae, dictyochophyceae, synchromophyceae, chrysophyceae, chrysomerophyceae, bolidophyceae, xanthophyceae, synurophyceae, schizocladiophyceae, raphidophyceae, pinguiophyceae, phaeothamniophyceae, phaeophyceae, picophagea and pelagophyceae. due to inferred paraphyly, the status of picophagea [ 3 ] as a distinct class has been questioned [ 10 ], [ 11 ]. phylogenetic relationships among the major pigmented heterokont lineages are generally poorly resolved ([ 2 ], [ 12 ], [ 13 ]; see [ 8 ] for improved resolution). however, the majority of molecular systematic studies indicate that oomycota is either the sole outgroup of the photosynthetic stramenopiles or that this taxon is part of a larger heterotrophic stramenopile lineage that constitutes the closest living relative of ochrophyta [ e. g. 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 8 ], [ 10 ], [ 11 ], [ 14 ] .\nin light of this uncertainty, the goals of this investigation were to infer, using nuclear - encoded ssu rrna sequences, the timeframe within which the major lineages of heterokont algae originated and diversified, and to assess the validity of putative proterozoic xanthophyte / phaeophyte fossils in the context of the reconstructed time - calibrated phylogeny. to robustly determine the placement of fossil constraints for subsequent divergence time estimation, an initial phylogeny was constructed using a bayesian model which accommodated both pattern (substitution model) heterogeneity and heterotachy [ 31 ], [ 32 ]. dating analyses, taking into account uncertainty in topological structure, employed an uncorrelated relaxed clock model of lineage - specific rate - heterogeneity [ 33 ], and considered two general approaches of translating fossil ages into temporal constraints .\nthe nuclear - encoded ssu rrna was chosen as the molecular marker for inferring phylogenetic relationships among the major ochrophyte lineages and the timeframes within which the photosynthetic heterokonts originated and diversified. utilization of this gene allowed for the most expansive taxonomic sampling of the autotrophic stramenopile classes, including the non - photosynthetic oomycetes which are thought to be the closest living relatives of the ochrophytes [ 3 ], [ 8 ], [ 10 ], [ 11 ], [ 14 ]. incorporating the immediate sister - taxon is imperative for gaining increased accuracy in elucidating the time period within which a given lineage evolved (i. e. it allows for the estimation of both stem - and crown - ages). in addition to the non - photosynthetic stramenopiles, we used representatives of the dinoflagellates, haptophytes, ‘green plants’, and rhodophytes as outgroups and for calibration purposes. all the 135 nuclear - encoded ssu rrna sequences used in the study were obtained from genbank (for accession numbers, see table s1 in supplementary information) .\nthe software package dambe v4. 5. 55 [ 34 ] was utilized to manage the nucleotide data. the alignment of the nucleotide sequences was carried out using mafft v6 [ 35 ]. the default settings of the parameters were used (scoring matrix value: 200pam / k = 2; gap opening penalty = 1. 53; offset value = 0. 00). the alignment strategy implemented was l - ins - i [ 36 ]. the alignment is available from the corresponding author upon request .\ndivergence time estimation accommodating topological uncertainty was performed using the relaxed clock model of drummond et al. [ 33 ] under gtr + γ 4 + i as implemented in the program beast v1. 5. 3 [ 39 ]. unlike most other relaxed clock methods available [ e. g. 40 ], [ 41 ], this approach does not assume that rates are necessarily autocorrelated across the tree in an ancestor - descendant fashion; rather, branch - specific relative rates are drawn from a lognormal distribution, the mean and standard deviation of which are estimated from the data via mcmc sampling. a birth - death diversification process was used as a prior on the distribution of node heights. tree topology and divergence times were estimated simultaneously, although for some internal nodes monophyly was enforced to facilitate the placement of prior age calibration distributions (see below). six replicate runs of 10 7 generations were performed for each analysis, sampling every 5×10 4 generations. convergence, mixing, and effective sample sizes (ess) were monitored through the use of tracer v1. 5 [ 42 ]. post - burnin samples were combined across runs to summarize parameter estimates .\nprior age calibration distributions are given in table 1, and the positions of these constraints in the tree are indicated in fig. 1. the node uniting the c 25 hbi alkene producing rhizosolenids and the corethron lineage was treated as a bounded constraint (91. 5 + / −1. 5 ma) because the sudden rise of the c 25 hbi alkene in the geological record has been dated to have occurred between 90 and 93 ma [ 43 ]. this time distribution was mimicked in the beast analyses through specifying a normal temporal prior. according to haug and tiedemann [ 44 ], the final closure of the isthmus of panama occurred sometime between 3. 6 and 2. 7 ma. nodes relevant to this geological event were assigned a normal temporal prior reflecting this range. the root node age was modeled with a uniform prior ranging between 1630 and 1160 ma. this timeframe, which is also supported by the fossil occurrence of bangiomorpha [ 45 ], is based on the estimated divergence between the red and green algal lineages obtained in a molecular phylogenetic dating analysis carried out by hackett et al. [ 46 ] .\nconsensus tree inferred from the bayesian joint rate - and pattern - heterogeneity model .\nconsensus tree inferred from the bayesian joint rate - and pattern - heterogeneity model [ 31 ], [ 32 ]. numbers next to each node indicate inferred posterior clade probabilities. red branches indicate those lineages inferred to having a greater than a 50% probability of having two distinct lengths in the posterior sample. the scale bar shows the expected number of substitutions per site. blue circles indicate nodes with explicit temporal constraints (see table 1) .\nin trees derived from the bayesphylogenies and beast analyses, the pigmented heterokonts formed a monophyletic group and a sister - lineage relationship with the oomycetes with high support values (figs. 1, 2, s1, s2; see also [ 14 ]) .\nmaximum clade credibility chronogram derived from the summary of post - burnin samples from six independent beast analyses utilizing an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model and lognormal temporal constraint priors (see text for explanation). nodes are plotted as mean divergence time estimates (ma), and blue horizontal bars represent 95% posterior credible intervals. numbers in the tree diagram indicate posterior clade probabilities, with red circles representing nodes with posterior probability equal to 1. 0. green letters indentify major nodes whose age estimates across analyses are provided in table 2. for legibility, major classes are collapsed and subsequent outgroups are not shown .\nthe consensus phylogeny derived from analyses employing the joint rate - and pattern - heterogeneity model [ 31 ], [ 32 ] in bayesphylogenies yielded generally high posterior probabilities for the nodes uniting the major ochrophyte groups (fig. 1). all nodes used for calibrating the divergence time analyses (table 1) received posterior probabilities values of 1. 0, except the one uniting the ceratium and alexandrium lineages (dinophyceae) which had a posterior probability of 0. 7 (fig. 1). the fact that the great majority of the calibration nodes received posterior probability values of 1. 0 justified fixing their phylogenetic relationships in the divergence time analyses. branches exhibiting evidence for heterotachy (identified by having a greater than 0. 5 posterior probability of having two distinct branch lengths) were non - randomly distributed, being mainly concentrated in lineages within chrysophyceae - synurophyceae, bacillariophyceae / bolidophyceae, and alveolata (fig. 1, red branches). however, the presence of heterotachy does not appear to have had any major influence on topological inference (see below) .\nthe maximum - clade - credibility trees derived from the beast analyses using lognormal and exponential priors temporal priors (see methods above) were identical in topology and almost indistinguishable in posterior clade probabilities (figs. s1, s2). these near - identical inferences suggest that 1) both sets of analyses were sampling from the same distribution in tree - space, 2) both sets of analyses were run sufficiently long to produce a valid approximation to the stationary distribution (in addition to the evidence from large ess values), and 3) alternative approaches to implementing temporal constraints had negligible influence on topological inference. however, these beast trees show one important topological discrepancy in regard to the topology obtained from bayesphylogenies (fig. 1). in the beast topology the phaeothamniophyceae / aurearenophyceae clade constitutes a sister - lineage to the clade uniting schizocladiophyceae / phaeophyceae (fig. 2). in the consensus tree derived from the bayesphylogenies analysis phaeothamniophyceae / aurearenophyceae instead shares a most recent common ancestor with xanthophyceae (see also the combined data analysis in [ 48 ]). as the relevant branches characterizing differences across the trees are not inferred to involve heterotachy (fig. 1), these dissonant results are likely explained through the accommodation of pattern heterogeneity [ 31 ] in the bayesphylogenies analyses .\nall trees reconstructed herein agree on inferred instances of paraphyly. minor examples include genera in bacillariophyceae (rhizosolenia and thalassiosira) and xanthophyceae (chlorellidium, bumilleriopsis, and botrydiopsis). however, more notable instances exist. for example, in all trees antarctosaccion applanatum is removed from the remaining ‘phaeothamniophyceae’ species (phaeothamnion confervicola and stichogloea doederleinii), instead forming a sister - relationship (with posterior probability 1. 0) with chrysomerophyceae representative giraudyopsis stellifera, a result that has independently been inferred from 18s rdna [ 48 ]. additionally, our analyses reject the clustering of botrydiopsis pyrenoidosa with xanthophyceae [ 49 ], or indeed with any of the other classes, suggesting that additional major evolutionary lineages may exist among the photosynthetic stramenopiles. finally, our results indicate that chrysophyceae and synurophyceae are paraphyletic taxa (for discussion, see [ 50 ]), due to the chrysosphaerella lineage (synurophyceae) forming a sister - relationship with chrysamoeba mikrokonta (chrysophyceae) with posterior probability 1. 0 in all analyses .\nboth the multigene phylogeny published by riisberg et al. [ 8 ] and the trees inferred here suggest that bacillariophyceae, pelagophyceae, and dictyochophyceae are among the earliest ochrophyte classes to evolve and that some of the most recent radiations included groups such as xanthophyceae, phaeophyceae, and phaeothamniophyceae. however, the exact branching orders among these major lineages differed between the two studies. in particular, the phylogenetic position of raphidophyceae (inferred here with high posterior support; figs. 1, 2) is incompatible, although support for the phylogenetic arrangement in the former study is poor [ 8 ]. previous analyses based both on ssu rrna, rbcl sequences and combined data, have been unable to identify a well corroborated relationship for this taxon [ 2 ], [ 8 ], [ 12 ], [ 13 ], [ 50 ], [ 51 ], [ 52 ], [ 53 ], [ 54 ]. resolution of these and other conflicts will require more expansive taxon and gene sampling .\na number of hypotheses have been proposed regarding the timing of evolution of the extant pigmented heterokonts. one view (the paleozoic hypothesis) developed from analyses of nuclear 18s rrna sequences holds that the photosynthetic stramenopiles originated between 498 and 293 ma [ 5 ], [ 29 ] and subsequently diversified throughout the mesozoic [ 29 ], [ 30 ]. another position, supported by the fossil record of putative xanthophyte algae, claims that the group could have originated as far back in time as the late mesoproterozoic / early neoproterozoic [ 16 ], [ 17 ], [ 20 ], [ 21 ]. this more ancient timeframe has been corroborated from molecular clock analyses of rbcl data [ 29 ] .\nthere is not much known about the fossil history of the chrysophytes, which include both chrysophyceae and synurophyceae [ 50 ]. lower cretaceous strata (aptian - albian, 125–99 ma) are thought to contain the earliest fossil record of the chrysophytes [ 63 ], [ 64 ]. however, scales, similar to those seen in modern chrysophytes, have also been reported from 811. 5–717. 4 ma deposits in northwestern canada [ 18 ], [ 24 ], [ 25 ]. our analyses indicate that chrysophytes most likely originated in the permian (lognormal priors: mean = 279 ma, 95% ci = 373–189 ma; exponential priors: mean = 268 ma, 95% ci = 363–179; fig. 2, node h; table 2). thus, we infer from our molecular data that the extant chrysophytes evolved more than 50 million years earlier than is suggested by reliable fossil evidence from the cretaceous. however, if one considers the putative precambrian chrysophyte scales, the time of origin of the chrysophyceae / synurophyceae clade was underestimated in this study by at least 220 million years .\nclass dictyochophyceae, which once was considered to be a member of the class chrysophyceae, includes the silicoflagellates (order dictyochales), a group characterized by formation of a silicified skeleton. due to the silicified structures these organisms possess a fossil record starting in the early cretaceous (145. 5–99. 6 ma; [ 65 ]). the age estimates obtained herein suggested that dictyochophyceae evolved much earlier than the paleontological record indicates, the divergence from its sister - lineage (pelagophyceae) taking place between the early cambrian and permian (lognormal priors: mean = 397 ma, 95% ci = 520–279 ma; exponential priors: mean = 382 ma, 95% ci = 497–264; fig. 2, node e; table 2) .\nmost ochrophyte classes generally lack a fossil record, and tend to be currently composed of relatively few species. major pigmented heterokont lineages that are absent from the paleontological record include aurearenophyceae, schizocladiophyceae, synchromophyceae, bolidophyceae, phaeothamniophyceae, chrysomerophyceae, pelagophyceae, eustigmatophyceae, pinguiophyceae, and raphidophyceae. this is reflected in the distribution of temporally - constrained nodes in the present study (fig. 1). andersen [ 2 ] posed the question of whether these groups are ancient and consist of a few remnant species, or if they are newly evolved groups that have not yet radiated. the present study indicates that these lineages originated at considerably different periods (fig. 2; table 2), suggesting that neither of these possibilities likely holds generally across all clades [ 76 ], [ 77 ] .\nthe earliest divergence event within the photosynthetic stramenopiles occurred between bacillariophyceae / bolidophyceae and a ‘super - clade’ consisting of the remaining extant pigmented heterokont lineages near the cambrian - ordovician transition (lognormal priors: mean = 506 ma, 95% ci = 636–373 ma; exponential priors: mean = 486 ma, 95% ci = 619–362; fig. 2, node b; table 2). eustigmatophyceae diverged from a lineage consisting of synchromophyceae / chrysophyceae –synurophyceae between the middle ordovician and the late permian (fig. 2, node g; table 2). other major lineages originating during this time period (467–255 ma) include raphidophyceae, pinguiophyceae and the lineage represented by botrydiopsis pyrenoidosa. schizocladiophyceae, phaeophyceae, phaeothamniophyceae, and aurearenophyceae are inferred to have most probably originated in the triassic and jurassic periods (fig. 2; table 2). in contrast, the only divergence inferred to have taken place entirely in the phanerozoic was that between giraudyopsis stellifera (chrysomerophyceae) and antarctosaccion applanatum (lognormal priors: mean = 72 ma, 95% ci = 137–20 ma; exponential priors: mean = 68 ma, 95% ci = 131–20; fig. 2, node p; table 2) .\nall molecular dating approaches make assumptions [ 78 ], [ 79 ], [ 80 ], [ 81 ], and these should be considered critically on a per data set basis. for example, most currently available approaches assume that the phylogeny is known without error. however, if this assumption is considered untenable (for example with poor nonparametric bootstrap or posterior probability values) then any inferences made under this assumption should be regarded with skepticism. in the present study the great majority of nodes defining relationships among the heterokont algal classes are well supported (fig. 1). this can be considered an advance in the attempt to infer evolutionary relationships between the major photosynthetic stramenopile taxa since many studies, using various genes and combined data sets (both molecular and non - molecular data), have often shown poorly resolved phylogenetic positions of the classes [ 2 ], [ 12 ], [ 13 ], [ 51 ], [ 52 ], [ 53 ], [ 54 ]. nevertheless, we opted to relax the fixed - topology assumption in order to investigate the degree of topological congruency across analyses / models. indeed, our bayesphylogenies and beast trees disagree importantly in the placement of the phaeothamniophyceae / aurearenophyceae clade (figs. 1, 2). although the accommodation of topological uncertainty comes at the expense of less precise inferences (through considering a broader portion of parameter space), we regard this as a more honest approach to presenting the historical signal possessed in the empirical data .\na second important issue concerns the treatment of temporal constraints. dating analyses often implement calibration dates that assume a close correspondence between the first appearance of morphospecies in the fossil record and genetic speciation [ 29 ], [ 69 ], at the extreme assigning to a node to the age of the relevant fossil. however, when morphological differentiation and genetic speciation are decoupled cladogenesis can potentially take place appreciably earlier than detectable species level morphological delineation (see fig. 1 in [ 47 ]). such a situation is expected to result in a bias towards younger paleontological divergence time estimates [ 82 ]. operationally, this is a concern since recent molecular evolutionary studies have demonstrated that unicellular eukaryotes can exist as cryptic / semi - cryptic species, such as the diatoms, thalassiosira weissflogii [ 83 ], ditylum brightwellii [ 84 ], cyclotella meneghiniana [ 85 ], pseudo - nitzschia delicatissima / pseudodelicatissima [ 86 ], and the foraminiferan orbulina universa [ 87 ]. these organisms appear to have differentiated considerably at the molecular genetic level without any major discernable morphological differences .\na third issue in molecular dating involves the general modelling of among - lineage rate heterogeneity. for example, typical empirical molecular genetic alignments of non - trivial size are rarely fit by ‘global’ molecular clocks. relaxed clock approaches offer a break from the unwarranted assumption of a global clock through allowing individual branches within a tree to have unique rates of molecular evolution. however, many of the available relaxed clock models [ e. g. 40 ], [ 41 ] assume an autocorrelation of ancestor - descendent rates. recent studies of virus, marsupial [ 33 ], mammal [ 88 ], fish [ 89 ], plant [ 90 ], [ 91 ], and avian [ 47 ] data sets indicate that empirical sequences tend to exhibit non - autocorrelated rates. likewise, the posterior distribution of the coefficient of variation estimated here strongly renders a global molecular clock assumption untenable, and the calculated covariance among inferred branch rates suggest there is little evidence for an ancestor - descendant autocorrelation of rates in the phylogeny used in this study. indeed, a rejection of autocorrelated rate - evolution is generally expected at deep taxonomic levels due to stochastic variation alone [ 33 ], [ 92 ] .\nfinally, a general issue for all phylogenetic studies concerns taxon and molecular sampling. in the present study we elected to maximize taxonomic sampling, as this has been demonstrated to be important in divergence time estimation [ 93 ], [ 94 ]. we recognize the limitations inherent in using a single locus for both phylogeny reconstruction (gene trees can differ from underlying species trees; [ 95 ]) and molecular dating (the pattern of rate - variation in a single locus may not be representative of the genome as a whole). in particular, our results reveal a general phenomenon in molecular dating where older nodes are less precisely estimated [ 96 ]. these older estimates in particular will benefit through the future addition of multiple unlinked loci. nevertheless, we regard our results as an important step towards a robust temporal perspective on the origination and diversification of the autotrophic stramenopiles, and consider the validity of putative proterozoic xanthophyte / phaeophyte fossils (differing by as much as half billion years or more from the timescale inferred here) as being strongly rejected by the data in hand .\nmaximum clade credibility chronogram. maximum clade credibility chronogram from beast analyses utilizing an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model and lognormally - distributed temporal constraint priors (see main text for explanation). all included taxa are shown. nodes are plotted as mean divergence time estimates (ma), and blue horizontal bars represent 95% posterior credible intervals. numbers in the tree diagram indicate posterior clade probabilities. estimates are derived from the summary of post - burnin samples from six independent mcmc analyses .\nmaximum clade credibility chronogram. maximum clade credibility chronogram from beast analyses utilizing an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model and exponentially - distributed temporal constraint priors (see main text for explanation). all included taxa are shown. nodes are plotted as mean divergence time estimates (ma), and blue horizontal bars represent 95% posterior credible intervals. numbers in the tree diagram indicate posterior clade probabilities. estimates are derived from the summary of post - burnin samples from six independent mcmc analyses .\nthe authors thank joseph d. ortiz for providing updated information on the time of the final closure of the isthmus of panama and andrew meade for advice on bayesphylogenies analyses. jwb thanks l. ranaldo and d. van vliet for encouragement throughout. we thank nick butterfield and an anonymous reviewer for valuable suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript, and thomas gilbert for editorial assistance .\nconceived and designed the experiments: us. analyzed the data: jwb us. wrote the paper: jwb us .\ncavalier - 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{ "text": [ "miaohephyton is a carbonaceous compression fossil of a thalloid organism that has been interpreted as a brown alga .", "its neoproterozoic age ( 600 to 550 million years ago ) is incompatible with molecular clocks that estimate the divergence of the brown algae around 300 million years ago , leading to suggestions that its \" brown algal \" features are the result of convergence .", "the organism grew both by apical growth ( leading to bifurcation ) and intercalary growth ( increasing the distances between nodes ) .", "some specimens are smooth , whereas others bear rounded structures that are interpreted as conceptacles . " ], "topic": [ 26, 4, 4, 21 ] }

[ "miaohephyton is a carbonaceous compression fossil of a thalloid organism that has been interpreted as a brown alga. its neoproterozoic age (600 to 550 million years ago) is incompatible with molecular clocks that estimate the divergence of the brown algae around 300 million years ago, leading to suggestions that its \" brown algal \" features are the result of convergence. the organism grew both by apical growth (leading to bifurcation) and intercalary growth (increasing the distances between nodes). some specimens are smooth, whereas others bear rounded structures that are interpreted as conceptacles." ]

[ "... - tailed rat (m. dollmani) · manusela mosaic - tailed rat (m. fraterculus) · snow mountains grassland mosaic ...\n... rat (m. fraterculus) · snow mountains grassland mosaic - tailed rat (m. frigicola) · seram long - tailed ...\ndusky mosaic - tailed rat (m. aerosus) • rossel island mosaic - tailed rat (m. arcium) • bannister' s rat (m. bannisteri) • bougainville mosaic - tailed rat (m. bougainville) • grassland mosaic - tailed rat (m. burtoni) • cape york mosaic - tailed rat (m. capensis) • short - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (m. caurinus) • fawn - footed mosaic - tailed rat (m. cervinipes) • yamdena island mosaic - tailed rat (m. cooperae) • dollman' s mosaic - tailed rat (m. dollmani) • manusela mosaic - tailed rat (m. fraterculus) • snow mountains grassland mosaic - tailed rat (m. frigicola) • seram long - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (m. fulgens) • riama island mosaic - tailed rat (m. howi) • white - bellied mosaic - tailed rat (m. leucogaster) • papua grassland mosaic - tailed rat (m. lutillus) • manus island mosaic - tailed rat (m. matambuai) • obi mosaic - tailed rat (m. obiensis) • pavel' s seram mosaic - tailed rat (m. paveli) • bramble cay mosaic - tailed rat (m. rubicola) • black - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (m. rufescens) • buka island mosaic - tailed rat (m. spechti) • long - tailed talaud mosaic - tailed rat (m. talaudium )\n...' s rat (m. bannisteri) · bougainville mosaic - tailed rat (m. bougainville) · grassland mosaic - tailed ...\n... tailed rat (m. leucogaster) · papua grassland mosaic - tailed rat (m. lutillus) · manus island mosaic - ...\n...' s rat (m. bannisteri) · bougainville mosaic - tailed rat (m. bougainville) · grassland mosaic - tailed ...\n... - tailed rat (m. bougainville) · grassland mosaic - tailed rat (m. burtoni) · cape york mosaic - ...\nmelomys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae. it contains the following species: dusky mosaic - tailed rat (melomys aerosus) rossel island mosaic - tailed rat (melomys arcium) bannister \\' s rat (melomys bannisteri) bougainville mosaic - tailed rat (melomys bougainville) grassland mosaic - tailed rat (melomys burtoni) cape york mosaic - tailed rat (melomys capensis) fawn - footed mosaic - tailed rat (melomys cervinipes) yamdena mosaic - tailed rat (melomys cooperae) dollman \\' s mosaic - tailed rat (melomys dollmani) manusela mosaic - tailed rat (melomys fraterculus) snow mountains grassland mosaic - tailed rat (melomys frigicola) seram long - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (melomys fulgens) riama mosaic - tailed rat (melomys howi) white - bellied mosaic - tailed rat (melomys leucogaster) papua grassland mosaic - tailed rat (melomys lutillus) manus island mosaic - tailed rat (melomys matambuai) obi mosaic - tailed rat (melomys obiensis) pavel \\' s seram mosaic - tailed rat (melomys paveli) bramble cay mosaic - tailed rat (melomys rubicola) † - the bramble cay melomys was considered the only mammal endemic to the great barrier reef. it became extinct in 2016, the first documented extinction of a mammal species due to man - made climate change. black - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (melomys rufescens) buka island mosaic - tailed rat (melomys spechti) short - tailed talaud mosaic - tailed rat (melomys caurinus) long - tailed talaud mosaic - tailed rat (melomys talaudium) urltoken please support this channel and help me upload more videos. become one of my patreons at urltoken\n... rat (m. howi) · white - bellied mosaic - tailed rat (m. leucogaster) · papua grassland mosaic - ...\nlarge - scaled mosaic - tailed rat (m. lanosus) • large mosaic - tailed rat (m. rattoides )\nmelomys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae. it contains the following species: dusky mosaic - tailed rat (melomys aerosus) rossel island mosaic - tailed rat (melomys arcium) bannister \\' s rat (melomys bannisteri) bougainville mosaic - tailed rat (melomys bougainville) grassland mosaic - tailed rat (me\n... mosaic - tailed rat from wikipedia • thomas' s mosaic - ...\n... mosaic - tailed rat from wikipedia • red - bellied mosaic - ...\n... tailed rat (m. burtoni) · cape york mosaic - tailed rat (m. capensis) · short - tailed mosaic ...\n... tailed rat (m. lutillus) · manus island mosaic - tailed rat (m. matambuai) · obi mosaic - tailed ...\n... tailed rat (m. paveli) · bramble cay mosaic - tailed rat (m. rubicola) · black - tailed mosaic ...\n... tailed rat (m. burtoni) · cape york mosaic - tailed rat (m. capensis) · short - tailed mosaic ...\ngressit' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. gressitti) • long - nosed mosaic - tailed rat (p. levipes) • lorentz' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. lorentzii) • thomas' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. mollis) • moncton' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. moncktoni) • p. naso • lowland mosaic - tailed rat (p. platyops) • mountain mosaic - tailed rat (p. rubex) • p. steini\n... rat (m. cooperae) · dollman' s mosaic - tailed rat (m. dollmani) · manusela mosaic - tailed ...\n... tailed rat (m. fulgens) · riama island mosaic - tailed rat (m. howi) · white - bellied mosaic ...\n... rat (m. rubicola) · black - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (m. rufescens) · buka island mosaic - ...\n... rat (m. capensis) · short - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (m. caurinus) · fawn - footed mosaic ...\n... tailed rat (m. cervinipes) · yamdena island mosaic - tailed rat (m. cooperae) · dollman' s mosaic ...\n... tailed rat (m. rufescens) · buka island mosaic - tailed rat (m. spechti) · long - tailed talaud ...\n... (m. frigicola) · seram long - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (m. fulgens) · riama island mosaic - ...\n... p. moncktoni) · p. naso · lowland mosaic - tailed rat (p. platyops) · mountain mosaic - tailed ...\nit is present in savanna, grassland, and in rural gardens and other disturbed areas .\n... tailed rat (m. aerosus) · rossel island mosaic - tailed rat (m. arcium) · bannister' s rat ...\n... tailed rat from wikipedia • thomas' s mosaic - tailed rat • conservation status • least concern (iucn 2 ...\n... tailed rat from wikipedia • red - bellied mosaic - tailed rat • conservation status • vulnerable (iucn 2... .\n... sp. nov .) • • mammelomys • large - scaled mosaic - tailed rat (m. lanosus) · large mosaic - tailed ...\n... rat (p. gressitti) · long - nosed mosaic - tailed rat (p. levipes) · lorentz' s mosaic ...\n... rat (p. levipes) · lorentz' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. lorentzii) · thomas' s mosaic ...\n... rat (p. lorentzii) · thomas' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. mollis) · moncton' s mosaic ...\n... rat (m. caurinus) · fawn - footed mosaic - tailed rat (m. cervinipes) · yamdena island mosaic - ...\na mosaic - tailed rat has been wiped out by human - caused climate change... .\n... rat (m. capensis) · short - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (m. caurinus) · fawn - footed melomys ...\n... - tailed rat (m. matambuai) · obi mosaic - tailed rat (m. obiensis) · pavel' s seram ...\n... - tailed rat (m. lanosus) · large mosaic - tailed rat (m. rattoides) • • pogonomelomys (rummler' ...\n... - tailed rat (p. platyops) · mountain mosaic - tailed rat (p. rubex) · p. steini • • ...\n... footed melomys (m. cervinipes) · yamdena island mosaic - tailed rat (m. cooperae) · dollman' s mosaic ...\n... (m. obiensis) · pavel' s seram mosaic - tailed rat (m. paveli) · bramble cay mosaic - ...\nlarge - toothed hairy - tailed rat (b. dentatus) • luzon hairy - tailed rat (b. granti) • hamiguitan hairy - tailed rat (b. hamiguitan) • dinagat hairy - tailed rat (b. russatus) • mindanao hairy - tailed rat (b. salomonseni )\n... m. talaudium) • • paramelomys • gressit' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. gressitti) · long - nosed mosaic ...\n... uromys division • • • melomys (banana rats) • dusky mosaic - tailed rat (m. aerosus) · rossel island mosaic - ...\nbunn' s short - tailed bandicoot rat (n. bunnii) • short - tailed bandicoot rat (n. indica )\n... (m. spechti) · long - tailed talaud mosaic - tailed rat (m. talaudium) • • paramelomys • gressit' ...\nponcelet' s giant rat (s. ponceleti) • florida naked - tailed rat (s. salamonis) • bougainville naked - tailed rat (s. salebrosus) • isabel naked - tailed rat (s. sapientis) • buka island naked - tailed rat (s. spriggsarum )\nsundaic mountain long - tailed giant rat (l. ciliatus) • edwards' s long - tailed giant rat (l. edwardsi) • millet' s long - tailed giant rat (l. milleti) • neill' s long - tailed giant rat (l. neilli) • long - tailed giant rat (l. sabanus) • mentawai long - tailed giant rat (l. siporanus )\n... rat (p. mollis) · moncton' s mosaic - tailed rat (p. moncktoni) · p. naso · ...\n... mollis (thomas, 1913) thomas' s mosaic - tailed rat (paramelomys mollis) is a species of rodent ...\n... (hinton, 1943) the red - bellied mosaic - tailed rat (protochromys fellowsi) is a species of rodent ...\nlong - tailed shrew rat (t. macrocercus) • tate' s shrew rat (t. rhinogradoides )\n... p. steini • • protochromys • red - bellied mosaic - tailed rat (p. fellowsi) • • solomys (naked - ...\ngiant naked - tailed rat (u. anak) • biak giant rat (u. boeadii) • giant white - tailed rat (u. caudimaculatus) • emma' s giant rat (u. emmae) • masked white - tailed rat (u. hadrourus) • bismarck giant rat (u. neobritanicus) • king rat (u. rex) • great key island giant rat (u. siebersi )\nsouthern giant slender - tailed cloud rat (p. cumingi) • northern luzon giant cloud rat (p. pallidus )\nnilgiri long - tailed tree mouse (v. nilagirica) • nolthenius' s long - tailed climbing mouse (v. nolthenii) • asiatic long - tailed climbing mouse (v. oleracea )\npalawan pencil - tailed tree mouse (c. calamianensis) • indomalayan pencil - tailed tree mouse (c. gliroides) • koopman' s pencil - tailed tree mouse (c. karlkoopmani) • large pencil - tailed tree mouse (c. major) • gray - bellied pencil - tailed tree mouse (c. muroides) • small pencil - tailed tree mouse (c. pusillus )\nloring' s rat (t. loringi) • black - tailed tree rat (t. nigricauda) • acacia rat (t. paedulcus) • shortridge' s rat (t. shortridgei )\ndinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat (c. australis) • giant bushy - tailed cloud rat (c. schadenbergi) • panay cloudrunner (c. heaneyi) • ilin island cloudrunner (c. paulus )\nthe pavel' s seram mosaic - tailed rat (melomys paveli) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found only on the south coast of the island of seram in indonesia. at one time it was thought to be a subspecies of the black - tailed mosaic - tailed rat (melomys rufescens) but in 2005, musser and carleton raised it to full species level. the iucn has insufficient information on which to assess its conservation status so it is listed as\ndata deficient\n.\ncutch rat (c. cutchicus) • elvira rat (c. elvira )\ndefua rat (d. defua) • ivory coast rat (d. eburneae )\nanderson' s white - bellied rat (n. andersoni) • brahma white - bellied rat (n. brahma) • cameron highlands white - bellied rat (n. cameroni) • chinese white - bellied rat (n. confucianus) • coxing' s white - bellied rat (n. coninga) • dark - tailed tree rat (n. cremoriventer) • oldfield white - bellied rat (n. culturatus) • smoke - bellied rat (n. eha) • large white - bellied rat (n. excelsior) • montane sumatran white - bellied rat (n. fraternus) • chestnut white - bellied rat (n. fulvescens) • limestone rat (n. hinpoon) • lang bian white - bellied rat (n. langbianis) • narrow - tailed white - bellied rat (n. lepturus) • hainan white - bellied rat (n. lotipes) • white - bellied rat (n. niviventer) • long - tailed mountain rat (n. rapit) • tenasserim white - bellied rat (n. tenaster )\nred tree rat (p. melanurus) • malayan tree rat (p. parvus )\nbagobo rat (b. bagobus) • camiguin forest rat (b. gamay) • lagre luzon forest rat (b. luzonicus )\nsalokko rat (t. arcuatus) • lovely - haired rat (t. callitrichus) • celebes rat (t. celebensis) • sulawesi montane rat (t. hamatus) • small - eared rat (t. microbullatus) • sulawesi forest rat (t. punicans) • tondano rat (t. taerae )\nbanahao shrew rat (r. banahao) • isarog shrewlike rat (r. isarogensis) • mount data shrew rat (r. soricoides) • tapulao shrew rat (r. tapulao )\ncentral sulawesi spiny rat (e. centrosa) • sulawesi spiny rat (e. leucura )\ndelacour' s marmoset rat (h. delacouri) • marmoset rat (h. longicaudatus )\ncommon rock rat (z. argurus) • arnhem land rock rat (z. maini) • carpentarian rock rat (z. palatilis) • central rock rat (z. pedunculatus) • kimberley rock rat (z. woodwardi )\nthe bramble cay melomys, also called the mosaic - tailed rat, is likely the first mammal to go extinct because of human - induced climate change. ➡ subscribe: urltoken about national geographic: national geographic is the world \\' s premium destination for science, exploration, and ad\nmuennink' s spiny rat (t. muenninki) • ryukyu spiny rat (t. osimensis) • tokunoshima spiny rat (t. tokunoshimensis )\nbeccari' s margareta rat (m. beccarii) • elegant margareta rat (m. elegans) • little margareta rat (m. parvus )\nlesser bandicoot rat (b. bengalensis) • greater bandicoot rat (b. indica) • savile' s bandicoot rat (b. savilei )\nabyssinian grass rat (a. abyssinicus) • sudanian grass rat (a. ansorgei) • blick' s grass rat (a. blicki) • nairobi grass rat (a. nairobae) • neumann' s grass rat (a. neumanni) • african grass rat (a. niloticus) • guinean grass rat (a. rufinus )\nharrington' s rat (d. harringtoni) • yalden' s rat (d. yaldeni )\nnorthern water rat (p. rufilatus) • short - haired water rat (p. wilhelmina )\ngray - bellied mountain rat (l. bryophilus) • mindanao mountain rat (l. sibuanus )\nsloggett' s vlei rat (m. sloggetti) • bush vlei rat (m. unisulcatus )\nmirza’s western moss rat (m. louiseae) • mirza’s eastern moss rat (m. norahae )\nangolan vlei rat (o. anchietae) • angoni vlei rat (o. angoniensis) • barbour' s vlei rat (o. barbouri) • burton' s vlei rat (o. burtoni) • cuanza vlei rat (o. cuanzensis) • ruwenzori vlei rat (o. dartmouthi) • dent' s vlei rat (o. denti) • dollman' s vlei rat (o. dollmani) • southern african vlei rat (o. irroratus) • mount elgon vlei rat (o. jacksoni) • tanzanian vlei rat (o. lacustris) • laminate vlei rat (o. laminatus) • large vlei rat (o. maximus) • western vlei rat (o. occidentalis) • afroalpine vlei rat (o. orestes) • saunder' s vlei rat (o. saundersiae) • tropical vlei rat (o. tropicalis) • typical vlei rat (o. typus) • uzungwe vlei rat (o. uzungwensis )\nluzon striped rat (c. whiteheadi) • mindoro striped rat (c. mindorensis) • isarog striped shrew - rat (c. gonzalesi) • blazed luzon shrew rat (c. silaceus) • sibuyan striped shrew rat (c. sibuyanensis )\narid thicket rat (g. aridulus) • g. brevirostris • bunting' s thicket rat (g. buntingi) • gray - headed thicket rat (g. caniceps) • mozambique thicket rat (g. cometes) • woodland thicket rat (g. dolichurus) • forest thicket rat (g. dryas) • giant thicket rat (g. gigas) • ruwenzori thicket rat (g. ibeanus) • eastern rainforest thicket rat (g. kuru) • macmillan' s thicket rat (g. macmillani) • ethiopian thicket rat (g. minnae) • shining thicket rat (g. poensis )\nmountain water rat (b. habbema) • shaw mayer' s water rat (b. shawmayeri )\nkemp' s thicket rat (t. kempi) • hatt' s thicket rat (t. major) • charming thicket rat (t. venustus )\nandrew' s hill rat (b. andrewsi) • yellow - haired hill rat (b. chrysocomus) • heavenly hill rat (b. coelestis) • fraternal hill rat (b. fratrorum) • heinrich' s hill rat (b. heinrichi) • inland hill rat (b. penitus) • long - headed hill rat (b. prolatus )\nlong - footed rat (t. apoensis) • spiny long - footed rat (t. echinatus )\nmountain spiny rat (m. alticola) • small spiny rat (m. baeodon) • bartels' s spiny rat (m. bartelsii) • dollman' s spiny rat (m. dollmani) • hellwald' s spiny rat (m. hellwaldii) • sumatran spiny rat (m. hylomyoides) • malayan mountain spiny rat (m. inas) • fat - nosed spiny rat (m. inflatus) • mo' s spiny rat (m. moi) • musschenbroek' s spiny rat (m. musschenbroekii) • chestnut - bellied spiny rat (m. ochraceiventer) • pagai spiny rat (m. pagensis) • palawan spiny rat (m. panglima) • rajah spiny rat (m. rajah) • red spiny rat (m. surifer) • watts' s spiny rat (m. wattsi) • whitehead' s spiny rat (m. whiteheadi )\nmountain giant sunda rat (s. infraluteus) • bartels' s rat (s. maxi) • müller' s giant sunda rat (s. muelleri )\nglover allen' s shaggy rat (d. alleni) • crawford - cabral' s shaggy rat (d. cabrali) • fox' s shaggy rat (d. foxi) • african marsh rat (d. incomtus) • montane shaggy rat (d. montanus) • angolan marsh rat (d. nudipes) • robert' s shaggy rat (d. robertsii) • west african shaggy rat (d. rufulus) • rwandan shaggy rat (d. rwandae) • d. shortridgei • tanzanian shaggy rat (d. sua )\nmanipur bush rat (h. humei) • h. loujacobsi • yunnan bush rat (h. yunnanensis )\ncommon rufous - nosed rat (o. hypoxanthus) • ghana rufous - nosed rat (o. ornatus )\nlesser small - toothed rat (m. elegans) • eastern small - toothed rat (m. major )\nlesser stick - nest rat (l. apicalis) • greater stick - nest rat (l. conditor )\nbrants' s whistling rat (p. brantsii) • littledale' s whistling rat (p. littledalei )\n... 其 它 引 擎 • amaya · dillo · mosaic • • 按 系 统 平 台 划 分 • • java ...\nethiopian white - footed mouse (s. albipes) • ethiopian narrow - headed rat (s. albocaudata) • gray - tailed narrow - headed rat (s. griseicauda) • rupp' s mouse (s. ruppi )\ncansdale' s swamp rat (m. cansdalei) • edward' s swamp rat (m. edwardsi) • big - eared swamp rat (m. longipes )\nde vis' s woolly rat (m. aroaensis) • alpine woolly rat (m. gunung) • subalpine woolly rat (m. istapantap) • rothschild' s woolly rat (m. rothschildi) • bosavi woolly rat (m. sp. nov .) • arfak woolly rat (m. sp. nov .) • foja woolly rat (m. sp. nov. )\nblack - footed tree - rat (m. gouldii) • golden - backed tree rat (m. macrurus )\nbocage' s rock rat (a. bocagei) • red rock rat (a. chrysophilus) • grant' s rock rat (a. (micaelamys) granti) • hinde' s rock rat (a. hindei) • tete veld aethomys (a. ineptus) • kaiser' s rock rat (a. kaiseri) • namaqua rock rat (a. (micaelamys) namaquensis) • nyika rock rat (a. nyikae) • silinda rock rat (a. silindensis) • tinfields rock rat (a. stannarius) • thomas' s rock rat (a. thomasi )\nshort - footed luzon tree rat (c. melanurus) • white - bellied luzon tree rat (c. phaeurus )\nwestern white - eared giant rat (h. dammermani) • eastern white - eared giant rat (h. goliath )\nsand - colored soft - furred rat (m. gleadowi) • miss ryley' s soft - furred rat (m. kathleenae) • kondana soft - furred rat (m. kondana) • soft - furred rat (m. meltada )\nsmall white - toothed rat (b. berdmorei) • bower' s white - toothed rat (b. bowersi) • kenneth' s white - toothed rat (b. mackenziei) • manipur white - toothed rat (b. manipulus )\ncelebes shrew rat (c. celebensis) • northern luzon shrew rat (c. fallax) • mindanao shrew rat (c. melanius) • katanglad shrew mouse (c. suncoides )\nrakali (h. chrysogaster) • western water rat (h. hussoni) • new britain water rat (h. neobrittanicus) • ziegler' s water rat (h. ziegleri )\nbell groove - toothed swamp rat (p. campanae) • creek groove - toothed swamp rat (p. fallax) • hopkins' s groove - toothed swamp rat (p. hopkinsi) • issel' s groove - toothed swamp rat (p. isseli) • least groove - toothed swamp rat (p. minor )\nl. arfakensis • long - footed water rat (l. elegans) • ernst mayr' s water rat (l. ernstmayri) • l. paulus • fly river water rat (l. signatus )\nthe first recorded mammal extinction due to human - induced climate change has just been confirmed. scientists from the university of queensland in australia have verified that the bramble cay melomys, melomys rubicola, has most likely gone extinct. the bramble cay melomys, also known as the bramble cay mosaic - tailed rat, was a small, brown rodent that lived in fields. the bramble cay melomys had a limited range in queensland and dug burrows into the ground. they lived in areas below sea level, something that contributed to their extinction. view full article: urltoken\nthe internet loves watching rats perform unusual activities. in 2015, a rat caught on video dragging a slice of pizza down a staircase in a new york city subway became affectionately known as pizza rat. now there’s a video of a rat that appears to be taking a shower like a human. say hello to shower rat. the video was posted to reddit sunday night in the subreddit\nchampion' s tree mouse (p. championi) • d' entrecasteaux archipelago tree mouse (p. fergussoniensis) • large tree mouse (p. loriae) • chestnut tree mouse (p. macrourus) • prehensile - tailed rat (p. mollipilosus) • gray - bellied tree mouse (p. sylvestris )\nthe bramble cay melomys, also called the mosaic - tailed rat, is likely the first mammal to go extinct because of human - induced climate change. ➡ subscribe: urltoken about national geographic: national geographic is the world \\' s premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. through their world - class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, nat geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what \\' s possible. get more national geographic: official site: urltoken facebook: urltoken twitter: urltoken instagram: urltoken read more in \\\nfirst mammal species goes extinct due to climate change \\\nfrom national geographic news: urltoken first mammal extinction by climate change | national geographic urltoken national geographic urltoken\n- - > civic body kills over 1 lakh rats in six months, will appoint night rat killers in suburbs to curb the rising rat menace in the city — one of the causes of spreading leptospirosis — the brihanmumbai municipal corporation (bmc) has killed over 1 lakh rats in the past six months. also for the first time, bmc has finalised the process of appointing the rat killers in eastern\nturkestan rat (rattus pyctoris; obs. rattus turkestanicus) – afghanistan, china, india, iran, kyrgyzstan, nepal, and pakistan\nrelease of a golden - backed tree rat at awc \\' s artesian range wildlife sanctuary. awc’s artesian range wildlife sanctuary protects a vitally important population of the golden - backed tree - rat. cat impacts in the artesian range appear to be low and our fire management has successfully prevented extensive wildfires. as a result, the golden - backed tree - rat is reasonably common across almost 40, 000 hectares of rainforest - filled gorges, sandstone escarpment and a mosaic of eucalypt / palm woodlands. awc is conducting the only detailed scientific research ever undertaken on this iconic small mammal. our field ecologists are undertaking important research to identify the habitat requirements of golden - backed tree - rats and investigate actions that may help reverse the species’ decline. research conducted by awc, in collaboration with the university of tasmania, is investigating the influence of fire on the foraging patterns and habitat requirements of the golden - backed tree - rat at artesian range... .\nrelease of a golden - backed tree rat at awc \\' s artesian range wildlife sanctuary. awc’s artesian range wildlife sanctuary protects a vitally important population of the golden - backed tree - rat. cat impacts in the artesian range appear to be low and our fire management has successfully prevented extensi\nthe internet loves watching rats perform unusual activities. in 2015, a rat caught on video dragging a slice of pizza down a staircase in a new york city subway became\nwith a rise in the number of rats in the city, the chances of having health issues because of rats has also increased. rats cause food adulteration, which further leads to health issues related to the intestine, digestion, stomach disorders, diarrhoea, and some times even joint pain, doctors say. rats also spread infections such as leptospirosis, while rat bite causes rat\nhendrickson, r. (1983) more cunning than man: a complete history of the rat and its role in civilization, kensington books. isbn 1 - 57566 - 393 - 7 .\nmatthews, i. (1898). full revelations of a professional rat - catcher, after 25 years’ experience. 1st ed. manchester: friendly societies printing co. isbn 1 - 905124 - 64 - 3 .\nash - grey mouse (p. albocinereus) • silky mouse (p. apodemoides) • plains rat (p. australis) • bolam' s mouse (p. bolami) • kakadu pebble - mound mouse (p. calabyi) • western pebble - mound mouse (p. chapmani) • little native mouse (p. delicatulus) • desert mouse (p. desertor) • shark bay mouse (p. fieldi) • smoky mouse (p. fumeus) • eastern chestnut mouse (p. gracilicaudatus) • sandy inland mouse (p. hermannsburgensis) • long - tailed mouse (p. higginsi) • central pebble - mound mouse (p. johnsoni) • western chestnut mouse (p. nanus) • new holland mouse (p. novaehollandiae) • western mouse (p. occidentalis) • hastings river mouse (p. oralis) • country mouse (p. patrius) • pilliga mouse (p. pilligaensis) • heath mouse (p. shortridgei )\nbishop moss - mouse (p. berniceae) • huon smalltoothed moss - mouse (p. carlae) • laurie’s moss - mouse (p. eleanorae) • one - toothed shrew - mouse (p. ellermani) • mottled - tailed shrew mouse (p. fuscus) • german' s one - toothed moss mouse (p. germani) • eastern shrew mouse (p. murinus) • musser' s shrew mouse (p. musseri) • western shrew mouse (p. occidentalis) • woolley’s moss - mouse (p. patriciae) • southern small - toothed moss - mouse (p. pumehanae) • white - bellied moss - mouse (p. sandrae )\nfor scientists have identified one of the largest species in the world – and it can crack open coconuts with its bare teeth. the giant rat – named uromys vika – is a foot - and - a - half long and weighs up to two pounds. it nests up to 30ft high in trees in the solomon islands in the south pacific. how\njahn, g. c. , p. cox, s. mak, and n. chhorn (1999 )\nfarmer participatory research on rat management in cambodia\n, in g. singleton, l. hinds, h. leirs and zhibin zhang [ eds. ] ecologically - based rodent management aciar, canberra. ch. 17, pp. 358–371. isbn 1 - 86320 - 262 - 5 .\np. coetzeei • dalton' s mouse (p. daltoni) • de graaff' s soft - furred mouse (p. degraaffi) • delectable soft - furred mouse (p. delectorum) • deroo' s mouse (p. derooi) • hartwig' s soft - furred mouse (p. hartwigi) • jackson' s soft - furred mouse (p. jacksoni) • lukolela swamp rat (p. lukolelae) • least soft - furred mouse (p. minor) • misonne' s soft - furred mouse (p. misonnei) • cameroon soft - furred mouse (p. morio) • muton' s soft - furred mouse (p. mutoni) • gotel mountain soft - furred mouse (p. obscurus) • peter' s soft - furred mouse (p. petteri) • forest soft - furred mouse (p. rostratus) • tullberg' s soft - furred mouse (p. tullbergi) • verschuren' s swamp rat (p. verschureni )\nsubgenus coelomys: sumatran shrewlike mouse (m. crociduroides) • mayor' s mouse (m. mayori) • gairdner' s shrewmouse (m. pahari) • volcano mouse (m. vulcani) m. lepidoides group: m. lepidoides subgenus mus: little indian field mouse (m. booduga) • ryukyu mouse (m. caroli) • fawn - colored mouse (m. cervicolor) • cook' s mouse (m. cookii) • cypriot mouse (m. cypriacus) • servant mouse (m. famulus) • sheath - tailed mouse (m. fragilicauda) • macedonian mouse (m. macedonicus) • house mouse (m. musculus) • shiny little house mouse of pegu (m. nitidulus) • steppe mouse (m. spicilegus) • algerian mouse (m. spretus) • earth - colored mouse (m. terricolor) subgenus nannomys: baoule' s mouse (m. baoulei) • toad mouse (m. bufo) • callewaert' s mouse (m. callewaerti) • gounda mouse (m. goundae) • hausa mouse (m. haussa) • desert pygmy mouse (m. indutus) • mahomet mouse (m. mahomet) • matthey' s mouse (m. mattheyi) • african pygmy mouse (m. minutoides) • temminck' s mouse (m. musculoides) • neave' s mouse (m. neavei) • free state pygmy mouse (m. orangiae) • oubangui mouse (m. oubanguii) • peters' s mouse (m. setulosus) • setzer' s pygmy mouse (m. setzeri) • thomas' s pygmy mouse (m. sorella) • delicate mouse (m. tenellus) • gray - bellied pygmy mouse (m. triton) subgenus pyromys: ceylon spiny mouse (m. fernandoni) • phillips' s mouse (m. phillipsi) • flat - haired mouse (m. platythrix) • rock - loving mouse (m. saxicola) • shortridge' s mouse (m. shortridgei )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomy of the melomys lutillus group is confused and needs to be comprehensively revised. this may be a complex of several species. m. burtoni and m. lutillus are considered to be conspecific by a number of authors. we follow musser and carleton (2005), in retaining m. burtoni and m. lutillus as distinct species pending further taxonomic revision .\nleary, t. , singadan, r. , menzies, wright, d. , helgen, k. & aplin, k .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, lack of major threats, tolerance to disturbance, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is present on the island of new guinea, where it is found in papua province, indonesia and in papua new guinea. it ranges from sea level to 2, 200 m asl. further taxonomic work is required on the m. lutillus to determine the distributional limits of the species .\nthe population abundance of this species is not known. it is poorly represented in specimen collections, mostly because it lives in a zone where there is little collecting .\nthe range includes several protected areas. further studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution of this species .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nleary, t. , singadan, r. , menzies, wright, d. , helgen, k. & aplin, k. 2016 .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t136764a115212323 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nune fenêtre (pop - into) d' information (contenu principal de sensagent) est invoquée un double - clic sur n' importe quel mot de votre page web. la fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c' est - à - dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre français sont: ○ anagrammes ○ jokers, mots - croisés ○ lettris ○ boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris. chaque lettre qui apparaît descend; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée .\nil s' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs! jouer\nla plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés. le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (tid). l' encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence wikipedia (gnu) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme, mot - croisé, joker, lettris et boggle sont proposés par memodata. le service web alexandria est motorisé par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright © 2000 - 2016 sensagent: encyclopédie en ligne, thesaurus, dictionnaire de définitions et plus. tous droits réservés .\nles cookies nous aident à fournir les services. en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site, vous acceptez l' utilisation de ces cookies. en savoir plus\nthe genus rattus is a member of the giant subfamily murinae. several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of rattus: lenothrix, anonymomys, sundamys, kadarsanomys, diplothrix, margaretamys, lenomys, komodomys, palawanomys, bunomys, nesoromys, stenomys, taeromys, paruromys, abditomys, tryphomys, limnomys, tarsomys, bullimus, apomys, millardia, srilankamys, niviventer, maxomys, leopoldamys, berylmys, mastomys, myomys, praomys, hylomyscus, heimyscus, stochomys, dephomys, and aethomys .\nthe genus rattus proper contains 64 extant species. a subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species .\nbarnett, s. anthony (2002) the story of rats: their impact on us, and our impact on them, allen & unwin, crows nest, nsw, 202 pages, isbn 1 - 86508 - 519 - 7 .\nleung, lkp; cox, peter g. ; jahn, g. c. ; nugent, robert (2002) .\nevaluating rodent management with cambodian rice farmers\n.\nmusser, g. g. and m. d. carleton. 1993 .\nfamily muridae\nin d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder eds .\nmammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference\n, smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c. pp. 501–755 .\nnowak, r. m. (1999) walker' s mammals of the world vol. 2. johns hopkins university press, london .\nsullivan, robert (2004). rats: a year with نيويورك' s most unwanted inhabitants. granta books, london .\nsullivan, robert (2005). rats: observations on the history and habitat of the city' s most unwanted inhabitants. bloomsbury usa. isbn 1 - 58234 - 477 - 9 .\nstriped field mouse (a. agrarius) • alpine field mouse (a. alpicola) • small japanese field mouse (a. argenteus) • a. avicennicus • chevrier' s field mouse (a. chevrieri) • south china field mouse (a. draco) • yellow - necked mouse (a. flavicollis) • himalayan field mouse (a. gurkha) • caucasus field mouse (a. hyrcanicus) • sichuan field mouse (a. latronum) • pygmy field mouse (a. microps) • broad - toothed field mouse (a. mystacinus) • western broad - toothed field mouse (a. (mystacinus) epimelas) • ward' s field mouse (a. pallipes) • korean field mouse (a. peninsulae) • black sea field mouse (a. ponticus) • kashmir field mouse (a. rusiges) • taiwan field mouse (a. semotus) • large japanese field mouse (a. speciosus) • wood mouse (a. sylvaticus) • ural field mouse (a. uralensis) • steppe field mouse (a. witherbyi )\nbarbary striped grass mouse (l. barbarus) • bellier' s striped grass mouse (l. bellieri) • griselda' s striped grass mouse (l. griselda) • hoogstral' s striped grass mouse (l. hoogstraali) • senegal one - striped grass mouse (l. linulus) • buffoon striped grass mouse (l. macculus) • mittendorf' s striped grass mouse (l. mittendorfi) • single - striped grass mouse (l. rosalia) • rosevear' s striped grass mouse (l. roseveari) • typical striped grass mouse (l. striatus) • heuglin' s striped grass mouse (l. zebra )\nluzon cordillera forest mouse (a. abrae) • camiguin forest mouse (a. camiguinensis) • luzon montane forest mouse (a. datae) • large mindoro forest mouse (a. gracilirostris) • mount apo forest mouse (a. hylocoetes) • mindanao montane forest mouse (a. insignis) • mindanao lowland forest mouse (a. littoralis) • small luzon forest mouse (a. microdon) • least forest mouse (a. musculus) • long - nosed luzon forest mouse (a. sacobianus )\nmount isarog shrew mouse (a. luzonensis) • sierra madre shrew mouse (a. musseri) • cordillera shrew - mouse (a. kalinga )\nhildegarde' s broad - headed mouse (z. hildegardeae) • woosnam' s broad - headed mouse (z. woosnami )\neisentraut' s striped mouse (h. badius) • father basilio' s striped mouse (h. basilii) • moon striped mouse (h. lunaris) • miller' s striped mouse (h. planifrons) • temminck' s striped mouse (h. trivirgatus) • peters' s striped mouse (h. univittatus )\nsouthern groove - toothed shrew mouse (m. argenteus) • northern groove - toothed shrew mouse (m. richardsoni )\nranee mouse (h. margarettae) • minahassa ranee mouse (h. minahassae) • lesser ranee mouse (h. pusillus )\ngreater tree mouse (c. forbesi) • lamia (c. lamia) • lesser tree mouse (c. vates )\nwhite - toothed brush mouse (c. albidens) • c. kirrhos • rümmler' s brush mouse (c. ruemmleri) • c. shawmayeri\nlowland brush mouse (p. bruijni) • shaw mayer' s brush mouse (p. mayeri )\nforrest' s mouse (l. forresti) • lakeland downs mouse (l. lakedownensis )\nspinifex hopping mouse (n. alexis) • northern hopping mouse (n. aquilo) • fawn hopping mouse (n. cervinus) • dusky hopping mouse (n. fuscus) • mitchell' s hopping mouse (n. mitchellii )\nh. aeta group: beaded wood mouse (h. aeta) • h. grandis h. alleni group: allen' s wood mouse (h. alleni) • angolan wood mouse (h. carillus) • stella wood mouse (h. stella) • walter verheyeni' s mouse (h. walterverheyeni) h. anselli group: ansell' s wood mouse (h. anselli) • arc mountain wood mouse (h. arcimontensis) h. baeri group: baer' s wood mouse (h. baeri) h. denniae group: montane wood mouse (h. denniae) • h. endorobae • h. vulcanorum h. parvus group: little wood mouse (h. parvus )\nawash multimammate mouse (m. awashensis) • southern multimammate mouse (m. coucha) • guinea multimammate mouse (m. erythroleucus) • hubert' s multimammate mouse (m. huberti) • verheyen' s multimammate mouse (m. kollmannspergeri) • natal multimammate mouse (m. natalensis) • dwarf multimammate mouse (m. pernanus) • shortridge' s multimammate mouse (m. shortridgei )\nangolan multimammate mouse (m. angolensis) • brockman' s rock mouse (m. brockmani) • verreaux' s mouse (m. verreauxii) • yemeni mouse (m. yemeni )\namong the many mechanisms by which humans have pushed animals to extinction, warming the planet may often have been a contributing factor. however, this is the first time that human - induced global warming, and the sea level rise that comes with it, has been identified as the primary reason for a mammal' s demise .\nfor the first time in recorded history, the extinction of a mammalian species has been linked primarily to man - made climate change. the bramble cay melomys, a small rodent\nthe number of rats killed in mumbai has increased in the past couple of years. but brihanmumbai municipal corporation (bmc) says that the number of rats in the city has not\nphoto courtesy of pets photography studio if you are considering selling or carrying products for pet rats, this is a great idea as these “fancy” rodents are becoming increasingly popular. here are some things you should know before you start. rats make great petsdespite that there remains a stigma attached to rats, and that for the uninformed these critters rank high on the" ]

{ "text": [ "the snow mountains grassland mosaic-tailed rat ( melomys frigicola ) , also known as the snow mountains grassland melomys , is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "it is endemic to the mountainous west part of the island of new guinea where its range extends from lake habbema to the baliem valley , in papua province , indonesia .", "it is present at altitudes of between 1,600 and 2,200 metres ( 5,200 and 7,200 ft ) above sea level .", "it is found in grassland and other disturbed areas .", "the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \" least concern \" .", "this is because , although it has a fairly small range , it is plentiful in some areas , can tolerate disturbance to its habitat and faces no particular threats .", "its population may be declining somewhat but not at a sufficient rate for the iucn to list it in a more threatened category . " ], "topic": [ 29, 13, 18, 24, 17, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the snow mountains grassland mosaic-tailed rat (melomys frigicola), also known as the snow mountains grassland melomys, is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is endemic to the mountainous west part of the island of new guinea where its range extends from lake habbema to the baliem valley, in papua province, indonesia. it is present at altitudes of between 1,600 and 2,200 metres (5,200 and 7,200 ft) above sea level. it is found in grassland and other disturbed areas. the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \" least concern \". this is because, although it has a fairly small range, it is plentiful in some areas, can tolerate disturbance to its habitat and faces no particular threats. its population may be declining somewhat but not at a sufficient rate for the iucn to list it in a more threatened category." ]

[ "kento furui added the japanese common name\nセキトリイワシ科\nto\nalepocephalidae\n.\nbadcock, j. & r. a. larcombe. 1980. the sequence of photophore development in xenodermichthys copei (pisces: alepocephalidae). j. mar. biol. assoc. uk 60: 277–294 .\nsazonov, yu. i. & a. williams. 2001. a review of the alepocephalid fishes (argentiniformes, alepocephalidae) from the continental slope of australia. j. ichthyol. 41 (suppl. 1): s1–s36 .\nsazonov, yu. i. & a. n. ivanov. 1980. slickheads (alepocephalidae and leptochilichthyidae) from the thalassobathyal zone of the indian ocean. tr. inst. okeanol. akad. nauk. sssr 110: 7–104 .\nthe alepocephalidae currently comprises 93 species in about 17 genera worldwide (eschmeyer & fong 2012). at present, 16 genera with 39 described species are known from australian waters, although more than 50 species in 20 genera are thought to occur here .\nsazonov, y. i. ; ivanov, a. n. 1980. slickheads (alepocephalidae and leptochilichthyidae) from thalassobathyal zone of the indian ocean. tr. inst. okeanol. , 110: 7 - 104 (in russian, english summary) .\nambrose, d. a. alepocephalidae: slickheads, pp 224 - 233. in h. g. moser (ed .) the early stages of fishes in the california current region. california cooperative oceanic fisheries investigations (calcofi) atlas no. 33. 1505 pp .\nsazonov, yu. i. 1999. on the revision of the genus bathytroctes günther (alepocephalidae): a review of the abyssobenthopelagic forms (previously referred to the genus nomoctes), with a description of two new species. journal of ichthyology 39 (9): 699–712 .\nsazonov, yu. i. , a. williams & s. g. kobyliansky. 2009. review of fish of the genus conocara (alepocephalidae) from the continental slope of australia and description of a new species c. paxtoni sp. nova. j. ichthyol. 49 (10): 852–860 .\nwilliams, a. & yu. i. sazonov. 2008. family alepocephalidae, pp. 201–208. in gomon, m. f. , d. j. bray & r. h. kuiter (eds .) fishes of australia' s southern coast. new holland publishers & museum victoria, melbourne, australia. p. 1–928 .\nhoese, d. f. , d. j. bray, j. r. paxton & j. f. gates. 2006. alepocephalidae (pp. 384 - 393). in beesley, p. a. & a. wells. zoological catalogue of australia. volume 35. fishes. part 1, pp. xxiv 1 - 670 .\nsazonov, yu. i. & d. f. markle. 1999. family alepocephalidae. in carpenter, k. e. & v. h. niem. species identification guide for fisheries purposes. the living marine resources of the western central pacific. batoid fishes, chimeras and bony fishes. part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae). fao, rome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution: eastern atlantic, western indian and eastern and western pacific oceans. usually small teeth. long and numerous gill rakers. no shoulder sac apparatus. 5 - 13 branchiostegal rays. most common in depths below 1000 m .\ngreek, alepos, - os, - os = without scales + greek, kephale = head (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\ndistribution distribution: all oceans. usually small teeth. long and numerous gill rakers. no shoulder sac apparatus. 5 - 10 ...\ndistribution distribution: all oceans. usually small teeth. long and numerous gill rakers. no shoulder sac apparatus. 5 - 10 branchiostegal rays. most common in depths below 1000 m. [ details ]\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. (2014). family - group names of recent fishes. zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1 - 230. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan der land, j. ; costello, m. j. ; zavodnik, d. ; santos, r. s. ; porteiro, f. m. ; bailly, n. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; froese, r. (2001). pisces, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 357 - 374 (look up in imis) [ details ]\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrecent revisions: parr (1951), markle (not yet published) .\ngreenwood, p. h. ; rosen, d. e. 1971. notes on the structure and relationships of the alepocephaloid fishes. am. mus. novit. (2473): 1 - 41, 25 fig .\nrisso, a. 1820c. mémoire sur un nouveau genre de poisson nommé alepocéphale vivant dans les grandes profondeurs de la mer de nice. memorie accad. sci. torino, 25: 270 - 272 pl. x, fig. 4 .\nsorry, there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\na large and diverse group of deepsea fishes with mostly slender bodies, soft watery flesh, dorsal and anal fins opposite and far back on the body and either naked skin or large cycloid scales .\nmembers of four alepocephalid genera are bioluminescent, and the number and distribution of photophores differs between genera. the bioluminescence is thought to be intrinsic, as luminous bacteria are not associated with the photophores .\nslickheads inhabit meso - and bathypelagic waters over the continental slope, oceanic ridges and oceanic rises of all oceans. one species is known from the epipelagic zone, and a few species live on the abyssal plains. some alepocephalids are found close to the bottom, whereas others live several hundred metres above it. slickheads are found in depths between 100 - 5900 m, mostly between 500 - 3000 m .\nalthough alepocephalids reach 1. 5 metres in length, most are between 200 - 500 mm sl .\nlittle is known of slickhead biology. they reportedly feed on macroplanktonic invertebrates, including jellyfishes, salps, pyrosomes and ctenophores. a few species are predatory carnivores that feed on fishes and cepahlopod molluscs, and some smaller species may feed on mesopelagic crustaceans, such as euphausiids, decapods and mysids .\nvery little is known of slickhead biology, including reproduction. fecundity is low, and females lay large eggs (between 2 and 8 mm in ovaries), most probably near the bottom. larval development is direct .\nalepocephalids are of little commercial importance and there are no specialised alepocephalid fisheries. they are, however, taken as bycatch in deep - sea trawl fisheries, and some temperate and subtropical species occur in sufficient numbers to be sold commercially .\nmany live in small groups or schools. slickheads lack a swim bladder and rely on their soft, watery flesh for buoyancy; a few species may undertake diurnal migrations .\nahlstrom eh, moser hg, cohen dm. 1984. argentinoidei: development and relationships, p. 155–169. in: moser hg, richards wj, cohen dm, fahay md, kendall aw, richardson sc. ontogeny and systematics of fishes. lawrence, ks: american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists .\neschmeyer, w. n. & fong, j. d. 2012. species of fishes by family / subfamily. catalog of fishes. online version updated 15 march 2012. urltoken\nlavoue, s. , m. miya, j. y. poulsen, p. r. møller & m. nishida. 2008. monophyly, phylogenetic position and inter - familial relationships of the alepocephaliformes (teleostei) based on whole mitogenome sequences. molecular phylogenetics & evolution 47 (3): 1111–1121 .\nnelson, j. s. 2006. fishes of the world. john wiley & sons, new jersey, 601 p .\nparr, a. e. 1951. preliminary revision of th ealepocephalidae, with the introduction of a new family, searsidae. am. mus. novit. 1521: 1 - 21 .\npoulsen, j. y. , p. r. møller, s. lavoue, s. w. knudsen, m. nishida & m. miya. 2009. higher and lower - level relationships of the deep - sea fish order alepocephaliformes (teleostei: otocephala) inferred from whole mitogenome sequences. biol. j. linnean soc. 98 (4): 923–936 .\nsazonov, yu. i. 1996. morphology and significance of the luminous organs in alepocephaloid fishes. bioinformatics & ecology series 11: 151–163 .\nsazonov, yu. i. , a. a. balanov & v. v. fedorov. 1993. alepocephaloid fishes (alepocephaloidei) from the western north pacific ocean. tr. inst. oceanol. russian acad. sci. 128: 40–68 .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from narcetes to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from conocara to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from xenodermichthys to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from bathytroctes to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nmoore, jon a. , karsten e. hartel, james e. craddock, and john k. galbraith\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "slickheads or nakedheads are a family , alepocephalidae , of marine smelts .", "they are deep-water fishes most common below 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) .", "they get their name from the lack of scales on the head .", "it has nineteen genera . " ], "topic": [ 2, 18, 23, 26 ] }

[ "slickheads or nakedheads are a family, alepocephalidae, of marine smelts. they are deep-water fishes most common below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). they get their name from the lack of scales on the head. it has nineteen genera." ]

[ "ethmia abraxasella (walker, 1864) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\nethmia abraxasella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0994. 1 dr jm pr\nethmia submissa _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0994. 2 jm pr\nethmia subsimilis _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0994. 3 jm subfamily stenomatinae in the family elachistidae\nethmia fumidella is a moth in the ethmiidae family. it is found in spain, portugal, austria, hungary, romania, greece, turkey and on crete. = = subspecies = = ...\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncould not connect: can' t connect to local mysql server through socket' / var / run / mysqld / mysqld. sock' (111 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nspecies in this list with photos in the aaron cavosie site are notated (ph: ac) there is another excellent website with photos of moths in jamaica by matthew barnes. a link to that site is here, including\n21 beautiful moths in jamaica\n: urltoken\nnotodontidae: prominents erebidae: subfamilies lymantriinae, herminiinae: litter moths all of the families and subfamilies in this list from notodontidae to the end are in superfamily noctuoidea .\nerebidae: subfamilies hypeninae, phytometrinae, calpinae, eulepidotinae, scoliopteryginae in the above link, hypeninae are the snouts. in with eulepidotinae are those in subfamily ophiderinae. erebidae: subfamilies anobinae, hypenodinae, rivulinae erebidae: subfamily erebinae in hypenodinae is the schrankia moth. followed in the list by subfamily hypocalinae, with the hypocala moth. in subfamily erebinae, a large number of species, including some that were in what was subfamily catocalinae. among the moths in erebinae is the well - known black witch .\neuteliidae nolidae noctuidae: subfamilies plusiinae, bagisarinae, cuculliinae: hooded owlets in this list with eutelidae are those in subfamily stictopterinae (of noctuidae). the families euteiidae and nolidae are closely related to noctuidae, all in the noctuoidea superfamily. in nolidae are the nolid or tuft moths, including here the subfamiles chloephorinae, sarrothripinae, and nolinae. plusiinae (in the link above) includes loopers and miller moths .\nnoctuidae: subfamilies eustrotiinae, acontiinae, amphipyrinae also in the above link to eustrotiinae are the subfamilies diphtherinae, amphipyrinae, and oncocnemidinae. eustrotiinae include the glyphs. acontiinae are the bird - dropping moths. in diphtherinae is the unique hieroglyphic moth. in amphipyrinae are the amphipyrine sallows. in oncocnemidinae are the oncocnemidine sallows .\nnoctuidae: subfamilies agaristinae, condicinae, heliothinae, eriopinae in agaristinae are the wood - nymphs and foresters. condicinae are the groundlings. heliothinae are the flower moths. eriopinae are the fern moths .\nnoctuidae: subfamily noctuinae included in the link above to noctuinae are the subfamilies glottulinae and hadeninae. genera in the above link include: elaphria - the midgets lacinipolia - the small arches leucania - the wainscots orthodes - the quakers spodoptera - the armyworm moths\nurania fulgens (ph) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 7658 cy urania swallowtail moth (or green urania urania fulgens is undoubtedly the most spectacular of the day - flying moths in the cayman islands. it could be misidentified as a swallowtail butterfly, but its wing pattern is unlike any west indian swallowtail. urania fulgens is not a resident in the caymans, but it occurs there at times, probably blown off course during its migration in central america. in the cayman islands, dozens of green uranias were blown to grand cayman (probably from central america), from september 28 to 30, 2010 by tropical depression # 16 (which briefly became tropical storm nicole). a urania swallowtail moth photographed during a font tour in costa rica (photo by rosemary lloyd )\nurania poeyi (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ cu jm (rare) urania poeyi, of cuba, apparently occurs in jamaica as a stray. it is very similar to urania fulgens (above) of mostly central america, and they may actually be the same species .\nurania sloanus (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ jm (species was endemic to jamaica, now extinct; last reported about 1895, but possibly survived until around 1908) a number of photographs and illustrations follow in this list, but mostly in the latter part, beyond the moths in the crambidae. in arctiinae, in particular, there are photos of some especially striking and colorful species. subfamily epipleminae in the family uraniidae\nlive on all continents except europe and antarctica. it is widely distributed in the tropics and poorly represented in temperate zones .\ntrotorhombia metachromata _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 7657. 2 pr family nepticulidae: the pygmy moths, or midget moths\nstigmella gossypii _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0076 pr cotton leafminer moth family opostegidae: white eyecap moths this family is characterized by particularly large eyecaps over compound eyes .\npseudopostega venticola _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0119. 5 dr pr family tischeriidae: the\ntrumpet\nleaf miner moths\nastrotischeria heliopsisella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0159 pr family tineidae: fungus moths or tineid moths the larvae of the tineids feed on fungi, lichens and detritus the moths of the tineidae and the acrolophidae (below) are small, streamlined moths with variably patterned forewing markings. many have a forewing fringe slightly flared with hair - like scales. the adults are mostly nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers .\nniditinea fuscella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0411 pr species described by linnaeus in 1758 (in tineinae) brown - dotted clothes moth despite its name, the brown - dotted clothes moth feeds on feathers in bird nests .\nxystrologa antipathetica _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0426. 1 pr (unassigned as to subfamily) family acrolophidae: the burrowing webworm moths moths in this grouping are also said to be the subfamily acrolophinae in tineidae .\nacrolophus walsinghami _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0386. 1 pr families psychidae and oiketicinae: the bagworm moths\nleucoptera coffeella _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family gracillariidae: the principal family of leaf - mining moths the gracillariidae are very small, streamlined moths that usually rest propped up on their forelegs. the larvae are leafminers on a variety of deciduous trees. adults are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers .\nphyllocnistis citrella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 0854. 1 dr jm pr citrus leafminer moth\ngonionota rosacea _ _ _ _ _ _ dr subfamily ethmiinae in the family elachistidae the ethmiinae is a distinctive group of small, flattish moths with long upward - curving labial pulps. all are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers .\nalucita montana (ph) (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 2313 pr (pne: 125) six - plume moth the six - plume moth is distinctive, with wings made up of multiple feathery plumes, which it usually holds spread while at rest. it comes to lights in small numbers. six - plume moth\nblastobasis subolivacea _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family coleophoridae: casebearing moths, the'' case - bearers'' those in coleophoridae are small, streamlined moths, usually with long forward - pointing antennae. the larvae mine in leaves and seeds, living in cases made from plant material and frass, many species are difficult to identify as adults and are best identified by their larval cases. adults are mostly nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers .\nhomaledra sabalella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 1422 pr palm leaf skeletonizer moth family cosmopterigidae: cosmet moths the cosmopterigidae are small moths with moderately narrow wings. the larvae are predominantly miners of leaves or stems, or they feed on flower buds or seed heads. the adults are nocturnal and come to lights, but a few species may also be observed during the day .\nmothonica ocellea _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family gelechiidae: the twirler moths the gelechiidae is a huge assemblage of small and very small moths, with upward - pointing labial palps that curve over the head like tiny horns. it is a varied group. some are remarkably colorful or metallic, while others are relatively plain and difficult to identify. the adults of most species come to lights in small to moderate numbers. some are commonly observed during the day. subfamily anomologinae in the family gelechiidae\nschistonoeidae fulvidella _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family choreutidae: the metalmark moths the relationship of the moths in the family choreutidae has long been disputed. they have been placed in the family glyphipterigidae in the superfamily yponomeutoidea, and also in the superfamily sesioidea. those in choreutidae are very small moths with broad wings that often have metallic scales. the wings are usually held above the body while at rest. adults are active during the day and can be found visiting flowers or resting among vegetation .\ntortyra aurofasciana _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family yponomeutidae: the ermine moths those in yponomeutidae are small to tiny moths with long, narrow wings. the ermines (in the genus yponomeuta) are distinctive, being white with many small black spots that are variable in umber and placement. the adults are nocturnal and come to lights in small to moderate numbers .\nyponomeuta triangularis _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family argyresthiidae now said by some to be subfamily argyresthiinae of yponomeutidae (above) .\nare tiny moths whose white and gold coloration is the most distinguishing feature when viewed with the naked eye .\nurodus sordidata _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family plutellidae: the diamondback moth those in plutellidae are small, narrow - winged moths. the plutella species rest with their antennae held forward from the body. the flared wings may appear to curl up at the tips. the adults are nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers .\nplutella xylostella (ph) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 2366 dr pr (pne: 47) species described by linnaeus in 1758 diamondback moth the diamondback moth was introduced into the new world from europe before the 1850s. above & below: the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (lower photo by stephen kloiber )\nheliodines quinqueguttata _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family cossidae: the cossid millers, or carpenter millers moths in cossidae are from small to large, with a pattern of reticulated coloration in the wings. they are predominately gray or brown and sometimes cream - colored, with a stout body, and an abdomen that is long and frequently containing a large quantity of fat. cossidae is a cosmopolitan family. worldwide, about 700 species have been identified .\nvoousia punctifer (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ jm (in cossinae) family tortricidae: the leafroller moths subfamily olethreutinae in the olethreutine moths, in the subfamily olethreutinae, as with other tortricid moths, the forewing margin is usually slightly curved. but it is narrower at the base, giving the moth a more tapered appearance. many species in this grouping have fuzzy labial palps. while head shape and wing posture are similar to those in the tribe cochylini (below), the olethreutine moths can be recognized by their higher head profile with the resulting straighter\nback\n. most, as larvae, are leafrollers. adults come to lights, sometimes in moderate numbers .\ncrocidosema longipalpana _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 3274. 2 dr pr\nstrepsicrates smithiana _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 2907 dr pr bayberry leaftier moth tortricidae, subfamily tortricinae in the family tortricidae this group includes those in the tribe cochylini: the cochylid moths those below in the genera amorbia and platynota are sparganothid leafrollers in the tribe sparganothidini. these are small moths, similar in appearance to other members of the subfamily, but they have longer labial palps giving, as with the cochylid moths, a snouty appearance. many of the sparganothidini are brightly colored. generally, the tortrix leafrollers in the subfamily tortricinae are small, flat moths with straight or slightly rounded wings that form a shallow point at the apex. many species show a dark triangle on the outer edge of the forewing. it is the larvae that are typically leafrollers. adults are nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers. the cochylid moths are small with flared wings that are kept folded at rest. the head, with its fuzzy labial palps, is usually tucked downward, creating a snouty, hunch - backed appearance. the larvae are seed, flower, and stem borers. adults are nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers .\nsaphenista semistrigata _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family megalopygidae: the flannel moths, also called the crinkled flannel moths moths in megalopygidae are small to medium in size, with a very hairy abdomen. females are usually larger and heavier, but there is no marked sexual dimorphism. the family megalopygidae is restricted to the new world, and has its greatest diversity in the neotropics. 242 species have been described, mainly in central america & south america .\nmegalopyge krugi _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family crambidae: the crambid snout moths, or\ngrass moths\nsubfamily acentropinae: aquatic crambids those in acentropinae are small deltoid moths that often have beautiful complex wing markings. their resting posture may either be with wings spread, or folded, sometimes quite tightly, to form a deltoid shape. the larvae are aquatic, feeding on water lilies and other aquatic vegetation. they come to lights in small numbers, and can sometimes be seen fluttering above lily pads or other vegetation in ponds .\npetrophila sumptuosalis _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family crambidae, subfamily crambinae those in crambinae are small, narrow moths that are commonly found in grassy woodlands and old fields. they rest with their wings tight to the body, forming a tubular shape. long fuzzy palps give them a snouty look. they are predominantly golden - brown, often with satin - white streaks. adults are regular visitors to lights and are frequently flushed from vegetation in the daytime .\nparapediasia ligonella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5451. 1 jm pr\ndiaphania elegans (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5207. 1 dr jm\nmaruca testulalis _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5288. 1 dr pr\nmaruca vitrata (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5240. 1 dr jm pr bean pod borer moth\nudea rubigalis (ph) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5079 dr pr (pne: 169) celery leaftier moth above & below: celery leaftier moth the upper photo taken in the dominican republic. (photo by rob van brussel) in the lower photo, with a us dime .\nuresiphita reversalis _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 4992 jm pr (pnp: 63 caterpillar) genista broom moth host plants for the caterpillars of uresiphita reversalis include those in the genera acacia, baptisia, genista, and sophora. their long hairs protect them from predation .\nzenamorpha discophoralis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ jm family crambidae, subfamily schoenobiinae: donacaulas & allies very similar to grass - veneers, the donacaulas typically have pointier wings and are generally a more uniformly brownish orange. adults regularly visit lights .\neupela leucatea _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family crambidae (or pyralidae), subfamily scopariinae: moss - eating crambids those in scopariinae are small, narrowly deltoid moths with monochromatic, pointed wings. indistinct dark tufts of scales are present on the forewing. they are absent in other crambids. adults frequently visit lights .\nepimorius testaceellus _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5633. 2 jm bromeliad pod borer moth\nanypsipyla univitella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5705. 1 dr jm\naustralephestiodes stictellus _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 6004. 1 dr pr\ncactoblastis cactorum _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5970. 1 dr pr cactus moth\nfundella ignobilis _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5726. 1 dr species described in 1945\nstylopalpia lunigerella _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5820. 1 dr jm pr\npyralis manihotalis _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 5515 dr pr tropical meal moth family limacodidae (or euclidae): called slugmoths because the caterpillars resemble slugs, or cupmoths because of the shape of the cocoons. mostly tropical, but occur worldwide, with about 1, 000 described species. the limacodidae are small, chunky moths that hold their rounded wings in a tent - like position when at rest. some curl their abdomen upward above the level of the wings. the larvae of many species are bizarre in form and color and often have stinging hares. adults are strictly nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers .\nheuretes picticornis _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family dalceridae the larvae of dalceridae are rather slug - like similar to those of the closely related limacodidae (above). the dalceridae moths are found in the neotropics .\nhyblaea puera (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 6088 jm pr teak defoliator moth family pterophoridae: the plume moths those in pterophoridae are spindly - legged moths that have a characteristic\nairplane\nposture when at rest. a notch at the tip of the forewing divides the wing into two lobes. forewing patterns are often very similar and so species can sometimes be difficult to tell apart. most are nocturnal and often visit lights in small numbers. sometimes they can be found resting on walls or among plants in the daytime .\nexelastis pumilio _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 6099. 1 jm pr\nstenoptilodes brevipennis _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 6122 pr family hedylidae: the\namerican moth butterflies\nthe hedylidae is an extant sister group of the butterfly superfamilies papilionoides (the swallowtails) and hesperioides (the skippers). they have previously been treated as a tribe of geometridae, in the subfamily oenochrominae. they have also been thought to be an unrecognized group of butterflies, and in 2005 a study actually placed them with the butterflies based upon molecular data. the 35 currently recognized species in hedylidae, all in the genus macrosoma, are entirely neotropical, ranging from central mexico south to southwestern brazil. in the caribbean region, they occur in jamaica, cuba, and trinidad .\nmacrosoma stabilinota _ _ _ _ _ _ jm species described in 1932 family geometridae, larva are: loopers, inchworms, spanworms adult geometer moths are from small to large, but mostly medium - sized. they generally have elongated bodies with wide wings, and many are stout. those wings, that are delicate, are open when the moth is sitting. geometer moths come in a variety of colors, especially cryptic colors such as creamy - white, brown, and green. most are nocturnal, but diurnal species can be very common. the geometridae is a cosmopolitan family and one of the three largest among the lepidoptera. it is estimated that as many as at least 25, 000, up to 35, 000 species have been described. the caterpillars are called loopers, or inchworms for the way they move. subfamily oenochrominae in the family geometridae\nerastria decrepitaria (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 6702 dr gd jm pr sv also martinique erastria descrepitaria descrepitaria _ _ _ _ _ _ dr the sexes of erastria decrepitaria are quite different. males are greenish. females are yellow. in females. the post medial lines are weaker than in the males. outside the caribbean, erastria decrepitaria has been found in honduras and panama, and in french guiana, venezuela, and brazil .\nmacrosema immaculata _ _ _ _ _ _ dr gd and dominica the type specimen for macrosema immaculata was taken on hispaniola. the species described in 1897 .\nmelanchroia chephise (ph) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ m # 6616 cy jm pr white - tipped black moth melanchroia chephise is a small black moth with narrow white wingtips. in the cayman islands, its looper caterpillars are plentiful on phyllanthus angustifolius, the duppy bush. white - tipped black moth\nthysanopyga proditata _ _ _ _ _ _ dr subfamily geometrinae in the family geometridae: emeralds the geometrinae are predominantly green geometers that rest on flat, widely spread wings. a few species also have brown forms. the males of some species have bipectinate antennae. all are nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers .\nsynchlora xysteria (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7060 pr subfamily larentiinae in the family geometridae: carpets and pugs the larentiinae is a large group of flimsy, broad - winged moths. most adopt a flat posture when resting, placing themselves on tree trunks and branches where they can be very cryptic and hard to find. most are woodland species, though some can be found in gardens, even in urban areas. the group is mostly nocturnal and comes freely to lights, though some are diurnal and can be found along woodland trails or around wet areas .\nadhaemarius daphne cubanus _ _ _ _ _ _ adhaemarius daphne cubanus occurs in cuba .\nadhaemarius gannascus (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ jm (in the subfamily sphinginae) aellopos species (below) are small and very fast flying moths that are most often seen in the early morning or in the evening taking nectar or drinking at a body of water .\naellopos fadus (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7850 dr gd jm pr (in the subfamily macroglossinae) fadus sphinx moth aellopos fadus can be found widely across the neotropics. in the us, it has been known to occur in florida, texas, arkansas, and as far afield as in washington state .\naellopos tantalus (ph) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7847 cy dr gd jm pr sv species described by linnaeus in 1758 (in the subfamily macroglossinae) tantalus sphinx moth (or tantalus hummingbird hawkmoth) aellopos tantalus has a wide distribution across the neotropics. similar to a small hummingbird, aellopos tantalus is a mostly brown - winged moth with a conspicuous silvery white band on the dorsal surface of its lower back. the moth hovers, like a hummingbird, with its wings a blur as it probes for nectar with its long proboscis. aellopos tantalus is similar to aellopos fadus (above) and aellopos titan (below), but it is smaller and with only 3 white triangular marks in a line on the forewing and a fourth above the outermost mark. a tantalus sphinx moth, appearing and acting like a small hummingbird. we saw this fast, little creature during the font tour in the cayman islands in december 2010. (photo by femia cools, courtesy of michiel koomen )\naellopos titan _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7849 pr (in the subfamily macroglossiane) aellopos titan cubana _ _ _ _ _ _ subspecies in cuba titan sphinx moth aellopos titan is a common species in much of its range, which includes west indian islands and from mexico south into much of south america. it is a strong flier, and has occurred across the eastern us and even into southern canada. breeding has been confirmed in south texas .\nagrius cingulata (ph) (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7771 dr gd jm pr sl sv (pne: 257) (in the subfamily sphinginae) pink - spotted sphinx moth (or pink - spotted hawkmoth) agrius cingulata is primarily neotropical in its distribution. but it also breeds in the us across southern states, and strays have occurred as far north as eastern canada and even in western europe. pink - spotted sphinx moth\ncallionima falcifera _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7845 dr jm (in the subfamily macroglossinae) falcifera sphinx moth in addition to being in the west indies, callionima falcifera occurs in central america, south to central south america, mexico, and north america. it was originally described in the west indies in the virgin islands on st. thomas .\ncallionima inuus _ _ _ _ _ _ dr (in the subfamily macroglossinae) callionima inuus occurs throughout the neotropics .\ncocytius antaeus (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7772 dr gd jm pr (w: 255) (in the subfamily sphinginae) giant sphinx moth there are populations of cocytius antaeus in the west indies, but no subspecies. it breeds in southern florida, and has strayed into northern florida, southern texas, arizona, mississippi .\ncocytius duponchei (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7773 dr gd jm sv (in the subfamily sphinginae) duponchel' s sphinx moth the taxonomic classification of cocytius duponchei is under review and may change to amphonyx. in addition to being in the west indies, it ranges throughout much of northern and central south america, and in central america. there are no subspecies. it is very common in jamaica. it has been found as a stray in florida and texas .\nenyo lugubris (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7851 dr gd jm pr sv species described by linnaeus in 1771 (in the subfamily macroglossinae) enyo lugubris lugubris _ _ _ _ _ _ dr mournful sphinx moth enyo lugubris is a widespread species across central america and south america, in addition to being in the west indies .\nenyo ocypete (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7852 dr gd jm species described by linnaeus in 1771 (in the subfamily macroglossinae) enyo ocypete is a widespread species across most of the neotropics, and has occurred as a stray as far north as southern florida .\nerinnyis alope (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7832 dr gd jm pr sv (w: 278) (in the subfamily macroglossinae) erinnyis alope alope _ _ _ _ _ _ dr alope sphinx moth erinnyis alope occurs on caribbean islands in addition to central america and south america. in the us, it is found in southern states where in florida it is a regular breeder. strays have occurred as far north in north america as massachusetts and saskatchewan .\nerinnyis crameri (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7836 dr gd jm pr sv (in the subfamily macroglossinae) cramer' s sphinx moth erinnyis crameri occurs occasionally in the west indies, and in the southern us, in addition ranging throughout the neotropics from mexico to southern brazil .\nerinnyis ello (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7834 dr gd jm pr sv (w: 266) species described by linnaeus in 1758 (in the subfamily macroglossinae) erinnyis ello ello _ _ _ _ _ _ dr ello sphinx moth erinnyis ello occurs from the southern us south to northern argentina. in north america it has appeared as far north as new england, the area of the great lakes, and in quebec, canada .\nerinnyis lassauxii (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7833 dr gd jm pr sv (in the subfamily macroglossinae) lassaux' s sphinx moth erinnyis lassauxii occurs on caribbean islands, as well as from mexico to northern argentina. in the us, it has occurred in texas, and possibly in florida and arizona .\nerinnyis obscura (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7837 dr gd jm pr sv (in the subfamily macroglossinae) obscure sphinx moth erinnyis obscura occurs in the neotropics, and it is also found commonly further north in the southern states of the us .\nerinnyis oenotrus (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7835 dr gd jm pr (in the subfamily macroglossinae) oleander sphinx moth erinnyis oenotrus occurs in the west indies, and from mexico south to northern argentina. it strays to the southern us, in florida and texas .\neumorpha fasciatus (ph) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7865 dr gd jm (in the subfamily macroglossinae) eumorpha fasciatus fasciatus _ _ _ _ _ _ dr gd jm banded sphinx moth eumorpha fasciatus fasciatus occurs on caribbean islands, and also across the neotropics from mexico to argentina. in the us, it breeds in coastal areas from the carolinas and florida west to eastern texas, and northwards towards missouri. a caterpillar of eumorpha fasciatus (photo by rob van brussel )\neupyrrhoglossum sagra _ _ _ _ _ _ dr eupyrrhoglossum sagra occurs the neotropics including on caribbean islands, among them cuba. it has recently been found breeding in the us in florida .\nhyles lineata (ph) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7894 dr gd jm pr (pne: 269) (w: 275) (in the subfamily macroglossinae) white - lined sphinx moth above & below: hyles lineata, the white - lined sphinx, the moth and the caterpillar both photographs during a font tour. (photos by doris potter )\nmadoryx oiclus (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ gd jm pr sv (in the subfamily macroglossinae) madoryx oiclus jamicensis _ _ _ _ _ _ jm madoryx oiclus occurs widely across the neotropics .\nneococytius cluentius (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7774 jm dr gd pr sv (has been cocytius cluentius) (in the subfamily sphinginae) neococytius cluentius occurs in the west indies, including cuba, as well as in most of south america, central america, and mexico. it has occasionally strayed into the us, as far north as michigan and illinois .\npachylia ficus (ph) (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7841 dr gd jm pr sl sv species described by linnaeus in 1758 (in the subfamily macroglossinae) fig sphinx moth in addition to being in the west indies, pachylia ficus occurs in throughout central america and south america. in the us, it breeds in south florida, and it is fairly common in texas. it has also been found in louisiana and arizona. the fig sphinx moth, or pachylia ficus\npachylia syces insularis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ dr gd jm (in the subfamily macroglossinae) pachylia syces insularis occurs in the west indies. another subspecies, the nominate, ranges from mexico to southern brazil and uruguay .\npachylioides resumens (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7842 dr jm (in the subfamily macroglossinae) pachylioides resumens occurs on caribbean islands, and elsewhere in the neotropics. it strays as far north in the us as florida and texas .\nperigonia lusca (ph) (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7846 dr gd pr sl sv (in the subfamily macroglossinae) perigonia lusca lusca _ _ _ _ _ _ dr half - blind sphinx moth perigonia lusca occurs across the neotropics. in the us, it is common in parts of florida. perigonia lusca, the half - blind sphinx moth\nphryxus caicus (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7840 dr jm (in the subfamily macroglossinae) caicus sphinx moth phryxus caicus occurs in the neotropics. it is also a breeding resident in southern florida, and strays occasionally north to south carolina .\nprotambulyx strigilis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7818 dr gd jm pr sv (w: 255) species described by linnaeus in 1771 (in the subfamily sphinginae) protambulyx strigilis strigilis _ _ _ _ _ _ dr streaked sphinx moth protambulyx strigilis occurs in the west indies, including cuba, as well as in central america and south america .\npseudosphinx tetrio (ph) (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7830 cy dr gd jm pr sl sv species described by linnaeus in 1771 (in the subfamily macroglossinae) tetrio sphinx moth pseudosphinx tetrio occurs widely across the neotropics in the west indies and from mexico to south america. in the us, it breeds in florida and occasionally does so in texas. strays have wandered as far north as new jersey and connecticut. the caterpillar of pseudosphinx tetrio is large, with a distinctive yellow and black body and a red head. these caterpillars are commonly seen feeding on wild jasmine trees, plumeria obtusa, and they can strip the tree bare of leaves in just a matter of days. the caterpillar' s feeding does not cause any damage as the tree soon leafs out again. above: the large, colorful caterpillar of the tetrio sphinx moth. it has been seen during font tours in the cayman islands. below: the adult moth .\nxylophanes jamaicensis _ _ _ _ _ _ jm (in the subfamily macroglossinae) xylophanes jamaicensis is endemic to jamaica, but it may be a subspecies of xylophanes porcus, the porcus sphinx moth, occurring from florida to bolivia .\nxylophanes pluto (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7887 dr gd jm pr sv (w: 278) (in the subfamily macroglossinae) pluto sphinx moth xylophanes pluto occurs in the west indies, as well as from mexico to northern argentina, and in the us into texas and florida .\nxylophanes tersa (ph) (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 7890 dr gd jm pr sv (pne: 269) (w: 278) species described by linnaeus in 1771 (in the subfamily macroglossinae) xylophanes tersa tersa _ _ _ _ _ _ dr tersa sphinx moth xylophanes tersa has a wide distribution from southern canada south to argentina, including the west indies. in north america, the most northerly breeding record is in the us state of new jersey. tersa sphinx moth (copyrighted photo by lisa johnson) family notodontidae: prominents\nsome have a short thoracic crest or tufts of hair - like scales along the inner margin of the forewing .\nmost are found in mature woodlands, but some occur in well - established gardens .\ndasychira plagiata _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8304 pr (pne: 291) northern pine tussock moth family erebidae, subfamily herminiinae: litter moths those in herminiinae are delta - shaped, flat - winged noctuid moths found in woodlands, fields, and gardens. although the group may initially be confusing, subtle differences in pattern and form give clues to identification. most are nocturnal and will come to lights in small numbers .\ntetanolita mutatalis _ _ _ _ _ _ jm pr family erebidae, subfamily hypeninae: snouts moths known as snouts are deltoid noctuids characterized by their ample, strikingly patterned forewing. long labial palps give them a snout - like appearance. these woodland moths are mostly nocturnal and are attracted to lights in small numbers .\nhypena subidalis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8448. 1 dr jm\nhypena vetustalis (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h8454. 1 dr jm pr family erebidae, subfamily phytometrinae\nmursa phtisialis _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8477. 2 dr jm\neudocima serpentinfera (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8543. 1 dr pr\ngonodonta bidens (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8542. 1 dr pr gonodonta bidens bidens _ _ _ _ _ _ dr\ngonodonta nitidimacula (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8542. 3 dr jm pr\npseudyrias watsoni _ _ _ _ _ _ pr species described in 1940 family erebidae, subfamilies eulepidotinae and scoliopteryginae (or ophiderinae) some in ophiderinae are sometimes placed in calpinae (above) .\nepitausa coppryi (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8581. 1 jm pr\neulepidotis addens (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8569. 1 dr jm pr\nlitoprosopus hatuey _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8556. 1 dr pr\nhypocala andremona (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8642 dr jm hypocala moth hypocala andremona has variously been placed in the subfamily ophiderinae and in the subfamily calpinae (or catocalinae). family erebidae, subfamily rivulinae\nrivula pusilla (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8404. 1 pr family erebidae, subfamily erebinae (previously catocalinae )\nis a large group of medium to large woodland moths that typically rest with their wings held flat .\nachaea ablunaris (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8723. 1 dr jm pr\nelousa albicans _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8661. 1 dr jm\nptichodis immunis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8750. 1 dr jm pr\ntoxonprucha diffundens _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8673. 1 dr pr\nzale peruncta _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8684. 1 dr pr\nare a varied group of strikingly attractive moths found in woodlands, fields, and gardens .\nmany are robust and hairy, often with striped, banded, or spotted patterns. they visit lights in varying numbers .\n) are small, often strikingly colorful moths whose larvae feed mostly on lichens in wooded areas .\ncomposia fidelissima (ph) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8038 cu cy dr (w: 475) (in pericopini) the faithful beauty (range: the west indies and florida in the us) both the larva and the adult of composia fidelissima are highly conspicuous and diurnal. when seen flying at a distance, the adult moth can be mistaken for a butterfly, the atala hairstreak. faithful beauty\ncorrebidia terminalis (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ pr (in ctenuchini) in the genus below, cosmosoma, there are said to be about 185 known species, occurring in the neotropics and the southern limits of the nearctic, with the greatest diversity and abundance in the rainforests and cloud forests of brazil, ecuador, and peru .\ncosmosoma demantria _ _ _ _ _ _ (in ctenuchini) said to occur on the lesser antillean island of dominica blue - tailed bee - mimic the range of cosmosoma demantria is from mexico to peru (and, as noted here, in the antilles) .\nempyreuma affinis _ _ _ _ _ _ cy dr gd (w: 482) (in ctenichini) spotted oleander wasp moth the wings of empyreuma affinis are red. the forewing has a bluish tint on the veins and outer margin. on hispaniola, empyreuma affinis was empyreuma haitensis .\neucereon imriei _ _ _ _ _ _ gd also on the islands of dominica, montserrat, st. kitts\neucereon rogersi _ _ _ _ _ _ gd also on the island of st. kitts eucereon rogersi also ranges in central america in costa rica and panama .\neupseudosoma involuta (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8257 gd jm pr eupseudosoma involuta floridum _ _ _ _ _ _ gd (where it is common) eupseudosoma involuta was eupseudosoma nivea and eupseudodoma immaculata. in addition to being on caribbean islands, eupseudosoma involuta occurs in central america, in the guyanas and brazil, and in the us (in florida) .\nhalysidota schausi _ _ _ _ _ _ martinique, found there recently schaus' tussock moth halysidota schausi also occurs in texas, mexico, central america, and in south america south to peru .\nhyalurga vinosa (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ dr gd jm pr (in pericopini) in addition to occurring on the islands coded above, hyalurga vinosa is also on the caribbean islands of antigua and st. kitts .\nnyridela chalciope (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ dr gd jm pr (in ctenuchini) in the caribbean, nyridela chalciope also occurs on st. kitts. outside the caribbean, it is in central america and colombia. on the caribbean island of guadeloupe, it is common .\nopharus bimaculata (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ gd jm pr in guadeloupe, opharus bimaculata is rare, and only at higher elevations. outside the caribbean, it has also been found in mexico, guatemala, venezuela, ecuador, brazil .\nsyntomeida epilais (ph) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8284 cy gd sl (w: 483) polka - dot wasp moth (or the polkadot) (the larva is known as the oleander caterpillar) syntomeida epilais is a blue - black moth spotted with white. the caterpillars of syntomeida epilais have 3 of the classic earmarks of unpalatability: 1) a bright orange and black coloration 2) conspicuous diurnal activity 3) they feed gregariously syntomeida epilais was accidentally introduced on martinique (with empyreuma affinis) in 1981and on guadeloupe in 1982. it also occurs on the caribbean islands of st. lucia, st. kitts, and cuba. also in the us in florida. polka - dot wasp moth\nsyntomeida melanthus _ _ _ _ _ _ gd sv syntomeida melanthus merlettii _ _ _ _ _ _ gd subspecies on guadeloupe, described in 1978 syntomeida melanthus is very similar to syntomeida syntomoides (below) .\nsyntomeida syntomoides _ _ _ _ _ _ on martinique in south america, syntomeida syntomoides has also been found in french guiana .\nuranophora chalybaea _ _ _ _ _ _ jm uranophora quadristrigata - above, as napata quadristrigata .\nutetheisa ornatrix (ph) (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8105 cy dr gd jm pr sl sv (pne: 307) (w: 478) described by linnaeus in 1758 (in pericopini) ornate moth (or ornamented utetheisa) utetheisa ornatrix is the new world counterpart of utetheisa pulchella, the crimson speckled footman. the forewing of utetheisa ornatrix is yellowish white with irregular, transverse white bands, each enclosing a line of small black spots, and the hindwing is pink with marginal black marks. above & below: the ornate moth\nutetheisa pulchella _ _ _ _ _ _ gd species described by linnaeus in 1758 crimson - speckled flunky utetheisa pulchella is native to southern europe, africa, asia, and australia .\nvirbia semirosea _ _ _ _ _ _ dr families euteliidae and stictopterinae: including eutelias and paectes those in the euteliidae family are small to medium - sized moths, with most having spectacularly acrobatic resting positions. they occur in a variety of habitats, even in urban areas. all are nocturnal, and come to lights in low numbers .\neutelia furcata _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8968. 2 dr jm pr florida eutelia moth\npaectes lunodes (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8963. 1 jm pr\npalpidia melanotricha _ _ _ _ _ _ jm family nolidae: the nolid, or tuft moths nolidae is now said to be the subfamily nolinae in erebidae or noctuidae. also here in this grouping are the subfamilies chloephorinae and sarrothripinae subfamily collomeninae is also included here in this grouping. the genus afrida, which was here, has been moved to lithosiinae with arctiinae (above, in this list). nolids are small deltoid noctuid moths that rest with their rounded wings in a flat position. they are predominantly gray or white with patterns of dotted or broken lines. many have raised tufts of hair - like scales on the forewing. they occur mostly in woodlands and old fields, and they are nocturnal, attracted to lights in small numbers .\nstictoptera vitrea _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family noctuidae, subfamily plusiinae: loopers and miller moths the plusiinae is a distinctive group of moths that occur mostly in open habitats such as old fields and barrens. many have diagnostic silvery stigmas on the forewing. several have tall thoracic crests and tufts of scales at the anal angle of the forewing. most are nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers .\nnotioplusia illustrata (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8894 jm pr (has been autoplusia illustrata) notioplusia moth the larvae of notioplusia illustrata feed on lantana camara .\nbagisara tristicta _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 9176 dr family noctuidae, subfamily cuculliinae: hooded owlets the cuculliinae is a distinctive group of moths that rest their wings and their forelegs outstretched. a thick thoracic crest typically curls forward over the head to create a\nhooded\nappearance. they are found in woodlands and larger gardens, and they are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers .\ncydosia nobilitella (ph) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 9000 dr jm pr sl curve - lined cydosia moth curve - lined cydosia moth family noctuidae, subfamily eustrotiinae: glyphs the glyphs are colorful small to medium - sized moths, many of which have cryptic lichen - like markings. all are nocturnal and come to lights .\ntripudia rectangula (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 9003. 1 pr species described in 2009 family noctuidae, subfamily acontiinae: bird - dropping moths those in acontiinae are small moths, most of which are accomplished bird - dropping mimics. they are commonly encountered at woodland edges and in old fields, and sometimes in the daytime. most are nocturnal and come to lights .\nthioptera aurifera (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ jm family noctuidae, subfamily diphtherinae: the hieroglyphic moth the hieroglyphic moth is a distinctive species with a crisp black pattern that brings to mind ancient egyptian artwork. it come to lights .\ndiphthera festiva (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 8560 dr jm pr (pne: 391) hieroglyphic moth family noctuidae, subfamily acronictinae: daggers the acronictinae is a large group of predominantly gray noctuid moths that often have black dagger - like dashes on the forewing. they are found in woodlands and larger gardens, and they are nocturnal and visit lights and sugar bait in small numbers. some species are difficult to identify .\nagriopodes jucundella _ _ _ _ _ _ pr family noctuidae, subfamily amphipyrinae: amphipyrine sallows most of the amphipyrinae are chunky moths that usually rest with their wings tented over their back. most inhabit woodland and field edges. they are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers .\nperigea xanthioides (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 9689. 1 jm red groundling moth\nthioptera aurifera _ _ _ _ _ _ jm family noctuidae, subfamily oncocnemidinae: oncocnemidine sallows the oncocnemidinae are medium - sized, predominantly gray moths that will often sit with their wings slightly folded at rest, but may sometimes be found with their head flat. all are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers .\ncaularis jamaicensis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ jm (endemic) species described in 1966 caularis jamaicensis was misidentified as caularis undulans (below) .\nseirocastnia tribuna _ _ _ _ _ _ dr family noctuidae, subfamily condicinae: groundlings the condicinae is a group of mostly small to medium - sized deltoid moths that rest with their wings flat or slightly tented. they are found in woodlands and larger gardens, and they are nocturnal and come to light in low numbers .\nmicrathetis triplex (phac) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 9644 jm pr triplex cutworm moth family noctuidae, subfamily heliothinae: flower moths the heliothinae are small to medium - sized, often beautifully patterned noctuids of woodlands and fields. many are regularly encountered during the daytime taking nectar from flowers. a few, such as the corn earworm moth, are prone to irruptive movements. although most, as noted, are diurnal, many are also nocturnal and are attracted to lights in small numbers. the hindwing color and pattern are important for identifying some species .\nheliothis virescens (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 11071 dr jm pr (pne: 425) tobacco budworm moth family noctuidae, subfamily eriopinae: fern moths the eriopinae are small, complexly patterned noctuids that rest with their wings slightly folded. they have tufts of hair - like scales on the thorax and inner margins of the wing that stick up when at rest. these woodland moths are nocturnal and regularly come to lights .\ncallopistria jamaicensis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 9630. 1 jm pr family noctuidae, subfamily noctuinae the noctuinae is a varied assortment of small to medium - sized noctuid moths commonly found in woodlands, gardens, and fields. some are delta - shaped and rest with their wings flat. others have long, narrow wings that they hold tight to their body. all are nocturnal and will come to lights. included here in this grouping are those in the subfamilies glottulinae and hadeninae .\ncobaliodes tripunctus _ _ _ _ _ _ pr moths in the following genus, elaphria, are the midgets. galgula partita is closely related. the midgets are small, highly patterned brown moths with short rounded wings. they are locally common in woodlands and larger gardens, and they are nocturnal and come to lights in small to moderate numbers .\nhadena ligata _ _ _ _ _ _ pr moths in the following genus, lacinipolia, are the small arches. small arches are a group of small noctuid moths that are typically found in woodlands and old fields, but are sometimes in gardens. mostly they are intricately patterned and brightly colored with defined spots. they are nocturnal and regularly come to lights in small or moderate numbers .\nlacinipolia parvula _ _ _ _ _ _ pr (in hadeninae) moths in the following genus, leucania, are the wainscots. wainscots are medium - sized, mostly tan - colored noctuid moths that have faint streaky forewing patterns. they are often found in old fields and wetlands, and they are nocturnal and come to lights in small numbers. distinguishing features are often subtle, making species difficult to tell apart .\nleuconia dorsalis (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 10447. 1 dr jm (in hadeninae )\nleucania inconspicua (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 10450. 1 dr jm pr (in hadeninae )\nleucania lobrega _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 10451. 1 dr jm species described in 2001 (in hadeninae )\nleucania senescens (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 10455. 1 dr jm (in hadeninae )\nlleucania subpunctata (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 10453. 1 jm (in hadeninae) forage armyworm moth\nneophaenis respondens (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ jm moths in the following genus, orthodes, are among those called quakers. the quakers are mostly brown or chestnut and typically have a rounded wing shape. they are nocturnal and regularly come to lights in small or moderate numbers .\nspodoptera androgea (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 9671. 1 jm pr (in hadeninae) androgea armyworm moth\nxanthopastis timais (phac) (phmb) _ _ _ _ _ _ h # 10640 dr jm pr (pne: 507) (in glottulinae) spanish moth the spanish moth is a distinct species, with a pink, orange, and black forewing that can bring to mind a traditional spanish patterning. it comes to lights. family noctuidae, subfamily uncertain (incertae sedis )" ]

{ "text": [ "ethmia abraxasella is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it is found in jamaica , haiti , the dominican republic , puerto rico , cuba and the bahamas .", "it has also been recorded from southern florida in the united states .", "the length of the forewings is 7.1-8.8 mm .", "the ground color of the forewings is white .", "the costa is brownish gray from the base to just before the apex .", "the ground color of the hindwings is white , becoming brownish apically .", "adults of subspecies abraxasella are on wing in february , from may to july and in october .", "adults of subspecies clarissa are on wing in june , october and december ( in cuba ) and in july ( on the bahamas ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "ethmia abraxasella is a moth in the depressariidae family. it is found in jamaica, haiti, the dominican republic, puerto rico, cuba and the bahamas. it has also been recorded from southern florida in the united states. the length of the forewings is 7.1-8.8 mm. the ground color of the forewings is white. the costa is brownish gray from the base to just before the apex. the ground color of the hindwings is white, becoming brownish apically. adults of subspecies abraxasella are on wing in february, from may to july and in october. adults of subspecies clarissa are on wing in june, october and december (in cuba) and in july (on the bahamas)." ]

[ "right approach for every skin type. mesotherm has proven the most profitable technology for\nmesotherm .\na dictionary of ecology. . retrieved july 11, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nmesotherm .\na dictionary of plant sciences. . retrieved july 11, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nare we missing a good definition for mesotherm? don' t keep it to yourself ...\nmesotherm is the most advanced skin restoration workstation, combining four technologies in one safe, non - invasive system .\nmesotherm uses 5 different technologies for a 3d tissue rejuvenation: microdermabrasion, vacuum, monopolar radiofrequency, needling and electroporation .\nmesotherm .\na dictionary of ecology. . encyclopedia. com. (july 11, 2018). urltoken\nmesotherm provides very fast and effective treatments. a full facial peeling requires approximately 10 / 15 minutes. a full treatment combining the 3 different mesotherm technologies may last from 30 to 45 minutes, depending on the extent of the area being treated .\nmesotherm .\na dictionary of plant sciences. . encyclopedia. com. (july 11, 2018). urltoken\nthe complete medical facial aesthetic solution the mesotherm is the perfect system for any practice aiming to offer unique skin restoration procedures. mesotherm does not just improve the appearance of the skin, but actually restores youth and health. skin health is a lifestyle that requires monthly treatments and the right approach for every skin type. mesotherm has proven to be the most profitable technology for a medical practice. as a 30 - minutes unique procedure mesotherm allows your practice to double the profit per hour and cater to a greater number of clients needs each day. representing ...\nwhat made you want to look up mesotherm? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nmesotherm is a multifunctional platform providing effective treatment of wrinkles, hyperkeratosis, acne and enlarged pores, thickened skin, hyperpigmentation marks, stretch marks, scars and baldness .\nhow does mesotherm work? mesotherm uses three different treatments procedure: 1. removal of the stratum corneum to stimulate the production of new cells in the basal layer of the skin. 2. heating of the dermis performed by the radio frequency, microneedling and vacuum, resulting in the increased elasticity of the issues. 3. mesotherapic cocktails channelled in the skin through electroporation technique to ensure a deep, subcutaneous penetration of active ingredients sensitive to electro conduction, resulting in injection free mesotheraphy .\nmesotherm uses three different procedures for 3d skin rejuvenation: mechanical thinning (microdermabrasion) of the stratum corneum to stimulate cell renewal; regeneration of the dermis by combining radiofrequency, needling and vacuum to stimulate a potent increase in tissue elasticity; biostimulation of the tissues by channelling mesotherapic cocktails using electroporation .\nthe number of treatments is determined according to the patient’s age and skin condition, but normally the average number is at least 6 sessions. the results can be seen immediately after the first session, and moreover mesotherm treatments can be combined with other aesthetic treatments, such as filler, botox, etc .\nwhat are the advantages of thermopeel over other types of skin peeling procedure? skin peeling with acids can be toxic and can cause permanent scarring, peeling using diamond points or surgical laser are highly aggressive for the skin and require total anaesthesia. mesotherm offers progressive results without any side effects or particularly unpleasant sensations .\nmesotherm invasive technology and a revolutionary technique for skin rejuvenation and regeneration, especially designed to correct superficial and deep skin imperfections, such as superficial and around the eyes, wrinkles on the forehead and frown line, fine lines around the mouth. this technique can actively treat acne scars, blemishes and stretch marks as well .\nwhat is the procedure time according to different areas? mesotherm technology increases treatment speed due to the simultaneous action of its skin procedures: approximately 10 - 15 minutes are needed to peel a full face. a complete three - stage treatment, which includes, abralase, skin tightening and mesoskin may take approximately 30 minutes depending on the extension of the area being treated .\nmesotherm is perfectly safe and painless and no recovery time is needed, meaning the patient is able to return to normal everyday activities immediately after the treatment. occasionally the skin could show signs of reddening, which might last for a few hours. the skin is slightly more sensitive after the treatment, therefore a proper home cosmetic protocol (moisturising and protective products) is necessary .\nthe leatherback sea turtle differs in many ways from other sea turtles. its leathery carapace is not bony; it has no beta - keratin in its scales; it has pointy projections on its lip instead of teeth; it lacks claws; and it is not cold - blooded. it is also not warm - blooded. the leatherback sea turtle possess several physiological characteristics that enable it to maintain a body temperature higher than its cold environment yet without the tight temperature control exhibited by warm - blooded animals and humans. therefore it can be considered a mesotherm. image: brocken inaglory, wikipedia .\nas for the fauna, palaeontologists were surprised at the great number of big animals found. the fact that dinosaurs were found in such high latitudes is what makes us think that these were endotherm animals that generated their own body heat. also in prince creek, there aren’t any fossils of other ectotherm reptiles like turtles, crocodiles or snakes, which are usually found in other united states deposits of the same period. currently, dinosaurs are thought to be neither endotherm nor ectotherm, but mesotherm animals, which generated body heat metabolically, but were unable to control its temperature or keep it stable .\nthis pacific bluefin tuna is an unusual fish in that it is not cold - blooded. it is not strictly warm - blooded either, but it is able to preserve and utilize some of the heat generated by its metabolic processes thanks to a counter - current heat exchange circulatory system around its gills. it is not equipped to strictly regulate its body temperature like truly warm - blooded animals, however, and thus can reasonably be considered a mesotherm —a name coined to describe dinosaurs which may well have also been neither cold - nor warm - blooded. image: kasai rinkai park, tokyo, japan, photozou through wikipedia .\nthe echidna is an egg - laying mammal. unlike other mammals, it does not maintain a strictly controlled body temperature independent of its environment. it is definitely not “cold - blooded” however. in hot and cool environments, the echidna maintains its body temperature at around 31 degrees celsius but allows an enormous 10 - degree range of variability around this set point while remaining active. 4 evolutionary scientists have traditionally viewed this egg - laying mammal as “primitive, ” but its body’s thermoregulatory systems and heat tolerance mechanisms are actually quite sophisticated. because its body temperature varies somewhat with the ambient environmental temperature, however, it could be considered a mesotherm. image: wikipedia .\nthere is little reason to believe that any of these assumptions are valid. we do not know the correct bone growth rate nor whether it was constant. this is particularly true if archaeopteryx was an ectotherm or mesotherm, as werner and griebeler and grady et al. ultimately conclude, and thus potentially sensitive to environmental variations in temperature. histological arguments can offer some suggestions, but with very little certainty and very wide bounds. in addition, there is a fundamental contradiction between the assumption that one can model growth as linear for all known specimens and that the growth is ultimately sigmoidal. how does one know that the youngest and oldest specimens observed to date truly lie within the linear regime? we don’t even know that these specimens are “youngest” and “oldest”–all that is known definitively is that they are the smallest or largest described to date .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nisotopic ordering in eggshells reflects body temperatures and suggests differing thermophysiology in two cretaceous dinosaurs. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nisotopic ordering in eggshells reflects body temperatures and suggests differing thermophysiology in two cretaceous dinosaurs .\neagle ra 1, 2, 3, 4, enriquez m 1, grellet - tinner g 5, 6, pérez - huerta a 7, hu d 2, tütken t 8, montanari s 9, loyd sj 1, 10, ramirez p 11, tripati ak 1, 3, 4, 12, kohn mj 13, cerling te 14, chiappe lm 15, eiler jm 2 .\ndepartment of earth, planetary, and space sciences, university of california, los angeles, california 90095, usa .\ndivision of geological and planetary sciences, california institute of technology, pasadena, california 91125, usa .\neuropean institute of marine sciences (iuem), université de brest, umr 6539, rue dumont d' urville, 29280 plouzané, france .\nnatural history museum of denmark, university of copenhagen, copenhagen k dk - 1350, denmark .\ndepartment of geological sciences, university of alabama, tuscaloosa, alabama 35487, usa .\ninstitute of geosciences, university of mainz, johann - joachim - becherweg 21, mainz 55128, germany .\ndepartment of ecology, evolution, and environmental biology, columbia university, new york, new york 10027, usa .\ndepartment of geological sciences, california state university, fullerton, california 92831, usa .\ndepartment of geosciences and environment, california state university, los angeles, california 90032, usa .\ndepartment of atmospheric and oceanic sciences, institute of the environment and sustainability, california nanosystems institute, university of california, los angeles, california 90095, usa .\ndepartment of geosciences, boise state university, boise, idaho 83725, usa .\ndepartment of geology and geophysics, university of utah, salt lake city, utah 84112, usa .\nnatural history museum of los angeles county, los angeles, california 90007 usa .\nour understanding of the evolutionary transitions leading to the modern endothermic state of birds and mammals is incomplete, partly because tools available to study the thermophysiology of extinct vertebrates are limited. here we show that clumped isotope analysis of eggshells can be used to determine body temperatures of females during periods of ovulation. late cretaceous titanosaurid eggshells yield temperatures similar to large modern endotherms. in contrast, oviraptorid eggshells yield temperatures lower than most modern endotherms but ∼ 6 °c higher than co - occurring abiogenic carbonates, implying that this taxon did not have thermoregulation comparable to modern birds, but was able to elevate its body temperature above environmental temperatures. therefore, we observe no strong evidence for end - member ectothermy or endothermy in the species examined. body temperatures for these two species indicate that variable thermoregulation likely existed among the non - avian dinosaurs and that not all dinosaurs had body temperatures in the range of that seen in modern birds .\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\n1 department of biology, university of new mexico, albuquerque, nm 87131, usa .\n2 department of ecology and evolutionary biology, university of arizona, tucson, az 85721, usa .\n3 the santa fe institute, usa, 1399 hyde park road, santa fe, nm 87501, usa .\nscience 13 jun 2014: vol. 344, issue 6189, pp. 1268 - 1272 doi: 10. 1126 / science. 1253143\ndepartment of biology, university of new mexico, albuquerque, nm 87131, usa .\ndepartment of ecology and evolutionary biology, university of arizona, tucson, az 85721, usa .\nthe santa fe institute, usa, 1399 hyde park road, santa fe, nm 87501, usa .\naaas login provides access to science for aaas members, and access to other journals in the science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions .\nas a service to the community, this article is available for free. existing users log in .\ndownload and print this article for your personal scholarly, research, and educational use .\nin early depictions, dinosaurs lumbered slowly, dragging their tails. more recently, we have imagined them lifting their tails and running. the question boils down to whether dinosaurs had energetic systems closer to those of rapidly metabolizing mammals and birds, or to those of slower reptiles that do not internally regulate their body temperature. however, determining the metabolic rate of extinct organisms is no easy task. grady et al. analyzed a huge data set on growth rate in both extinct and living species, using a method that considers body temperature and body size. dinosaur metabolism seems to have been neither fast nor slow, but somewhere in the middle—so, dinosaurs did not fully regulate their internal temperature but they were also not entirely at the whim of the environment; neither slow goliaths nor supercharged reptiles .\nwere dinosaurs ectotherms or fast - metabolizing endotherms whose activities were unconstrained by temperature? to date, some of the strongest evidence for endothermy comes from the rapid growth rates derived from the analysis of fossil bones. however, these studies are constrained by a lack of comparative data and an appropriate energetic framework. here we compile data on ontogenetic growth for extant and fossil vertebrates, including all major dinosaur clades. using a metabolic scaling approach, we find that growth and metabolic rates follow theoretical predictions across clades, although some groups deviate. moreover, when the effects of size and temperature are considered, dinosaur metabolic rates were intermediate to those of endotherms and ectotherms and closest to those of extant mesotherms. our results suggest that the modern dichotomy of endothermic versus ectothermic is overly simplistic .\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\nanalysis of animal growth energetics indicates that dinosaurs had intermediate metabolic rates and elevated but labile temperatures .\n© 2018 american association for the advancement of science. all rights reserved. aaas is a partner of hinari, agora, oare, chorus, clockss, crossref and counter. science issn 1095 - 9203 .\nscience 29 may 2015: vol. 348, issue 6238, pp. 982 doi: 10. 1126 / science. 1260299\nd’emic and myhrvold raise a number of statistical and methodological issues with our recent analysis of dinosaur growth and energetics. however, their critiques and suggested improvements lack biological and statistical justification .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\ndepartment of anatomical sciences, health sciences center, stony brook university, stony brook, ny 11794, usa .\nscience 29 may 2015: vol. 348, issue 6238, pp. 982 doi: 10. 1126 / science. 1260061\ngrady et al. (reports, 13 june 2014, p. 1268) suggested that nonavian dinosaur metabolism was neither endothermic nor ectothermic but an intermediate physiology termed “mesothermic. ” however, rates were improperly scaled and phylogenetic, physiological, and temporal categories of animals were conflated during analyses. accounting for these issues suggests that nonavian dinosaurs were on average as endothermic as extant placental mammals .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nrestores youth and health. skin health is a lifestyle that requires monthly treatments and the\nhour and cater to a greater number of clients each day. representing the best of the most\nthe abralase module provides cellular stimulating laserlight and mechanical skin peeling for skin regeneration. the tightening module provides radio - frequency energy, skin needling and pulsed vacuum massage to give back elasticity to the skin. the mesoskin module uses low amplitude intensely alternating current to enhance skin tissue absorption of mesotherapic cocktails .\n1 - removal of the stratum corneum to stimulate the production of new cells in the basal layer of the skin .\n2 - heating of the dermis performed by the radio frequency, microneedling and vacuum, resulting in the increased elasticity of the tissues .\n3 - mesotherapic cocktails channelled in the skin through electroporation technique to ensure a deep, subcutaneous penetration of active ingredients sensitive to electro conduction, resulting in injection free mesotheraphy .\nclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these single technologies, and above all the effectiveness of a multifunctional synergic approach to treat skin imperfections .\nabralase features the precision of a handpiece projecting a flow of fine aluminium crystals, which works in synergy with a 635nm diode laser. small (100 - micron) particles of aluminum oxide are mixed into the airflow, and they are then delivered to the surface of the skin. after the particles stream across the skin surface, they are sucked back up into the machine along with the cellular debris. abralase’s procedure smoothes the most superficial layers of the skin, while the diode laser penetrates into the tissue, where it is absorbed by the cells and converted into energy that can accelerate metabolic processes. the operator can control the intensity of the abrasion, starting from a light exfoliation of the skin, progressively increasing up to a deep exfoliation in specific areas, if necessary .\n• the crystal flow will remove the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis .\n• peeling depth is dependent on strength of the crystals flow, speed of movement of the hand piece and the number of passes per anatomic site .\n• the laser beam will simultaneously heat the underlying skin, called the dermis .\n• as the treated area heals, the new skin that forms is smoother and firmer .\nthe tightening procedure features the combination of radiofrequency and vacuum to generate changes in the structure of the dermis to treat wrinkles and to fight skin laxity. the skin is sucked into the cavity of the handpiece through the vacuum action, allowing for a localized emission of radio frequency. the energy is then transferred deep into the dermis, creating an even heating, hence stimulating contraction and regeneration of collagen fibers. the final result is a redefinition of the dermal tissue, as the skin appears to be more elastic and the wrinkles are less noticeable .\n• energy deep into the dermal layer using a unique monopolar, vacuum assisted handpiece .\n• the rf energy gently heats the soft tissues beneath the skin and causes the collagen to contract and tighten .\n• each treatment is customized through the system’s advanced computer to control the depth of the heating process .\nthe cit (collagen induction therapy) procedure features the combination of radiofrequency, microneedling and vacuum to treat wrinkles, skin laxity, acne scars and stretch marks. the skin is sucked into the cavity of the handpiece through the vacuum action, allowing for a localized emission of radio frequency. simultaneously, micro needles penetration produces hundreds of microscopic channels deep into the dermis, which stimulate the patient’s own production of new collagen. these channels also improve the penetration of active compounds (vitamins, aminoacids, etc .), stimulating skin renewal, thereby making the skin appear fresher and younger. less painful and more accurate than the traditional skin needling roller, the final result is a redefinition of the dermal tissue, therefore leading to an improvement in the appearance of wrinkles, acne scars and stretch marks .\n• the handpiece tip is positioned on theepidermis and vacuum is used to fold the skin .\n• microneedles penetrate into skin. (penetration depth is adjustable according to needle’s length. )\n• microneedles are withdrawn and new micro - holes are generated, granting a fast coverage of the treated area .\nthe mesoskin procedure features electroporation that uses the properties of highintensity pulse to ensure a deep, subcutaneous penetration of skin formulations and active ingredients sensitive to electroconduction, such as neohair, to promote the growth and vitality of hair bulbs; neoage, for skin rejuvenation; neotone, for tissues’ enhanced tone; and neocell, to fight the imperfections caused by cellulite and localized fatty areas .\n• vacuum stretches the skin. stratum corneum cells are pulled apart, creating pathways for material penetration, while high - intensity pulse ensures a deep, subcutaneous penetration of skin formulations and active ingredients .\n• when vacuum is released, the stratum corneum returns to normal position. topicals remain deposited into the skin .\nyena trading company © copyright 2013. all rights reserved. website design by iclick media .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nlate 19th century; earliest use found in nature: a weekly journal of science. from french mésotherme from méso - + therme .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates, blog posts, and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away, from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nusing a context - dependent balance of internal metabolically - produced heat and external - environmentally derived heat .\nthe large terrestrial and marine reptiles of the mesozoic were likely mesotherms, which maintained high body temperatures by virtue of their large size and whose metabolism approached that of endotherms .\nthis page was last edited on 24 june 2017, at 16: 50 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nabralase procedure abralase features the precision of a handpiece projecting a flow of fine aluminum crystals, which works in synergy with a 635nm diode laser. small (100 - micron) particles of aluminum oxide are mixed into the airflow, and they are then delivered to the surface of the skin. after the particles stream across the skin surface, they are sucked back up into the machine along with the cellular debris. abralase’s procedure smoothes the most superficial layers of the skin, while the diode laser penetrates into the tissue, where it is absorbed by the cells and converted into energy that ...\nlaser and skin peeling ® superficial and deep wrinkles ® acne and skin impurities ® rough and thickened skin the crystal flow will remove the outer layer of skin (epidermis). peeling depth is dependent on strength of the crystals flow, speed of number of passes per anatomic site. the laser beam will simultaneously heat the underlying skin (dermis). the combined action stimulates growth as the treated area heals, the new skin that forms is smoother and firmer. biotecitalia medical equipments\na tissue tightening procedure that utilizes functional vacuum and monopolar radiofrequency. energy deep into the dermal layer using a unique monopolar vacuum - assisted handpiece. the rf energy gently heats the soft tissues beneath the skin and causes the collagen to contract and tighten. each treatment is customized through the system' s advanced computer to control the heating process. superficial and deep wrinkles ® acne and skin impurities ® biotecitalia medical equipments\n® superficial and deep wrinkles epidermis and vacuum is used to fold microneedles penetrate into the skin (penetration depth is adjustable according to needle' s length). microfractional holes are created in monopolar radiofrequency is emitted in deep dermis inducing dermal micro - holes are aenerated, granting a fast coverage or the treated area. biotecitalia medical equipments\ncells of stratum corneum block topicals from penetrating the skin. air oxygen flow stretches the skin. stratum corneum cells are pulled apart, creating pathways for material penetration, while high - intensity pulse ensures a deep, subcutaneous penetration of skin formulations and active ingredients. when air oxygen flow is released, the stratum corneum returns to normal position. topicals remain deposited superficial and deep wrinkles ® acne and skin impurities ® biotecitalia medical equipments\nabout biotec italia biotec italia is a diversified aesthetic and well - being company, focused on improving people' s lives through medical and aesthetic innovations. headquartered in italy with a staff of about 50 employees, biotec italia operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. the company has continued to grow every year and is a market leader in clinically - proven aesthetic technologies and skin health products. over the years, the company has developed primarily for the aesthetics, dermatology, plastic surgery and the related beauty and health markets. through combining strong know - how and ...\nwhy the treatment is considered so effective? a number of studies throughout the world, published in consumer and medical periodicals have proven the benefits of this widely diffused skin procedures, their combination make the treatment particularly effective .\nwhat is the skin’s appearance immediately after the treatment and what care is necessary? occasionally the treatment results in mild redness, which may last a few hours. after the treatment, slight skin sensitivity may show. to protect and soothe the skin, specific skin care formulations may be advised as a home care regime .\nhow many treatments are required for substantial results? age and skin condition will determine the number of treatments required to achieve the maximum effect. for most common skin conditions a minimum of 6 treatments is usually required. the results are evident from both the very first texture and its appearance after the very first session .\n© a dictionary of plant sciences 1998, originally published by oxford university press 1998 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\n© a dictionary of ecology 2004, originally published by oxford university press 2004 .\n, eat more than cold - blooded fish and reptiles do, but they don' t stick tightly to a set body temperature like warm - blooded birds and mammals .\ndinosaurs had middling metabolisms: t. rex and kin straddled line between cold - and warm - blooded\nand cosmopolitan eurytherms: effects of temperature on the development and survival of australian chironomidae (diptera) from tropical and temperate populations .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nn. in alphonse de candolle' s classification of plants with regard to their geographical distribution, a plant of his third “physiological group. ”\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation. it' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 (c) (3) non - profit organization, ein # 47 - 2198092 .\ngreat white shark; credit: terry goss (cc by - sa 3. 0). allosaurus; credit: kabacchi (cc by 2. 0 )\nfifty years ago, dinosaurs lumbered across our screens like the slow - moving, shambling oafs they were thought to be. now, they stride and sprint. they’re portrayed as active animals, often lithe and agile .\nthis popular makeover was inspired by a scientific one. scientists used to believe that dinosaurs, like modern - day reptiles, were cold - blooded ectotherms. that doesn’t mean their blood was literally cold, but that they relied on the environment to heat their bodies. many lines of evidence challenged this view, suggesting instead that some dinosaurs were warm - blooded endotherms like mammals and birds: they generated body heat by burning energy at a much greater rate than most reptiles .\nthis debate about dinosaur metabolism—were they ectotherms, endotherms or something in between? —is one of the longest - running in palaeontology. (“it feels like almost everyone working in dino palaeontology has weighed in on it at some point in their career, ” says john hutchinson .) scientists have tried to address the issue by looking at the structure of their bones, the shape of their legs, the inferred anatomy of their lungs, the presence of insulating feathers, and the ratios of predators to prey. and some have tried to work out how quickly they grew .\ndinosaur bones are like tree trunks—they have rings, and each ring represents a year of growth. by studying specimens of different ages, scientists can work out how quickly these animals grew and how must energy they must have burned to do so. bone rings give you growth rate, which gives you metabolic rate .\nit’s an attractive approach because, unlike bone structure or the presence of feathers, growth can be quantified and clearly compared. “you can put a number on it, ” says john grady from the university of new mexico. but these numbers come in drips, through piecemeal studies of a few species at most. grady had grander aspirations .\nhis team has now amassed data on the growth rates of 381 animal species, both living and extinct, including 21 dinosaurs, 6 extinct crocodiles, and one prehistoric shark. he looked tyrannosaurus and apatosaurus, blue whales and deer mice, hammerhead sharks and komodo dragons. he estimated each animal’s mass, growth rate, and metabolic rates, often refining (or completely reworking) mathematical models from earlier studies .\nhis analysis revealed that dinosaurs sit somewhere between the endothermic and ecothermic extremes, epitomised by most mammals and reptiles. they couldn’t control their body temperature as precisely as a horse or human; equally, they weren’t as dependent on their environment as a snake or lizard. “the data pointed to dinosaurs not being quite like a reptile or a mammal, but to weird things like great white sharks, leatherback turtles, and tuna. ”\ngreat whites and tuna are mostly cold - blooded but their hard - working muscles naturally heat their blood. in most fish, the warm blood would lose its heat as it travels to the gills for a dose of oxygen. but in these fish, the vessels are arranged so that the warm blood from the muscles travels past cold blood from the gills, and heats it up. they create body heat, and keep that heat in their bodies—a trick that can keep certain body parts up to 14 degrees celsius hotter than the surrounding water ,\nthe leatherback turtle uses similar heat exchangers, and it’s also very big. big animals lose heat more slowly than small ones, so the leatherback has a sort of thermal inertia that keeps it warm .\ngrady thinks that most dinosaurs used a similar strategy, which he calls mesothermy. they were lukewarm - blooded .\nthis isn’t just a wishy - washy middle - man term; it has a specific meaning. endotherms use their metabolism to keep their body temperatures at a fixed point—excepting the occasional chill or fever, you’re almost always at 37 degrees celsius. ectotherms have more variable body temperatures and rely on the environment to heat themselves up. some, like big crocodiles, are homeotherms—they rely on their size to keep a stable body temperature once they bask their way to warmth .\nmesotherms are different. unlike a basking crocodile, they rely on their own metabolism to raise their body temperature. but unlike you, they don’t keep their temperatures at a fixed point. they turn the heating on, but they have no thermostats. great whites and leatherbacks are good examples but mammals can be mesotherms too. the echidna—a spiny, egg - laying mammal from australia—metabolises its way to an average temperature of 31 degrees celsius, but that can vary by 10 degrees in either direction. it has a thermostat, but a very wobbly one .\ngrady’s conclusion isn’t that new. many, if not most, palaeontologists see the warm - blooded / cold - blooded debate as too simplistic. instead, they believe there’s a continuum between these extremes, and dinosaurs fell somewhere in the middle. “there have been many studies arguing for intermediate metabolic rates in dinosaurs, ” says hutchinson, from the royal veterinary college, uk. “but this one stands out on its statistical treatment. it is very clear and testable, and it fits with other evidence. ”\n“to me, a lynchpin would be how this works for polar dinosaurs, ” he adds. grady’s team focused on species that lived in warm climates, and many dinosaurs lived in places with uncomfortable winters. would a baby dinosaur living in a cold place still be mesothermic, or would it do something different? that’s something for the team to check next .\nfor now, gregory erickson from florida state university, who has studied dinosaur growth, effusively praised the team’s attention to detail. “this is a remarkably integrative, landmark study [ that ] sets a new standard for growth research on extinct animals, ” he says. “now we can more rigorously compare how dinosaurs and the earliest birds grew relative to [ living ] animals and infer their metabolic status. ”\nmieke köhler from the catalan institute of palaeontology is a bit more reserved. she notes that echidnas, tuna, and leatherbacks are all mesotherms, but control their body temperatures in very different ways. “they rely on completely different metabolic machinery, ” she says. “they’re not a discreet group, but a collection of specialists that shifted their physiological state away from the extremes to converge somewhere in the middle. ” by bundling the dinosaurs together under the same label, we risk whitewashing important differences in their lifestyles .\nthey were, after all, a very varied group. they dominated the planet for 185 million years, and there’s more time between stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus than between tyrannosaurus and you between stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus than between tyrannosaurus and you between stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus than between tyrannosaurus and you between stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus than between tyrannosaurus and you between stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus than between tyrannosaurus and you between stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus than between tyrannosaurus and you between stegosaurus and tyrannosaurus than between tyrannosaurus and you. they diversified into forms both titanic and minute. some had feathers and others didn’t. some lived in the tropics and others lived in the freezing poles. if modern fish and mammals can vary in their physiology, they would have too. “there was probably variety, but i think many to most were mesotherms, ” says grady. “it makes sense of the conflicting back and forth evidence we’ve had. they’re not like modern birds or like reptiles. ”\neven feathered dinosaurs like archaeopteryx, which was either not quite a bird or just about a bird, came out as mesotherms. that surprised grady. “this thing that was feathered like a bird wasn’t that much different to these non - feathered dinosaurs in how fast it grew, ” he says. and it grew slowly! it took around 2 years for archaeopteryx to reach adult size. a similarly sized hawk gets there in 6 weeks. “its energy use was much lower than modern birds, but it was covered in feathers. maybe it was an endotherm with a low metabolic rate, or something like the echidna. the jury’s still out. ”\ngrady also wonders if mesothermy could help to explain the long reign and frequent large size of dinosaurs. by raising their body temperatures, they could move their muscles faster and fire their nerves faster, becoming temporarily better at escaping or hunting. that’s why sharks and tuna do it. swordfish and marlin can even warm up their brains and eyes to process information faster when they hunt .\nbut fully endothermic animals need to eat a lot to fuel their inner furnaces, which sets a limit to how big they can get. grady wonders if mesothermy strikes a happy medium, allowing animals to stay competitive while also getting big .\nreference: grady, enquist, dettweiler - robinson, wright & smith. 2014. evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs. science urltoken\nps: dinosaur fans might be wondering about a recent controversy in which physicist nathan myhrvold challenged many published estimates of dinosaur growth rates, and argued that several papers contained serious flaws and discrepancies in their data. grady’s paper was mid - way through the peer - review process when myhrvold’s analysis landed, and he paid serious attention to it. but when he omitted data from the problematic papers (or even for problematic species), his results didn’t change. there are five pages of discussion on this in the supplemental materials for statisticians to pore over .\na type of plant life that requires moderate temperatures for full growth; moisture is not a limiting factor .\na dictionary of legal, industry - specific, and uncommon terms. copyright © defined term .\ngrady and colleagues compared dinosaur fossil evidence with evidence from living animal species to shed more light on the type of thermoregulation that dinosaurs used—ectothermy, endothermy, or mesothermy .\nresting metabolic rates (in watts) of 381 living vertebrate species and 21 extinct dinosaur species plotted against their body masses (in grams). endotherms are red, mesotherms are black, ectotherms are blue, and dinosaurs are gray. regression lines through the points show the best fit between body mass and metabolic rate for endotherms, ectotherms, and dinosaurs, but not for mesotherms .\nthe accompanying downloadable educator materials pdf, which includes background information, graph interpretation and discussion questions, and the student handout, which includes the image and background information, have been remediated to comply with section 508 of the national rehabilitation act for accessibility and can be used with screen readers .\ngrady, j. m. , enquist, b. j. , dettweiler - robinson, e. , wright, n. a. , and smith, f. a. evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs. science. 2014. 344: 1268–72 .\nngss (2013) ls hs - ls4 - 1 ap biology (2015) 1. a. 4, sp5, sp6 ap environmental science (2013) ii. c ib biology (2016) 5. 1 common core (2010) ela. rst. 9 - 12. 7, math. s - id. 3, s - ic. 1, mp2, mp5 vision and change (2009) cc1, dp2\nthis activity uses data from a 2014 scientific paper to explore thermoregulation in living and extinct animals, including dinosaurs .\nin the second film of the great transitions trilogy, paleontologist julia clarke takes us on a journey to uncover the evidence that birds descended from dinosaurs. also available in spanish .\ndr. lyson describes dinosaur digs as well as his focus on prehistoric turtle fossils .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: myhrvold np (2016) dinosaur metabolism and the allometry of maximum growth rate. plos one 11 (11): e0163205. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2016 nathan p. myhrvold. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: no current funding sources for this study. intellectual ventures provided support in the form of salaries for authors [ npm ], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. the specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section .\ncompeting interests: the author, nathan p. myhrvold, is employed by a commercial company (intellectual ventures). there are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. this does not alter the author’s adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors .\nin 1978, case published two classic papers. one studied the evolution of growth rates across the various groups of vertebrates [ 1 ]; the other speculated about the growth rates and other life - history parameters of dinosaurs [ 2 ]. a key analytical tool in both papers is an allometric regression that uses body mass as the independent variable and the maximum growth rate of body mass as the dependent variable. case found that various extant groups each have their own scaling relationship of maximum growth rate with body size, and that these parameters plot as well - fit lines on a log - log scale, i. e. , the maximum growth rate g max = a m b for constants a and b .\nthe realization that dinosaur growth could be measured quantitatively from bone histology [ 3 ] led to a body of work that sought to bring this new input into case’s regression analysis .\nuse bone histology to estimate the age and size of specific dinosaur specimens, thereby generating a set of age - body mass data points for a given taxon. for extant species, empirical age - body mass points are used .\nfit a parametric growth curve to the age - body mass data for each species or taxon .\ncalculate maximum growth rate g max and maximum body mass m (or body mass at point of maximum growth rate) from the growth curve for an individual species or taxon .\ncollect the g max, m data points for species or taxa belonging to a taxonomic group. estimate the parameters a and b in the equation g max = a m b by linear regression on log - log transformed data .\nplot the g max regression lines from many groups, including both endotherms and ectotherms on a log - log scale .\nin the original study by case, steps 1–5 were presented for extant groups, because histological analysis of dinosaur growth had not been developed. instead, case assumed that dinosaurs followed the growth trajectories of ectotherms, and he speculated on the consequences of them matching extrapolated ectothermic growth allometry .\nsubsequently, steps 1–5 were reprised by erickson and coworkers in a series of papers [ 4 – 7 ] that used histological analysis of dinosaur growth, and data on extant species from case [ 1, 2 ] and calder [ 8 ], without mentioning metabolism or performing step 6. other authors made similar studies [ 9 ] .\nthe first papers to argue directly that dinosaur metabolism can be determined by growth - rate allometry (step 6) [ 6, 10, 11 ], did so without presenting arguments in favor of step 6 other than citations to case [ 1, 2 ] and calder [ 8 ] .\nrecently two major studies by werner and griebeler [ 12 ] and grady and coworkers [ 13 ] sought to revisit the case - erickson analysis (steps 1–6) with additional data and new statistical and theoretical arguments in favor of a link between maximum - growth - rate allometry and dinosaur metabolism .\nprevious work has critically examined the statistical methodology and reproducibility of dinosaur growth - rate studies [ 14, 15 ]. many of these criticisms apply directly to the erickson papers [ 4, 7, 10, 11, 16 ], which in retrospect were found to have mostly invalid or irreproducible growth - rate results (steps 1–2 above). some of these issues are relevant to the recent work by grady et al. and werner and griebeler because these newer studies share some dinosaur data sets with the erickson papers .\nin order to address this, it is important to be explicit about the hypotheses being examined. the key step underlying this entire body of work is step 6, determining metabolism from growth rate allometry. the studies make two distinct hypotheses about how maximum growth rate relates to metabolism .\nh1. the metabolism of all members of a taxonomic group is determined by the regression parameters a and b for the group (from the allometric relationship g max = a m b), by comparison with a, b for groups with known metabolism .\nh2. the basal metabolic rate (bmr) is directly related to maximum growth rate g max by an allometric equation bmr = αg max β for constants α and β .\nhypothesis h1 was implicitly introduced in [ 10, 11 ] without any supporting arguments in its favor other than referencing case [ 1, 2 ] and calder [ 8 ], as if those references provided a basis for the hypothesis. case is also heavily cited as the originator of this approach by the more recent studies [ 12, 13 ] .\nunfortunately, the references to case are inappropriate because his papers did not argue the validity of h1 –or even propose it. instead case focused on the broad conclusion that endothermic metabolism enabled some species to achieve higher growth rate. case argued the proposition that across broad taxonomic groups, metabolic rate could imply growth rate allometry. this has no bearing on the converse proposition that growth rate allometry implies metabolism. it is a well - known principle of logic that p → q does not imply that q → p; the converse of a true proposition may be either true or false and must be separately justified." ]

{ "text": [ "a mesotherm ( from greek μέσος mesos \" intermediate \" and thermē \" heat \" ) is a type of animal with a thermoregulatory strategy intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms . " ], "topic": [ 15 ] }

[ "a mesotherm (from greek μέσος mesos \" intermediate \" and thermē \" heat \") is a type of animal with a thermoregulatory strategy intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms." ]

[ "i must have a helicoprion... . i must have a helicoprion... .\nthe helicoprion in the image is a reproduction of the original helicoprion bessonovi that was found by karpinsky in 1899. that is the holotype !\nthe blackfaced helicoprion is so far the only skin for the helicoprion. it has slightly better animations with a decent model, having a bite and eating animation .\npurdy, r. w. 2008. the orthodonty of * helicoprion. * urltoken\nhow bizarre that there were 2 seperate helicoprion posts. definately a fossil forum first .\nleif tapanila with two of the largest helicoprion whorls in the world. credit: ray troll\nkarpinsky' s original vision of what helicoprion would have looked like. from lebedev, 2009 .\nrobert w. purdy (february 29, 2008) .\nthe orthodonty of helicoprion\n.\nthe helicoprion, with its signature circular saw, was reconstructed for a traveling exhibition in 2006 .\nthe prehistoric helicoprion was the only animal with teeth arranged in a spiral to cut into its prey .\nnew investigations on helicoprion from the phosphoria formation of south - east idaho, u. s. a\ntapanila l, pruitt j (2013) data from: unraveling species concepts for the helicoprion tooth whorl .\nhelicoprion was first described by alexander karpinsky in 1899 from a fossil found in artinskian age limestones of the ural mountains. [ 10 ] karpinsky named the type species helicoprion bessonowi. oliver perry hay originally described the species\nhelicoprion was a very weird, yet highly successful shark that roamed the oceans from the carboniferous to the jurassic! as you can see, helicoprion had a spiral saw - like jaw that it used to snag prey .\nthe many faces of helicoprion. reconstructions of helicoprion since 1899. earliest models (a – d) posited the whorl as an external defensive structure, but feeding reconstructions dominate more recent hypotheses. artwork © ray troll 2013 .\nthis is a digital reconstruction of the enigmatic spiral of teeth found in the mouth of the helicoprion shark! helicoprion had up to 150 teeth located along this spiral, right in the center of it' s lower jaw .\nno living land or sea animal directly resembles helicoprion - - especially it' s buzz - saw tooth whorl .\nnew standalone shark, the helicoprion (nb: i know it' s an outdated restoration, but i still like it. )\ni was so lucky to see 4 of helicoprion specimens: the first was in the backstage of l. a. natural history museum\nhelicoprion is an extinct shark which lived approximately 290 to 250 million years ago during the early permian to early triassic periods. it was first discovered in russia by andrzej p. karpinski. in 1889, he named it helicoprion – a name which means “spiral saw. ”\nwhen helicoprion bit down on prey, the tooth whorl would have been forced backward, slicing and dicing the meal and moving it down toward the throat. few helicoprion fossils show signs of tooth breakage, suggesting that the fish likely ate soft - bodied animals such as squid .\nthis indicates that this particular species of helicoprion was not just among the biggest of all fish but was also the biggest marine animal of its time. not only is imnh 49382 the largest helicoprion we know of, but it also contains jaw material and pruitt adds that there will be further ct scans done on the find. more comparisons done with a much smaller species, helicoprion davisii, also indicate how it got so huge .\neastman, c. 1900. karpinsky’s genus helicoprion. the american naturalist, 34, 403: 579 - 582. 10. 1086 / 277706\njohn long, a professor of paleontology at flinders university, told discovery news that he fully supports the new findings about helicoprion and its kin .\nwatch this short video to learn what the heck a helicoprion is, and why he may look slightly familiar from our 2012 kickstarter ...\nother aspects of mary’s helicoprion reconstruction, such as the shape of the snout and body, are conjectural but are based on a figure in zangerl (1981). the color we used for helicoprion, as in most reconstructions, is hypothetical. the shape of the eye pupil is also hypothetical .\neastman, c. (1900). karpinsky' s genus helicoprion the american naturalist, 34 (403) doi: 10. 1086 / 277706\nhelicoprion was a bizarre creature that went extinct some 225 million years ago. like modern - day sharks, helicoprion had cartilaginous bones rather than calcified ones, so the only traces it left in the fossil record were weird, whorl - like spirals of teeth that look quite unlike anything sharks sport today .\nhelicoprion is a long - lived genus of extinct, shark - like [ 1 ] eugeneodontid holocephalid fish. almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals' teeth, called\ntooth whorls .\nhelicoprion first arose in the oceans of the early permian [ 2 ], survived the permian–triassic extinction event, and eventually became extinct during the early triassic, . the closest living relatives of helicoprion (and other eugeneodontids) are the chimaeras .\nlebedev' s 2009 restoration of helicoprion. despite the presence of ammonites in the image, he hypothesized that the shark would have relied on softer cephalopods .\nwhen i wrote about helicoprion in 2011, i highlighted the end - of - the - jaw placement for the tooth whorl as the most likely arrangement. but artist and major helicoprion fan ray troll quickly got in touch with me to say that the classic image probably wasn’t correct, after all. new research was set to give helicoprion a major makeover. that study has just been published today in biology letters, and focuses on a specimen found decades ago .\n“susan ewing traces how the helicoprion fossil obsessed scientists for centuries, and how new research could resolve how its teeth fit into its jaw. ” — nature\ntapanila l, pruitt j (2013) unraveling species concepts for the helicoprion tooth whorl. journal of paleontology 87 (6): 965 - 983 .\nchen, xiaohong, long cheng, and kaiguo yin. (2007) .\nthe first record of helicoprion karpinsky (helicoprionidae) from china\n.\n[ postscript: investigations that will have a bearing on the upper jaw anatomy of helicoprion are underway right now. although lebedev almost certainly got the overall shape of the shark correct, there may be evidence that helicoprion had a narrow upper jaw, after all. i anxiously await the publication of the research currently underway .\ntapanila l, pruitt j (2013) unraveling species concepts for the helicoprion tooth whorl. journal of paleontology 87 (6): 965 - 983. urltoken\ni am planning a collecting trip out west this summer. i was hoping to spend a day or two searching for helicoprion material in either wyoming or idaho .\nthis is one personal version of a helicoprion. it is not an accurate representation of what scientists believe the helicoprion may of looked like. helicoprion is best known for being the world _ s only animal, past or present, with a complete 360 - degree spiral of teeth. nicknamed the _ buzzsaw killer, _ helicoprion used its unique set of teeth to slice into its prey in a fashion similar to that of a circular saw. if you like this skin and would like to see it in the game, like and subscribe to it so it will get the attention of the devs and might make it into the the treasure set! thanks !\nharry e. wheeler (october 25, 2012) .\nhelicoprion in the anthracolithic (late paleozoic) of nevada and california, and it’s stratigraphic significance\n.\nmaybe twenty years ago, i heard there was a member of the fossils for fun club who found a helicoprion whorl at a site near las vegas, nevada .\nthe anatomy of the jaw also confirms that helicoprion belonged to a group called the euchondrocephali, a greek word meaning\nthree cartilaginous heads ,\nfor the way their jaws fuse. these fish share characteristics of both cartilaginous sharks and bony fishes. that makes helicoprion a distant relative of today' s rabbitfish, ratfish and other chimaeras .\nthe world' s only animal, past or present, with a complete 360 - degree spiral of teeth was helicoprion, which sliced into prey like a buzz saw .\nhelicoprion sp. from the pennsylvanian and permian antler peak limestone, lander county, nevada. preliminary geologic map of the snow gulch quadrangle, humboldt and lander counties, nevada\nthe teeth may be very shark - like with their triangular shape and serrated edges, but evidence from the ct scans indicates that helicoprion should be classified as a holocephalan .\nfor those of you who are not familiar with the helicoprion shark, it is only known from its bizzare tooth whorl whose placement on the body is still being debated .\nas a way to show our appreciation, we' re given you one more bonus beast to choose from, the living buzz - saw... the helicoprion !\nthere is obviously a long and rich history of debate surrounding helicoprion, but, as far as i know, there is no comprehensive review covering how images of this shark have changed since 1899. for a fossil - loving historian of science - especially one who can read german and russian! - the story of helicoprion presents an open opportunity. ]\nhelicoprion was a paleozoic chondrichthyan about the size of a modern great white shark, with a circular saw of teeth centered in its lower jaw—a feature unseen in the shark world before or since. for some ten million years, long before the age of dinosaurs, helicoprion patrolled the shallow seas around the supercontinent pangaea as the apex predator of its time .\nbased on the above information provided by the scientists, mary reconstructed a helicopiron with the spiral dentition in the throat. in mary’s reconstruction, the jaw teeth are rounded bars. these have not been found yet associated with helicoprion, but other edestoid sharks have jaw teeth like these. we, therefore, think that helicoprion probably had similar teeth in its jaws .\none of two helicoprion species described by harry, e wheeler in 1939, h. nevadensis is based on a single partial fossil found in 1929 by elbert a stuart. [ 12 ]\nthe 2016 version of our iconic helicoprion will be available on its classic navy blue shirt with a light beige ink and red signature, and of course on a black tee as well .\ncontrary to the popular long - jaw restorations, the tooth whorl of helicoprion totally filled the lower jaw. the jaw joint sat right behind the weapon, and the spiral dentition was buttressed by jaw cartilage on either side. and, even stranger, helicoprion didn’t have any upper teeth to speak of. the spiral of continually - added teeth was the creature’s entire dental armament .\nin this study, we re - examine imnh 37899 using computer tomographic scans to describe the cranial anatomy of helicoprion. our reassessment of the anatomy partly confirms bendix - almgreen' s symphyseal reconstruction, but reveals unseen features of the jaw that inform a new reconstruction of the mandibular arch (figure 1 l). it also confirms the phylogenetic placement of helicoprion among the euchondrocephali .\nin this groundbreaking book, susan ewing reveals these revolutionary insights into what helicoprion looked like and how the tooth whorl functioned—pushing this dazzling and awe - inspiring beast into the spotlight of modern science .\nlarson, e. r. ; scott, j. b. (1955) .\nhelicoprion from elko county, nevada\n. journal of paleontology 29 (5): 918–919 .\nadditionally, other extinct fish, such as onychodontiformes, have analogous tooth - whorls at the front of the jaw, suggesting that such whorls are not as big of an impediment to swimming as suggested in purdy' s hypothesis. while no complete skulls of helicoprion have been officially described, the fact that related species of chondrichthyids had long, pointed snouts suggests that helicoprion did as well .\nfinal 48 hours reward! add a helicoprion shirt to your collection! get all five adult t - shirts of your choice of design and color, usa made, 100% cotton, available in sizes xs - 3xl - and - a full set of art prints of all five of the new illustrations on 11\nx 17\n, including the helicoprion, on heavyweight card stock .\neven if the helicoprion did make it to the triassic period, it wouldn' t count since most helicoprions that survived the permian extinction and made it to the triassic period were about to perish .\nyes... two helicoprion posts in one day, after never having seen any. anyway... jesse, how much did that thing weigh? how' d you move it ?\nreally! dig one up for me and ill buy it from you. i' m sure if you mut up a helicoprion for sale you will get way more for it than any crab !\nalthough the upper paleozoic and mesozoic rocks of alaska' s brooks range and north slope have yielded a variety and distribution of fossils, this appears to be the only known helicoprion find in northern alaska .\nthe scientists did not see much wear, tear and breakage, so they suspect helicoprion primarily sliced into squid or other ancient relatively soft and somewhat chewy sea life. aside from squid and their early relatives, armored and cartilaginous fish lived in helicoprion' s ecosystem, along with brachiopods, bivalves and snails .\ncartilaginous\nrefers to fish made up of cartilage, a firm yet flexible connective tissue .\ni have never chased the elusive helicoprion, but i hear they are in this area. did you see the post by the new member form idaho who is doing his undergrad senior thesis on h .\nfirst, the scientists asked mary to use ray troll’s well researched reconstruction of helicoprion as her primary reference. ray troll is known by fossil shark experts for having studied helicoprion for many years. his illustrations of helicoprion (as well as a beautiful life - size model by gary staub based on ray’s illustrations) can be seen on the internet. bob purdy later decided that the ray troll illustration just didn’t seem right. bob then provided mary with a restoration published in 1962 by an excellent fossil shark worker, thomas eaton. the scientists later decided that eaton’s placement of the tooth spiral didn’t seem right either .\ntapanila is also the research curator and head of the earth sciences division at the idaho museum of natural history. for the study, he and his colleagues took the first ever 3d images of helicoprion remains .\nthanks jesse, i live in italy. if all will be ok, there is a good chance i will be again in usa next spring. it will be a pleasure do helicoprion tour in pocalello .\nhelicoprion was not a buzzsaw predecessor to great white or tiger sharks. the fish belonged to the lineage one branch over, near the evolutionary split where the ancestors of living sharks and ratfish parted ways. (and this pulls other weird prehistoric fish with fearsome teeth – such as the scissor - jawed edestus – away from the shark line and into the ratfish line .) in general form, tapanila and troll expect, helicoprion was an archaic member of the wider ratfish group that looked quite shark - like. and these predators reached impressive sizes. tapanila estimates that a large helicoprion would have been about 20 to 25 feet long .\na new vision of helicoprion created for the smithsonian' s national museum of natural history took things in another direction entirely. by the 1990' s at the latest, it had generally been agreed that the whorls were parts of the shark' s jaws. even as the snap - jawed idea fell out of favor, influential restorations by paleo - artist and helicoprion - fan ray troll cradled the circular tooth blades within a bed of cartilage of flesh at the tip of the lower jaw with only part of the circular conveyor belt of teeth visible. this became the standard image of helicoprion, but the experts at the smithsonian disagreed .\nwheeler, h. e. (1939) .\nhelicoprion in the anthracolithic (late paleozoic) of nevada and california, and it’s stratigraphic significance\n. journal of paleontology 13 (1): 103–114 .\nhow helicoprion used its whorl has also been another matter of debate with a variety of theories ranging from the whorl being used as a lash against fish, ‭ ‬to a rasp that cut its way through the shells of ammonites with a sawing motion. ‭ ‬however even a casual look at the fossil tooth whorls reveals that the teeth have a surprising little amount of wear, ‭ ‬and since helicoprion and relative genera are not thought to have had such a fast replacement of teeth modern day sharks, ‭ ‬there is now new speculation that helicoprion were predators of soft bodied organisms such as molluscs, ‭ ‬especially cephalopods such as octopuses. it may now only be a matter of time before more cartilaginous remains of helicoprion are discovered, as other creatures with cartilaginous remains from genera such as cladoselache, fadenia and stethacanthus amongst a growing number of many others are being found .\nthose clever people at safari ltd introduced a toob (a tube containing models), called “prehistoric sharks” a couple of years ago now. the models show different types of ancient cartilaginous fish including the likes of stethacanthus and a model of helicoprion. this set of ten prehistoric fish has proved popular and it is fascinating to see how the interpretation of helicoprion by the design team at safari ltd matches up against the latest scientific data .\nevidence that helicoprion was using this specialized equipment to bite was visible on some of the teeth themselves. not only had bendix - almgreen noted some wear on helicoprion teeth in the 1960' s, but lebedev detected scratches one some of the best - preserved teeth of another previously - collected specimen. in general, though, such signs of feeding were relatively rare - a pattern consistent with the idea that helicoprion was feeding on soft - bodied prey like squid and fish. the shark may not have been the scourge of the hard - shelled ammonites as had previously been thought. since living pygmy sperm whales and cuvier' s beaked whales have generally similar jaw anatomy - teeth in the lower jaw, but few or no teeth in the upper jaw - lebedev suggested that these cetaceans might be the best living proxies for the way helicoprion fed, especially since these whales frequently eat squid. in turn, this would hint that helicoprion was a capable pursuit predator with a streamlined body, a point lebedev supported by referring to more completely - known, allied fossil sharks such as caseodus and fadenia .\nthe appearance of helicoprion had once again been thrown into question, but a 2009 paper by oleg lebedev threw support to the saw - jaw model. the study was based upon a helicoprion specimen found in the 284 - 275 million year old rock of kazakhstan - two sections of a single whorl that extended the southern range of the shark in the area - and lebedev took the discovery of this opportunity to reevaluate how this strange shark might have fed .\nthis animal has been in the public consciousness for many years now, but the new discovery reveals something remarkable. helicoprion had a whorl of teeth that fit into the front of its jaws, with some whorls reaching remarkable sizes. the new tooth whorl was 45 centimeters (18 inches) in diameter, and belonged to an as - yet undescribed helicoprion species. the specimen was given the designation of imnh 36701, after the idaho museum of natural history .\nthe dearth of fossil evidence has led to multiple attempted reconstructions of what helicoprion would have looked like. in some, the tooth whorl is placed on the upper jaw, curling outward like a spiky elephant trunk. in others, it' s on the lower lip, giving the fish a fearsomely pouty expression. researchers have also debated whether helicoprion was more like a modern shark or another ancient group of cartilaginous fish, the chimaera. [ 25 amazing ancient beasts ]\nfinal 48 hours reward! upgrade to this reward to add a helicoprion print to your collection! get a full set of art prints of all five of the new illustrations on 11\nx 17\n, on heavyweight card stock .\nfor years, paleontologists did not know what to make of this fossil from the ancient shark helicoprion that lived 290 million years ago. it was proposed to be a weapon at the tip of the nose, an unusual dorsal fin, or a defensive tail adornment. research revealed that it is actually a spiral of teeth (tooth whorl) that was used like a buzzsaw to grab and chop food. smithsonian photo 2007 - 15308 - helicoprion - shark by chip clark .\nhowever, devs are planning to remove the helicoprion and replace it with another aquatic creature, most likely due to the fact that there weren' t that many helicoprions that survived the permian extinction in order to get to the triassic period .\nwhile helicoprion looked and acted like a shark, scientists now believe that it wasn’t a shark. they believe that they are related to chimaeras – cartilaginous fish that separated their lineage from sharks some 400 million years ago. chimaeras are actually deep sea fish that are known for their large heads. sharks have replaceable teeth and chimaeras have grinding bone plates used to grind up soft shelled marine animals. helicoprion are believed to have been 25 feet long and weighed approximately 1, 000 pounds .\nrussian geologist alexander petrovich karpinsky coined the name helicoprion in 1899. even though the coiled fossils superficially resembled the shelled ammonites and nautilus paleontologists often found in the marine fossil record, karpinsky realized that the petrifications were actually part of a shark - like fish. but there was no obvious indication of where such an unusual feeding apparatus might fit. karpinsky’s best guess was that helicoprion bore the toothy spiral on its nose, like a permanently - tensed party favor studded with a fearsomely pointed dentition .\nthe 1986 discovery of a helicoprion whorl has recently come to the attention of researchers of this permian fish. here we describe the occurrence of the whorl (interpreted to be a flat coil of teeth), and its stratigraphic and structural setting .\nfinal 48 hours reward! upgrade to this reward to add a helicoprion shirt to your collection! get all five adult t - shirts of your choice of design and color, usa made, 100% cotton, available in sizes xs - 3xl .\ntapanila and pruitt concluded that the helicoprion whorls really did have their buzzsaw shape in life, but they didn’t stop there. along with their colleagues and input from ray troll, the researchers launched a new, detailed investigation into the museum’s helicoprion stores. the fossil bendix - almgreen described, in particular, seemed to have the potential to yield new clues through ct scans that could visualize the internal secrets of the specimen. the scans, taken at the university of texas high - resolution x - ray ct facility in austin, “came out brilliant” tapanila says. not only was the fossil in better shape than expected, but the specimen elucidated two critical facets of the animal – that helicoprion didn’t have an elongated jaw, and that it wasn’t really a shark .\nafter a century of colourful guesses, ct scans have revealed what' s really going on inside the nightmarish jaw of helicoprion, a large, 270 million - year - old cartilaginous fish with an elaborate whorl of teeth set in the middle of its mouth .\nthe now extinct helicoprion shark is what nightmares are made of. learn more about the spiral - toothed predator who once roamed our oceans. for more great shark week clips head to urltoken follow daily planet on twitter: urltoken follow daily planet on facebook: urltoken\nnando, i' m not sure where you are located but if you swing by the museum wed - fri i will give you a tour of the helicoprion corner in the basement. i work in the gallery building a arctodus simus mount on those days !\nfrom the time of hay’s paper (1912) until the present, paleontologists have assumed that the tooth whorls of helicoprion and similar dentitions in other edestoids were jaw dentitions (see zangerl, 1981: 86), but no skeletal evidence existed to support their position .\n“ewing shares the century - long story of scientific investigation that resulted in the discovery of helicoprion. ewing brings to life the personalities of those who wrestled with these fossils to reveal ‘the beautiful, frustrating, addictive, rewarding way’ that research works. ” — publishers weekly\naccommodating the continuous growth of the logarithmic whorl required commensurate anterior and dorsal expansion of the mandibular arch to house the symphyseal structure. based on the largest diameter whorls in the imnh collections, helicoprion jaw length and height could exceed 50 cm, nearly double the size of imnh 37899. pre - mortal tooth wear or breakage is rare in helicoprion [ 5, 6 ]. this may be a result of rapid tooth production—some whorls exceed 150—along with prey selection of soft - bodied animals, such as cephalopods [ 6 ] or poorly armoured fish .\na large number of helicoprion fossils were subjected to intense examination and analysis including computerised tomography – a process whereby high - powered x - rays bombard a fossil and provide non - destructive, three - dimensional images that reveal hidden aspects of anatomical structure. one such fossil studied, measured over twenty - three centimetres in length and contained the remains of one hundred and seventeen individual, triangular teeth. however, unlike most of the other known helicoprion fossil material, this specimen had preserved impressions which showed the placement of parts of the cartilage skeleton .\nthe team used high - resolution ct scans to properly restore the animal, even managing to completely revamp its identity in the family of cartilaginous fish. they found out that helicoprion was not a shark. rather, it was a gigantic, ancient ratfish relative called a eugenodontid .\nchen, xiaohong; long cheng; kaiguo yin (august 2007) .\nthe first record of helicoprion karpinsky (helicoprionidae) from china\n. chinese science bulletin 52 (16): 2246–2251. doi: 10. 1007 / s11434 - 007 - 0321 - y .\nin 1950, a crucial helicoprion whorl specimen was discovered by danish palaeontologist svend erik bendix - almgreen in the waterloo mine near montpelier, idaho. named imnh 37899 and housed in the idaho museum of natural history, it was first described by bendix - almgreen in 1966. it might have been seriously crushed and disarticulated, but along with the 117 discernible serrated tooth crowns sitting on a spiral with a diameter of 23 cm was some very telling cranial cartilage. this proved for the first time that at least some of the whorl was contained inside helicoprion’s mouth .\nthe idaho fossil specimen suggests an animal around 4. 2 metres in length but other helicoprion teeth fossils indicate fish that could have reached lengths in excess of 7 metres. the work of the scientists will form the basis of a new helicoprion exhibit that is to open shortly at the idaho museum of natural history. it seems that this creature was a specialised predator from the end of the permian onwards the top predator niches in the world’s oceans were to be mainly occupied by sharks, before the evolution of the larger teleost fish challenged the shark’s dominant position .\nnew ct scans of the spiral - tooth fossil, helicoprion, resolve a longstanding mystery concerning the form and phylogeny of this ancient cartilaginous fish. we present the first three - dimensional images that show the tooth whorl occupying the entire mandibular arch, and which is supported along the midline of the lower jaw. several characters of the upper jaw show that it articulated with the neurocranium in two places and that the hyomandibula was not part of the jaw suspension. these features identify helicoprion as a member of the stem holocephalan group euchondrocephali. our reconstruction illustrates novel adaptations, such as lateral cartilage to buttress the tooth whorl, which accommodated the unusual trait of continuous addition and retention of teeth in a predatory chondrichthyan. helicoprion exemplifies the climax of stem holocephalan diversification and body size in late palaeozoic seas, a role dominated today by sharks and rays .\ntapanila and colleagues are keeping after the enigmas surrounding the fish through studying helicoprion fossils found in idaho and elsewhere, including a lower jaw that’s even bigger than the one used in the new biology letters study. “you know the line from jaws, ‘you’re going to need a bigger boat’? well, i need a bigger ct machine, ” tapanila says. “i have the world’s largest helicoprion specimen in the world sitting in my museum, and i see evidence for jaws. ” the two - foot - wide jaw is too big for a conventional ct scanner, though. “it’s got all the features we hope, ” tapanila says, “but it’s massive, so i need to bring it to [ a facility in ] pasadena. ” that giant jaw will yield additional clues, and raise new questions. tapanila suspects that the larger jaw belonged to a different species of helicoprion than the one he and his team previously scanned, and the features of the bigger jaw might provide new information about how these buzzsaw fish differed across species and body sizes. there are still many secrets to draw out from the jaws of helicoprion .\nlebedev, o. 2009. a new specimen of helicoprion karpinsky, 1899 from kazakhstanian cisurals and a new reconstruction of its tooth whorl position and function. acta zoologica, 90: 171 - 182. 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6395. 2008. 00353. x\nchen, xiaohong, long cheng, and kaiguo yin. (2007) .\nthe first record of helicoprion karpinsky (helicoprionidae) from china\n. chinese science bulletin 52 (16): 2246–2251. doi: 10. 1007 / s11434 - 007 - 0321 - y .\nof course, lebedev' s hypotheses will require further discoveries and investigations to test, but it is probably close to what helicoprion looked like. contrary to the reasons outlined by the smithsonian team, there is good evidence that the toothy buzzsaw of helicoprion was housed within cartilage at the tip of the lower jaw and was used to bite down on soft - bodied prey (a mode of life that has further implications for the as - yet - unknown body shape of this prehistoric shark). given how many times images of helicoprion have changed over the past century, though, there' s little doubt that scientists and artists will continue to tweak its appearance. if they look carefully, the tip of the shark' s tooth whorl peeks out of the darkness, but the rest of its anatomy remains obscured by the shroud of incomplete preservation .\nwhile helicoprion looked and acted like a shark, the researchers determined that it' s at the base of the family tree that today includes chimaera (aka\nghost sharks\n) and ratfish. ghost sharks are not technically sharks, but they look and act a lot like them .\nlebedev, o. (2009). a new specimen of helicoprion karpinsky, 1899 from kazakhstanian cisurals and a new reconstruction of its tooth whorl position and function acta zoologica, 90, 171 - 182 doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6395. 2008. 00353. x\nwhile helicoprion eventually went extinct, it used to have a nearly global distribution and existed over a period of 10 million years or more, proving that even some eccentric body designs can be successful if they meet the particular needs influenced by the animal' s environment, food sources and more .\nfossils of helicoprion species first appear in upper carboniferous marine strata, proliferate greatly during the permian, and eventually disappear during the early triassic. fossils have been found in the ural mountains, wandagee mountain of western australia, china [ 9 ] (together with the related genera sinohelicoprion and hunanohelicoprion), and western north america, including the canadian arctic, mexico, idaho, nevada, wyoming, texas, utah, and california. due to the fossils' locations, it is speculated that the various species of helicoprion lived off the southwestern coast of gondwana, and later, pangaea .\nare you kidding me? odds you probably never knew this thing existed until you found this page. what do you think, you' d just see helicoprion on a commercial for burger king. think twice, buddy! i' m sorry, i' m just a little cranky .\na significant part of the mystery was the anatomy of the upper jaw. no one had ever found one. that the tooth whorl fit into the lower jaw had been confirmed by old helicoprion finds and the discovery of related types, but even well - preserved specimens from idaho that revealed some aspects of the head did not contain any parts of the upper jaw. left to fill in the blank on the basis of other fossil sharks, paleontologists hypothesized that * helicoprion * either had a narrow upper jaw with a few teeth - as in the related sarcoprion - or a larger upper jaw which housed a second, upper tooth whorl. lebedev suggested something different. perhaps the tooth whorl fit into a pocket in the upper jaw lined with rows of much smaller teeth - a kind of special sheath for the lower tooth blade that gave helicoprion a deeper upper jaw than had previously been imagined .\nhelicoprion looked a lot like a big - bodied modern shark, but it had a very unusual mouth ,\ntapanila said .\nan arc of 15 to 18 serrated teeth were exposed in the center of its lower jaw, and it had no protruding teeth in the upper jaw .\ntoday at lunch time i visited the new museum in pocatello on my way up to yellowstone. no helicoprion were in display, : notfair: i was so disappointed, when a very kind lady, seeing my tears, shoved me a swirl treasure she had in the office. : thumbsu :\nusing their unrestricted access to the helicoprion spiral - toothed fossils at the idaho state museum of natural history the research team were able to examine a number of beautifully preserved fossils. this museum has the largest public collection of helicoprion teeth fossils in the world and a number of these specimens have been collected from early permian strata exposed in idaho. the actual body shape of this large, prehistoric predator is open to speculation as since the skeleton of this animal was made of cartilage, very few fossils other than those of the strange teeth have been found. it had been thought that helicoprion was a nektonic and very active predator, patrolling the water column in a similar way to a lot of extant shark genera. previously, scientists had thought that this creature was a type of shark, however, this new research links this 270 million year old fish to another group of fish with cartilaginous skeletons .\ntwo adult t - shirts of your choice of design, usa made, 100% cotton, available in sizes xs - 3xl - and - a full set of art prints of all five of the new illustrations (including the newly introduced helicoprion) on 11\nx 17\nheavyweight card stock .\nthe so - called “buzzsaw shark” helicoprion was a prominent feature of the oceans roughly 290 to 250 million years ago. known mostly for its strange spiral set of teeth, it was also a titanic marine monster that sometimes stretched more than 12 meters in length and was the biggest marine animal of its day .\nscraps of helicoprion skull indicate that the fish wasn’t really a shark, either. of course, as tapanila points out, the word “shark” doesn’t have the simple definition we might expect. “‘shark’ doesn’t have biological meaning anymore, ” tapanila told me, confiding “if i talk to a fish expert, and i say ‘shark, ’ they get very angry. ” ichthyologists are rapidly rearranging the fish family tree and the definitions for different groups. all the same, the skull cartilage of helicoprion included a very specific double connection that is characteristic of a group of cartilaginous fish called euchondrocephali – commonly known as ratfish and chimeras .\nin 1993, alaskan artist and paleo - shark enthusiast ray troll stumbled upon the weirdest fossil he had ever seen—a platter - sized spiral of tightly wound shark teeth. this chance encounter in the basement of the natural history museum of los angeles county sparked troll’s obsession with helicoprion, a mysterious monster from deep time .\nhelicoprion has appeared several times in public media, including books and television. four notable television appearances include two episodes of shark week called\nprehistoric sharks\n,\njurassic shark\nand\nperfect shark\n( hosted by the late mike degruy) and the forty - third episode of river monsters hosted by jeremy wade. the appearance of helicoprion in\nprehistoric sharks\nand\nperfect shark\nwas speculative, and there were many estimates to its size and the way the whorl was set into the jaw as well as what it ate. the aforementioned episode of river monsters, labelled\nprehistoric terror\n, was the first to show helicoprion' s appearance based on the skull found in idaho in 2012, and as per researcher' s speculation, was depicted in that episode as a hunter of soft bodied prey, hunting, as an example, spawning belemnites. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ]\nit was eventually decided that no previously published reconstruction of helicoprion could be used as a reference for our reconstruction. why would a new spiral form of tooth replacement for jaw teeth develop in a permian shark when an efficient method for tooth replacement (non - spiral) had already evolved in sharks prior to the permian ?\nregardless, the general consensus in the earliest hypothetical reconstructions of helicoprion was that this terrible, toothy whorl surely served a defensive purpose. later this century, this perception has changed, and researchers moved towards the idea that the whorl was used mainly for feeding, and therefore was associated with the creature' s jaw .\ni have permission to collect at the monsanto mine in soda springs, id. i got permission because of my research and being affiliated with the university here. i spent a lot of time looking through concretions and never found a helicoprion, but we did find some cool stuff including a huge ammonoid (see picture) .\nbendix - almgreen (1966) studied several spiral dentitions of helicoprion that had cartilage surrounding them. although the cartilage possessed no landmarks to identify it as cranial cartilage, bendix - almgreen stated that the cartilage represented the jaws and that the spiral dentition was from the symphyseal region of the jaws. this interpretation creates the following problems :\nthe first fossils of helicoprion were scientifically described in 1899 on the basis of a fragmentary find from kazakhstan. the remains were named by russian geologist, alexander petrovich karpinsky, who gave the remains their current name. soon, the name stuck as scientists scrambled to try reconstructing the creature from remains as limited as a tooth whorl .\nct scans demonstrate that helicoprion possessed an autodiastylic jaw suspension [ 17 ] characterized by a two - point articulation of the upper jaw to the neurocranium via ethmoid and basal processes, and the absence of a dorsal extension (otic process) and hyomandibular articulation site on the upper jaw [ 18 ]. an autodiastylic jaw suspension is diagnostic of euchondrocephalans [ 19 ], which confirms previous dentition - based phylogenies placing helicoprion among the euchondrocephali. this result provides new insight into the evolutionary history of early holocephalans, including their high degree of specialization and large body size during the late palaeozoic, which may correspond to the increased diversity and abundance of cephalopod prey at this time .\none of the most interesting facts about helicoprion is that it managed to survive the permian - triassic extinction event – an extinction level event which killed 90% of all marine animals and 70% of all land animals. however, its victory was short lived because just a few million years later, this shark would head into extinction .\nin 2010, tattooed undergraduate student and returning iraq war veteran jesse pruitt became seriously smitten with a helicoprion fossil in a museum basement in idaho. these two bizarre - shark disciples found each other, and an unconventional band of collaborators grew serendipitously around them, determined to solve the puzzle of the mysterious tooth whorl once and for all .\ntapanila and colleagues suggest that the helicoprion’s jaw could have extended past 50 cm long, and some tooth whorls would have boasted some 150 teeth. the team also says that the creature is not a shark, as others have assumed, but a chimaera (holocephalan), which is a group of cartilaginous fish also known as ratfish or ghost sharks that branched off from the sharks 400 million years ago .\nit was always assumed that the helicoprion was a shark, but it is more closely related to ratfish, a holocephalan, ” says tapanila .\nthe main thing it has in common with sharks is the structure of its teeth, everything else is holocephalan .\nthe helicoprion has a lighter shade of blue on the pectoral fins and has a white bottom jaw and belly, as well as the well known\ntooth whorl\non the bottom jaw. it has two nostrils on it' s long, goblin shark - like snout, three pairs of gills near its head and two black eyes .\nlebedev, o. a. (2009) .\na new specimen of helicoprion karpinsky, 1899 from kazakhstanian cisurals and a new reconstruction of its tooth whorl position and function\n. acta zoologica 90: 171–182. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6395. 2008. 00353. x. issn 0001 - 7272 .\nwhile helicoprion probably had the robust body of a shark - like pelagic cruiser, it might still have had some of the features that pertain to its modern chimaera relatives. of course, the animal’s face has been altered completely, with a shorter skull and the tooth whorl being visible at the end of the jaw. it was using this unique appendage to tackle armored cephalopods like ammonites and nautiloids, as well as squid and probably armored fish. it was possibly an active hunter with an aggressive lifestyle. thus it would not have had the single gill opening of more normal chimeras. rather, helicoprion might have had the shark - like configuration of five slits owing to its lifestyle .\nhelicoprion is a shark that swam in the permian seas about 290 million years before the present time; it is an unusual shark in that it has a spiral dentition. these dentitions, other than crushed cartilage, are the only remains of this shark yet found. spiral dentitions are not known from any living shark or any other vertebrate animal .\npaleontologists and ichthyologists weren’t shy about proffering new ideas on the nature of helicoprion. over a century of speculation produced visions of sharks with whorls hanging off their snouts, lower jaws, dorsal fins, caudal fins, and even embedded deep in their throats. (click on the image above, by ray troll, for a look at the gallery of hypotheses .) even after paleontologists generally agreed that the teeth belonged at the tip of a long lower jaw, artists and scientists still played with what leeway they had. was the fearsome spiral fully enclosed in the jaw, or did it hang down awkwardly in an external coil? the true anatomy of helicoprion was frustratingly difficult to pin down .\nhelicoprion as a genus lasted from 290 to 250 million years ago, a long geologic stretch from the early permian to the early triassic. whatever it and its oddball relatives were doing, they were doing it right. they were a highly successful family that managed to be not just the weirdest but also among the largest marine vertebrates of their time .\nit' s possible that the helicoprion will still be ingame but this time as a skin for the new aquatic creature that might replace it if it' s confirmed that devs will replace the shark with a new aquatic creature. (just like they did with brevi by replacing it with puertasaurus yet keeping the brevi as a skin for puertasaurus. )\ndespite the extra material, though, bendix - almgreen thought that the specimen had been disarticulated and crushed so extensively that properly reassembling helicoprion was impossible. the jaws sat in the idaho museum of natural history for decades, one of thirty jaws in the institution’s collections, until student jesse pruitt started asking curator leif tapanila about the strange permian fish. “he started poking around and asking questions about helicoprion jaws, ” tapanila says, about “why the jaws were this way and not that. ” in particular, tapanila recalls, pruitt wanted to know whether the coiled tooth row was a real feature of a living animal or something that happened after death – an artifact of death rather than a representation of life .\nin 1950, a specimen of the saw was located in a bay in idaho. the 117 - tooth whorl included some cranial cartridge, according to researchers, indicating that it probably sat inside the helicoprion' s mouth. still, there' s little agreement about just where the saw would have been located. some say it served as a tongue, and others maintain that it probably extended from the animal' s lower lip and curled under the chin. most recently, idaho paleontologists have used new technology to create a 3 - d animated model of what they believe was the shark' s skull. it shows the saw connected to the helicoprion' s lower jaw [ source: crew ] .\ntapanila, l. , pruitt, j. , pradel, a. , wilga, c. , ramsay, j. , schlader, r. , didier, d. 2013. jaws for a spiral - tooth whorl: ct images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil helicoprion. biology letters. 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2013. 0057\nin 1902 eastman described a new carboniferous edestoid shark dentition (campodus variabilis) that he described (p. 150) as “three series of coalesced anterior or symphyseal teeth. ” he considered this specimen as evidence that the spiral dentition of helicoprion was symphyseal. because eastman’s specimen was not associated with skeletal remains, its position in the shark’s body could not be ascertained .\nthe illustration seen below is the final reconstruction of helicoprion that was prepared by mary parrish under the direction of robert purdy, victor springer and matt carrano. the illustration was rendered in acrylic paint on gessoed masonite, then scanned and modified in photoshop. dozens of emails were exchanged between mary and the scientists and many preliminary sketches were discussed before this illustration was approved." ]

{ "text": [ "helicoprion is a long-lived genus of extinct , shark-like eugeneodontid holocephalid fish .", "almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals ' teeth , called \" tooth whorls \" — the cartilaginous skull , spine , and other structural elements have not been preserved in the fossil record , leaving scientists to make educated guesses as to its anatomy and behavior .", "helicoprion lived in the oceans of the early permian 290 million years ago , with species known from north america , eastern europe , asia , and australia .", "the closest living relatives of helicoprion ( and other eugeneodontids ) are the chimaeras . " ], "topic": [ 15, 16, 15, 15 ] }

[ "helicoprion is a long-lived genus of extinct, shark-like eugeneodontid holocephalid fish. almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals' teeth, called \" tooth whorls \" — the cartilaginous skull, spine, and other structural elements have not been preserved in the fossil record, leaving scientists to make educated guesses as to its anatomy and behavior. helicoprion lived in the oceans of the early permian 290 million years ago, with species known from north america, eastern europe, asia, and australia. the closest living relatives of helicoprion (and other eugeneodontids) are the chimaeras." ]

[ ", the ashy pebblesnail, is distributed within the snake river, columbia river, and their large tributaries within western north america (hershler & frest, 1996). this species has recently been extirpated from much of its historic range (frest & johannes, 1995). the current global conservation status rank is g2 - critically imperilled, at high risk of extinction (natureserve, 2015) .\ndisclaimer: the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited (with permission) in each section. this information is scientifically based. e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links. as always, users should refer to the original sources for complete information. e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is possibly extinct but there is no recent survey information. it is known to have a very restricted distribution and there is habitat disturbance .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nby baird (1863), based on collections made by lord from the kootenay and wigwam rivers in southeast british columbia (natural history museum collections). the species was not reported in the province again until 2014 when lepitzki & lepitzki (2014) reported it from the columbia river at trail .\nthis species is found in small to large rivers, in swift current on stable gravel to boulder substrate in cold, unpolluted, highly oxygenated water, generally in areas with few aquatic macrophytes or epiphytic algae (frest & johannes, 1995) .\nbc ministry of environment: bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nbaird, w. 1863. descriptions of some new species of shells, collected at vancouver island and in british columbia, by j. k. lord, esq. , naturalist to the british north - american boundary commission, in the years 1858 - 1862 .\nsmithsonian contributions to zoology 583. smithsonian institution press. washington, dc: 41 pp .\nfreshwater and terrestrial mollusc searches in british columbia provincial parks from banff, alberta to trail, british columbia and return, 6 - 11 october 2014 .\nunpublished report submitted to bc ministry of environment, vancouver, bc. 10 pp .\nnatural history museum collections. available online: urltoken (accessed 26 dec 2015) .\nnatureserve. 2015. natureserve explorer. available online: urltoken (accessed 26 dec 2015) .\nrecommended citation: author, date. page title. in klinkenberg, brian. (editor) 2017 .\n[ efauna. bc. ca ]. lab for advanced spatial analysis, department of geography, university of british columbia, vancouver. [ accessed:" ]

{ "text": [ "the atlas pebblesnail ( somatogyrus humerosus ) is a species of minute freshwater snail that has an operculum , an aquatic operculate gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae .", "this species is endemic to the united states .", "its natural habitat is rivers . " ], "topic": [ 2, 3, 24 ] }

[ "the atlas pebblesnail (somatogyrus humerosus) is a species of minute freshwater snail that has an operculum, an aquatic operculate gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae. this species is endemic to the united states. its natural habitat is rivers." ]

[ "variety ophiothrix fragilis var. abildgaardi koehler, 1921 accepted as ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789) (synonym )\nvariety ophiothrix fragilis var. lusitanica ljungman, 1872 accepted as ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789) (synonym )\nvariety ophiothrix fragilis var. pentaphyllum pennant, 1777 accepted as ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789) (synonym )\nvariety ophiothrix fragilis var. echinata (delle chiaje, 1828) accepted as ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789) (synonym )\nophiothrix fragilis brittlestar bed. image width ca xx cm. image: keith hiscock\nfrédéric ducarme marked\nbrittle star\nas trusted on the\nophiothrix fragilis\npage .\nophiothrix fragilis is likely to have poor facility for visual perception and consequently is probably not sensitive to visual disturbance. movement of a hand near to ophiothrix fragilis elicits no escape response (skö, 1998) .\ncuttersgoose commented on\nophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard, in o. f. müller, 1789 )\n:\nophiuroidea - the world ophiuroidea database - ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789 )\nworms - world register of marine species - ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789 )\nmacbride, e. w. , 1907. development of ophiothrix fragilis. quarterly journal of microscopical science, 51, 557 - 606 .\nophiothrix fragilis is a mobile epibenthic crawler and should be able to relocate to a suitable location on the shore should the emergence regime be altered .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common brittlestar (ophiothrix fragilis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common brittlestar (ophiothrix fragilis )\ntitle =\narkive species - common brittlestar (ophiothrix fragilis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nophiothrix fragilis has been recorded as representing up to 62% of the biomass in coarse sediment communities (migné & davoult, 1997 (b) ) .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard, in o. f. müller, 1789) to their own page .\nfrédéric ducarme marked\nfile: brittle stars and urchins at middelmas p2199308. jpg\nas trusted on the\nophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard, 1789 )\npage .\nophiothrix fragilis may be considered a keystone species in the coastal marine ecosystem of the eastern channel and a dominant species of gravel communities (lefebvre & davoult, 1997) .\nmigné, a. & davoult, d. , 1997b. carbon dioxide production and metabolic parameters in the ophiurid ophiothrix fragilis. marine biology, 127, 699 - 704 .\nthe strong tidal current, coarse sediment communities from the english channel are dominated by ophiothrix fragilis, urticina felina and alcyonium digitatum (migné & davoult, 1997 (c) ) .\nadult echinoderms such as ophiothrix fragilis are known to be efficient concentrators of radionuclides (hutchins et al. , 1996). there is no information available regarding the effects of this bioaccumulation .\nbroom, d. m. , 1975. aggregation behaviour of the brittle star ophiothrix fragilis. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 55, 191 - 197 .\nholme, n. a. , 1984. fluctuations of ophiothrix fragilis in the western english channel. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 64, 351 - 378 .\nophiothrix fragilis may be found in low densities on crepidula fornicata (slipper limpet) beds (bourgoin et al. , 1985) or also overlying modiolus shells (magorrian et al. , 1995 )\nophiothrix fragilis has no known obligate relationships with other species so removal of these species will not have any direct effect. the physical effects caused by removal of other species are addressed in the factors above .\n( 1) the early development of ophiothrix fragilis varies with the condition of the egg at the moment of fertilisation, and the development of the unripe egg resembles in certain features that of ophiura brevis .\nlefebvre, a. , & davoult, d. , 1997. recrutement d' ophiothrix fragilis (échinoderme: ophiuride) en manche orientale: étude biométrique. journal recherche océanographique, 22, 109 - 116 .\nwarner, g. f. , 1971. on the ecology of a dense bed of the brittle star ophiothrix fragilis. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 51, 267 - 282 .\nallain, j - y. , 1974. écologie des bancs d' ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard) (echinodermata: ophiuroidea) dans le golfe normanno - breton. cahiers de biologie marine, 15, 235 - 273 .\nwarner, g. f. & woodley, j. d. , 1975. suspension feeding in the brittle star ophiothrix fragilis. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 55, 199 - 210 .\nophiothrix alba grube, 1857 (synonym acc. to h. l. clark (1915) )\nremark in subgenus: ophiothrix müller & troschel, 1840. type locality: denmark. [ details ]\nadult echinoderms such as ophiothrix fragilis are known to be efficient concentrators of heavy metals including those that are biologically active and toxic (hutchins et al. , 1996). there is no information available regarding the effects of this bioaccumulation .\nbenthic suspension feeders such as ophiothrix fragilis can occur in very high densities and can have a dominant role in the main nutrient exchanges in estuarine and coastal ecosystems (dame 1993 cited in smaal 1994; lefebvre & davoult, 1997) .\ncontribution à l' étude de la systématique et de l' écologie d' ophiothrix quinquemaculata d. ch\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard, 1789). [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 11\nbay - nouailhat a. , september 2005, description of ophiothryx fragilis, available on line at urltoken consulted on 11 july 2018 .\nbrittle stars, such as ophiothrix fragilis, have symbiotic subcuticular bacteria. the host - bacteria association can be perturbed by acute stress and changes in bacterial loading may be used as an indicator of sub - lethal stress (newton & mckenzie, 1995 )\n( of ophiothrix fragilis var. pentaphyllum pennant, 1777) koehler, r. (1921). echinodermes. faune de france, 1. librairie de la faculte des sciences, paris. 216 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix fragilis var. lusitanica ljungman, 1872) koehler, r. (1921). echinodermes. faune de france, 1. librairie de la faculte des sciences, paris. 216 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix fragilis var. abildgaardi koehler, 1921) koehler, r. (1921). echinodermes. faune de france, 1. librairie de la faculte des sciences, paris. 216 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njackson, a. (1999) ophiothrix fragilis. common brittle star. marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. (november, 2002) urltoken\nthere are no records of any non - native species that may compete with or predate upon ophiothrix fragilis and so the species is assessed as not sensitive. however, as several species have become established in british waters there is always the potential for this to occur .\n( of ophiothrix fragilis var. echinata (delle chiaje, 1828) ) koehler, r. (1921). echinodermes. faune de france, 1. librairie de la faculte des sciences, paris. 216 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngounin, f. , davoult, d. , & richard, a. , 1995. role of a dense bed of ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard) in the transfer of heavy metals at the water - sediment interface. marine pollution bulletin, 30, 736 - 741 .\n( of ophiothrix fragilis var. pentaphyllum pennant, 1777) pennant, t. (1777). british zoology. london 1777. 4th edition (4): 36 and pages 1 - 154, tab 24, fig 24. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nprecipitation of calcium carbonate in skeletal ossicles is a source of carbon dioxide in sea water (ware et al. , 1992). the ophiothrix fragilis community in the english channel could provide 35% of the phytoplankton carbon requirements (migné & davoult, 1997 (b) ) .\ndavoult, d. , gounin, f. & richard, a. , 1990. dynamique et reproduction de la population d' ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard) du détroit du pas de calais (manche orientale). journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 138, 201 - 216 .\ngounin, f. davoult, d. and richard, a. 1995. role of a dense bed of ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard) in the transfer of heavy metals at the water - sediment interface. marine pollution bulletin, vol. 30, issue. 11, p. 736 .\ndavoult, d. , & gounin, f. , 1995. suspension feeding activity of a dense ophiothrix fragilis (abildgaard) population at the water - sediment interface: time coupling of food availability and feeding behaviour of the species. estuarine, coastal and shelf science, 41, 567 - 577 .\nmurat, a. méar, y. poizot, e. dauvin, j. c. and beryouni, k. 2016. silting up and development of anoxic conditions enhanced by high abundance of the geoengineer species ophiothrix fragilis. continental shelf research, vol. 118, issue. , p. 11 .\nsimilar species: ophiothrix luetkeni occurs in deep water off the western coasts of the british isles but has small spines on the dorsal arm plates .\nophiothrix fragilis is predominantly a marine species. however, in the dutch oosterschelde estuary, wolff, (1968) notes dense aggregations of the species occurring in normal salinities of 16 psu and even persisting down to 10 psu. therefore, the species may be tolerant of some change in salinity so intolerance is assessed as low .\nmigné, a. , davoult, d. , & gattuso, j - p. , 1998. calcium carbonate production of a dense population of the brittle star ophiothrix fragilis (echinodermata: ophiuroidea): role in the carbon cycle of a temperate coastal ecosystem. marine ecology progress series, 173, 305 - 308 .\nhutchins, d. a. , teyssié, j - l. , boisson, f. , fowler, s. w. , & fisher, n. s. , 1996. temperature effects on uptake and retention of contaminant radionuclides and trace metals by the brittle star ophiothrix fragilis. marine environmental research, 41, 363 - 378 .\njackson, a. 2008. ophiothrix fragilis common brittlestar. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 11 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\ndavoult, d. , 1989. demographic structure and production of the ophiothrix fragilis population in the dover strait (french part). proceedings of the 6th international symposium on echinodermata. echinoderms: living and fossils. ile des embiez (var. france) 19 - 22 september, 1988. vie marine. hors series, 10, 116 - 127 .\n( of ophiothrix fragilis var. echinata (delle chiaje, 1828) ) delle chiaje, s. (1828). memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di napoli / di stefano delle chiaje. stamperia della societa tipografica, napoli. vol. 3: xx + 232, pls. 32 - 49. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlongevity estimates vary from 9 months (davoult et al. , 1990) to over 10 years (gage, 1990). work by gage (1990) on skeletal growth bands in ophiothrix fragilis indicate a slow rate of growth and considerable longevity suggesting that individuals with a disk diameter of 13mm are around 10 years old (disk diameters reach 20mm). n. b. this is not yet a validated age determining mechanism .\ndistribution of habitat ss. smx. cmx. ophmx ophiothrix fragilis and / or ophiocomina nigra brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment, based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap. red dots represent records on which the biotope is based. blue dots show other certain records, black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope. yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .\nmost brittlestars beds exist in fully marine conditions. however, in the dutch oosterschelde estuary, dense ophiothrix aggregations have been recorded in areas where normal salinity is only 16. 5‰ (wolff 1968) .\n( of ophiothrix alba grube, 1857) grube, e. (1857). beschreibungen neuer oder weniger bekannter seesterne und seeigel. 27: 1 - 50. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbeds on cobbles, gravel and mixed coarse sediments are probably the most common, and these substrata will obviously predominate where strong currents are experienced. in the bristol channel, ophiothrix was recorded at high density (up to 838m - 2) on reefs formed by tubes of the polychaete worm sabellaria spinulosa (george & warwick 1985). in strangford lough, dense ophiothrix beds overly shells of the horse mussel modiolus modiolus (magorrian, service & clarke 1995) .\n( of ophiothrix alba grube, 1857) clark, h. l. (1915). catalogue of recent ophiurans. memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology. 25 (4): 163 - 376, 20 pls. [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix rammelsbergii müller & troschel, 1842) mortensen, th. (1927). handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles. humphrey milford / oxford university press: london. ix, 471 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix ferussacii (delle chiaje, 1828) ) müller, j. and troschel, f. h. (1840). ueber die gattungen der asterien. archiv für naturgeschichte. 6: 318 - 326. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix cuvierii (delle chiaje, 1828) ) müller, j. and troschel, f. h. (1840). ueber die gattungen der asterien. archiv für naturgeschichte. 6: 318 - 326. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix echinata (delle chiaje, 1828) ) müller, j. and troschel, f. h. (1840). ueber die gattungen der asterien. archiv für naturgeschichte. 6: 318 - 326. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix ferussacii (delle chiaje, 1828) ) mortensen, th. (1927). handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles. humphrey milford / oxford university press: london. ix, 471 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix lusitanica ljungman, 1872) ljungman, a. v. 1872. förteckning öfver uti vestindien af dr a. goës samt under korvetten josefinas expedition i atlantiska oceanen samlade ophiurider. öfversigt af kungliga vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar 1871, 28 (5), 615 - 658. [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix rubra ljungman, 1872) ljungman, a. v. 1872. förteckning öfver uti vestindien af dr a. goës samt under korvetten josefinas expedition i atlantiska oceanen samlade ophiurider. öfversigt af kungliga vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar 1871, 28 (5), 615 - 658. [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix alopecurus müller & troschel, 1842) müller, j. and troschel, f. h. (1842). system der asteriden. 1. asteriae. 2. ophiuridae. vieweg: braunschweig. xxx + 134 pp. 12 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix rammelsbergii müller & troschel, 1842) müller, j. and troschel, f. h. (1842). system der asteriden. 1. asteriae. 2. ophiuridae. vieweg: braunschweig. xxx + 134 pp. 12 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncalero, belén ramos, ana and ramil, fran 2018. an uncommon or just an ecologically demanding species? finding of aggregations of the brittle - star ophiothrix maculata on the northwest african slope. deep sea research part i: oceanographic research papers, vol. 131, issue. , p. 87 .\n( of asterias fragilis abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789) müller o. f. (1789). zoologia danica seu animalium daniae et norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum descriptiones et historia. volumen tertium: pp. [ 1 - 2 ], 1 - 71, pls. 81 - 120. havniae [ copenhague ], n. möller. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix echinata (delle chiaje, 1828) ) delle chiaje, s. (1828). memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di napoli / di stefano delle chiaje. stamperia della societa tipografica, napoli. vol. 3: xx + 232, pls. 32 - 49. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnomenclature a. m. clark (1967) proposed to the iczn to suppress the older name o. pentaphyllum in favour of the more widely applied name fragils. that proposal seems never to have been decided and technically, o. pentaphyllum has priority. since o. fragilis has been in prevailing usage for about a century, changing that would cause instability. however, the article on prevailing usage does not apply because the name pentaphyllum has been used after 1899. [ details ]\n( of asterias fragilis abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix ferussacii (delle chiaje, 1828) ) delle chiaje, s. (1828). memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di napoli / di stefano delle chiaje. stamperia della societa tipografica, napoli. vol. 3: xx + 232, pls. 32 - 49. , available online at urltoken note: described as asterias ferussacii. [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix lusitanica ljungman, 1872) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix rubra ljungman, 1872) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix rammelsbergii müller & troschel, 1842) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix alopecurus müller & troschel, 1842) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiothrix ferussacii (delle chiaje, 1828) ) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\na large brittlestar whose disk may reach up to 2 cm in diameter. the five arms are long (about five times the disk diameter) and spiny. the upper disk surface has a 5 - rayed pattern of spines. this species is very varied in colour, commonly brown or grey but ranging through purple, red, orange, yellow, and white. colouration may be plain or banded (particularly on the arms). the arms are fragile and often broken .\nwidely distributed in the eastern atlantic from northern norway to the cape of good hope .\nfound from the lower shore to circalittoral offshore habitats on hard substrata including bedrock, boulders and on coarse sediment. most abundant on tideswept rock and on mixed coarse sediments. in the intertidal the species is found in crevices and under boulders .\narm length about 5 times diameter of disk with seven serrated spines on each segment .\nthis species can be found in very high densities of up to 2000 individuals per square metre (davoult, 1989) .\nthe smallest brittle stars found have a disk diameter of 2 mm and two segments per arm .\nsome gonad development is present in individuals with disks of 3 mm although full sexual maturity is probably achieved at about 10 mm disk diameter (gage, 1990) .\ngrowth rate estimates vary considerably. growth in juveniles may be between 1. 6 - 3. 1 and 3. 5 - 10. 3 increase in body disk diameter per day (davoult et al. , 1990) on average the body disk diameter is estimated to increase by 1. 1 mm per month. other growth rate estimates are much slower (gage, 1990 )\noptimal feeding can occur at water flow rates below 20 cm per second (davoult & gounin, 1995). water moving at above 25 cm per second causes the arms to be brought down from being extended in the water column (warner & woodley, 1975; hiscock, 1983). water flow rates refer to water movements at the seabed. surface flow rates will be considerably higher .\nmay be found in the stomach contents of most common predators (warner, 1971) .\navoids predation by moving away from sources of mechanical disturbance (warner, 1971). the escape response of\nis slow in comparison to other brittle stars and it avoids visual predation through sheltering in crevices etc. and cryptic colouration (sköld, 1998). predatory starfish such as\nachieves unpalatability through heavy calcification and possession of glassy spines (sköld, 1998) .\nmoderately strong 1 to 3 knots (0. 5 - 1. 5 m / sec .), strong 3 to 6 knots (1. 5 - 3 m / sec .), weak < 1 knot (< 0. 5 m / sec. )\nwolff, (1968) notes the species occurring in normal salinities of 16 psu and even persisting down to 10 psu .\ndavoult et al. , (1990) consider development to maturity to take 6 - 10 months depending on the cohort and time of recruitment. gonads are most developed in may - july (george & warwick, 1985). some gonad development is present in individuals with disks of 3 mm although full sexual maturity is probably achieved at about 10 mm disk diameter (gage, 1990). development of sexual maturity is dependent on day length and temperature although temperature is not believed to be a trigger for spawning (davoult, et al. , 1990) .\nrecruitment from the planktonic larvae occurs from august to september (allain, 1974). davoult et al. , (1990) consider there to be multiple recruitments in the eastern channel, a primary one in september and three secondary ones in february, april and june. individual cohorts can be followed for 4 - 6 months after which variable growth rates and overlap in size precludes their separation. these multiple recruitments indicate more than one discrete spawning episode .\nlarvae appear in the water column about a week after gamete release and fertilisation of the eggs. the larvae metamorphose into juvenile brittlestars whilst still in the plankton. the pelagic phase lasts about 26 days (macbride, 1907) .\nthe larvae may undertake a passive migration in areas such as the english channel where there are strong water flow rates (davoult et al. , 1990). here, with water that may move over 4 km per day and a larval duration of 26 days, the larvae can disperse up to 70 - 100 km. this may preclude auto - recruitment of local populations (davoult at al. , 1990) .\nmean disk diameter can decrease by up to 20% during gamete production (davoult et al. , 1990) .\nalthough the species is gonochoristic davoult et al. , (1990) record a 1% incidence of hermaphroditism .\nrecruitment success is heavily dependent on environmental conditions including temperature and food availability. in years after mild winters\noccurred in extremely high densities in the oosterschelde estuary in holland (smaal, 1994). populations seem to be stable in the long - term although there may be strong variation from year to year. a multi annual cycle of around 4 years may exist in the eastern english channel (davoult\nthis marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment. marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .\nit is extremely unlikely that this species would be subject to extraction as it has no commercial and limited research value .\nsuspension feeders are important in coastal ecosystems because they can remove large amounts of suspended particulate matter (davoult & gounin, 1995) .\ndense brittle star beds form an area of considerable physical complexity with many crevices and places to shelter. despite the apparent dominance of\nball, b. j. , costelloe, j. , könnecker, g. & keegan, b. f. , 1995. the rocky subtidal assemblages of kinsale harbour (south coast of ireland). in proceedings of the 28th european marine biology symposium, instiitute of marine biology of crete, iraklio, crete, 1993. biology and ecology of shallow coastal waters (ed. a. eleftheriou, a. d. ansell & c. j. smith), pp. 293 - 302. fredensborg: olsen & olsen .\nbourgoin, a. , guilloum, m. & morvan, c. , 1985. étude préliminaire de l' épifaune des sédiments meubles de la rade de brest (finistère, france) à l' aide d' une caméra vidéo sous - marine. annals de l' institut océanographique, 61, 39 - 50 .\nbruce, j. r. , colman, j. s. & jones, n. s. , 1963. marine fauna of the isle of man. liverpool: liverpool university press .\ncampbell, a. , 1994. seashores and shallow seas of britain and europe. london: hamlyn .\ndavoult, d. , 1990. biofaciès et structure trophique du peuplement des cailloutis du pas de calais (france). océanologica acta, 13, 335 - 348 .\ndavoult, d. , dewarumez, j. m. , & frontier, s. , 1993. long - term changes (1979 - 90) in 3 benthic communities (eastern english channel): use of factor analysis and rank frequency diagrams for studying structural developments. netherlands journal of aquatic ecology, 27, 415 - 426 .\nemson, r. h. , & wilkie, i. c. , 1980. fission and autotomy in echinoderms. oceanography and marine biology: an annual review, 18, 155 - 250 .\nfish, j. d. & fish, s. , 1996. a student' s guide to the seashore. cambridge: cambridge university press .\ngage, j. d. , 1990. skeletal growth bands in brittle stars: microstructure and significance as age markers. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 70, 209 - 224 .\ngeorge, c. l. & warwick, r. m. , 1985. annual macrofauna production in a hard - bottom reef community. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 65, 713 - 735 .\ngorzula, s. j. , 1976. the distribution of epibenthic ophiuroids in cumbrae waters. the western naturalist, 5, 71 - 80 .\nhayward, p. , nelson - smith, t. & shields, c. 1996. collins pocket guide. sea shore of britain and northern europe. london: harpercollins .\nhayward, p. j. & ryland, j. s. (ed .) 1995b. handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe. oxford: oxford university press .\nhiscock, k. , 1983. water movement. in sublittoral ecology. the ecology of shallow sublittoral benthos (ed. r. earll & d. g. erwin), pp. 58 - 96. oxford: clarendon press .\nhowson, c. m. & picton, b. e. , 1997. the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. belfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\nhughes, d. j. , 1998b. subtidal brittlestar beds. an overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs. natura 2000 report prepared for scottish association of marine science (sams) for the uk marine sacs project. , scottish association for marine science. (uk marine sacs project, vol. 3). available from: urltoken\njncc (joint nature conservation committee), 1999. marine environment resource mapping and information database (mermaid): marine nature conservation review survey database. [ on - line ] urltoken\nkaiser, m. j. , ramsay, k. , richardson, c. a. , spence, f. e. & brand, a. r. , 2000. chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. journal of animal ecology, 69, 494 - 503 .\nmackie, a. m. , 1970. avoidance reactions of marine invertebrates to either steroid glycosides of starfish or synthetic surface - active agents. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 5, 63 - 69 .\nmagorrian, b. h. , service, m. , & clarke, w. , 1995. an acoustic bottom classification of strangford lough, northern ireland. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 75, 987 - 992 .\nmba (marine biological association), 1957. plymouth marine fauna. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom .\nmigné, a. , & davoult, d. , 1997c. distribution quantitative de la macrofaune benthique du peuplement des cailloutis dans le détroit du pas de calais (manche orientale, france). oceanologica acta, 20, 453 - 460 .\nnewton, l. c. & mckenzie, j. d. , 1995. echinoderms and oil pollution: a potential stress assay using bacterial symbionts. marine pollution bulletin, 31, 453 - 456 .\npedrotti, m. l. , 1993. spatial and temporal distribution and recruitment of echinoderm larvae in the ligurian sea. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 73, 513 - 530 .\npicton, b. e. & costello, m. j. , 1998. biomar biotope viewer: a guide to marine habitats, fauna and flora of britain and ireland. [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit, trinity college, dublin. , urltoken\npingree, r. d. & maddock, l. , 1977. tidal residuals in the english channel journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 57, 339 - 354 .\nsides, e. m. & woodley, j. d. , 1985. niche separation in three species of ophiocomina (echinodermata: ophiuroidea) in jamaica, west indies. bulletin of marine science, 36, 701 - 715 .\nsköld, m. , 1998. escape responses in four epibenthic brittle stars (ophiuroidea: echinodermata). ophelia, 49, 163 - 179 .\nsmaal, a. c. , 1994. theme v: the response of benthic suspension feeders to environmental changes. the oosterschelde estuary (the netherlands): a case study of a changing ecosystem. hydrobiologia, 282 - 283, 355 - 357 .\nstachowitsch, m. , 1984. mass mortality in the gulf of trieste: the course of community destruction. marine ecology, pubblicazione della statione zoologica di napoli, 5, 243 - 264 .\nware, j. r. , smith, s. v. & reaka - kudla, m. l. , 1992. coral reefs: sources or sinks of atmospheric co 2? coral reefs, 11, 127 - 130 .\nwilkie, i. c. , 1978. arm autonomy in brittlestars (echinodermata: ophiuroidea). journal of zoology, 186, 311 - 330 .\nwolff, w. j. , 1968. the echinodermata of the estuarine region of the rivers rhine, meuse and scheldt, with a list of species occurring in the coastal waters of the netherlands. the netherlands journal of sea research, 4, 59 - 85 .\nmarine life information network (marlin), the marine biological association of the uk (see contact us) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk, all rights reserved .\nthe information (text only) provided by the marine life information network (marlin) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. based on a work at urltoken\nthe common brittle star lives up to its name: it is very brittle. particularly the arms are very breakable, but fortunately should one fall off, they regenerate just like other starfish. brittle stars have a relatively small body and long arms. they can have all kinds of beautiful colors. using their roughly spined arms, they filter plankton out of the seawater. common brittle stars are very sensitive to cold winters; their numbers can decrease strongly after a severe winter .\nfrédéric ducarme added an association between\nfile: brittle stars and urchins at middelmas p2199308. jpg\nand\nparechinus angulosus (leske, 1778 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndescription: a large brittle star with long arms. the arms are very bristly with seven glassy rugose spines on each segment. the disc is somewhat pentagonal and bears small spines on the dorsal surface. this brittle star is very variable in colour; red, yellow and orange patterned specimens occur as well as the more common brown or grey ones. the arms are usually banded with dark and light colours. 20mm. disc, arms 5x disc diameter .\nhabitat: commonly found from lower shore to deep water as single individuals beneath boulders or amongst sessile animals, but also occurs offshore as dense beds with several hundred specimens per square metre .\ndistribution map from nbn: interactive map: national biodiversity network mapping facility, data for uk .\nnomenclature a. m. clark (1967) proposed to the iczn to suppress the older name o. pentaphyllum in favour of the more widely applied name ...\ndistribution low intertidal to 150 m depth, under stones on the shore and often in dense aggregations offshore (see warner, 1971 and ...\nstöhr, s. ; o’hara, t. & thuy, b. (eds) (2018). world ophiuroidea database .\n( abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789). accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 125131 on 2018 - 07 - 11\n( of asterias echinata delle chiaje, 1828) delle chiaje s. (1823 - 1831). memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di napoli. napoli: fratelli fernandes (vol. 1), and società tipografica (vol. 2 - 4). vol. 1, pp. i - xii, 1 - 84 [ 1823 ], pp. 1 - 184 [ 1824 ]; vol. 2, pp. [ 1 - 4 ] + 185 - 224 [ 1825 ], pp. 225 - 444 [ 1826 ]; vol. 3, pp. i - xx, pp. 1 - 232 [ 1828 ]; vol. 4, pp. i - vii [ 1831 ], 1 - 116 [ 1830 ], pp. 117 - 214 [ 1831 ]; pl. 1 - 4; pl. 1 - 69 [ date? ], pl. 70 - 109 [ 1830 ] [ dates according to sherborn, 1922 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of asterias pentaphylla pennant, 1777) pennant, t. (1777). british zoology. london 1777. 4th edition (4): 36 and pages 1 - 154, tab 24, fig 24. , available online at urltoken page (s): 64 [ details ]\n( of ophiocoma minuta forbes, 1839) forbes, e. 1839. on the asteriadae of the irish sea. memoirs of the wernerian society, 8, 1 - 114. [ details ]\n( of ophiocoma rosula forbes, 1839) forbes, e. 1839. on the asteriadae of the irish sea. memoirs of the wernerian society, 8, 1 - 114. [ details ]\n( of asteria cuvierii delle chiaje, 1828) delle chiaje s. (1823 - 1831). memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di napoli. napoli: fratelli fernandes (vol. 1), and società tipografica (vol. 2 - 4). vol. 1, pp. i - xii, 1 - 84 [ 1823 ], pp. 1 - 184 [ 1824 ]; vol. 2, pp. [ 1 - 4 ] + 185 - 224 [ 1825 ], pp. 225 - 444 [ 1826 ]; vol. 3, pp. i - xx, pp. 1 - 232 [ 1828 ]; vol. 4, pp. i - vii [ 1831 ], 1 - 116 [ 1830 ], pp. 117 - 214 [ 1831 ]; pl. 1 - 4; pl. 1 - 69 [ date? ], pl. 70 - 109 [ 1830 ] [ dates according to sherborn, 1922 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of asteria ferussacii delle chiaje, 1828) delle chiaje, s. (1828). memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di napoli / di stefano delle chiaje. stamperia della societa tipografica, napoli. vol. 3: xx + 232, pls. 32 - 49. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nljungman, a. (1867). ophiuroidea viventia huc usque cognita enumerat. öfversigt af kgl. vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar 1866. 23 (9): 303 - 336. [ details ]\nclark, a. m. & courtman - stock, j. (1976). the echinoderms of southern africa. publ. no. 766. british museum (nat. hist), london. 277 pp. [ details ]\nsouthward, e. c. ; campbell, a. c. (2006). [ echinoderms: keys and notes for the identification of british species ]. synopses of the british fauna (new series), 56. field studies council: shrewsbury, uk. isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2. 272 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhansson, h. (2004). north east atlantic taxa (neat): nematoda. internet pdf ed. aug 1998. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nclark, a. m. (1974). notes on some echinoderms from southern africa. bulletin of the british museum of natural history (zoology). 26 (6): 423 - 487, 3 pls, 16 figs, 1 map, 3 tables. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndyntaxa. (2013). swedish taxonomic database. accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ]. , available online at http: / / urltoken [ details ]\nclark, a. m. 1967. proposals for stabilization of the names of some common european ophiuroidea z. n. (s .) 1772. bulletin zoological nomenclature, 24 (1), 41 - 49. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of asteria cuvierii delle chiaje, 1828) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiocoma rosula forbes, 1839) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of asterias rubra delle chiaje, 18? ?) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ophiocoma minuta forbes, 1839) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of asterias pentaphylla pennant, 1777) hansson, h. (2004). north east atlantic taxa (neat): nematoda. internet pdf ed. aug 1998. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of asterias pentaphylla pennant, 1777) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of asterias echinata delle chiaje, 1828) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmaris, t. ; beauchard, o. ; van damme, s. ; van den bergh, e. ; wijnhoven, s. ; meire, p. (2013). referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. monitor taskforce publication series, 2013 - 01. nioz: yerseke. 35 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nof up to 20 mm in diameter and 5 bristly arms of about 5 times that length; colour highly variable, from dark violet to white, yellow, orange and reddish, spotted, often with arms banded .\ndepression and the outer edge being slightly concave. in general, there are 7, erect and often\nthis species prefers hard substrata including sand and shell bottoms and is often found in empty shells or under stones, from shallow water down to 350 m .\nin the north sea it is common on all coasts. it is distributed from lofoten and iceland to the mediterranean and the azores, and apparently along the whole african coast down to the cape of good hope .\nmortensen, t. h. , 1927. handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles. humphrey milford, oxford university press: 471 pp .\nmoyse, j. & p. a. tyler, 1990. echinodermata. in: p. j. hayward & j. s. ryland (eds): the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe, volume 2, molluscs to chordates. clarendon press, oxford: 839 - 871 .\npicton, b. e. , 1993. a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles. immel publishing: 96 pp .\n( abildgaard in o. f. müller, 1789). accessed at: urltoken; = 125131 on 2018 - 07 - 11\nhansson, h. (2004). north east atlantic taxa (neat): nematoda. internet pdf ed. aug 1998. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of asterias pentaphylla pennant, 1777) hansson, h. (2004). north east atlantic taxa (neat): nematoda. internet pdf ed. aug 1998. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhowson & picton, 1997, fish & fish, 1996, hayward et al. , 1996, campbell, 1994, picton & costello, 1998, hayward & ryland, 1995b, migné & davoult, 1997 (c), lefebvre & davoult, 1997, sides & woodley, 1985, hughes, 1998 ,\ngrowth rate estimates vary considerably. growth in juveniles may be between 1. 6 - 3. 1% and 3. 5 - 10. 3% increase in body disk diameter per day (davoult et al. , 1990) on average the body disk diameter is estimated to increase by 1. 1 mm per month. other growth rate estimates are much slower (gage, 1990 )\npicton & costello, 1998, hayward & ryland, 1995b, migné & davoult, 1997 (c), gorzula, 1976, smaal, 1994, davoult et al. , 1993, lefebvre & davoult, 1997, davoult, 1990, broom, 1975, warner & woodley, 1975, warner, 1971, sköld, 1998, emson & wilkie, 1980, wilkie, 1978, sides & woodley, 1985, newton & mckenzie, 1995, gage, 1990, george & warwick, 1985, mackie, 1970, holme, 1984, allain, 1974, ware et al. , 1992, davoult, 1989, migné & davoult, 1997 (b), davoult & gounin, 1995, hiscock, 1983, hughes, 1998, wolff, 1968, hayward & ryland, 1990, julie bremner, unpub data, mortensen, 1927 ,\nall british and irish coasts, except for the east coast of scotland, around the humber estuary and north east anglia and south kent coast .\nfish & fish, 1996, hayward et al. , 1996, campbell, 1994, bruce et al. , 1963, mba, 1957, jncc, 1999, picton & costello, 1998, hayward & ryland, 1995b, migné & davoult, 1997 (c), gorzula, 1976, lefebvre & davoult, 1997, davoult, 1990, migné et al. , 1998, warner & woodley, 1975, warner, 1971, bourgoin et al. , 1985, george & warwick, 1985, davoult et al. , 1990, holme, 1984, migné & davoult, 1997 (b), hughes, 1998, magorrian et al. , 1995, wolff, 1968, hayward & ryland, 1990, julie bremner, unpub data, mortensen, 1927 ,\nbruce et al. , 1963, mba, 1957, davoult et al. , 1993, lefebvre & davoult, 1997, davoult et al. , 1990, pedrotti, 1993, allain, 1974, hughes, 1998, julie bremner, unpub data ,\nbiotic (biological traits information catalogue) by marlin (marine life information network) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. based on a work at urltoken .\nlike all brittlestars, the common brittlestar has five long, slender arms, which radiate out from a central disc. the mouth is located in the centre of the underside of the disc, and there is no anus (3). this brittlestar varies greatly in colour, and may be red, brown, white or banded. the arms are covered in serrated spines (3), and are very fragile (2). the disc also bears spines and is roughly pentagonal in shape (4) .\nthe common brittlestar forms dense aggregations offshore, with as many as 2000 individuals recorded per square meter (2). when it occurs in the intertidal zone, it is more typically found as single individuals in crevices, under stones and amongst seaweed (4). it feeds by raising the arms above the substrate, and extending the tube - feet, which remove particles from the water (3). it then passes food along the arms to the mouth (3). it is also known to scavenge on decaying matter (3) .\nfound around the coastline of britain, but is absent from the east coast of scotland, the humber estuary, northern east anglia and the southern part of the kent coast (2). elsewhere it has a wide range in the eastern atlantic extending from northern norway to the cape of good hope, south africa (2) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\noccurs from the lower shore to depths of around 150m (3), living on hard substrates (2) .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\ncryptic colouration colouration that makes animals difficult to detect against their background. the colouration may provide camouflage against a background or break up the outline of the body. both can occur in a single animal, and tend to reduce predation. larvae stage in an animal' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce. metamorphose an abrupt physical change from the larval to the adult form. planktonic aquatic organisms that drift with water movements; may be either phytoplankton (plants), or zooplankton (animals) .\nfish, j. d. and fish, s. (1996) a student' s guide to the seashore. second edition. cambridge university press, cambridge .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis is a uk rocky shore species. visit our habitat page to learn more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nmaster tracks 33 west park clifton bristol avon bs8 2lx united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 973 6833 fax: + 44 (0) 117 923 7090 neil @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nby clicking the links above, you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use." ]

{ "text": [ "ophiothrix fragilis is a species of brittle star in the order ophiurida .", "it is found around the coasts of western europe and is known in britain as the common brittle star . " ], "topic": [ 26, 27 ] }

[ "ophiothrix fragilis is a species of brittle star in the order ophiurida. it is found around the coasts of western europe and is known in britain as the common brittle star." ]

[ "key words: euscorpius flavicaudis, sting, scorpionism, pregnant woman, clinical, symptoms .\non the internet: online identification key for euscorpius european scorpions (dr. benjamin gantenbein). euscorpius flavicaudis - a swedish scorpion? article in swedish. french article on e. flavicaudis\nbenton, t. march 1992. the ecology of the scorpion euscorpius flavicaudis in england. .\nlike all scorpions, the euscorpius flavicaudis accept crickets, mealworms, cockroaches and also oniscidea and others aracnidae etc .\nto cite this page: akre, j. 2001 .\neuscorpius flavicaudis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\nbenton, t. g. (1991) reproduction and parental care in the scorpion euscorpius flavicaudis. : behaviour, vol. 117, pp. 20 - 25 .\ni' m studying others euscorpius species in italy, but i need time .\nthe only contact with others euscorpius flavicaudis (besides from attacking them) they are for the opposite sex only for the time required for mating. i have seen acts of cannibalism .\nresearchers have observed that in confrontations of the european yellow - tailed scorpion (euscorpius flavicaudis), the largest competitor always wins, while the small which always loses, dies eaten .\nbenton, t. g. (1991) the life history of euscorpius flavicaudis (scorpiones, chactidae): the journal of arachnology, vol. 19, pp. 105 - 110 .\neuscorpius flavicaudis is one of the largest members of the genus, and it can reach lengths of 3. 3 / 4. 5 cm (1. 3 / 1. 7 inch) .\npictures: a typical brick wall where e. flavicaudis is found 1 a typical brick wall where e. flavicaudis is found 2 close - up of the brick wall showing a crack (red circle around) where a scorpion was found. close - up picture showing a male e. flavicaudis exiting a crack in the brick wall\neuscorpius flavicaudis usually has 5 (sometimes 6) trichobothria ventrally on the chela manus just before the movable fingers, and it usually has 13 (sometimes 10 / 13) trichobotria ventrally on the patella .\ncavanna, g. (1917) intorno alla distribuzione geografica di due “euscorpius” in italia .\nbenton, t. g. (1992) the ecology of the scorpion euscorpius flavicaudis in england. : j. zool. london, vol. 226 (3), pp. 351 - 368 .\neuscorpius italicus has at least 7 trichobothria ventrally on the chela manus just before the movable fingers .\nbenton, t. g. (1993) courtship behaviour of the scorpion, euscorpius flavicaudis. : bull. br. arachnol. soc. , vol. 9 (5), pp. 137 - 141 .\nhawkins, k. m. (1982) another record of euscorpius flavicaudis (de geer) in essex. : newsl. br. arachnol. soc. , vol. 34, pp. 6 - 7 .\nbenton, t. g. (1993) the reproductive ecology of euscorpius flavicaudis in england. : memoirs - of - the - queensland - museum, vol. 33 (2), pp. 455 - 460 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - common wall lizard feeding on a yellow - tailed scorpion (< i > euscorpius flavicaudis < / i > )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - common wall lizard feeding on a yellow - tailed scorpion (< i > euscorpius flavicaudis < / i > )\ntitle =\narkive photo - common wall lizard feeding on a yellow - tailed scorpion (< i > euscorpius flavicaudis < / i > )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nex euscorpius carpathicus complex\nhas 4 trichobothria ventrally on the chela manus just before the movable fingers .\nas all euscorpius sp, this is an easy scorpion to keep, it is suitable for a beginner .\ntoscano - gadea, c. a. (1998) euscorpius flavicaudis (degeer, 1778) in uruguay: first record from the new world. : newsl. br. arachnol. soc. , vol. 81, p. 6 .\nthese pictures show an example of e. flavicaudis habitat in southern england. the scorpions are found in cracks and crevices in brick walls .\nthe euscorpius scorpions are timide and feel easily annoyed, especially when they eat, and they could leave the prey .\ncloudsley - thompson, j. l. and c. constantinou (1983) how does the scorpion euscorpius flavicaudis (deg .) manage to survive in britain. : int. j. biometeor. , vol. 27 (2), pp. 87 - 92 .\nwanless, f. r. (1977) on the occurrence of the scorpion euscorpius flavicaudis (degeer) at sheerness port, isle of sheppey, kent. : bull. br. arachnol. soc. , vol. 4 (2), pp. 74 - 76\nhow long was the gestation period your euscorpius? it normally is 11 / 13 months at least that the temperate is more hot (without winter temperatures) .\ni breed and observe the euscorpius spp many years, this is the first time it happened. i will observe this female and other females carefully to understand .\ntorregiani, f. , c. la cavera (1990) puntura di scorpione (euscorpius, sp .) in italia e rassegna dello scorpionismo [ scorpion sting (euscorpius, sp .) in italy and scorpionism review ]. : minerva medica, vol. 81 (suppl. 2), pp. 137 - 145 .\na review of the scorpions (three species of the genus euscorpius, family chactidae) found in the urban habitat of rome, central italy, together with an analysis of the factors which affect their distribution and abundance in the town, is pointed out. it appears that euscorpius carpathicus, a species commonly found on limestone terrains in latium, is frequent, though not particularly abundant, in the urban area of the city especially along the course of the tiber river. it appears that euscorpius flavicaudis, a species commonly found on volcanic terrains in latium and the most common terrains in and around the area of rome, is the most common species in both the urban and suburban areas of the city. it appears that euscorpius italicus, a species common in north and northeastern latium, is represented, in the sample of the scorpions of the city, by a single, possibly aberrant, specimen .\nto differentiate e. flavicaudis from subgenus alpiscorpius, you look at the telson and leg colour, at the size (alpiscorpius doesn’t overstep 3. 8 cm (1. 5 inches) ) and above all the areas of discovery .\na 37 - year - old pregnant woman who was 21 weeks pregnant presented at the emergency department (ed) of the santa croce e carle hospital in cuneo, in northwestern italy, after having been stung by a scorpion in her home during routine housecleaning activities. the scorpion had been caught and was brought in for identification by the hospital entomological consultant who identified it as euscorpius flavicaudis (de geer, 1778) (figure 1) .\nthis species is kept in captivity (especially in europe), but not as coomon as should be espected from a\nnative\nscorpion. few commersial suppliers deliver this species (and other euscorpius) .\nin the present report, the absence of systemic toxicity caused by euscorpius was confirmed. the case of a pregnant woman stung by a scorpion demanded special attention, particularly prompt identification of the scorpion species involved .\nscientific name: euscorpius flavicaudis size: up to 45mm long distribution: isolated populations in kent and hampshire, close to dockyards. one sighting in plymouth. months seen: all year round life span: up to 2 years habitat: cracks in old walls food: small insects, spiders, woodlice and other scorpions special features: yellow - tailed scorpions, or european scorpions, have a black body and tail, with tan coloured legs and a tan coloured stinging organ (hence the name) .\n5. torregiani f, la cavera c. punture di scorpione (euscorpius sp .) in italia e rassegna dello scorpionismo. minerva med. 1990; 81 (suppl 2): 137 - 45. [ links ]\ni only have some experience in breeding e. tergestinus and those had a shorter gestation period than a year. i do not know very much about the biology of euscorpius, so maybe a more experienced keeper can answer your question .\nwe report a case in which a 21 - week pregnant woman was stung by a euscorpius flavicaudis (de geer, 1778) scorpion. symptoms and signs experienced by the patient were the same as those documented in the literature and with no ill - effects for the pregnancy. envenoming was local and of low degree of intensity. it is important to emphasize that the patient was stung in her home, which differs from stings in most other parts of the world, in which scorpionism is mostly a risk in outdoor areas .\nabove is euscorpius flavicaudis. it a fairly common scorpion in southern europe, and there are a few small colonies established indoors in the uk. it lives in crevices under rocks, bark and walls grabbing anything small that passes close by. its body is dark brown / black, and it legs and sting are yellow / brown. it is not aggressive, and its poison has no effect on humans. it can reach 4 cm long when fully grown, and makes a good choice as a pet for a beginner .\nto start getting a valid id of these scorpions, you look at the telson and leg colour. if the telson and legs are darkish / brownish, it is likely to be e. italicus. if they are bright or yellowish, then you look at body' s colour. if it is reddish / brown, it is likely to be\ne. carpathicus complex\n( e. tergestinus, e. sicanus etc .). if it is blackish / brown dark with yellowish / beige legs and telson, it is likely euscorpius flavicaudis .\nno member of the genus euscorpius has been known to produce parthenogenetically. but it is a strange situation. are you sure she was subadult? maybe it was a small, but adult female, that had already mated, before you got her ?\nfor your euscorpius i think that the female was already pregnant or the temperature has influenced much because in italy there are births in the months that i wrote, at less that the scorpions mating is at november / december but in nature is not possible .\n4. dutto m, dutto l, scaglione n, bertero m. euscorpius (scorpiones, euscorpiidae): three cases of sting in northwestern italy. j venom anim toxins incl trop dis. 2010; 16 (4): 659 - 63. [ links ]\nscorpions belong to a fairly small order scorpiones within the class arachnida. in total there are only some 1, 500 species which have been recorded although doubtless others await discovery. all scorpions are nocturnal and the majority come from tropical areas although we do have one introduced species here in the uk (euscorpius flavicaudis). throughout the day most species remain underground in self dug burrows although some species (mainly bark scorpions of the genus centruroides) rest above ground, hanging from rocks and branches or under loose bark. as far as invertebrates go scorpions are relatively long lived with some species reaching 6 - 7 years .\nugolini, a et al. (1986) mother - young relationship in euscorpius: adaptive value of the larval permanence on the mother' s back (scorpiones, chactidae): j. arachnol. , vol. 14 (1), pp. 43 - 46 .\nin conclusion, we state that the clinical course of envenoming from euscorpius is the same in pregnant victims and others. our findings also corroborate previously reported cases in the literature regarding envenoming characteristics such as locoregional pain that disappears within an hour after the sting (4, 5) .\ni got some early instar euscorpius, and i have done some research on them, which concludes that they' re not parthenogenic spp. but this situation is really strange for a 2 months gestation period compare to 11 - 13 months. so like what michiel said maybe you need a more experienced keeper on this spp. goodluck with the young ones\nthe yellow - tailed scorpion (euscorpius flavicaudis) has managed to set up at least one thriving colony in an isolated area of england despite the generally cool and mild climate here in the uk. these scorpions have occasionally been found at several coastal towns across the south of england over the years but the best known and most successful site is on the isle of sheppy in kent where the dock - land town of sheerness. this yellow - tailed scorpion population has an estimated size of up to 10 - 15, 000 specimens! this population was the first ever recorded in the uk way back in the 1860’s. the yellow tailed scorpion has been living in the south - facing walls, rock crevices, abandoned buildings and railway sleepers of these docks for well over 150 years now. it is widely accepted that they originally found there way into the uk accidentally amid shipments of italian masonry .\nscorpions of the genus euscorpius, as indicated by the literature, secrete toxins that provoke local and short term (30 - 90 minutes) reactions in humans (4 - 6). data are scarce with regard to scorpion stings in pregnant women. it is known that animal venoms can be particularly dangerous to both mother and fetus, even if only due to the painful symptoms and agitation that may provoke uterine contractions (7) .\nin the case of stings from euscorpius, management of envenoming of pregnant women does not differ from that of other victims, as indicated in the literature (4). however, it is always wise to carry out basic blood tests and to observe the patient for at least 2 to 4 hours after the event, particularly if the person experiences intense pain. the observation must be increased in cases of uterine contractions or changes in fetal movements. in addition, it is advisable to communicate the event to the family physician for a follow - up .\nhi all, i recently posted about the loss of one of our e flavicaudis, we wasn' t sure if it was death by natural causes or canabilsm, this is all i found... well today i finally spotted the scorp that i couldn' t get a good look at the other day when i found the remains, she had been hidden in the brick for a while and after seeing her i think she may be gravid, also while i was watching she attacked another of her tank mates so we decided to remove her just to be on the safe side, we have never witnessed fighting between them and she seems to be especially agitated i managed to get a few pics before moving her to her own box, just wondered what everyone else thought... gravid or not? ?\nin terms of scorpion distribution, italy is a unique case. several types of scorpions make their home virtually everywhere in the world; being a few species of the family buthidae and one or more species of other non - buthidae families, formerly known as chactoid scorpions, dominant. the only autochthonous scorpions in italy are from the family euscorpiidae, especially large - sized species, such as euscorpius italicus (herbst, 1800) that can reach 5 cm in length or more. buthidae scorpions are not found in italian territory. in europe, there is a gap in species distribution: in the west of italy (france and spain), the genus buthus sp. of family buthidae is found; while in the eastern portion (the balkans), the genus mesobuthus sp. is found in place of buthus. scorpions that are medically important, i. e. dangerous to humans, generally belong to the family buthidae, with rare exceptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nwest of europe (italy, france, spain), north africa (algeria, tunisia). introduced in great britain (south south - east of england) and south america (uruguay )\nis one of the largest members of the genus, it can usually reach lengths of 3. 3 / 4. 5 cm (1. 3 / 1. 7 inch), but it may sometimes be bigger .\nthis species is a small scorpion, with a blackish / black - brownish body and with a yellow / yellowish - beige telson and legs. the chela manus can be brown / reddish. the patella of pedipalp has an internal tubercle .\nit is a typical harmless scorpion with large and strong pedipalps, a stout body and a thin\ntail\n( metasoma) .\nthis scorpion is found mostly in tyrrhenian regions, in humid areas as forests, fields, woodshed, under stones and can also be found in old houses, in cracks and crevices in walls and ruins etc .\nto start getting a valid id of these scorpions, you look at the telson and leg colour. if the telson and legs are darkish / brownish, it is likely to be\n. if they are bright or yellowish, then you look at body' s colour. if it is reddish / brown, it is likely to be\nventral surface of the chela, just before the movable fingers, and it usually has 10 - 13 trichobotria on the ventral surface of the patella .\nthe size of pedipalpi; the male has larger claws and strong and aven have most pronounced notch on the fixed finger of the chela manus .\nthe size of the telson; it' s larger in males. the length of the pectines; the male has longer pectines with a larger number of teeth than the female. the male has from 9 to 11 teeth that overstep the first strnite, whilst the female has 7 - 9 .\ngestation period should be 10 / 14 months, according to the quantity of food available and the climate .\nthe mother will look a hidden and humid place to give birth directly small well formed scorpions, usually about thirty scorplings white, soft and swollen .\nthe mother will be placed raised forelegs, to facilitate the release of children, then they will climb on the back of their mother, where they will remain until the first molt (approximately six days) .\nafter that, the scorplings will start to wander in the surrounding areas but remaining around the burrow all together for a few days. the scorplings should be separeted to avoid cannibalism. the young scorpions will reach the adulthood after about two years from birth. in this time we can see the scorpions become\nswollen\nup to they stop of eat. they will hide themselves for a lot of time, probably the next time you will see them, they will be more larger. the moment of molt (ecdysis) and of the post - molt are the most delicate and dangerous, because they are helpless, unable to defend themselves and the exoskeleton isn' t still hard .\n( besides from attacking them) they are for the opposite sex only for the time required for mating. i have seen acts of cannibalism .\nthis is an easy scorpion to keep, it is suitable for a beginner, but it is not easy to breed the newborn scorpions .\nthe container should be15x20 cm (6x8 inch) for one scorpion, 25x25 cm (10x10 inch) for two scorpions. give them a layer of peat at least about 5 cm (2 inch) .\ni kept these scorpions at temperatures around 30°c (86°f) at daytime and around 22°c (68°f) at night in the summer and around 15 / 13°c (59 / 55. 5°f) in winter, but in nature they live at higher and lower temperatures, even below 0°c (32°f) .\nthe humidity should be around 70 / 85% . provide high ventilation to prevent mildews .\ngive them food once per week and remove the prey if they not eaten after 2 / 3 days. to remove left - overs, forbear attract mites .\nscorpions are timide and feel easily annoyed, especially when they eat, and they could leave the prey .\nthese scorpions do use their sting enough to capture prey, specially if the prey is strong .\nbut i think it is very charming, though it is a small scorpion, it can give the same emotions of large scorpions .\ndistribution: africa (algeria, tunisia), europe (france, italy, spain). introduced to great britain and uruguay (south america) .\nhabitat: warm, temperate climate in south - western europe. it is found in different habitats (in gardens, under stones, in houses, in old walls). the species in not uncommon in human habitations. in great britain, the scorpion occupies cracks and holes in walls where the mortar pointing has crumbled away. data on natural habitats in southern europe wanted !\nvenom: few medical data available, but data from italy suggest local effects only. mildly venomous. harmless scorpion, which rarely will use its stinger. according to dr. tim benton, the sting is less than a pin - prick to humans .\nis found mainly in europe, at regions below 500 m altitude. its northern most point of distribution is krems in austria. its southern most point of distribution is north africa. specific colonies of\nare most commonly found in the south of france, northern italy, and the united kingdom. the largest colony of\n( grzimek, 1972; hjelle, et al. , 1990; grzimek, 1972; hjelle, et al. , 1990 )\ndwells in cracks and crevices, and other dark, dry spaces. they are found in areas where human activity is low, and at altitudes less than 500 meters .\nthe body of the scorpion is black, and divided into two main sections. these are the cephalothorax, and the abdomen. the abdomen is further subdivided, and includes a large section that makes up the tail. the tail also is divided into four to five sections and at the endmost point of the\ntail\nis a stinger. there are four pairs of yellow and black striped legs, and two claws that are used for prey capture, battle, and mating rituals. most of the scorpion' s body is covered with small hairs that act as sensory equipment for the scorpion .\nshares its features with virtually all other species of scorpions, but is unique due to its incredibly small size. as an adult the scorpion ranges in size from 35 - 45 mm in length. there is no sexual dimorphism .\n( benton, 18 may 1991; highfield, august 14, 1995; hjelle, et al. , 1990 )\nthe female scorpion holds the fertilized eggs inside of her until they are ready to hatch. she then lays the eggs, and eggs hatch as fully developed juvenile scorpions almost immediately. the female will carry her young on her back until they are too large to all fit. the gestation period is not known for certain in this particular species of scorpion, but it is thought that the female holds in the eggs for aproximately 10 months .\nthe mating season occurs during the warmest months of the year: june, july, and august. it has been noted that the length of the mating season is directly proportional to the duration of the warm weather. at the beginning of the mating season there are two types of females, those who are still pregnant, and those that for some reason did not mate the previous year. population sizes are small, and the distance between populations is large. it is for this reason that males are very protective of any female that they encounter. if a male comes upon a female who is a viable mate, but is not yet receptive at that time, the male will stay in the same crack protecting the female from other males until she becomes receptive to him. when a female is receptive to mating, the male and female grasp the pedipalps of the other and circle eachother in what is called the scorpion dance. after this courtship dance, the male deposits a packet of sperm on the substrate. he then pulls his mate under him until her sexual opening is above his spermatophore, and she picks it up .\nfemales never mate more than once per season, and sometimes not at all. males often mate more than once per season, although some do not mate at all. males that do mate more than once are almost always at the larger end of the size spectrum .\nthe female scorpion holds the fertilized eggs inside of her until they are ready to hatch. she lays the eggs and the eggs hatch almost immediately as fully developed juvenile scorpions. the female will carry her young on her back until they are too large to all fit .\nare nocturnal, leaving the safety of their hiding place at dusk, and with peak activity occuring soon afterr .\nin studies, scorpions were found to have three distinct states of being: moving, alert but immobile, or completely unalert. these states are distinguishable by posture. the alert but immobile scorpion has pedipalps protracted, claws open, and a raised body. in an unalert stage the exact opposite occurs. during the light hours\nis found in the very back of its hiding spot in this relaxed position. as night sets in the scorpion moves towards the front of its crack and becomes more alert .\nthese scorpions very rarely leave the protection of their cracks. the only reasons to leave are mating and eating. leaving the hiding spot is also dependent upon time of year as scorpions are more active during the summer months. males' activity level forms a linear relationship to temperature with peak activity just before mating season. the females' activity level also somewhat correlates with temperature, but female becomes much less active after mating, even in warm temperatures. females are most active right after they give birth, and again once their litter is no longer riding on their back. females carry the young on their back until the babies are older than two months .\nscorpions are fierce predators. they sit at the front of their crack waiting for prey to walk by. approaching prey are detected by hairs on the pedipalps. prey is immobilized using the claws, as this scorpion species rarely uses its sting. once the prey item is dead the scorpion goes back into its crack to eat its meal. prey is eaten head first. if the night is young the scorpion may go to the entrance of the crack a second time, but most likely it will only feed once per night. scorpions who were not fortunate enough to find a meal will retreat back into their cracks at the first light of dawn .\nis an ambush predator. they lie safely and quietly at the entrance to their home, moving quickly to retrieve prey that has unfortunately wandered past. the main prey of\nare woodlice, although most small insects will do. canabalism has been noted in colonies of\n, the larger scorpion always wins, and the smaller scorpion is then eaten. it is during these intense battles and while in pusuit of prey that the scorpions poisonous sting is used. scorpions may go long periods of time without food. scorpions may not have very many opportunities to feed, although they hunt every night .\nis found in extremely small numbers. this makes the scorpion difficult to find, but it require a special conservation status .\njennifer akre (author), southwestern university, stephanie fabritius (editor), southwestern university .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nliving in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nan animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound (for example, scorpions, jellyfish, and rattlesnakes) .\nhighfield, r. august 14, 1995. beauty and some not so lovely beasties invade tropical britain .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthey are mostly nocturnal, and unlike other scorpions they rarely use their stinging organ. yellow - tailed scorpions catch and dispatch their prey with their claws. these tiny scorpions arrived in the uk by boat, from the mediterranean, around two hundred years ago. despite having eight legs they don' t move about much, but tend to sit and wait for prey to come within grabbing distance. it' s unlikely that yellow - tailed scorpions have spread to other parts of the uk because our wet climate is not suitable for them. like other species of scorpions, european scorpions glow bright blue - green under uv light. the purpose of this is uncertain, but it' s possible that the low level reflected light from their bodies attracts their prey towards them. the yellow - tailed scorpion sting is not particularly dangerous to most people, but it' s best to avoid handling them in case you have an allergic reaction to the venom .\nabout us | terms of service | privacy policy | links | advertise | © copyright 2014 g. bradley\nscorpionism, the term for local and systemic toxicological reactions to scorpion stings, comprises to humans an accidental event involving involuntary contact with a scorpion during routine activity at work or home, or in outdoor areas (1). scorpion stings occur more frequently in developing countries and are usually rare in europe .\nas to the danger posed to humans by scorpions, it is important to remember that all scorpion species are endowed with toxic secretions that lead to post - sting reactions (scorpionism), but only a few species worldwide (approximately 30) have toxins capable of causing serious systemic reactions in humans (1, 2) .\nthere are many cases reported in the literature that refer to scorpionism caused by highly toxic species. yet, little has been reported about the pathological reactions to species that are mildly toxic to humans, despite the fact that they still pose medical concern (3) .\nmost of previously reported cases of scorpionism in the literature are related to notoriously venomous species found throughout the mediterranean (north africa), tropical and subtropical areas (8), whereas there are no studies or references to cases concerning species native to italy, about whose toxic secretions not much is known .\nthe patient was stung on the palm of the left hand and complained of intense burning pain at the sting site where the aculeus had penetrated the skin, resulting in a 3 - 4 mm red area. the subject had no other systemic symptoms. a full blood count, liver function and coagulation tests, electrolyte blood levels and other routine laboratory tests were all normal, as were the results of urinalysis. an electrocardiogram recorded an hour after the sting revealed nothing unusual. in the meantime pain and inflammation diminished. a gynecological exam showed normal abdominal findings and no uterine contractions. given the low toxicity of the species involved, the woman was discharged an hour and a half after the sting and advised to seek her family physician in the event of any new symptoms associated with the sting .\nat the time she was discharged the redness had significantly diminished (figure 2) and the subject reported a light burning sensation although the sting site was no longer noticeable .\nfifteen days after the sting no gynecological problems emerged and the pregnancy proceeded normally to term .\nscorpionism in pregnancy may represent an important medical emergency, especially in cases which the involved species secretes toxins that have systemic activity .\nexperimental observations have shown that stings of some buthid scorpions may provoke abnormal uterine contractions in pregnant victims or even placental abruption, which results in dystocia (9). such reactions are caused by scorpions of the family buthidae, whose venom contains toxins which bind to sodium channels. non - buthidae species have not been included in these descriptions. the present observations confirm the usually benign outcomes of euscorpiid stings, regardless of their size, even in pregnant women. in italy, only scorpion stings of exotic buthidae species would be harmful. such animals are found in italy only as a result of illegal or accidental importation .\nenvenoming during pregnancy from highly poisonous scorpions (species found in north africa, the southern united states, mexico and central america) may provoke severe consequences and even long - lasting symptoms (rare), when compared to normal subjects in whom the venom - related symptoms are rather rapid and dissipate within the first 24 hours (2, 8). the major risks of scorpionism in pregnancy (fetal death, abnormal development, placental abruption) occur in the second and third trimesters and are due to biological interferences caused by the venom which often lead to an increase in glucose levels, increase of blood polymorphonucleated (pmn) leukocytes, alteration of the lipid metabolism and electrolyte balance (10 - 13). furthermore, an increase in pmn leukocytes may, in turn, increase serum levels of inflammatory kinins and interleukins which then interfere at the site of the placental barrier .\nthe complex interactions between venom and a pregnant woman' s metabolism may cause severe problems for the fetus, even several weeks after the original envenoming, when venom acute effects have worn off (8, 14) .\nin any case in which the scorpion has not been identified, it is recommended to keep the victim under observation for a minimum of 24 hours, principally in situations of intense pain, considering that the species that secrete the most toxic venom are found in italy as a result of illegal or accidental importation (15) .\npatients who have been stung by an unidentified species must be carefully observed, especially when they experience lasting pain that worsens or recurs (particularly within the first two hours after the sting). pain is always a good way to measure the amount of injected venom, since all scorpions may also not inject their venom at the moment of stinging. it may also indicate envenoming even before the appearance of systemic symptoms (2). biochemical alterations that suggest the onset of systemic envenoming are leukocytosis (20 - 40 x 10 3 / mm 3), hyperglycemia and enzyme markers for cardiac or pancreatic necrosis (2, 16) .\n1. goyffon m, billiald p. envenimations vi. le scorpionisme en afrique. med trop. 2007; 67 (5): 439 - 46. [ links ]\n2. goyffon m, chippaux jp. animaux venimeux. encyclopédie médico - chirurgicale, intoxication, pathologie du travail. paris: editions techniques; 1990. p. 1 - 14. [ links ]\n3. bawaskar hs, bawaskar ph. scorpion sting: update. j assoc physicians india. 2012; 60: 46 - 55. [ links ]\n6. pastrana j, blasco r, erce r, pinillos ma. picadures y mordeduras de animales. anales sis san navarra. 2003; 26 (1): 225 - 41. [ links ]\n7. langley rl. a review of venomous animal bites and sting in pregnant patients. wilderness environ med. 2004; 15 (3): 207 - 15. [ links ]\n8. ben nasr h, hammami ts, sahnoun z, rebai t, bouaziz m, kassis m, et al. scorpion envenomation symptoms in pregnant women. j venom anim toxins incl trop dis. 2007; 13 (1): 94 - 102. [ links ]\n9. ben nasr h, hammani s, mion g, sahnoun z, chouiaekh f, rebai t, et al. effects of buthus occitanus tunetanus venom on an experimental murine model of gestation. c r biol. 2007; 330 (12): 890 - 6. [ links ]\n10. d' suze g, moncada s, gonzález c, sevcik c, aguilar v, alágon a. relationship between plasmatic levels of various cytokines, tumor necrosis factor, enzymes, glucose and venom concentration following tityus serrulatus scorpion sting. toxicon. 2003; 41 (3): 367 - 75. [ links ]\n11. goyffon m, vachon m, broglio n. epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the scorpion envenomation in tunisia. toxicon. 1982; 20 (1): 337 - 44. [ links ]\n12. soudani n, gharbi - chihi j, srairi - abid n, yazidi cm, planells r, margotat a, et al. isolation and molecular characterization of lvp1 lipolysis activating peptide from scorpion buthus occitanus tunetanus. biochim biophys acta. 2005; 1747 (1): 47 - 56. [ links ]\n13. andrade mv, caramez mp, abreu em, dolnikoff m, omar ed, velasco it, et al. lung compliance, plasma electrolyte levels and acid - base balance are affected by scorpion envenomation in anesthetized rats under mechanical ventilation. comp physiol c toxicol pharmacol. 2004; 138 (1): 97 - 104. [ links ]\n14. leibenson l, leibenson m, silberstein t. antepartum fetal death following a yellow scorpion sting. arch gynecol obstet. 2010; 281 (2): 247 - 9. [ links ]\n15. schaper a, desel h, ebbecke m, de haro l, deters m, et al. bites and sting by exotic pets in europe: an 11 year analysis of 404 cases from northeastern germany and southeastern france. clin toxicol (phila). 2009; 47 (1): 39 - 43. [ links ]\n16. amitai y. clinical manifestations and management of scorpion envenomation. public health rev. 1998; 26 (3): 257 - 63. [ links ]\ncorrespondence to: moreno dutto servizio igiene e sanità pubblica asl cn1 via del follone, 7 12037 saluzzo (cn), italy phone: + 39 0175 215613 email: moreno. dutto @ urltoken\nreceived: june 14, 2012. accepted: august 16, 2012. abstract published online: september 3, 2012. full paper published online: november 30, 2012. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflicts of interest .\ncaixa postal 577 18618 - 000 botucatu sp brazil tel. / fax: + 55 14 3814 - 5555 | 3814 - 5446 | 3811 - 7241 jvat @ urltoken\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ their, there, they are, they' re. its not hard to pick the right one .\nsomeone on here has a small breeding group of the uk stock if i remember rightly... do a search and private message the person maybe. as an introduced species i doubt they are particularly protected. you' d need to be in / near kent though, they don' t live much north of that .\ndon' t kick a gift scorpion in the shins... .... or summat\nive got a mature male, there awesome scorps even though they are only small. not sure on whether there protected or not but the person i got mine from had permission to collect them and went with the bts .\n: 1. 1 border collie: : 0. 1. 0 python regius, 0. 1. 0 lichanura trivirgata, 0. 1. 0 elaphe guttata emoryi 1. 1. 0 pantherophis guttatus: : 2. 2. 0 p regalis, 1. 1. 0 p irminia, 1. 0. 0 b vagans ,\n0. 0. 1 b smithi, 0. 1. 0 b albopilosum, 1. 1. 0 p scrofa, 1. 1. 0 g rosea rcf, 1. 1. 0 c cyaneopubescens, 0. 0. 2 euathlus sp, 0. 2. 0 s nobilis. 0. 2. 0 s grossa: : 1. 1. 0 archispirostreptus gigas: . lots... mus musculus :\nfield trip next year i think! wooo! you know, just to' rescue' a few .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ build a man a fire and he will be warm for a day. set a man on fire and he' ll be warm for the rest of his life. - terry pratchett .\ni lived in essex, i never saw a single scorpion at any station .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 8 copyright ©2000 - 2018, vbulletin solutions, inc. content relevant urls by vbseo 3. 6. 0\nvbulletin security provided by vbsecurity v2. 2. 2 (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd. copyright © 2005 - 2011, reptile forums (rfuk™ )\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nvalidated version of the best level of knowledge available at a given time. this category indicates a reliable picture of the distribution at the date of completion of the map with a good presumption of absence in areas where the taxa is not mentioned. example: atlas of amphibians and reptiles of metropolitan france .\nset of controlled data from programs: includes validated data sets associated with current inventories or finalised inventories but partially incomplete. differs from the\nreference distribution\nprimarily on the completeness and expertise collegiate. i. e. the data presented have a high reliability but do not necessarily represent the area of national distribution of taxa .\ndata sets for which the acquisition or organizational methodology does not meet the criteria to define an inventory for inpn. these data, originating from specialists and generally considered a priori to be reliable, are not yet integrated in a process of third - party validation. this data is often designed to integrate an inventory. example: data from cardobs, pre - sorted data from participatory science programs .\nprogram data whose main purpose is not the inventory of species, but the classification of an area, especially protected areas or inventory perimeters. example: znieff g1 and g2, natura 2000, protected areas, apb .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nalthough the majority of the sheerness scorpions live within the relative safety of the private docks some can be found on the south - facing wall that surrounds the docks. other reported possible sightings of these scorpions have come from harwich docks, pinner, tilbury docks, portsmouth docks and southampton docks as well as ongar underground station but none have populations as long established and successful as sheerness. the scorpion population at ongar underground station was featured in a report by the bbc back in the 1970' s but this is now reported to have been a hoax orchestrated by the station foreman who deliberately released scorpions bought from a local pet shop .\nduring the day these scorpions can be almost impossible to find as they hide themselves away in the smallest of gaps and cracks in the rocks and bricks that they make their home .\nthe yellow - tailed scorpion is fairly small reaching sizes of around two inches in length (including tail and claws) but they are often smaller. it has large pincers for its size and a small stinging tail. this tail can only deliver a very mild sting to a human. the yellow - tailed scorpion is usually very reluctant to use its sting and the effect is said to be comparable to that of a mild bee sting at worse and usually poses no threat to healthy adults although medical advice should be sought if you feel unwell following a sting. i have handled several of these scorpions with bare hands and have never experienced any signs of aggressive or defensive behaviour from any of them .\nthese scorpions hide themselves away for most of their lives becoming active only to feed and breed usually on warm evenings although i have seen them active in february in small numbers. they feed on insects and spiders that come within range but because of their incredibly slow metabolism it is thought that they may only need to feed as few as 4 - 5 times a year during the summer months .\nscorpions are easiest to find at night once it is dark. under a uv lamp scorpions glow bright turquoise and can easily be spotted hiding in rock crevices. it is not understood exactly how scorpions could benefit from glowing under uv light but it is known that the fluorescence is caused by the accumulation of a chemical called beta - carboline in the exoskeleton, which glows under uv light. one theory is that this florescence may help to shield scorpions from harmful uv rays emitted by the sun by converting uv light into harmless visible light. another possible theory is that this emitted glow from uv light could attract moths and other insects that scorpions prey upon .\nas scorpions grow they periodically shed their hard exoskeleton in one complete shell. the few hours following a shed of the old exoskeleton is quite a dangerous time for the scorpion until the new soft shell hardens up. the old discarded shell still glows under uv light however the new shell will not glow immediately but the fluorescence slowly returns as the scorpion ages .\nscorpions are not insects. they have eight walking legs and are classed along with spiders in the arachnida class. they are very basic creatures and early fossil records show that scorpions have been walking on the earth for over 400 million years !\ndespite the dangerous reputation that scorpions have due to their venomous sting out of the 1000 + species of scorpion across the world it is thought that only about 25 - 40 of these species pose a serious threat to humans if stung .\nyellow - tailed scorpions are not generally a communal species and cannibalism can occur if keeping more than one of these scorpions in the same enclosure. following mating the gestation period of the female scorpion is between 10 and 14 months depending on the temperature and the quantity and quality of food available. the female then gives birth to live scorplings ranging from 4 - 30 individuals that are born soft and white." ]

{ "text": [ "euscorpius flavicaudis , or the european yellow-tailed scorpion , is a small black scorpion with yellow-brown legs and tail ( metasoma ) .", "adults measure about 35 – 45 millimetres ( 1.4 – 1.8 in ) long .", "it is a fossorial scorpion with relatively large , strong claws ( pedipalps ) and a short , thin tail . " ], "topic": [ 23, 0, 25 ] }

[ "euscorpius flavicaudis, or the european yellow-tailed scorpion, is a small black scorpion with yellow-brown legs and tail (metasoma). adults measure about 35 – 45 millimetres (1.4 – 1.8 in) long. it is a fossorial scorpion with relatively large, strong claws (pedipalps) and a short, thin tail." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for opistophthalmus glabrifrons yet. learn how to contribute .\nmaggie whitson changed the thumbnail image of\nshiny burrowing scorpion (opistophthalmus glabrifrons )\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nyellowlegged creeping scorpion\nto\nopistophthalmus glabrifrons\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nshiny burrowing scorpion\nto\nopistophthalmus glabrifrons\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nncbi taxonomy\nas preferred for\nopistophthalmus glabrifrons\n.\nselected litterature: gaban, d. (1997). on: opistophthalmus glabrifrons (peters). forum american tarantula society 6 (6), p. 196 .\nin process of digging up a wild o. glabrifrons, i had it by its tail (large female), and it managed to sting me on my ring finger .\nthis species are known to stridulate (making a hissing sound) loudly when disturbed. the sound is made when the scorpion is rubbing its chelicerae together. all scorpions in the genus opistophthalmus stridulate .\nyeah, seems so i was looking at that on another forum post... but i am looking still as there seems not to be because it does not fall under the opisthopthalmus spp catagory... it falls under the opistophthalmus glabrifrons. . so i am thinking that i am allowed to keep as pet... i am reading this all through jonathan leeming' s book\nscorpions of south africa\n.. i might be wrong and i am not fully aware if i am allowed or not allowed to keep. . regards\nhi guys. . yes i have been bitten started of my scorpion collection when i found my first uroplectus triangulifer (in my kombuis cubboard) and now i have also already purchased my first emperor but i went hunting in the field for scorpions and was so supprised when i found a opistophthalmus glabrifrons. i am not sure what scorpions can be kept and so on but i am very interested in this species... i would like to keep it... can someone please give me a list of allowed to keep scorpions or not to keep. . kind regards vandiliz3r\nokay no problem, what would be an adequate depth for both? i will also be putting hides in the enclosure although from information give opistophthalmus seem to be burrowers through and through, not sure about this in the case of the palmatus. but i will provide both deep substrate and hides anyway, just for good measure\nmost people don' t bother with false bottoms with desert scorpions but to try and replicate natural conditions some form of false bottom can be used. i am really into the idea of experimenting with false bottoms for burrowing desert species and am trying it out with my two o. glabrifrons. there is a really good caresheet for s. maurus with some great info on climate and the use of false bottoms in it. scorpio maurus palmatus caresheet + 1 on a deeper substrate. i would say 6'' is minimum for both species. a great substrate to use is a mix of sand, coco fibre and excavator clay (50 / 20 / 30). it holds burrows together amazingly. i use this mix for my glabrifrons and they have made really long burrows through it .\nhi all, okay so my opistophthalmus glabrifrons and scorpio maurus palmatus are turning up, tomorrow. i was just making sure the set - ups i have are adequate for both species. from all the information i have read up the general consensus seems to be that both species require a hard - packed substrate for burrowing, with the palmatus requiring slightly more moisture than most desert dwelling species, for this i have provided a roughly 2: 1 mix of sand to eco earth, this seems to make for a relatively decent substrate which holds together and retains a some amount of moisture. i was just wondering what peoples thoughts are on this, i have other free set ups with just sand, and just eco - earth although from the information i thought this would be more suitable? also the substrate in both enclosure is around 3 - 4 inches deep, would this be enough? thanks. by the way, no they are not being housed together, to sort out any doubts: p .\nhey guys just to clarify. as far as i know, the ischnuridae family (opistacanthus spp, cheloctonus spp, and hadogenes spp) and scorpionidae family (opistophthalmus spp .) are illeal to keep without a permit, while the buthidae family (afroisometrus spp, hotentotta spp, lychas spp, pseudolychas spp, parabuthus spp, karasbergia spp, and uroplectes spp) are legal to keep without a permit. the bothuridae family (lisposoma spp) is only found in namibia, so i' m not sure about the legalities there... regards jo\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndomain name you want not available? you can still get your hands on it using our domain backorder service .\nour bulk domain name registration tool makes it so quick and easy to register multiple domain names at once .\nmake management of multiple domain names a doddle with our bulk domain name management tool .\nthere' s a package for you whether you' re building your first website or you need a home for your business website. both linux or windows packages are available. prices start from £1. 74 per month .\ninstall wordpress, blogs, ecommerce platforms and a host of apps to power your website within minutes and with just one click .\nwith flexibility to build the web hosting business you want - there' s two to choose from, each designed with web designers, web developers and other it professionals in mind. prices start from £12. 99 per month .\neverything you need to design and build a secure online shop but without needing to know html or programming. choose from 1, 000s of templates. price starts from £8. 99 per month .\ncompare our virtual private server packages and our high performance vps packages. prices start from only £8. 49 per month .\ntake control of your virtual private server with the latest and best control panel technology .\ndeploy microsoft visual studio, sharepoint, sql, biztalk server with your hyper - v vps .\nour dedicated servers are available with your choice of windows or linux os running on brand new dell hardware .\nurltoken is one of the fastest growing web hosting companies in the uk. we provide low cost domain name registration combined with a world class web hosting platform that gives our customers unparalleled control of their web presence. our award winning vps hosting is used by web designers and developers. many opt for our linux vps hosting service, and others prefer our windows vps hosting service .\nall prices exclude 20% vat unless otherwise stated. all registered trademarks acknowledged. © daily internet services ltd 2006 - 2015. company registration no. : 05743110\ncommon names: known sometimes as\nshiny burrowing scorpions\nor\nyellowlegged creeping scorpions\n.\ndistribution: africa (botswana, mozambique, south africa, tanzania, zimbabwe) .\nhabitat: this scorpion is known from dry areas with different temperature regimes (in areas with occational frost to areas with temperatures over 40 degrees). its distrubution appears to be determined by soil hardness rather than soil type. sandy soil seem to be avoided because this soild type makes it difficult to burrow .\nvenom: little data known, but sting is probably moderate painful. this species has no medical significance for healthy humans (an anecdontal source says that the venom can have unpleseant systemic effects, but this has not been verified). this species will sting readilly, and has very powerful pincers which can pinch very painful .\ngeneral: this species is a medium - sized, have - built scorpion with large pedipalps. varying color, but usually yellow - brown to rust - brown. the pedipalps, legs, metasoma (tail) and telson are lighter in color than trunk and the posterior part of the carapace. the adult size of this species is 9 - 11. 5 cm. males in this species have longer and thicker metasomas (tails) and a more elongated pedipalp hand .\nthe burrows of this scorpion are often constructed with a shallow scrape under a rock that leads to the burrow. the burrows vary from 10 mm to 1 metre deep, and can sometimes run to a lenght of 1. 5 metres. the burroes often spural anticlockwise as they decend. burrows in softer soil is usually shorter than burrows in harder soil. the mouthparts are used for breaking up the soil .\nthis species is kept in captivity. captive breeding from wild caught females has been reported, but mating in captivity seems difficult. this species has a slow growth rate .\nthe first footage of my new south african shiny burrowing scorpions. if you look closely you can see the muscles that power the mouth parts moving back & forth under the translucent exoskeleton !\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. learn more .\nthe review & report forums are closed to new posts. please use our new reviews & reports section to leave reviews & reports. if you do not see a review item for a seller, please contact them and request they create their own review item. if you would like to leave a breeding / bite / sting report, please contact an administrator with the species name that you would like to report and what type of report you would like to leave. we will create an item for you. the seller / buyer / shop inquiries / warnings forum is still open for new posts .\n- tryign to hold an adult by the telson when it swung up and grabbed me hand, in the prosess of releasing myself it scratched me slightly in the thumb with its stinger .\ndull throbbing pain started at the tip of my finger near the sting, then over 5 minutes it moved down my finger. the pain was noticeable, but not intense. 1 - 2 hours later my forearm ached for another hour. other than that nothing bad .\nregistration is free, and dedicated forums exist for the discussion of tarantulas, true spiders, centipedes & scorpions. we also have classifieds, reviews, bite / sting / breeding reports and more! .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ns afr med j. 1996 aug; 86 (8): 981 - 2 .\nthe shiny burrowing scorpion is a medium sized species reaching an adult length of up to 11 - 15cm. they inhabit dry areas of southern africa. the interesting thing about these animals is their ability to stridulate .\nwe are currently working on this care sheet. if you have any experience with this species, please contact us with details .\ndo your research before you commit to buying any pet, please do your own independent research .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ni would think it might need to be deeper both for building longer burrows and to allow the scorps to choose between dry and damp as they need .\neven sticky the extreamly stick like stick insect has the instinct to survive and will fight back as best it can .\nid check out doing false bottoms (should be some info here) for both of them if possible more work to setup but makes life a lot easier, and works better then say putting water in via a scraped out corner, never done it myself (been years seen i last had a s. maurus) but you could get it set up while their in temporary housing .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ light travels faster than sound this is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak. most mantids don' t require extra heating as long as your room is around room temp. originally posted by vivalabam pipe cleaners make great false legs for tarantulas. paint them to the required pattern and colour. if only the web site was still about. anyone know? originally posted by baldpoodle .\nthanks for the advice all, will take a look into the care sheet now, and i have been working on making the substrate deeper, and will further so when i can get to the shop as soon as possible. thanks again .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 8 copyright ©2000 - 2018, vbulletin solutions, inc. content relevant urls by vbseo 3. 6. 0\nvbulletin security provided by vbsecurity v2. 2. 2 (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd. copyright © 2005 - 2011, reptile forums (rfuk™ )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnew registration notice: we constantly receive a surge of spam registrations. on purging these, we may have deleted your newly registered profile by accident. if this happened please accept our apologies and re - register. also note that registration now requires admin approval. if your registration is not confirmed within 24 hours, please sms your username and email to + 27 (0) 82 686 5464\nhere you can share your experiences with us. be it spiders, scorpions, roaches, they belong here. view gallery\nthere is a sticky topic under the inverts section, albeit old, which outlines the threatened or protected species (tops) .\ni am dying by inches from not having anybody to talk to about insects .\n- charles darwin\nplease help me with a stupid question... . is spp mean species? if so i will have to let the scorpion go ...\nyes, it means all opisthopthalmus species are on the tops list and illegal to collect in the field .\nchances are that if you don' t let that scorpion go exactly where you found it, it will get killed anyway, that is if it isn' t returned to its burrow. i doubt if it is an adult that it will burrow again and even if it does, it will take it some time to do so and in the interimitwon' t have shelter. this is why it is best to find out these things before you go and take something out the bush - it is always the animal that suffers in the end\nyou know what is funny... it was under a rock. . not even close to a burrow or anything. . doubt it will die... it was eating and everything when i fed it. . how do you think people learn about these amazing creatures? ?? by going out there finding something and then doing research. . so yeah. . how can i find out these things if you dont know what species it is? ? ?\nvandilizer, how do you think the scorpion got under the rock? constructing a burrow. it' s not necessarily a hole in the ground, but most often they hollow out a small tunnel under a rock, piece of bark or i' ve even found them under cow dung pats. scorpion wasn' t trying to bad - mouth you, but simply giving you advise for the future. the best way to learn from wild animals is not to put them in a cage, where they act unnaturally, but rather to simply observe them in the wild. i have a uv torch (like r300 online incl delivery) and love checking what scorpions are up to at night. you won' t learn much by keeping a scorpion in a fish tank with a piece of bark .\ni was not attacking him at all... .. so my bad... . any how yeah i have been looking at the uv light for scorpions... . no need to stress all... regards\nemail me: buggsbalmer @ urltoken bbm me: 21a48e8b\nfor just one moment in the night i am complete, my soul takes flight. for just one moment, then it' s gone, and i am once again undone. never complete. never whole. white skin, and an african soul .\n- michelle frost" ]

{ "text": [ "opistophalmus glabrifons ( commonly known as the shiny burrow scorpion or the yellow-legged burrowing scorpion ) is a large ( adult size : 11 – 15 cm ) species of burrowing scorpion found in southern and eastern africa . " ], "topic": [ 25 ] }

[ "opistophalmus glabrifons (commonly known as the shiny burrow scorpion or the yellow-legged burrowing scorpion) is a large (adult size: 11 – 15 cm) species of burrowing scorpion found in southern and eastern africa." ]

[ "expertly crafted from panels of soft leather and suede in blue and burgundy hues, these low - top rockrunner sneakers from valentino ...\nmulticoloured suede and cotton' rockrunner' sneakers from valentino garavani featuring a lace - up front fastening, a round toe, a lace detail, contrasting panels, perforated side panels and neon rockstud embellishing at the heel .\nitalian label valentino is renowned for its iconic pyramid studs that adorn everything from its ready - to - wear to accessories and shoes. made in italy from panels of suede, mesh and leather, the men' s rockrunner range is full of low - top and slip - on sneakers. constructed with rubber soles for durability and comfort, the contrasting colors and textures make each pair stand out. designed to be more than your go - to gym shoes, each sneaker features a row of rubber rockstud embellishments at the heel .\nthe home of italian couture, < a href =\nurltoken\nstyle =\ntext - decoration: none\n> < font color =\nblack\n> < b > valentino < / b > < / font > < / a > epitomises luxury and has done since 1962. now under the creative vision of maria grazia chiuri and pierpaolo piccioli, the italian label takes on a contemporary tone with the < b > garavani rockrunner trainers < / b >, which beautifully capture all that makes the valentino name one of desire. a fabric base is layered with suede and leather, updating the classic silhouette for aw16, while the traditional rubber studs stay in keeping with the brand & # 39; s vision .\nthe single stage trail run adventure (5k, 10k or 15k) will start (8. 00am) and finish (3hr cut - off) at the beautiful wadi showka. including a 5k junior event for your kids – a great event for the whole family! the course is out and back along the same route on 100% goat trail, gravel jeep track and rocky wadi bed. it is possible to run this course in both road shoes and trail shoes. the course will be marked with pink flags and ribbon for navigation. the course is called the rockrunner for a reason, it is very rocky and may pose problems to runners not used to running in off - road conditions. however, the 5k course would be perfect for beginners trying an off road course (but expect to walk some sections if you are inexperienced). camp with us the night before and enjoy the spirit of trail running community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2011. 01. 04, website (version 04 - jan - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ncmcreatepageviewtag (sfcm _ makepageid (' info', true), sfcm _ makecategoryid (' 768512'),'','',' 10052 - _ - info - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ -' + (_ sfcm _ isvip?' y':' n') +' - _ - - _ - - _ -' + urltoken +' - _ -' + cmvar. lang +' - _ -' + cmvar. currency +' - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ -') ;\ncmcreatepageviewtag (sfcm _ makepageid (' details', true), sfcm _ makecategoryid (''),'','',' 10052 - _ - details - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ -' + (_ sfcm _ isvip?' y':' n') +' - _ - - _ - - _ -' + urltoken +' - _ -' + cmvar. lang +' - _ -' + cmvar. currency +' - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ - - _ -') ;\nregistered office: 400 oxford street w1a 1ab selfridges retail limited. company registration number 97117\ne use cookies to offer you the best experience possible when shopping with us .\nsign up to receive the very best of selfridges, straight to your inbox .\nby signing up, you are accepting our terms and conditions and privacy and cookie policy .\nour emails are filled with the latest fashion collections, events and offers at selfridges, we may tailor emails and online advertising to the things you love so they are relevant to your location, what you' ve shown an interest in and the things you buy from us. you can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link in any email .\nmake shopping urltoken faster and easier your browser doesn' t let you enjoy all the benefits of our website. for a vastly improved shopping experience, please install the latest version of your browser at urltoken\nit appears that you have javascript disabled on your browser. urltoken requires javascript to provide you with a positive online shopping experience. to enable javascript in internet explorer, go to the menu tools - > internet options, select the\nsecurity\ntab, and choose\ninternet\n. click the\ncustom level\nbutton and scroll down to the\nscripting\nsection. choose\nenable\nfor all scripting choices. after making the changes, press the\nrefresh\nbutton on your browser. to enable javascript in firefox, go to the menu tools - > options, and click on the\ncontent\noption. place a checkmark in the\nenable javascript\nbox and hit\nok\n. after making the changes, press the\nreload\nbutton on your browser. if you need additional assistance, please click here .\nabout valentino garavani: italian designer valentino garavani held his first significant show in 1962 at florence' s pitti palace, an appropriate setting for his opulent collection. gorgeous lace, feminine details, gossamer - like chiffon, and a vibrant shade of red were valentino' s hallmarks. today, pierpaolo piccioli honors the house' s heritage while adding more modern touches .\nbuscemi calfskin suede high - top sneaker in camouflage print. shaft, approx. 4. 9\nh (125mm). round toe. lace - up front. buckle strap across ankle. oversized pull loop with key\ndescription buscemi calfskin suede high - top sneaker in camouflage print. shaft, approx. 4. 9\nh (125mm). round toe. lace - up front. buckle strap across ankle. oversized pull loop with key and pocket accent. padlock at heel counter. tonal topstitching. leather lining and insole. rubber outsole. made in italy\nperforated suede upper with tonal leather trim. lace - up vamp; round toe. padded collar. fully padded sock lining. full rubber outsole\ndescription perforated suede upper with tonal leather trim. lace - up vamp; round toe. padded collar. fully padded sock lining. full rubber outsole with injected eva for flexibility .\ngilmore\nis imported\nexclusively at neiman marcus common projects low - top sneaker camouflage - patterned suede. 1\nflat heel. round toe. handmade lace - up front. padded heel counter. leather lining. reinforced rubber outsole .\nachilles\ndescription exclusively at neiman marcus common projects low - top sneaker camouflage - patterned suede. 1\nflat heel. round toe. handmade lace - up front. padded heel counter. leather lining. reinforced rubber outsole .\nachilles\nis made in italy\ngolden goose men' s high - top sneaker in camouflage leather and suede. contrast strip and star appliqué at sides. round toe. lace - up front. inner side zip\ndescription golden goose men' s high - top sneaker in camouflage leather and suede. contrast strip and star appliqué at sides. round toe. lace - up front. inner side zip eases dress. logo patch at tongue. contrast leather backstay. leather and cotton lining. rubber outsole. made in italy\nwe use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience on our website. this includes third party cookies. if you continue we’ll assume you’re happy to receive all cookies. however, you can change your mind at any time. read more\nfounded in 1960 by valentino garavani and giancarlo giammetti, italian fashion - house valentino is one of the most renowned expressions of couture savoir faire. elegance, timelessness and grace constitute the label’s dna, providing customers with the perfect equilibrium between traditional craftsmanship and a contemporary design ethos. having established a devoted following since its conception, valentino is now under the creative direction of pierpaolo piccioli who introduced a youthful energy to the brand’s signature gowns, refined tailoring and cult accessories .\n' farfetch' and the' farfetch' logo are trade marks of farfetch uk limited and are registered in numerous jurisdictions around the world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n( kids under 16 must run only the 5k with a parent or guardian. please note: we have no kids specific t - shirts available – just small adult size) .\nno modification of recording. calling from sub - canopy. stimulated with playback, continued to call for c. 12 minutes without further provocation. part of same sequence as xc332347\nno modification of recording. calling from sub - canopy. stimulated with playback, continued to call for c. 12 minutes without further provocation\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nfashion legend valentino garavani founded his namesake line in 1960, winning over an international audience with his flair for drama and ability to evoke a luxurious lifestyle. creative director pierpaolo piccioli, appointed in 2007, brings a quiet sense of perfection to their menswear range that is perfectly in line with valentino’s legacy of refinement. from tailored jackets and trousers to t - shirts, lounge pants, and windbreakers, sportswear in modern prints, including multicolor camouflage variations, spans formal and casual contexts. carrying on the tradition of italian leather craftsmanship, sneakers, backpacks, and wallets alike nod to contemporary trends from military to punk with the label’s signature rockstud accessories .\nssense uses cookies that identify your device to provide you with a better online shopping experience, tailored to your preferences .\nto find out more and learn how to opt out, please visit our privacy policy .\ngst is payable on items shipped to an australian address. if you have any questions on pricing please email us at help @ urltoken\npayment for your order will be taken when you place it. we will refund your payment where your order is not accepted or cancelled in accordance with our full terms and conditions which can be view by clicking here .\nwe will take reasonable precautions to ensure that your credit / debit card details supplied to us are kept secure .\nwe offer a variety of payment options and these are shown on the site. when making a payment via a credit card will accept visa or mastercard. the use of amex is also accepted provided the purchase is made in aud .\nplease drop off or ship your shoes within 14 days of submitting your consignment request .\nthe deadstock exchange team will make contact using the details above to arrange payment once your shoes are sold .\nplease ensure all details are correct and advise the team if any of your details change." ]

{ "text": [ "the rockrunner ( achaetops pycnopygius ) , also known as the damara rock-jumper , is a species of african warbler , formerly placed in the sylviidae family .", "it is the only member of the monotypic genus achaetops .", "it is found in angola and namibia . " ], "topic": [ 21, 26, 20 ] }

[ "the rockrunner (achaetops pycnopygius), also known as the damara rock-jumper, is a species of african warbler, formerly placed in the sylviidae family. it is the only member of the monotypic genus achaetops. it is found in angola and namibia." ]

[ "heliozela argyrozona - urdu meaning and translation of heliozela argyrozona, translation, multiple word search (seperate words with space), english to urdu machine translation of heliozela argyrozona and more .\nheliozela is genus of moths of the heliozelidae family. it was described by herrich - schäffer in 1853 .\nwingspan ca. 4. 0–4. 5 mm. uniformly dark bronze, male with a white medial costal spot, female with a medial fascia and usually a small costal spot at 1 / 3. a typical heliozela, with distinct epiphysis and complex venation. assignment of the reared series to heliozela argyrozona is tentative and based on external resemblance of the females with the holotype; no genitalia have been examined .\nantispila argyrozona meyrick, 1918: 35. holotype ♂: south africa, [ kwazulu natal ], eshowe, 4. i. [ 19 ] 16, a. j. t. janse; “29 51”; type no. 108 (tmsa) [ examined ] .\nheliozelidae species, wing venation 31 holocacista micrarcha, male, bm34300 32 holocacista selastis, male, bm34299 33 holocacista sp. psychotria _ australia, male, rmnh. ins. 24367 34 holocacista sp. impatiens _ vietnam, female, rmnh. ins. 24368 35 antispila argostoma, male, bm34298 36 heliozela anna, female, bm34301. scales 0. 5 mm .\nheliozelidae species, details of adult morphology. 21 holocacista rivillei, male, denuded head, rmnh. ins. 24300 22 holocacista capensis, male, denuded head, rmnh. ins. 24445 23 holocacista rivillei, male, detail mouthparts, rmnh. ins. 24443 24 holocacista rivillei, male, head and antenna, showing 15 segments, rmnh. ins. 24300 25–28 male foretibia with or without epiphysis: 25 holocacista capensis, small epiphysis, rmnh. ins. 24445 26 holocacista rivillei, small epiphysis, rmnh. ins. 24443 27 heliozela sericiella, large epiphysis, rmnh. ins. 24451 28 antispilina ludwigi, epiphysis absent, rmnh. ins. 24448 .\nheliozelidae species, adult habitus. 13 holocacista sp. dyerophytum _ uae, male, uae, fujairah, rmnh. ins. 24628 14 holocacista sp. psychotria _ australia, male, australia, queensland, rmnh. ins. 24367 15 holocacista sp. lasianthus _ borneo, female, indonesia, kalimantan timur, gunung lumut, rmnh. ins. 24159 16 holocacista sp. impatiens _ vietnam, male, vietnam, cuc phuong np, rmnh. ins. 24361 17 antispila sp. rhoicissus _ sa, male, south africa, limpopo, louis trichard, genitalia slide evn4379 18 antispila argostoma, male, india 19 antispila aristarcha, female, india 20 heliozela anna, female, india. scales 1 mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa, gauteng ], donkerhoek near pretoria, 09. x. 1910, leg. a. j. t. janse .\nlectotype ♂, type no. 122, designated by scoble (1978b: 113), genitalia slide tmsa 7243♂, tmsa; paralectotypes 2♂, bmnh .\nmeyrick e. 1913b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (4): 267–336 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 6 may 2018, at 02: 40 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncorresponding author: erik j. van nieukerken (ln. silarutan @ nekrekuein )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe extensive collections in the ditsong museum of natural history (formerly transvaal museum, pretoria) formed the basis for most of the present taxonomic studies, together with our newly collected material. the majority of the pretoria material was collected and reared by lajos vári. the material comprises three important sources :\ndry pinned collection of adults. these are usually rather poorly labelled, with only a locality name (often in capitals), sometimes followed by a second indication of the locality, the handwritten date of emergence of the adult, sometimes the name of the collector followed by an ac. no. [ accession number ] followed by a handwritten number. there are no further details, no hostplant names nor original collection dates (unless it has been collected as an adult). in the collection, which is organised in unit trays, often a single example of a leaf with mines is pinned next to the reared moths, usually with a handwritten number on the leaf .\nherbarium of leafmines. the original collection was stored in simple open envelopes with a number, sometimes with a small label inside, but often not. the majority of this collection has later been mounted by collection staff onto herbarium sheets, partly glued to the sheet and mounted with white strips. the ac. numbers are also written on these sheets, sometimes with additional information .\nnotebooks of lajos vári. this is an essential source to reconstruct the hostplant data, detailed localities and collection data. they also give insight in vári’s concepts of the species he collected; he often gave manuscript names, sometimes changed subsequently and referring to earlier numbers when he considered hostplants or moth species to be identical. the ac. numbers from the labels provide access to the notes; these numbers only refer to vári’s material and are not a general numbering for the museum .\nthe data we present under material and in suppl. material 1 are the label data, supplemented with details from these notebooks .\nfor understanding the generic composition of the genus holocacista, we studied several heliozelidae available to us, and examined a number of indian species described by meyrick, that were potential candidates to belong to this genus .\ndetails on all studied specimens, including those sequenced, are given as an excel sheet in suppl. material 1 .\nmethods for preparation of the genitalia follow van nieukerken et al. (2012b). male genitalia and wings were stained with phenosafranin and mounted in euparal, often after studying material first in glycerine; for some specimens, genitalia were stored in glycerine in small vials; female genitalia were stained with chlorazol black. venation was studied in descaled wings that were stained with phenosafranin, after cleaning in ethanol 70% and embedded in euparal. whole body preparations of adults were prepared from specimens in ethanol, largely following lee and brown (2006) and also stained with phenosafranin .\nphotographs of mounted moths were prepared using an axiocam digital camera attached to a motorized zeiss stereo discovery v12, using the module extended focus in the carl zeiss axiovision software to prepare a picture in full focus from a z - stack of about 10 to 25 individual photos. leafmines and live adults were photographed with a similar camera on a manually operated zeiss stemi sv11 stereo - microscope, without extended focus, or with extended focus prepared from just a few exposures. genitalia and wing slides were photographed with a similar camera on a manually operated zeiss axioskop h, usually with just a single exposure. leafmines were examined and photographed with dark field illumination. field photographs were taken with a canon eos camera .\n. photos of wing venation were taken in sections, and combined with the photomerge tool in photoshop. this was also done for some large leafmines. drawings of genitalia were prepared using a drawing tube attached to the zeiss axioskop h. some photos and drawings are given here as mirror image, in order to get all figures in a comparable orientation .\nholocacista species, wing venation. 29 holocacista rivillei, female, veins labelled, rmnh. ins. 24259 30 holocacista capensis, male, rmnh. ins. 24260 .\nhost plant names of south african plants follow germishuizen and meyer (2003) and identifications of vitaceae were checked and updated with palgrave and palgrave (2002). other plant names were checked with the plant list (2013) .\ndna was extracted non - destructively from larvae in ethanol 96% or adult abdomens (knölke et al. 2005). larvae were cut with a scalpel at three positions: one in the anterior region behind the head, one in the middle region of the body and one in the posterior region. one side of the body was cut to save the larval cuticle. after lysis, larval pelts were temporarily kept in ethanol 70% to allow future mounting on slide, abdomens and genitalia were dissected and mounted on slides or stored temporarily in glycerine. extraction was carried out with the qiagen dneasey blood and tissue kit .\na 665 bp or a 658 bp fragment of the mitochondrial co1 gene, the dna barcode, was amplified. pcr conditions and primers are described in our earlier studies (van nieukerken et al. 2012a; van nieukerken et al. 2012b; doorenweerd et al. 2015). sequencing was outsourced to macrogen corporation, amsterdam or baseclear b. v. , leiden .\nthe sequence data generated and used in this study have been deposited in the public bold dataset “holocacista leafminers [ ds - holocac ] ” [ urltoken ] and genbank, they are listed with all details in the table with all studied specimens (suppl. material 1). all specimens used for dna barcodes and larvae stored as tissue samples in ethanol 96% and kept in a minus 80 freezer, received a rmnh. ins registry number, irrespective whether the original specimen belongs to the naturalis collections or not. evn 4 - digit genitalia slide numbers translate into a 5 - digit rmnh. ins. number by adding 20, 000; thus genitalia slide evn4622 is associated with specimen and dna extract rmnh. ins. 24622 .\nneighbor joining trees were prepared with the tools provided on the boldsystems website (ratnasingham and hebert 2007), using “pairwise distance” as distance model. further model based phylogenetic analyses were not carried out, since the co1 gene does not have sufficient information for phylogeny. analyses of several genes for the whole family are currently being studied and will be published elsewhere .\nmonthly field visits to the infected vineyard at de akker (paarl south) were conducted between february 8 and may 11, 2012, and again from november 2012 to may 2013. from 2013 the vineyard at de heuvel estate was also visited regularly. at monthly intervals, leaf samples (n = 100) were randomly collected from selected vineyards. leaves were classified into three size groups, viz. large (older), medium and small (young), and numbers of mines (developing, containing shields or larvae, or holes) were noted to determine any preference for the major table grape cultivars and to determine variation in the population density throughout the grape season .\nduring 23–25 march 2012, a survey of vineyards between worcester and swellendam was carried out, as well as a search for signs of heliozelid leafmines on rhoicissus planch. species present on the periphery of indigenous temperate forest in the swellendam district. search for those mines was repeated in 2013 and 2014, but no live moths were found or reared .\nholocacista walsingham & durrant, in walsingham 1909: xxix. type species (by original designation and monotypy): elachista rivillei stainton, 1855: 89 .\nholocacista; nielsen (1980): 105 [ re - description in unpublished thesis ] .\nvery small moths, wingspan between 3 and 5 mm, usually with a pattern of metallic - silvery spots, but in some species not metallic, typically comprising a dorsal and costal spot at 1 / 4 sometimes united into a fascia and a postmedial fascia, which also may be broken into two spots. in some species part of this pattern is absent. males never with androconial scales or hair - pencils. separated from externally somewhat similar\nthat do have more spots can be separated also by the venation with discoidal cell (fig .\ndiffer in the male genitalia by the usually long appendix on the phallus, moreover they have a small epiphysis, which is absent in the other genera with reduced venation .\nadults. very small moths, forewing length ca. 1. 5–2. 5 mm (wingspan ca. 3–5 mm) .\n). almost oval in outline. eyes in latero - ventral position, ventral margin not reaching lower margin of head. eye phragma narrow, weakly melanised. no sutures present. anterior tentorial arms very slender, prominently curved laterally before converging towards frons. vestiture comprising lamellar scales, firmly appressed on head, in dry specimens scales on vertex sometimes raised, probably an artefact as a result of drying. mouthparts: labrum narrow, pilifers absent. mandibles small, as long as broad, relatively well sclerotised (fig .\n). maxilla with galea well developed and longer than head; maxillary palp reduced to a single segment. labial palp well developed, 3 - segmented, drooping, slightly shorter than head capsule; distal segment from slightly longer to 1. 5× second segment; depression for organ von rath not seen. antenna (fig .\n) ca. half length of forewing with 14–20 segments [ best counted in denuded specimens on slides ], no sexual dimorphism. scape and pedicel of equal length, slightly shorter than flagellomeres. flagellomeres cylindrical, longer than wide, each with two annuli of scales, often differently coloured, resulting in visible dark and pale rings from above. pecten present, but not easily visible ;\n. vestiture of appressed lamellar scales, usually concolorous with ground colour of forewings. foreleg with small but distinct epiphysis of about 36–48 μm in\n) (150–165 μm in two measured european specimens) and without the microtrichia along the inner side, which probably serve as antennal cleaning apparatus. in\n. male retinaculum a series of 7–12 hook - shaped bristles, arising from a thickened serrate portion of sc. frenulum in male a strong curved bristle (e. g. , fig .\n); no pseudofrenular bristles in male. humeral field with scattered microtrichia, otherwise restricted on wing membrane to area just posterior of retinaculum, arranged in longitudinal rows. scale sockets regularly spaced, not in distinct rows .\n) with sc to middle of costa. r unbranched, a separate vein, to costa. rs with m and cua, ending in 3–4 branches, interpreted as rs1 + 2 to costa, rs3 + 4 to termen, m and cua to dorsum; in one species ,\n, tentatively placed here, rs + m + cu even more reduced, with only 2 branches. hindwing with sc + r to costa, rs + m with 2–3 branches, rs to costa, 1 or 2 branches of m to termen and dorsum; cua a separate vein to dorsum .\n). on forewing typically comprising a pair of opposite pale, often metallic spots at 1 / 3 and a similarly coloured fascia or opposite spots at 2 / 3 on a dark background, brown to black, or brassy and shining. variation exists in relative size, whether spots are joined to a fascia, or fascia is broken, or spots may be absent (e. g. , figs\n). many species show sexual dimorphy in pattern, with females having more or larger pale elements than male. only a single species from arabian peninsula has a different pattern with much yellow, probably as an adaptation to the desert habitat (fig .\n). a fringe line often available, with fringe scales pale. hindwings uniform grey. androconial scales absent in all species examined .\nholocacista species, adult habitus. 1–3 holocacista capensis: 1 male holotype, rmnh. ins. 24622 2 female, western cape, paarl, rmnh. ins. 24624 3 male, western cape, wilderness, reared from rhoicissus digitata, genitalia slide evn4381 4 holocacista salutans, male, kwazulu - natal, umhlanga rocks, reared from rhoicissus revoilii, genitalia slide evn 4383. scales 1 mm .\nholocacista species, adult habitus. 5, 6 holocacista varii, western cape, table mountain np 5 male, rmnh. ins. 24623 6 female rmnh. ins. 24625 7 holocacista sp. rhoicissus _ tridentata, male, zimbabwe, mt. selinda, genitalia slide evn4385 8 holocacista sp. cissus _ integrifolia, male, zimbabwe, lundi, genitalia slide evn4387 9 holocacista rivillei, male, italy, borghetto, rmnh. ins. 24626 10 holocacista micrarcha, male 11 holocacista selastis, male 12 h. leea _ borneo, male, indonesia, kalimantan timur, gunung lumut, rmnh. ins. 24158. scales 1 mm .\npregenital abdomen. abdominal sclerites weakly sclerotised. anterior sternum ii subtriangular, free .\nmale genitalia. vinculum (s ix) very long, anteriorly often reaching beyond anterior margin of segment vi, almost cylindrical; tegumen (tix) narrow, usually with a medial posterior process, probably a composite structure with uncus. gnathos absent. valva rather narrow, with stalked pectinifer halfway to inner margin, pecten comprising 6–12 blunt sensilla; transtilla typically with medial anterior projection, sublateral processes long. phallocrypt (manica) with some to many strongly - sclerotised conical spines, often arranged in an asymmetric fashion, or with many smaller spines. phallus outer tube often with remarkable ventrally - curved appendix on phallus, or appendices of different sizes and shapes. juxta present and often bilobed or reduced to narrow ventral process .\nfemale genitalia. sviii pointed, t viii deeply indented. oviscapt with few lateral cusps. anterior and posterior apophyses subequal in length. spermathecal papilla usually with circular sclerotisation. ductus spermathecae with many coils .\nlarva. larvae yellow or whitish, usually with darker head capsule. larva of holocacista rivillei described in detail by grandi (1931) and marchi (1956). head prognathous, legs and prolegs absent, but paired ambulatory calli on t2 and 3 (ventral and dorsal) and fused ventro - medial – calli on a3–6. larvae with four feeding instars and a fifth non - feeding instar that constructs the case in which it pupates .\nhostplants. several species feed on vitaceae and rubiaceae, a few species on anacardiaceae, and single species each on balsaminaceae, dilleniaceae, geraniaceae and plumbaginaceae. a species feeding on combretaceae is tentatively added, but this requires confirmation .\neggs are inserted in leaf tissue, often near a vein or leaf margin. all species construct leafmines (figs\n), usually starting as a narrow linear mine, later usually widening into a blotch, or sometimes remaining an irregularly wide gallery, and cut out an oval shield, comprising the epidermal layers, during the penultimate instar. frass is deposited in a central line in the mine or filling the mine, later often scattered in the blotch or pushed by the larva to one side. the shields (figs\n. they attach this cocoon to any surface (trunks, leaves, leaf litter, etc .) where the non - feeding final instar larva pupates. adults are usually day flying (figs\nholocacista capensis, leafmines on vitis vinifera, paarl (70–73) and rhoicissus digitata, wilderness (74, 75) 70 evn2013029, 25 january 2013 71 16 january 2013 72 evn2013029, 25 january 2013 73 2013003, 15 january 2013 74, 75 vári ac. no. 1093, 15. iii. 1954 (dried leafmines) .\nholocacista capensis, life history. 76 trunk of vitis with many cocoons with exuviae, de anker, paarl, 14 february 2013 77 grapes with fresh cocoons attached, paarl, 25 january 2013 78 larva in cocoon, going down on silken thread, paarl, 16 january 2013 79 leafmines in rhoicissus digitata, reared in laboratory from adults that originated on vitis from wellington, 2014 80–82 live adult males, reared from vitis vinifera, from paarl 80 evn2013004, 28 january 81 windmeul, reared in leiden, 23 february 2012 82 evn2013005, 4 february .\nholocacista species, leafmines on vitaceae. 83 holocacista sp. rhoicissus _ tomentosa, fresh mine, larva cutting out shield, swellendam, evn2014901, larva rmnh. ins. 30313 84 holocacista sp. rhoicissus _ tridentata, dried mines, vari 1225 85 holocacista salutans on rhoicissus tomentosa, dried mines, vari 2788 86 holocacista salutans on rhoicissus digitata, dried mines, vari 3342 87, 88 holocacista rivillei, fresh mines with larvae on vitis vinifera, in 87 two larvae next to each other, one in cocoon, evn2013904 .\nholocacista species, leafmines on various plants 89 holocacista varii, fresh mine with larva on pelargonium, evn2013033 90 holocacista varii, dried mine on pelargonium cucullatum, evn2013021 91 holocacista sp. leea _ borneo, dried mines on leea indica, evn2005252 92 holocacista sp. lasianthus _ borneo, dried mine on lasianthus sp. , evn2005255 93 holocacista sp. paederia _ taiwan, dried mine on paederia, evn2012314 .\nmainly old world tropics and subtropics: afrotropical, oriental and australian regions, north to taiwan and southern europe (type species). some dna barcodes suggest that the genus also occurs in south and central america, but no adults have yet been studied from this area .\nthe species listed in the checklist below, both named ones and unnamed ones, share the external and venation characters described above, and those dissected also the male genitalia characters. those species that we have been able to sequence form a well - supported clade in a phylogenetic analysis (both bayesian and maximum likelihood) of the\nin the checklist below we provide the original genus in brackets, type locality, and the hostplant of the types. the species are listed geographically, first the named ones, then the unnamed ones .\nholocacista salutans (meyrick, 1921): p. 108, comb. n. (antispila )\nsouth africa, [ kwazulu natal ], durban, [ rhoicissus sp. ]\nholocacista varii (mey, 2011): p. 156, comb. n. (antispilina )\nsouth africa, western cape, cape town, pelargonium cucullatum (l .) l’hérit .\nholocacista micrarcha (meyrick, 1926): p. 261, comb. n. (antispila )\nindia, [ karnataka ], karwar, lannea coromandelica (houtt .) merr. (= odina wodier roxb. , anacardiaceae )\nholocacista pariodelta (meyrick, 1929): p. 541, comb. n. (antispila )\nindia, bihar, pusa, lannea coromandelica (houtt .) merr. (= odina wodier roxb. , anacardiaceae )\nholocacista selastis (meyrick, 1926): p. 261, comb. n. (antispila )\nindia, [ karnataka ], karwar, psychotria dalzellii hook. f. (rubiaceae )\nsouth africa, rhoicissus tridentata (l. f .) wild & r. b. drumm. subsp. cuneifolia (eckl. & zeyh .) urton, rhoicissus tomentosa (lam .) wild & r. b. drumm. (vitaceae )\nsouth africa, rhoicissus tomentosa (lam .) wild & r. b. drumm. (vitaceae )\nsouth africa, rhoicissus digitata (l. f .) gilg. & m. brandt (vitaceae )\nindonesia, kalimantan timur, leea indica (burm. f .) merr. (vitaceae )\nvietnam, cuc phuong np, impatiens clavigera hook. f. (balsaminaceae )\nholocacista species, male phallus in lateral view, scales 100 μm. 101 holocacista sp. rhoicissus _ tridentata, genitalia slide evn4380 [ mirrored ] 102 holocacista sp. rhoicissus _ pundamilia, genitalia slide evn4382 103 holocacista sp. cissus _ integrifolia, genitalia slide evn4387 104 holocacista varii, genitalia slide evn4623 105 holocacista rivillei, genitalia slide evn4443 [ mirrored ] 106 holocacista sp. dyerophytum _ uae, genitalia slide evn4628. 104 and 105 on the same scale .\nholocacista rivillei; van nieukerken et al. (2012b): 62 [ redescription ]; cean (2014): 385 [ record rumania, description ]\n), when the genus was still considered monotypic. here we briefly diagnose it against other species in the genus, without a full redescription. it should be noted that only material from italy and bulgaria has been examined in detail. morphological details (figs\n) are described under the generic treatment. for a full synonymy we refer to\n). wingspan 4. 0–4. 5 mm. antenna ringed, 15 segments; head and thorax bronze grey. forewing fuscous to black, with golden silvery pattern consisting of four spots, costals distal to dorsals, the first costal and dorsal sometimes united as oblique fascia; a distinct fringe line, fringe silvery white. differs from south african\n). total length vinculum + tegumen 630–720 μm, phallus 575–630 μm. pecten with 8–10 teeth. juxta more elaborate than in south african\nminers, deeply bifurcate. phallus without spines on phallocrypt, wrinkled. female genitalia illustrated by\nhost plants. vitaceae: vitis vinifera, wild and cultivated, possibly also on cultivated parthenocissus planch. (new record from russia, kalmykiya) .\n). the egg is inserted usually close to a major vein, probably on leaf underside. the mine is first a gallery, turning from once to several times around the oviposition site and then extends, often along a vein as a rather straight linear mine, occasionally as a serpentine mine; distally enlarging into a small blotch. the frass is black forming a broken line, often not exactly in the middle of the mine; in thicker leaves it may be wider; in the blotch the frass is dispersed; the larva cuts out a case of about 3. 3–4 mm × 2. 0–2. 5 mm .\nwidespread in southern europe, turkey and central asia (van nieukerken et al. 2012b), now also recorded in romania (cean 2014). probably only native in eastern part of its current distribution area .\nadults and leafmines: bulgaria: 1♂, 7 adults [ sex not determined ], sliven, 5. iv. 1928, p. tschorbadjiev, genitalia slide jck7867 (coll. natural history museum sofia). italy: 28 adults (4♂, 1♀ dissected), vicenza, borghetto, experimental vineyard, leafmines on vitis vinifera, 2007, emerged i–ii. 2009, m. baldessari (rmnh); 1♂ (dissected), 7♀, many leafmines, larvae, ibidem, 19. viii. 2013, evn2013904, emerged 11. ix–3. x. 2013, m. baldessari (rmnh). russia: leafmines only, kalmykiya, elista, citypark, 26. ix. 2000, leafmines on parthenocissus, v. zolotuhin (coll. zolotuhin) .\nholocacista capensis, male genitalia in ventral view, rmnh. ins. 24445; 37 and 40 focussed on ventral side, showing valvae and phallus tip; others more dorsally, showing tegumen and transtilla .\nholocacista capensis, female genitalia. 50 lateral view, rmnh. ins. 24261 51–53 oviscapt detail (51, 52) or complete apophyses in ventral view, rmnh. ins. 24625 (51), rmnh. ins. 24624 (52, 53) .\nholocacista species, male phallus in lateral view, scale 100 μm. 94–96 holocacista capensis, genitalia slides resp. evn4264, evn4446 [ mirrored ], evn4381 97–100 holocacista salutans, genitalia slides resp. tm4023 [ type locality ], evn4383, evn4384. all on same scale .\nholocacista species, male genitalia, details, scales 100 μm. 107–110 holocacista capensis, holotype, genitalia slide evn4622 111, 113 holocacista salutans, genitalia slide evn4383 112, 114 holocacista varii genitalia slide evn4623 108–110, same scale; 111–114 same scale .\ndistribution records of southern african holocacista species. 115 holocacista capensis (red dots) and holocacista salutans (blue dots); arrow points at wilderness, only locality where holocacista capensis was found on native rhoicissus digitata 116 holocacista varii .\nantispila sp. kroon (1999): 83, 120 [ on vitis sp. ] .\nholotype male, south africa (western cape), paarl nw, de heuvel estate, 180 m, 16. i. 2013, leafmines on vitis vinifera cv ‘regal’, evn2013004, emerged 27. i. 2013, e. j. van nieukerken & h. geertsema, genitalia slide evn4622, dna extracted (rmnh. ins. 24622) (rmnh) .\nexternally holocacista capensis is almost inseparable from other south african vitaceae - feeding holocacista species, including holocacista salutans. absence or reduction of the first costal spot in the male, however, may be an indication that the specimen might be holocacista capensis; only study of genitalia allows a firm identification. for differences with holocacista varii, see there. the only south african vitaceae - feeding “real” antispila species is much larger and has more antennal segments (ca. 26). in male genitalia the configuration of the small number of spines on phallocrypt in combination with the ventrally curved phallus appendix is characteristic, otherwise very similar to holocacista salutans and some of the unnamed rhoicissus miners. leafmines characterised by the very contorted first part of the mine, which is straighter or shorter in the other species; currently the only known leafminer on vitis in south africa .\n). head face and vertex covered with appressed, metallic, silvery - white scales, more brownish grey on vertex. palpi porrect, white; base of proboscis covered with white scales. antenna with 16 segments, ringed, each flagellomere with a basal fuscous scale ring and apical white scale ring on upper side, scales on underside all white. legs grey, tarsi mostly yellowish white, especially on underside. thorax and forewings ground colour grey brown, slightly irrorate, caused by scales being dark tipped and paler at base. a silver - white pattern on forewing consists of a triangular dorsal spot at 1 / 4, usually associated with a minor spot of just a few scales at costa, that may be joined to dorsal spot, or even completely absent; a second triangular dorsal spot at 1 / 2, reaching almost to middle of wing; a triangular costal spot just beyond middle, always separate; fringe line very distinct, demarcated by dark - tipped scales. terminal fringe silvery white. hindwings pale grey. underside of wings fuscous, with white spots visible. abdomen lead coloured, including vestiture on external genitalia .\n). antenna with 16 segments. colour pattern distinct from male: scales almost uniformly dark fuscous with purplish tinge, resulting in darker, velvety wing colour and contrasting silvery - white pattern; first costal and dorsal spots joined to form a narrow fascia, wider at dorsum; second dorsal and costal spots as in male; fringe line distinct, scales forming cilia line with slightly paler bases. abdomen almost black, narrowly pointed posteriorly .\nmeasurements. male: forewing length 1. 8–2. 3 mm (2. 0 ± 0. 1, 20) (1 dwarf of 1. 55 mm forewing length excluded), wingspan: 3. 9–4. 9 mm. female: forewing length 1. 9–2. 1 mm (2. 0 ± 0. 1, 14), wingspan 4. 0–4. 6 mm .\n). total length vinculum + tegumen 425–625 µm. vinculum (s ix) long, reaching anterior margin of segment vi. tegumen (figs\n) well sclerotised, with medial, slightly - bilobed posterior projection, one sensilla on each lobe; tegumen dorsally with groups of microtrichia, and two lateral lobes with setae or sensilla; a poorly - sclerotised structure below tegumen may be a reduced uncus. valva (figs\n) narrow, apex blunt, with stalked pectinifer halfway to inner margin, pecten comprising 8–11 blunt sensilla, usually same number on both valvae, but sometimes a difference of one. valva length (without transtilla) 200–230 µm. transtilla (figs\n) with long sublateral processes and medial spatulate posterior process, with rounded corners. juxta elongate, as a narrow ventral process of phallus, attached on phallus near phallocrypt spines (fig .\n) long and narrow, ca. 340–425 µm long. phallocrypt (manica) with some strongly - sclerotised conical spines, arranged asymmetrically; in lateral view (figs\n) one dorsally, curved ventrad, a similar strong one ventrally curved dorsad, latter with 3–4 smaller spines in a row anteriorly; in ventrally mounted specimens spines appear mostly on right side, where phallus is constricted. phallus outer tube with ventrally - curved appendix ca. 103–150 µm long (measured along curve) .\nholocacista capensis, male genitalia, details. 42–46 holotype, rmnh. ins. 24642, phallus in ventro - lateral view (42, 44, 45); valva in ventral view (43); tegumen in dorsal view (46) 47 genitalia in lateral view, rmnh. ins. 24446 48, 49 phallus and juxta, lateral view, slide jck7813 .\n). length of anterior apophyses 800–900 μm (n = 5), posterior apophyses 880–935 μm (n = 5). oviscapt with 5–6 cusps on either side (figs\n). ductus spermathecae with many wide convolutions, spermathecal papilla with circle - shaped sclerotisation (fig .\nhost plants. vitaceae: rhoicissus digitata (l. f .) gilg. & m. brandt and various south african grown cultivars of vitis vinifera (e. g. , chardonnay, chenin blanc, red globe, régal) .\n). the egg is inserted on the leaf underside, usually within 1–2 mm from a vein, rarely slightly farther. freshly expanded foliage is preferentially selected for oviposition, but as egg laying proceeds from early spring to late autumn, it also oviposits on older leaves, even those showing previous feeding. the majority of the mines on\n( 75% of 160 mines from six samples) start at the leaf edge, but even there the egg is always near the vein in the tip of a lobe; some mines originate close to the leaf midrib. also, the few studied mines on\nstart at the leaf (let) tip. the mine starts as a much contorted narrow gallery, often first in a zigzag pattern with u - turns, eventually enlarging into an irregular wide gallery or a blotch. the frass is brown in the early mine, later black, in a rather thin line in the centre of the gallery; later the frass is in clumps in a wider central line. the whole mine occupies a small area of ca. 12–15 mm long, of which the size depends on leaf thickness; in thin leaves mines are appreciably longer and wider. mines are very often clustered in groups of 3–5 or even more. the larva cuts out an elliptic case of about 2. 5–4. 1 mm (3. 4 ± 0. 3, n = 34) × 1. 5–3. 1 mm (2. 3 ± 0. 3, n = 34) mm wide, ratio 1. 2–1. 8 (1. 5 ± 0. 1) .\nthe moth is multivoltine; the first adults appear during early spring (september to october) and a single generation lasts from three to four weeks; peak numbers are reached during february and march at the height of the grape picking season. moths are still present in april; the last were seen early may; many cocoons overwinter in leaf litter, dropping to the ground and pupating amongst leaf litter or attached to stems and trellises from april onwards, and yielding moths from september onwards. larvae are present almost continuously from november to early may when the leaves start to wither and drop. larvae have only once been collected on\n, these in march. when fully grown, larvae descend from the mines to attach their cocoons upon landing on a variety of objects such as other leaves, berries of grape bunches, trellises or on the bark of the vine itself (fig .\nmoths aggregate and mate in the heat of the day (1100–1400 hrs) on exposed vine foliage, but prefer to oviposit in the shaded canopy conditions under which table grapes are grown; wine grapes, grown in an open cultivation system and fully exposed to the sun are rarely, or at least less seriously attacked .\nas yet only found once: south africa, western cape (wilderness). on cultivated\nwe barcoded eight specimens, including the holotype. all barcodes belong to barcode identification number (bin): acg9027, the largest intraspecific distance is 1. 4% , between one specimen collected in gauteng and the rest, collected in the western cape .\nthe only wild rhoicissus on which mines of holocacista capensis were collected, was identified by vári in his notebook as rhoicissus revoilii. the single leaf we studied could belong to this species or to rhoicissus digitata, which is very similar. on the basis of the distribution (palgrave and palgrave 2002), we conclude that the latter is the most likely, since rhoicissus revoilii is not known to occur in the western cape .\n( e. mey. ex harv .) planch. , bought in the netherlands. although the adults lived for several days, no traces of mines were found. either the species is unsuitable as a hostplant, or these potted plants contained remnants of insecticides. later, we were more successful with rearing larval offspring from\n. the latter was readily infested, often resulting in the entire leaf being consumed by the larvae .\nother live cocoons were sent in 2013 to lund, sweden, emerged there, and have been used for pheromone studies (wang et al. 2015) .\n[ leafmines and larvae collected, no adults kept in collection ]. south africa, western cape: 11♂, 21♀ [ reared from 50 cocoons in lund, sweden and used for pheromone studies ], paarl nw, de heuvel estate, 180 m, 25. i. 2013, leafmines on vitis vinifera cv ‘regal’, evn2013029, emerged 2–15. ii. 2013, e. j. van nieukerken & h. geertsema; several adults, wellington, emerged xii. 2014, ex vitis vinifera laboratory bred on rhoicissus digitata, l. torrance (hg) .\nholocacista salutans, male genitalia. 54, 55 ventro - lateral view, genitalia slide evn4383 56 phallus in lateral view, genitalia slide evn4384 57 tegumen in almost dorsal view, genitalia slide evn4384 58 possible syntype in lateral view, genitalia slide tm4023 .\nholocacista species, female genitalia. 65, 66 holocacista salutans, lateral view, rmnh. ins. 24668 67–69 holocacista varii, rmnh. ins. 24625: 67 internal genitalia in lateral view 68 apophyses in more or less ventral view 69 oviscapt detail, ventral view .\nantispila salutans meyrick, 1921: 108. 5 syntypes ♂♀: south africa, [ kwazulu natal ], durban, x. [ 19 ] 18 / 19, v. d. merwe (tmsa, bmnh) [ partly examined ] .\nantispila salutans; vári and kroon (1986): 154; vári et al. (2002): 10; de prins and de prins (2014): database .\nexternally holocacista salutans hardly differs from holocacista capensis, but the male usually has a costal spot at 1 / 3 from base, albeit very small. the only consistent characters to separate it from holocacista capensis are in the male genitalia: the row of larger spines dorsally on the phallocrypt, whereas holocacista capensis has a row ventrally and just a single spine ventrally; also the shape of the transtilla holocacista salutans differs from that in capensis. the leafmines of holocacista salutans have the gallery mine with wider frass, more clumped and not zigzag as in holocacista capensis .\n). head: face and vertex covered with appressed, metallic, silvery - white scales, more brownish grey on vertex. palpi porrect, white; base of proboscis covered with white scales. antenna with 16 segments, ringed, each flagellomere with a basal fuscous scale ring and apical white scale ring on upper side, scales on underside all white. legs grey, tarsi mostly yellowish white, especially on underside. thorax and forewings ground colour grey brown, slightly irrorate, caused by scales being dark tipped and paler at base. a silver - white pattern on forewing consists of a triangular dorsal spot at 1 / 4 from base, a smaller spot at costa, sometimes joined to dorsal spot as a narrow fascia; a second triangular dorsal spot at 1 / 2, reaching almost to middle of wing; a triangular costal spot just beyond middle, always separate; fringe line very distinct, demarcated by dark - tipped scales. terminal fringe silvery white. hindwings pale grey. underside of wings fuscous, with white spots visible. abdomen lead grey, including vestiture on external genitalia .\nfemale. antenna with 16 segments. colour pattern distinct from male: scales almost uniformly dark fuscous with purplish tinge, resulting in darker, velvety wing colour and contrasting silvery - white pattern; first costal and dorsal spots always joined to form a narrow fascia, wider at dorsum; second dorsal and costal spots as in male; fringe line distinct, scales forming cilia line with slightly paler bases. abdomen almost black, narrowly pointed posteriorly .\nmeasurements. male: forewing length 1. 7–2. 3 mm (2. 0 ± 0. 2, 6), wingspan: 4. 0–5. 0 mm. female: forewing length ca. 2. 0 mm (n = 3), wingspan ca. 4. 5 mm .\n). total length vinculum + tegumen ca. 460–490 µm (n = 3). vinculum (s ix) long, reaching anterior margin of segment vi. tegumen and uncus well sclerotised, with two medial projections, probably representing tegumen and uncus, dorsalmost projection very similar to tegumen of\n, ventral one truncate, slightly excavated posteriorly, with serrate margins. valva narrow, apex blunt, with stalked pectinifer halfway along inner margin, pecten comprising 8–10 blunt sensilla. valva length (without transtilla) ca. 165–215 µm. transtilla with long sublateral processes and medial spatulate posterior process, with produced lateral corners (fig .\n) elongate, as a narrow ventral process of phallus, attached to phallus near phallocrypt spines. phallus (figs\n) long and narrow, ca. 390–430 µm long. phallocrypt (manica) with two rows of strongly - sclerotised conical spines, arranged symmetrically; in lateral view seen dorsally, all curved ventrad, more than 6–7 spines in a row; a group of small spines posterior to these. phallus outer tube not constricted, with ventrally - curved appendix of ca. 105–125 µm long (measured along curve) .\n). length of anterior apophyses 850 μm (n = 1), posterior apophyses 890 μm (n = 1). oviscapt not yet studied in ventral view. ductus spermathecae with many wide convolutions, spermathecal papilla with circle - shaped sclerotisation (fig .\nhost plants. vitaceae: rhoicissus digitata (l. f .) gilg. & m. brandt, rhoicissus revoilii planch. , rhoicissus tomentosa (lam .) wild. & r. b. drumm. and cissus cornifolia (baker) planch. records from rhoicissus tridentata (l. f .) wild. & r. b. drumm. subsp. cuneifolia (eckl. & zeyh .) urton require confirmation (see below) .\n). the egg is inserted on the leaf underside, usually close to a vein; some mines start at the leaf edge. the mine starts as a much contorted narrow gallery with all convolutions close to each other, hardly leaving leaf tissue between them. later, the mine enlarging into an irregular wide gallery or a blotch. the frass is black throughout, clumped and almost filling the gallery, but with space between the clumps. mines are very often clustered in groups. the larva cuts out an elliptic case of about 3 mm long and 2 mm wide .\nvoltinism. larvae have been found from march to june, in september and again from december to january; adults usually emerge between 3–8 weeks after collecting of leafmines; probably multiple overlapping generations .\n). south africa: kwazulu - natal, limpopo and zimbabwe: masvingo. records from gauteng (pretoria) need confirmation, several leafmines from\non other hosts, but we have yet no proof from adults that they are this species .\nunfortunately, we have not been able to find information on the rearing and hostplant of van der merwe’s series. the accession number 453 on some labels had previously been misinterpreted as a number of vári, who labelled all his reared material with such numbers [ probably following up on janse’s system, but with new numbers ]. the leaf with mines that was pinned in the salutans box belongs to bridelia cathartica bert. (euphorbiaceae), has probable coleoptera mines, and has vári’s number 453. obviously, this has nothing to do with the heliozelid. there are no notebooks of janse left that could shed light on this number (martin krüger, personal communication) .\nunfortunately, we did not find recent material of this species and are therefore as yet unable to give the dna barcode .\nsyntypes. south africa, kwazulu - natal: 1♂, “durban / 10. 10 / v. d. merwe 18 / coll. janse” [ black print, date in hand, black cadre ]; “24 / 93” [ black print ]; “antispila / salutans / type no. 109” [ hand, red ink, “type no” in print ]. 1♂, “durban / 10. 10 / v. d. merwe 18 / coll. janse” [ black print, date in hand, black cadre ]; “24 / 93” [ black print ]; ”antispila / salutans / cotype no. 111” [ hand, red ink, “cotype no” in print ]. 1 adult, “durban / v. d. merwe xi. 19 / coll. janse” [ black print, black cadre ]; “29 / 28” [ black print ]; “antispila / salutans / cotype no. 110” [ hand, red ink, “cotype no” in print ]. 4 specimens including 2 possible syntypes in london, not examined .\nadults and leafmines: south africa, kwazulu - natal, 2♂, 1♀, durban, emerged x and xi. 1919, van der merwe [ ex coll. janse ], genitalia slide tm4023 (♂), wing slide tm1585 (♀); 5♂, 3♀, 1 leaf with 8 mines, jozini dam [ pongolapoortdam ], lebombo mts. , 14. i. 1965, ac. no 2788, leafmines on rhoicissus tomentosa, emerged 27. i–5. ii1965, l. vári, genitalia slides evn4384 (♂), evn4668 (♀); 1♂, 2♀, umhlanga rocks, 9–16. vi. 1968, ac. no 2944, leafmines on rhoicissus revoilii, emerged 2–5. viii. 1968, l. vári; 1♂, 1♀, umhlanga rocks, 25. iii. 1975, ac. no 3342, leafmines on rhoicissus revoilii, emerged 10–11. iv. 1975, l. vári, genitalia slide evn4383 (♂); limpopo: 1♂, 1♀, 1 leaf with 3 mines, cyprus farm, nr. ofcolaco, 20. ix. 1960, ac. no 2247, leafmines on rhoicissus tomentosa, emerged 11–13. x. 1960, l. vári; 6 leafmines on 6 leaves, debengeni, de hoek, waterfalls, 15. vi. 1954, ac. no. 1329, leafmines on rhoicissus revoilii, l. vári; 1♂, 5 mines on 2 leaves, louis trichardt, 17. iii. 1964, ac. no 2693, leafmines on rhoicissus tomentosa, emerged 31. iii–5. iv. 1964, l. vári. zimbabwe, masvingo: 2♂, 11 mines on 11 leaves, lundi, 22. iv. 1956, ac. no 1916, leafmines on cissus cornifolia, emerged 1–30. vi. 1956, l. vári; genitalia slide evn4386 (♂) (all tmsa) .\nholocacista varii, male genitalia. 59 ventral view, photographed in glycerin, genitalia slide evn4388 60–64 details, rmnh. ins. 24623 60, 61 tegumen, respectively more ventrally and dorsally focussed 62 phallus and juxta in lateral view 63 valvae in ventral view 64 transtilla ventral view, focussed more dorsally .\nantispilina varii mey, 2011: 156. holotype ♂ rsa, cape town, 26. 3. 1954, bred from pelargonium cucullatum from slopes of the table mtn. , vári ac. no. 1047, leg. 4. 3. 1954, l. vári, genitalia slide mey (tmsa) [ not examined ] .\nholocacista varii is the only species similar to holocacista capensis that occurs probably commonly in the natural habitats near the grape growing areas of western cape and thus could potentially be confused with it. it is distinctly larger, and the forewings are more shining bronze than those of holocacista capensis. moreover, the male and female have a complete fascia at 1 / 3 from forewing base that is not narrower at the costa and the antennae are not ringed. in male genitalia, holocacista varii lacks the larger spines on the phallocrypt, and has a more developed juxta; further, the dorsal row of spines on the tegumen is characteristic and the shape of the transtilla differs. the female genitalia have more elaborate sclerotisations, and the apophyses are longer .\n). head face and vertex covered with appressed, metallic, pale - bronze scales. palpi porrect, white; base of proboscis covered with white scales. antenna with ca. 20 segments, uniform bronze brown, scales on underside all white. legs grey, tarsi mostly yellowish white, especially on underside. thorax and forewings grey brown with some bronze lustre, with silver - white patterning; an oblique fascia at 1 / 4, hardly narrower at costa; a slightly triangular dorsal spot at 1 / 2, not reaching middle of wing; a triangular or squarish costal spot just beyond middle; fringe line not very distinct, demarcating scales not conspicuously dark tipped. terminal fringe silvery white. hindwings pale grey. underside of wings fuscous. abdomen lead grey, including vestiture on external genitalia .\n). antenna with ca. 19 segments. colour pattern different from male: scales more uniformly bronze brown, with strong lustre, and contrasting silvery - white pattern .\nmeasurements. male: forewing length 2. 4–2. 8 mm (2. 5 ± 0. 1, 6), wingspan: 5. 0–5. 7 mm. female: forewing length 2. 1–2. 6 mm (n = 3), wingspan 4. 5–5. 6 mm .\n). total length vinculum + tegumen ca. 670 µm. vinculum (s ix) long, reaching anterior margin of segment vi. tegumen (figs\n) well sclerotised, with medial, blunt posterior projection, with several setae; tegumen dorsally with a transverse keel with many strong spines in posterior direction. valva (fig .\n) narrow, basally wider, apex blunt, with stalked pectinifer halfway along inner margin, pecten comprising 7 or 8 blunt sensilla. valva length (without transtilla) ca. 265 µm. transtilla (figs" ]

{ "text": [ "heliozela argyrozona is a moth of the family heliozelidae .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1918 .", "it is found in south africa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "heliozela argyrozona is a moth of the family heliozelidae. it was described by edward meyrick in 1918. it is found in south africa." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\ncozumelsaarenvireo\nfrom\nvireo bairdi ridgway 1885\nas trusted .\nkari pihlaviita marked the common name\ncozumelinvireo\nin an unknown language from\nvireo bairdi ridgway 1885\nas trusted .\nbrewer, d. , de juana, e. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). cozumel vireo (vireo bairdi). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nnot globally threatened. currently considered near threatened. restricted - range species: present in cozumel island eba. no population estimates, but locally fairly common... .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: vireo bairdi. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis species is endemic to the island of cozumel (mexico), where it is described as locally fairly common (brewer and de juana 2017). tracewski et al. (2016) estimated the maximum possible area of occupancy for the species (calculated as the remaining tree area within the species’s range) to be c. 361 km 2, rounded here to 360 km 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: the species has a very small range, however it is uncertain whether it is being affected by habitat loss. it is therefore listed as near threatened .\npartners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50, 000 individuals (a. panjabi in litt. 2008), thus it is placed in the band 20, 000 - 49, 999 individuals here. trend justification: the population trend is uncertain; although substantial areas of habitat have been lost to tourist development, much remains intact and the species seems to adjust well to secondary habitats (brewer and de juana 2017) .\nit inhabits low scrubby woodland, abandoned farmland with scattered bushes, second growth, and thickets in deciduous woodland, and forages in lower and middle vegetation (brewer and de juana 2017) .\nsubstantial areas of habitat have been lost to tourist development, but much remains intact and the species seems to adjust well to secondary habitat (brewer and de juana 2017). it could possibly suffer habitat loss caused by hurricanes .\nconservation and research actions underway no targeted actions are known. conservation and research actions needed clarify population size and ecological requirements .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nprobably closest to v. caribaeus, v. griseus and v. crassirostris. monotypic .\n11·5–12·5 cm; 11·2–14·6 g. crown is dark chestnut - brown, broad eyering and area above lores off - white (obvious spectacled appearance), ear - coverts dull chestnut - ...\nlow scrubby woodland, abandoned farmland with scattered bushes, second growth, and thickets in ...\nno data on food items. forages in lower and middle levels of vegetation .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal arrangement heavily modified, based on recent genetic study # r, along with addition of asian genera pteruthius and erpornis (see below) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 395, 501 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe species has a very small range, however it is uncertain whether it is being affected by habitat loss. it is therefore listed as near threatened .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "the cozumel vireo ( vireo bairdi ) is a species of bird in the family vireonidae .", "it is endemic to the mexican island of cozumel off the yucatán peninsula .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and heavily degraded former forest . " ], "topic": [ 2, 3, 24 ] }

[ "the cozumel vireo (vireo bairdi) is a species of bird in the family vireonidae. it is endemic to the mexican island of cozumel off the yucatán peninsula. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and heavily degraded former forest." ]

[ "you selected insular myotis (english). this is a common name for :\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsamoansiippa\nto\nmyotis insularum (dobson, 1878 )\n.\nshowing page 1. found 0 sentences matching phrase\ninsular myotis\n. found in 0 ms. translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. they come from many sources and are not checked. be warned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe status of this taxon is doubtful. it is only known from the type specimen, which may be incorrectly labeled (koopman 1984). it is purportedly collected in samoa, but this has not been confirmed. another alternative is that the specimen is a vagrant. flannery (1995) includes it (with the name, vespertilio insularum) as a synonym of emballonura semicaudata .\nlamoreux, j. (global mammal assessment team), racey, p. a. , medellín, r. & hutson, a. m. (chiroptera red list authority )\njustification: listed as data deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity. it is known only from a single type specimen from samoa, which may have been mislabelled or misidentified; little else is known about the specimen .\nthere is a lot of doubt surrounding the distribution of this species. it is only known from the type specimen, which may be incorrectly labeled (koopman 1984). it was purportedly collected in samoa, but this has not been confirmed. another alternative is that the specimen was a vagrant to samoa .\nthere are no known conservation measures pertaining to this species. however, if there is a way to test the taxonomic validity or geographic origins of the specimen this could be very useful .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c2a8c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322e8317 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322e846a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322e85c0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32cdc58a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\ntom orrell (custodian), dave nicolson (ed). (2018). itis global: the integrated taxonomic information system (version jun 2017). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 82b5dbc5 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, and a. l. gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nsimmons, nancy b. / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found. consider more lenient search: click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user" ]

{ "text": [ "the insular myotis ( myotis insularum ) is one of over 100 of species of vesper bat in the genus myotis .", "it is found in possibly american samoa and possibly samoa . " ], "topic": [ 26, 20 ] }

[ "the insular myotis (myotis insularum) is one of over 100 of species of vesper bat in the genus myotis. it is found in possibly american samoa and possibly samoa." ]

[ "† eastern canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis exsul): eastern canary islands: lanzarote and possibly fuerteventura .\nthe canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis) is a leaf warbler that is endemic to the canary islands, spain .\nwestern canary islands chiffchaff: western canary islands: el hierro, la palma, la gomera, tenerife, and gran canaria .\nthere are no known conservation measures in place which specifically target the canary islands chiffchaff .\ncanary islands (tenerife and fuerteventura with an overview of the other islands. )\ncanary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis) is a species of bird in the phylloscopidae family .\ncanary islands chiffchaff phylloscopus canariensis, here feeding on an endemic\nbluebell\n, the canary islands bellflower canarias canariensis. gran canaria, dec 13th, 2011 .\nthe canary islands chiffchaff is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\ncanary islands chiffchaff – this one has recently been given full species status by many authorities. rather short - winged compared to our chiffchaff, and vocally very different\nduring the breeding period the canary islands chiffchaff is found singly or in pairs. this species forms small groups in the autumn and winter. the canary islands chiffchaff undergoes a post - breeding moult which is usually completed by late july (2) .\ncanary islands chat saxicola dacotiae, male, fuerteventura, dec 9th, 2011 .\nthe canary islands chiffchaff is similar to the common chiffchaff and the iberian chiffchaff but compared to the common chiffchaff it has a longer bill, shorter wings and a longer tail. its underparts have a brownish - buff tone, especially on the flanks and breast, and the upperparts are darker brown than the common chiffchaff. [ 6 ]\nthe canary islands chiffchaff is a non - migratory species occurring on el hierro, la palma, la gomera, tenerife and gran canaria in the canary islands, spain (2) (3) (5) .\nposted in ports of call, transatlantic and tagged canary islands, cruise, tenerife .\nintroduction: the canary islands chiffchaff is a full species with its own voice, morphology and molecular biology. this species is today included in the family phylloscopidae which gathers the small insect - eaters formerly placed in the family sylviidae, an old world warbler family. the canary islands chiffchaff is endemic to the canary islands with two subspecies, but one of them is probably extinct .\nthe movements of the canary islands chiffchaff are quick and frenzied, and it frequently flicks its wings and wags or flicks its tail. when on the ground, the canary islands chiffchaff either hops or creeps along through ground vegetation, while its flight is light yet jerky and flitting (2) .\nthe canary islands chiffchaff is sedentary in its range. its rounded wings are not those of a migratory bird. the flight is jerky and flitting .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rich, intense song of the canary islands chiffchaff is a relatively deep ‘ chip, cheep, cheep, chip, chip, cheep ’ (2). the canary islands chiffchaff has a variety of calls, including a typical ‘ hweet ’ and a very short metallic ‘ chek ’ (4) .\nthe canary islands chiffchaff occurs in most habitats from coastal gardens to high altitude vegetation but is absent from semi - desert scrub at lower altitudes. [ 6 ]\nis endemic to the canary islands, spain. there have been no recent records of the lanzarote subspecies\nprotection / threats / status: the canary islands chiffchaff of nominate race has stable populations in spite of predation by introduced mammals. there are no recent records of the race “exsul” which is now probably extinct. the canary islands chiffchaff is not currently threatened in spite of relatively restricted range. its population is estimated at about 100, 000 / 150, 000 breeding pairs .\npreviously the canary island chiffchaff was considered as a subspecies of the common chiffchaff (phylloscopus collybita). now it is recognised as a separate species under the name phylloscopus canariensis. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\nthe canary islands chiffchaff is dependent on trees (2). it prefers open, temperate mature forests (5), particularly coniferous, mixed and broadleaf varieties which have a rich understorey of grasses and shrubs (2). the canary islands chiffchaff can also be found in mediterranean - type shrubland (5), mixed shrub hedgerows and any open areas that have large, scattered trees (2) .\nwe were cruising the islands of macaronesia, which are the atlantic islands: in our case, madeira, the azores, and the canary islands. and for a naturalist, the canary islands are pretty much a dream. any chain of islands is a science nerd’s playground; as with the galapagos, the canaries are a place where wildlife has gotten blown in (or drifted in on the water), stayed, reproduced and evolved into really cool stuff .\nthe canary islands chiffchaff feeds primarily on insects. it spends much of its time foraging in foliage from ground level up to the tree canopy, although it will also sometimes hover in the air to catch its prey (2) .\nthe canary islands chiffchaff is usually seen alone or in pairs during the breeding season, but after the reproduction, they often form small groups during autumn and winter. they are very secretive birds, often heard before to be seen .\ncanary singing at the microwave. best training video. جزر الخالدات الغناء śpiew kanarka\nthe canary islands lack river systems. in spite of that and owing to the steep topography of the western islands, they are crossed by complex systems of ravines produced by water erosion over thousands of years. these gullies serve as drainage for winter rainfall and, on the higher islands like tenerife, water from the thawing snow and ice flows year - round. other islands become dry in summer. generally, the northern parts of the islands are steeper than the southern regions, which have bigger plains and more semiarid landscapes .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the canary islands chiffchaff of nominate race has similar voice that the common chiffchaff (p. collybita), but with faster song and more explosive notes. it utters sharp, clear “hwit”, “huii”, or “wheet” notes. the song starts with explosive “dschi, dsche, sche, schi, sche…” and then, it accelerates towards the end. during the song, the voice is richer and deeper than that of common chiffchaff. the calls of the race “exsul” were longer and harsher .\nhabitat: the canary islands chiffchaff of nominate race is usually found in urban gardens, scrub, bushes, pine forest, edges of cultivated areas, from sea - level to tree line. the race “exsul” occurred in cultivated areas, euphorbias, cactus scrub, shrubs and fig trees (ficus) .\nbehaviour in the wild: the canary islands chiffchaff feeds mainly on insects caught in the foliage. it forages at all levels, from the ground to the forest canopy. however, it can be seen hovering in the air too. it also consumes nectar from flowers, hovering at the corollas like a trochilidae species .\nthe male and female canary islands chiffchaff are very similar, while the juveniles are browner on the upperparts with a less prominent olive tinge to the plumage. the underparts of the juvenile are yellow - white with a smoke - brown tinge on the breast and throat, and the feather texture is loose and fluffy (2) .\noriginal file name: phylloscopus _ canariensis _ - drago, _ gran _ canaria, _ canary _ islands, _ spain - 8 _ (1) - canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis). jpg resolution: 2260x1695 file size: 3040017 bytes date: 2010: 11: 28 12: 26: 27 camera: e - 3 (olympus imaging corp .) f number: f / 8. 0 exposure: 1 / 250 sec focal length: 449 / 1 upload time: 2017: 01: 26 17: 54: 54\nthe canary islands chiffchaff occurs from lowlands to mountain slopes at elevations of up to 4, 500 metres above sea level (2) (5), often close to water or damp areas (2). in the winter this species can also be found in gardens (2) (5), orchards and marshes (2) .\nphylloscopus canariensis canariensis: canary is. (la palma, hierro, gomera, tenerife and gran canaria )\ne. j. o. hartert, 1907 – lanzarote, in ne canary is (probably extinct) .\nclement, p. (2018). canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nfirst to be identified was the tenerife race of blue tit followed by up close and personal looks at more canary island chiffchaff. another unfamiliar voice turned out to be the gaudy and conspicuous blue chaffinch (another life bird and another endemic). once i learned its voice i found them very commonly in the canary pine forest no matter where i stopped... . craig faanes reports .\nlong awaited. this excellent guide is the first to deal exclusively with the birds of this spectacular region. it covers all resident, migrant and vagrant species found in macaronesia which comprises the canary islands, madeira, azores and cape verde. this has to be the field guide of choice for anyone visiting the islands. the status notes on all the birds are particulary welcome .\n( hartwig, 1886) – w canary is (la palma, hierro, gomera, tenerife, gran canaria) .\nthis guide book covers all seven canary islands and provides information on how to hop from one to the other. it covers activities from surfing to cycling, provides details of the fiesta and ferias held in the region, and offers information on traditional crafts and indigenous architecture .\nmy mother once told me that the true test of a relationship was hanging wallpaper together. but having returned from the fantastic canary islands, i can go one better: we rented a car in a foreign country and survived. in fact, we had a blast .\nthe canary islands are well - known amongst ornithologists for their handful of endemic landbirds that are more or less confined to this archipelago, complemented by a few so - called macaronesian endemics which can otherwise only be found on the azores and on madeira to the north of the canaries. in addition, these islands boast scores of seabird colonies... henning fedders & frank rheindt report. (photographs too. )\ndescription location and general description the canary archipelago is a group of volcanic islands and rock islets found in the macronesia region, which also includes salvajes, madeira, azores and cape verde islands. the canaries are located in the atlantic ocean, between 27º 20’ and 29º 25’north and between 13º 20’ and 18º 10’ west (bacallado et al. 1984, gonzález et al. 1986). they are about 115 km from the northwest coast of africa (gonzález et al. 1986). this ecoregion includes the five western islands: la palma, hierro, gomera, tenerife, and gran canaria. the western islands are younger than the eastern group and are more mountainous, with well - developed forests (gonzález et al. 1986). the eastern islands are lower are drier and are included here within the mediterranean acacia - argania dry woodland and succulent thicket ecoregion .\nmany calls are similar to the common chiffchaff but the song lacks the metronomic quality of that species and is harsher, shorter and more varied and with a faster delivery. [ 6 ]\nand to conclude our adventure, a bit further onward, we stopped and stood perfectly still, surrounded by nothing but rock and sky. the silence was nearly overwhelming. absolute, complete, utter silence: one of the world’s rarest natural resources, here in the wilds of tenerife, canary islands .\nlike the common chiffchaff, it is very active and always moving. it flicks the wings and wags its tail frequently. on the ground, this tiny bird moves by hopping or creeping along among the vegetation .\nsituated a nautical stone’s throw from the sahara, the island of tenerife is dry. the landscape borders on the lunar, in fact. that’s just one of the cool things about the canary islands: they range from the desert - like lanzarote in the east, to the lush green islands of el hierro and la gomera in the west. tenerife is in the middle, and our destination on this particular day would take us over some of the most beautifully bleak terrain i had ever seen: the tremendous volcano of tenerife, el teide .\nin early july, i travelled to tenerife in the canary islands to look for some of the endemic birds on the island and to spend some time seawatching. the atlantic islands are interesting because years of isolation have resulted in a number of species which are found nowhere else in the world. even some of the birds more familiar to us have local subspecies, some of which are more distinct than others. several of these could even arguably be candidates for full species in their own right – where the dividing line lies is somewhat arbitrary. a chance to look at speciation in action !\nthe roads in the canary islands, i’m pleased to report, are top notch. better than in mainland spain. better than home, really, except that on tenerife, once you really start to climb, they get narrow. really, really narrow. i had a great - aunt frieda who used to break out the rosary beads going through the rockies; they would have been smoking between her fingers here .\nhelbig, a. j. , j. martens, i. seibold, f. henning, b. schottler and m. wink. 1996. phylogeny and species limits in the palearctic chiffchaff (phylloscopus collybita) complex: mitochondrial genetic variation and bioacoustic evidence. ibis 138, 4\nan enjoyable and rewarding trip. the islands have much to offer, birding and otherwise. even in summer there are plenty of good ticks, and the endemics can all be found fairly easily with patience (and good planning !) .\nbecause of the short distance to africa, the canary islands are visited every year by many migratory bird species that fly south in autumn in search of warmer places and go back to europe in the spring. others, mainly marine birds, use the archipelago as a nesting point only in the breeding season and after that return to the sea. this is the case with species of shearwater, such as puffinus puffinus (procellariidae), which nest in gullies of laurisilva (martín 1987) .\na last minute decision, to use up some outstanding leave and get a bit of sun after the depressing uk august. the sole intention being to see the canary island endemics that i had not seen during a previous visit to gran canaria – this was achieved with some aplomb .\nthe trip actually began last june when i purchased a roundtrip on spanair from washington dulles to tenerife in the canary islands. i got the tickets from urltoken for about half the price i could get them on the spanair website. all was well (i thought) until a week before departure (october 20) when i checked the spanair website to see if the departure times were the same as indicated on my tickets. hmmm... . when i punched in dulles - madrid on october 27, spanair gave me an itinerary on scandinavian airlines via copenhagen. then when i went to urltoken, they gave me the same sas itinerary plus one on lufthansa via frankfurt. something was definitely wrong here .\nif the islands were void of birds, so was the sea, truly disappointing. we spent a total of some 15 hours on the deck per cruise seawatching, but rewards were few and far between. all in all we had 1 + 1 + 2 cory’s shearwaters, 1 baroli’s, 1 leach’s petrel, 2 petrel sp, 1 + 1 kittiwakes, 1 glossy ibis (!) and 3 juv gannets. i know that the time of year is not right for seabirds in these waters, but still you are always hoping for miracles to happen when you are on a big boat far out at sea .\ntypes and severity of threats a variety of factors can be identified as threatening problems for canarian biota and habitats, causing habitat loss and directly or indirectly menacing local species. first, tourist resorts and illegal building destroys habitats. in the last several years the tourist boom has increased. many local and foreign enterprises have overdeveloped different areas of the islands, causing enormous habitat destruction. the illegal construction of houses inside protected areas is also a large threat. fires are another significant threat. accidentally and intentionally set for livestock grazing, crop planting, timber and real estate speculation, fires have dramatically reduced forests in the last decades. pollution and uncontrolled dump sites are further concerns, despite some success by local authorities in regulating them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference: vog. palaark. fauna band i heft vi, p. 505\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 394, 727 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac. 2003. aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region, 15th draft. available at: urltoken _ the _ wp15. xls # .\njustification: although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe breeding population, which is confined to europe, is estimated to number 20, 000 - 100, 000 pairs, which equates to 40, 000 - 200, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). trend justification: the population is estimated to be increasing (birdlife international 2015) .\nconservation actions underway cms appendix ii. bern convention appendix ii. there are currently no known conservation measures for this species. conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhistorically, the paler eastern subspecies, phylloscopus canariensis exsul, was found on lanzarote and possibly fuerteventura, but went extinct sometime before 1986 (3) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\ncoverts small feathers concealing the bases of larger flight feathers, usually on the wings or tail. moult periodic shedding of (usually) the outermost body covering (such as feathers, fur or skin) during growth and development, or at specific times of the year. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nbaker, k. (1997) warblers of europe, asia, and north america. a & c black publishers ltd. , london .\nmobilereference (2008) the illustrated encyclopedia of european birds: an essential guide to birds of europe. mobilereference, boston .\nbeaman, m. and madge, s. (1998) the handbook of bird identification for europe and the western palearctic. a & c black publishers ltd. , london .\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 20 7421 6003 fax: + 44 (0) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nformerly treated as a race of p. collybita; elevated to species rank on basis of bioacoustics, morphology and molecular biology. two subspecies recognized .\n12–14 cm. a medium - sized, rather plain - looking leaf - warbler with short wings. nominate race has whitish supercilium and thin eyering, contrasting dark eyestripe, olive - ...\ncall (nominate race) a sharp and clear “hwit”, “huit”, “huii ...\nseason end jan to jun. nest made mostly from grasses, flower petals, dry leaves, plant fibres, animal hair and feathers, placed in tree or ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). nominate race is common and widespread, with population estimated at between 100, 000 and 150, 000 pairs. race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\navibase has been visited 263, 392, 636 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe adult of nominate race has brownish - olive crown and upperparts, but lower back, rump and uppertail - coverts are brighter greenish - olive. flight feathers and outer rectrices are narrowly fringed pale green to yellow .\non the underparts, chin and throat are white, whereas lower throat and breast are mostly dull yellow. lower breast and belly are washed buffish - brown. flanks are warm buff and undertail - coverts are pale yellowish. on the underwing, coverts and axillaries are yellow .\non the head, the crown is brownish - olive. cheeks and ear - coverts are olive - brown. we can see a whitish supercilium and a narrow, white eyering, both contrasting with a dark eye stripe. the thin bill is dark horn. the eyes are dark brown. legs and feet are grey - brown to yellowish - brown, but the feet can be paler than the tarsi. both sexes are similar. the juvenile has usually brighter yellow underparts .\nmales are conspicuous only during the breeding season, when they are calling from exposed perches. the species is territorial all year round, involving some disputes accompanied by songs and calls, threat displays, chases and fights .\nreproduction of this species: the breeding season occurs between january and july. the nest is placed in tree, palm or laurel, tall bush, sometimes in hole or under a roof, rarely on the ground. this is a ball - like structure with side entrance. it is primarily made with dry grasses and moss, but other materials such as flower petals, dry leaves, plant fibres, hair and feathers can be added too .\nthe female lays 4 - 7 whitish eggs with dark markings. the incubation lasts 13 - 15 days. both parents feed the chicks. they fledge about 14 - 16 days after hatching. there are probably two broods per season .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nblue chaffinch – another endemic, breeding in pine forests at higher altitude. stunning birds !\nchaffinch – at lower altitudes in the laurel forest, the blue chaffinch is replaced by the local subspecies tintillon of common chaffinch. it looks and sounds rather different to our birds so perhaps a future candidate for full species rank ?\nlaurel pigeons – the other key endemics to see are the two species of pigeon, bolle’s and laurel, both residents of the native laurel forest. easy enough to find, but hard to see well in the dense trees\ntenerife goldcrest – the black band across the fore - crown distinguishes it from ours. another subspecies which could be upgraded in the future, and already has by some\nas well as the barolo shearwaters, there were hundreds of cory’s shearwaters and smaller numbers of bulwer’s petrels (my maximum count was 13 on one evening). the latter is also surprisingly seldom recorded from land - based seawatching on tenerife, but i found them relatively easy to see in the evening, presumably as they returned towards their breeding colonies .\nall in all, it was a very rewarding trip and i would heartily recommend it as a fascinating birdwatching destination .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthere are two recognised subspecies but the lanzarote subspecies is probably extinct; they are. [ 5 ]\nsangster, george; knox, alan g. ; helbig, andreas j. ; parkin, david t. (2002) .\ntaxonomic recommendations for european birds\n.\nclement, p. ; helbig, a. j. (1998) .\ntaxonomy and identification of chiffchaffs in the western palearctic\n.\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njeremiusz trzaska, éric roualet, keith and lynn youngs, carlos fabregat, yoël jimenez .\nlars petersson, georges olioso, christophe gouraud, thorsten stegmann, david perpiñán, a. camacho, éric roualet, andrew emmerson, lutz duerselen, aleix comas, rafael zamora padrón, martijn, michaelp, trheijnen, didier collin, marco valentini, josé luis copete, stein arne jensen, holger teichmann, jacqueserard, holger meinig, lmarce .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nashpole, j, burfield, i. , ieronymidou, c. , pople, r. , wheatley, h. & wright, l\njustification: european regional assessment: least concern (lc) eu27 regional assessment: least concern (lc) at both european and eu27 scales, although this species may have a small range it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern within both europe and the eu27 .\nthe european population is estimated at 20, 000 - 100, 000 pairs, which equates to 40, 000 - 200, 000 mature individuals. the entire population is found in the eu27. for details of national estimates, see the supplementary material .\nin europe the population size is estimated to be increasing. for details of national estimates, see attached pdf .\nfor further information about this species, see 22729528 _ phylloscopus _ canariensis. pdf .\nname (e - mail): wiki photos (- - - @ - - -. - - - )\nurltoken does not have the copyright for this image. this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist. if you are to use this photograph, please contact the copyright owner or the poster .\ncopyleft © since 1995, animal pictures archive. all rights may be reserved .\nrains are heavier in the autumn and winter months. precipitation in coastal zones is between 100 and 350 mm per year with air relative humidity levels (arhl) ranging from 55 - 65 percent. annual precipitation levels at elevations from 250 to 600 m are about 650 mm per year with 70 - 80 percent arhl. annual precipitation levels at elevations higher than 600 m average about 400 mm with 35 - 40 percent arhl (bacallado et al. 1984, gonzález et al. 1986, marzol 1998) .\nendemic macronesian heaths, also known as fayal - brezal, grow from 500 to 1, 700 m, as transition vegetation between laurisilva and canarian endemic pine forests, with which they share some species (ilex canariensis, i. perado, larus azorica, and picconia excelsa). there are three distinctive species myrica faya, erica arborea and e. scoparia. three different patterns of distribution can be seen. the first one is the contact zone with laurisilva, where myrica spp. are dominant, with some erica spp. ; the second one is the typical fayal - brezal association (myrica - erica); and finally the third one is the contact zone with pine forests where erica spp. are more common than myrica spp. (gonzález et al. 1986) .\napart from terrestrial species, there are important populations of cetaceans living year - round in canarian seas. loggerhead (caretta caretta) (en), green (chelonia mydas) (en) and leatherback (dermochelys coriacea) (cr) turtles are common, and kemp’s ridley (lepidochelys kempi) (cr), olive ridley (l. olivacea) (en) and hawksbill turtles (eretmochelys imbricata) (cr) are also sighted occasionally. (hilton - taylor 2000) .\nalthough partially or severely affected by human activities, some of these protected areas are especially important because of the habitat found here. these include the ‘frontera’ rural park, ‘roques de salmor’ integral natural reserve and ‘tibataje’ special nature reserve in el hierro; ‘la caldera de taburiente’ national park and ‘el pinar de garafía’ integral natural reserve in la palma; ‘garajonay’ national park and ‘valle gran rey’ rural park in la gomera; ‘teide’ national park, ‘anaga’ rural park, ‘teno’ rural park, corona ‘forestal’ natural park and ‘las palomas’ natural reserve in tenerife; and doramas’ rural park, ‘los tilos de moya’ special natural reserve and ‘el brezal’ special natural reserve in gran canaria (gobierno de canarias 1995) .\nreferences bacallado, j. j. , m. báez, a. brito, t. cruz, f. domínguez, e. moreno, and j. m. pérez. 1984. fauna (marina y terrestre) del archipiélago canario. ed. edirca s. l .\nbiodiversidad. 2001. european union life project. retrieved (2001) from :\nbramwell, d. and z. bramwell. 1983. flores silvestres de las islas canarias. 2nd edition. ed. rueda .\ngarcía, r. , g. ortega, and j. m. pérez. 1992. insectos de canarias. ed. cabildo insular de gran canaria .\ngobierno de canarias. 1995. legislación canaria del suelo y el medio ambiente. ed. gobierno de canarias. consejería de política territorial .\ngonzález, m. n. , j. d. rodrigo, and c. suárez. 1986. flora y vegetación del archipiélago canario. ed. edirca s. l .\nheinzel, h. , r. fitter, and j. parslow. 1992. manual de las aves de españa y de europa, norte de africa y próximo oriente. ed. omega .\nhilton - taylor, c. the iucn 2000 red list of threatened species. the world conservation union, gland, switzerland. retrieved (2001) from: urltoken\nmachado, a. 1998. biodiversidad. un paseo por el concepto y las islas canarias. ed. cabildo insular de tenerife .\nmartín, a. 1987. atlas de las aves nidificantes en la isla de tenerife. instituto de estudios canarios. monografía xxxii .\nmoreno, j. m. 1988. guía de las aves de las islas canarias. ed. interinsular canaria, s. a .\nstrasburger, e. , f. noll, h. schenck, and a. f. w. schimper. 1986. tratado de botánica. 7th edition. ed. marin s. a .\ntrujillo, d. 1991. murciélagos de las islas canarias. colección técnica. ministerio de agricultura, pesca y alimentación. ed. icona .\nurioste, j. 1999. cd - rom base de datos de especies introducidas en canarias. viceconsejería de medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias. sección de flora y fauna / gesplan s. a. urltoken\nrodríguez l. , j. l and j. urioste. 2000. fauna exótica en canarias. makaronesia nº2 .\nprepared by: jaime a. de urioste, maria jose bethencourt linares reviewed by: in progress\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street, n. w. washington, dc 20037\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nthe cause of extinction is unknown. perhaps its final disappearance is related to the destruction and / or transformation of the vegetation in the high zones of the macizo de famara .\ncopyright: wikipedia. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from urltoken\n, based on the best information available at this time. it is based on a wide variety of sources that i collated over many years. i am pleased to offer these checklists as a service to birdwatchers. if you find any error, please do not hesitate to\n. if you prefer to view the list based on a different authority, click on one of the list available below. globally threatened species (status in red) were identified by birdlife international in\nbird checklists of the world is part of avibase and bird links to the world, which are designed and maintained by denis lepage, and hosted by bird studies canada, which is a co - partner of birdlife international .\nselect another taxonomy: avibase taxonomic concepts (current) hbw and birdlife taxonomic checklist v2 (dec 2017) clements, version 2017 clements 5th edition (incl. 2005 revisions) ebird version 2017 handbook of the birds of the world alive (03 / 07 / 2017) howard and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) ioc world bird names, version 8. 1 sibley and monroe 2nd edition (1996 )\nrecordings not starting automatically? try enabling autoplay in your browser, or click the play button below .\navibase has been visited 263, 389, 073 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\ni called spanair and said i wanted to reconfirm my departure times. spanair said ,\nwhen are you flying, sir\n. i said october 27, and they came back with\nah, sir, hasn' t anyone called you yet ?\ni asked\ncalled me about what ?\nand it was then i learned that spanair was suspending service from dulles (and the united states for that matter) effective on october 25. spanair gave me several options for flying over the pond and i selected british airways since i' d never been on them, i needed london - heathrow airport, and you can get american airlines miles by flying with the brits. like every other time in travel everything always works out .\nthe fully - packed 747 - 400 lifted off from iad at 6: 31 washington time for the scheduled 7 hours across the pond. they served sea bass for dinner. service on ba was very professional and most impressive (they have a convert now for trips across the pond). its definitely a\nfirst class\nexperience .\nwe had strong tail winds that helped us get to heathrow at 4: 52 london time (6 hours 21 minutes in the air). by far this was the fastest i' ve ever crossed the atlantic going east bound. i didn' t have to clear customs because i was a connecting passenger so i caught the bus to terminal 1 and waited for the departure of ba 456 to madrid at 7: 20 a. m. the airbus a320 was maybe one - fifth full. we took off to the east just as the sun was rising. the initial line of flight was straight toward downtown london. we made a gradual climb out to the right that afforded me great views of the river thames and big ben .\nba fed us a cheese and mushroom sandwich for breakfast. it wasn' t your typical british breakfast and i actually missed the beans that usually are served. i stayed awake until we were along the coast of the bay of biscay then zoned out until we were just north of madrid (mad). customs in mad was simple; only a passport stamp and no examination of baggage. i changed money at a cambio ($ 1 us = 183 pesetas). on january 1, 2002, the peseta becomes history as the much ballyhooed euro takes over as the monetary unit for many european union countries .\nthis was the first bird of the trip, and one of the ci endemics. i' d soon learn just how common this bird\na cloudless cobalt sky and freshly chilled crisp clean mountain air, in the pine forest crown, which encircles mount teide. the perfect setting, for watching blue chaffinches, the first bird of our trip. happy with the' blues', we were soon into close encounters with great spotted woodpecker, raven and lovely yellow - green wild canaries... . chris hall reports\ndescribed by some as the best field guide in the world, and 15 years in the making. has it been worth the wait? ... yes definately! if you buy just 1 book a year then make sure that its this one. stunning drawings by the worlds finest bird illustrators. . and it shows. . check out the plates on tern, skuas, and the ducks... not forgetting the finches and crossbills .\ngreat to see at last a book that shows the real tenerife. must sees that the books backs up are teide & gomera. can' t wait to explore the northern island on my next trip! hope the fact that a book exists about the island will be enough to make people view this as a possible holiday destination .\none of the best guides available. it is very user friendly with easy to use codes which covers just about everything you may need to know. descriptions of places and attractions is brief but to the point, the only thing which could be improved would be the map as it not very accurate for driving purposes. overall excellent guide with general information to interest all .\nnelles travel packs offer a guidebook and a full - size pull - out map in one. this pack provides travel information for anyone visiting fuerteventura, featuring up - to - the - minute travel data .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by clements checklist resource from phylloscopus canariensis (hartwig 1886) to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthanks to friends, clients and the cruise company for making the trip such a great experience! all in all, glad i did it, but i probably won’t be going back .\nberthelot' s pipit anthus berthelotii, the most common and widespread of the endemics. lanzarote, dec17th, 2011 .\nhoubara bustard chlamydotis undulata, one of the specials of fuerteventura and lanzarote. lanzarote, dec 17th, 2011 .\nteneriffae. recently accorded species status, but even then may appear as either cyanistes teneriffae or cyanistes ultramarinus depending on source! ? tenerife, 11th dec, 2011. “ ]\ntenerife goldcrest regulus teneriffae, tenerife, 18thdec, 2011. form of goldcrest, recently elevated to species level .\nis a finnish ornithologist, author, artist and travel guide. dick' s deep interest in birds, raptors in particular, started during his early childhood and ever since he has built his life around this passion .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nour destination, as seen from the rich forests in the low country of tenerife .\noh, we could have signed up for a shore excursion, and those who did so had a great time, i’m told. but i needed to take my time here: there were photos to take and bird songs to identify and endemic species to track down. and you never want to be that knob who is always dragging behind the group, holding everyone up. so we splurged and rented a car." ]

{ "text": [ "the canary islands chiffchaff ( phylloscopus canariensis ) is a species of leaf warbler endemic to the canary islands , spain .", "sometimes the english name is spelled canary island chiffchaff . " ], "topic": [ 29, 25 ] }

[ "the canary islands chiffchaff (phylloscopus canariensis) is a species of leaf warbler endemic to the canary islands, spain. sometimes the english name is spelled canary island chiffchaff." ]

[ "storming home was relegated to fourth while stevens was hospitalized with a fractured vertebra and punctured lung .\nstorming home – champion stakes (2002), clement l. hirsch memorial turf championship (2003 )\n1 black - type horses (6. 25% of all black - type horses by storming home )\n1 black - type winners (10. 00% of all black - type winners by storming home )\ngary stevens, aboard 2 - 1 favorite storming home, was scratching his head after his seventh - place showing .\nnew zealand' s stoney bridge has acquired triple group one winner storming home as a third new stallion for 2006 .\ncaptain webb' s breeding is particularly interesting. storming home seems to be following his sire by crossing well with the\nit was only after a stewards' inquiry that sulamani was announced the winner having finishing in second place behind storming home .\nstevens was unseated from storming home after the finishing line and the horse was demoted to fourth after the stewards' inquiry .\neven so, it may not be enough to beat storming home, an exciting new addition to the distance turf division .\nif storming home repeats his last race, he will only solidify his position as the top turf distance horse in the nation .\nstorming home will serve a limited book of mares at a fee of $ nz10, 000 + gst at stoney bridge in 2006 .\nstorming home, who joins the two previous announcements st reims and mr. nancho, was was champion 3yo in the uk in 2001 .\nthe distance is one of the few differences for storming home in the whittingham. the murray was run over 1 1 / 2 miles on turf and was storming home' s first start in nearly six months. the whittingham may be a shorter trip, but that is not a concern for trainer neil drysdale .\nthe david flores - ridden sulamani produced a remarkable run in the straight having been forced wide off the final turn and only just failed to catch storming home .\nceltic silence is still a possible for epsom (20 - 1 with chandler), storming home (20 - 1 hill' s) is a probable, while fourth home, aldwych, has dropped out of the derby picture completely .\nstorming home displayed a much - improved attitude to win the emirates airline champion stakes, the £424, 000 highlight of newmarket' s champions' day card on saturday .\nselections: falbrav (8), 1; storming home (5), 2; sulamani (4), 3; high chaparral (3), 4 .\nstorm home to win without the opposition scoring a goal in the final quarter .\nthe 19, 000 - square - foot home sits on 8. 5 acres\nstorming home' s dam try to catch was a winner at 1600m in france and is by champion european colt shareef dancer (northern dancer - sweet alliance by sir ivor) .\nthe second - favourite was french raider al wukair at 4 - 1 for trainer andre fabre after storming home to win a group iii race at maisons - laffitte on april 10 .\nstorming home - claba di san jore (barathea) dp = 10 - 0 - 9 - 2 - 1 (22) di = 1. 93 cd = 0. 73\nproduced a storming finish to win the weatherby' s insurance lonsdale stakes earlier at the ebor meeting .\nstorming home (gb) (bay 1998 - stud 2004). 8 wins, newmarket champion s. , gr. 1. sire of 366 rnrs, 226 wnrs, 10 sw, inc. lion tamer (victoria derby, gr. 1), jakkalberry, flying cloud, makoto brillar, teehaff, empire storm, pero, mary' s precedent, atlantic storm, captain webb, sp storming star, sudden storm, storming loose, hameildaeme, real specialist, unleashed and of storming honor, highland storm, renaione, running home, stevie thunder, etc .\ndrysdale' s assessment of storming home' s style is bad news for the connections of the other five horses entered in the grade 1 whittingham. even if mister acpen and night patrol are effective on the lead, blue steller and gigli are best as stalkers, and cagney is a danger from the back, it will mean little if storming home shows his best form .\ngary stevens had sent storming home into the lead with over a furlong left to travel and the ex - barry hills runner looked to have the £375, 000 first prize in safe keeping .\nplans are afoot for them to be declared in the near - future like standard blinkers but storming home clearly finds them just the ticket and has really put his previously - frustrating ways behind him .\nstorming home won' t go to the us now – he will stay in training here and we will look at races like the eclipse and the prince of wales' s stakes .\ngigli is considered the stronger half of the entry. he can lay close to mister acpen and night patrol and could be in front of storming home - at least until the field reaches the backstretch .\nto be able to stand a stallion of such world class quality both in terms of performance and pedigree as storming home elevates stoney bridge to a new level ,\nsaid stoney bridge owner michael tololi .\nhe settled at the back of the field before storming home to win the mypunter hcp (1400m) on the hillside circuit last week. it was his third victory following early wins at pakenham and werribee .\nbut in the preakness, point given was much the best, strolling home to a comfortable win. he was even more impressive in the belmont, storming home to victory by more than a dozen lengths, becoming the first horse since tabasco cat in 1994 to take both the preakness and the belmont .\nnew zealand sires to expect their first foals on the ground in the coming breeding season include ferlax (pentire), jakkalberry (storming home) and shamexpress (o’reilly) who are all represented in the sale .\nstorming of the bastille and arrest of the governor m. de launay, july 14, 1789 view in wikimedia commons\nstorming home had only one more start in the g1 john deere breeders' cup turf at santa anita where his carer came to an ened when he suffered an injury to his off hind heel after being galloped on .\ninglewood, calif. - storming home arrived from england last winter with a reputation as a threat in the major turf stakes at 1 1 / 4 miles and beyond. so far, he has met all expectations .\nthe sir michael stoute - trained favourite kalaman looked out of sorts and trailed home in last place .\ndilshaan, last year' s racing post trophy winner, displayed plenty of heart and quality in beating celtic silence and storming home, by half a length and a neck, after pulling out more and more in the final furlong .\nstorming home made amends with a slashing performance a month later to beat johar, the dead - heat winner with high chaparral in of the breeders' cup turf, in the g1 clement l. hirsch memorial turf championship at santa anita .\nmares by gold brose, who is from the habitat branch of the sir gaylord line out of a mare by yeats could be interesting. we can also note that the cross with shirley heights line mares supplied two stakes winners, one graded, for storming home, and 11 for the machiavellian line in general. the cross of machiavellian line stallions over mares carrying pompeii court has produced better than 10% stakes winners to starters, including storming home’s multiple grade one winner lion tamer .\nkieren fallon, boreal' s jockey, struck for home halfway down the straight, and like kazzia, the four - year - old never looked to be in any real danger. he galloped on strongly to beat storming home, who was fifth to galileo in last year' s derby, by three and a half lengths, with zindabad in third .\ntry to catch me and storming home are both bred on the time honoured nick between mr. prospector and northern dancer. the damsire shareef dancer is bred on the northern dancer nick with sir ivor, one which, whilst rare in the north, is very successful in australasia. zabeel and thorn park are two of many obvious examples which combine in ocean park. storming home’s granddam, the top flight mare it’s in the air, is sex - balanced inbred to nasrullah and his three parts brother royal charger .\nfew stallions can boast better credentials than storming home, so it is no surprise that he has achieved some good results from his early runners. now based in japan, it seems a fair bet that his stud career is going to continue on the ascendant .\nthese prestigious group 1 victories included a clean sweep of australia' s premier derby races last season. the late lion tamer (nz) (storming home) romped home by over six - lengths in the 2010 vrc derby, and karaka graduate shamrocker (nz) (o' reilly) became the first filly in 22 years to win the group 1 australian derby last year .\nearlier this week, radicals carrying flare guns were seen targeting diners at a marina restaurant in palma, screaming “go home” .\nher mum explained to the prince how they have been helped to learn the skills to enable audrey to live at home .\nhaving proved that he was a racehorse blessed with speed, stamina and toughness, storming home understandably has come up with some good horses from his european crops. his finest hour to date as a sire came at royal ascot last year when his three - year - old godolphin - owned daughter flying cloud maintained her unbeaten record with an impressive four - length triumph in the group two ribblesdale stakes (2400m). she is one of five stakes winners to date for storming home, a number which looks sure to continue to rise apace .\nhe is currently third favourite at 7 - 1 for next month' s st leger and those odds would shorten if he succeeds. but i think storming home (3. 45), who has run some fine races this season, will prove too strong for him .\nthree weeks after the order was granted, alex grabbed painkillers and matches and locked herself in the bathroom at her foster home .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nmichael hills has selected storming home as his derby mount, but admitted :\ni could have made a case for all three .\nrichard quinn rides chancellor, richard hills partners mr combustible, and richard hughes is on perfect sunday, the other barry hills - trained runner .\nlater in june, milan started favourite for the king edward vii stakes at royal ascot but finished fourth of the twelve runners behind storming home. milan and storming home met again in the great voltigeur stakes at york in august. on this occasion, milan started second favourite at 6 / 1, despite receiving three pounds from his english - trained opponent. kinane restrained milan in the early stages before moving him forward in the straight. he took the lead a furlong from the finish and stayed on to beat storming home by one and a half lengths. [ 8 ] aidan o' brien explained that the colt had been given a break since things had happened\na bit quick for him\nin france and at ascot, and that he had been looking fresh in training. the racing post described milan as looking\nstylish and progressive\n. [ 9 ]\nstorming home is sex - balanced inbred to mr. prospector 2 x 3, and similarly line - bred to native dancer, natalma and nasrullah. both his sire and dam are sex balanced line bred to native dancer with machiavellian 3 x 4 and try to catch me 4 x 4 .\na number of public spaces have also been defaced with stickers carrying the slogans\ntourism kills the city\nand “tourists go home” .\nmachiavellian sired g1 winners from five furlongs to two and a half miles, including dubai world cup winners street cry (who went on to tremendous success at stud himself) and almutawakel, plus the eclipse and juddmonte international hero medicean, smart sprinter patavellian and four - time g1 winner storming home .\nlesean mccoy' s ex - girlfriend uses her lawyer to imply he played a role in home invasion pistol - whip attack ...\nmrs joseph explained how she is currently learning ventilator skills to enable mareyah to join her five other siblings at home in meanwood, leeds .\ntwo days later, we gathered alex' s belongings, put her suitcase in the car and drove our daughter to her new home .\nthe 5 - year - old storming home won his u. s. debut in the jim murray memorial handicap last month and will be a strong favorite to win his second stakes of the year in the $ 350, 000 charles whittingham memorial handicap over 1 1 / 4 miles on turf at hollywood park .\nmaille pistol, the rags - to - riches french - trained colt, was sent off 6 - 4 favourite, but after slowing the field down before turning into the home straight, was swamped by his rivals and struggled home eighth, on officially 'good to firm' ground .\nhis parents, from dewsbury, described how they had to learn tracheostomy skills and other life support techniques to allow them to take lewis home .\nthe horse came under pressure on the home bend and could not quite live with the principals, finishing seventh, beaten just more than two lengths .\nivanka trump wears a pussy - bow blouse paired with a chic flared skirt as she leaves her d. c. home with a notebook in hand\nhe also visited headingley carnegie stadium, the home of leeds rhinos, where he watched and chatted to dozens of youngsters being introduced to rugby league .\nstorming home (gb) dkb / br. h, 1998 { 4 - k } dp = 17 - 4 - 15 - 0 - 0 (36) di = 3. 80 cd = 1. 06 - 23 starts, 8 wins, 4 places, 3 shows career earnings: $ 1, 536, 704\nthe john size trained five - year - old real specialist (nz) (storming home) then capped off a great night for the kiwis when winning the ninth race on the 10 - race card by a head – the hk $ 2 million class 1 canberra handicap (1400m) – his second consecutive victory of the season .\nhe is by storming home (tfr 128) winner of four group or grade one races in england and america including the newmarket champion stakes, but whose stud career was marred by the fact that he stood just four seasons in britain before his export to japan, having limited opportunity as a stout staying sire to make his proper mark .\ntrained in england by barry hills, storming home broke his maiden as a two - year - old at newmarket and was g3 placed that season before blooming as a 3yo with a win in the listed blue riband trial at epsom by four lengths and a third in the g2 dante stakes leading up to a fifth to galileo in the english derby .\ngodolphin' s sulamani, a winner at his only two starts in the us, and storming home, who has been in great form since crossing the atlantic, are sure to keep the pressure on. the neil drysdale charge was first past the post in the arlington million (2000m) but was placed fourth for causing interference in the last few strides .\nafter receiving knee surgery during the winter, he was back in action at newbury last month and, hardly breaking sweat, strolled home by three lengths from aldwych .\nprince harry visited the home of a seriously ill five - year - old boy before meeting other sick children in hospital on the second day of his visit to leeds .\nby machiavellian’s son, storming home – a classic sire with his only crop in new zealand – jakkalberry is out of the great producing mare, claba di san jore, and is half or three - quarters brother to three other champions or group one winners. overall he has a pedigree that appears likely to be genetically compatible with a large proportion of broodmares in new zealand .\nthe whittingham is the first of three graded stakes on saturday' s program, followed by the $ 200, 000 hollywood breeders' cup oaks for 3 - year - old fillies and the $ 400, 000 californian stakes for older horses. the whittingham is the third race and will not be part of the pick six, largely because of storming home, the 124 - pound topweight .\nbut this influx of tourists has come at a price for the city' s 1. 6 million residents who think their home is being damaged by its never - ending popularity .\nhe was later transferred to neil drysdale' s stable in california and was first home in his first three us starts, all on turf, including the g1 charles whittingham handicap .\nstorming home sired a graded stakes winner out of a mare by northern dancer son, el gran senor (sire of colonel collins). el gran senor is a brother to try my best, whose grandson o’reilly (by last tycoon) is broodmare sire of five graded winners by machiavellian son, no excuse needed. last tycoon might also be brought in through bigstone, just awesome, marju and towkay .\nbalto star surrendered the lead to the tin man as the field turned for home, with falbrav on the hedge. high chaparral and johar came flying to make for a dramatic finish .\nstorming home shuttled to new zealand for just the one season in 2006, leaving two stakes winners including the ill - fated top class colt lion tamer (generous, pompeii court) and sired nine stakes winners all told. it seems to be quite significant that two of his stakes winners are from green desert mares and two from shirley heights mares. the latter sire is also the sire of jakkalberry’s third dam .\nadam will stay on in melbourne to ride in the australia - ireland series next month before taking misty weather and stablemate toldo home. he brought them over on a two - horse float .\nas a racehorse, storming home was a thoroughly worthy representative of the mr prospector sire - line, a line which has achieved phenomenal results throughout the world. in america it has been dominant for a couple of decades, while its results elsewhere have also been outstanding despite it enjoying a far smaller representation among the pool of stallions. japan is an obvious example of this trend, with the mr prospector line being massively outnumbered among the sires’ ranks by descendants of hail to reason, but even so the line has produced at least its fair share of top - liners, including the top - class racehorse (and now darley stallion) admire moon. with so many japanese pedigrees nowadays awash with sunday silence blood, the scope for an increased representation of mr prospector - line horses is large, and storming home is a stallion perfectly credentialed to fill this void .\nkieren fallon has excelled at pontefract this season and can continue his great record by booting home night games in the opening great value yorks racing season ticket maiden auction stakes (writes the duke) .\nanother contender from great britain, the four - year - old son of machiavellian storming home captured his first g1 title in 18 starts in the champion stakes at newmarket last time out. since the application of sheepskin cheek pieces, his performance has shown great improvement, viz. victory in the godolphin stakes by six lengths on 4 october before his champion stakes success. trainer barry hills feels he will relish the firm going and the 2200m distance .\nit is 10 years since luca cumani won this handicap, but he was unlucky not to follow up 12 months ago with 4 - 1 favourite glistening, who got into all sorts of trouble before storming home to be beaten a head by young mick. futun appears to have been laid out for the prize this time, and he caught the eye with a staying - on fifth behind emirates skyline over 10 furlongs at york last time out .\nhis sire storming home is a son of that influential mr. prospector horse machiavellian, whose granddam is a half - sister to northern dancer. the damsire of jakkalberry is barathea (sadler’s wells), whose 81 stakes winners (six at elite level) include tobougg and vrc salinger stakes winner easy rocking. law society the sire of the granddam, also left six elite winners among his 45 stakes winners, and nicked particularly well with northfields .\nfollowing acute multiple trauma, hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands causes an increase in circulating corticoids and catecholamines, or a stress response. in individuals with severe traumatic brain injury or a glasgow coma scale score of 3 - 8, this response can be exaggerated and episodic. a term commonly used by nurses caring for these individuals to describe this phenomenon is storming. symptoms can include alterations in level of consciousness, increased posturing, dystonia, hypertension, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, and agitation. these individuals generally are at a low level of neurological activity with minimal alertness, minimal awareness, and reflexive motor response to stimulation, and the storming can take a seemingly peaceful individual into a state of chaos. diagnosis is commonly made solely on clinical assessment, and treatment is aimed at controlling the duration and severity of the symptoms and preventing additional brain injury. storming can pose a challenge for the nurse, from providing daily care for the individual in the height of the storming episode and treating the symptoms, to educating the family. careful assessment of the individual leads the nurse to the diagnosis and places the nurse in the role of moderator of the storming episode, including providing treatment and evaluating outcomes .\n, whose impressive three - length win came in scotland on a friday evening, is a true homebred as he is bred by same gainsborough stud management team who bred his sire, storming home and the horse carries the green and red silks of sheikh mohammed' s second son, sheikh hamdan bin mohammed al maktoum (gainsborough' s stock was absorbed by sheikh mohammed upon the passing of sheikh mohammed' s elder brother maktoum al maktoum in 2006) .\ncourthouse news service reported that anthony mitchell and his parents, michael and linda mitchell, have sued the city of henderson, its police chief, jutta chambers, and several police officers in federal court. the plaintiffs say police asked permission to enter the younger mr. mitchell ’s home to use as a stakeout for a nearby criminal investigation, and when they were denied, conspired to storm into the home anyway .\nfavourites have won four of the last five runnings of the the juddmonte international and established top - flight performers have been dominant. ten of the last 11 winners had won or been placed in a group one race that season. the eclipse stakes is the best guide and this year' s winner medicean (3. 10) hails from the sir michael stoute stable which has a good record in this. stoute also has a likely sort in adjawar (4. 15) in the ladbroke knavesmire handicap. ten of the last 11 winners were first or second on their last outing and had a rating of at least 82 and adjawar ran well behind arrive last time. storming home (3. 45) has very good prospects in the great voltigeur. winning form in group races and in two - year - old and three - year - old seasons are the key trends and storming home fits the bill .\nfurthermore, the dismantling of the fence in the straight for the long run home gave trainer michael trinder more chance to watch his son adam win on misty weather, the tasmanian grand national steeple winner in april .\nprobably at his best over 2000m on a firm track, storming home provided repeated evidence that he was also top - class up to 2400m. his form at the classic distance included not only his royal ascot success as a three - year - old, but also several good runs as a four - year - old, most notably when he finished second to boreal in the coronation cup over the derby course at epsom, beating the prix de l’arc de triomphe winner marienbard .\nequipped for the second time with sheepskin cheekpieces to enhance his concentration, he showed the benefits of a confidence - boosting victory in a minor event on his last start as he streaked home to win the group one contest .\n“officers then arrested him for obstructing a police officer, searched the house and moved furniture without his permission and set up a place in his home for a lookout, ” the court documents said, courthouse news service reported .\nkenny rae is covering a group one base with inanna, who showed she could be a future black type contender with a breakthrough performance on her home track. the ruakaka horseman, who trai... ...\npoker face storms home to beat seven - times winner luen yat miracle cambridge trainer roger james was delighted with the performance of his jimmy choux three - year - old poker face who won on satur... ...\nstorming home has two stakes winners out of a mares by green desert, and there are already 11 stakes winners on a machiavellian / green desert cross. the green desert strain should work very well here, bringing in another northern dancer / sir gaylord cross to combine with shareef dancer and barathea, who are already in the pedigree of jakkalberry, and sources would include cape cross, volksraad (broodmare sire of a machiavellian line graded stakes winner), invincible spirit, magic ring, desert prince and seasoned star .\na satisfying weekend for rich hill was completed by the maiden success of speechmaker at te rapa on sunday, beating home a number of well regarded three - year - old opponents. at just his seco... ...\nbut the 3700 - metre hiskens was anything but an anti - climax to the jumping season when one of the sport' s first families produced a winner who leaped brilliantly and, in storming clear, earned applause that drowned any talk of the finish becoming a glorified jumpers' flat race .\nhong kong’s reigning dual horse of the year – the karaka select sale graduate ambitious dragon (nz) – produced the performance of his amazing career last night to lead home a nzb quinella in the group 1 hong kong mile at sha tin .\nthe promising addison (jimmy choux) will look to continue her progress when lining up over 1800 metres at caulfield on sunday. the lightly - raced four - year - old mare led close home to score ov... ...\nsmart four - year - old batabullet capped off a rewarding premier day at hastings this afternoon for rich hill stud. the home - bred' s victory, his third from seven starts, completed a double for... ...\nhot fuss continued rich hill stud' s hot run of racetrack success when she opened her account on her home track this afternoon. trained at riccarton by kevin and pam hughes, the two - year - old da... ...\na nevada family’s lawsuit against police claims they stormed one man’s home to use it for a lookout site for a criminal investigation of a nearby residence, shot the owner and owner’s dog with pepperball rounds, and committed a slew of other third amendment offenses .\nthe winners continue to flow for rich hill stud' s jimmy choux with the home - bred moccasin the latest to add to the tally. the patiently - handled four - year - old was successful at tauranga this af... ...\nstorming home was kept in training the following year as a four - year - old where victories included godolphin stakes (l) at newmarket before coming back to the rowley mile where he won the champion stakes (gr1) having been dropped back two furlongs to 10 furlongs - which was always his best trip. for his five - year - old campaign he was sent to neil drysdale in america where he won a number of stakes races including the charles whittingham handicap (gr1) and the clement l hirsch memorial turf championship (gr1) which, again, were both over 10 furlongs .\naidan o' brien, trainer of high chaparral, said ,\nwe were delighted to be involved (in the dead - heat). obviously he' s an exceptional colt. he was a little tight down the backside but he came home real well .\nlast year at arlington park, high chaparral kicked away to win by 1 ¼ lengths. this time, he joined the fray between horses. johar, with alex solis aboard, was pounding home on the outside and falbrav was along the hedge as they hit the wire together .\nsir ivor is from the turn - to line, and machiavellian line stallions have also crossed well with mares descending from turn - to line stallion, roberto. the great mare zenyatta was by machiavellian out of a mare by roberto son, kris s. , and in turn storming home sired graded winner pero from a mare by prized a son of kris s. (also sire of brocco). other roberto line stallions whose daughters might be utilized here are red ransom and his sons intikhab (sire of champion kidnapping out of the dam of jakkalberry), ekraar, handsome ransom, touching wood and casual lies .\nto build, lead, or participate in a team requires an understanding of the stages of team development. through extensive research, it has been found that successful teams have certain aspects of their development paths in common. the one that most people are aware of is bruce tuckman' s forming, storming, norming, and performing model .\nsympathetic storming tends to be associated with lower neurological functional level and can be caused by injury or pressure created by tumors, hydrocephalus, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, though it is most commonly seen in the tbi population (baguley et al. , 1999; boeve et al. , 1998; do, sheen, & brumfield, 2000; darnell & arbit, 1993; keller & williams, 1993; russo & o' flaherty, 2000; strum, 2002; thorley et al. , 2001). this article specifically addresses sympathetic storming after tbi and reviews history, proposed etiology, clinical presentation, assessment parameters, differential diagnosis, treatment, family education, and the role of the nurse .\nceltic silence, last year' s chesham stakes winner, very quickly went on when frankie dettori saw there was no natural front - runner, and the godolphin colt dictated terms until swinging wide into the home straight and then being challenged on his inside by dilshaan inside the three - furlong marker .\nraymond loewy, the hugely influential industrial designer who put his mark on the american automobile industry with groundbreaking vehicles such as the studebaker champion, starliner and avanti, dies on this day in 1986 at his home in monte carlo at the age of 92. born in france, loewy served as an ...\nbut in an amazing effort from the six - year - old son of pins, he produced that electric turn of foot and stormed home from the back of the field, getting the better of glorious days in the last 100 metres to land his second international group 1 race by a three - quarter length .\nwith ces 2017 fading in the rearview like the last rays of a dying sunset, we’re left with countless new tech trends to ponder. one of the most interesting in the home theater landscape is the explosion of the dolby atmos soundbar, debut models of which have begun to pop up from virtually every major brand .\nbarathea is a very successful damsire. his daughters have produced a total of twelve group winners, including jakkalberry (storming home), crackerjack king (shamardal) and awelmarduk (almutawakel) all out of claba di san jore, the dubai world cup winner monterosso (dubawi), the yorkshire oaks winner and the runner up in the prix de l’arc de triomphe shareta (sinndar), triple gr. 1 winner hunter’s light (dubawi), the winner of the juddmonte international stakes arabian queen (dubawi), the french classic winner tie black (machiavellian), the winner of the prix maurice de gheest king’s apostle (king’s best) or the winner of the moyglare stud stakes necklace (darshaan) .\nthe 2004 dax international was held in july and most fanciers thought the british success in the 2003 event was a\none off\nand was unlikely to be repeated. but this wasn' t the case in the 2004 race, with two british fanciers storming home to win 1 st. and 2 nd. open dax international again. the brilliant west country ace, brian sheppard, came close to it a double of international winners, when he clocked his widowhood cock on the day, to record 2 nd. open international. fantastic pigeon flying by brian, but it was someone else' s turn to win the international that year and the winning pigeon was clocked at the berkshire loft of mark and geoff gilbert .\njumps racing is the trinder love and business, learned from michael' s father and adam' s grandfather, ray, owner - trainer of piping lane, who won the 1972 melbourne cup when under george hanlon' s care. the horse' s grave is a tourist attraction on the front lawn of the trinder home near devonport .\non july 14, 1968, atlanta braves slugger henry “hank” aaron hits the 500th home run of his career in a 4 - 2 win over the san francisco giants. henry aaron was born february 5, 1934, in mobile, alabama. the third of eight children, aaron was a star football player, third baseman and ...\nkazzia, the 1, 000 guineas winner, yesterday became the first filly since salsabil in 1990 to complete the classic double in the oaks with an impressive half - length defeat of quarter moon. the third runner home, shadow dancing, was 14 lengths further away, and both kazzia and quarter moon emerged from the race with immense credit .\nair force blue form: 12111 - trainer: aidan o’brien general odds: 4 - 6 favourite last season’s champion two - year - old should have no trouble staying a mile and sets an extremely high standard, having won three group one contests by an aggregate of more than eight lengths. proved his effectiveness at newmarket when storming clear in the dubai dewhurst stakes in october and has shown his effectiveness on fast and easy ground .\nfocusing solely on open competition in 2003, main power was shown a total of seven times and had an undefeated four - year - old season. he and trainer joe cotten strolled down victory lane at the mississippi state charity show, gallatin, the spring fun show, and woodbury before storming the big oval and laying siege to the four - year - old stallions world championship and the four - year - old world grand championship .\nhe’s been pleasing us at home but we were worried about the ground and also he was meeting a good field first - up, i had to ride him a bit steady from the gate but he was electric when i asked him to go .\nhe’s a nice, big colt with a lovely relaxed attitude and a very good turn of foot .\nat home he lollops away and you don' t know how fast he' s going. he doesn' t look fast. we could have gone a mile and one in the feilden [ stakes over 1811m ] but we said' let' s find out if he' s fast enough for a mile' and he' s proved it against group horses .\nit was then off to australia, where he debuted in the caulfield cup before finishing third in the melbourne cup, producing the run of the race when rattling home with the fastest sectional time of the race just over two lengths behind green moon and fiorente. jakkalberry then continued his inter - continental travels when again close behind japanese stars gentildonna and orfevre in the gr. 1 japan cup .\nkazzia' s success completed an unprecedented group one double for german bloodlines, following the victory of boreal in the coronation cup earlier in the afternoon. unlike kazzia, though, who was bought by godolpin from her former german trainer, boreal stayed at home, and the win was the first by a german - trained horse in a british group one since star appeal in the eclipse of 1975 .\nmassaat form: 212 - trainer: owen burrows odds: 10 - 1 went into lots of notebooks when a head second to cymric on his debut at sandown in july and duly went one better at leicester two months later, despite the softish going not seeming ideal. stepped up on those efforts when chasing home air force blue in the dewhurst and, while no match for the winner, is open to more improvement .\nto be honest ,\nsaid easterby ,\ni have no idea whether it was the pacifier that made the difference. it could have been the change of rider, keith dalgleish was on her for the first time. but it seemed to help her when we put it on at home. she' s generally got a very good temperament, but she does get a bit edgy sometimes. the pacifier maybe helped to keep her mind settled .\nin a home theater, atmos and dts: x are scaled down to match the tools at hand, topping out at 11 individual speaker channels, and two bass channels. the most basic configuration (and the most common in atmos soundbars) is 5. 1. 2, which involves a typical 5. 1 setup (left, center, right, and two surrounds), along with two height speakers, which can be mounted overhead, or angled up from ground level to bounce sound down from the ceiling .\nin a this day in history video, learn that on july 14, 1789, revolutionaries created a summer holiday in france when they stormed the bastille. the fortress was a hated symbol of the monarchy that held political prisoners. just after dawn, a great crowd gathered outside and was at first repelled by the king' s soldiers, but a group managed to sneak over the walls and let down the drawbridge. the french revolution was officially underway and soon revolutionaries controlled all of paris, forcing king louis xvi to accept the constitutional government. a few years after the storming of the bastille, during the reign of terror, king louis xvi lost was beheaded .\neasterby was introduced to pacifiers some time ago by his now - assistant keith stone, who has trained in macau and singapore .\nhe swears by them ,\nsaid easterby ,\nand we' ve used them at home on some of the tricky rides for a couple of years. he rode my american beauty in them before she ran at hamilton and said they helped. we put them on good girl when she ran at newbury a couple of weeks ago and she didn' t win, but we' ll try them again. who knows ?\nbut there were also scenes of surprising intimacy, not necessarily sexual in implication. death pervades the story of g. i. joe, as it does many of the hollywood movies made during the final stages of world war ii, when certain victory eliminated the need for home - front morale boosters, and audiences were finally given permission to weep. toward the end a weary soldier touches his mud - splattered hand to his dead captain' s cheek before hobbling to catch up with his platoon. had one man ever touched another so tenderly in an earlier movie? all these breakthroughs culminated in the best years of our lives .\non my return from holiday i was given the great news that one of the sport' s gentlemen, mark gilbert of winkfield, near windsor, had won the national, with a banger of a blue cock bred from a hen he had urchased at eric cannon' s dispersal sale after his death in 2000. as n. f. c. press officer, the saturday after the race i visited mark' s home, and i must say it was a double pleasure for me that day, firstly to see mark' s champion blue cock, now named ,\nnight flight\nand secondly to the berkshire village of winkfield, as many years ago, when i was a young lad, my uncle owned a farm there and my brother, phil and i used to work on it during the school holidays. wonderful memories !\nalong with numbers from the latest broadway smashes, the songs we heard performed on the big nighttime variety shows were likely to be ones that our mothers and fathers had courted to during the war. to us, these songs sounded hopelessly mushy or just plain silly. our parents weren' t about to tell us that\ndon' t sit under the apple tree with anyone else but me\nonce meant\npromise you' ll be faithful while i' m away ,\nmuch less that\nso love me tonight, tomorrow was meant for some, tomorrow may never come, for all we know\nwas an eloquent way of saying\nsurrender your virginity to me now, because i might be sent home in a box .\nthose songs were the first manifestos in a sexual revolution whose beginnings are usually traced back only to playboy and the pill .\nworld war ii provided a backdrop for romance in casablanca; in the best years of our lives it' s the back - story .\nremember what it felt like when you went overseas ?\ndana andrews, the movie' s third veteran, asks march, echoing a line from that story in time, as their transport plane makes its way to boone city, the movie' s fictional midwestern setting .\ni feel the same way now, only more so .\nandrews and the others have been men without women. war has changed them, and the women have gained a measure of independence in their absence. the liquor cabinet is nearly empty when march arrives home, and there' s only enough bacon in the refrigerator for his wife (myrna loy) and their two children. at one point march offers her a cigarette, forgetting she doesn' t smoke .\njohar, 9, and high chaparral, finish in a dead heat in the breeders' cup turf at the world thoroughbred championships at santa anita park .\nfor the first time in breeders' cup history, a race ended in a dead - heat. in a thrilling three - horse stretch drive, high chaparral and johar finished on even terms, with falbrav just a nod behind those two in the john deere breeders' cup turf (gr. i) .\nunder mick kinane, high chaparral was winning the race for the second straight year. or you could say he has now won the 1 ½ - mile turf race one and a half times .\nit took a long time for the photo - finish results to be posted. both horses circled in front of the stands for 10 minutes. finally, it was posted as a dead - heat .\nthis is incredible ,\nsolis said .\nhe broke real relaxed, and i just had to be patient. i got him into the race, and at the quarter pole, i swung him out, and he came flying. he' s a game little horse, and he beat some of the best horses in the world. i' m very proud of him .\ni thought the judge was on a tea break, but i knew it was very close ,\nkinane said .\nand then the longer it went, well, i said, half a loaf is better than no fish, you know .\nbalto star led the field for much of the running. he took the lead from toccet as the group came down the hillside portion of the turf course. those two were in front, with high chaparral in third as they went by the stands for the first time .\nfalbrav was ridden by darryll holland, who said he thought he was on the winner after disposing of the tin man .\nhe just exploded turning into the stretch and i just thought we were going to roll to the finish ,\nholland said .\nhe' s a brave horse but i could feel him tiring on me the last 20 yards .\nhigh chaparral, the 9 - 2 fourth choice in the field of nine, is owned by michael tabor and susan magnier. johar, 14 - 1, is owned by the thoroughbred corp. the winning connections both collected a winner' s share of $ 763, 200 .\nhigh chaparral now boast career earnings of $ 5, 331, 231 with a line 10 - 1 - 2 in 13 starts .\njohar, who missed eight months this year with a shoulder fracture, was making his third start on the comeback trail. he more than doubled his bankroll to $ 1, 494, 496 with six wins, four seconds and two thirds in 15 career outings .\nthe win by johar was the third of the day for mandella. he won the juvenile fillies (gr. i) with halfbridled and the bessemer trust juvenile (gr. i) with action this day .\ninterestingly, mandella had two previous breeders' cup wins and those came on the same day. in 1993, he scored with phone chatter (juvenile fillies) and kotashaan (turf) .\nhigh chaparral paid $ 6. 40, $ 6. 20, and $ 3. 80. johar returned $ 13. 60, $ 9, and $ 5. 40. falbrav was worth $ 4. 20 .\nmandella became the second trainer to win three races on a single breeders' cup card. d. wayne lukas accomplished the feat in 1988 .\ni' m having a very good day ,\nhe joked .\njohar ran fabulous. alex said i had him a little short .\nthe time of the race was 2: 24. 24 after fractions of: 48. 73, : 1: 11. 42, 1: 35. 76, and 2: 00. 04 .\nwe had a smooth trip other than getting bumped around early on ,\nhe said .\nhe just flattened out on me. i don' t know why .\nfrankie dettori, aboard sulamani, refused to blame the bad step for sulamani' s fifth - place finish .\nhe didn' t stumble but he checked on the clubhouse turn ,\nhe said .\nthey ran steady fractions in the middle of the race. the short straight and firm going didn' t help him. he prefers a softer going. he didn' t show his usual burst of speed. no great turn of foot today .\nthe tin man, ridden by mike smith, held on for fourth. bright sky was behind sulamani in sixth, with toccet and balto star bringing up the rear .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe uncertainty arose after dettori' s mount was involved in some barging in the final 25m with sarafan .\nit' s a dream come true for me and my country that i was able to give something back in my life and i' m very proud ,\nsaid dettori." ]

{ "text": [ "storming home is a retired , british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and active sire who was trained in the united kingdom and the united states during a racing career which ran from 2000 to 2003 .", "he won five important races , but is probably best known for his disqualification in the 2003 arlington million . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14 ] }

[ "storming home is a retired, british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and active sire who was trained in the united kingdom and the united states during a racing career which ran from 2000 to 2003. he won five important races, but is probably best known for his disqualification in the 2003 arlington million." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for pearl - spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum) yet .\npearl - spotted owlet is a common and easily seen bird in open woodland and savannah .\npearl - spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum) is a species of bird in the strigidae family .\n2: unlike most owls, the pearl - spotted owlet is active during the daylight hours .\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions. the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of pearl - spotted owlet were collected. you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of pearl - spotted owlet here .\nthe pearl - spotted owlet is a very small owl with a rounded head and no ear - tufts. the name comes from the pearl - like white spots above the shoulders of this owl .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pearl - spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pearl - spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum )\ntitle =\narkive species - pearl - spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhabitat: the pearl - spotted owlet frequents lightly wooded areas, open woodland and grassland, but also forest and dense woodland. it avoids moist forest and most arid areas .\nprotection / threats / status: the pearl - spotted owlet is widespread or locally common in some parts of the range. this species is not threatened by the usual degradation of habitat and deforestation. however, the western populations are less abundant and appear more vulnerable to changes in habitat and food resources. but currently, the pearl - spotted owlet is not threatened .\nthe pearl - spotted owlet is most abundant in dry, open woodland, but is also found in wooded savanna, shrubland and dense forest, avoiding moist forest and the most arid areas (2) (7) .\nthe pearl - spotted owlet is small (19cm) and stocky, with a longish tail. the upperparts are rich brown, heavily spotted with white. the underparts are white, streaked with brown. the facial disc is white and the eyes are yellow. there are two eyespots on the nape .\nintroduction: this small and stocky owlet shows very peculiar nape pattern, with two dark spots surrounded by white rim, described as “eye - spots” or “false - eyes”. this distinctive pattern is used by the owlet to escape predators, as it appears larger than it really is. like all glaucidium members, the pearl - spotted owlet is a very small, tiny bird. it is living in africa, south of sahara .\nthe pearl spotted owlet is one of the smallest owls that we see here at arathusa. it’s identified by its white breast with mottled brown blotches, and has as a brown back with lots of pearl spots (hence its name). it also possesses two distinct black spots on the back of its head. these are said to mimic its eyes to deter a blind attack from other birds .\nresembles jungle owlet but larger. a dumpy? hornless? dark brown owlet, closely barred with whitish above and below. the abdomen is whitish with longitudinal dark striations. there is a prominent white throat - patch .\nnce you’re hooked on owl watching, you’ll never look back, unless you’re a pearl spotted owlet with a separate set of ‘eyes’ at the back of your head, or a marsh owl, which always look back over its shoulder after take off. although owls are relatively common, very few people have ever actually seen one .\nreproduction of this species: the laying occurs between august and november, with a peak in september / october. the pearl - spotted owlet nests in cavities such as abandoned nests of barbet or woodpecker. the cavity is usually placed between 2 and 10 metres above the ground. the nest - site can be reused during several years .\nthe “false - eyes” are used for surprise attacks, while the prey believes it is looking away. but this morphological feature is also used to discourage the predators coming from behind. the pearl - spotted owlet also pursues preys in flight, and may sometimes steal food from other birds’ species or rob nest holes. it also eats carrion .\nabundant throughout much of its extensive range, the pearl - spotted owlet is not under immediate threat of extinction (1). however, there is a lack of data on threats and trends throughout the species’ range, particularly for western most populations. further surveys are therefore required to accurately determine the conservation status of this species (10) .\nthe pearl - spotted owlet is a resident of much of sub - saharan africa, with an extremely large range. g. p. perlatum ranges from gambia and senegal in west africa, towards western sudan in east africa, with g. p. licua ranging from eastern sudan, ethiopia and uganda, southwards to north, and eastern south africa (2) .\nsince january this year, a young pearl - spotted owlet has been frequenting our garden and become quite used to my presence. yesterday morning i heard a commotion at the birdbath and upon grabbing my camera and investigating, found that the pearly had pinned a lovebird to the ground by the birdbath. the hapless lovebird was still feebly flapping its wings but soon gave up the struggle. the owlet kept peering about as if deciding on the next course of action and eventually flew – with the lovebird trailing behind – onto the birdbath .\nhabits: the pearl - spotted owlet is active mainly at dusk and dawn, but also during daytime and occasionally on moonlit nights. prefers to sing from exposed perches, often from the tops of bushes or trees. when excited, this owl cocks its tail and flicks it from side to side. flight is undulating over distance, with rapid wingbeats alternating with gliding, and swoops up to perch .\nas a resident of arid open woodland, a habitat less impacted by human encroachment than others, the pearl - spotted owlet does not appear to be effected by traditional threats, such as deforestation and habitat degradation (7). however, populations in the western most areas of the species’ range are believed to be less abundant, and may be less resistant to subtle changes to habitat or prey abundance (2) .\nsome birds, like the fork - tailed drongo, will mimic the pearl spotted owl’s call, encouraging it into the area. as soon as the owl flies in, the drongos set about chasing it, and have been seen killing it if it cannot make its escape quickly enough .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the pearl - spotted owlet is mainly vocal after dark. it gives series of far - carrying rising whistles, ending in longer, descending notes “tu - tu - tu - tu - tu - tu - twee - twee - twee”. the alarm call is a repeated “peep - peep - peep”. it also gives a squeaky high - pitched note during the day. mates frequently perform duets .\nbehaviour in the wild: the pearl - spotted owlet feeds primarily on arthropods, but it also takes larger preys such as bats, birds, rodents and lizards. although being the most diurnal african owl, this species hunts usually at night, and sometimes by day. it hunts from a perch, searching for preys on the ground. once the prey is detected, it dives fast to strike. it is able to kill larger birds such as columbidae, thanks to its powerful feet .\nas resident in its range, the pearl - spotted owlet is territorial all year round. during the breeding season, both sexes call in duets. courtship feeding by male to female is observed too, often prior to copulation. while presenting food to the female, the male performs wing - and body - movements. they nest in natural cavities, especially old holes of barbets and woodpeckers. it may ravage these nests too to gain site. however, its own nest is sometimes usurped by other cavity - nesters or bees !\nboth sexes are similar, with the female slightly larger than male. the juvenile is duller, less rufous, less spotted on mantle and crown. it has shorter tail too .\nthe pearl - spotted owlet breeds between august and november, with breeding peaking between september and october. pairs fiercely compete with other birds, such as woodpeckers and barbets, for holes in trees to make nests (2) (9). nests may be reused each season, and pairs will maintain territories, often by destroying the nesting sites of competitors. between two and four eggs are laid, and the female will incubate the eggs for some 29 days, with offspring fledging after a further 31 days, and becoming fully independent two weeks later (2) (5) .\ng. p. licua occurs in e sudan, ethiopia, s to n and e south africa, angola and namibia. this one is greyer than nominate, and more heavily spotted .\ntwo subspecies are recognised, with glaucidium perlatum licua being distinguished from the nominate subspecies, g. p. perlatum, by a greyer, and more heavily spotted plumage (2) (6) .\nholt, d. w. , berkley, r. , deppe, c. , enríquez rocha, p. , petersen, j. l. , rangel salazar, j. l. , segars, k. p. , wood, k. l. & marks, j. s. (2018). pearl - spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nthis, incidentally, is the same pearl - spotted owlet which my rottweiler swallowed; i will never forget the sight of two yellow feet sticking out of either side of its mouth and me galloping after dog and bird – on crutches and moonboot (i had a broken foot since an unfortunate and very clumsy fall down the stairs in january). i think my voice could be heard in the whole neighborhood as i screamed for the dog to let go and eventually managed to just about wrestle him down to the ground and prise his mouth open, to have a very wet and bedraggled owl plop to the ground – alive and unhurt! it squawked very indignantly and flew off into the nearest tree – but has amazingly not packed its bags and left for good .\nthe so - called bushveld owls, namely the african scops owl, pearl - spotted owlet and white - faced owl, are all specialists in the entertainment business. incidentally, these owls are employed by nature conservation to entertain visitors at their different camps throughout namibia. at night they can be seen, or at least heard, in virtually all the game parks. the ‘pearlies’ are one of the owl species that is relatively active during the day, supposedly because they have a second set of ‘eyes’ behind their heads. the frog - like ‘krup’ sound repeated at short intervals after dark is a definite sign that you are in scops owl country. the white - faced owl, like the scops owl, has the ability to change its appearance during the day by ‘slimming’ its body, resulting in a very different looking and well disguised little creature .\nbecause of its adaptability to different habitats, the most common owl in namibia is the spotted eagle owl. with the exception of the barn owl, this owl is also the best adapted to human surroundings. its call is so typical that ‘whoo hoo’ has become the layman’s term for ‘owls’. the cape eagle owl, the spotted eagle owl look - alike except for its large feet, orange instead of yellow eyes, more boldly mottled chest and bigger size, also occurs in namibia, but only in the far south along the fish and orange rivers .\nthe adult of nominate race has chocolate - rufous plumage, mostly cinnamon - brown spotted white on back. the fairly long brown tail is narrowly barred white. the flight feathers are dark brown barred pale rufous. on the underparts, breast and belly are white streaked dark brown, with heavier streaking on breast .\nwedging the lovebird into a secure position proved no easy task, and eventually – after much fluttering and hopping about with its prey – the owlet proceeded in no uncertain terms to decapitate the fated lovebird and to swallow its head – beak and all! it seized the rest of the carcass later that afternoon and thus had a very productive day, all in all .\nthe wood owl, named after a certain colonel woodford, ended up being called the wood owl because of its woodland habitat. it is found only in northern namibia, along the kavango, kwando and zambezi rivers. the barred owlet tends to favour the same area with some sightings further south as well. it looks a lot like the ‘pearly’, but lacks the false eyes at the back of its head, and is also more nocturnal .\non the rounded head, the ear - tufts are lacking. the head is cinnamon - brown with whitish facial disk edged brown. the white eyebrows are conspicuous. the crown is finely spotted white, giving the bird its name. the nape shows two typical “eye - spots” with dark centre and white rim. the bill is pale yellow horn. the eyes are yellow. the feathered tarsi are whitish and the feet are dull yellow .\nholt, d. w. , berkley, r. , deppe, c. , enríquez rocha, p. , petersen, j. l. , rangel salazar, j. l. , segars, k. p. , wood, k. l. & marks, j. s. (2018). collared owlet (glaucidium brodiei). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\ndescription: the indistinct facial disc is pale greyish - brown with some diffuse concentric lines. eyebrows are whitish and prominent. eyes are pale yellow. the cere is brown and the bill yellowish - horn. upperparts are chestnut - brown, somewhat paler on the mantle and back, finely spotted whitish on the forehead and crown. the nape has two large sooty - brown spots that are diffusely bordered whitish (false eyes). the mantle has white spots, bordered with blackish. the scapulars have whitish outer webs and narrow dusky edges, forming a prominent white row across the shoulder. flight feathers are barred light and dark, and the tail feathers are brown, with about six rows of black - rimmed whitish spots. the throat is whitish, and the rest of the underparts are off - white, with the upper breast and flanks having a brownish or rufous wash. the sides of the upper breast and flanks are mottled brown and, together with the breast and belly, streaked dusky - brown. tarsi are feathered off - white with brown spots. the toes are brownish - yellow and sparsely bristled. claws are horn with darker tips .\nwhen birds go against their own, it is a natural way of life and although unsettling for some, keen photographers are treated to a once in a lifetime experience .\ni enjoy it tremendously and will be getting nest boxes soon for him and (my) hornbills .\ni am the first to confess that i have been bitten by the travel bug… badly. i am a lover of all things travel from basic tenting with creepy crawlies to lazing in luxury lodges; i will give it all a go. i am passionate about wildlife and conservation and come from a long line of biologists, researchers and botanists .\nstay up - to - date with our weekly magazine and best blog posts .\npublisher we publish a premier online magazine, blog and printed annual coffee table yearbook for our sophisticated international audience. safari company tailored safari specialists. when and where to go in africa, and with whom. a few weeks too early / late or a few kilometers off course and you could miss the greatest show on earth. and wouldn’t that be a pity ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be widespread and locally common to rare in various parts of its range (del hoyo et al. 1999). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 392, 219 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nsize: length 17 - 20cm. wing length 100 - 118mm. tail length 64 - 82mm. weight 61 - 147g. females are generally larger and heavier than males .\nvoice: the song of the male is a series of clearly fluted whistles, rising gradually in volume and in pitch -\nfeu - feu - feu - fue - feu\n. after a short pause, there may be several explosive notes with a downwards inflection -\npeeooh peeooh\n. the female gives a similar, slightly higher - pitched song .\nhunting & food: this owl feeds mainly on arthropods such as grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, spiders, and millipedes. they also take small mammals, birds, reptiles and snails. most hunting is done from perches .\nbreeding: pairs claim territory by dueting, and normally defend only the immediate surroundings of the nest site, so neighbouring nests may be only 200 - 500m away. nests are holes made by woodpeckers or barbets in tree trunks or thick branches, and may be 1. 2 - 10m or more above the ground. the male advertises a potential site by singing near it and from the hole entrance. courtship may be observed for 3 - 4 weeks before laying. only one brood of 2 - 4 white eggs is laid per year. eggs average 31 x 25. 8mm and are laid directly on the bottom of the nest hole at two day intervals. incubation starts before the last egg is laid, and is carried out by the female alone, while the male brings her food inside the nest hole. if the female leaves the nest for a short period, the male will often slip into the hole to cover the eggs. the incubation period is 29 days. the young hatch with closed eyes, which open at about 12 days. they are fed by both parents by night and day, and leave the nest when they are 31 days old. at this age, they are able to fly short distances, and normally hide near the nest where they are fed by the parents. after some days, they are lead away by the parents and become independent a few weeks later, and reach sexual maturity in less than one year .\nhabitat: open savanna with short grass or a small amount of ground cover, scattered trees and thorny shrubs. also dry semi - open woodland and semi - open riverine forest with adjacent savanna. areas with long grass are avoided. absent from dense tropical rainforest and montane forest, as well as deserts .\ndistribution: occurs south of the sahara in africa from southern mauritania across to ethiopia and south to northern cape province in south africa absent only from deserts and rainforests .\noriginal description: vieillot, louis jean pierre. 1817. nouveau dictionnaire d' histoire naturelle appliquée aux arts, 7, p. 26 .\nborrow, nik & demey, ron. 2001 .\na guide to the birds of western africa\n. princeton university press .\nboyer and hume. 1991 .\nowls of the world\n. booksales inc .\ndel hoyo, elliott & sargatal. 1999 .\nhandbook of the birds of the world: barn owls to hummingbirds\n. buteo books .\nkönig, claus & weick, friedhelm. 2008 .\nowls: a guide to the owls of the world (second edition )\n. yale university press .\nmikkola, heimo. 2013 .\nowls of the world: a photographic guide (second edition )\n. bloomsbury .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nauthenticated (07 / 05 / 10) by andré botha, manager of the birds of prey working group of the endangered wildlife trust, south africa. urltoken\ndiurnal active during the day. incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. nominate subspecies the subspecies indicated by the repetition of the specific name. thus, in this case glaucidium perlatum perlatum is the nominate subspecies of glaucidium perlatum licua. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. (1994) handbook of the birds of the world. volume 2: new world vultures to guineafowl. lynx edicions, barcelona .\ndixon, j. e. w (1981) diet of the owl glaucidium perlatum in the etosha national park. madoqua, 12: 267 - 268 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsometimes considered part of a species - group centred on g. passerinum (which see). race diurnum sometimes synonymized with licua; birds from n tanzania described as kilimense, which here included in diurnum. three subspecies recognized .\n( vieillot, 1817) – senegambia to w sudan; possibly also liberia .\nclancey, 1968 – e sudan, eritrea, ethiopia, nw somalia and uganda s to angola and namibia, n botswana, zimbabwe and mozambique .\n( m. h. c. lichtenstein, 1842) – s namibia, s botswana and n & e south africa .\n17–20 cm; wingspan c. 40 cm; male 61–86 g, female 61–147g. head cinnamon - brown with off - white facial disc, whitish eyebrows; nape has 2 black patches rimmed ...\nseries of loud whistles rising in pitch and volume to climax of long, loud notes; female higher - ...\nespecially common in bushveld and open savanna woodland, but also occurs in grassland, riverine ...\nmainly arthropods; also bats, birds, rodents and lizards. most diurnal african owl, especially in winter, but often hunts at night. hunts ...\nlays aug–nov, peak sept–oct. territorial throughout year. nest in tree cavity, especially old nest of barbet (capitonidae ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. widespread; locally common to rare in various parts of range. no estimates of global population size, but populations ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent study of genetic data indicated that, while this genus is monophyletic, a major division exists between new world species and most of the old world taxa # r, with proposal that latter be separated in genus taenioglaux. as a consequence, old world species, with exception of first four below (g. passerinum, g. brodiei, g. perlatum and g. tephronotum), have been placed in taenioglaux by some recent authors # r; here considered more appropriate at present time to await further research and more extensive sampling of taxa .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nnatural vocalization from dueting pair. one bird starts level individual notes and second bird comes in at: 11\nresponse to playback from a bird perched at high in tall, dense thornscrub, and getting mobbed by a fairly large flock of various species .\nresponse to playback from a bird perched at eye level in tall, dense thornscrub .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: glaucidium perlatum. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nother birds will attack this little owl because it, in fact, preys on other small birds. it is hardly any wonder that other birds wouldn’t want it in their space .\nsubspecies and range: we can find two subspecies: g. p. perlatum (here described and displayed) is found in senegambia to w sudan, and possibly in liberia too .\nwhile hunting, it bobs the head up and down and flicks nervously its tail. when alarmed, it repeats these postures and arches the wings too .\nthe female lays 2 - 4 eggs and incubates during one month, while the male feeds her. if the female is disturbed at nest by an intruder or a predator, she lies flat on the ground. thanks to her cryptic plumage and the “eye - spots”, she becomes similar to plant debris. the chicks are covered with white down. they fledge about 31 days after hatching. the pair rarely raises the full clutch .\nthe southern african bird atlas project (sabap1) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nver time, these will give valuable information on population distribution, habitat requirements, trends and so on .\nif you have a lot of records and it would be very time - consuming to enter them manually you can also send us a spreadsheet with the details, and associated photos. use the contact us form to get in touch .\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social, add text and more with istock editor. open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey, wrj dean and pg ryan, published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\n- this is an old template for this website. please visit the home page for more: birds in sa\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nwe are a family operated company based in swakompund namibia. we do day ...\nwe are a family operated company based in swakompund namibia. we do day tours in and around swakopmund which include: eco living desert excursions, nights walks, welwitchia and moonlandscape and specialised birdwatching. we also do extended photographc, natural history and birdwatching to the following destinations: namibia angola madagascar antarctica we take pride in educating our clients on all aspects of natural history and beyond in every destination .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthese are the smallest owls, only18 - 19cms tall and so are now called ‘owlets”. in spite of their tiny size they are belligerent and seem to glare with hostility at intruders. on the back of their heads they have two dark spots which appear to be eyes, probably to confuse other birds which often mob them. they hunt from a perch from where they can see their prey and with whirring wings dive down, striking with their strong feet .\nall photos on these pages are copyright to © walter soestbergen 2005 - 2017 and may not be reproduced or used for any purpose without permission. design and developed by walter soestbergen .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, greg baker, max roth, stefan behrens, eldert groenewoud, daniêl jimenez, jean hupperetz, keith and lynn youngs, pieter de groot boersma, keith blomerley, yoël jimenez, alex garcía · videoaves, desmond allen, doug and denise norris, hapek, paul clarke, ghislain gosse .\nadam riley, lars petersson, holger teichmann, éric roualet, hans sinke, david beadle, paul van giersbergen, marco valentini, trheijnen, daniêl jimenez, lee hunter, rhonda hansch, mattias hofstede, jim watt, lutz duerselen, frédéric pelsy, georges olioso, oliver fowler, arthur grosset, markus lilje, renata. biancalana, klaus lachenmaier, tadeusz stawarczyk, bernard axel, gemaresi, ken havard, jason anderson, paul cools, phil kindermann, fran trabalon, tadeusz rosinski, gunnar pettersson, smoghead, steve garvie, libor vaicenbacher, james kashangaki, nik borrow, guy poisson, stan culley, mark houston, petemorris, loutjie, lee ouzman, lindsay hansch .\nreally beautiful shot. i can never find an owl to shoot. so jealous! jk\nin miombo woodland, close to a small pond. id may be contentious as the bird was in non - breeding plumage, therefore virtually inseparable of similarly plumaged eastern - paradise whydah (v. paradisaea) on sight. but all the whydahs in breeding plumage seen in the vinicity were broad - tailed and the host species (orange - winged pytilia) was plentiful. unfortunately eastern - paradise' s host species (green - winged pytilia) was seen at least once at the same location, although it was greatly outnumbered by its close relative. yet one must bear in mind that eastern - paradise whydah occurs not further than 150 km away from there (personnal sightings). i guess vocalizations must be diagnostic, but i am not familiar enough with those to make a definite call .\nduetting pair responding to another pair (c. 100 metres away) in the morning .\nvery poor and short recording of a pair mobbing a martial eagle near nest site (only one bird calling) .\nat least 3 birds (a duetting pair and another male) calling at dusk. sorry for the very annoying\nextra\nsounds: common bulbuls coming at roost and my own steps and breath !\nduetting pair (male in the foreground, femal further away). very annoying red - necked francolin calling at mid - length and ring - necked dove at the beginning .\nseveral intervals have been shortened. pictures of the bird available here: urltoken id = 54 & mid = 13492 and urltoken id = 54 & mid = 13646\n( e. burton, 1836) – ne afghanistan and n pakistan e through himalayas to se tibet, n indochina, s, c & e china (including hainan), and s to peninsular malaysia .\n= 1). tiny owl with rounded head, large for size of body. widely thought to occur in rufous and grey ...\nmale' s territorial song a mellow whistle, “hü hü - hü hü ...\nmontane and submontane forest (including oaks, rhododendrons, firs), open forest edge, woodland and ...\ntakes a variety of small prey types, especially birds, but also insects, rodents and lizards (including skinks). relative to ...\nmar–jun in himalayas; apr–may elsewhere in range. nest a tree cavity from 2–10 m above ground; sometimes displaces ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. common to fairly common over most of range. occurs in many widely separated protected areas, including great ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrarest bird in the world: the cone - billed tanager, the mystery .\natlapetes blancae, 8 years later, still not found. wish or species ?\nit nests in a hole in a tree, such as a disused barbet nest, laying 2 - 4 eggs .\ndistributed in the himalayas and north - east india in tropical, sub - tropical and temperate forests. often found in mango groves in hills ,\nmostly insects, but also lizards and small mammals or birds. hunts diurnal from a perch .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nnest unlined in a tree cavity. kills to occupy a nest, clutch size 3 - 5 eggs, incubated for about a month by both sexes .\navibirds, almere, netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe. contact? mail us: info { @ } avibirds. com\nenter a bird name (or partial bird name) in any language or select a bird family below to find a taxon. you can use% as a wildcard in the middle of the name to replace any characters (eg, colo% red will return coloured and colored) .\nyear (s) of publication (e. g. : 1990, 1990 - or 1990 - 2000) :\nall taxonomic concepts species and subspecies species and subspecies (excl. fossils) species only\navibase has been visited 263, 391, 482 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nioc world bird list (v7. 1), gill, f and d donsker (eds). 2017 .\n3: a giraffe can reach an impressive speed of around 60km / h (37 mph) .\n4: false – black - backed jackals are omnivorous and will eat insects and plant stuff when available .\n5: they can go for 4 – 5 days without water and receive additional moisture from their kills .\nthis is about possibly the most fascinating group of birds, the owls, with their almost human faces and incredible night vision .\nfor a creature with night vision three times greater than ours, the ability to locate its prey in pitch dark from a distance of seven metres and to fly with almost silent wing beats, it definitely deserves more than the label of ill omen we humans have given it. over centuries, owls have intrigued us to such an extent that they have been branded as the wise old men of nature. they have also been the main characters in many a fable and folklore, even featuring in the film lord of the rings! some people still believe that if an owl perches on the roof of your house, it means that someone is going to die .\nwhile the call of an owl at night can be terrifying, for the bird watcher it means there is life. owls tend to be quite vocal, especially during their breeding season, and if you have the ability to mimic their call, you will definitely entertain your friends, as well as the local owls. the only exception might be the barn owl, whose visit to your camp in the middle of the night could be rather scary, due to its eerie screeching call .\nthere are more than 130 owl species worldwide and namibia is fortunate to have a wide variety, eleven to be exact, about 33% of the total found in sub - saharan africa. there is probably not an area in this country where you will not find an owl of some sort. at shamvura rest camp alone some nine species have been recorded. unfortunately, owls are the birds that are most susceptible to road kills, because of their nocturnal hunting habits along the road .\nthe world’s most common owl species, the barn owl, is also relatively widespread in namibia. interestingly enough, the pellets of barn owls are very special, both for ornithologists and for environmentalists, because the first traces of a grant’s golden mole was found in such a pellet .\nmarsh owls are my favourite owl species, because of the many hours we watched them hunt on the nina road. incidentally, this also caused us some rather anxious moments one night when we where mistaken for poachers instead of owl watchers. their habit of sitting on the road looking for insects entertained us for hours on end, as did their comical habit of flying off looking back curiously at their intruders .\npel’s fishing owl is the largest of the four fishing owls of africa, and the only one found in namibia. this is one of those birds that lodges mention in their ads when they happen to have a resident pair, albeit within a radius of 2 000 kilometres. to go and look for these ‘teddy bear’ look - alike owls, can be rather frustrating. we were very impressed when our guides found them sitting high up in the massive mangosteen trees. this was until we realised the guides obviously know where to look for them, and more importantly, they don’t look for them in the trees, but look for their fresh droppings on the ground .\nthe largest of namibia’s owls is the giant eagle owl. this owl’s pink eyelids make it look rather peculiar, but if you see one of them catching a hedgehog, you will realise that there is nothing laughable about this owl. look out for the resident pair at the okaukuejo waterhole. since they are very vocal, they are difficult to ignore .\ntravel news namibia is a high - quality glossy namibia travel and lifestyle magazine tasked with promoting namibia to the world. with riveting stories, first - hand encounters and magnificent photographs showcasing tourism, travel, nature, adventure and conservation, tnn is the ultimate and most comprehensive guide to exploring namibia. travel news namibia is published in five different editions per year. these include four english - language editions and one german. travel news namibia is for sale in namibia and south africa .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment." ]

{ "text": [ "the pearl-spotted owlet ( glaucidium perlatum ) is an owl that breeds in sub-saharan africa .", "this species is a part of the larger grouping of owls known as typical owls , strigidae , which contains most species of owl .", "the other grouping is the barn owls , tytonidae . " ], "topic": [ 22, 10, 10 ] }

[ "the pearl-spotted owlet (glaucidium perlatum) is an owl that breeds in sub-saharan africa. this species is a part of the larger grouping of owls known as typical owls, strigidae, which contains most species of owl. the other grouping is the barn owls, tytonidae." ]

[ "burrowing parakeet, cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus (protonym, psittacus patagonus), vieillot, 1818, also known as the burrowing conure (konyer) or burrowing parrot, patagonian burrowing parrot or as the patagonian conure / parrot, photographed at puerto madryn, chubut province, argentina (south america) .\nburrowing parrot (cyanoliseus patagonus) is a species of bird in the psittacidae family .\nscientific name: cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus common name: burrowing parrot adult weight: 240 - 310g .\ngenerally the burrowing parrot lives in open grassland, while it creates nesting burrows in sandstone or limestone cliffs .\nthe greater patagonian conure is sometimes known as the burrowing parrot or the bank - burrowing parrot. this is because they have been known to' burrow' up to 6 feet into the side of a cliff or a bank just to build their nest !\na pair of burrowing parrot were perched on a tree, relaxed singing these calls. i was recording hid inside a car .\nthe burrowing parrot can be found in a number of locations including: south america. find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nthe burrowing parrot or burrowing parakeet lives in chile and argentina. most of its feathers are golden - green but it has a distinctive yellow front and underparts as well as displaying a bright orange patch of feathers at the top of its legs. it forms the largest breeding colonies of all parrot species .\nthe following habitats are found across the burrowing parrot distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nmasello, j. f. & quillfeldt, p. (2002) chick growth and breeding success of the burrowing parrot. condor, 104, 574 - 586 .\nburrowing parrot are the only species placed into the genus, cyanoliseus. however, there are several recognisable subspecies - - the pictured mystery birds are the nominate subspecies, cy. p. patagonus .\npart of the problem is that the burrowing parrot is very easily disturbed and habitat specific. they will only tunnel into vertical limestone or sandstone cliffs to make their nests, and have specific height requirements .\nbe the first to hear about special offers, new products and the latest parrot news ...\nthe patagonian conure, or burrowing parrot (cyanoliseus patagonus), inhabits arid mesetas and are a threatened species due to their suitability as pets - these birds are incredibly social and affectionate. # lora # parrot # parakeet # bird # ave # rionegro # argentina _ ig # argentina _ estrella # argentinaestumundo # argentina _ greatshots # total _ argentina # patagonia # patagoniaargentina # dukeenvironment # mydukeyear # fieldwork\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - burrowing parakeet (cyanoliseus patagonus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - burrowing parakeet (cyanoliseus patagonus )\ntitle =\narkive species - burrowing parakeet (cyanoliseus patagonus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmey, e. , masello, j. f. & quillfeldt, p. (2002) chewing lice (insecta, phthiraptera) of the burrowing parrot cyanoliseus p. patagonus (vieillot) from argentina. rudolstädter nat. hist. schr. , 4, 99 - 112 .\nresponse: this is a couple burrowing parakeets, cyanoliseus patagonus, a medium - sized, long - tailed parrot species that is found in southern argentina and parts of chile. this species is migratory, and has been known to also show up in uruguay during winter and even to the falkland islands .\nburrowing parrots need cliffs of soft sandstone or limestone to dig their nest holes. their numbers have declined in many areas owing to their habit of raiding crops .\neclectus’s should not be given a standard parrot mixture because the fat content of sunflower seed and peanuts is far too high. female eclectus easily become overweight .\nin ‘normal’ coloured birds the cere is an indication of sex (very convenient, as this is not true of any other member of the parrot family) .\nthe burrowing parrot (cyanoliseus patagonus) is one of the most southern neotropical parrots. in argentina, it occurs from the andean slopes in the northwest to the patagonian steppes in the south. this species generally inhabits open grassy country but is also reported from wooded valleys with cliffs and farmland to about 2, 000m. the race cyanoliseus patagonus occurs in central to southeast argentina, ranging occasionally into uruguay in winter. burrowing parrots breed colonially excavating their own nest burrows by tunnelling into the faces of sandstone, limestone or earth cliffs .\na roomy cage is required unless the bird is to be let out for extended periods. many birds can spend most of their time on a play pen or parrot perch .\nthe patagonian conure, cyanoliseus patagonus, is a large conure found in the patagonia region of south - central argentina and chile. this conure is also known as the\nburrowing parrot ,\ndue to its habit of nesting in holes in the ground. the patagonian conure has exploded in popularity since the 1990s, leading to an increase in illegal importation which threatens the wild populations\nburrowing parrots are habitat specialists, strongly preferring open arid bushy steppes known as monte. this video gives you a brief glimpse of these birds in their habitat (filmed south of san luis, argentina) :\nmasello, j. f. , lubjuhn, t. & quillfeldt, p. (2009) hidden dichromatism in burrowing parrots cyanoliseus patagonus as revealed by spectrometric colour analysis. hornero, 24, 47 - 55 .\ncollar, n. & boesman, p. (2018). burrowing parrot (cyanoliseus patagonus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nprotecting argentina' s parrot colony you might think that 180, 000 squawking, screeching parrots living in 35, 000 nests along 12km (seven miles) of coastline would draw quite a lot of attention .\nscientific name: psittacus erithacus common name (s): grey parrot, african grey adult length: 33cm (13in) adult wingspan: approx. 64 - 70cm (25 - 28in) adult weight :\na flock of burrowing parrots came nervous because a car was going down fastly from termas del flaco, doing a lot of noise. i was inside a car, so i observed all this behavior and recorded the sound activity .\nmasello, j. f. & quillfeldt, p. (2004) are haematological parameters related to body condition, ornamentation and breeding success in wild burrowing parrots cyanoliseus patagonus? journal of avian biology, 35, 445 - 454 .\nthe burrowing parakeet is a monotypic species found in a variety of open, and often arid, habitats from the chaco of northern argentina south to southeast argentina as well as an isolated population along the central chilean coast. it is most often seen in large flocks that roam in search of seeds which are taken from the ground. though all species of parrot nest in cavities, the burrowing parakeet is unsurpassed in its industry for cavity excavation. it nests in large colonies constituting zig - zag shaped nests which interconnect and form elaborate labyrinths. these burrows are usually in sand - stone, limestone or earth cliffs, are situated over rivers or the ocean are often placed at considerable height .\nhahn’s macaws are easy to feed. a quality parrot mixture that contains a good variety of items should be offered, avoiding those that contain cheap fillers like hard maize and flaked peas - - inedible to most parrots .\na friend brought his young male jardine’s to my house when i had a gathering of friends and the young parrot was passed from hand to hand and enchanted everyone. a year later when i went to my friend’s house i did not like the glint in the bird’s eye and felt that he was no longer trustworthy with strangers. but then some owners expect too much that a parrot should go to someone that it does not know .\nas their common name implies, burrowing parrots dig nest burrows in cliffs instead of nesting in tree cavities. they are extremely choosy about their nests: they only tunnel into vertical limestone or sandstone cliffs to make their nests, and they have specific height requirements. this video provides a brief glimpse of a pair of burrowing parakeets looking out of their nest burrow, whilst one indulges in geophagy (eating soil), a common behaviour amongst seed - eating parrots and other animals :\ntheir size (medium - - smaller than a grey parrot) and their pleasant voices make them more suitable as companions than most parrots. they are generally better at entertaining themselves and less demanding of human attention. however, they greatly enjoy having their head scratched and some can object strongly when you cease to do so! it must be remembered, however, that their individuality is as great as that of a grey parrot, for example .\nmasello, j. f. & quillfeldt, p. (2004) consequences of la niña phase of enso for the survival and growth of nestling burrowing parrots on the atlantic coast of south america. emu, 104, 337 - 346 .\nmasello, j. f. , pagnossin, m. l. , lubjuhn, t. & quillfeldt, p. (2004) ornamental non - carotenoid red feathers of wild burrowing parrots. ecological research, 19, 421 - 432 .\nmasello, j. f. , lubjuhn, t. & quillfeldt, p. (2008) is the structural and psittacofulvin - based colouration of wild burrowing parrots cyanoliseus patagonus condition dependent? journal of avian biology, 39, 653 - 662 .\nmasello, j. f. & quillfeldt, p. (2003) body size, body condition and ornamental feathers of burrowing parrots: variation between years and sexes, assortative mating and influences on breeding success. emu, 103, 149 - 161 .\na grey parrot offered a seed mixture, plus apple, pear, grapes and orange, with a piece of biscuit or wholemeal bread, would be seriously deficient in the two most vital components of its diet - calcium and vitamin a .\nparrots and fertile parrot eggs for sale (972) 843 - 1704 we are parrot breeders of high quality talkative breeds and have available the following parrot and eggs species african grey parrots, cockatoo parrots, blue and gold macaw, citron cockatoo, jumbo brown coturnix quail and fertile fresh eggs, parakeets, macaw, congo african grey eggs, timneh grey eggs, umbrella cockatoo eggs, palm cockatoo eggs, goffin cockatoo eggs, gallah cockatoo eggs, blue and gold macaw eggs, scarlet macaw eggs, greenwing macaw eggs, hyacinth macaw eggs, sollomons island eclectus eggs, dyh amazon eggs, toco toucan eggs, cockatiel eggs, senegal eggs, conures eggs. blue and gold macaws catalina macaws scarlet macaws hyacinths macaws capri macaws harlequin macaws camelot macaws buffon macaws hahn macaws flame macaws calico macaws military macaws green wing macaws harligold macaws contact us for more details via email: parrotking4 @ urltoken skype id: parrot. king1 call or text: (972) 843 - 1704\nalmost all males, acquired when young and in a household where they receive a lot of attention, will become extraordinarily good mimics. true the voice is small but the vocabulary can exceed that of any other species, even a grey parrot .\nmasello, j. f. , sramkova, a. , quillfeldt, p. , epplen, j. t. & lubjuhn, t. (2002) genetic monogamy in burrowing parrots cyanoliseus patagonus? journal of avian biology, 33, 99 - 103 .\nthe burrowing parakeet is listed on the convention of international trade in endangered species, which means that all international trade is controlled by annual quotas. these quotas were, encouragingly, reduced in 2007 from 7, 500 to 3, 000 individuals per year (3) .\ngreen - winged macaws should also be offered a good quality parrot mixture and plenty of nutritious fruits such as pomegranate, mango, papaya and guava, plus any fresh vegetables they will eat. berries, such as those of hawthorn and elder, will be relished .\nif bought age unknown, continue to spoon - feed them with a reliable parrot rearing food until they lose interest in being spoon - fed. so often i have heard the advice: “don’t feed them. you are making a rod for your own back. ”\nanother increasing threat is the development of unsympathetic tourism. in cases where four - wheeled vehicles are allowed on beaches, chicks can easily be killed. the expanding holiday resort of el cóndor is a serious threat to a breeding colony of burrowing parrots in the cliffs at the rio negro in patagonia .\nscientific name: amazona aestiva common name: called turquoise - fronted parrot in the ornithological literature. adult length: 14 - 15in (35 - 37cm). adult weight: 375 - 500g. potential lifespan: 55 years. origin: brazil, paraguay and northern argentina .\nplischke, a. , quillfeldt, p. , lubjuhn, t. , merino, s. & masello, j. f. (2010) leucocytes in adult burrowing parrots cyanoliseus patagonus in the wild: variation between contrasting breeding seasons, gender and condition. journal of ornithology, 151, 347 - 354 .\nif you have a breeding pair please treat your female like gold dust. ensure that she has the necessary calcium in her diet (see grey parrot article) to lay properly formed eggs. every year female blue - fronts die from egg - binding due to neglect of this vitally important aspect .\nmasello, j. f. , choconi, r. g. , helmer, m. , kremberg, t. , lubjuhn, t. & quillfeldt, p. (2009) do leucocytes reflect condition in nestling burrowing parrots (cyanoliseus patagonus) in the wild? comparative biochemistry and physiology a, 152, 176 - 181 .\nmasello, j. f. , pagnossin, m. l. , sommer, c. & quillfeldt, p. (2006) population size, provisioning frequency, flock size and foraging range at the largest known colony of psittaciformes: the burrowing parrots of the north - eastern patagonian coastal cliffs. emu, 106, 69 - 79 .\nmasello, j. f. , choconi, r. g. , sehgal, r. m. n. , tell, l. a. & quillfeldt, p. (2006) blood and intestinal parasites in wild psittaciformes: a case study of burrowing parrots (cyanoliseus patagonus). ornitología neotropical, 17, 515 - 529 .\nthe burrowing parakeet is remarkable for the fact that it forms the largest breeding colonies known amongst the psittacidae (parrot family) (4). like most parrots, this species has colourful plumage, which is mostly olive - brown on the head, upperparts and breast, and yellow on the lower back, tail and lower underparts. there are four recognised subspecies of burrowing parakeet, which occupy separate locations and have slightly different plumage colouration. subspecies cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus has an orange - red patch in the centre of the belly as well as orange - red thighs, a grey - brown upper breast and throat, and white marks at the bend of the wing. cyanoliseus patagonus conlara is similar, but has a darker breast, while cyanoliseus patagonus andinus has generally duller plumage, with little yellow on the lower underparts and faint white markings on the breast. cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami is larger than the other subspecies, has the brightest colouration, and possesses a broad, white band across the breast (2) .\nmasello, j. f. , montano, v. , quillfeldt, p. , nuhlíčková, s. , wikelski, m. & moodley, y. (2015) the interplay of spatial and climatic landscapes in the genetic distribution of a south american parrot. journal of biogeography, 42, 1077 - 1090 .\nneedless to say, these birds are very large, loud and destructive. the strength of the beak is formidable. for this reason this is not a suitable bird for someone who does not have much experience with large parrots. the green - wing has the second largest beak of any parrot, after the hyacinthine macaw .\nillegal trade flourished for decades, despite attempts to halt it. mexican borders between california and texas are difficult to police and thousands of double yellow - headed amazons have entered the usa in this way, some by large - scale smugglers, some by parrot keepers, who found it easy to hide one or two birds .\ni can recall a delightful young double yellow - head that was sold in a local pet shop. by coincidence, a friend encountered the purchaser about eight years later. on enquiring how the amazon was he was told it had just died a couple of weeks previously. it had been fed on nothing but a parrot mixture .\nanyone who takes on a senegal parrot should be prepared for the fact that their adolescence (about two years old) can be difficult. some senegals start to bite and become hard to handle. however, if they have been trained properly, to ‘step up! ’ and return to their cage when requested, this period should not be too traumatic .\nthe burrowing parakeet is found in central and southern south america. subspecies cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus occupies central and south - east argentina (occasionally ranging into uruguay in the winter); cyanoliseus patagonus conlara occurs in the provinces of san luis and córdoba in western - central argentina; cyanoliseus patagonus andinus is found in north - west argentina; and cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami inhabits central chile (5) .\nin the first kilometre of the burrowing parrot colony, the sector with the highest density of active nests, the local\ncity council of viedma\nis planning to build, during the present breeding season, an access to the beach for cars and other vehicles. this would seriously affect the birds firstly, because many nests will be destroyed and chicks killed, and secondly, the presence of vehicles on the beach will frighten the adults who will not feed the chicks when there are vehicles close by. there are many other regional threats to the parrots including burning of fields neighbouring the colony, hunting the birds for sport and the pet trade, and poisoning seeds and crops to kill the parrots. please, help us to protect this spectacular species !\nthe burrowing parakeet is found in a variety of habitats including arid lowland; montane, grassy shrubland; open, dry woodland savanna; grassy plains along watercourses; and thorny scrub. this species does, however, have a requirement for cliffs made of sandstone, limestone or earth in which to excavate nesting burrows (4). it occurs from sea - level to elevations of up to 2000 metres (5 )\nit was such a contrast to the general rule of parrot - watching in the neotropics where parrots are seen fleetingly as they pass overhead or seek shelter in the crown of a tree. with swept - back wings, revealing the glowing yellow rump, pairs swerved out to sea, then turned and headed towards the cliffs. inside their burrows, their chicks were waiting to be fed .\noutside the breeding season, the burrowing parakeet forms large flocks of over 1, 000 birds, which roost communally in trees, wires and the nesting burrows used during the breeding season (2). these flocks can travel large distances, sometimes hundreds of kilometres away from the breeding grounds (4). the diet of this species is mainly seeds and fruit, but may also include grain crops (2) .\na group of german researchers has closely studied the evolution of a very important colony of burrowing parrots at the el cóndor beach, near viedma, and discovered that its number is dramatically decreasing. one of the reasons is that local authorities do little or nothing to prevent cars from parking right on the beach. we sometimes do not pay attention to the damage this causes but must react before this particular species goes extinct .\nparrots (unlike those of most other genera) really enjoy processed foods, that is, extruded foods and pellets. for those that do, they can form part of the diet or replace a seed mixture. if seed is offered it should be a high quality product such as parrot premium that includes a good variety of seeds and grains, only a little sunflower and preferably no peanuts .\nthis amazon’s popularity, due to its ability to mimic and its beautiful plumage, means that removal of young from nests continues on an alarming scale. as an example, on september 19 2008, 225 amazons parrot chicks that had been hidden in boxes of vegetables were seized by police in the pantanal region of brazil after they received an anonymous call. all but 16 were blue - fronted .\nthe colony of burrowing parrots (cyanoliseus patagonus) of el condor is the most important breeding site of this species in the world, and the status of the species is declining. considering the risks to the colony by increased human impact in the form of the presence of vehicles, parking sites, buildings and coastal defense infrastructure, we would ask you kindly to take all possible measures in order to protect this important site .\nsince the early 1990s it has become well established in aviculture due to its prolific nature. its great advantage is that it will breed successfully on the colony system. be warned, however! the success of any parrot breeding colony depends on never removing or adding any adult birds. the young reared will be accepted as members of the flock, but introduce a stranger and it is likely to be attacked. i\nunfortunately, land developers and farmers also like to utilise this sort of habitat, and they destroy it by either constructing resorts and hotels or by planting crops, which the displaced and hungry birds then snack on. this has led to widespread persecution. according to some reports, burrowing parrots are also captured for the pet trade, although this species has been established in captivity for some time in the united states, and may also be in other countries as well .\na further threat to this species comes from tourism, which claims habitat and causes disturbance to the nesting grounds, such as the use of four - wheeled vehicles on beaches by the colony at el condor, which is killing many of the flightless chicks (4) (6). it has been suggested that while the current population of the burrowing parakeet seems relatively high, this species may have a critical global population threshold below which it will undergo a rapid decline towards extinction (7) .\nthese conures can learn to mimic speech. i found them to be amazingly gentle birds and that even wild - caught birds did not attempt to bite when handled. when an adult patagonian was brought to a meeting of the parrot club that i run, it flew around, visiting different people and landing on them. i was confident that it would not bite anyone - - and it did not. few parrots are totally trustworthy but in my opinion patagonians are !\nif i spoke to lito for a few seconds or rubbed her head, she would be happy. but if she was ignored, her calls would become louder. the loud calls would also start when she wanted something to eat or when she wanted to be moved to her stand in another room, in which case i complied at once. if a parrot calls, it is for a reason and every effort should be made to find out what this reason is .\nmasello, j. f. , quillfeldt, p. , munimanda, g. k. , klauke, n. , segelbacher, g. , schaefer, h. m. , failla, m. , cortés, m. & moodley, y. (2011) the high andes, gene flow and a stable hybrid zone shape the genetic structure of a wide - ranging south american parrot. frontiers in zoology, 8, 16. 1 - 16. 16 .\ntap water sprayed from a plant mister three or four times a week kept lito’s plumage in immaculate condition. she enjoyed this immensely, flapping her wings and holding them open to receive as much water as possible. like water off a duck’s back, it just rolled off some parts of her plumage as it was in such good condition. some form of bath (some people take their parrot in the shower, in warm water) is essential to keep an amazon’s feathers shiny and relatively dust - free .\nthere are several features of their reproductive biology that i think are interesting. even though these birds are quite gregarious and form the largest breeding colonies of all parrot species in the wild (one colony in el cóndor, argentina has 35, 000 breeding pairs), they are rare amongst vertebrates because they are truly monogamous - - genetic testing has shown that these birds are almost always faithful to their social partners. further, even though their nests are constructed very closely to their neighbors' nests in the sides of vertical cliff faces, neither nest parasitism nor egg dumping has been found to occur .\ncage some people might find it difficult to accept that they need to pay five or six times the cost of the bird for a suitable cage. the result is that too many cockatiels live in cramped cages not even adequate for a budgerigar. the cage should be at least 60cm (2ft) long; the length is more important than the height. one sometimes sees cockatiels kept in parrot cages that are higher than they are wide, with vertical bars spaced too far apart. recommended is a horizontal cage with horizontal bars that allow it to climb about easily and are not spaced more than 1cm apart .\na parrot that eats carrot (par - boiled), raw or cooked red bell peppers (not chilli peppers), fresh apricots, dandelion roots and leaves would not suffer from a vitamin a deficiency if several of these items were consumed daily. or, if it refuses them, the simple addition of oil palm spread daily, perhaps on a piece of toast, will be even more valuable. the slow decline in the health of many grey parrots is due solely to dietary deficiencies, especially that of calcium and vitamin d3. calcium levels are almost non - existent in seed, resulting in fits and, often ,\nuntil the 1920s the species was very common, but it is now only patchily abundant. the species' decline is due to increasing persecution as a crop pest, conversion of grassland to arable crop production, and trapping for the live bird trade. the largest colony and most important breeding site of this species is on a sandstone cliff 3 km west of a village called el cóndor in the province of río negro, argentina. it is 5 km long and in the first kilometre there are 6700 active nests. it is in this colony that, over the last two breeding seasons, we have studied the breeding biology of this threatened parrot species .\ncurrently only the chilean subspecies, cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami, receives formal protection, although cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus is located in two very small nature reserves. increased protection is of paramount importance, especially for the largest colony at el condor. fortunately, several researchers and ngos are working diligently to ensure that this protection is provided by raising awareness of the bird’s plight, providing educational materials to mitigate persecution, working towards limiting tourist disturbance and carrying out research into the burrowing parakeet’s biology and ecology. an act has also been submitted to the provincial parliament of río negro to designate el condor as a nature reserve. if it is successful it will represent a huge step towards ensuring the future of this remarkable bird (4) .\nit was immediately apparent to me that she had been a pet, probably in colombia. she had the confidence of a parrot that had never known bad experiences. i put out my hand and she stepped on to it. that was it! i gave the importer a £10 note and she was mine! i called her lito, short for angelito (little angel), not knowing then that she was a female and should have been called lita. without any doubt, she was the best purchase i ever made in my life - - not only because that price worked out at 25p per year but because of her wonderful happy personality. she was a treasure beyond compare .\nin my opinion, this is the best of all amazon species for its wonderful personality and temperament. but i am biased! a female yellow - fronted was my most adored companion for 39½ years. she was an adult when i acquired her. she died from a stroke in 2006. she was irreplaceable. in the days when you could buy parrots as they arrived from the airport, you could literally buy them out of the import crates. i was there when some crates were opened. a yellow - fronted amazon just walked out of one, apparently unruffled by the long flight from south america. she had the composure of a hand - reared parrot that had just stepped out of its cage .\nthese are super - intelligent birds - - especially the australian greater. it is an enormous challenge to keep them occupied and contented. some of the toys devised to test parrot intelligence and skills might keep them busy for a while but they are so observant and such quick learners that possibly they would soon tire of them. however, they never tire of destroying wood. i cannot overstate the fact that to keep these birds busy and to prevent them from destroying items in the home, the aviary or the nest - box, a frequent and regular supply of fresh wood is essential. apple, hazel and thick branches of willow are very good for this purpose. fresh wood needs to be given every week. a cockatoo that cannot gnaw is a very frustrated bird .\nburrowing parakeets are larger than parakeets and smaller than macaws. they are large slender - bodied parrots with olive - brown upperparts, yellow underparts and long, slender and pointed tails. the neck is olive - brown, there is white on the bend of the wings, a red or orange central belly patch and red or orange leg feathers (these markings vary in intensity amongst subspecies). the long tail has an olive - green with a dark blue wash on the upper side whilst the under tail ids brown or grey. there is a distinctive bare white ring around the eyes, and the eyes are pale yellow. the bill is dark grey and the feet are pink. bot sexes are alike whilst juveniles are duller than the adult, have a shorter tail, pale grey eyes and the upper mandible is horn - coloured .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and therefore does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis taxon occurs as four subspecies: andinus is found in north - west argentina, conlara is found in san luis and córdoba provinces, western - central argentina, patagonus is found from central to south - east argentina, ranging occasionally into uruguay in winter, and bloxami occurs in central chile .\nthe species is still common in many parts of its range in argentina with only small range contractions reported in córdoba (r. m. fraga in litt. 2003). the population size of the four subspecies was estimated as follows by masello et al. (2011): c. p. patagonus 43, 330 nests, c. p. conlara 1, 700 individuals, c. p. andinus 2, 000 nests, c. p. bloxhami 5, 000 - 6, 000 individuals. based on these figures, the total global population may number c. 95, 000 mature individuals. trend justification: the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation .\nthe species inhabits arid lowland and montane grassy shrubland, open dry woodlannd savanna, open chaco plains along watercourses, and thorny scrub or columnar cacti, often with a sandy substrate, at elevations up to 2000 m (del hoyo et al. 1997). the species may only breed successfully in fairly large, dense colonies (j. burton in litt. 2002) .\nthe species has been heavily traded: since 1981 when it was listed on cites appendix ii, 122, 914 wild - caught individuals have been recorded in international trade (unep - wcmc cites trade database, january 2005) .\nnew population estimate added, and edit to population justification. new reference added. red list rationale edited. country occurrence seasonality edited .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22685779a112902800 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhow to take care of a pet bird. bird guide with everything you need to know to take care of your pet bird from bird supplies and food, to exercise, safety and bird health care .\nwhat is the right bird for me? learn about pet birds and finding birds for sale .\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr. jungle' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more ...\nwe have the best hand raised, healthy and very sociable scarlet, blue and gold macaw ready for sale. you can contact us for more infos\nhi i have plum - headed parakeet for sale please contact me at sumeet _ kpoor8 @ yahoo. com .\ni am looking for another patagonian conure. i have one as a pet now, have had him for 5 years now. i feel that he needs a friend. virginia\nthis genus consists of only the one species, of which there are three subspecies. both the patagonian conure and the subspecies, the greater patagonian conure are becoming common in captivity as they are growing in popularity .\nbesides' big feet' and the ability to' burrow' the patagonian conures have some other very distinctive features. they are some of the largest conures, they tend to look more similar to macaws than to other conure species, and they have an unusual brown coloring .\nthese birds are very social and love companionship, their natural behavior is to live in very large groups and to nest closely to one another. they make a very fine and affectionate pet. being quite intelligent, they are good talkers. however they do have a harsh voice and can get rather loud. this along with being very sociable makes them an ideal aviary bird .\nthe patagonian conures originally got their name from patagonian, an area that is now included as part of chile and argentina. they are native to central chili and the northern and central parts argentina. they inhabit open country and especially like areas around water. they have also been noted to be very destructive to crops .\nin chili these birds had been greatly depleted, largely through collecting of the young by natives to be eaten as delicacies, especially during the feast of saint andrew. today they are better safe - guarded as chili granted them legal protection in 1967 .\nthe patagonian conure is a very large conure with the greater patagonian conure being even larger still, about 2 inches longer. the head, neck, and upper back are olive - brown with some tinges of green, while the lower back, rump, upper tail, and underparts are more yellowish with an olive tinge. the thighs and the center of the abdomen are an orangish - red. the throat and breast are grayish - brown and there are white markings on each side of the upper breast. these white markings are much more pronounced on the greater patagonian conure than the nominate species as well as their having brighter and more intense yellows on the underparts. the wings are olive with the outer feathers being blue moving down to a bluish green on the outer secondary feathers. the tail is an olive - green tinged with blue on the tip and brown underneath. they have a white eye ring surrounding a yellow eye. the beak is gray and the legs are a flesh pink .\na younger bird will have a pale gray eye ring and the beak is almost a horn color .\nin the wild the patagonian conure eats seeds, berries, fruits, and probably vegetable matter. as a pet they will enjoy a variety of sprouts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, and commercial pellets, as well as the same nutritional foods humans eat .\nthey are very sociable and have been recorded to live in very large flocks. today they are not as abundant and are being seen in smaller flocks .\nthey enjoy being near to each other and even nest in close proximity to one another. their social behaviors make them wonderful pets and they are very intelligent and good talkers. however because they do have such a loud harsh call, they are also considered to be excellent aviary birds .\nin the wild these birds nest in burrows dug out in cliffs or banks. sometimes this burrows are up to six feet deep. the hen will lay three to four eggs which are incubated for about 24 to 26 days. the young fledge (leave the nest) in about 80 days .\ni am looking for another patagonian conure. i have one as a pet now, have had him for 5 years now. i feel that he needs a friend .\nhave patagonian male no idea what he is worth he is tame healthy and 5 yrs. old\ni am interested in your male patagonian conure. please let me know if he is still for sale .\nmy patagonian conure was stolen from a kennel in connecticut in late november. i can describe him and identify him easily. please call me asap if anybody has information. she does not fly. 203–823 - 7707\ni have a 18 yr old patagonian, thought it was male all these years but recently ricci started laying eggs. ricci who now i now is female, has since having 3 eggs at 18 yrs old, no longer seems to want to talk. i feel i no longer have ricci but have new bird that doesn' t want to talk. ricci had large vocabulary, and loves saying i love you, etc. maybe i' m worried for nothing? maybe she' ll go back to talking soon? therese\njust a quick note to say we lost are beloved patagonian conure yesterday. captain nemo was with us for 28 years. he was our best' watch dog' and we have had many dogs. he talked, laughed and when in a funny mood, would spit water in your face. played tug a war with the dogs and loved to hide under the blankets with my son when they were young. he was 5 months old when we got him. he will be missed .\nso sorry about your loss, i can tell he will be greatly missed. hang in there .\nlooking for patagonian conure / conures. must be shipped to maine by delta (155. 00 )\nwe have them, take a look at our website. delta ships at 156. your also going to need a crate 25 .\ni am looking for a patagonian conure. could you tell me about yours? thank you .\ni would be very interested in the pat. please reply. thanks... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. bobby\nare you still selling your patagonian conure? i have one at the moment and i want another one so that mine won' t be lonely .\ncopyright © [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclements, j. f. , t. s. schulenberg, m. j. iliff, d. roberson, t. a. fredericks, b. l. sullivan, and c. l. wood. 2017. the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017. downloaded from\nthree checklists are available. the first is the 2017 edition of the clements checklist (clements checklist v2017); the second is the 2017 edition of the ebird taxonomy (ebird v2017); and the third is the “master” or integrated checklist, which includes all entries in both the clements checklist and the ebird taxonomy .\nclements checklist v2017 (3. 7 mb excel spreadsheet or 6. 1 mb csv file) includes species, groups, and subspecies, with brief range descriptions .\nebird taxonomy v2017 (1. 4 mb excel spreadsheet and 2. 5 mb csv file). includes all categories that are reportable in ebird (including all taxa except subspecies from ebird / clements checklist) and is formatted with additional fields from ebird. details of the ebird update will be posted soon on the ebird homepage .\nebird / clements checklist v2017 (3. 1 mb excel spreadsheet or 6. 2 mb csv file) combines all taxa from the clements checklist and all additional categories from the ebird taxonomy, with brief range descriptions for all taxa .\nthese parrots live in very large groups and nest closely to one another. they feed on seeds taken from the ground and on vegetation during the winter. they also eat berries and fruits from several plant species\nlike many parrots they are conspicuous and noisy, as well as being very gregarious. they sleep in communal roosts in trees, wires or in their nesting burrows where they gather in large flocks. before sunrise, they call and flutter around the roost, leaving in a flock at first light. the flock flies high in long irregular formation .\nby day, the birds fly low above the ground, pausing briefly on low branches. they forage on the ground where their olive - brown plumage provides them with good camouflage .\nformerly common and widespread in argentina, these birds are now only locally common, and in some areas are extinct .\nin areas where they are still locally abundant, they are often considered an agricultural pest and persecuted as a result .\nloss of their grassland habitats to arable crop production is causing significant decline as is trapping for the live bird trade .\nwlt is a limited company registered in england & wales no. 2552942. registered charity no. 1001291 © copyright world land trust .\nnores & yzurieta, 1983 – san luis and córdoba provinces, in wc argentina .\n– c to se argentina (mendoza and s buenos aires to ne santa cruz), ranging occasionally into uruguay in winter .\n39–52 cm; male 253–340 g, female 227–304 g. head to upper back and mid - belly dull olive, with bare white peri - and postocular patch, and a variable but ...\nflight call is an overslurred screeching “krrreh! ”, often repeated. flocks are loud and noisy, with ...\narid lowland and montane grassy shrubland, open dry woodland savanna, open chaco plains along ...\nseason sept–feb. nest in burrow in sandstone, limestone or earth cliff, often by river or sea, sometimes at considerable height, but ...\naustral migrant in s of range, extending n in winter as far as coastal uruguay. downslope movements ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. formerly very common but now only patchily so, and still declining in part owing to increasing persecution as crop pest (...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nrecent genetic studies confirmed a hybrid origin for the conlara phenotype (masello et al. 2011, 2015) .\nthe species has been intensively studied since 1998. the readers may find useful the following papers :\nblank, s. m. , kutzscher, c. , masello, j. f. , pilgrim, r. l. c. & quillfeldt, p. (2007) stick - tight fleas in the nostrils and below the tongue: evolution of an extraordinary infestation site in hectopsylla (siphonaptera: pulicidae). zoological journal of the linnean society, 149, 117 - 137 .\ndi iorio, o. , turienzo, p. , masello, j. f. & carpintero, d. l. (2010) insects found in birds' nests from argentina. cyanoliseus patagonus (vieillot, 1818) [ aves: psittacidae ], with the description of cyanolicimex patagonicus, gen. n. , sp. n. , and a key to the genera of haematosiphoninae (hemiptera: cimicidae). zootaxa, 2728, 1 - 22 .\nfailla, m. , seijas, v. a. , quillfeldt, p. & masello, j. f. (2008) potencial impacto del loro barranquero (cyanoliseus patagonus): evaluación de percepción de daño en patagonia nordeste, argentina. gestión ambiental, 16, 27 - 40 .\ngrilli, p. g. , soave, g. e. , arellano, m. l. & masello, j. f. (2012) abundancia relativa del loro barranquero (cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus) en la provincia de buenos aires y zonas limítrofes de la pampa y río negro. hornero, 27, 63 - 71 .\nlubjuhn, t. , sramkova, a. , masello, j. f. , quillfeldt, p. & epplen, j. t. (2002) truly hypervariable dna fingerprints due to exceptionally high mutation rates. electrophoresis, 23, 517 - 519 .\nmasello, j. f. & quillfeldt, p. (2012) ¿cómo reproducirse exitosamente en un ambiente cambiante? biología reproductiva de los loros barranqueros cyanoliseus patagonus en el nordeste de la patagonia. hornero, 27, 73 - 88 .\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies, here treated as families (strigopidae, cacatuidae, psittacidae); same study split psittacidae, as here defined, into three families, with additional recognition of psittrichasidae (psittrichas to coracopsis, below) and psittaculidae (psephotus to micropsitta, below); in present work, separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support. in the past, present family was often split into two, with recognition of family loriidae; at the other extreme, it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down." ]

{ "text": [ "the burrowing parrot ( cyanoliseus patagonus ) is a bird species in the parrot family .", "it belongs to the smaller long-tailed arinae ( macaws and conures ) .", "it is also known as the patagonian conure and some authorities call it the burrowing parakeet .", "the burrowing parrot belongs to the monotypic genus cyanoliseus , but the species is not monotypic , having several subspecies .", "it is mainly found in argentina .", "a very much reduced population still survives in chile , and migration of some argentine populations to uruguay has been reported for the winter .", "sometimes , strong westerly winds bring some individuals to the falkland islands .", "its natural habitat is the arid bush steppe community known as the monte desert .", "the burrowing parrot has a monogamous mating system with very strong biparental care .", "genetic testing has recently shown that this species is one of a few animals that is genetically monogamous in a socially monogamous mating system .", "nest parasitism is not known to occur in this species .", "the patagonian conure has eyelashes , a distinctive feature among birds . " ], "topic": [ 3, 19, 19, 26, 20, 17, 16, 24, 28, 6, 13, 12 ] }

[ "the burrowing parrot (cyanoliseus patagonus) is a bird species in the parrot family. it belongs to the smaller long-tailed arinae (macaws and conures). it is also known as the patagonian conure and some authorities call it the burrowing parakeet. the burrowing parrot belongs to the monotypic genus cyanoliseus, but the species is not monotypic, having several subspecies. it is mainly found in argentina. a very much reduced population still survives in chile, and migration of some argentine populations to uruguay has been reported for the winter. sometimes, strong westerly winds bring some individuals to the falkland islands. its natural habitat is the arid bush steppe community known as the monte desert. the burrowing parrot has a monogamous mating system with very strong biparental care. genetic testing has recently shown that this species is one of a few animals that is genetically monogamous in a socially monogamous mating system. nest parasitism is not known to occur in this species. the patagonian conure has eyelashes, a distinctive feature among birds." ]

[ "bebearia (bebearia) aurora graueri hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 31\netude des bebearia (note no. 6). sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia (note no. 7). sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq, 1998; ent. africana 3 (2): 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra, bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia (note no 4). sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 46\nrevision du genre bebearia. note no. 1. le groupe' flaminia' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 25; tl: rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe, 2007; ent. afr. 12 (1): 40\netude des bebearia (note no. 6). les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 38; tl: basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans, 1998; ent. africana 3 (1): 35; tl: gabon\nbebearia paludicola holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 47; tl: cameroon\nbebearia tini oremans, 1998; ent. africana 3 (1): 37; tl: lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland, 1985; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 (19): 271; tl: pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 56; tl: malawi\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 48; tl: ghana\nbebearia aurora theia hecq, 1989; lambillionea 89: 72; tl: shaba, riv. lulua, kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen, 1997; lambillionea 97 (1 ii): 102, f. 1\nbebearia hemming, 1960; annot. lep. (1): 12 - 17; ts: euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 18, f. 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe, 2007; ent. afr. 12 (1): 36; tl: gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe, 2007; ent. afr. 12 (1): 37; tl: gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera; hancock, 1992, j. lep. soc. 46 (1): 60 ♂ only\nbebearia aurora; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 15, f. 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 17, f. 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 2, pl. 3, f. 1; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d' abrera, 1980; butterflies of the afrotropical region: 302; tl: masisi, n. w. kivu, 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 20, f. 7; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 20, f. 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia amieti; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 1, pl. 2, f. 7, 10; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 11, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 17, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq, 2000; butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 17, f. 7; tl: nigeria, okomu\nbebearia ducarmei; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 20, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 21, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq, 2002; lambillionea 102 (2): 205, pl. 2, f. 2, 5; tl: congo, bangui\nbebearia baueri; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 6, pl. 7 - 8, pl. 31, f. 1 - 2\nbebearia hargreavesi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 12, f. 2 - 4, 7 - 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 7, pl. 13, f. 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni; [ bafr ], 301; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 9, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata; [ bafr ], 303; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 9, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 3 - 4, pl. 13, f. 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 24, f. 4, pl. 30, f. 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 5 - 6, pl. 13, f. 5; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 24, f. 1 - 2, pl. 30, f. 5; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq, 2002; lambillionea 102 (2): 205, pl. 2, f. 4, pl. 3, f. 1; tl: congo, lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni; [ bafr ], 316 (text); hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 11, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba; [ ebw ]; [ bafr ], 308; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 2, pl. 4, f. 7 - 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 16, f. 5 - 6, pl. 29, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 16, f. 7 - 8, pl. 29, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 18, f. 7 - 8, pl. 19, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 23, f. 7 - 8, pl. 30, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 6, pl. 27, f. 3 - 4, pl. 32, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 6, pl. 24, f. 5 - 6, pl. 30, f. 7 - 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala; [ bafr ], 312; [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 25, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis; [ bafr ], 312; [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 25, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni; [ bafr ], 304 (text); [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 25, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe, 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon, et mise au point sur certaines especes (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, limenitinae) ent. afr. 12 (1): 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda; [ bafr ], 302; [ bk ]: 308, pl. 41, f. 511; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia; [ bafr ], 314 (text); [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 22, f. 1 - 2, pl. 30, f. 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon; [ bow ]: pl. 92, f. 23 (text only); [ bafr ], 308; [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 2, pl. 4, f. 5; [ afrl ]\neuryphene tentyris hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (aterica & euryphene v - vi): [ 44 ], pl. [ 22 ], f. 21 - 22; tl: old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var. seeldrayersi aurivillius, 1899; k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 31 (5): 201; tl: congo, momporo\nguinea, sierra leone, libera, ivory coast, ghana. see [ maps ]\nivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, congo, zaire. see [ maps ]\nsierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire, w. uganda, nw. tanzania. see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson, 1871; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (euryphene vii): [ 48 ], pl. [ 24 ], f. 31 - 32; tl: old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var. languida schultze, 1920; ergeb. 2tn. dt. zent. afrika exp. 1 (14): 724\npapilio absolon fabricius, 1793; ent. syst. 3 (1): 56\ne. guinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy, 1906; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1906 (1): 5, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: entebbe, uganda\nnigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire. see [ maps ]\nsierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire, uganda. see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler, 1871; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1871: 81; tl: fantee, cape coast\n: pl. 92, f. 20 (text only, spell. ? )\naterica abesa hewitson, 1869; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1869 (1): 74; tl: cape coast castle\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (aterica & euryphene v - vi): [ 44 ]; tl: old calabar\ncameroon, gabon, congo, angola, c. a. r. , zaire, uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot, 1928; bull. hill mus. 2: 230; tl: entebbe\ncameroon, congo, zaire, w. uganda (bwamba, toro). see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward, 1871; ent. mon. mag. 8: 82; tl: cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson, 1874; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (euryphene ix): [ 52 ], pl. [ 26 ], f. 40 - 41; tl: west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius, 1901; ent. tidskr. 22: 116; tl: ikelemba r .\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, w. cameroon, congo. see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius, 1793; ent. syst. 3 (1): 250\nzaire (kivu), w. uganda, w. kenya, nw. tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 245, pl. 20, f. 23 - 24\ne. nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, n. angola, zaire, w. uganda, w. tanzania, w. zambia\nsenegal, gambia, guinea bissau, n. guinea, n. sierra leone, n. ivory coast. see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer, [ 1850 ]; samml. aussereurop. schmett. (ii) 1: 54, 1 (? 6) pl. [ 23 ], f. 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch, 1895; ent. nachr. 21 (18): 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson, 1958; occ. pap. coryndon mus. 5: 8\nnigeria, cameroon, congo, w. zaire, n. angola. see [ maps ]\neuryphene guineensis c. & r. felder, [ 1867 ]; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (3): 430; tl: guinea, calabar vetus\npapilio sophus fabricius, 1793; ent. syst. 3 (1): 46\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, benin, nigeria, cameroon, ... ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel, 1850; ann. soc. ent. fr. (2) 8: 253 (boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley, 1936; mitt. schweiz. ent. ges. 16 (11): 702, pl. 7, f. 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson, 1961; occ. pap. coryndon meml mus. (7): 8\naterica barce doubleday, 1847; ann. mag. nat. hist. (1) 20: 64; tl: sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius, 1912; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 13: 178, pl. 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius, 1893; ent. tidskr. 14: 199; tl: camerun, n' dian\nnigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , angola, zaire, uganda, nw. tanzania, n. zambia. see [ maps ]\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana. see [ maps ]\ne. nigeria, cameroon, e. zaire, gabon. see [ maps ]\nnigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, congo, c. a. r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby, 1889; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 3 (15): 247; tl: cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch, 1894; ent. nachr. 20 (14 / 15): 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet, 1954; ann. mus. congo belge (n. s .) sci. zool. 1: 490\ncoastal areas (e. kenya, e. tanzania). see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger, 1896; dt. ent. z. iris 8 (2): 370, pl. 8, f. 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier, 1889; bull. ent. soc. belg. 33: cxxii; tl: kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson, 1865; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (euryphene ii): [ 37 ], pl. [ 19 ], f. 7 - 8; tl: old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot, 1927; rev. zool. afr. 15: 267\ncameroon - zaire (mbandaka - ituri, kasai). see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius, 1898; öfvers. k. vetenskakad. förh. stockh. 54: 280, f. 2; tl: congo, beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius, 1896; öfvers. k. vetenskakad. förh. 53: 433; tl: ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius, 1898; ent. tidskr. 19: 177; tl: congo\naurora kayonza jackson, 1956; j. e afr. nat. hist. soc. 23 (1): 74\neuryphene tessmanni grünberg, 1910; s. b. ges. naturf. fr. berl. 1910 (10): 471; tl: spanish guinea\neuryphene flaminia staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 110, pl. 1, f. 4; tl: barombi station, cameroons\ne. nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, congo, zaire, w. uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 112; tl: barombi station, cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel, 1905; novit. zool. 12: 144; tl: kamerun, barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward, 1871; ent. mon. mag. 8: 82; tl: cameroons\nnigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , w. zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 114; tl: barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren, 1939; j. e. afr. uganda nat. hist. soc. 14 (65): 54; tl: katera\neuryphene phantasiella var. ? phantasina staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 114; tl: sierra leone\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, e. nigeria\nsierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, w. nigeria, cameroon, congo. see [ maps ]\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, w. nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot, 1928; bull. hill mus. 2: 230; tl: bitje, ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 473; tl: makala, congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 474; tl: makala, congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (aterica & euryphene v - vi): [ 46 ], pl. [ 23 ], f. 23 - 26; tl: gaboon\nzaire, s. cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r .\nevena ceres var. unita capronnier, 1889; bull. ent. soc. belg. 33: cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 474; tl: makala - beni; ituri forest, mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon, 1913; ent. mon. mag. 49: 204; tl: ashanti, gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson, 1865; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (romaleosoma ii - iii): [ 31 ], pl. [ 16 ], f. 13 - 15; tl: old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox, 1968; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 30: 1248; tl: wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby, 1889; rhop. exot. [ 2 ] 1: (euryphene) 1, pl. 1, f. 3 - 4; tl: cameroons\ne. nigeria, cameroon, congo, c. a. r. , sw. zaire. see [ maps ]\ne. nigeria, cameroun, gabon, congo, w. zaire. see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland, 1893; can. ent. 25 (1): 1; tl: kangwé, ogové valley\neuryphene ducalis grünberg, 1912; ergeb. dt. z. - afr. exped. 3 (zool. 1): 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo (brazzaville). mission a. villiers et a. descarpentries lxviii. lepidopteres nymphalidae, danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902), : (ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta): 1 - 6, pl. [ 1 ] (1895), [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w. wilson saunders and william c. hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo. being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr. t. a. barns, in east central africa. new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r. grauernach. zentralafrika. 1909 - 1911. lepidoptera\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we' ve indicated * that alamy doesn' t have a release, you might need additional permission from the model, artist, owner, estate, trademark or brand. more information .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nwouldn' t it be wonderful if we could see all of our life as a gift? .... . take a\nthe sunflowers still hanging on in the back of the fence and near garage .\nsome may pass in the alley and not notice their gifts... . their beauty. some may stop and look and truly see the beauty. they will drive off with a gift .\nnature is where i feel close to god... . as with music. even as this sunflower is fading away it longs to give it' s gifts of beauty in life and in the season it will turn to seed. but the seed is another way to give another gift .\nmy wish for those who stop by... ... i hope you go away with a gift and please do pass your special photo or gift on to someone... .. and keep the goodness flowing !\na little bit closer, the same sunset as the other photo, taken for the group ...\nhere you can see the silhouette of the local quarry at the top of the hill... .\nnewa - sc, fabuland flak scooter, sa - 4 ganef, zsu - 23 - 4 shilka, subaru garc raceship, eisen - koma, 8u218 tel, u. s. t - 28 / t - 95 gmc\n* the focus may be a little off here and there, because this image is actually made up of 3 photos that have been auto - stitched with an iphone app." ]

{ "text": [ "bebearia elpinice , the strange forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "it is found in eastern nigeria , cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo and the democratic republic of the congo .", "the habitat consists of forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "bebearia elpinice, the strange forester, is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in eastern nigeria, cameroon, gabon, the republic of the congo and the democratic republic of the congo. the habitat consists of forests." ]

[ "s. f. guianensis atlantic coast tucuxi s. f. fluviatilis amazon river tucuxi\nthe typical diet for the tucuxi dolphin consists of a variety of fish and shrimp .\na healthy tucuxi dolphin is estimated to have a lifespan up to 35 years of age .\nthe riverine tucuxi calve around october or november time after a gestation of up to 12 months .\nnowak, r. 1999. tucuxi, or river dolphin. pp. 920 - 923 in\nthe tucuxi dolphin is a small to midsize freshwater dolphin that can be found living throughout the amazon river .\n‘a single tucuxi leapt into the air, spinning, then crashed into the water with a splash. ’\nthe riverine tucuxi is better known than the marine and can be found along 2, 500 kilometres of the amazon and also 250 km upstream in the orinoco river. the marine tucuxi prefers bays and estuaries along the coasts .\ntwelve microsatellite loci for marine and riverine tucuxi dolphins (sotalia guianensis and sotalia fluviatilis). molecular ecology notes .\n‘in comparison, the tucuxi, one of the smallest dolphins, is about 5 feet long and 100 pounds. ’\ntucuxi can be found along the amazon river and its tributaries and also around the coast of north east south america .\nthe marine tucuxi is the largest and can grow up to 2. 1 metres in length and weigh up to 54 kilograms. the riverine tucuxi is much smaller growing up to 1. 5 metres in length and being much lighter in weight .\nmass, a. , a. supin. 1999. retinal topography and visual acuity in the riverine tucuxi (sotalia fluviatilis) .\nbecause the tucuxi dolphin lives in the rivers of amazon they do face threats from being caught in fishing nets and being struck by boats .\nazevedo, a. , m. van sluys. 2005. whistles of tucuxi dolphins (sotalia fluviatilis) in brazil: comparisons among populations .\nbeneditto, a. , r. ramos. 2004. biology of the marine tucuxi dolphin (sotalia £uviatilis) in south - eastern brazil .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - tucuxi dolphin (sotalia fluviatilis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - tucuxi dolphin (sotalia fluviatilis )\ntitle =\narkive species - tucuxi dolphin (sotalia fluviatilis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe tucuxi is a species endemic to south american waters; the tucuxi inhabits waters of brazil, panama, peru, ecuador, colombia, nicaragua, venezuela and probably honduras. its distribution range starts from this last country or panama and runs along the east south american coasts ending in southern brazil .\nding, w. , b. wursig, s. leatherwood. 2001. whistles of boto, inia geoffrensis, and tucuxi, sotalia fluviatilis .\nflores, p. , v. da silva. 2009. tucuxi and guiana dolphin. pp. 1188 - 1192 in j thewissen, ed .\nalves, r. , i. rosa. 2008. use of tucuxi dolphin sotalia fluviatilis for medicinal and magic / religious purposes in north of brazil .\nthe tucuxi dolphin is a marine mammal that belongs to the cetacean family, which consists of over 80 different species and are part of the toothed whale suborder .\nthe tucuxi (pronounced ‘too - koo - shee’) is also known as the estuarine dolphin, or sometimes, sotalia, from its scientific name of sotalia fluviatilis .\ntwelve microsatellite loci for marine and riverine tucuxi dolphins (sotalia guianensis and sotalia fluviatilis). molecular ecology notes. – sardpan – south american river dolphin protected area network\nat first the sight the marine tucuxi resembles a small bottle - nosed dolphin though there are differences. the tucuxi can sometimes been seen somersaulting, spy hopping and breaching the waters in a similar way to bottle - nosed dolphins though unlike them they tend to follow in the wake of boat rather than swimming and breaching the waters before the bow .\nthe tucuxi dolphin is closely related to the costero dolphin, but resembles the bottlenose dolphin in terms of appearance, although it has a slightly smaller frame then the bottlenose dolphin .\ntucuxi leaping - image author: archilider - creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 unported, 2. 5 generic, 2. 0 generic and 1. 0 generic license .\n‘mix altruism with hedonism for ten days by helping brazilian scientists study the sensitive tucuxi dolphin off the lush island of ilha do cardoso, in the cananéia estuary, south of são paulo. ’\nthe tucuxi living in the amazon consume around 28 species of fish, and within this set, they prefer those that belong to the family curimatidae, because they represent 52 percent of their total diet .\nthe tucuxi dolphin can be found swimming in a number of areas throughout the amazon river including brazil, colombia, ecuador, nicaragua and peru as well as a number of other locations found along the amazon river .\ntucuxi are small dolphins that are between 1. 3 and 2 m (4. 25 - 6. 5 ft) in length and they weigh between 35 and 40 kgs (77 - 88 lbs) .\n‘but it is the face that is most arresting: compared with the tucuxi' s neat, smooth head, the boto' s bulbous forehead seems misshapen, like a troll' s or a dwarf' s. ’\nabstract: twelve dinucleotide polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from the marine tucuxi dolphin (sotalia guianensis). levels of genetic diversity were assessed using 34 individuals from the coasts of rio de janeiro and pará, brazil. numbers of alleles varied between two and 14, and observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0. 040 to 0. 704, and from 0. 093 to 0. 818, respectively. moreover, eight of these loci were variable in the riverine tucuxi sotalia fluviatilis. this is the first description of microsatellite primers from a dolphin that does not belong to the delphininae. these loci are currently being used in the analysis of population structure of both tucuxi species .\nthe tucuxi dolphin is classified as data deficient on the iucn red list (1), and is listed on appendix i of cites (5). it is also listed on appendix ii of the convention on migratory species (2) .\ntucuxi are usually found in small groups of only a few individuals although they can also be seen in larger groups. they are extremely sociable and perform impressive acrobatics, including spyhopping, lobtailing, flipper slapping, and porpoising. they are, however, not known to bow - ride, are shy and difficult to approach. they make short dives, usually lasting 30 seconds to one minute. tucuxi can often be found in mixed groups with boto, and as the only other cetacean species sharing the same habitat, they cannot be misidentified .\nthe tucuxi has a conservation status of “data deficient” in the red list of the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn). the size of the total population is unknown, but it is true that it is vulnerable to the effects of human activities such as :\nthe controversy surrounding the taxonomy of the sotalia genus has finally been laid to rest. the two' populations' have recently been formally recognised as separate species; s. fluviatalis, otherwise known as the tucuxi, is a freshwater species whilst s. guianensis is marine, and now known as the guiana dolphin. further research is needed in order to establish the distribution limits of both sotalia species in the mouth of the amazon river and the amazonian estuary as well as in the orinoco river. the tucuxi is known as the' other dolphin' of the amazon .\nda silva, v. , a. carter, c. ambrosio, a. carvalho, m. bonatelli, m. lima, m. miglino. 2007. placentation in dolphins from the amazon river basin: the boto, inia geoffrensis, and the tucuxi, sotalia fluviatilis .\nevidence suggests that wild tucuxis can live for up to 35 years. there is no information available indicating the average lifespan of captive individuals. they are susceptible to capture stress and often tangle and suffocate themselves within netting. in addition, tucuxi do not respond well to extended periods of transportation .\nvidal, o, barlow j, hurtado la, torre j, cendon p, ojeda z. 1997. distribution and abundance of the amazon river dolphin (inia geoffrensis) and the tucuxi (sotalia fluviatilis) in the upper amazon river. marine mammal science. 13: 427 - 445 .\nthe superstition of fishermen, who believe the tucuxi dolphin to be a sacred animal that brings the bodies of drowned people back to the shore, has ensured that it has rarely been targeted as a food item (6). in 1994, the international whaling commission’s (iwc) scientific committee urged member states to reduce by - catch and monitor populations (1). the iwc had previously started the sotalia project with the organisation ‘brasil’s biologists’, which sets out to study the behaviour and habitat needs of the tucuxi dolphin, and has managed to build a significant collection of photo identifications (6) .\nthis little - known species is physically similar to the bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) except for its size and other minor details. it is found in fresh and salty waters but is not genetically related to the south american river dolphins. described initially in 1853, the tucuxi is a small dolphin .\nin a separate project, marine tucuxi are under study by colleague paulo flores in southern brazil, near florianopolis. flores is conducting this work for his doctoral degree, with the support of earthwatch institute. randall wells serves as a co - principal investigator on the project, and as a dissertation advisor to flores .\ninto two species has conservation relevance. the tucuxi can be considered the world' s only exclusively freshwater delphinid. this endemism jeopardizes its persistence because its restricted habitat is shared with increasing human populations. tucuxis are vulnerable to threats such as incidental mortality in fisheries, habitat deterioration and fragmentation of populations by dam construction (reeves\ntucuxi (sotalia fluviatilis) is a dolphin found both in the coastal waters and in the rivers of the amazon basin to the north and east of south america. these dolphins are very much similar to the bottlenose dolphin. these dolphins are of two types, i. e. , the freshwater tucuxi and the marine tucuxi. these species are light grey to bluish - grey on their back, and are pinkish to light grey on their belly. the pink coloration can also be seen sometimes on the lower jaw and the throat. their dorsal fin is triangular, rounded and curved and it is slightly hooked at the tip. they also have a long and slender beak with a rounded fore - head. their upper and lower jaw contains (26 to 36) pairs of teeth. these species grow up to a size of 152 cm and weigh up to 55 kg. these dolphins are generally smaller as compared to the other species of the dolphins .\nthere are two sub - species of tucuxi. one is riverine and found in freshwater lakes and rivers. the other is marine and found in shallow, warm coastal waters, bays and estuaries along the eastern coasts of central america, from nicaragua down the north eastern coasts of south america, to around florianopolis, brazil .\nlittle is known of the reproductive habits of the tucuxi dolphin. the freshwater subspecies calves during the low water period of october and november (2), after an 11 to 12 month gestation. it is thought to be polyandrous (where each female has more than one male partner), and aggression between males is seen during courtship (5) .\nthe tucuxi dolphin is regularly caught accidentally in gillnets of large fishing trawlers, and is the most common cetacean in the by - catch of coastal fisheries in the south caribbean sea. intentional hunting appears to be rare, but does take place for meat to eat, for blubber to be used as shark bait, and for the genital organs and eyes which are sold as love amulets (1). a major potential threat is a proposal for the construction of hydroelectric dams, which would cause population fragmentation and increased inbreeding, as well as the extinction of the migratory fish that constitute the diet of the freshwater tucuxi dolphin (2). pollution from heavy metals, banned pesticides and noise are also concerns, as is habitat loss (1) .\nthe tucuxi is a carnivorous dolphin. it submerges for about 30 seconds to search for food, and they frequent the confluence areas because it is a zone suitable for the development of species such as plankton which in turn attracts many species of fish. therefore, this dolphin usually goes to the confluences of bodies of water, but it also goes to places near the coasts .\n( 2009) found two tucuxis and one boto wounded by perforating and cutting objects, probably harpoons and machetes. such kills indicate potential conflicts with locals using tucuxi and boto as bait in a catfish fishery (v. da silva, pers. comm .). trujillo and diazgranados (2002) reported one death by harpooning in the colombian amazon, in a ten - year monitoring period .\ncaballero, s. , f. trujillo, j. vianna, h. barrios - garrido, m. montiel, s. beltran - pedreros, m. marmontel, m. santos, m. rossi - santos, f. santos, c. baker. 2007. taxonomic status of the genus sotalia: species level ranking for\ntucuxi\n( sotalia fluviatilis) and\ncostero\n( sotalia guianensis) dolphins .\nthe tucuxi has a small, but robust body that is colored bluish - grey to the upper part and lighter underneath. sometimes they can be a pinkish - grey particularly on their sides and under parts. the dorsal fin is a slightly rounded, triangular, curved shape, set roughly half way down its back. they have a rounded fore - head and a beak that is quite long. the upper and lower jaws contain 26 to 36 pairs of teeth .\ntucuxis are found throughout the amazon and orinoco river basins and are commonly found near low current confluences and river junctions where food is abundant and less energy has to be expended during foraging bouts. they avoid mud banks and flooded forest areas. the mouth of the amazon river occurs at its junction with the atlantic ocean, thus making the first 2 km of the river relatively saline. although some tucuxi can be found within this area, they prefer the freshwater habitat found further inland .\nindividuals in the genus sotalia are similar in overall appearance to the bottlenose dolphin although they are smaller, have a low triangular dorsal fin, broad flippers, and a narrow more pronounced beak. colouration ranges from blue to grey with a lighter underside of white, grey, or pink. the tucuxi is generally smaller than the guiana dolphin with individuals in the coastal populations up to 30% larger, although where their range overlaps it would be virtually impossible to distinguish between the two species .\ntucuxi are known to be distributed throughout the amazon basin and possibly also in the orinoco river. threats to this species include direct kills – because of perceived competition and traditional medicine use, although interestingly they are also protected in many parts of their range because of myth and legend - pollution, accidental bycatch and entanglement in fishing gear, human disturbance, habitat deterioration and fragmentation of populations by dam construction. comprehensive population estimates are not available and the iucn lists this species as data deficient (2008) .\ninformation on reproduction is sparse. males attain sexual maturity at approximately 140cm and females at between 132 and 137cm (da silva and best 1996). in brazil, gestation lasts about 11 months and calves are about 80 cm long at birth, which occurs primarily from september to november during the low - water period (da silva and best 1996, flores and da silva 2009). neonate tucuxi were observed in all seasons in the peruvian amazon, with a slight peak in encounter rates during high water (mcguire and aliaga 2007) .\noccurring in the river systems of the amazon and the orinoco, as well as along the coasts from brazil to nicaragua, the tucuxi dolphin is split into two subspecies. the freshwater subspecies, sotalia fluviatilis fluviatilis, inhabits only fresh water and is found as much as 250 kilometres up the orinoco river system and as much as 2, 500 km up the amazon river system. the marine subspecies, sotalia fluviatilis guianensis, is found in the coastal estuaries and bays of the east coast of south america as far south as the brazilian city of florianópolis (2) .\nthe tucuxi dolphin (pronounced ‘too - koo - shee’) quite closely resembles the bottlenose dolphin, but smaller. it is blue to light grey on the back, and fades to white or whitish - pink on the belly. there is a dark bar between the mouth and the flipper. the beak is slender and long, and the dorsal fin is triangular and slightly hooked at the tip (2). both the beak and the dorsal fin may be tipped with white (5). some marine populations have yellow - orange sides with a bright patch on the dorsal fin (5) .\nthe seasonal fluctuation in river water levels has a great influence on the freshwater subspecies. it enters lakes during high water but leaves as the waters begin to fall to avoid being trapped (2). a shy dolphin, the tucuxi tends to be most active during the early morning and late afternoon, but is usually a slow swimmer that jumps infrequently (5). it dives for around 30 seconds (4), and uses echolocation to communicate as well as to catch fish and shrimp (5). group size varies, but can be up to 20 in freshwater or 50 in the marine subspecies (3) .\nfield data will be collected during the months of november, march, july and october of 2002 - 2003, in the gulf of morrosquillo in colombia. the research methodology will include photo identification along with the use and analysis of geographic information systems (gis). all data will be analyzed under an ecological and ethological perspective. i hope this will be the beginning of many years of research with coastal tucuxi in colombian waters resulting in the understanding and preservation of its habitat in the future. this research has been supported by the chicago board of trade, cetacean society international, fundacion omacha, conservacion inernacional, cvs and invemar .\nthese species are found in both saltwater as well as freshwater. they can be found in the brazil, florianopolis, caribbean sea and near panama canal. these dolphins are the inhabitants of lakes and rivers. these species avoid flooded forests as well as rapid and fast - moving turbulent water. they can be found along 2500 km of the amazon and 250 km upstream in the orinoco river. the marine tucuxi are found in bays and estuaries. these are social creatures and are found in a group of (10 to 15) individuals. sometimes they can be seen in a group of 30 creatures. these are also seen to be jumping in clear waters .\nthese species of dolphins are killed in gillnet fisheries. these are also caught accidentally in fishing nets and killed. the destruction of their natural habitat for development of coasts by human being is also one of the major threats to these species. the hydro - electric damming projects may cause these species to become isolated. these modern projects are also responsible for killing the migratory fishes, which are considered as the important diet of these species. moreover, pollution level in the water also causes these species to die. the pollution in the water by the industrial companies is becoming one of the biggest threats to these freshwater species. these species are widely distributed in amazon river but the scientists do not know the exact number of these species. the orca and bull shark are the natural predators of these species. some of these tucuxi dolphins are also kept in captivity in europe .\nalthough freshwater dolphins have been protected by superstitions in parts of amazonia (leatherwood and reeves 1997), in colombia and brazil there was and may still be a small market for the eyes, teeth and reproductive organs of dolphins, used as love charms or aphrodisiacs when prepared in a special manner (da silva and best 1994, 1996; trujillo and diazgranados 2002; alves and rosa 2008). according to v. da silva (pers. comm .), this market is no longer a significant threat in the brazilian amazon, although according to m. borobia (in iwc 2007) the practice of selling dolphin parts continues in at least some local areas. however, according to v. da silva (pers. comm .), fishermen in the central amazon do not kill tucuxi deliberately or use parts of its body as love charm. teeth, eyes and body parts are from\na boat survey was conducted from 5 to 26 june 1993 to estimate the abundance of the amazon river dolphin (inia geoffrensis) and the tucuxi (solatia fluviatilis) along ca. 120 km of the amazon river bordering colombia, peru, and brazil. two survey methods were used: line transects during 5 d and strip transects during 15 d. the line transects were used to estimate the abundance of both species in the main channels of the amazon at distances greater than 200 m from river banks and islands, and strip transects were used to estimate abundance in the remainder of the habitat. a total of 29 sightings was obtained using line transects, including 8 of inia, 15 of solatia, and 6 with both species present. the total number of sightings made while using strip transects was 143, including 78 of inia, 51 of solatia, and 14 with both species present. the distributions of sightings with respect to distance from the nearest bank were not significantly different between the two species. based on the results from the two methods, we estimate that there are 346 (cv = 0. 12) inia and 409 (cv = 0. 13) solatia in the study area. overall, the mean group size for inia was 2. 9 individuals and for solatia was 3. 9 individuals. inia density (dolphin / km (2) ) was highest in tributaries (4. 8), followed by areas around islands (2. 7) and along main banks (2. 0); while solatia density was highest in lakes (8. 6), followed by areas along main banks (2. 8) and around islands (2. 0). these are among the highest densities measured to date for any cetacean .\nthe freshwater subspecies inhabits rivers and lakes, but is not found in flooded forests and avoids rapids, whereas the marine subspecies inhabits shallow, protected estuaries and bays (2) .\nto help conserve this species by working in the field with earthwatch, click here .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nby - catch in the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non - target species. cetacean a whale, dolphin or porpoise. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nin marine and estuarine waters of eastern south and central america and the caribbean. both genetic (cunha\ndolphins at ciudad bolívar, some 300 km upstream of the orinoco mouth. these animals are suspected be\n( da silva and best 1996, meade and koehnken 1991, flores and da silva 2009). it is believed that\ndolphins cannot traverse the rapids at the casiquiare channel, which connects the orinoco and amazon river basins (da silva and best 1996). this barrier has existed since the uplift of the mérida cordillera (10 million years ago - mya; lundberg\ndolphins in the southern freshwater portion of maracaibo lake. those individuals differ morphologically from the marine\nthat inhabit the northern portion of the lake, adjacent to the gulf of venezuela. dolphins from southern maracaibo lake are smaller than marine\n1981, da silva and best 1996, león 2005). however, there is no connection between maracaibo lake and the present - day known range of riverine\naround the mouth of the lake and in the gulf of venezuela. indeed, caballero\n( 2006) observed some exclusive haplotypes in samples from the lake, but they did not attribute the variation to species differentiation .\n2003). no formal assessment to evaluate the risks of population decline has been performed. such assessment will require a better understanding of population structure so that population - specific abundance, non - natural mortality rates and other relevant parameters can be estimated and considered .\ndue to a lack of good data on these parameters, sotalia fluviatilis is listed as data deficient .\ntucuxis are found in the amazon drainage as far inland as southern peru, eastern ecuador, and southeastern colombia. they occur in the main tributaries of the amazon / solimões river basin and they cross international boundaries in areas such as leticia, between brazil and colombia. the species does not occur in the beni / mamoré river basin in bolivia nor in the upper rio negro. its putative presence in the orinoco is controversial because of a stretch of rapids and waterfalls that are suspected to block the species movements to this area (flores and da silva 2009) .\nduring the flood season, tucuxis may move into smaller tributaries, but apparently they do not move into the inundated forest to feed (as botos, inia geoffrensis, often do), staying mainly in the main river channels, tributaries and lakes (da silva and best 1996). tucuxis are largely sympatric with the boto in the amazon and orinoco systems but generally do not interact with that species .\nthe map shows where the species may occur. the species has not been recorded for all the states within the hypothetical range as shown on the map. states for which confirmed records of the species exist are included in the list of native range states .\n( h = 0. 364; cunha and watts 2007). the reason for a higher level of genetic variation in\n, in spite of its probably smaller population size, remains to be determined .\n, though it appears to be relatively abundant throughout most of its range (flores and da silva 2009). local estimates of relative abundance exist for some areas .\nin the amazon drainage, an average density (encounter rate) of approximately 1. 1 dolphins / km of river was estimated between manaus and tefé in the solimões river (magnusson\n1980). four boat surveys of about 1, 525 km each, from manaus to letícia, resulted in a mean estimate of 768 (± 104. 7 sd) dolphins per trip or 1. 02 individuals / km² (da silva and best 1994). more recently, mean density along the margins of main rivers in the central amazon, brazil (1, 320 km of strip survey) was estimated at 3. 2 individuals / km². about 54% of the individuals were found within 50 m of the edge of rivers and channels (martin\n2004). faustino and da silva (2006) recorded on average 24 tucuxis / km in the mamirauá system, central amazon. higher densities were found in deeper channels with high turbulence and productivity .\nabout 350 tucuxis were estimated to inhabit the samiria river system in peru (leatherwood 1996). recent studies indicate that encounter rates in this area were within the range for these dolphins elsewhere in south america and that population numbers were stable over 10 years between 1991 and 2000 (mcguire 2002). mean encounter rates in the peruvian amazon were 0. 01 - 080 individuals / km in rivers and 0. 05 - 2. 17 individuals / km² in lakes (28 surveys over a four - year time period; mcguire 2002). the species is reportedly common in colombia in the loretoyacu river, in the tarapoto river and in the el correo lake system (da silva and best 1994). vidal\n( 1997) estimated that in 1993 there were 409 tucuxis (cv = 13 %) along 120 km of the amazon river bordering colombia, peru, and brazil. density (dolphins / km²) was highest in lakes (8. 6), followed by areas along main banks (2. 8) and around islands (2. 0 )\n. those estimates of density or abundance in small portions of the range are of limited use for assessment of the conservation status of the species as a whole .\ntucuxis inhabit all three types of water of the amazon basin: white water, clear water, and black water. therefore, physical factors such as visibility and acidity appear not to affect their distribution directly. they seem to prefer the main channels of rivers and larger lakes where access is not limited by a narrow or shallow channel, while rapids and fast - moving turbulent water are avoided. tucuxis also generally do not enter the flooded forest. they are mostly found within 50 m of the edges of rivers and channels (martin\n2004). the most preferred habitat is where a sediment - rich whitewater channel meets the low ph - carrying black water. the resultant mixing produces productive and obviously attractive conditions for dolphins (martin\n2004). the large seasonal fluctuation in river levels (10m) influences the distribution of tucuxis. they enter lake systems during periods of high water but leave these environments as the waters recede, thus avoiding entrapment. in the peruvian amazon, tucuxis were not found in waters < 3m depth in rivers or < 1. 8 m depth in lakes .\nindividuals may occur in the same area year - round. two tagged individuals in the amazon were found within 5 km of the tagging site up to 1 year later (da silva and best 1994). a long - term photo - identification study revealed a maximum range for individuals of 130 km in peru' s pacaya - samiria reserve (mcguire and henningsen 2007). this relatively small range is probably due to limiting features such as small channels and seasonally shallow waters. according to mcguire (2002), encounter rates were highest in confluences, intermediate in lakes, and lowest in rivers and did not differ among seasons in the latter two. during the dry season, tucuxis persisted longer in the confluences and occurred in higher densities than in any rainy or intermediate season; the reverse pattern was observed during high water .\nsotalia fluviatilis occurs most often in groups of one to six individuals. groups of more than nine animals are rarely observed (da silva and best 1994, faustino and da silva 2006). the composition of groups is unknown. vidal et al. (1997) reported overall mean group size of 3. 9 in the upper amazon. tucuxis were most frequently seen as singles or pairs in rivers and lakes of peru' s pacaya - samiria reserve; seasonal differences in group size were non - significant (mcguire 2002) .\nmostly small schooling fish belonging to 11 families are preyed upon by tucuxis in the amazon region. the characoid family curimatidae was represented in 52% , sciaenidae in 39% and siluriforms in 54% of stomachs analysed (n = 29) (da silva and best 1994). during the dry season, fish concentrate in the main water bodies and thus are more vulnerable to predation. during the flood season, many species enter the floodplain and are largely out of reach of tucuxis .\nthis species is used at a low level as bait in fisheries, and its eyes and genital organs are used as aphrodisiacs .\nspp. (iwc 2001). river dolphins in the amazon region are threatened primarily by incidental mortality in fishing gear (iwc 2001) .\n2004). in one study in the central amazon of brazil, 74% of 34 tucuxis examined had been killed in gill nets and 15% in seine nets (da silva and best 1985). by - catch in fishing gear, caused by the proliferation of gill nets, and some evidence of poisoning by commercial fishermen, seem to be the main conservation threats to tucuxis in peru (reeves\nother potentially important threats are oil spills, boat strikes, chemical and noise pollution, overfishing of prey, and damming of rivers for hydroelectric projects (da silva and best 1994, denkinger 2001, mcguire 2002). dams can interrupt gene flow and create isolated groups of dolphins with reduced genetic variability and lowered demographic resilience .\nthe use of pesticides banned in many countries continues to be common in some parts of south america (pnuma 2002). mercury is used to refine fluvial gold and then, like the pesticides, enters aquatic food webs. dams, in addition to fragmenting dolphin populations, can have serious effects on migratory fish populations on which tucuxis feed (such as some siluriform fishes) (da silva and best 1994). the increased use of outboard engines and illegal fishing with explosives are also sources of concern in parts of these dolphins' range (e. g. utreras\n, killed in the nets at the amazon estuary are often sold in the markets as boto eyes. recent molecular analyses have shown that a high proportion of dolphin products sold as amulets and love charms are derived from guiana dolphins (\nsotalia fluviatilis is listed in appendix i of cites and in appendix ii of cms. the species is legally protected in most of the range countries .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nphoto by archilider. this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 4. 0 international .\nthe unique name of this cetacean is pronounced “tucushi” and comes from the tupi language, typical of south america. it is also known as gray bufeo and black bufeo in the area .\nmorphology. the shape of its body is similar to that of the bottlenose dolphin as it is fusiform and slightly robust. it has a triangular dorsal fin slightly hooked. its snout is long, very pronounced and narrow. its pectoral flippers are large .\nweight and size. it is one of the smallest cetaceans of the delphinidae family, and there is no presence of sexual dimorphism. adults have an average length of 2. 1 - 2. 2 meters and a weight of 35 to 55 kilograms. individuals living in freshwater have a shorter length, estimated at 1. 5 meters .\nskin coloration. the color of its dorsal skin varies being either bluish, gray or dark brown. the lower part of its body is white, light gray or pink and the sides are a shade between the dorsal and ventral colors. it has a dark strip blended between the snout and each of the pectoral flippers. some populations have yellow stripes on the sides and a clear spot on the dorsal fin .\ndistinctive characteristics. most specimens have a white patch on the tip of the snout. there are two ecotypes of this species, one living in ocean waters of the atlantic ocean and another dwelling in the amazon and orinoco rivers .\nthere are two ecotypes of this species, one living in the waters of the atlantic ocean and other that dwells in the amazon and orinoco rivers. those who live in the ocean stay near the coasts, in estuaries, and bays. the freshwater ecotype, inhabit the channels of the rivers mentioned above reaching upriver up to 2, 500 kilometers in the amazon and 250 kilometers in the orinoco .\nray - finned fishes (actinopterygii class), octopuses, squids, and shrimps are the main part of its diet. if they are in the open ocean, they prefer to feed on small fishes grouped in schools, and near the coasts, they prefer to catch pelagic or demersal fishes and cephalopods .\nit is considered a shy dolphin which never get close to boats or people and whose swimming is slow, but this does not mean that is “not active. ” on the contrary, it spends most of the day doing activities, and its leaps out of the water are impressive. it can leap up to 1 meter out of the water and executes jumps, tumbles and blows with its pectoral flippers and the tail either alone or in coordination with other members of its pod. the only thing they do not do is riding the bow waves of boats, which is evident, as they do not come close to them .\nthis dolphin has a social structure based on small groups containing 2 to 6 members. in most cases, the pod is made up of 9 - 20 individuals for the ecotype living in freshwater and up to 50 members for those dwelling in the coastal waters of the atlantic. occasionally the pods associate with other species of dolphins, such as the amazon pink dolphin (inia geoffrensis). in any case, it seems that the adult males dominate the pods and they are the ones followed by other members .\nthe flood season is perfect for swimming through small tributaries, but they do not dare to leave the main river channels and enter into flooded forests. on the other hand, they communicate through whistles and clicks. their sounds are higher than those of other dolphins, and they produce them while feeding, perhaps to call their peers .\nresearchers believe that the females of this species mate with several males in the same breeding period (polyandry). the courtship includes an aggressive behavior of males .\nboth genders reach sexual maturity at six years of age. the gestation period lasts between ten and twelve months, and the calf is born at some point in the autumn. the offspring can have a length from 71 to 106 centimeters .\n– bycatch. – direct hunting. – prey overfishing. – habitat contamination. – acoustic pollution. – boat collisions. – construction of dams that reduce and segment their distribution .\nthis dolphin is in appendix ii of the cms (convention on migratory species) for animals in need of conservation agreements and in appendix i of cites (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora), which contains species with a higher danger of extinction and whose trade is prohibited. also, the international whaling commission (iwc) initiated a plan called project sotalia with the aim of studying this species thoroughly .\nwilliam f. perrin, bernd würsig, j. g. m. ‘hans’ thewissen. encyclopedia of marine mammals. academic press, 2009. page 1188 .\nthis site is protected by copyscape please, do not copy content. students and teachers are allowed to use this information for school projects and homework .\nwhile these dolphins are acrobatic they are not particularly known to approach or interact with humans when given the opportunity to .\nthis dolphin can grow to an average length of between 4 1 / 2 – 6 ft in length and can weigh more than 120 pounds when fully matured .\nin terms of color these dolphins are a light gray color with the fin, skull, upper snout, fins and flukes being slightly darker than the sides and lower half of the dolphins body .\nduring feeding periods these dolphins have been known to feed in small groups of up to 15, however the group size of various feeding pods are largely determined by area, food supply and social structure .\nas with other species of dolphin echolocation plays an important role in their ability to locate potential prey and find their way around the ocean in the dark .\nthese dolphins have been observed performing a number of acrobatic behaviors from tail slapping to leaping out of the water and performing somersaults .\nthey often prefer to travel in dolphin pods consisting of less than 20 dolphins, but may form into larger pods during certain social events .\nwhile these dolphins are social among one another they do appear to be known to frequently and openly approach humans as other species of dolphin have been known to do .\nin order to communicate with one another these dolphins use a variety of clicks and whistles to communicate nearby danger, a desire to mate, to inform other dolphin about the location of food and to communicate a number of other desires .\nonce the child is born the mother will produce milk which her child suckles from her nipple until the child is old enough to begin taking in solid foods and can hunt for food on its own .\nthe age of sexual maturity for this species is unconfirmed but it is likely that these dolphins will reach sexual maturity between the ages of 5 – 12 at which they may begin bearing offspring of their own .\nthey also face threats from man - made constructions such as dams and other large obstructions .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na small stout - bodied dolphin with a grey back and pinkish underparts, living along the coasts and rivers from panama to brazil and in the amazon .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates, blog posts, and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away, from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nthis etymology is incomplete. you can help wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term .\nthis page was last edited on 12 october 2017, at 23: 52 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ntucuxis are social animals forming small, tightly knit groups of 10 - 15. even though there is a large riverine population it is not a true river dolphin but a member of the family delpinidae which are oceanic dolphins. nevertheless, it is quite common in the amazon river basin to see them in the company of river dolphins feeding together .\nfile: delfin del orinoco2. jpg from wikipedia - image author: archilider - creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 unported, 2. 5 generic, 2. 0 generic and 1. 0 generic license\nresidence and site fidelity of sotalia guianensis in the caravelas river estuary, eastern brazil. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom. 87, 207–212. caravelas river estuary (brazil) .\ntaxonomic status of the genus sotalia: species level ranking for tuxcuxi (sotalia fluviatilis) and costero (sotalia guianesis) dolphins. marine mammal science. vol. 23, no. 2. nicaragua colombian caribbean, maracaibo lake, french guiana amazonian estuary brazilian coast, peruvian amazon colombian amazon, brazilian amazon .\nsardpan: a new network for south american river dolphin protected areas spread across two major river basins: the amazon and orinoco .\nsardpan publishes significant new findings on river dolphin research and conservation initiatives resulting from original research. if you want to submit information please contact us here .\ntucuxis, also known as gray dolphins and guianian river dolphins, are neotropical dolphins that live exclusively in the amazon and orinoco basins and are thought to be endemic to this region of south america. the closest living relatives of tucuxis are\n, dolphins that live in the shallow waters along the atlantic coast of south america. however, tucuxis are sympatric with\n( beneditto and ramos, 2004; caballero, et al. , 2007; cunha, et al. , 2005; ding, et al. , 2001; flores and da silva, 2009; martin, et al. , 2004; nowak, 1999; oliveira, 2005; secchi, 2010 )\n( beneditto and ramos, 2004; caballero, et al. , 2007; martin, et al. , 2004 )\nare very similar in appearance and were once classified as a single species. however, phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged approximately 1. 5 to 2 million years ago during the pliocene or early pleistocene. despite their many similarities, three major differences help distinguish between these 2 species. first ,\n. it ranges from blue to pearl - grey along the dorsal surface and from white to pale - pink along the ventral surface. most individuals have a white tipped beak. the dorsal fin has a prominent triangular shape that sometimes hooks toward the caudal fin. adults have between 28 and 35 teeth .\nis not sexually dimorphic and ranges from 86 to 206 cm long and weighs 55 kg on average .\n( beneditto and ramos, 2004; caballero, et al. , 2007; cunha, et al. , 2005; ding, et al. , 2001; emmons, 1990; nowak, 1999; da silva, et al. , 2007 )\ntucuxis breed during late summer and early fall. gestation ranges from 10 to 11. 6 months and results in one calf, which is born during the fall low - water season. newborn calves range in size from 71 to 106 cm in length. both sexes become sexually mature by six years of age, at which point males are around 180 cm long and females are around 160 cm long. despite their differences in length at reproductive maturity, fully grown males and females are usually equal in length and weight .\nlittle is known of parental care in tucuxis; however, mothers are known to whistle at their calves once they have found food. as" ]

{ "text": [ "the tucuxi ( sotalia fluviatilis ) , alternatively in peru bufeo gris or bufeo negro , is a species of freshwater dolphin found in the rivers of the amazon basin .", "the word tucuxi is derived from the tupi language word tuchuchi-ana , and has now been adopted as the species ' common name .", "despite being found in geographic locations similar to those of ' true ' river dolphins such as the boto , the tucuxi is not closely related to them genetically .", "instead , it is classed in the oceanic dolphin family ( delphinidae ) .", "physically , the species resembles the bottlenose dolphin but differs sufficiently to be placed in a separate genus , sotalia .", "the costero ( sotalia guianensis ) , related dolphins present in coastal and estuarine environments and formerly grouped together with the tucuxi , have recently been recognized as a distinct species . " ], "topic": [ 6, 25, 13, 2, 26, 26 ] }

[ "the tucuxi (sotalia fluviatilis), alternatively in peru bufeo gris or bufeo negro, is a species of freshwater dolphin found in the rivers of the amazon basin. the word tucuxi is derived from the tupi language word tuchuchi-ana, and has now been adopted as the species' common name. despite being found in geographic locations similar to those of' true' river dolphins such as the boto, the tucuxi is not closely related to them genetically. instead, it is classed in the oceanic dolphin family (delphinidae). physically, the species resembles the bottlenose dolphin but differs sufficiently to be placed in a separate genus, sotalia. the costero (sotalia guianensis), related dolphins present in coastal and estuarine environments and formerly grouped together with the tucuxi, have recently been recognized as a distinct species." ]

[ "ebscohost | 94912365 | conservation genetic assessment of the critically endangered julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes .\ndevelopment of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the microendemic pupfishes cyprinodon julimes and c. pachycephalus\ndevelopment of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the microendemic pupfishes cyprinodon julimes and c. pachycephalus | springerlink\nerratum to: development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the microendemic pupfishes cyprinodon julimes and c. pachycephalus\njulimes: named for the municipality of julimes in chihuahua state, northern mexico, to which this species is endemic .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\ncyprinodon julimes de la maza - benignos & vela - valladores, 2009\n.\njulimes, chihuahua: un modelo de sustentabilidad basado en la conservación de la biodiversidad .\nthe julimes pupfish (cyprinodon julimes) (spanish: cachorrito de julimes), is a killifish belonging to the family cyprinodontidae (pupfish) of ray - finned fish, endemic to\nel pandeño\nhot spring in julimes, chihuahua, mexico. the pupfish is known as the\nhottest fish in the world\ndue to its adaptation to life in a hot spring that reaches temperatures as high as 114 °f (46 °c) .\ndo you have information on water chemistry in the habitat of c. julimes, also of c. fontinalis ?\n... pupfishes (genus cyprinodon) are iconic of biodiversity and endemism in the desert southwest of north america. most of these species are imperiled, primarily because of excessive exploitation of water resources in this arid region. the critically endangered julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes, is restricted to a small, isolated, and highly modified desert spring in chihuahua, méxico. we evaluated ...\na remarkable species flock of pupfishes, genus cyprinodon, from yucatan, mexico .\ncyprinodon tularosa, a new cyprinodontid fish from the tularosa basin, new mexico .\ncyprinodon arcuatus (w. l. minckley & r. r. miller, 2002 )\ncyprinodon higuey (c. m. rodriguez & m. l. smith, 1990 )\ncyprinodon laciniatus (c. l. hubbs & r. r. miller, 1942 )\ncyprinodon nevadensis (c. h. eigenmann & r. s. eigenmann, 1889 )\ncyprinodon pachycephalus (w. l. minckley & c. o. minckley, 1986 )\ncyprinodon pecosensis (a. a. echelle & a. f. echelle, 1978 )\ncyprinodon pisteri (r. r. miller & w. l. minckley, 2002 )\ncyprinodon tularosa (r. r. miller & a. a. echelle, 1975 )\na new species of cyprinodon from lake eustis, florida. copeia, (3): 160 .\ncarson, e. w. , m. de la maza - benignos, ma. de l. lozano - vilano, l. vela - valladares, i. banda - villanueva, and t. f. turner. early view. conservation genetic assessment of the critically endangered julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes. conservation genetics. doi: 10. 1007 / s10592 - 013 - 0548 - x .\nknown only from a geothermal spring known as ‘el pandeño de los pando’ in the middle río conchos basin, julimes municipality, chihuahua state, northern mexico .\nfour new pupfishes of the genus cyprinodon from mexico, with a key to the c. eximius complex .\nreyes i (2009) reconocimiento geomorfológico del área de julimes, chihuahua. world wildlife fund, chihuahuan desert program and facultad de ingeniería de launiversidad autónoma de chihuahua, méxico\ndescription of a new species of cyprinodon. calif. acad. sci. , 2 (1): 270 .\nnaiman, robert j. (15 september 1979) .\npreliminary food studies of cyprinodon macularius and cyprinodon nevadensis (cyprinodontidae )\n. the southwestern naturalist 24 (3): 538–541. doi: 10. 2307 / 3671312 .\nrodríguez - ramírez a, ballesteros - barrera c (2009) estudio paleoambiental del área “el pandeño”, julimes. chihuahua, facultad de ciencias de la unam for world wildlife fund\ncyprinodon: from the ancient greek κυπρῖνος (kuprinos), meaning ‘carp’, and ὀδούς (odous), meaning ‘tooth’ .\nthe community of farmers at el pandeño relies on local desert springs for irrigation of crops. while el pandeño spring is highly modified, it maintains a remarkable suite indigenous species, including the microendemic julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes. this pupfish is the focus of conservation. how can you not admire a fish that can tolerate constant exposure to temperatures over 42˚c? other species of focus include an endemic and a native hydrobiid snail, a possibly endemic isopod, and an undescribed endemic mosquitofish .\nwe developed microsatellite loci for the julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes. twenty - five loci were screened across 19 individuals from julimes spring, chihuahua, mexico. the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 14, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0. 105 to 0. 947, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0. 022 to 0. 588. we then tested for cross - amplification in the bighead pupfish, c. pachycephalus; twenty - three individuals from san diego de alcalá, chihuahua, mexico, were screened across the 20 loci that amplified cleanly. these new loci will be used for long - term genetic monitoring of these critically endangered species .\ncyprinodon milleri, a new species of pupfish (family cyprinodontidae) from death valley, california. copeia: 769, fig .\ncyprinodon verecundus n. sp. , a fifth species of pupfish from laguna chichancanab. copeia: 62, fig. 2 .\nfroese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2010) .\ncyprinodon macularius\nin fishbase. january 2010 version .\ncyprinodon salinus, a new species of fish from death valley, california. copeia: 69, fig. 1, pl. 1 .\npupfishes (genus cyprinodon) are iconic of biodiversity and endemism in the desert southwest of north america. most of these species are imperiled, primarily because of excessive exploitation of water resources in this arid region. the critically endangered julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes, is restricted to a small, isolated, and highly modified desert spring in chihuahua, méxico. we evaluated effective population size (microsatellites) and genetic variation (microsatellites and mitochondrial dna) to determine the conservation genetic status of this species. the effective population size was critically low and indicated that this pupfish is at genetic risk of extinction through loss of adaptive variance and, potentially, from inbreeding depression. mitochondrial variation was also extremely low, and haplotype frequency was biased heavily in favor of one of two variants. the uncommon haplotype was derived from a past hybridization event with the closely related c. eximius; whether cessation of introgressive hybridization is relevant to conservation management of julimes pupfish is unknown but may be important to consider. minimally, c. julimes is compromised genetically. baseline population genetic information provided by this study will be vital to long - term monitoring of this highly imperiled species .\nabstract: pupfishes (genus cyprinodon) are iconic of biodiversity and endemism in the desert southwest of north america. most of these species are imperiled, primarily because of excessive exploitation of water resources in this arid region. the critically endangered julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes, is restricted to a small, isolated, and highly modified desert spring in chihuahua, méxico. we evaluated effective population size (microsatellites) and genetic variation (microsatellites and mitochondrial dna) to determine the conservation genetic status of this species. the effective population size was critically low and indicated that this pupfish is at genetic risk of extinction through loss of adaptive variance and, potentially, from inbreeding depression. mitochondrial variation was also extremely low, and haplotype frequency was biased heavily in favor of one of two variants. the uncommon haplotype was derived from a past hybridization event with the closely related c. eximius; whether cessation of introgressive hybridization is relevant to conservation management of julimes pupfish is unknown but may be important to consider. minimally, c. julimes is compromised genetically. baseline population genetic information provided by this study will be vital to long - term monitoring of this highly imperiled species .\npupfishes (genus cyprinodon) are iconic of biodiversity and endemism in the desert southwest of north america. most of these species are imperiled, primarily because of excessive exploitation of water resources in this arid region. the critically endangered julimes pupfish, cyprinodon julimes, is restricted to a small, isolated, and highly modified desert spring in chihuahua, méxico. we evaluated effective population size (microsatellites) and genetic variation (microsatellites and mitochondrial dna) to determine the conservation genetic status of this species. the effective population size was critically low and indicated that this pupfish is at genetic risk of extinction through loss of adaptive variance and, potentially, from inbreeding depression. mitochondrial variation was also extremely low, and haplotype frequency was biased heavily in favor of one of two variants. the uncommon haplotype was derived from a past hybridization event with the closely related c. � eximius; whether cessation of introgressive hybridization is relevant to conservation management of julimes pupfish is unknown but may be important to consider. minimally, c. � julimes is compromised genetically. baseline population genetic information provided by this study will be vital to long - term monitoring of this highly imperiled species .\nbiometrical studies of some races of cyprinodont fishes from the death valley region, with the description of cyprinodon diabolis n. sp. copeia: 68 .\nthe pecos river pupfish, cyprinodon pecosensis n. sp. , with comments on its evolutionary origin. copeia: 573, figs. 2 - 3 .\non november 7. 2013, k - d - i have reviewed all photos in the database and very few species already known live and distributed in aquariums are missing: aphanius almiriensis, austrolebias paranaensis, cyprinodon bondi, cyprinodon milleri, cyprinodon salvadori, cyprinodon suavium, fundulus persimilis, fundulus relictus, fundulus saguanus, lucania interioris, micropanchax loati, oxyzygonectes dovii, plesiolebias xavantei, rivulus depressus, rivulus giarettai, rivulus glaucus, rivulus riograndensis, simpsonichthys multiradiatus, stenolebias bellus … if you own a photo of any of these or if you know somebody who does, then contact us rapidly (use the address at the end of this page) .\ncyprinodon esconditus, a new pupfish from laguna chichancanab, yucatan, mexico (cyprinodontidae). cybium, 26 (4): 302, figs 3 - 4 .\nunited states fish and wildlife service (1993). desert pupfish (cyprinodon macularius) recovery plan. (unpublished). prepared for the usfws, region 2 .\na remarkable species flock of cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to san salvador island, bahamas. bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 54 (2): 231 - 240 .\nunited states fish and wildlife service (2010). desert pupfish (cyprinodon macularius); 5 - year review: summary and evaluation. phoenix, arizona: usfws .\ncyprinodon pachycephalus, a new species of pupfish (cyprinodontidae) from the chihuahuan desert of northern mexico. copeia, (1): 184, figs. 1 - 2 .\ndescription of a new species from laguna chichancanab, yucatan, mexico: cyprinodon suavium (pisces: cyprinodontidae). hydrobiologia, 541: 109, figs. 2 - 3 .\nthree new pupfish species, cyprinodon (teleostei, cyprinodontidae), from chihuahua, mexico, and arizona, usa. copeia, (3): 697, fig. 4 .\nthree new pupfish species, cyprinodon (teleostei, cyprinodontidae), from chihuahua, mexico, and arizona, usa. copeia, (3): 699, fig. 5 .\ncyprinodon bobmilleri: new species of pupfish from nuevo leon, mexico (pisces: cyprinodontidae). copeia, (2): 383, figs. 1 a - b, 2 .\ncontreras - balderas s, , almada - villela p. 1996. cyprinodon alvarezi. the iucn red list of threatened species. gland, switzerland: international union for conservation of nature .\ncokendolpher jc. 2012. hybridization experiments with the genus cyprinodon (teleostei: cyprinodontidae), vol. 1980, pp. 173–176. american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists (urltoken) .\ntwo new fishes of the genus cyprinodon from the cuatro cienegas basin, coahuila, mexico. occasional papers mus. zool. univ. mich. , 659: 7, fig. 2 .\ntwo new fishes of the genus cyprinodon from the cuatro cienegas basin, coahuila, mexico. occasional papers mus. zool. univ. mich. , 659: 1, fig. 1 .\nthree new pupfish species, cyprinodon (teleostei, cyprinodontidae), from chihuahua, mexico, and arizona, usa. copeia, (3): 687, figs. 1 - 2 .\ncomments: cyprinodon eremus, described as a new subspecies of c. macularius by miller and fuiman (1987), was elevated to species status by echelle et al. (2000) .\ncarson, e. w. , r. r. beasley, k. l. jones, s. l. lance, m. de l. lozano - vilano, l. vela - valladares, i. banda - villanueva, t. f. turner, and m. de la maza - benignos. 2013. development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the microendemic pupfishes cyprinodon julimes and c. pachycephalus. conservation genetics resources. 5: 853 - 856 .\ndescription and conservation status of cyprinodon macularius eremus, a new subspecies of pupfish from organ pipe cactus national monument, arizona. copeia, (3): 596, figs. 3 - 4 .\nsystematics and variation of a new cyprinodontid fish, cyprinodon fontinalis, from chihuahua, mexico. proc. biol. soc. wash. , 93 (2): 405, fig. 1 .\ncyprinodon nichollsi, a new pupfish from hispaniola, and species characteristics of c. bondi myers (teleostei: cyprinodontiformes). amer. mus. novitates, 2953: 3, fig. 1 .\nfindings from this work are not gathering dust, either. information is available through dissemination in the primary literature, publication of conservation action and monitoring plans, and through publication of works such as the julimes case study. making this information known and available freely is of great importance to conservation .\nfour new pupfishes of the genus cyprinodon from mexico, with a key to the c. eximius complex. bull. southern calif. acad. sci. , 75: 72, fig. 1d .\nfour new pupfishes of the genus cyprinodon from mexico, with a key to the c. eximius complex. bull. southern calif. acad. sci. , 75: 73, fig. 1e .\nsystematics of cyprinodon higuey n. sp. and cyp. jamaicensis fowler from the greater antilles (teleostei: cyprinodontiformes). amer. mus. novitates, 2990: 3, figs. 2 - 4 .\nlowe, charles h. ; wallace g. heath (january 1969) .\nbehavioral and physiological responses to temperature in the desert pupfish cyprinodon macularius\n. physiological zoology 42 (1): 53–59 .\nhello evan, thanks for the really interesting book! the current knowledge of the degree of threat will greatly help us to manage our conservation breeding in europe (from many cyprinodon we are missing current information…) .\nthe biological diversity of arid and semi - arid ecosystems is threatened by exploitation of water resources for agricultural and economic development. as demand for the scarce water supplies of these regions has increased in recent decades in north america, efforts to moderate consumptive water use generally have been unsuccessful. this problem is highlighted in mexico, where arid and semi - arid regions represent approximately 65% of the land area and are home to over 46% of the populace. the chihuahuan desert is the largest and most biodiverse desert in mexico, and also is one of the more degraded by unsustainable use of water resources. in a potential paradigm shift, however, farmers in julimes, chihuahua, chartered an ngo in 2007 to operate under a rational model of resource utilization, which is based on the rationale that the long - term sustainability of this farmer - community is dependent on continued reliability of the waters of el pandeño spring for crop irrigation and other agricultural activities. under a model circumscribed in but never implemented under the 1992 mexican national water law, farmers in julimes partnered with the ngo pronatura noreste, a. c. , to independently implement the model to manage el pandeño spring under the vital signs monitoring program. this program monitors environmental conditions and biotic components of the ecosystem, with explicit focus on the endemic julimes pupfish cyprinodon julimes as a bio - indicator of sustainable water use. we present a case study of the management program for el pandeño spring and the julimes pupfish, discuss management actions that have aided or hindered program success, and review results from scientific studies of this system. lessons learned from this biodiversity - focused water management initiative will aid development of more effective policies for conservation of freshwaters locally, regionally, and, potentially, for arid and semi - arid regions more broadly .\nmichael, i’m glad you like the book! thanks for your interest in conservation of pupfishes. we are very excited about the work we are doing in julimes and elsewhere to protect these endangered fishes and their habitats. exploitation of water resources is the primary threat to desert springs and their biotas. for species such as c. julimes, we have a good management program in place, but there are nonetheless concerns about the future of this species. these concerns include water development but also projected changes in the region’s climate. for c. fontinalis we have created a natural refuge because the remaining native site is highly vulnerable to spring failure .\non august 31. 2014, a us research team is alarming on the conservation situation of cyprinodon diabolis with climate change (temperature increase) for higher threat in spot devil' s hole and only 92 individuals remaining there .\nfour new species of cyprinodon from southern leon, mexico, with a key to the c. eximius complex (teleostei: cyprinodontidae). ichthyol. expior. freshwaters, 4 (4): 299, fig. 3b .\nfour new species of cyprinodon from southern nuevo león, mexico, with a key to the c. eximius complex (teleostei: cyprinodontidae). ichthyological exploration of freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4): 295 - 308 .\nfour new species of cyprinodon from southern leon, mexico, with a key to the c. eximius complex (teleostei: cyprinodontidae). ichthyol. expior. freshwaters, 4 (4): 305, figs. 3d, 4c .\nfour new species of cyprinodon from southern leon, mexico, with a key to the c. eximius complex (teleostei: cyprinodontidae). ichthyol. expior. freshwaters, 4 (4): 297, figs. 3a, 4a .\nknown locally as el cabezón de julimes, several thousand pupfish take up exclusive residency in el pandeño de los pandos hot springs in this small municipality about 80 minutes southeast of city of chihuahua, mexico. rarely more than two inches long, pupfish live in water that reaches 114 degrees fahrenheit, earning it the title of “hottest fish in the world. ”\nhendrickson, d. ; a. valera - romera (1989) .\nconservation status of desert pupfish, cyprinodon macularius, in méxico and arizona\n. copoeia 1989 (2): 478–483. doi: 10. 2307 / 1445447 .\nstudies of fishes of the order cyprinodontes. xviii. cyprinodon laciniatus, new species, from the bahamas. occasional papers mus. zool. univ. mich. , 458: 5, figs. 1a, c, e; pl. 1 .\ncowles, raymond b. (24 april 1934) .\nnotes on the ecology and breeding habits of the desert minnow, cyprinodon macularius baird and girard\n. copeia 1934 (1): 40–42. doi: 10. 2307 / 1436435 .\nour model is built on intense conservation efforts at a few sites, which, together, represent several of the more pressing challenges in conservation of arid land ecosystems, and in biodiversity conservation generally. for example, at julimes (el pandeño) we work with local farmers and focus conservation efforts on sustainable use of water, monitoring of springs as indicators of sustainable use, and restoration of degraded habitats. at san diego de alcalá, a desert - spring complex near julimes, we take a more hands - off approach. here, agreements with a local landowner focus on protection of a largely intact desert spring ecosystem while meeting the landowners needs for development of recreational opportunities on the property. finally, at ejido rancho nuevo, we are working with this community to protect the last remaining spring on the property, the critically imperiled ojo solo. as part of this project, at the nearby ejido villa ahumada y anexos, we established a natural - refuge for the endemic carbonera pupfish cyprinodon fontinalis .\ncox, thomas j. (1966). a behavioral and ecological study of the desert pupfish (cyprinodon macularis) in quitobaquito springs, organ pipe cactus national monument, arizona (thesis). arizona: the university of arizona. p. 91 .\nbarlow, george w. (april 1961) .\nsocial behavior of the desert pupfish, cyprinodon macularius, in the field and in the aquarium\n. american midland naturalist 65 (2): 339–359. doi: 10. 2307 / 2422959 .\nloiselle, paul v. (december 1982) .\nmale spawning - partner preference in an arena - breeding teleost cyprinodon macularius californiensis girard (atherinomorpha: cyprinodontidae )\n. the american naturalist 120 (6): 721–732. doi: 10. 1086 / 284026 .\nkodric - brown, a. (1981) .\nvariable breeding systems in pupfishes (genus cyprinodon): adaptations to changing environments .\n. in r. naiman, d. soltz. fishes in north american deserts. john wiley & sons, incorporated. pp. 205–235 .\non november 19. 2014, a new electronic book in high resolution format is announced by the us researcher and conservationist, evan carson, in collaboration with mexican researchers mauricio de la maza and ma lozano (the low resolution is freely downloadable at lowres while the high resolution is available [ update of january 13. 2015 ] at hires); it studies the conservation status of the microendemic pupfish cyprinodon julimes and exemplifies the importance of collaborative approaches to biodiversity conservation (by creating bi - national and cross - disciplinary partnership of researchers with engagement with a local community of farmers to create a model of biodiversity conservation through sustainable development of water resources) and it is a must reading; let us save this unique pupfish by supporting their action !\nlau, s. ; boehm, c. (1991). a distribution survey of desert pupfish (cyprinodon macularius) around the salton sea, california. final report for section 6, project no. ef9oxii - 1. prepared for the california department of fish and game, inland fisheries division .\nlegner, e. f. ; medved, r. a. ; hauser, w. j. (1 march 1975) .\npredation by the desert pupfish, cyprinodon macularius onculex mosquitoes and benthic chironomid midges\n. entomophaga 20 (1): 23–30. doi: 10. 1007 / bf02373447 .\nduring lunch, i learn that alfredo is also an expert on geology. the chihuahuan desert, he tells me, is very young geologically. the mountains we see around us were formed by intense volcanic activity around 30 million years ago. evidence of the volcanic past can be seen in a series of hot springs dotted around the desert plain. i’m taken to the julimes hot spring where i meet margarita who works with the same ngo involved with the bio - filter .\nloiselle, paul v. (1 january 1983) .\nfilial cannibalism and egg recognition by males of the primitively custodial teleost cyprinodon macularius californiensis girard (atherinomorpha: cyprinodontidae )\n. ethology and sociobiology 4 (1): 1–9. doi: 10. 1016 / 0162 - 3095 (83) 90002 - x .\nthis book is a case study of our work at el pandeño spring in julimes, chihuahua, méxico. this desert spring is the flagship of a larger model for conservation of desert wetlands in arid lands of méxico. the emphasis is on conservation of ecosystems through partnership with local landowners to ensure sustainable development of their water resources. our strategy includes development of education workshops for local communities and schools, as well as characterization, monitoring, restoration, and improvement of aquatic habitats .\ncyprinodon salvadori, new species from the upper rio conchos, chihuahua, méxico, with a revised key to the c. eximius complex (pisces, teleostei: cyprinodontidae). libro jubilar en honor al dr. salvador contreras balderas, dirección de publicaciones, universidad autónoma de nuevo león, monterrey, méxico: 17, figs. 2a - b .\nwe go to the spring where i see hundreds of small pupfish darting about. margarita tells me to dip my hand in. wow! it’s hot! here the water can reach up to 47 degrees and the julimes pupfish is believed to be the hottest fish in the world. it’s also found here and only here – which is why wwf and the friends of the pandeno ngo have set up a protected area. it’s clear that margarita loves her work and i can only imagine how inspired the local children she brings here must be .\nat our next stop, i’m shown a new initiative to improve water quality in the rio conchos. wwf, working with a local ngo and the rotary club, has successfully piloted a biofilter. a small white building filled with nothing more that worms and pecan shells miraculously cleans waste water from a poor housing estate on the edge of julimes. previously this water went untreated straight into the river. now it’s used to irrigate nearby fields. the state government is so impressed that it’s looking to use this at a new industrial park in chihuahua .\nwe are cautiously optimistic about continued success of our projects and how these model systems may aid conservation more broadly. we have had success in restoring habitats, such as the marsh at julimes, and in building a natural refuge for the critically endangered carbonera pupfish. we are hopeful about new opportunities to bring crayfish into captivity until we can establish a refuge for this endangered invertebrate. while we know that many systems and species will be lost, we can’t know which ones, and we can prevent some from meeting this fate. one must never give up !\nas part of this holistic approach to biodiversity conservation, we characterized the biota of the spring and its surroundings, and initiated a program for monitoring biotic and abiotic changes in the spring. our activities range from monitoring changes in physicochemistry of the water to monitoring changes genetic diversity and effective population size of pupfish. through our partnership with amigos del pandeño, we restored a former marsh and the population of pupfish expanded as a result. in 2014, the site was declared a wetland of international importance under the ramsar convention and also was recognized on president of mexico' s website. we are very pleased with the conservation success achieved at julimes .\non march 11. 2014, the us researcher evan w. carson reports that he (and colleagues) have filled a new natural refuge habitat they created for cyprinodon fontinalis near its native habitat in chihuahua, mexico with fish and others (also transferred are the endemic largemouth shiner cyprinella bocagrande and chihuahua dwarf crayfish cambarellus chihuahuae) … bravos! [ more at fb, if a member of facebook, and personal web, for a photo album ] .\ncyprinodon diabolis is one of the most endangered fish on earth and thus collecting tissue from live animals was impossible. highly degraded samples putrefied by the 32°c water were obtained from dead specimens collected by national park staff. other death valley samples used archived specimens from a previous study [ 44 ]. dna was extracted with qiagen blood & tissue kits and ddradseq libraries [ 43 ] were prepared as described previously [ 45 ]. one hundred and ninety - eight million illumina hiseq 2000 single - end 100 bp reads were aligned to the cyprinodon variegatus reference genome (v. 1. 0) and called using the stacks pipeline [ 46 ]. loci genotyped in at least six of the 56 high - coverage individuals and sequenced to a minimum depth of eight reads were used for analyses. overall mean coverage depth per locus per individual for aligned reads was 138×. further details are provided in the electronic supplementary material, supplemental methods .\nminckley, w. l. ; miller, robert rush; norris, steven mark; schaefer, s. a. (1 august 2002). schaefer, s. a, ed .\nthree new pupfish species, cyprinodon (teleostei, cyprinodontidae), from chihuahua, méxico, and arizona, usa\n. copeia 2002 (3): 687–705. doi: 10. 1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2002) 002 [ 0687: tnpsct ] 2. 0. co; 2 .\nwe thank hailey conover for assistance in the laboratory; for curatorial assistance, we thank alexandra snyder, collection manager, division of fishes, museum of southwestern biology, university of new méxico. we extend special thanks to amigos del pandeño, a. c. , for their invaluable participation and partnership. pronatura noreste, a. c. , provided funding. specimens were obtained in accordance with permits provided under oficio sgpa / dgvs / 02833 / 12 to ma. de lourdes lozano - vilano. the photograph of a breeding male julimes pupfish was taken by juan miguel artigas azas for de la maza - benignos (editor). de la maza - benignos de la maza - benignos and de la maza - benignos 2009. los peces del río conchos. alianza wwf - fundación - gonzalo río arronte y gobierno del estado de chihuahua .\nthe authors acknowledge the grant support provided by the secretary of environment and natural resources of mexico (semarnat), through “fomento a la conservación y al aprovechamiento sustentable de la vida silvestre” under award number 08d01 - 00025 / 1201 to amigos del pandeño, a. c. manuscript preparation was partially supported by the doe under award number de - fc09 - 07sr22506 to the university of georgia research foundation. funding was provided by tft and a grant to ewc by pronatura noreste, a. c. samples were collected under permit numbers sgpa - dgvs - 02015 - 11 and sgpa - dgvs - 02833 - 12 issued to mllv and vouchered at colección ictiológica de la facultad de ciencias biológicas de la uanl, under voucher numbers uanl 19666, uanl 19669, and uanl 20830 (c. julimes), and uanl 19667, uanl 19668, and uanl 20840 (c. pachycephalus) .\nwe examined population structure and gene flow among death valley populations, estimated the pupfish mutation rate from a new time - calibrated phylogeny containing all major cyprinodon lineages, and then used this rate to calibrate a demographic model for the divergence between two closely related pupfish populations in death valley and approximate an age for diabolis. we sampled all extant death valley and ash meadows species and subspecies as well as outgroup species from across the cyprinodon clade (electronic supplementary material, appendix s1). we conducted all analyses at the population level (i. e. each desert spring) and for clarity we refer to these populations by only their subspecies designation and desert spring name. in some cases, the same subspecies was sampled from multiple desert springs and we treated these as different populations. we used double - digest restriction - site - associated dna sequencing (ddradseq [ 43 ]) to genotype over 13 000 loci in 56 individuals. this provided 1. 3 million sites for demographic inference, 100 000 times more data than previous studies. our analyses reshape our understanding of population isolation and speciation in this highly endangered group of extremophile fishes and suggest a surprisingly rapid timescale for speciation, genetic assimilation and the evolution of intrinsic reproductive incompatibilities in this group .\nthe desert pupfish (cyprinodon macularius) is a rare species of bony fish in the family cyprinodontidae. it is a small fish, typically less than 7. 62 cm (3 in) in length. males are generally larger than females, and have bright - blue coloration, while females and juveniles are silvery or tan. a notable attribute of the desert pupfish is their ability to survive in environments of extreme salinity, ph, and temperature, and low oxygen content. the desert pupfish mates in a characteristic fashion, wherein compatible males and females will contact each other, form an s - shape, and jerk. each jerk typically produces a single egg that is fertilized by the male and deposited in his territory. breeding behavior includes aggressive arena - breeding and more docile consort - pair breeding .\nthe improbability of a vertebrate species surviving at such low population sizes in a suboptimal habitat, even for a short time, would seem to defy basic principles of conservation biology. for example, the probability of diabolis extinction within 50 years exceeds 80% based on historical census population sizes [ 23 ]. initial time - calibrated mitochondrial phylogenies suggested that death valley pupfishes were relicts isolated for 2–3 myr [ 30 – 32 ] and estimated the age of the diabolis mitochondrial lineage to be 500 000 years [ 30, 31 ]. however, early studies did not detect any unique mitochondrial haplotypes in diabolis relative to other death valley pupfishes [ 33 ], consistent with more recent colonization. geological evidence strongly indicates that devils hole opened to the surface only 60 000 years ago based on the abrupt cessation of mammillary calcite deposition [ 34 ], which places an upper bound on the isolation of diabolis within this extreme habitat. previous studies attributed overestimation of species divergence times to incomplete lineage sorting [ 30, 31 ]; however, this cannot account for such a large discrepancy [ 35, 36 ]. instead, this conflict appears to be caused by 11 myr priors placed on the root age of cyprinodon + megupsilon + cualac [ 30, 31 ] based on the assumption that pupfish populations were isolated by the formation of ancient land barriers [ 32 ]. thus, the discrepancy between geological and mtdna evidence for the age of diaboli s is not due to any underlying conflict in the data (e. g. time - calibration is extremely sensitive to priors [ 37 ]), but rather the assumption that cyprinodon cannot disperse over land. devils hole was never connected to neighbouring springs by surface flow, thus the current consensus is that diabolis colonized approximately 10–20 000 years ago when water levels were higher [ 22, 31 ] .\none of the most endangered vertebrates, the devils hole pupfish cyprinodon diabolis, survives in a nearly impossible environment: a narrow subterranean fissure in the hottest desert on earth, death valley. this species became a conservation icon after a landmark 1976 us supreme court case affirming federal groundwater rights to its unique habitat. however, one outstanding question about this species remains unresolved: how long has diabolis persisted in this hellish environment? we used next - generation sequencing of over 13 000 loci to infer the demographic history of pupfishes in death valley. instead of relicts isolated 2–3 myr ago throughout repeated flooding of the entire region by inland seas as currently believed, we present evidence for frequent gene flow among death valley pupfish species and divergence after the most recent flooding 13 kyr ago. we estimate that devils hole was colonized by pupfish between 105 and 830 years ago, followed by genetic assimilation of pelvic fin loss and recent gene flow into neighbouring spring systems. our results provide a new perspective on an iconic endangered species using the latest population genomic methods and support an emerging consensus that timescales for speciation are overestimated in many groups of rapidly evolving species .\nthe chihuahuan desert is the largest desert in north america and home to millions of people and species. neither people nor wildlife in the desert could live without the rivers that flow through it – the rio conchos and the rio grande .\ni travelled to the region in late 2011 to work with my mexican colleagues in the light of increasing threats to these rivers – a growing population, agricultural and industrial expansion and climate change .\ni awake a little tired on monday, but i’m also sad this will be my last day in the field. over the previous four days we have covered around 1, 000 miles – a good demonstration of the size of the rio conchos river basin .\ntoday we won’t be travelling as far. we’re on our way to visit the huge irrigation district of delicias, a short drive from chihuahua. ninety percent of the rio conchos’ waters are used for agriculture. and even that’s not sufficient – extra water has to be pumped up from underground aquifers. as a consequence the rio conchos runs very low on water and the underground aquifer level is falling by around half a metre a year. approaching delicias the scenery changes dramatically. the dusty desert quite suddenly makes way to deep green fields of alfafa, a thirsty crop used as animal fodder. further ahead we see large plantations of pecan trees .\ntoday i’m with wwf mexico’s alfredo rodriguez, a hydrology specialist. alfredo explains that the best opportunity to increase water levels in the rio conchos is by improving the efficiency with which farmers use water. wwf’s work in some parts of the district has resulted in 15% savings in water use. but other areas of the irrigation district haven’t had access to new equipment, and farmers lack basic training .\nalfredo takes me to la chavena irrigation district where i meet eliseo rodriguez, its president. eliseo looks worried. a recent study commissioned by wwf has shown how much water they are using – in some cases eight times more than other areas of the district. he tells me that the reservoir levels are low and he’s worried about next year’s crop. his hope is that by working with alfredo, he can get government support for new equipment to save on water usage .\nas we walk down to the river bank, eliseo tells me he’s also worried by the quality of the water. most water in the river here has been used by the irrigation districts upstream – heavy on pesticides and other agrochemical products. it’s certainly true that the river here looks murky, yet there are birds everywhere. i’m told that this area is a real hotspot for birds despite the levels of pollution. it was great to hear that recently wwf, together with other partners, was successful in lobbying for international recognition and protection for a 15 - mile stretch of river. this should mean better water quality for eliseo and is certainly be good news for the birds .\ni also learn that there are many more springs like this, each one with unique fish species found nowhere else on earth. at san diego de alcala, another thermal spring, wwf is working with manuel, its owner, to set up a similar level of protection. manuel is enthusiastic as he thinks he, too, can profit from eco - tourism – a win - win situation for everyone !\nas the day draws to a close, i reflect on the amazing experience i’ve had in the chihuahuan desert. i feel privileged to have seen some truly stunning scenery, encountered new species of fish and to have met some really committed people. but the immense pressure on the rio conchos and the rio grande – the desert’s lifeline – is also very apparent .\nsome great work has already been achieved but we increasingly need to work with the national, state and local governments to replicate these projects to a much larger scale. thankfully we have a great wwf team in mexico and i feel reassured that we’re on the right track .\nthe amazon is much more than simply a beautiful, far - off tropical rainforest. it’s also a source of everyday items we rely on. do you recognise these familiar products and ingredients? chocolate did you know that your favourite chocolate originates from the cacao plant? this grows wild in central and south america and cultivating it can\nwe’re all concerned about climate change, but when it looks like a problem for future generations, you ask yourself, ‘will climate change even affect me? ’ no matter what you care about, climate change is already affecting our world today. while we still have time to limit the worst impact, here are ten great reasons to\nplastic is one of the most ubiquitous manmade compounds on earth. since large - scale production of the synthetic materials began in the early 1950s to 2015, humans have created more than 8. 3 billion metric tons of plastics. alarmingly, more than half of that plastic was produced in the last 13 years. unless something drastic is done ,\nsaturday 25 january 2014 was a pretty significant day for wwf - uk. having moved into our fantastic living planet centre back in october 2013, we finally marked the public opening of the wwf experience! let me take a few steps back to explain. the idea of the living planet centre was born when long standing supporter\nfor a month last autumn, freddie flintoff and i pedalled along what is perhaps the most controversial road in the world. the trans - amazonian highway was built by the brazilian military dictatorship in the early 1970s, to open up the southern amazon basin for colonization and economic exploitation. in a grandiose economic experiment, the proposal was\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species is endemic to the hot spring of el pandeño de los pando in chihuahua state, northern mexico .\nel pandeño de los pando has a surface area of around 287 m² with depth ranging from 40 - 80 cm but there is an abandoned artificial channel which has an area of approximately 437 m² .\nwater temperature fluctuates between 38 - 48°c / 100. 4 - 118. 4°f and the spring is considered one of the hottest environments inhabited by fish in the world .\nor equivalent is just about acceptable for a single pair but like most members of the family cyprinodontidae this species does best when maintained as a group in a larger tank or container .\nneed not be too complicated so long as there are plenty of broken lines - of - sight .\nprovide plenty of cover in the form of aquatic plants, wool mops, etc. , and if using filtration air - powered, sponge - type units are best as these will not harm eggs or fry .\nlighting is unimportant but can be used if you wish, and growth of filamentous algae should be encouraged if possible .\nwild specimens have been observed to feed on diatoms, cyanobacteria and small invertebrates .\nthis species differs from its closest relatives c. eximius and c. pachycephalus in the following combination of characters, given as proportions of standard length: head large, 2. 4 to 2. 7 (2. 6) times; dorsal - fin base length 4. 7 to 6. 1 (5. 3); distance from dorsal - fin origin to posterior of anal - fin base 2. 6 to 3. 1 (2. 8); caudal peduncle short, 4. 5 to 6. 5 (5. 4); distance between anal - fin origin and pelvic - fin origin, 6. 1 to 8 (6. 9) .\nit also differs in the following, given as proportions of head length: mouth wide, 2. 1 a 2. 9 (2. 4); eye big, 3. 3 to 4. 6 (3. 8); short post orbital distance 2. 1 a 2. 5 (2. 3) .\nde la maza - benignos, m. and l. vela - valladores in: de la maza benignos, m. (ed .), 2009 - chihuahua state: 185 - 187 los peces del río conchos .\nmissing information here? our knowledge base is an ever - evolving work in progress, which naturally means that some species profiles contain more information than others. we' re working on a daily basis to fill in all the gaps, so please have patience. this site relies heavily on the help of hundreds of people without whose valuable contributions it simply wouldn' t exist. information and photos regarding any freshwater or brackish fish species, its natural history or captive care is always much appreciated, so if you' ve anything you' d like to share please leave a comment below or email us .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 28. 08. 01, php script by cmilitante, 04 / 03 / 10, last modified by cmilitante, 11 / 12 / 12\nlatin, cyprinus = carp + greek, odous = teeth (ref. 45335 )\nscharpf, c. , 2009. checklist of freshwater fishes of north america, including subspecies and undescribed forms. urltoken (accessed 30 july 2010). (ref. 84738 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00955 (0. 00413 - 0. 02211), b = 3. 14 (2. 94 - 3. 34), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (13 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis article is a stub. we cannot complete the encyclopaedia without your help. you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article. dont be shy! .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017, at 03: 38 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nalò d, turner tf (2005) effect of habitat fragmentation on effective population size in the endangered rio grande silvery minnow. conserv biol 19: 1138–1148\navise jc (1996) introduction: the scope of conservation genetics. in: avise jc, hamrick j (eds) conservation genetics: case histories from nature. chapman & hall, new york, pp 1–9\ncarson ew, tobler m, minckley wl, ainsworth rj, dowling te (2012) relationships between spatio - temporal environmental and genetic variation reveal an important influence of exogenous selection in a pupfish hybrid zone. mol ecol 21: 1209–1222\ncontreras - balderas s, de lozano - vilano ml (1996) extinction of most sandia and potosí valleys (nuevo león, méxico) endemic pupfishes, crayfishes, and snails. ichthyol explor freshw 7: 33–40\ndarriba d, taboada gl, doallo r, posada d (2012) jmodeltest 2: more models, new heuristics, and parallel computing. nat methods 9: 772\nde la maza - benignos m (2009) presentación. in: de la maza - benignos m (ed) los peces del río conchos. alianza wwf - fundación gonzalo río arronte, i. a. p. y gobierno del estado de chihuahua, méxico, pp 9–12\nsp. nov. in: de la maza - benignos m (ed) los peces del río conchos. alianza wwf - fundación gonzalo río arronte, i. a. p. y gobierno del estado de chihuahua, méxico, pp 185–189\nde la maza - benignos m, rodriguez - pineda ja, de la mora - covarrubias a, carson ew, quiñones - martínez m, lavín - murcio p, vela - valladares l, lozano - vilano ma de l, parra - gallo h, macías - duarte a, lebgue - keleng t, pando - pando e, pando - pando m, andazola - gonzález m, anchondo - najera a, quintana - martínez g, zapata - lópez j, banda - villanueva ia, ibarrola - reyes hj (2012) planes de manejo y programa de monitoreo de signos vitales para las áreas de manantiales de la uma el pandeño; y san diego de alcalá en el desierto chihuahuense. vol 1. pronatura noreste, a. c. amigos del pandeño, a. c .\nechelle aa, echelle af, contreras - balderas s, ma de l lozano - vilano (2001) pupfishes of the northern chihuahuan desert: status and conservation. aquatic fauna of the northern chihuahuan desert, contributed papers from a special session within the thirty - third annual symposium of the desert fishes council. special publications, museum of texas tech university, vol 46, pp 111–126" ]

{ "text": [ "the julimes pupfish ( cyprinodon julimes ) ( spanish : cachorrito de julimes ) , is a killifish belonging to the family cyprinodontidae ( pupfish ) of ray-finned fish , endemic to \" el pandeño \" hot spring in julimes , chihuahua , mexico .", "the pupfish is known as the \" hottest fish in the world \" due to its adaptation to life in a hot spring that reaches temperatures as high as 114 °f ( 46 °c ) .", "the species was taxonomically described in 2009 as similar to cyprinodon eximius , but it has a bigger head , nearly one-third of its standard length .", "its body is deep , the dorsal and ventral profile is convex and the lower jaw exceeds the premaxilla .", "the dorsal fin is placed forward with respect to the pelvic fin .", "females and young have reticulate patterns of dark and light silver-brownish bands of varying lengths and thickness over the flanks , as well as a conspicuous black spot or ocellus on the distal edge of the dorsal fin .", "dominant males are bluish-green in color and show a black bar along the distal edge of the caudal fin . holotype . - uanl 18721 collected by urltoken lourdes lozano vilano , mauricio de la maza benignos , ma .", "elena garcía ramírez , and the wwf group .", "february 25 , 2007 .", "mature male 31.8 mm sl paratypes . - uanl 18721 ( 39 specimens ) ; tnhc39729 ( 2 specimens ) ; usnm 391634 ( 2 specimens ) ; ummz 248729 ( 2 specimens ) .", "same data as holotype . " ], "topic": [ 22, 13, 5, 23, 23, 1, 23, 26, 0, 9, 3 ] }

[ "the julimes pupfish (cyprinodon julimes) (spanish: cachorrito de julimes), is a killifish belonging to the family cyprinodontidae (pupfish) of ray-finned fish, endemic to \" el pandeño \" hot spring in julimes, chihuahua, mexico. the pupfish is known as the \" hottest fish in the world \" due to its adaptation to life in a hot spring that reaches temperatures as high as 114 °f (46 °c). the species was taxonomically described in 2009 as similar to cyprinodon eximius, but it has a bigger head, nearly one-third of its standard length. its body is deep, the dorsal and ventral profile is convex and the lower jaw exceeds the premaxilla. the dorsal fin is placed forward with respect to the pelvic fin. females and young have reticulate patterns of dark and light silver-brownish bands of varying lengths and thickness over the flanks, as well as a conspicuous black spot or ocellus on the distal edge of the dorsal fin. dominant males are bluish-green in color and show a black bar along the distal edge of the caudal fin. holotype. - uanl 18721 collected by urltoken lourdes lozano vilano, mauricio de la maza benignos, ma. elena garcía ramírez, and the wwf group. february 25, 2007. mature male 31.8 mm sl paratypes. - uanl 18721 (39 specimens); tnhc39729 (2 specimens); usnm 391634 (2 specimens); ummz 248729 (2 specimens). same data as holotype." ]

[ "flexion in the blue reef chromis, chromis cyanea, here at 20 dph .\nthere are a couple of similar looking chromis species. one that looks almost identical to the blue green chromis is the blackaxil chromis\na post - flexion blue reef chromis, chromis cyanea, here at 30 dph .\nthe blacksmith chromis, chromis punctipinnis, is distributed from monterey bay in california, south to central baja california, mexico .\nhabitat: chromis chromis can be found in eastern atlantic and mediterranean sea. other species from pomacentridae family are widespread around the globe .\nearly larval development of the blue reef chromis, chromis cyanea, shown here left to right: 9 dph, 12 dph, 17 dph .\none of the world’s first captive - bred blue reef chromis, chromis cyanea, shown here only a couple weeks past settlement and metamorphosis at 100 dph .\ngreek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\njustification: chromis chromis is widespread and is one of the most common fish in the mediterranean. there are no major threats and it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nblue chromis are hardy inhabitants of saltwater aquariums and are common in the pet trade .\nthe blacksmith chromis is abundant throughout its distribution range (morris 1983; hartley 1996) .\nthe blue green chromis are moderate in price and readily available from pet stores and online .\nblue green chromis have been bred in captivity, though the larvae is very hard to sustain .\nthere is a chromis hotspot ne of iliya also... herring and cero also present .\nmapstone gm, wood em (1975) the ethology of abudefduf luridus and chromis chromis (pisces: pomacentridae) from the azores. j zool (lond) 175 (2): 179–199\nthere is no population information available for chromis flavicauda. it is only known from a few locations .\nunder magnification, the eggs of chromis cyanea, attached to grains of substrate, are easily seen .\nthe pre - feeding stage of a larval blue reef chromis, chromis cyanea, here shown at 0 days post - hatch (dph) at left, 1 dph center, and 2 dph right .\nfroese, r. , s. luna. 2012 .\nchromis cyanea (poey, 1860): blue chromis\n( on - line). fishbase. accessed may 28, 2013 at urltoken .\nsafe - in larger tanks they are also safe with other chromis and spinecheek damselfish that are more peaceful .\nthe nest of a blue reef chromis: a patch of “clumpy sand” that would likely go unnoticed otherwise .\nthe smokey chromis is a fish that lives in groups to protect its eggs. it likes warm water .\nthey swapped sea of banto rare fish (smokey chromis) with sea of olvia rare fish (tuna), so now you can catch chromis on olvia and tuna on banto (zenato sea as well) .\nthe green chromis (chromis viridis) is another damselfish but don' t let that scare you away from keeping these little beauties. green chromis colors seem to change based on the aquarium lighting levels, sometimes appearing white and sometimes blue with hues of green. the pictures on this page don' t do them justice .\nchromis chromis can be found from shallows up to 40m of depth, but it is mostly found between 2 and 15m around reefs, large rocks and sea meadows, where adults can form large schools few meters above seabed .\nbreeding interval blue chromis spawn multiple times during monthly 3 - 7 day spans, often during the full moon .\n), increasing predation rates on these species. there is no data currently available regarding parasites of blue chromis .\ngreen chromis are sometimes confused with chromis atripectoralis because the two do look very similar. however, the chromis atripectoralis has a small black area above the pectoral fin and they are a little bigger as adults. they can usually be found in local saltwater fish stores anywhere from $ 5 usd to $ 20 usd depending on their size .\nchromis cyanea, the caribbean blue chromis, is a dynamic and popular reef fish that adds color and movement to many public aquaria exhibits across the country, including the new england aquarium (neaq) in boston, massachusetts .\ncitation: bracciali c, campobello d, giacoma c, sarà g (2012) effects of nautical traffic and noise on foraging patterns of mediterranean damselfish (chromis chromis). plos one 7 (7): e40582. urltoken\nleite jr, bertoncini áa, bueno l, daros f, alves j, hostim - silva m (2009) the occurrence of azores chromis, chromis limbata in the south - western atlantic. j mar biol assoc uk 2: 1–3\nif you would like to show your support of chromis by making a small donations please feel free to do so here .\n), which feed alongside blue chromis, mimic them in order to attack unsuspecting crustaceans. the territorial nature of these fish may often reduce the number of hiding places for other similarly - sized non - territorial fish, such as brown chromis (\nthe beautifully colored and peaceful blue green chromis are moderate to moderately easy to keep. they can reward you with an interesting display in the aquarium for years to come, yet they are probably one of or the most delicate of the chromis genus .\nitem - smokey chromis - black desert database 2. 0 | online bdo database, skill calculator, recipes, crafting, knowledge, wiki\nochi h (1986) breeding synchrony and spawning intervals in the temperate damselfish chromis notata. environ biol fish 17 (2): 117–423\nblue chromis share the reef habitat with many other species of planktivorous fish and are preyed upon by larger species of fishes. juvenile black snapper (\n2012 .\nchromis cyanea\n( on - line). encyclopedia of life (eol). accessed march 06, 2013 at urltoken .\nhenry c. schultz iii, friendly damsels? it can’t be possible... .. the genus chromis, reef central, llc, 2008\nwe sampled behaviour of c. chromis schools living in the water column of maximum 12 m depth. a scuba diver filmed c. chromis with a sony video camera equipped with a nimar housing. recording started 10 minutes (min) after the diver arrived at the site, and lasted 40 min. for the first 20 min, divers filmed at 10 m from the school, and for the remaining 20 min they approached individual c. chromis at 1–2 m .\nthe blue green chromis are one of the most delicate of all the chromis species, and do not do well when handled poorly. unlike other damsels, they are sensitive to poor water conditions and their water needs to be monitored and tested to rule out any ammonia, nitrite or high nitrates, especially during quarantine .\nrussell bc (1971) underwater observations on the reproductive activity of the demoiselle chromis dispilus (pisces: pomacentridae). mar biol 10 (1): 22–29\nthe blue green chromis, chromis viridis, does wondering in groups of 6 or more. the tank should be at least 55 gallons and in a reef they are amazing! my blue green chromis loved to sleep in the branches of my branching montipora digitata at night. they feel safe in numbers and are just as peaceful as the nicer clownfish and can be housed in the same tank. avoid aggressive clownfish however, and opt for the percula, ocellaris or skunk clownfish as tank mates. do not house with triggers, large angelfish or other aggressive fish, and avoid predators since blue green chromis are quite low on the food chain !\nas a moderately small reef fish, blue chromis are a food source for a variety of larger fish species. predators can be resident or transient piscivores. to avoid predation, blue chromis hide under or within shelter and may also adopt a darker color morph when closer to the substrate, in order to camouflage their bodies .\nblue chromis are abundant throughout their geographic range, and are listed as a species of least concern by the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources .\ncollen, b. , n. richman. 2012 .\nchromis cyanea\n( on - line). iucn. accessed may 28, 2013 at urltoken .\nat any given time, neaq’s largest exhibit, the giant ocean tank, will hold a school of up to 100 blue chromis. so it was no surprise that, when the neaq initiated an official larval rearing program to expand on their sustainability efforts, the focus was decidedly on a key exhibit species, the blue chromis .\nthe larval rearing system used to produce the first captive - bred blue reef chromis: 65 - liter tubs above, and 130 - liter larval rearing tubs below .\nochi h (1985) termination of parental care due to small clutch size in the temperate damselfish, chromis notata. environ biol fish 12 (2): 155–160\ntzioumis v, kingsford mj (1995) periodicity of spawning of two temperate damselfishes: parma microlepis and chromis dispilus. bull mar sci 57 (3): 596–609\n2013 .\nchromis cyanea (poey 1860 )\n( on - line). integrated taxonomic information system (itis). accessed march 06, 2013 at urltoken .\nto cite this page: perrine, n. 2013 .\nchromis cyanea\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\ngladstone w (2007) temporal patterns of spawning and hatching in a spawning aggregation of the temperate reef fish chromis hypsilepis (pomacentridae). mar biol 151 (3): 1143–1152\nwood em (1977) a review of damselfish (pisces: pomacentridae) of the genus chromis from the central and eastern atlantic and the mediterranean. j fish biol 10: 331–345\nre p & gomes j (1982) the eggs and newly hatched larvae and juveniles of the azorian chromis (pisces: pomacentridae). bol soc port ci nat, xxi: 9–18\nchromis flavicuada, inhabits offshore coral reefs. the reefs on which it is found are often covered in coralline algae rhodoliths. this species has been found to a depth of up to 61 m .\nmonitor - large groups of these chromis may be kept with the less aggressive species of these fish. but avoid the more aggressive species of the large wrasses, tangs, puffers, triggerfish or angelfish .\nblue chromis are found primarily in the western portion of the atlantic ocean, including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea, and extending to bermuda and the lesser antilles (10 - 32°n) .\nedwards a (1986) a new damselfish, chromis lubbocki (teleostei: pomacentridae) from the cape verde archipelago, with notes on other eastern atlantic pomacentrids. zool meded 60 (12): 181–207\nde boer ba (1978) factors influencing the distribution of the damselfish chromis cyanea (poey), pomacentridae, on a reef at curacao, netherlands antilles. bull mar sci 28 (3): 550–565\n( of chromis castanea cuvier, 1814) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chromis mediteranea cloquet, 1817) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sparus chromis linnaeus, 1758) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkingsford mj (1985) the demersal eggs and planktonic larvae of chromis dispilus (teleostei: pomacentridae) in north - eastern new zealand coastal waters. n z j mar freshwater res 19 (4): 429–438\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for chromis flavicauda, however the distribution of this species may fall within marine protected areas. further research on the threats and population trends of this species is needed .\nso after 4 days of afk fishing in different spots / islands north of oliva and velia, i finally found it! here is the area and spot i finally found smokey chromis. hope this helps fellow adventures .\ndomingues vs, santos rs, brito a, almada vc (2006) historical population dynamics and demography of the eastern atlantic pomacentrid chromis limbata (valenciennes, 1833). mol phylogenet evol 40 (1): 139–147\n( of heliastes chromis (linnaeus, 1758) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for chromis punctipinnis. however the distribution of this species may fall within a number of designated marine protected areas, including including the san diego - la jolla ecological reserve .\nsoon after i became proficient at spotting the telltale substrate clumps that result from the deposition of tiny, sticky eggs, i learned to recognize the blue chromis’ courting behaviors. i could then anticipate and prepare for a nest .\nyou will notice that they have slight color variations from a pale green to a light blue. thus they are also known as the green chromis or blue green damselfish. mature males in a nesting mood can also be yellow. growing to only about 3 3 / 4 inches (10 cm) in length, they can be kept singly in a smaller aquarium or as a group in a moderately sized tank. they are often confused with the blackaxil chromis\nthreat - seahorses and pipefish should only be housed in their own environment. mandarins may be fine in a very large, mature tank with live rock that has plenty of copepods. blue green chromis generally will not bother them .\nfemale blue chromis have synchronized ovarian cycles and spawning occurs once a month, generally during the full moon. the spawning period lasts 3 to 7 days, during which time females both actively seek out males and are solicited. in most\nblue chromis larvae are very small and underdeveloped when they hatch, living off of their yolk reserve for the first 48 hours. as the yolk shrinks, they start to develop large eyes and mouths in preparation for catching live prey .\nelos mini 20g display with 10 gallon sump feed everyother day with a mix of brine shrimp and marine cuisine. 1 green chromis, in my tank for about a month in a half before death 5 days ago 2 clown, now 1\nthe blue green chromis are the exception to the rule for damsels when it comes to aggression. they are relatively peaceful, even into adulthood, and can be kept together with most any other community fish. they can be kept either as one or as a school of 6 or more. if keeping just one, do not keep it with aggressive or the more boisterous semi - aggressive fish that feed on the same foods, or the blue green chromis will be picked on .\nthe blue green chromis is a very active fish once acclimated and should be given frequent small feedings. they will accept most saltwater fish foods including flakes, frozen, freeze dried and live foods. give them a varied diet for best results .\nchromis flavicauda is known to inhabit the coastal areas of bermuda and brazil (moura 1994). this is a deep reef species and is probably more widespread than current records suggest (g. r. allen, pers. comm. 2009) .\nblue chromis are promiscuous, with multiple females visiting and laying eggs at many nests and males mating with multiple females. male reproductive success may be determined by the condition and location of the nest, as well as the presence of eggs already in the nest .\n. it is almost an inch larger, however and it also has a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins which is absent in the blue green chromis. this spot is not an obvious black dot, but is more of a muted gray coloring .\nto determine whether traffic intensity was distributed differently across periods in the week and times of day, and to test the effect of nautical traffic on c. chromis behaviour, we simultaneously sampled both nautical traffic and c. chromis behaviour during holidays and weekday periods and in three different time slots [ 20 ]: morning (8: 30–10: 30 a. m. , central european time), midday (12: 30–2: 30 p. m .), and evening (5: 00–7: 00 p. m .) .\nover the course of four weeks, the population was transitioned to a 14 - hour lighting schedule and a water temperature of 80 degrees fahrenheit. the salinity was kept between 32 and 34 ppt. exactly two weeks after the lighting schedule was set, the chromis laid their first nests along the substrate !\nthere is still a great deal of research to be done on refining rearing techniques, identifying feeding preferences, and decreasing time to settlement. i look forward to continuing to work with this species in hopes of someday achieving a school of blue chromis, reared in - house, on exhibit at the new england aquarium !\nthe blue green chromis prefer sub - tidal reef flats and lagoons from depths of 5 to 39 feet (1. 5 to 12 m) they are typically found in large schools that can number into the hundreds. they hover above branching corals, especially acropora, in which they take shelter and sleep in at night .\nthese are a wonderful schooling fish and in the wild are found in large shoals numbering into the hundreds. this grouping has been described as a living curtain! chromis do not form bonded pairs in the wild, rather several males and females will breed with one another. males will prepare and guard the nest until the eggs hatch .\n( of sparus chromis linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neven though they are really hardy and a great fish for a saltwater beginner, green chromis may come down with most of the common saltwater fish diseases and using a quarantine tank is a must. keep them in quarantine for 2 - 3 weeks before introducing them into your main tank so you can monitor for any sign of a potential outbreak .\ni bought several chromis when i started my tank and the lonely survivor beat the stuffing out of all others. (and out of any later ones i added - in groups) so this guy is now the only one. i' m not getting any more because that would just be a waste of perfectly happy little fish (and money) .\nfrom the central 10 min of an individual recording, we randomly selected a frame of 15 s within each min. within each frame, we counted the feeding events of c. chromis as the number of pecks (i. e. mouth opened, put forward and then back closed) that we converted into individual pecking rate (peck min −1) .\ntypically, by the next day, thousands of 1 - mm - long larvae have hatched, and i manually transfer them to the rearing tanks. i have attempted rearing blue chromis larvae in two different rearing systems – one system consists of three 65 - liter black round tanks, and the other has two 130 - liter black round tanks. the larger 130 - liter tanks, as expected, have the space capacity to hold higher numbers of larvae as they grow. success with rearing blue chromis in the smaller tanks can probably be attributed to a higher concentration of food, and thus a higher prey - encounter rate. both systems are generally kept around 78 degrees fahrenheit, with salinity readings between 34 and 35 ppt .\npecking rate (±se) of c. chromis per minute was recorded in a - and b - zones during periods of low, medium and high traffic intensities. different superscripts indicate significant differences within zones resulted from pairwise snk tests (table 2) after anova (f 2, 880 = 20. 64, p < 0. 0001). ns = not significant difference .\nthe blue - green chromis are omnivores. in the wild, they are primarily planktivores, though in some waters during summer months they will feed on filamentous and floating algae. the water column provides them with planktonic foods like copepods, shrimp larvae and amphipods, as well as polychaetes, fish eggs and fish larvae. the males will also feed on eggs in their nest if they are infected .\nthese fish have been bred in captivity and aquarists have noticed that their blue green chromis spawn every two weeks. they will use the wall of the tank if no other area is available. if breeding in captivity, note that brittle stars, serpent stars, wrasses and crabs will eat the eggs of damselfish. the eggs and larvae are much smaller than clownfish, and are difficult to rear .\nmale blue chromis assume responsibility for all parental care, from nest preparation to caring for eggs. small areas of sand, coral, or algae - covered rock are cleared by\nnipping\n( removing material orally) or generation of water currents by tail fanning. males care for eggs and larvae by chasing away similarly - sized predators, nipping away debris, and moving water over the eggs .\ndespite being designated as a true damselfish, the blue green chromis have a peaceful demeanor. they can be kept with almost all other peaceful community fish as well as invertebrates and corals. they can be kept singly, but will do best in a group of 6 or more. because they will develop a hierarchy, keeping fewer than 6 fish will leave the “low man on the totem pole” vulnerable to aggression .\nwhen you go fishing at the surf, you often see a school of small fishes poking at a feed. those small fishes often seen in the sea of fukuoka are pearl - spot chromis and they taste really good when roasted. the name\nabuttekamo\ncomes from a hakata dialect expression which means roasting to eat. the local residents of the port city hakata enjoy this good, old - fashioned food .\npecking rate min −1 (±se) of c. chromis was recorded in a - and b - zones, during weekdays and holidays, and in three time slots. different superscripts indicate significant differences among the time slots, within periods (i. e. weekdays or holidays) and within zones resulting from pairwise snk tests (table 3) after anova (f 2, 874 = 9. 84, p < 0. 0001) .\ntreat your new chromis as gingerly as you would an expensive saltwater fish, and they will respond well. anything you add to your tank that has not been properly cleaned or quarantined, including live rock, corals, and fish can introduce diseases. the best prevention is to take care to properly clean or quarantine anything you want to add to the tank. for information about saltwater fish diseases and illnesses, see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nwhich originates from the caribbean down to brazil. it has a similar shape but grows much larger, reaching 6. 7 inches (17 cm) in length. its body can have a muted greenish - yellow to tan color with yellow on the tips of the dorsal fin. it also has a prominent black spot at the pectoral fin area. some aquarists have added these to their school of blue green chromis for an interesting contrast with no aggression issues .\nthe male sets up his territory on the sea floor under, or to the side of, the school of blue green chromis. he enters the group and circles a female. if she is in breeding mode, she will follow him back to his spawning site. he will rub his genital papillae on the algal mat and the female will mimic his behavior and lay her eggs. the male will repeat this behavior with another females until his nest is full .\nwas described by cuvier in 1830. they are found in the indo - pacific from the red sea to the line islands, marquesan islands and the tuamoto islands, then northward to the ryukyu islands and south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia. this species is not listed on the iucn red list of threatened species. other common names this species is known by include green chromis, blue green damselfish, blue - green puller, green puller, and blue puller .\nthese fish are always active even at night. they school during the day and at night they separate into groups of two. i have 10 of these chromis and they get along with my clownfish, tangs, shrimps, and don' t nip at my clams or corals. but they do like to play (chase) each other around my elephant ear coral, and they bring water movement to it. i highly recommend this fish to everybody, experienced and beginners .\npoor water quality makes chromis very susceptible to several bacterial infections and / or viruses. on the up side, they tend to be some of the first fish to show there is a problem within the tank. they also will succumb to disease if being harassed by other fish or when in a school with their own kind, if the school is too small. when one fish gets sick, others can be infected. the skill is in providing proper housing, good water quality, and proper tank mates .\nchromis flavicauda is associated with coral reef habitats. due to the relatively deep dwelling habits of this species, it is unlikely to be affected by degradation in more shallow reef areas of brazil (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2009). the coral reefs of bermuda remain relatively healthy and stable with no apparent change over the past 10 years (jones et al. 2004). due to the lack of information available for this species, it is unknown if it is being impacted by any major threats .\nadults generally occur in steep slopes and patch reefs. diurnal species (ref. 9626), they most commonly form moderate - sized feeding - schools over reef tops, rising above the bottom to feed on plankton, mainly copepods. often seen with chromis cyanea (ref. 9710). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205). rarely marketed (ref. 3139) .\nthe blue - green chromis can be kept in either a saltwater aquarium or a mini reef. these fish do best with a minimum tank size of 30 gallons (114 liters) for one fish. if keeping as a shoal of 6, provide at least 55 gallons, and then increase the tank size if the number in the school increases. keeping fewer than six results in the smallest becoming targets of aggression in the pecking order, leading to death. the next in line will follow in attracting this aggression, and so on .\nthe blue green chromis has a compact, slightly deep and slender body with a deeply forked tail fin. their structure makes for quick getaways and helps in keeping up with the large schools they swim in. they can reach up to 3 3 / 4 inches (10 cm) in length, though typically only grow to about 3 1 / 2 inches. males and females are the same size. in captivity they have been known to live from 8 to 15 years, although in the wild the typical lifespan is 3 to 8 years .\nc. chromis individuals were collected in periods of reproductive inactivity and the bci was compared between zones in the two study areas. the bci is equal to tw / sl 3, where tw is total weight (0. 1 g), and sl is standard length (0. 005 cm), and shows the conditional state of a fish for a given length. error bars represent the standard error of the mean. the significance level is reported in figure: ns = not significant difference; * * * p < 0. 001 after anova (see text for statistics) .\nthe effect of diurnal boat noise on feeding behaviour may also have important repercussions on population functional response and, as such, on population dynamics. the resulting disturbance might induce modifications in foraging rates and patterns. such changes may affect the amount of energy and time allocated by organisms to feeding which, in turn, is partitioned between food searching and handling [ 36 ], [ 37 ]. if boat noise is able to modify, quantitatively and qualitatively, any component of foraging budget allocation, then it would presumably also be able to affect c. chromis ’ functional response and thereby their ultimate consumption rate [ 36 ] .\nso my chromis was having some problems last week, long story short in a span of about 24 hours he was dead, now as i walked past my tank tonight, i noticed one of my clown\nattacking\nmy female who looked pale and\nparalyzed\nher tail couldnt move and only her fins were moving... i have not done a water chage in about 2 - 3 weeks and havnt done much wok on my tank since. . tomorrow i am going to check my levels and everything also i added a bag of carbon about 2 weeks ago. . could this be a factor? thanks jon\nwe tested the effect of traffic intensity on the foraging rate of c. chromis with a factorial anova [ 71 ] by treating zone (2 levels: a - zone and b - zone) and traffic intensity (3 levels: low, medium and high) as fixed factors and the number of pecks min −1 as the dependent variable. we tested differences in the daily foraging patterns with a factorial anova [ 71 ] by treating zone (2 levels: a - zone and b - zone), period (2 levels: weekdays and holidays) and time of day (3 levels: morning, midday, and evening) as fixed factors and the number of pecks min −1 as the dependent variable .\nin general, the mean value of bci was higher for c. chromis living in the a - than in the b - zone (anova, f 1, 5294 = 17. 9, p < 0. 0001, snk test, p < 0. 0001). this result was due to the difference in area 1 (anova: f 1, 5294 = 39. 8, p < 0. 0001, snk test: p < 0. 001) while the bci was similar in the two area 2 zones (snk test: p = 0. 1412, fig. 6). cumulatively in the zones, bci values in area 1 were higher than those in area 2 (anova: f 1, 5294 = 1271. 8, p < 0. 0001, snk test: p < 0. 0001) .\nmaximum length is around 16cm (around 6. 3 inches) and maximum weight around 80g (little less than 3 ounces), with average specimen being around 40g (1. 3 ounces) .\nfishing rigs and tackle: although they feed on small plankton and benthic animals, damselfish is mostly caught with nets and fish traps. it can also be caught with small handline or with rod and reel using fishing float and thin lines and small hooks .\nas bait, use bread, bread and cheese paste, small pieces of fish meat, mussels, even very small prawns (for larger specimens) .\nit is rarely main target of fishing, but it can be used as great bait for larger fish (trolling or longline) like conger eel (conger conger), common dentex (dentex dentex) and other species that lurk around damselfish' s schools .\ncuisine: meat is very soft, tender and surprisingly tasty. unfortunately, larger ones are very rare. it is mostly prepared fried in pan due to many small sharp bones .\nthis website uses cookies to manage authentication, navigation, and other functions. by using our website, you agree that we can place these types of cookies on your device .\nremove cookies you have allowed cookies to be placed on your computer. this decision can be reversed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\n2005) to the gulf of guinea (são tomé island), and south to angola. it is quoted mainly in the islands (azores, salvage, canary, cape verde, annobon, etc .), rather than on the continent, with a depth range of two to 40 metres .\nthis species is very abundant species in the mediterranean and aegean, and uncommon in the black sea and sea of marmara .\nthis species forms small shoals in mid water above or near rocky reefs or above seagrass meadows (posidonia). it feeds on small planktonic or benthic animals (quignard and pras 1986) .\nthis species is present in a number of marine protected areas in parts of its range .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: plos one publisher: san francisco, ca: public library of science. isbn / issn: 1932 - 6203 oclc: 969745500\npublic library of science. ; national institutes of health (u. s .). pubmed central .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# national institutes of health (u. s .). pubmed central .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright: © 2012 bracciali et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: funds were provided by dinautis project by the environmental minister of italian government (no numbers apply). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nboat passages and total boat events were more frequent in area 1 than in area 2 (fig. 1, anova, table 1, table s1). in both areas, the number of boat passages, boat moorings, and total boat events were significantly different between periods, being lower on weekdays than holidays (table 1, fig. 2a). on weekdays, the total numbers of boat events were not significantly different among times of day (table 1, snk test, p > 0. 05), whereas they reached a significantly higher peak at midday during holidays (snk test, p < 0. 001, fig. 2b, table s1). mean (±se) boat traffic variables are reported in table s1. from these results we identified three significant different levels of traffic intensity: low, at any time of weekday; medium, including mornings and evenings on holidays; and high, including midday on holidays (fig. 2b) .\nthe map shows the area 1 (isola delle femmine) and the area 2 (capo gallo) that include a - zones (no recreational use allowed), b - zones (recreational use allowed), and c - zones (recreational use allowed together with fishing authorized by local authorities) .\nnautical traffic was monitored (a) between week periods (i. e. weekdays and holidays) and (b) throughout the day (i. e. morning, midday, and evening). the total number of boats was detected via visual census and it is presented as number of boats per hour. error bars represent the standard error of the mean. the significance level is reported in figure: ns = not significant difference; * p < 0. 05; * * p < 0. 01. see text for anova and post - hoc snk test statistics .\nmodifications of foraging activities were significantly longer when boats passed over the school, and within a 100 m radius of it (peranova, table 4, fig. 5). despite the recorded polarizations, we recorded school densities were not affected by nautical traffic and remained uniform under different traffic levels (peranova, pseudo - f = 0. 6709, p (perm) = 0. 5669) with a mean density of 247. 19 (±18. 30 se) individuals per video shot .\npolarization is a generic defensive behaviour and we monitored this event in the absence and in the presence of different types of boat. polarization times are expressed in seconds. error bars represent the standard error of the mean. different superscripts indicate significant differences resulted from pairwise tests after permanova (table 4) .\nwe measured nautical traffic in b1 and b2 sites (a - zone was an off - limits zone) from four fixed stations located on the coast, where operators recorded the total number of boats passing by or mooring. we also quantified nautical traffic during holidays and weekdays, repeated five times for each. samplings were carried out during three time slots, where each session lasted 15 minutes and were replicated four times per time slot. we defined nautical traffic intensity as the number of boats per hour .\nas part of the acclimatization protocol, we did not analyze the first 5 min of video recordings and other 5 min between school and individual samplings [ 66 ]. from the remaining 30 min, we dedicated the first 15 min to school analysis and the last 15 min for individual analysis, as follows :\nschool polarization is the defensive behaviour that occurs when all school members stop feeding, swim simultaneously toward the bottom, and keep both the caudal fin with a reduced opening and the pectorals close to the body [ 6 ], [ 47 ]. polarization ends when all members spread out again in the water column, recover the original random orientation and resume feeding. from videos we observed polarizations that took place under four different conditions: 1) no boat, with apparent boat absence, 2) moored boat, with motor turned off and located straight above the schools, 3) boat passage, with boats passing at 50–100 m from the school, and 4) boat above, with boats passing right above the school. to validate these four conditions, we synchronized our underwater recordings with those of two operators on a boat, who recorded the presence of moored boats or boats passing above the observation site or at 50–100 m away from it. we counted the duration of each polarization by using jwatcher 1. 0 software [ 67 ] .\nspecimens were collected from the four study sites using a circular net (50×6 m) manoeuvred from a small fishing boat. the experimental catches took place during october 2007, and monthly from april to november 2008. given the gonadic influence on growth rate\n, we did not include the biometrical relationship computed from catches during the reproductive period (i. e. june to august). for each specimen, we measured the standard length (sl, cm) with a\ncalliper (to the nearest 0. 005 cm) and the total weight (tw, g) with a mattler toledo balance (to the nearest 0. 1 g) and used these parameters to calculate the body condition index (bci): that is the conditional state of a fish for a given length\nwe tested differences in nautical traffic, measured as the number of moored boats, boat passages and their sum as total boat events, with an analysis of variance (anova, [ 70 ]) treating area (2 levels: area 1 and area 2), period (2 levels: weekdays and holidays), and time of day (3 levels: morning, midday, and evening) as orthogonal and fixed factors. this analysis revealed three significantly different categories of traffic intensity (low, medium and high; see results section) that were used in the following analyses .\nwe tested the effect of boats on school polarization times with a peranova (i. e. a distance - based permutational analysis of variance, [ 72 ]) by using type of boat presence (5 levels: no boat in a - zone, no boat in b - zone, moored boat, boat passage, and boat above) as independent factors. conditions of no boats and boat passages above the school occurred while we recorded the school behaviour in both of our study areas, whereas moored boats and passages occurred only in one area. we then pooled polarization times from the two areas, having checked that they were not significantly different (anova, table s3) .\nwe tested the effect of nautical traffic on school density with a peranova (by using traffic intensity (4 levels: no traffic [ absence of boat; i. e. a - zone ], low [ < 40 boat h −1 ], medium [ 40 < boat h −1 < 80 ] and high traffic [ > 80 boat h −1 ]) as the independent factor and school density - the number of individuals per video shot - as the dependent variable .\nwe tested differences in bci between areas and zones with a factorial anova [ 71 ] with area (2 levels: area 1 and area 2) and zone (2 levels: a - zone and b - zone) as fixed factors .\nvariables were squared or log - transformed when the assumption of homoscedasticity was violated (i. e. cochran test p < 0. 05). if their distribution still presented heterogeneous variances after transformation, we lowered the significant value level from α = 0. 05 to 0. 01 [ 73 ] .\nnautical traffic statistics. mean (±se) number of boat passages, moorings and the resulting total number of boat events recorded in b - zones .\npecking rate statistics. mean (±se) pecking rate recorded within the a - and b - zones, during weekdays and holidays and in the three time slots .\nbehavioural response to the same noise source in different areas. differences in the time of polarization events between the two study areas under the same type of boat presence. anova allowed us to pool the data sets from the two areas .\ncomments from two anonymous reviewers significantly improved the manuscript. we thank and are especially grateful to all collaborators and students from eeb lab at unipa and anna lossman for the fine tuning of english .\nconceived and designed the experiments: dc gs. performed the experiments: cb. analyzed the data: cb dc gs. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: cg gs. wrote the paper: cb dc cg gs .\nhaviland - howell g, frankel as, powell cm, bocconcelli a, herman rl, et al. (2007) recreational boating traffic: a chronic source of anthropogenic noise in the wilmington, north carolina intracoastal waterway. j acoust soc am 122 (1): 151–160 .\npopper an, hastings mc (2009) the effects of human - generated sound on fish. int zool 4: 43–52 .\n), based on and acoustic impact model. mar mammal sci 18 (2): 394–418 .\npopper an (2003) effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes. fisheries 28 (10): 24–31 .\nona e, godø or, handegard no, hjellvik v, patel r, et al. (2007) silent research vessels are not quite. j acoust soc am 121 (4): el145–el150 .\nsarà g, dean jm, d’amato d, buscaino g, oliveri a, et al. (2007) effect of boat noise on the behaviour of bluefin tuna\ntyack p (2009) human - generated sound and marine mammals. phys today 62 (11): 39–44 .\ncodarin a, wysocki le, ladich f, picciulin m (2009) effects of ambient and boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area (miramare, italy). mar pollut bull 58 (12): 1880–1887 .\npopper an, fay rr (2011) rethinking sound detection by fishes. hearing res 273: 25–36 .\nfay rr, popper an (2000) evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. hearing res 149 (1–2): 1–10 .\nzelick r, mann da, popper an (1999) acoustic communication in fishes and frogs. comp hear fish amphib 11: 363–411 .\ntolimieri n, jeffs a, montgomery jc (2000) ambient sound as a cue for navigation by the pelagic larvae of reef fishes. mar ecol prog ser 207: 219–224 .\nsimpson sd, radford an, tickle ej, meekan mg, jeffs ag (2005) adaptative avoidance of reef noise. plos one 6 (2): e16625 .\nwardle cs, carter tj, urquhart gg, johnstone adf, ziolkowski am, et al. (2001) effects of seismic air guns on marine fish. cont shelf res 21: 1005–1027 .\nvabø r, olsen k, huse i (2002) the effect of vessel avoidance of wintering norwegian spring spawning herring. fish res 58: 59–77 .\n) to a bottom - trawling vassel. aquat living resour 16: 265–270 .\nde robertis a, wilson cd, williamson nj, guttormsen ma, stienessen s (2010) silent ships sometimes do encounter more fish. 1. vessel comparisons during winter pollock surveys. ices j mar sci 67 (5): 985–995 .\nmiksis - olds jl, wagner t (2011) behavioral response of manatees to variations in environmental sound levels. mar mammal sci 27 (1): 130–148 .\njones cg, lawton jh, shachak m (1994) organisms as ecosystem engineers. oikos 69: 373–386 .\nfasola m, canova l, foschi f, novelli o, bressan m (1997) resource use by a mediterranean rocky slope fish assemblage. pszni mar ecol 18 (1): 51–66 .\nseagrass beds, rocky - algal reefs and unvegetated sand habitats in the adriatic sea. estuar coast shelf sci 50: 515–529 .\nmeadows off the island of ischia (gulf of naples, italy): assessment of spatial and seasonal variability. nat sci 2: 1274–1286 .\npinnegar jk, polunin nvc (2006) planktivorous damselfish support significant nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes to mediterranean reefs. mar biol 148: 1089–1099 .\nl .) in the eastern middle adriatic. fish res 22: 255–264 .\n( pallas) (teleostei: gobiidae). j exp mar biol ecol 218: 187–198 .\nthetmeyer h, kils u (1995) to see and not be seen: the visibility of predator and prey with respect to feeding behaviour. mar ecol prog ser 126: 1–8 .\nchapin iii fs, schulze ed, mooney ha (1992) biodiversity and ecosystem processes. trends ecol evol 7: 107–108." ]

{ "text": [ "chromis chromis , the damselfish or mediterranean chromis is a small species of ray-finned fish of the family pomacentridae from the eastern atlantic and mediterranean . " ], "topic": [ 3 ] }

[ "chromis chromis, the damselfish or mediterranean chromis is a small species of ray-finned fish of the family pomacentridae from the eastern atlantic and mediterranean." ]

[ "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: lanistes alexandri j. r. bourguignat, 1889 - id: 1080654030\nlanistes bicarinatus (germain) shell about 40 mm, globose, chestnut with darker spiral bands. in zaire .\nlanistes ciliatus (v. martens, 1878) shell about 32 mm, the umbilicus is large. in kenya .\nlanistes neavei (melville & standen, 1907) shell about 25 mm, pale with darker spiral bands. in zaire .\nlanistes nasutus (mandahl - barth, 1972) shell about 37 mm, thin, with a low spire. in lake malawi .\nlanistes graueri (thiele, 1911) shell about 24 mm with an elevated spire. chestnut brown with darker spiral bands. in zaire .\nlanistes nyassanus (dohrn, 1865) shell about 75 mm, thick with a low spire and a large aperture. in lake malawi .\nlanistes solidus (smith, 1877) shell about 40 mm, thick with a low spire, umbilicus narrow, brownish. in lake malawi .\nlanistes farleri (craven, 1880) shell about 32 mm, spire high, with spiral ridges. brownish with darker spiral bands. in tanzania .\nlanistes ellipticus (v. martens, 1866) shell about 50 mm, umbilicus wide, brownish green. in clear, flowing water from zaire to southeastern africa .\nlanistes varicus (müller, 1774) shell variable, from 35 to 65 mm. yellowish brown. in shallow pools in ghana, mali, upper volta and niger .\nlanistes congicus (boettger, 1891) shell about 40 mm, globose with a low spire, light brownish with darker spiral bands. in the congo, angola and zaire .\nlanistes carinatus (olivier, 1804) shell about 40 mm, subglobose to ovate, brownish with dark brown spiral bands. in egypt to sudan, ethiopia and somalia to kenya and uganda .\nlanistes libycus (morelet, 1848) shell about 45 - 55 mm, globose, yellowish brown with darker spiral bands. in small forest streams from gabon and the ivory coast to the north .\nlanistes intortus (v. martens, 1877) shell about 30 mm, globose, light brownish with small darker spiral bands, which form multiple broader spiral bands. this species lives in brackish water .\nlanistes nsendweensis (dupuys & putzeys, 1901) shell about 25 mm, spire high, dark brownish with spiral bands. this species lives in swampy areas and streams in forests. in central - africa and zaire .\ncowie r. h. (2015) the recent apple snails of africa and asia (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: < i > afropomus, forbesopomus, lanistes, pila, saulea < / i >): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. the apple snails of the americas: addenda and corrigenda: zootaxa. 3940 (1): 1 - 92\ncowie r. h. (2015). the recent apple snails of africa and asia (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: afropomus, forbesopomus, lanistes, pila, saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. the apple snails of the americas: addenda and corrigenda. zootaxa. 3940 (1): 1 - 92. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncowie r. h. (2015). the recent apple snails of africa and asia (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: < i > afropomus, forbesopomus, lanistes, pila, saulea < / i >): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. the apple snails of the americas: addenda and corrigenda. < em > zootaxa. < / em > 3940 (1): 1 - 92 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthe encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000, started in 1972. it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted, as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation, values and development strategies. problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60, 000 international non - profit organizations, profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .\nthe encyclopedia includes problems which such groups choose to perceive and act upon, whether or not their existence is denied by others claiming greater expertise. indeed such claims and counter - claims figure in many of the problem descriptions in order to reflect the often paralyzing dynamics of international debate. in the light of the interdependence demonstrated among world problems in every sector, emphasis is placed on the need for approaches which are sufficiently complex to encompass the factions, conflicts and rival worldviews that undermine collective initiative towards a promising future .\nthe union of international associations (uia) is a research institute and documentation centre, based in brussels. it was established in 1907, by henri la fontaine (nobel peace prize laureate of 1913), and paul otlet, a founding father of what is now called information science .\nnon - profit, apolitical, independent, and non - governmental in nature, the uia has been a pioneer in the research, monitoring and provision of information on international organizations, international associations and their global challenges since 1907 .\nthe snails of this genus have sinistral shells, but their bodies are dextral. the shells are globose to ovoid or discoidal .\nthis page was last edited on 19 december 2006, at 08: 27 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy." ]

{ "text": [ "lanistes alexandri is a species of large freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk with a gill and an operculum in the family ampullariidae , the apple snails .", "this species is endemic to tanzania . " ], "topic": [ 2, 3 ] }

[ "lanistes alexandri is a species of large freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk with a gill and an operculum in the family ampullariidae, the apple snails. this species is endemic to tanzania." ]

[ "related species eucalyptus tortoise beetle - [ paropsis spp. ] eucalypt leaf beetles - [ paropsisterna ] eucalyptus leaf beetles - [ paropsis, peltoschema, paropsisterna ]\nthis beetle is named paropsisterna agricola. it is common in tasmania it can become an agricultural pest. the pale skirt can be bright red in some specimens. this species is determined by the black markings on the pronotum and the elytra with some flaring at the base .\nthe genera calomela, dicranosterna, paropsis, paropsisterna, trachymela and peltoschema include about 500 species and there are hardly 100 illustrated here .\nnahrung, h. f. 2004. biology of chrysophtharta agricola (coleoptera, chrysomelidae), a pest of eucalyptus plantations in south - eastern australia. australian forestry 67 (1): 59 - 66 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nchapuis, f. 1877 ,\nsynopsis des espèces du genre paropsis\n, annales de la société entomologique de belgique (comptes - rendus), vol. 20, pp. 67 - 101\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 088eb2be - 0d8e - 4e61 - ac75 - 35787544ffb4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4fab6a8d - 0173 - 44a4 - b538 - 1f2dc72ad79a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e7efe7b5 - d2fb - 4ede - bb47 - 39c694ca976b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 415694\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe adults of this species can vary somewhat. the common mainland mature form have elytra with golden brown main colouration. in tasmania the main colourations are grey - green or red - brown with light speckles (particularly bright around the scutellum). an entirely black morph occurs on both the mainland and tasmania. the teneral (newly emerged) adults of both coloured and black morphs are grey - black with red elytral and pronotal trim that fades as they age, eventually changing to their mature colours .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis sighting hasn' t been described yet! be the first to describe this sighting .\nall data on natureshare is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia license .\nfree: natureshare is, and will always be, a free and open service .\nwarranty: natureshare services and all software are provided on an\nas is\nbasis without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, fitness for a particular purpose. your use of the services is at your sole risk. we do not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of information available from the service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nupdated on 6 / 17 / 2014 12: 24: 43 am available online: padil - http: / / www. padil. gov. au .\nscion is the leading provider of forest - related knowledge in new zealand formerly known as the forest research institute, scion has been a leader in research relating to forest health for over 50 years. the rotorua - based crown research institute continues to provide science that will protect all forests from damage caused by insect pests, pathogens and weeds. the information presented below arises from these research activities .\nparopsine beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) are extremely diverse and abundant in their native australian range but have emerged as significant defoliators only since the expansion of managed plantation forestry, particularly when host trees are planted outside their native range. since its arrival in new zealand in 1916\n( hymenoptera: pteromalidae) in 1988. scion entomologists have been involved intermittently in the search for classical biological control agents for\nfor nearly fifty years, and this appears set to continue for at least another two years .\nis bivoltine in new zealand. the first generation of eggs are laid in spring from october onwards and those laid early often escape their natural enemies. after appearing in november\n. an initial visit to tasmania in december 2011 to investigate this was made possible by financial support from southwood exports ltd, and some good luck on the part of our tasmanian collaborators from the university of tasmania / tasmanian institute of agriculture, geoff allen and vin patel. vin managed to establish a laboratory colony of\n( which is not always easy to locate in tasmania) from which we could obtain larvae for experiments .\nplantations in northern tasmania in december 2011 and brought back to the laboratory in hobart for testing. using a sequential no - choice testing method to observe individual females, 9 of 10 of the female wasps attacked\nlarvae successfully pupated; instead they wandered around the dishes without settling. this suggests that appropriate conditions for pupating were not supplied, something we will have to perfect in the future if they are to be successfully reared in the laboratory .\nis an exciting prospect for biological control, as it is likely to be strongly host specific to eucalyptus leaf - feeding beetle larvae and be active in spring when few other agents are currently exerting much parasitism. also\ncan attack all larval stages, from the tiniest first instars, through to the large fourth instars, they just take longer to reach full development when they lay their eggs in first instar larvae .\nthis project is now set to continue with confirmation that it will be collaboratively funded by the ministry for primary industries’ sustainable farming fund, southwood exports ltd, scion, future forests research ltd, the nz farm forestry association, carter holt harvey pulp and paper ltd, and the forest owners’ association. in the summers of 2013 and 2014 additional field research will be conducted in tasmania. using\nfrom the laboratory colony, a sentinel field trial may reveal other currently unknown spring - active biological control agents .\nlarvae, and choice tests will reveal its preferences for different paropsine species. if results are successful after the next two years, then the most promising biological control agent identified will hopefully be imported into new zealand for host specificity testing in 2014. so watch this space as the war against\nthis information is intended for general interest only. it is not intended to be a substitute for specific specialist advice on any matter and should not be relied on for that purpose. scion will not be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages, loss of profits, or any other intangible losses that result from using the information provided on this site. (scion is the trading name of the new zealand forest research institute limited. )\nprotecting our eucalyptus trees wednesday, june 20, 2018 scion are undertaking community pre - consultation on a proposed biological control of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle. eucalyptus plantations are a recognisable part of new zealand’s diversified forestry industry. they provide pulp and…\nforest industry reputation damaged by mobilisation of forest harvest residues sunday, may 27, 2018 the successful prosecution of a forest management company by the marlborough district council has been endorsed by the forest owners association. merrill and ring has been fined $ 39, 000 and ordered…\nbiosecurity levy proposal tuesday, may 15, 2018 as it affects plantation forest owners. consultation document: the new zealand forest owners association (foa) and the nz farm forestry association (ffa) acting on behalf of new zealand plantation forest…\nforest industry backing judgment against forest companies monday, april 23, 2018 forest industry associations are supporting penalties imposed in the district court against bay of plenty forest owner whitikau holdings and two harvesting contractors. the companies pleaded guilty to charges laid…\nnew free online forest productivity calculator for small growers sunday, march 25, 2018 a new online calculator for radiata pine and douglas - fir productivity is now available, free of charge. the forecaster calculator was built for owners and advisors of small forests, who…\nconsultation starts on fumigant for forest industry to replace methyl bromide tuesday, february 27, 2018 a significant milestone has been reached in replacing methyl bromide as the standard fumigant for export logs and timber. the environmental protection authority has just released application details for approval…\nbillion tree planting timetable gives industry confidence wednesday, february 21, 2018 forest owners say the announcement of the timetable for the government’s billion tree ten year project will give confidence that the massive afforestation is a serious proposition. the forestry minister…\ncutting rights proposal jeopardising government’s billion tree and climate change mitigation goals saturday, february 03, 2018 the forest owners association is against the proposal the overseas investment office should approve or decline sales of forest cutting rights. the foa says it would jeopardise the government’s ambitions…\njim anderton’s legacy contribution to forest industry sunday, january 07, 2018 the forest owners association is paying tribute to jim anderton for his contribution to the forest industry. president peter clark says jim anderton had a keen eye for the significance…\ngovernment recognises forestland and farmland different cases for overseas investment wednesday, november 29, 2017 the forest owners association says the government would be jeopardising its billion - tree target if it hadn’t separated forest and farmland in its ministerial directive to the overseas investment office. the…\nfarm foresters says foresters should check all selling options for best returns monday, november 27, 2017 new zealand farm forestry association president neil cullen recommends small - scale forest owners check what offers might be available from local timber processors when they go to sell their woodlots. nzffa, …\n1 applies to shipping within australia. information about shipping policies for other countries can be found here: payment and delivery information" ]

{ "text": [ "paropsisterna agricola or southern eucalyptus leaf beetle , is a small hemispherical leaf beetle .", "they can vary from golden to grey .", "they have some black markings on the pronotum .", "the epipleura ( skirt ) is sometimes red .", "this species has the ability to increase population very rapidly and can become a commercial pest to the timber industry attacking plantation forests . " ], "topic": [ 11, 1, 23, 23, 17 ] }

[ "paropsisterna agricola or southern eucalyptus leaf beetle, is a small hemispherical leaf beetle. they can vary from golden to grey. they have some black markings on the pronotum. the epipleura (skirt) is sometimes red. this species has the ability to increase population very rapidly and can become a commercial pest to the timber industry attacking plantation forests." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for red - faced mousebird (urocolius indicus) yet .\nred - faced mousebird, north of durbanville, western cape. [ photo duncan robertson © ]\nred - faced mousebird nest with eggs, sericea farm, south africa. [ photo warwick tarboton © ]\nred - faced mousebird eating berries and calling. the berries on this plant are a great attraction to the grey loeries, speckled mousebird, red - faced mousebird and many other birds. butterflies and moths also feast on them regularly. when you prune shrubs into hedges and box shapes regularly, no berries or fruits are formed and then there is no food for the wildlife to enjoy .\n* pretty large bird with grey - blue plumage * prominent long tail. red patch around the eyes and red - black bill * size: about 34 cm (incl. tail\ndistribution of red - faced mousebird in southern africa, based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project (© animal demography unit, university of cape town; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little). colours range from dark blue (most common) through to yellow (least common). see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nde juana, e. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). red - faced mousebird (urocolius indicus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe red - faced mousebird is locally common in all countries in southern africa, and lives in a wide variety of habitats. it feeds mainly on fruit, with flowers largely making up the rest of its diet. the nest is a small cup of twigs, leaves and stems, placed 2 - 8 metres above ground in a tree or bush. it lays 1 - 7 eggs, which are incubated for 14 - 20 days, by both sexes and sometimes a helper. the chicks are brooded for the first few days of their life, sometimes by both adults at once. they stay in the nest for 14 - 20 days, before becoming independent .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: urocolius indicus. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be widespread and common (del hoyo et al. 2001) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\na small flock of these birds seen foraging in low bush in the morning in summer .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nholger teichmann, lars petersson, tadeusz stawarczyk, robert erasmus, lutz duerselen, rednomad, marco valentini, trheijnen, ken havard, libor vaicenbacher, tom dudones, paul van giersbergen, aleix comas, loutjie, david taylor .\nclosely related to u. macrourus. w angolan population has been separated as race angolensis, but now usually regarded as indistinguishable from lacteifrons; birds from se drcongo sometimes assigned race lualabae and those of n botswana race ngamiensis, but both probably better included within mossambicus, or ngamiensis synonymized with transvaalensis. some authors consider all malawi and zambia populations of this species to be referable to nominate indicus # r. five subspecies currently recognized .\n( sharpe, 1892) – coastal angola (s from cabinda) and most of namibia .\n( reichenow, 1896) – extreme se drcongo and sw tanzania (around l rukwa) s to se angola (n possibly to e moxico), zambia and malawi (mainly in s) .\n( reichenow, 1896) – coastal areas of extreme se tanzania and n mozambique .\n( roberts, 1922) – sw zambia, zimbabwe and s mozambique s to south africa (except s) .\n( latham, 1790) – western cape province e to r great kei .\n29–37 cm, including elongated tail of 19–25 cm; 32·5–78·9 g. grey upperparts with greenish metallic sheen, especially on wings and tail, buff ...\ngives clear, melodious, bell - like whistles comprising 3–4 notes, which fall in pitch, e. g... .\nnests found throughout year, but marked peak in austral spring / summer: sept–apr in angola, aug–jan in zambia, jun–jan in ...\nsedentary or locally nomadic; irruptions in dry season or during droughts detected in several areas ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). widespread and common in south africa and botswana; widespread and common in zambia (except in w & ne); very common in sw angola ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\noccurs from southern angola, zambia and malawi to southern africa, where it is common in non - arid areas. it generally prefers acacia savanna and thickets, gardens, woodland with nearby rivers, strandveld, gardens and orchards .\nits diet is dominated by fruit, supplemented with nectar, flowers and leaves. it typically forages in groups of 3 - 10, landing in trees and bushes to forage .\nmonogamous, cooperative breeder, meaning that the breeding pair are assisted by helpers. courtship involves preening and a\nbouncing display\n, in which one bird bounces up and down on its perch, the tempo increasing as its mate gets closer .\nthe nest is built by both sexes, consisting of an untidy, small cup of twigs, leaves and stems lined with soft material. it is typically placed 2 - 8 metres above ground, in a tree or shrub .\negg - laying is usually from june to february, peaking from september - november .\nit lays 1 - 7 eggs, which are incubated by both sexes and sometimes helpers, for 10 - 15 days .\nthe chicks are brooded for the first few days of their life, sometimes by both adults at once. they stay in the nest for 14 - 20 days, after which they become fully independent .\nhockey par, dean wrj and ryan pg (eds) 2005. roberts - birds of southern africa, viith ed. the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund, cape town .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 390, 502 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern." ]

{ "text": [ "the red-faced mousebird ( urocolius indicus ) is a species of mousebird or coly .", "it is a common in southern africa from zaire , zambia and tanzania south to the cape .", "its habitat is savanna with thickets , fynbos scrub , other open woodland , gardens and orchards .", "this bird is about 34 cm ( 13 inches ) long , with the tail comprising approximately half the length .", "the crested head and breast are pale cinnamon with a red bill and eye mask .", "the rest of the upperparts and tail are blue-grey apart from a paler grey rump .", "the belly is whitish .", "the sexes are similar , but juveniles lack the crest and have a green mask .", "their call is tree-ree-ree whistle , and regularly called in multiple repetitions .", "red-faced mousebirds make the same call whether in-flight or perched .", "the red-faced mousebird is a frugivore which subsists on fruits , berries , leaves , seeds and nectar .", "its flight is typically fast , strong and direct from one feeding area to another .", "this is a social bird outside the breeding season , feeding together in small groups , normally of about half a dozen birds , but sometimes up to 15 or more .", "they fly and interact in tight collections .", "it engages in mutual preening and roosts in groups at night .", "it is more wary than other mousebirds .", "these sedentary birds breed between june to february .", "the nest is a large untidy cup of plant material lined with material such as sheep wool .", "the clutch is 2-6 eggs which hatch in about two weeks . " ], "topic": [ 14, 27, 24, 0, 23, 23, 23, 23, 16, 16, 8, 16, 14, 28, 28, 14, 12, 28, 28 ] }

[ "the red-faced mousebird (urocolius indicus) is a species of mousebird or coly. it is a common in southern africa from zaire, zambia and tanzania south to the cape. its habitat is savanna with thickets, fynbos scrub, other open woodland, gardens and orchards. this bird is about 34 cm (13 inches) long, with the tail comprising approximately half the length. the crested head and breast are pale cinnamon with a red bill and eye mask. the rest of the upperparts and tail are blue-grey apart from a paler grey rump. the belly is whitish. the sexes are similar, but juveniles lack the crest and have a green mask. their call is tree-ree-ree whistle, and regularly called in multiple repetitions. red-faced mousebirds make the same call whether in-flight or perched. the red-faced mousebird is a frugivore which subsists on fruits, berries, leaves, seeds and nectar. its flight is typically fast, strong and direct from one feeding area to another. this is a social bird outside the breeding season, feeding together in small groups, normally of about half a dozen birds, but sometimes up to 15 or more. they fly and interact in tight collections. it engages in mutual preening and roosts in groups at night. it is more wary than other mousebirds. these sedentary birds breed between june to february. the nest is a large untidy cup of plant material lined with material such as sheep wool. the clutch is 2-6 eggs which hatch in about two weeks." ]

[ "information on the gorgan salamander (paradactylodon gorganensis) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe gorgan salamander is classified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - gorgan salamander\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - gorgan salamander\ntitle =\narkive photo - gorgan salamander\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - gorgan salamander (paradactylodon gorganensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - gorgan salamander (paradactylodon gorganensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - gorgan salamander (paradactylodon gorganensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthreats to gorgan mountain salamanders include human encroachment on its highly specialized range and possible collection for the pet trade .\nthe gorgan mountain salamander is listed as ‘critically endangered’ on the iucn red list of threatened speciestm because of its narrow range and increasing decline in its specialized habitat in the shir - abad cave of northern iran. the cave is often disturbed by visitors. the gorgan mountain salamander is an almost fully aquatic salamander, which can be identified by its rounded snout, large head, and long tail .\nthe gorgan salamander is only found in iran in the shir - abad cave and the stream flowing from it. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nlarvae in this family have external gills and four gill slits. species in this family include: the yenyuan stream salamander, the alpine stream salamander, the japanese mountain salamander, and the hida salamander .\nthere are only around 100 breeding adult gorgan salamanders remaining in the wild. source: edge intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nsince the shir - abad cave and the surrounding area were designated a natural national monument by the department of environment of gorgan and gonbad - e - kavous in 1998, the range of this species are within protected areas .\nstream salamander - batrachuperus pinchonii the stream salamander is found in china. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nodaigahara salamander - hynobius boulengeri the odaigahara salamander is found in japan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nformosa salamander - hynobius formosanus the formosa salamander is found in taiwan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\noki salamander - hynobius okiensis the oki salamander is found in japan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nsonon salamander - hynobius sonani the sonon salamander is found in taiwan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ntokyo salamander - hynobius tokyoensis the tokyo salamander is found in japan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nwushan salamander - liua shihi the wushan salamander is found in china. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nshangcheng salamander - pachyhynobius shangchengensis the shangcheng salamander is found in china. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ntokyo salamander - hynobius tokyoensis the tokyo salamander is threatened by habitat loss. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nlongdong stream salamander - batrachuperus londongensis the longdong stream salamander is found in china. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nalpine stream salamander - batrachuperus tibetanus the alpine stream salamander is found in china. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\npaghman mountain salamander - paradactylodon mustersi the paghman mountain salamander is found in afghanistan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nsemirechensk salamander - ranodon sibiricus the semirechensk salamander is found in china and kazakhstan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nlongdong stream salamander - batrachuperus londongensis the longdong stream salamander is found in rocky streams. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nstream salamander - batrachuperus pinchonii the stream salamander is found in mountain rivers and streams. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\ntsushima salamander - hynobius tsuensis the tsushima salamander is found on tsushima island in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nshangcheng salamander - pachyhynobius shangchengensis the shangcheng salamander is found in slow mountain forest streams. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe amazing thing about the gorgan mountain salamander, paradactylodon gorganensis is also a major threat to this species – the adults of this salamander are only known to reside in a single pool in a cave that measures 100 m by 10 m at most. it is estimated that only about 100 breeding adults remain in this extremely confined range. however, larvae of this species can be found outside the cave in the stream flowing from it .\nthe next step for helping this species to survive is getting aid from local environmetal ngos, though, we invited them to a workshop to make them aware of the imortance of the conservation of this salamander. this workshop conducted on monday, december 16th. the main goal for this workshop was to engage local people in the form of ngos with the conservation project on gorgan cave salamander and fortunately, we were succesfull and they promised to help us with this task .\noki salamander - hynobius okiensis the oki salamander is found in forests from sea level to high altitudes. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nsemirechensk salamander - ranodon sibiricus the semirechensk salamander lives in the headwaters of small mountain streams and brooks. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nsiberian salamander - salamandrella keyserlingii the siberian salamander can survive in temperatures as low as - 40° fahrenheit. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nodaigahara salamander - hynobius boulengeri the odaigahara salamander preys on spiders and insects and a large species of earthworm. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\npaghman mountain salamander - paradactylodon mustersi the paghman mountain salamander is found in s cool highland streams fed by glaciers. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nalpine stream salamander - batrachuperus tibetanus during the day, the alpine stream salamander hides underwater beneath rocks or rotten wood. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthis species is endemic to the shir - abad cave and the stream flowing from it, 60km east of gorgan (36° 57' n; 55° 01' e), in the eastern part of the elburz mountains, golestan province, northern iran. the cave is at an elevation of 310m asl .\nnearly all the hyrcanian forests of iran are conserved within protected areas, including the range of this species (n. rastegar - pouyani pers. comm .). shir - abad cave and the surrounding area was designated a natural national monument by the department of environment of gorgan and gonbad - e - kavous in 1998 .\nour next confference took place on wednesday, desember 4th for the teachers and managers of local schools who are engaged with students of local schools such as the schools of fenderesk, khanbebin and shir - abad. if the teachers and trainers become aware of the importance of the wildlife species in that area especially the endangerd ones like gorgan cave salamander, it would be a great deal to lead us to triamph to conserve this nvaluable species .\nsiberian salamander - salamandrella keyserlingii the siberian salamander is found in china, japan, kazakhstan, north korea, mongolia, and the russian federation. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe oita salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe hida salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe tohoku salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe blotched salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe clouded salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe hokkaido salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe tsinpa salamander is found in china. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe japanese black salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe japanese clawed salamander is found in japan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe chinese salamander is found in hubei province and fujian province in china. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\npaghman mountain salamander - paradactylodon mustersi male paghman mountain salamanders guard their eggs. source: edge intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe northeastern china hynobiid salamander is found in china and north and south korea. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe persian mountain salamander is found in the talesh and alborz mountain ranges in iran. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe long - tailed clawed salamander is found in china, north and south korea and russia. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe anji salamander is only found in five small pools at the top of mount longwangshan in china. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nthe first workshop for introducing the importance of cave salamander has been handeled between 29 / 10 / 2013 to 31 / 10 / 2013. also a debate has been cumducted with the manager of primary school education and the assistant manager of the head manager of the education office of the city of ramian for arranging the workshops and festivals will be carried out in future 2 months for teachers, head teachers and students .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2014. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6 (27 january 2014). new york, usa. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 27 january 2014) .\nsome workers have suggested that paradactylodon gorganensis might be conspecific with p. persicus (stöck 1999). however, recent molecular analysis has demonstrated that paradactylodon gorganensis is a distinct species (ted papenfuss pers. comm. september 2008) .\ncritically endangered b1ab (iii) + 2ab (iii) ver 3. 1\njustification: listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy is less than 10km2, all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the shir - abad cave, northern iran .\nthere are estimated to be about 100 breeding adults within its extremely localized range .\nit is an almost fully aquatic species. the adults are only known from a single pool in the cave that measures 100m by 10m at its widest point. the larvae of the species are only found outside the cave in the stream flowing from it. its breeding biology is not well known, but eggs are deposited by the female and fertilized by the male. the forest surrounding the cave and stream is a temperate hyrcanian forest .\nthe shir - abad cave is now significantly impacted by the activities of people visiting the cave (n. rastegar - pouyani pers. comm .). however, the forest surrounding both the cave and stream does not appear to have been logged, since the area is generally considered to be too rugged for development. collection for the pet trade is a potential though not confirmed threat to this species (mozafar sharifi pers. comm. september 2008) .\ntheodore papenfuss, steven anderson, nasrullah rastegar - pouyani, sergius kuzmin, mozafar sharifi, göran nilson. 2009 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsubmit your observations of this species to inaturalist and they will appear on this map .\n© 2014 amphibian specialist group (asg) and amphibian survival alliance (asa). all rights reserved. the asa is a fiscally sponsored program of global wildlife conservation a registered 501 (c) (3). tax id # 26 - 2887967 .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nfurthermore, we have to add that 1000 brochures and 500 posters have been published to be distributed among beneficiary organizations, universities, doe offices and other people who are engaged with this species .\nkamran kamali apt # 2, no. 19, 7th. alley, nima youshij blvd. shahran st. tehran tehran 1478854818 iran tel: 009844277013 mob: 00989122384897\nthe text and images for this case study are uploaded by the grant recipient to raise awareness of the conservation work being done. through its website the fund provides the platform, but is not responsible for text or image content of case studies .\n© mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund 2013, all rights reserved. website by intex digital\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are 50 species in this family. they are all found in asia. most species are 4 - 10 inches in length. they have smooth skin, stout bodies, and eyelids. most species live on the land and have lungs. females lay masses of 35 - 70 eggs and the male fertilizes them. the female usually guards the eggs .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status .\nthe arisan hynobid lives under rocks and bark. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe arisan hynobid is found in taiwan. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nhynobius quelpaertensis is found in south korea. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nyiwu hynobiid - hynobius yiwuensis the yiwu hynobid is found in china. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nyiwu hynobiid - hynobius yiwuensis the yiwu hynobid is found in fields and forests. source: amphibiaweb intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "the gorgan salamander ( paradactylodon gorganensis ) is a species of salamanders in the hynobiidae family , endemic to a single location in iran , the caves near the shir-abad waterfall .", "its habitats are freshwater springs , inland karsts , and caves .", "it is threatened by habitat loss and considered critically endangered due to its extremely limited range and small population size . " ], "topic": [ 7, 6, 17 ] }

[ "the gorgan salamander (paradactylodon gorganensis) is a species of salamanders in the hynobiidae family, endemic to a single location in iran, the caves near the shir-abad waterfall. its habitats are freshwater springs, inland karsts, and caves. it is threatened by habitat loss and considered critically endangered due to its extremely limited range and small population size." ]

[ "madagasikara spinosa is a species of tropical freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family pachychilidae .\ndescription: madagaskar (malg. madagasikara, fr. madagascar), oficjalnie republika madagaskaru (malg. repoblikan' i madagasikara, fr. république de madagascar) – państwo wyspiarskie położone na madagaskarze w zachodniej części oceanu indyjskiego, u południowo - wschodnich wybrzeży afryki .\nuncovering an overlooked radiation: molecular phylogeny and biogeography of madagascar’s endemic river snails (caenogastropoda: pachychilidae: madagasikara gen. nov .) .\nuncovering an overlooked radiation: molecular phylogeny and biogeography of madagascar' s endemic river snails (caenogastropoda: pachychilidae: madagasikara gen. nov. )\ndescription: madagaskarin tasavalta (malagassiksi repoblikan’i madagasikara, ransk. république de madagascar) eli madagaskar on saarivaltio intian valtameressä noin 640 kilometrin päässä afrikan itärannikosta .\nmadagasikara is endemic to madagascar and occurs throughout the island, except in the extreme, quite dry south, mainly in fast flowing, oxygen - rich streams .\nmolecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae (mollusca: superfamily trochoidea) .\ndescription: madagascar (/ ˌ m æ d ə ˈ ɡ æ s k ər /; malagasy: madagasikara), officially the republic of madagascar (malagasy: repoblikan' i madagasikara [ republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥ ]; french: république de madagascar), and previously known as the malagasy republic, is an island country in the indian ocean, off the coast of east africa .\nbrotia is a genus of southeast asian freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the taxonomic family pachychilidae .\nuncovering an overlooked radiation: molecular phylogeny and biogeography of madagascar' s endemic river snails (caenogastropoda: pachychilidae: madagasikara gen. nov .) | biological journal of the linnean society | oxford academic\ntylomelania is a genus of freshwater snails which have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family pachychilidae .\ndoryssa is a genus of freshwater snails which have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family pachychilidae .\npseudopotamis is a genus of freshwater snails which have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family pachychilidae .\nsulcospira is a genus of freshwater snails which have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family pachychilidae .\njagora is a genus of freshwater snails which have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania gemmifera is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania neritiformis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania palicolarum is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania patriarchalis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania perfecta is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania scalariopsis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania toradjarum is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania towutensis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania zeamais is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania insulaesacrae is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ndoryssa consolidata is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ndoryssa lamarckiana is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania abendanoni is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania baskasti is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania carota is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania celebicola is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania hannelorae is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania helmuti is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania mahalonensis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania lalemae is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania sarasinorum is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania sinabartfeldi is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania tominangensis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania wallacei is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania masapensis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania towutica is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania connectens is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nbrotia citrina is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nbrotia episcopalis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nbrotia pagodula is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nbrotia sumatrensis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nsulcospira testudinaria is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nbrotia verbecki is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\npachychilus laevissimus is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nsulcospira housei is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania centaurus is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\npachychilidae, common name pachychilids, is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade sorbeoconcha .\ndoryssa hohenackeri is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania kruimeli is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\npotadoma buttikoferi is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\npotadoma liberiensis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nsulcospira schmidti is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\ntylomelania carbo is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nsulcospira agrestis is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nsulcospira circumstriata is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nsulcospira collyra is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\njagora asperata is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nfaunus ater is a species of brackish water snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nvon rintelen t. , von rintelen k. , glaubrecht m. (2010) the species flocks of the viviparous freshwater gastropod\npachychilus, common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pachychilidae .\nfrank köhler, matthias glaubrecht; uncovering an overlooked radiation: molecular phylogeny and biogeography of madagascar' s endemic river snails (caenogastropoda: pachychilidae: madagasikara gen. nov .), biological journal of the linnean society, volume 99, issue 4, 1 april 2010, pages 867–894, urltoken\ncitation: von rintelen t, stelbrink b, marwoto rm, glaubrecht m (2014) a snail perspective on the biogeography of sulawesi, indonesia: origin and intra - island dispersal of the viviparous freshwater gastropod tylomelania. plos one 9 (6): e98917. urltoken\nellen e. strong, donald j. colgan, john m. healy, charles lydeard, winston f. ponder, matthias glaubrecht; phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily cerithioidea using morphology and molecules, zoological journal of the linnean society, volume 162, issue 1, 1 may 2011, pages 43–89, urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nthis species is presently placed in the new genus madagisikara köhler & glaubrecht, 2010. it previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus melanatria .\njustification: the extent of occurrence (eoo) is 3, 500 km² as this species is confined to the upper northwestern part of madagascar and to nosy be. the habitat preferences are very narrow, i. e. swift running streams through primary forest. since this habitat is still under threat, primarily from illegal logging and slash - and - burn agriculture on the mainland and tourism on nosy be, soil erosion and siltation of forest streams must still occur (indicating continuing decline in habitat quality) and must have a negative impact on the subpopulations of this rare species. based on these threats, there are three to five locations. it is therefore assessed as endangered .\nthis species occurs in the most northern part of madagascar and on nosy be island .\non the mainland, the primary threat is increased water turbidity caused by erosion from illegal logging and agriculture. addtionally, there is a sugar cane factory (sirama) at ambilobe and this could be leading to habitat loss and degradation due to pollution. on nosy be, tourist developments are likely to be the main threat as these cause habitat loss and degradation due to pollution .\nno protection measures have been implemented or are planned for the species. there exist several protected areas in the northern part of madagascar but it is not known if the species occurs within them .\njavascript is disabled! not all shop functions are available. please check your browser settings .\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 020 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany) stock level: 4 piece\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n' * price per piece, unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product' s name, e. g. (x2) for 2 pieces or (10g) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article, you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description. otherwise, pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo.'\nprovided by alexa ranking, urltoken has ranked n / a in n / a and n / a on the world. it is hoted in n / a with ip address 31. 11. 33. 63. the home page has 1 external link .\ndescription: les propositions de la cellule de concertation n’ont finalement pas abouti à une sortie de crise car aucun terrain d’entente n’a été trouvé avec les grévistes, lesquels refusent toujours de reprendre le travail .\ndescription: vous souhaitez une large visibilité pour mettre en valeur vos produits, vos services ou votre structure nous disposons également d’un service spécialisé de création de bannières publicitaire en différents formats .\ndescription: les actualités sociales et religieux à madagascar. journal en ligne de la conférence épiscopal catholique malgache, géré par la compagnie de jésus à madagascar .\ndescription: les plus bas frais! commandez en $ cad, livraison dès reception du paiement. frais à partir de 0. 79 $. jusqu’à 2940 $ commandez\ndescription: this website uses cookies for reasons of functionality, comfort, and statistics. you can change this setting at any time by clicking on\nchange settings\n.\ndescription: the madagascar plan was a proposal by the nazi german government to relocate the jewish population of europe to the island of madagascar. franz rademacher, head of the jewish department of the german foreign office, proposed the idea in june 1940, shortly before the fall of france .\nbless online - the best new pc mmorpg from asia. a ...\ndescription: bless is a stunning fantasy mmorpg on steam created in asia and re - engineered for the west. bless allows you to seize control of a world featuring epic landscapes, a new monster taming system, thrilling action - combat, punishing dungeons & raids, 100v100 castle sieges and more\ndescription: welcome to the revitalized fishermen’s inn. now being enjoyed as one of the most enticing gathering venues in the chicago area and suburbs, this unique facility truly has it …\ndescription: welcome to the aviation codes central web site. this web site has been setup to help you cut through the jungle of all those codes and abbreviations used in …\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to the historum - history forums. please login or register for a new account. need help with the website? contact us anytime .\nthe name of the genus is derived from the malagasy word for madagascar. in previous works species of this group were assigned to other genera, such as melania, pirena or particular melanatria. however, these names are of taxonomic reasons not available for this malagasy snails .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nsmithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, p. o. box 37012, mrc 163, washington, dc 20013 - 7012, usa\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n2 kwazulu - natal museum, p. bag 9070, pietermaritzburg 3200, south africa, and school of life sciences, university of kwazulu - natal, pietermaritzburg, 3206 south africa\ncorresponding author: herman van der bank (az. ca. ju @ knabdvh )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nin this study, our main objective was to infer species boundaries within the genus using dna barcode. to date, attempts to resolve taxonomic issues within the genus using dna sequence data were very limited in sample size: only one individual of each of the five recognised oxystele species was generally analysed. for this purpose, we sampled 56 specimens including all five oxystele species from a wide geographic distribution range. we then applied the dna barcoding approach for taxa delimitation .\nsampling sites were widely distributed to cover the geographical distribution range of the genus. species identification was done using the morphological characters given in the key to oxystele species provided by heller and dempster (1991). collection details including gps coordinates, altitude and photographs of specimens are available online in the barcode of life data systems (bold; urltoken) together with dna sequences. voucher specimens (shells) were also collected and deposited at the kwazulu - natal museum (south africa) .\ndna extraction, polymerase chain reactions (pcr) and sequencing of the coi region (animal dna barcode) were done at the canadian centre for dna barcoding (ccdb). pcr reactions followed standard ccdb protocols as described by\n. this results in 51 coi dna sequences being generated. we also included in the dna matrix five coi sequences that we retrieved from bold (dq numbers in\n), making the total sequences analysed to a total of 56 coi sequences. sequence alignment was performed using multiple sequence comparison by log - expectation (muscle vs. 3. 8. 31 ,\nspecies, authority, genbank accession numbers (dq) and bold process id numbers (hvdbm) of specimens studied. specimens in bold are those for which morphological characters (weathered shell colours and patterns) failed to provide accurate identification; this is revealed in the barcoding test of species delimitation and in phylogenetic tree topology. sample localities for oxystele impervia and oxystele variegata individuals are indicated: southern cape 1, robben island 2, north - western cape 3, namibia 4\nwe assessed the “dna barcode gap” (meyer and paulay 2005) in the dataset using two approaches. first, we compared the median of interspecific distances with that of intraspecific distances (genetic distances are calculated between morphospecies). significance of the differences between both distances was assessed using the non - parametric wilcoxon ranked sum test. second, we used meier et al. ’s (2008) approach, that is, we compared the smallest interspecific distance with the largest intraspecific distance. genetic distances were measured using the kimura 2 - parameter (k2p) model (kimura 1980). we are aware of the recent literature indicating that the k2p - model might not be the best model for dna barcoding. however, we used this model here to allow comparison of our results with other dna barcoding studies where k2p - model is the most frequently used model .\nwe also tested the discriminatory power of dna barcoding by evaluating the proportion of correct species identification using the coi region. all sequences were labeled according to the names of the species from which the sequences were generated. the test of discriminatory power works as follows. each sequence is considered as an unknown while the remaining sequences in the dataset are considered as the dna barcode database used for identification. if the identification of the query is the same as the pre - considered identification (i. e. the sequence labels), the identification test is scored as “correct”, and the overall proportion of correct identification corresponds to the discriminatory power of the region tested, i. e. coi. this test was done applying three approaches: the “best close match” (meier et al. 2006), the “near neighbour” and the bold criteria using respectively the functions bestclosematch, threshid, and nearneighbour implemented in the program spider v1. 1 - 1 (brown et al. 2012). prior to the test, we determined the optimised genetic distance suitable as threshold for taxon identification. for this purpose, we used the function localminima also implemented in spider (brown et al. 2012) .\nthe function bestclosematch conducts the “best close match” analysis of meier et al. (2006), searching for the closest individual in the dataset. if the closest individual is within a given threshold, the outcome is scored as “correct”. if it is further than the given threshold, the result is “no id” (no identification). if more than one species are tied for closest match, the outcome of the test is “ambiguous” identification. when all matches within the threshold are different species to the query, the result is scored as “incorrect” .\nthe function threshid conducts a threshold - based analysis based on a threshold genetic distance of 1% as conducted by the “identify specimen” tool provided by the bold system (urltoken). it is more inclusive than bestclosematch, in that it considers all sequences within the threshold of 1% . there also four possible outcomes for threshid tests, that is, “correct”, “incorrect”, “ambiguous”, and “no id” similar to the outcomes of the bestclosematch function .\nthe nearneighbour function finds the closest individual and returns the score “true” (equivalent to “correct”) if their names are the same, but if the names are different, the outcome is scored as “false” (equivalent to “incorrect”) .\nfurther, we performed a barcoding test of taxon delimitation. in reality, this test groups specimens into “molecular operational taxonomic units” (motus; jones et al. 2011), which are generally regarded as proxy for morpho - species (stahlhut et al. 2013). motus are defined as groups of specimens that are within the genetic threshold used for taxon delimitation. if all specimens of the same morpho - species are clustered in a single motu, this means that motus are congruent with morpho - species, thus increasing the taxonomic value of dna barcoding. the delimitation of motus was conducted using the function tclust in the r package spider v1. 1 - 1. if two specimens are more distant than the threshold from each other, but both are within the threshold of a third, the function tclustidentifiedall three individuals as a single motu. we also identified the composition of each motu using the function lapply also implemented in spider .\nmaximum parsimony (mp) was implemented to analyse the data using paup * v4. 0b10 (swofford 2002). tree searches were done using heuristic searches with 1 000 random sequence additions but keeping only 10 trees. tree bisection - reconnection was performed with all character transformations treated as equally likely i. e. fitch parsimony (fitch 1971). mp searches and bootstrap resampling (felsenstein 1985) were done using paup * v4. 0b10 (swofford 2002) .\njujubinus exasperatus (pennant, 1777) was used as outgroup based on williams et al. (2010). node support was assessed using bootstrap (bp) values: bp > 70% for strong support (murphy et al. 2001, wilcox et al. 2002) .\n). the aligned coi matrix was 654 base pairs in length, including a: 24. 2% ; c: 21. 1% ; g: 18. 3% and t: 36. 4% .\ninterspecific distances range from 0 to 0. 18 (median = 0. 15) and are generally larger than intraspecific distances (range: 0 - 0. 09; median = 0. 004; wilcoxon test, p < 0. 001 ;\n). this indicates that there is a barcode gap in the dataset. even when we compared the lowest interspecific versus the furthest intraspecific distance, we also found that barcode gap exists within the coi sequences (grey lines in\nevaluation of barcode gap in the dataset. a boxplot of the interspecific (inter) and intraspecific genetic (intra) distances, indicating the existence of a barcode gap i. e. intraspecific distance is longer than intraspecific distance. the bottom and top of the boxes show the first and third quartiles respectively, the median is indicated by the horizontal line, the range of the data by the vertical dashed line and outliers (points outside 1. 5 times the interquartile range) by bold vertical lines b lineplot of the barcode gap for the 56 oxsystele specimens. for each specimen in the dataset, the grey lines indicate where the smallest interspecific distance (top of line value) is longer than the longest intraspecific distance (bottom of line value), therefore indicating existence of barcode gap; the red lines show where this pattern is reversed, and the closest non - conspecific is closer to the query than its nearest conspecific, i. e. , the situation where there is no barcoding gap .\nwe determined the optimised threshold genetic distance (d) with which we tested the discriminatory power of coi sequences and delimited motus. we found d = 0. 047 (\n). for instance, under both near neighbour and best close match methods, 87. 5% of the coi sequences were correctly identified (49 specimens out of 56). however, the best close match method indicates 5. 36% of ambiguity (three specimens), i. e. both correct and incorrect species are within the given threshold; and 7. 14% of incorrect identification (four specimens). also, for 12. 5% of sequences (seven specimens) the near neighbour method results in “incorrect”. using the bold method (threshold = 1 %), we obtained poor barcoding performance, that is, we have as many correct as ambiguous results (48. 21% respectively; i. e. 27 specimens). the bold method also indicates one “incorrect” and one “no id” (\ndetermination of the threshold genetic distance for species identification. the density plot indicates transition between intra - and interspecific distances; the genetic distance corresponding to this transition (dip in the density graph, here approximately 0. 05) indicates the suitable threshold to the dataset. this method does not require prior knowledge of species identity to get an indication of potential threshold values .\ntests of barcoding identification accuracy with numbers (n) and percentages (%) of each score .\n). using tree - based analysis, we also found five strongly supported groupings (pp = 1. 00; bp = 100 %), identified as a–e (\nis only well supported in the mp analysis (bp = 98 %). the composition of these five groupings matches that of motus and comprises\nsummary of both bayesian and parsimonious trees. values above branches indicate bootstrap supports; values under branches indicate posterior probability. all distinguished species are indicated at the tip of the tree. branches without values indicate non - supported nodes; the small circle indicates a specimen of\nthe concept of dna barcoding was first proposed as a technique to accelerate species identification within micro - organisms (nanney 1982). however, it has now been generalised as a potential method that can help characterise and discover new species in broader taxonomic groups (hebert et al. 2004, van der bank et al. 2012). in the animal kingdom, the coi region has proved valuable as a dna barcode for many taxonomic groups, but it can also be problematic for others (moritz 2004, ebach and holdrege 2005, schindel and miller 2005, köhler 2007, huang et al. 2008) .\nwe first tested coi’s potential as a good barcode for the genus oxystele. a good barcode candidate is expected to exhibit a barcode gap (meyer and paulay 2005), i. e. higher genetic variation between than within species (hebert et al. 2003). various options are currently available to evaluate the barcode gap. we used two approaches. we compared the median of interspecific versus intraspecific distances. we found that interspecific distance is significantly greater than intraspecific distance, suggesting that there is a barcode gap in coi data. we also applied the approach of meier et al. (2008); i. e. compared the smallest interspecific versus the greatest intraspecific distances), rather than comparing just the median distances. this approach also reveals existence of a barcode gap, thus confirming coi as a potential dna region for taxon identification within oxystele. this dna region has also proved successful for barcoding identification in other mollusc taxonomic groups (davison et al. 2009, köhler and glaubrecht 2009, feng et al. 2011a, b, sun et al. 2012; but see sauer and hausdorf 2012 for limitation of single - locus dna sequences) .\nespecially using the best close match and near neighbour methods. this gives support to the efficacy of coi for identification purposes within the genus. however, the application of bold identification criteria yields a poor identification success i. e. < 50% and similar proportion of ambiguity (\n). these results are also supported by phylogeny - based analysis of species delimitation. however, four specimens identified morphologically as\n). these mismatches between morpho - species identification and barcoding - based taxon delimitation (motus) reflect the controversy surrounding species boundaries and / or the identification key (e. g .\nin our attempt to resolve the taxonomic uncertainty, we also used the phylogenetic tree reconstruction. the results are similar to those of motus, that is, one specimen morphologically identified as\nthe controversy regarding the complex has been reported in previous studies (heller and dempster 1991, williams et al. 2010), likely reflecting the limitations in morphological characters (hickman 1998) on which the current identification key is based. heller and dempster (1991) reported that oxystele impervia and oxystele variegata should be considered as two different species based on shell colour, radula cusp indentation, ecological (oxystele impervia occurs higher up the shore than oxystele variegata), and fixed allozyme differences at one enzyme - coding locus (out of 22). however, the overlaps in ecological zones and interspecific overlap of up to 66% in radula cusp indentation (heller and dempster 1991) indicate that these criteria (ecology and radula indentation) might be unreliable for taxon identification .\n( 12 photos for each species), but the differentiation they proposed is still unclear and could lead to multiple interpretations as indicated in the words such as “very infrequently”, “off - white”, or “greenish - grey” and “almost never” that they used to distinguish between both species. also, overlaps in colours and weathered shells make\nare commonly weathered to some extent, resulting in shell colour being indistinct or scarcely discernible. some specimens (e. g. as shown in\nfrom namibia, 5 km north of swakopmund, diameter 22. 2 mm (nmsa e6038 )\nfrom the western cape, groen rivier, diameter 22. 3 mm (nmsa e7353 )\nsp. from theeastern cape, tsitsikamma national park, diameter 16. 5 mm (\nsp. from the northern cape, noup, diameter 18. 0 mm (\nfor the phylogenetic groupings of these specimens and node supports; these groupings contradict their morphological identification) .\nshould be regarded as one species based on analysis from a single individual from each species. dh inspected the morphology of the samples (available on morphobank) used in the study by\nhas a more intermediate form with a finer colour pattern. he concluded that the latter is not obviously referable to any one of\n, more than to the other. in this study, the fact that both specimens come out not only on the phylogeny in the grouping of\none of six polymorphic loci (glycyl - leucine peptidase or peptidase a; van der bank 2002) indicated fixed allele differences between oxystele impervia and oxystele variegata, and this was the most convincing characteristic to differentiate between both species (heller and dempster 1991). williams et al. (2010) argue that differences in allele frequency could result from selection pressures (e. g. peptidase in mytilus; hilbish 1985). they further indicate that differences in habitat preferences, as reported for the impervia / variegata complex, could subject them to variation in salinity or temperature, which could lead to variation not only in diets but also in allozymes and morphology .\nindeed morphological differentiation between both species can be difficult. some of the shell colours and patterns are similar, and radula morphology could be altered as a result of differences in diet, age and other factors. for example ,\n“produce differently shaped teeth when fed different foods, displaying intraspecific variability as extreme as would usually be considered to define different species”. such variation in morphological characters has also been reported to be misleading in other groups such as spiders where the description of almost 50% of the known species was mistakenly based on the same species (\nin this study, most of the specimens that group within unexpected motus were collected from different localities, suggesting possible shell colour variation due to variation in environmental conditions. for example, specimens of oxystele variegata from namibia and robben island clustered on the phylogeny, but those from north - western and southern africa (cape) did not. the cape is renowned for its bad weather as indicated in its common name of “the cape of storms”, resulting in weathering of individuals (i. e. see “ships in trouble in cape waters”; urltoken) .\nthe split we found on the phylogeny and species delimitation analyses between oxystele impervia and oxystele variegata does not correspond with the nominal, morphologically - based identifications, indicating the need for the combination of morphological features and genetic data for further analysis. it is also possible that the coi gene alone is insufficient to discriminate species within the genus. we therefore suggest that future analysis should use a multi - gene approach. however, donald et al. (2005) have studied three genes including two mitochondrial (16s + coi) and one nuclear (actin), and williams et al. (2010) used one nuclear and three mitochondrial genes; but neither study was successful in teasing apart both species. we would therefore suggest that additional techniques such as aflp or microsatellites should be applied in an attempt to reveal the status of oxystele impervia and oxystele variegata. nevertheless, our analyses using barcoding confirm the existence of five motus (probably suggestive of five species), with oxystele variegata being a distinct species from oxystele impervia .\nthe only parsimonious tree obtained from the maximum parsimony (mp) analysis. topology of species groupings is similar to that of the bayesian tree (see\nbayesian tree assembled using mrbayes indicating the groupings of specimens and the posterior probability of the nodes .\nadams pa, pandey n, rezzi s, casanova j. (2002 )\ngeographic variation in the random amplified polymorphic dnas (rapds) of juniperus phoenicea, j. p. var. canariensis, j. p. subsp. eumediterranea, and j. p. var. turbinata .\nbranch gm, griffiths cl, branch ml, beckley le. (2010 )\nbrown sdj, collins ra, boyer s, lefort m - c, malumbres - olarte j, vink cj, cruickshank rh. (2012 )\nspider: an r package for the analysis of species identity and evolution, with particular reference to dna barcoding .\ncolgan dj, ponder wf, beacham e, macaranas j. (2007 )\ncollar dc, schulte ja, o’meara bc, losos jb. (2010 )\nthe phylogeny and taxonomy of austral monodontine topshells (mollusca: gastropoda: trochidae), inferred from dna sequences .\nfeng y, li q, kong l, zheng x. (2011a )\ncoi - based dna barcoding of arcoida species (bivalvia: pteriomorphia) along the coast of china .\nfeng y, li q, kong l, zheng x. (2011b )\ndna barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of pectinidae (mollusca: bivalvia) based on mitochondrial coi and 16s rrna genes .\ntowards defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology .\nspecies - level paraphyly and polyphyly: frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial dna .\nhajibabaei m, de waard jr, ivanova nv, ratnasingham s, dooh rt, kirk sl, mackie pm, hebert pdn. (2005 )\nbarcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit i divergences among closely related species .\nhebert pdn, penton eh, burns j, janzen dj, hallwachs w. (2004 )\nten species in one: dna barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly, astraptes fulgerator .\ndetection of two coexisting species of oxystele (gastropoda, trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analysis .\ndemographic and temporal structure of an allele frequency cline in the mussel mytilus edulis .\nhuang dw, meier r, todd pa, chou lm. (2008 )\nslow mitochondrial coi sequence evolution at the base of the metazoan tree and its implications for dna barcoding .\na simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences .\nfrom dna taxonomy to barcoding - how a vague idea evolved into a biosystematic tool .\nlakra ws, verma ms, goswami m, lal kk, mohindra v, punia p, gopalakrishnan a, ward rd, hebert p. (2011 )\nmeier r, shiyang k, vaidya g, ng pkl. (2006 )\ndna barcoding and taxonomy in diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success .\nthe use of mean instead of smallest interspecific distances exaggerates the size of the “barcoding gap” and leads to misidentification .\nmurphy wj, eizirik e, o’brien sj, madsen o, scally m, douady cj, teeling e, et al. (2001 )\nponder wf, colgan dj, healy jm, hützel a, simone lrl, strong ee. (2008 )\nin: ponder wf, lindberg dr. (eds) phylogeny and evolution of the mollusca. university of california press, berkeley, 331 - 383 .\nmodel selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of akaike information criterion and bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests .\na comparison of dna - based methods for delimiting species in a cretan land snail radiation reveals shortcomings of exclusively molecular taxonomy .\nstahlhut jk, fernández - triana j, adamowicz sj, buck m, goulet h, hebert pdn, huber jt, merilo mt, sheffield cs, woodcock t, smith ma. (2013 )\ndna barcoding reveals diversity of hymenoptera and the dominance of parasitoids in a sub - arctic environment .\nsun y, li q, kong l, zheng x. (2012 )\npaup *: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods), version 4. 0b10 .\nan emergent science on the brink of irrelevance: a review of the past 8 years of dna barcoding .\na review of gene nomenclature for enzyme - coding loci generally used in allozyme studies .\nvan der bank hf, greenfield r, daru bh, yessoufou k. (2012 )\ndna barcoding reveals micro - evolutionary changes and river system - level phylogeographic resolution of african silver catfish, schilbe intermedius (actinopterygii: siluriformes: schilbeidae) from seven populations across different african river systems .\nward rd, zemlak ts, innes bh, last pr, hebert pdn. (2005 )\nwilcox t, zwick d, heath t, hillis d. (2002 )\nphylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support .\nwilliams st, donald km, spencer hg, nakano t. (2010 )\nyang jb, wang yp, moller m, gao lm, wu d. (2012 )\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nwe thank ristiyanti marwoto (zoological museum bogor) who was very helpful in the preparation of the fieldwork in indonesia and a. munandar who provided assistance in the field. we thank lipi for permits to conduct research in indonesia. we are most indebted to inco for its invaluable logistic support at the lakes during our many visits. claudia dames, betina gregor, tanja miethe, jutta simonis (museum für naturkunde berlin), janice jang (massachusetts institute of technology) and daniela franz (technische universität dresden) were of great help in collecting genetic and morphological data from both ancient lake systems. this work was funded by research grants gl 297 / 1 and gl 297 / 7 awarded to m. g. from the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft .\nabendanon ec (1915) midden - celebes - expeditie. geologische en geographische doorkruisingen van midden - celebes (1909–1910), atlas. e. j. brill, leiden\nalbrecht c, trajanovski s, kuhn k, streit b, wilke t (2006) rapid evolution of an ancient lake species flock: freshwater limpets (gastropoda: ancylidae) in the balkan lake ohrid. organisms, diversity and evolution 6: 294–307\nalbrecht c, wilke t (2008) ancient lake ohrid: biodiversity and evolution. hydrobiologia 615: 13–140\nbarlow gw (2000) the cichlid fishes: nature’s grand experiment in evolution. perseus, cambridge, mass\nbouchet p, guerra a, rolán e, rocha f (1995) a major new mollusc radiation discovered in the ancient lakes of sulawesi. in: abstracts of the 12th international malacological congress, vigo 1995, vigo, pp 14–15\nbrooks jl (1950) speciation in ancient lakes. q rev biol 25: 131–176\ndarwin c (1859) the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. murray, london\ndavis gm (1982) historical and ecological factors in the evolution, adaptive radiation, and biogeography of freshwater mollusks. am zool 22: 375–395\nfunk dj, omland ke (2003) species - level paraphyly and polyphyly: frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial dna. annu rev ecol syst 34: 397–423\ngiesen w (1994) indonesia' s major freshwater lakes: a review of current knowledge, development processes and threats. mitt int verein theoret angew limnol 24: 115–128\ngiesen w, baltzer m, baruadi r (1991) integrating conservation with land - use development in wetlands of south sulawesi. directorate general of forest protection and nature conservation, bogor\nglaubrecht m (1996) evolutionsökologie und systematik am beispiel von süß - und brackwasserschnecken (mollusca: caenogastropoda: cerithioidea): ontogenese - strategien, paläontologische befunde und historische zoogeographie. backhuys, leiden\nglaubrecht m (1999) systematics and the evolution of viviparity in tropical freshwater gastropods (cerithioidea: thiaridae sensu lato) – an overview. courier forschungs - institut senckenberg 203: 91–96\nglaubrecht m (2000) a look back in time – toward an historical biogeography as a synthesis of systematic and geologic patterns outlined with limnic gastropods. zoology 102: 127–147\nglaubrecht m (2004) leopold von buch’s legacy: treating species as dynamic natural entities, or why geography matters. am malacol bull 19: 111–134\nglaubrecht m (2006) independent evolution of reproductive modes in viviparous freshwater cerithioidea (gastropoda, sorbeoconcha) – a brief review. basteria 69 (suppl 3): 32–38\nglaubrecht m (2008) adaptive radiation of thalassoid cerithioidean gastropods in lake tanganyika, east africa: morphology and systematization of a paludomid species flock in an ancient lake. zoosyst evol 84: 69–120\nglaubrecht m, köhler f (2004) radiating in a river: systematics, molecular genetics and morphological differentiation of viviparous freshwater gastropods endemic to the kaek river, central thailand (cerithioidea, pachychilidae). biol j linn soc 82: 275–311\nleloup, 1953 in the congo river system (cerithioidea, paludomidae). biol j linn soc 92: 367–401\ngorthner a, martens k, goddeeris b, coulter g (1994) what is an ancient lake? 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{ "text": [ "madagasikara is a genus of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic gastropod molluscs in the family pachychilidae .", "the generic name madagasikara is from the malagasy language and means \" madagascar \" .", "this genus is endemic to madagascar . " ], "topic": [ 2, 25, 26 ] }

[ "madagasikara is a genus of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the family pachychilidae. the generic name madagasikara is from the malagasy language and means \" madagascar \". this genus is endemic to madagascar." ]

[ "machimia mitescens meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 174; tl: queensland, townsville\nthe caterpillars of this species are thought to construct a case from two oval pieces of dead foodplant leaf joined with silk, one piece larger than the other. the caterpillars probably feed on dead leaves of :\nthe adult moth has brown forewings with variable vague dark spots and zigzag lines. the hindwings are pale brown darkening toward the margins. the wingspan is about 1. 5 cms .\nvolume 1, part 6 (1914), pp. 174 - 175 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 31e6fa4c - e712 - 40f2 - ac7a - 2fab518cd220\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6c3ec50e - 171e - 4cee - a14d - 6eec298f51f0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0b42109c - 2c66 - 439d - 9586 - dc06d64843fd\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 312291\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmeyrick, e. 1883 ,\ndescriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera. viii. oecophoridae\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, ser. 1, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 415 - 547\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3b1ccd01 - f24d - 41a0 - a4f2 - 2471c34747d1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d0fb88be - 1f7e - 470d - 9621 - 18dc05221d76\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cda0a9d9 - e031 - 4c9c - a6f6 - 227d28d447c1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 243953\nella mai – boo' d up (remix) ft. nicki minaj & quavo\nheliocausta achroa turner, 1896; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 20: 4\nheliocausta acosmeta turner, 1896; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 20: 4\nmachimia agglomerata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (12): 375\nmachimia alma meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 174; tl: victoria, gisborne\nmachimia amata meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 175; tl: west australia, waroona\nheliocausta arrhodea turner, 1917; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 41: 113\nhoplitica atripunctatella turner, 1896; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 20: 7\nmachimia brachytricha turner, 1927; pap. proc. r. soc. tasm. 1926: 147\naustralia (victoria, s. australia, e. australia). see [ maps ]\nhoplitica cholodella meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 507\nmachimia coccinea turner, 1917; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 41: 59\nhoplitica costimacula meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 502\nmachimia cylicotypa turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 111\nmachimia defessa meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (12): 376\neuryplaca demotica meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 489\nhoplitica eugramma lower, 1894; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 18: 93\ncryptopeges icasta turner, 1941; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 66: 406\nheliocausta idiosema turner, 1917; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 41: 113\nmachimia interjecta turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 116\nhoplitica leucerythra meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 501\nheliocausta limbata meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 471\nmachimia mesogaea turner, 1916; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 41 (2): 371\nhoplitica metriopis meyrick, 1888; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 2 (4): 941\nmachimia micromita turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 107\neuryplaca ocellifera meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 488\nmachimia ochra turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 109\ncoesyra paraderces meyrick, 1889; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 3: 1659\nmachimia phaeoporphyra turner, 1939; pap. proc. r. soc. tasmania 1938: 92; tl: tasmania, derwent bridge\nmachimia phoenopis turner, 1916; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 41 (2): 371; tl: n. australia, port darwin; queensland, brisbane; mt tambourine; toowoomba\nmachimia platyporphyra turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 111 (emend. )\nhoplitica pseudota lower, 1901; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 25 (2): 85\nmachimia pyrrhopasta turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 114\nmachimia rubella turner, 1939; pap. proc. r. soc. tasmania 1938: 92; tl: tasmania, derwent bridge\nhoplitica rufa meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 504\nmachimia rufescens turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 108\nhoplitica rufimaculella turner, 1896; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 20: 7\nhoplitica sericata meyrick, 1883; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 7 (4): 497\nheliocausta spatiosa meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 387\nmachimia submissa turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 108\nmachimia umbratica turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 108\ncoesyra zonostola meyrick, 1884; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 9 (3) (3): 772\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ndescriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera. xi & xii. oecophoridae - (continued )\nzeller, 1855 nachtrag zu den im 9ten bande bescriebenen arten ds genus cryptolechia linn. ent. 10: 145 - 168\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "garrha mitescens is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland and the northern territory .", "the wingspan is 16 – 21 mm .", "the forewings are ochreous suffusedly irrorated with grey , along the costa rosy-tinged .", "the stigmata is obscure , darker grey , the plical spot slightly beyond the first discal , both these sometimes almost obsolete .", "sometimes , there is an irregular transverse series of several obscure spots of grey suffusion about one-third and halfway .", "there is an angulated series of obscure dark fuscous dots from two-third of the costa to the tornus and sometimes obscure dark fuscous dots along the posterior part of the costa and termen .", "the hindwings are light greyish-yellow-ochreous , sometimes greyer towards the apex and termen .", "the larvae probably feed on dead leaves of eucalyptus species and probably construct a case from a dead leaf of the hostplant joined with silk . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 11 ] }

[ "garrha mitescens is a moth in the oecophoridae family. it was described by meyrick in 1914. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland and the northern territory. the wingspan is 16 – 21 mm. the forewings are ochreous suffusedly irrorated with grey, along the costa rosy-tinged. the stigmata is obscure, darker grey, the plical spot slightly beyond the first discal, both these sometimes almost obsolete. sometimes, there is an irregular transverse series of several obscure spots of grey suffusion about one-third and halfway. there is an angulated series of obscure dark fuscous dots from two-third of the costa to the tornus and sometimes obscure dark fuscous dots along the posterior part of the costa and termen. the hindwings are light greyish-yellow-ochreous, sometimes greyer towards the apex and termen. the larvae probably feed on dead leaves of eucalyptus species and probably construct a case from a dead leaf of the hostplant joined with silk." ]

[ "aquarium diet: s. leopardus is not particular, dining on whatever the aquarist feeds his other fish. however, food which settles on the bottom is especially appreciated .\naquarium behavior: s. leopardus appears to be a peaceful catfish suitable even for smaller community setups. we have witnessed this fish forming tight schools in a search for food. like other synodontis species, they do well with nearly all cichlids and do an excellent job of thoroughly scavenging leftovers .\n3 synodontis ocellifer 1 - 1. 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 19. 99\n3 synodontis decorus 1 - 1. 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 19. 99\n3 synodontis eupterus 1 - 1. 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 19. 99\n6 synodontis eupterus 1 - 1. 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 39. 99\n6 synodontis decorus 1 - 1. 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 39. 99\n6 synodontis ocellifer 1 - 1. 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 39. 99\nsynodontis eupterus - 4 - 5 inch - live rare fish $ 24. 99\n( 3 pack) synodontis ocellifer catfish 1. 5\n$ 18. 00\nsynodontis brichardi fish - 6\nin length - live tropical fish $ 139. 99\n3 upside - down synodontis 1 - 1. 5inch aquarium catfish $ 19. 99\n6 upside - down synodontis 1 - 1. 5inch aquarium catfish $ 39. 99\ngiant synodontis eupterus - 8 - 10 inch - live rare fish $ 99. 99\nsynodontis petricolas - 1 - 1. 5 inch - live rare fish $ 10. 99\nsynodontis eupterus - 1 - 1. 5 inch - live rare fish $ 8. 99\n( 1) synodontis angelicas x eupterus catfish 1. 0 inch african cichlid $ 9. 99\n2 synodontis multipunctatus 3\n( 1 m, 1 f) aquarium catfish $ 49. 99\n( 1) lace synodontis cat 1. 0 inch malawi african cichlid guaranteed $ 9. 99\n2 synodontis petricola 3\n( 1 m, 1 f) aquarium catfish $ 44. 99\n6 synodontis petricola' dwarf' 1\n- 1. 5\naquarium fish $ 52. 99\n12 synodontis petricola' dwarf' 1\n- 1. 5\naquarium fish $ 79. 99\n( 1) 2 - 3\nsynodontis schoutedeni wild live freshwater tropical african catfish $ 30. 00\n7 synodontis petricola' dwarf' 1\n- 1. 5\naquarium fish $ 59. 99\nsynodontis nigriventris - 2 - 2. 5 inch - blotched upside down fish! $ 9. 99\n( 1) 3 - 5\nsynodontis pardalis wild rare live freshwater tropical african catfish $ 135. 00\n( 1) 2 - 3\nscissortail syno wild synodontis soloni live freshwater tropical fish $ 35. 00\n( 1) 1 - 1. 5\ndwarf petricola tr synodontis lucipinnis live freshwater tropical $ 15. 00\n2 3 / 4\n- 3 1 / 4\ninch! !! synodontis petricola tanganyika catfish $ 36. 95\n5 x synodontis nigriventris - 2 - 2. 5 inch - school of blotched upside down fish! $ 39. 99\ncompare prices with our new price comparison engine! just type in a specific synodontis names below and we' ll show you prices from some of the leading retailers on the internet .\nsynodontis: from the greek syn, meaning together, and odontos, meaning tooth; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth. this specific epithet literally means leopard (leoparda, - us = leopard) and refers to its many spots .\nobserved spawning habits: most authorities recommend that spawning attempts should begin with a shoaling group of six or more specimens to make certain that both sexes are present. they are thought to be egg - scatterers. bear in mind that the riverine synodontis species have only rarely been bred in captivity. some references suggest that simulated periods of droughts and flooding might stimulate spawning activity .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process (humeral process) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior. the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. caudal fin is always forked. there is one pair of maxillary barbels, sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched. the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached. the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short. s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw. these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: there is insufficient information of the species distribution range and potential threats to make an assessment. more surveys are required .\nno information available. more research is needed into this species population numbers and range, biology and ecology, and threats, as well as monitoring of its population .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, syn, symphysis = grown together + greek, odous = teeth (ref. 45335 )\nafrica: coastal rivers in tanzania and somalia (ref. 3202). report from pool malebo based on bought specimens (ref. 96563), outside distribution range and questionable; probably a misidentification .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 6. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 4967 )\noviparous (ref. 205). distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205) .\ngosse, j. - p. , 1986. mochokidae. p. 105 - 152. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels, mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 2. (ref. 3202 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00617 (0. 00259 - 0. 01467), b = 3. 09 (2. 88 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n60mm or 2. 4\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers. hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won' t get stuck (which by the way, hurts like crazy !). the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue (in healthy fish) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins. pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish. the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side, facing the tail fin. a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae (and may also show a little redness if really gravid). a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores, the oviduct and the anus .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\nsize in aquarium: our observations of this rare species would indicate a size of around 4 inches .\nall content, except where otherwise noted, is the property of armke' s rare aquarium fish and may not be used, in whole or in part, without their express written consent. copyright & copy; 1998 - 2002 armke' s rare aquarium fish, all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial, share alike cc by - nc - sa licence .\nrare dabola bichir 2. 5\n- 3\n!! ! polypterus sp. dabola $ 40. 00\nx20 assorted catfish package - freshwater live fish * free shipping $ 159. 99\nx25 african cichlid assorted / x10 catfish assorted - freshwater live - free shi $ 159. 50\nx25 african cichlid assorted / x5 pleco assorted / x5 catfish assorted * package * $ 159. 99\nx20 assorted catfish 1\n- 2\neach + x10 assorted plants - freshwater package $ 159. 50\nx12 upside down cat fish 1\n- 2\neach - fresh water live fish - free shipping $ 76. 99\nx50 african cichlid assorted / x20 pleco assorted / x20 catfish assorted package * $ 278. 99\nx50 african cichlid assorted / x5 pleco assorted / x5 catfish assorted * package * $ 199. 99\nx50 african cichlid assorted / x12 pleco assorted / x12 catfish assorted package * $ 238. 99\nx25 african cichlid assorted - x8 figure eight puffer - x10 assorted catfish $ 179. 50" ]

{ "text": [ "synodontis leopardus is a species of upside-down catfish native to coastal rivers of tanzania and somalia .", "this species grows to a length of 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0 ] }

[ "synodontis leopardus is a species of upside-down catfish native to coastal rivers of tanzania and somalia. this species grows to a length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) sl." ]

[ "there are 16 species in the genus cobalopsis, variously found from mexico to argentina .\nthe illustrated specimen was seen in disturbed primary rainforest at an altitude of about 800m. i do not have any further information regarding it' s elevational range, but it is reasonable to surmise that is occurs from sea - level to at least 1000m .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlamas g ed. 2004. atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea. gainesville: scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "cobalopsis miaba , the miaba skipper , is a species of skippers in the family hesperiidae .", "it is found from costa rica to southern brazil and paraguay . " ], "topic": [ 12, 20 ] }

[ "cobalopsis miaba, the miaba skipper, is a species of skippers in the family hesperiidae. it is found from costa rica to southern brazil and paraguay." ]

[ "aethes williana (silver carrot conch) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nws: 10 - 16mm; may - aug; wild carrot (daucus carota); ns - b dry pasture and chalk downland in s. england synonym: aethes dubrisana (pierce & metcalfe )\ndistributed mainly in the southern half of england, this species flies from may to early august, and occupies dry, sandy or chalky habitats and rough fields or downs .\nit can be found on the wing during warm days as well as from early evening to sunset .\n), boring into the lower part of the stem and the roots and feeding within .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 24 16: 57: 30 page render time: 0. 2231s total w / procache: 0. 3018s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflies by day and at dusk in warm, dry weather and also comes to light .\nfound in dry, sandy or chalky habitats and rough fields or downs plus coastal areas .\nfirst norfolk record at cranwich heath in 2012 (k. rosewarne, i. barton, 10 / 06 / 12 )\nrecorded in 1 (1 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 2012. last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nwhich is larger (ws 14 - 18mm) and occupies a different habitat (coastal sandhills and shingle). agassiz in the res checklist (2014) considers\nto be extinct in gb, with the last record 1932. mbgbi5. 1 states that\nuntil recently (\nwas) thought to be restricted to se england where it is now less widespread than formerly. now also known from s devon and dorset\n( despite which it is not listed by dorset moths); it offers no clear means of distinguishing\nas being larger, yellower and in the male by having mottling of the hindwing. the habitat of\nis coastal sandhills and shingle (its lfp is sea holly) - which to the best of my recollection are not present at durlston cp where §1 was found (though there is probably suitable habitat within easy flying range). assuming the quoted size ranges are reliable, the forewing length of §1 (6. 0mm) and §2 (5. 6mm) rules out\nboth species are illustrated but not described in mbgbi5. 1, illustrated and described by pierce and metcalfe (with\nonly. in both species the aedeagus is curved with a long projecting blunt spine at its apex and both species have an exceptionally long median process of the transtilla. differences are as follows, features for\ngiven first: apex of median process of transtilla simple vs rugose; apex of saccus pointed vs rounded *; sacculus with a dominant pointed anterior lobe vs sacculus with 2 more equal lobes * * .\nspecies is broadly and completely divided by the juxta so that it ends in two points. the illustrations in mbgbi5. 1 (p206 figs 58, 59) show\n. the sacculus is partially divided into two lobes in both species. the illustration in pierce and metcalfe shows\nwith the more prominent pointed anterior lobe, while the illustration in mbgbi5. 1 shows\nwith the more prominent pointed anterior lobe. the latter is in keeping with the images at moth dissection and of §2 .\nboth species are illustrated but not described in mbgbi5. 1 (and they helpfully put them on different pages !), illustrated and described by pierce and metcalfe (with\n. p & m mention that the ductus is spined at\nthe junction of the bursa\nin both species. dissection group mentions that the sterigma of\n. the drawings in mbgbi5. 1 by contrast show this fold to be proportionately larger in\nit occupies about 1 / 3 the diameter of the sterigma. i did not see any spines in the ductus bursae of this specimen .\n§1 durlston cp, dorset; 23. 06 / 0215; female; fw 6. 0mm; netted by day ​§2 cranwich heath, norfok; 24 / 05 / 2016; male; fw 5. 6mm; netted by day (2nd record for norfolk) all images © chris lewis\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "aethes williana , the silver carrot conch , is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "it was described by brahm in 1791 .", "it is found in most of europe , trans-caspia , asia minor , mongolia , north-western africa and iran .", "it is found in dry , sandy and chalky habitats .", "the wingspan is 13 – 17 millimetres ( 0.51 – 0.67 in ) .", "adults are on wing from may to early august .", "the larvae feed on daucus carota , helichrysum arenarium , helichrysum stoechas , eryngium campestre , eryngium maritimum , gnaphalium species and ferula communis .", "they bore into the lower part of the stem and the roots of their host plant , feeding from within .", "larvae can be found in may and june . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 20, 9, 8, 8, 11, 20 ] }

[ "aethes williana, the silver carrot conch, is a species of moth of the family tortricidae. it was described by brahm in 1791. it is found in most of europe, trans-caspia, asia minor, mongolia, north-western africa and iran. it is found in dry, sandy and chalky habitats. the wingspan is 13 – 17 millimetres (0.51 – 0.67 in). adults are on wing from may to early august. the larvae feed on daucus carota, helichrysum arenarium, helichrysum stoechas, eryngium campestre, eryngium maritimum, gnaphalium species and ferula communis. they bore into the lower part of the stem and the roots of their host plant, feeding from within. larvae can be found in may and june." ]

[ "this species previously appeared on the red list as caprichromis orthognathous but the correct spelling is caprichromis orthognathus .\nthis species previously appeared on the red list as caprichromis orthognathous but the correct spelling is caprichromis orthognathus. an amended assessment has been produced to reflect this change in the name and the range map has been updated .\nmale of caprichromis liemi at luwala reef, lake malawi [ malawi ]. photo by ad konings. determiner ad konings\nconservation: caprichromis liemi is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as (lc) least concern (2006). caprichromis liemi is a rather rare cichlid but since it occurs all over the lake it is indeed least threatened in its existence .\ncaprichromis liemi fatal error: call to undefined function session _ is _ registered () in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem. com / httpdocs / profile _ show2. php on line 48\ncaprichromis orthognathus fatal error: call to undefined function session _ is _ registered () in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem. com / httpdocs / profile _ show2. php on line 48\ncaprichromis orthognathus - species dictionary - southern africa - interactions - page 1: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nmaréchal, c. , 1991. caprichromis. p. 36. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 4977 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nlatin, capra = goat + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 19. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4977 )\ndiagnosis: gums thicker, teeth less visible and mouth with more steeply angled jaws than c. liemi (ref. 55954) .\nmainly observed off sandy beaches at about 15 m depth (ref. 5595), but occurs in both shallow and deep water (ref. 55954). normally stays in midwater where it is also found over rocks; although no actual feeding on larvae has been observed, this species is reported to be a paedophage that rams the head of a mouth - brooding female from below (ref. 5595) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01514 (0. 00700 - 0. 03275), b = 2. 97 (2. 80 - 3. 14), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 50 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (assuming fec < 1000) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (22 of 100) .\nafrica: endemic to lake malawi. occurs in cape maclear, nkhata bay, and thumbi west island .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 19. 1 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 4977 )\ndorsal spines (total): 16 - 18; dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 12; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 7 - 10. diagnosis: deeper bodied with generally a somewhat thicker oblique stripe on the body and a less oblique mouth than c. orthognathus (ref. 55954) .\nfound over sandy bottom but frequently stays in midwater. a specialized predator which steals brood from females by ramming the head from below. stomach contents revealed only eggs, larvae and fry (ref. 5595) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. , fricke, r. and van der laan, r. (eds .). 2018. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 31 january 2018. available at: urltoken .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: endemic to lake malawi, the upper shire and lake malombe. no widespread decline identified and no major widespread threats known .\nmost of the individuals observed occurred over sandy beaches at about 15 m depth. can also occur over rocks and the intermediate habitat. a specialised predator: a paedophage, which steals broods from females by ramming the head from below .\n( amended version of 2006 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2018: e. t60902a125097103 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: endemic to lake malawi, upper shire as well as lake malombe. no reported decline throughout its range. no major widespread threats identified .\nendemic to lake malawi, upper shire and lake malombe. widely distributed in lake malawi .\noccurs in the intermediate habitat as well as over sandy bottoms. it stays frequently in mid water. a paedophage, steals broods from females by ramming the head from below. may also feed on external parasites. males build sand castle nests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nis an aggressive mimic, relying partly on confusing its prey into regarding it as conspecific in order to swim close enough to strike. )\nlast update: 13 august 2001 web author: m. k. oliver, ph. d. copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m. k. oliver - all rights reserved\npronunciation: refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat: this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization. this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet: many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food; notwithstanding, some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors, including aquarium size, tankmates of similar appearance, stocking levels, and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size, stocking levels and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size: this is in regards to total length (including the tail) of typical aquarium specimens. wild specimens may not attain this size, or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors. also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty: this measure is a relative value, comparing a single species against all other cichlids. this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations. 1 = easy and forgiving, 5 = extremely challenging .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years. highly respected and experienced aquarist, pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world, and bred in her' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species. besides her job, she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\nmckaye, kenneth r. & c. mackenzie. 1982 .\ncyrtocara liemi, a previously undescribed paedophagous cichlid fish (teleostei: cichlidae) from lake malawi, africa\n. proceedings of the biological society of washington. v. 95 (n. 2); pp. 398 - 402 (crc00967) (abstract )\nto view the full profile. see this and all other species profiles, pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion. become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n1. land / water protection - > 1. 1. site / area protection\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 1. intentional use: (subsistence / small scale) [ harvest ]\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 2. intentional use: (large scale) [ harvest ]\neccles, d. h. and trewavas, e. 1989. malawian cichlid fishes. the classification of some haplochromine genera. lake fish movies, herten, germany .\niucn. 2018. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2018 - 1. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 28 june 2018) .\nkonings, a. 1990. konings' s book of cichlids and all the other fishes of lake malawi. t. f. h. publications, inc. , neptune city new jersey .\nmckaye, k. r. and kocher, t. 1983. head ramming behaviour by three paedophagous cichlids in lake malawi, africa. animal behaviour 31: 206–210\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ndesigned for internet explorer 6. 0 +, netscape 6. 0 +, opera, mozilla, and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .\nspecies profiles presents in depth studies, articles, and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .\nin the wild, this fish stalks large, sand - dwelling halpochromines (eg, f. rostratus). its prey is not the fish, but the eggs and larvae in the mouths of brooding females! it attacks these by butting its head against the buccal pouch from below. it eats exculsively eggs and larvae in the wild. it is unknown whether mouthbrooding females of this species are attacked by males .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01514 (0. 00700 - 0. 03275), b = 2. 97 (2. 80 - 3. 14), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref .\n): 4. 0 ±0. 50 se; based on food items .\n): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (assuming fec < 1000)." ]

{ "text": [ "caprichromis is a small genus of haplochromine cichlids endemic to lake malawi in east africa .", "this genus contains noted paedophagous cichlids , specialising in the eating of eggs and fry of other cichlid species . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "caprichromis is a small genus of haplochromine cichlids endemic to lake malawi in east africa. this genus contains noted paedophagous cichlids, specialising in the eating of eggs and fry of other cichlid species." ]

[ "white - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus leucotis) white - eared honeyeater photo by graham stephinson white - eared honeyeater wamboin, nsw. photo by david cook white - eared honeyeater photo by harvey perkins white - eared honeyeater photo by peter cowper white - eared honeyeater photo by stuart harris white - eared honeyeater photo by rhonda hansch white - eared honeyeater wamboin, nsw. more\nwhite - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus leucotis) = white - eared honeyeater | lichenostomus leucotis photo white - eared honeyeater image by julian robinson - some rights reserved. amazon. more\nwhite - eared honeyeater on a branch. white - eared honeyeater on a branch. photo: k vang and w dabrowka / bird explorers © k vang and w dabrowka / bird explorers white - eared honeyeater. white - eared honeyeater. more\nthe white - eared honeyeater lives in eucalypt forest, woodland, heath and scrubland .\nwhite - eared honeyeater lichmera alboauricularis white - eared honeyeater egg order & family description clutch size egg size passeriformes meliphagidae oval to elliptical. colour is white to pinkish or bluish, unmarked or marked with brown speckles. more\ndorsal view of a white - eared honeyeater [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, march 2012 ]\nfrontal view of an immature white - eared honeyeater [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, february 2017 ]\nthis white - eared honeyeater has caught an insect [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, october 2011 ]\nthe white - eared honeyeater has a habit of collecting hair from people' s heads to line its nest .\njen & zac white, go genre everything (australia), white - eared honeyeater, voice, finger cymbal, synth (sine wave) .\nnear - lateral view of an immature white - eared honeyeater [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, february 2017 ]\nwhite - eared honeyeater guarding its rocky high - altitude territory [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, october 2011 ]\nwhite - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus (nesoptilotis) leucotis) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\nthe white - eared honeyeater is renowned for its habit of collecting hair from people' s heads to line its nest .\nwhite - eared honeyeater in shrubs at an altitude of 1300 m [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, august 2013 ]\nwhite - eared honeyeater feeding on the nectar of mistletoe in an eucalypt [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, february 2015 ]\nlateral view of a white - eared honeyeater (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ st. albans, nsw, september 2013 ]\nwhite - eared honeyeater approaching a water bowl (photo courtesy of m. windeyer) [ ulamambri, near coonabarabran, nsw, february 2014 ]\nwhite - eared honeyeater nest with two eggs (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ st. alban' s, nsw, august 2013 ]\nthe blue - faced honeyeater is a large black, white and golden olive - green honeyeater with striking blue skin around the yellow to white eye. the crown, face and neck are black, with a narrow white band across the back of the neck…\nnear - frontal view of a white - eared honeyeater (photo courtesy of r. plumtree) [ mt. nunniong, east gippsland, vic, december 2017 ]\nnear - dorsal view of a white - eared honeyeater (photo courtesy of r. plumtree) [ near swifts creek, east gippsland, vic, september 2017 ]\nthis white - eared honeyeater was observed in sparse scrub on a mountain top at an altitude of 1300 m [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, october 2011 ]\njuvenile white - eared honeyeater waiting to be fed by one of its parents (photo courtesy of c. hayne) [ near moree, nsw, september 2012 ]\nthe white - eared honeyeater is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe white - eared honeyeater is rarely confused with other honeyeaters. the similarly sized lewin' s honeyeater meliphaga lewinii is much larger and darker, with a yellow ear patch, and lacks the black face and bib .\nfiji wattled honeyeater is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater (andersen et al. 2014, pratt ms )\nfor my blog: a short clip capturing the lovely song of the white - throated honeyeater, melithreptus albogularis .\ngilbert' s [ previously swan river ] honeyeater is split from (paraphyletic) white - naped honeyeater (toon et al. 2010, dolman & joseph 2015) .\nwhite - eared honeyeaters, race\nnovaenorciae\n, were also spotted by us at porcupine reserve, gunnedah, nsw .\nthe white - eared honeyeater is a medium - sized honeyeater with a strong bill. it is olive - green above with lighter green underparts, shading to a softer yellow underbelly. it has a grey cap; a black face, throat and beak with a distinctive, contrasting white ear - patch .\nfollowing white - plumed honeyeater (driskell & christidis 2004, higgins et al. 2008, christidis & boles 2008 )\nthe white - eared honeyeater forage under strips of eucalypt bark and feeds mainly on insects and spiders, but will also eat nectar, fruit, dewy insect by - products or seeping tree truck wounds .\nthe white - eared honeyeater a medium sized, 19 - 22cm bird with an olive - green body. it has a black head and throat with a bold white patch below its red eyes. its strong black bill is not as long or as curved as other honeyeaters .\nvanderwal, j. (2013). white - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus (nesoptilotis) leucotis) - current and future species distribution models. centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change, james cook university. [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater (lichenostomus (nesoptilotis) leucotis) / suitability\nhunting for spiders - white eared honeyeater (2006) 56 x 50 cm. medium: pastel - drawing painting on acid free paper description: the little white eared honeyeater is a feature of the temperate forests of southern and eastern australia. its bright descending call draws attention as it searches noisily under flaking bark in its restless hunt for insects and spiders which make up a large part of its diet. original available for sale: yes\na. ross - taylor reports spotting white - eared honeyeaters, race\nnovaenorciae\n, at stanthorpe, southern inland qld, in march 2015 .\nwhite - eared are one of the he species that lovel to grab hair from humans – and their woolly jumpers. happened to me in sydney .\nvanderwal, j. (2013). white - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus (nesoptilotis) leucotis) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling. centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change, james cook university. [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater (lichenostomus (nesoptilotis) leucotis) / occurrences\nthis entry was posted in bird behaviour, birds, victoria and tagged australia garden, bird photography, cranbourne botanical gardens, fan tailed cuckoo, nature photography, photography, victoria, white eared honeyeater. bookmark the permalink .\nb. hensen reports finding white - eared honeyeaters, race\nleucotis\n, nesting at st. albans, nsw, in august / september 2013 .\nthe white - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus leucotis) is found in the south eastern part of australia, as well as into the south west australia and into south west of queensland. it is widespread in the sydney sandstone region .\nthe white - fronted chat (epthianura albifrons) is a species of bird in the honeyeater family meliphagidae native to southern australia. the male has a white face bordered by a black breast band. it is insectivorous .\nr. plumtree reports finding a white - eared honeyeater, race\nleucotis\n, near swifts creek, east gippsland, vic, in september 2017, and at mt. nunniong, east gippsland, vic, in december 2017 .\nthese two white - eared honeyeaters seemed to have a bit of a stand - off... [ mt. kaputar np, nsw, april 2011 ]\nthe scarlet myzomela (myzomela sanguinolenta) also known as crimson honeyeater, scarlet honeyeater, sanguineous honeyeater or, colloquially, bloodbird, is a small passerine bird of the honeyeater family meliphagidae native to the east coast of australia, indonesia and new caledonia. it is the smallest honeyeater in australia. the male is a striking bright red with black wings; the female is entirely brown .\nlike many other honeyeaters, white - eared honeyeaters do not exclusively feed on nectar, but take insects and spiders too. they are known to also take fruit .\nwith so many honeyeaters it is little wonder that we also heard and saw fan tailed cuckoos. the nests of white eared honeyeaters are parasitised by fan tailed cuckoos .\npaul burton (erina, nsw, australia), black - eared cuckoo, ocarina .\n* white - eared honeyeater, australian bird found in south east australia, south west australia an into south west of queensland * white - eared pheasant, galliform bird native to the szechuan region of china disambig gray. svg this disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. if an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. more\nmal webb (melbourne, vic, australia), brown honeyeater, trombone .\neve klein (qld, australia), white - browed babbler, voice .\nthe white - eared honeyeater has declined in the western australian wheat belt where extensive clearing has occurred and is less common in regenerating forests after logging activities and bushfires. it does not like to fly over open spaces, preferring to use corridors with tree cover .\nmany honeyeaters are highly mobile, searching out seasonal nectar sources. mass - flowering eucalypts are particularly popular with these nomadic honeyeaters (e. g. yellow - faced honeyeater, yellow - tufted honeyeater, white - naped honeyeater). other species are sedentary (e. g. little wattlebird, eastern spinebill) and some species are strongly territorial (e. g. new holland honeyeater, noisy miner) .\nthe white - eared honeyeater is found in mainland eastern and southern australia, ranging from south - eastern queensland, mainly east of the great dividing range, to eastern south australia, with populations in southern western australia. it is widespread in the sydney sandstone region .\nin may 2018 we found white - eared honeyeaters, race\nnovaenorciae\n, in good numbers between pilliga and burren junction, nsw, near the western edge of their range .\nthe helmeted honeyeater lichenostomus melanops cassidix (gould, 1867) is the larger and more brilliantly coloured race of the yellow - tufted honeyeater. previously regarded as a separate species, recent studies indicate an area of interbreeding between it and the yellow - tufted honeyeater .\nthe white - eater honeyeater is found in highest abundance in the mountains crossing the vic and nsw border, however its range extends across most of the southeast australian mainland .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater (nesoptilotis flavicollis), also known as the green cherry - picker, green dick or green linnet is a species of bird in the family meliphagidae. it is similar in behaviour and appearance to the white - eared honeyeater and is endemic to australia' s island state of tasmania. it was formerly considered a pest of orchards .\nthe white - eared honeyeater feeds mainly on insects, but also nectar, fruit, manna, lerp, and honeydew (insect by - products). they forage under strips of bark or in crevices, mainly of eucalypts, and also feed at wounds on tree trunks .\nkaliju tonuma (australia), hardhead (white - eyed duck), voice .\nlinsey pollak (qld, australia), white - faced heron, bamboo clarini .\nthe white - eared honeyeater is a medium - sized honeyeater with a strong bill. it is olive - green above with lighter green underparts. it has a grey cap, a black face and bib (under bill) with a distinctive, contrasting white ear - patch. the sexes are similar in plumage but the males are larger. young are duller and browner. usually seen in pairs or small family groups, and are quite noisy and conspicuous .\ndave lawrence (uk & finland), striped honeyeater, roland & korg digital synthesisers .\nthe white - eared honeyeater is fairly solitary and records are usually of only one or two birds. it feeds less on nectar than most other honeyeaters, more often foraging for insects among leaves and bark of eucalypts. it has a loud and distinctive call that often attracts attention .\nthis dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways (rcps) carbon emission scenarios, 18 global climate models (gcms), and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085, for white - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus (nesoptilotis) leucotis) .\nwhite - eared honeyeaters, race\nnovaenorciae\n, only rarely come to our place in open farmland with a remnant tree population at eulah creek, 20 km east of narrabri, nsw .\nmale white - fronted chats have a white face, breast and belly, dissected by a distinctive black band across the breast that extends around to the back of the head .\nthe white - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus leucotis) is an australian bird found in south east australia, south west australia an into south west of queensland. it has a noticeable white splash behind the eyes, the' ears', on a mainly black head, throat and beak. the top of the head is a dark grey colour. the body is a green colour, shading to a softer yellow underbelly. stub icon this article about a honeyeater is a stub. more\npaul cutlan (sydney, nsw, australia), spiny - cheeked honeyeater, eb clarinet .\nthis honeyeater is very different to others and its distinct colourings and strong bill make it unique .\nthis dataset includes observations of white - eared honeyeater (lichenostomus (nesoptilotis) leucotis) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia (ala) database. rather than raw observations, these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises. the cleaning process included :\nmichael goldberg (sydney, nsw, australia), white - winged triller, tenor ukulele .\nthe black - headed honeyeater is the smaller of the two melithreptushoneyeaters in tasmania, with a wholly black head and throat, a fine black bill and a very pale blue to white crescent of bare skin over the eye. it has olive - green to brown upperparts and off - white underbody .\nwhite - eared honeyeaters are found in various types of forest and woodland, including mallee. they were also found by us at high altitude, in alpine scrub. they do not like to venture out into open country .\noval to elliptical. colour is white to pinkish or bluish, unmarked or marked with brown speckles .\nat this time of year one of the predominate sounds of the woodlands behind the australia gardens at the cranbourne botanical gardens comes from the white eared honeyeater. it has a variety of distinctive calls and can be quite photogenic when it stays still long enough. it makes a low level, deep, thick sided bowl type nest and lines it with animal fur and hair. we found the honeyeater below collecting spider webs for its nest .\n( after kimberley honeyeater), noting gender agreement (driskell & christidis 2004, higgins et al. 2008 )\nthis species is less social than other honeyeaters, preferring to spend time alone or sometimes with one other bird. in nesting season, white - eared honeyeaters are known to feed and care for fan - tailed cuckoos (cacomantis flabelliformis) .\ngary warner (qld, australia), white - bellied (little) cuckoo - shrike, doctored kalimba .\nwhite - eared honeyeaters are one of the bird species that will come close to check out intruders into their territories. however, they hardly ever came to our place, only a few kilometres from dense bushland in the foothills of the nandewar range .\ni often find white - eared honeyeater feeding on the sap. i then walk right (east) to the fence. this is a feral proof electrified fence that surrounds an area where calm is reintroducing bilby, western barred bandicoot (marl), burrowing bettong (boodie), rufous hare - wallaby (mala) and banded hare - wallaby (marnine). calm has some spotlighting tours. more\nwhite - eared honeyeaters did not come into our garden south of narrabri, new south wales (2003 - 2006). they clearly preferred staying in the bush, rather than venturing into open terrain. however, we spotted them regularly in the neighbouring scrub, in jack' s creek state forest, where they were not particularly shy. 20 km east of narrabri, on a property with bushland, white - eared honeyeaters occasionally come to a water bowl, but are visibly shier than other species. also seen regularly in various parts of mt. more\nan arid honeyeater that is very nomadic. seen at kalbarri, wubin, broome, canning stock route, gunbarrel highway, carnarvon .\nhowever, we spotted white - eared honeyeaters, race\nnovaenorciae\n, regularly in the neighbouring scrub, in jack' s creek state forest, where they were not particularly shy. in subsequent years they were also seen by us in various other parts of the pilliga scrub .\nwhite - eared honeyeaters, race\nnovaenorciae\n, never came into our garden 20 km south of narrabri, nsw, (2003 - 2006). they clearly preferred staying in the northern fringes of the pilliga scrub (just 50 m away), rather than crossing open country .\nfairly common in the mallee in the south and south west. seen at dryandra state forest, fitzgerald river, white wells station .\nthe white - eared honeyeater are not common in agricultural areas, but will be seen in gardens, orchards and vineyards in rural areas. in sydney they forage in mangroves, dry eucalypt forests and woodlands. they can also be seen in a range of heath, shrubland and scrub habitats, and at a variety of altitudes, from the coast to the tree line in the southern alps, but are rarely found in tropical zone .\nhiggins, p. , christidis, l. & ford, h. (2018). white - eared honeyeater (nesoptilotis leucotis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nwhite - eared honeyeater lichenostomus leucotis ^ gallery: australian birds class: aves order: passeriformes family: meliphagidae comments: 0 ^ file name: 2009 - 02 - 22 _ 9335 location: hogback range, near mt. perry, queensland, australia. date & time: 2009 - 02 - 22, 08: 56: 29 camera: pentax corporation / pentax k10d lens f: 500 mm settings: 1 / 180 sec, f 6. more\nfrom macgregor' s lappetface to macgregor' s honeyeater; it is a honeyeater (cracraft and feinstein 2000). letters to de vis confirm that the english name should be\nmacgregor' s\nwith capital\ng\ncontra previous change (a knox, b. beehler oct 2015) .\nthe adult male scarlet honeyeater is a vivid scarlet red and black bird with whitish underparts. the females and immature birds are dull brown with dull white underparts and a reddish wash on the chin. in both sexes the tail is relatively short, the bill strongly curved and the eye is dark .\ncommon at the argyle diamond mine including breeding in july 1993 and late 1997. seen at kununurra, north kimberley, derby, white wells station .\nthe black - headed honeyeater (melithreptus affinis) is a species of bird in the family meliphagidae. it is one of two members of the genus melithreptus endemic to tasmania. its natural habitats are temperate forests and mediterranean - type shrubby vegetation. despite its name, the black - headed honeyeater eats predominantly insects .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater is a medium to large slim - bodied honeyeater with a relatively long tail and a distinctive bright yellow chin and throat. it is a bright olive green above, with a silver - grey head, neck and underbody, and the yellow throat is bordered by a narrow black band .\nthe white - eared honeyeater is found mainly in dry eucalypt forests and woodlands, with a well - developed understorey. they can also be found in a range of heath, shrubland and scrub habitats, and at a variety of altitudes, from the coast to the tree line in the southern alps, but are rarely found in tropical zone. they are not common in agricultural areas, but will be seen in gardens, orchards and vineyards in rural areas. in sydney they forage in mangroves .\nin addition to nectar, all or nearly all honeyeaters take insects and other small creatures, usually by hawking, sometimes by gleaning. a few of the larger species, notably the white - eared honeyeater, and the strong - billed honeyeater of tasmania, probe under bark for insects and other morsels. many species supplement their diets with a little fruit, and a small number eat considerable amounts of fruit, particularly in tropical rainforests and, oddly, in semi - arid scrubland. the painted honeyeater is a mistletoe specialist. most, however, exist on a diet of nectar supplemented by varying quantities of insects. in general, the honeyeaters with long, fine bills are more nectarivorous, the shorter - billed species less so, but even specialised nectar eaters like the spinebills take extra insects to add protein to their diet when breeding .\ncommon in wandoo woodlands at dryandra state forest, stirling ranges and flynn road. common in eucalypt woodland between hyden and norseman. seen at white wells station .\nkikau is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater (andersen et al. 2014, pratt ms); accept proposed use of local name kikau (pratt, watling )\nthe lewin' s honeyeater (meliphaga lewinii) is a bird that inhabits the ranges along the east coast of australia. it has a semicircular ear patch, pale yellow in colour .\nwhite - eared honeyeaters are endemic to australia. of the four races of white - eared honeyeaters nominate race\nleucotis\nis found only on the seaside of the great dividing range, from about brisbane, qld, to naracoorte, sa. race\nnovaenorciae\nlives on the inland slopes of the great dividing range, from about charters towers, qld, down through nsw, also including the central nsw inland, continuing into the lower murray darling basin and on to eyre peninsula in sa. race\nnovaenorciae\nis also found in south - western wa, in an area delimited by a line connecting geraldton, kalgoorlie and the wa / sa border on the south coast, but without the south - western tip including perth. race\nthomasi\nexists only on kangaroo island, sa .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater is endemic to tasmania, being widespread, and is found on some offshore islands. it is also found on king island and on islands of the furneaux group .\ncommon in mallee heath in the south and south west. seen at dryandra state forest, near the stirling ranges, fitzgerald river, eyre bird observatory, white wells station, wubin .\nwhite - eared honeyeaters usually build their nests close to the ground in shrubs or low trees, making a deep, thick - walled, open cup, lined with the fur or hair of mammals, including humans. the female incubates the eggs, and the young are fed by both parents. nests are parasitized by the fan - tailed and pallid cuckoos, and the horsfield' s and shining bronze - cuckoos .\nan arid honeyeater that is very nomadic. very common at kalbarri. seen near carnarvon, nallan station, broome, wubin, bindoon, eyre bird observatory, lorna glen station, canning stock route .\n10th man (( ray mjadwesch, owen white, mathew hale, dave clist, paul mcilwraith and tim bergen) (bathurst, nsw, australia), leaden flycatcher, whistling pen and screw .\nbill black. head black; white line across nape. eye - skin pale blue. centre of chin and throat black; sides of throat whitish. back olive - grey. underparts pale grey .\nthe strong - billed honeyeater (melithreptus validirostris) is a species of bird in the family meliphagidae. it is one of two species of the genus melithreptus endemic to tasmania. its natural habitat is temperate forests .\nwith its olive - yellow head bisected by a broad black mask that extends from the base of its bill, over its eyes, to the sides of its neck, the yellow - tufted honeyeater is a striking bird .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater can be quite aggressive towards other honeyeaters, as well as other species such as pardalotes, golden whistlers and grey shrike - thrushes, chasing them away in both breeding and non - breeding seasons .\nthe strong - billed honeyeater is the larger of the two tasmanian melithreptus honeyeaters. it has a large, almost straight black bill with a heavy base and sharply pointed tip, as well as a strongly built neck and shoulders .\nmembers of the honeyeater family (meliphagidae) are not the only bird species that feed on nectar. silvereyes (family zosteropidae) and several species of lorikeet (family psittacidae) are also prominent nectar - feeders of urban areas .\nabundant in many places in the south west. less common than white - cheeked in coastal heath. very easy to attract by pishing. in perth, easily seen at bibra lake and wungong gorge / bungendore state forest .\nhiggins, p. , christidis, l. & ford, h. (2018). white - throated honeyeater (melithreptus albogularis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nthe crimson chat is a small bird with a short decurved (downward curving) bill. adult males are dark brown above, with a brilliant red crown, breast and rump, a black mask around the eye and white throat .\nthe yellow wattlebird is australia' s largest honeyeater. it is a slim bird with a long tail, a short strong bill and distinctive yellow - orange wattles on the sides of the head. these wattles become larger and brighter during the breeding season .\nvery common especially in the mulga at shark bay, carnarvon, warne river, cue, white wells station, lorna glen station. seen at murchison river bridge, hyden, eyre bird observatory, carnegie station, gibson desert. beautiful call .\nthe yellow - faced honeyeater is a medium to small, plainly coloured honeyeater with a slightly down - curved bill. it is dark grey - brown above, with some brown streaking on the head, and paler below with lighter streaks. it has a distinctive, broad yellow face - stripe, bordered with black. the males are slightly larger but the sexes are otherwise similar. young are paler and unstreaked on the head. it can be seen in large flocks when migrating, and in smaller groups when feeding .\ntaxonomy: eidopsarus affinis lesson, 1839, nova wallia meridionalis = tasmania. closest to m. albogularis and m. lunatus, the three species characterized by tapering white napeband, uniformly citrine dorsum, white breast to vent, slender sepia - toned feet, and black of head extending to side of breast. may form a superspecies with m. lunatus. birds on king i described as race alisteri, but no constant differences apparent between them and populations from mainland tasmania and flinders i. monotypic .\ncommon in the south west especially in marri forest. seen at wungong gorge, bungendore state forest, dryandra state forest, stirling ranges, albany. their harsh call is fairly distinctive. two distinct western races with a white and a green eye crescent .\nan arid honeyeater that is very nomadic. seen at kalbarri, wubin, broome, gunbarrel highway, canning stock route, near ngumbin jumpup. a pair reported breeding at dryandra state forest. females often take charcoal from camp fires. it often has a high display flight .\nit has a noticeable white splash behind the eyes, the' ears', on a mainly black head, throat and beak. the top of the head is a dark grey colour. the body is a green colour, shading to a softer yellow underbelly .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater feeds mainly on insects and nectar, and occasionally on fruit and seeds. it feeds at all levels of the canopy, foraging on foliage, bark and flowers for insects and nectar. it will visit orchards to feed on insects and fruit, especially pears .\ncommon in many places in the south west, especially in heathland. seen at kalbarri, dryandra state forest, stirling ranges, fitzgerald river, waychinicup, albany, flynn road, white wells station. it often has a high display flight. it nests very close to the ground .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater is found in a range of habitats, including wet and dry forests, woodlands, sub - alpine forests, temperate rainforest, wet scrubs and coastal heathlands. it is also often found in parks, gardens and reserves in urban areas. it is also found in orchards .\nthe lewin' s honeyeater is small to medium in size. it is dark greenish grey in colour, with a creamy yellow gape (fleshy corners of the mouth). it has large, yellowish crescent - shaped ear patches. in flight, the pale yellow edges of the flight feathers can be seen .\nas an altitudinal migrant, numbers increase markedly in canberra suburbs in april as birds leave their summer breeding sites in the mountains. many birds over - winter in the suburbs or surrounding woodlands until late august to early september when they return to the ranges to breed. white - eared honeyeaters are almost absent from the suburbs from november until march. annual numbers recorded have fluctuated greatly. the greater number of records in the late 1990s is partly due to the input from a single site which only operated during this period. the only breeding records are of dependent young from a single rural site near queanbeyan in august - september 1998. r = 32. br = 85 .\nuntil recently the helmeted honeyeater lichenostomus melanops cassidix was known from only two areas near the dandenongs in victoria. this paper records the probable extinction of populations in one of those areas, the cardinia creek system, and chronicles the gradual decline of the taxon in that area during this century. some information on the ecology of birds in the colony is presented. it is suggested that the decline and extinction has resulted from changes in the drainage pattern of the creek which have affected susceptibility of eucalyptus trees to attacks by psyllids. this has led in turn to expansion of range in another aggressive colonial species, the bell miner manorina melanophrys, at the expense of the helmeted honeyeater .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater prefers older stands of dry sclerophyll forests and may be adversely affected by fire. it was formerly considered to be a pest of orchards, but there are no recent claims that it damages crops. it is well - known for its habit of landing on people' s heads to collect hair for its nests .\nthe yellow - throated honeyeater is a medium to large slim - bodied honeyeater with a relatively long tail and a distinctive bright yellow chin and throat. it is a bright olive green above, with a silver - grey head, neck and underbody, and the yellow throat is bordered by a narrow black band. there is a small yellow ear - patch and the underbody is washed yellow, with the wing feathers also outlined with yellow. the bill is black and the eye is red - brown. females are smaller than males. young birds are very similar to adults, but duller overall. this tasmanian species is usually seen singly or in pairs, often foraging on the trunks or foliage of large trees. it has also been called the green cherry - picker, green dick or green linnet .\nseveral different species of honeyeater often compete for plant resources in the same area, but the larger species tend to win the battles for access to flowers (e. g. red wattlebirds and noisy miners). however, some smaller species (e. g. eastern spinebills) can coexist with the large species because they don' t need as much food and can' sneak' into flowering plants if there is enough foliage cover for them to hide in .\nv. 12 (1967) - check - list of birds of the world. - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\n( driskell & christidis 2004, higgins et al. 2008, christidis & boles 2008 )\nas masculine. (christidis & boles 2008, schodde in litt. see also lecroy 2011. contra higgins et al 2008, dickinson & christidis 2014 )\ndistinct ssp (reddish myzomela); detailed review with vocalizations needed (gregory, in litt. )\nto papuan black myzomela to conform to ioc modifier rules and local use (gregory in litt. )\nnew guinea, aru is. (sw of new guinea), yapen i. and louisiade arch. (off se new guinea )\nnew species described on the basis of morphology and vocalizations (eaton et al 2016, prawiradilaga et al. 2017 )\nn, c and se sulawesi, sula is. (e of sulawesi )\ntorres is. (vanuatu) and santa cruz is. (e solomons )\nto simpler black - bellied myzomela in current use (gregory in litt. )\n( nyari and joseph 2011; cf driskell & christidis 2004, higgins et al. 2008, christidis & boles 2008 )\ntrobriand is. and d' entrecasteaux arch. (off se new guinea )\ndubious and awaits results of new studies in progress. may be endemic ne au species or more likely conspecific with new guinea / helmeted friarbird complex (sibley and monroe 1990, christidis and boles 2008). h & m4 lump\nbatanta and waigeo is. (west papuan islands), yapen i. and nc new guinea\nsalawati and misool is. (west papuan islands), w, s and e new guinea, aru is. (sw of new guinea )\nrecognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed, stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm. traditionally placed within\n. beehler & pratt 2016. (see mayr & gilliard, 1952) .\nrecognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed, stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm. lecroy 2011, beehler & pratt 2016. (see mayr & gilliard, 1952) .\ns new guinea, aru is. , islands in the torres strait and cape york pen. (ne australia )\n( norman et al. 2007, christidis and boles 2008). treat as monotypic. includes\n( norman et al. 2007, christidis and boles 2008, miller & wagner 2015 )\nau: west papuan islands, new guinea, aru i. and d' entrecasteaux arch .\ngiant\nhoneyeaters on viti levu i differ in behavior, vocals, and genetics (andersen et al. 2014; watling, pratt ms). english name options under discussion\nthe university of nsw school of computer and engineering takes no responsibility for the contents of this archive. it is purely a compilation of material sent by many people to the birding - aus\nmailing list. it has not been checked for accuracy nor its content verified in any way. if you wish to get material removed from the archive or have other queries about the archive e - mail\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\ndeep, slightly metallic voice. calls included a loud' chew chew chew' or a two - note:' tch - tchew, tch - tchew' .\nhandbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds, volume 5 { (tyrant - flycatchers } to chats) .\nnominate and race novaenorciae intergrade along inner slopes of great divide from se queensland s to se south australia. recent genetic study # r, using mtdna phylogeographical data, suggests race thomasi may be better included in nominate. three subspecies currently recognized .\n( milligan, 1904) – s western australia (s from kalbarri area) e to w edge of nullarbor plain, and across coastal and subcoastal mallee to se south australia (e to se eyre peninsula) .\n( latham, 1801) – e & se queensland (s from burra range, e of hughenden; and from about bunya mts) s, including e murray–darling basin, to se south australia (s from s flinders ranges) and victoria .\ngenerally noisy (seasonal switch in main calls used). eight main calls: most frequent “chew ...\ndry woodlands and open forests dominated by eucalypts, usually where trees have decorti­cating ...\nmainly invertebrates (insects, also spiders), as well as nectar, lerp, manna and honeydew, and some fruit; estimated ratio of insect - ...\nrecorded in all months, mainly late winter to mid - summer and with resurgence in activity in autumn, most clutches aug–dec, and in s ...\nresident; some local movements. partial altitudinal migration in highlands of se australia: ...\nnot globally threatened. fairly common but somewhat patchily distributed, e. g. nominate race largely absent from coastal areas of se queensland (s of rock­hampton) and ne ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r, with a few modifications # r # r .\npreviously included in lichenostomus, but dna data # r # r show that such treatment renders that genus polyphyletic .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nvariety of calls from a single adult bird perched approx 2m in a mallee tree. some may be alarms calls given due to proximity of recordist. minor editing to remove noise .\ntwo calls, the first unknown to me and not contained in either of two field guide apps. some calls on xeno canto are similar but not the same. second call is more typical. interval between vocalizations of each call type, up to 1 minute at times, have been reduced to shorten file. recorded on my ipod touch, noise reduction filter applied .\nsingle bird feeding on insects high in a eucalyptus punctata. the most common call of this species .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 392, 997 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhome | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright © 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman. all rights reserved .\naust birds bird names news 1 - 26 habitats key plants glossary plumage nests tips thumbnails gen. info sponsors photos for sale\nthe overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .\nthey are seen regularly by us in deriah aboriginal area and also various parts of mt. kaputar np, some 30 - 40 km east of narrabri, at high altitudes of up to 1500 m, where they have been seen hunting insects in shrubs and taking nectar from eucalypts. they are also seen regularly in bullawa creek sca, 15 km east of narrabri in june 2008, where they came to check out the human intruders into their territory before taking off into the dense growth of young cypress pine trees .\nthe bird below was observed by us guarding its territory on a sparsely vegetated mountain top from various vantage points, some on plants, some on rocks .\nfor this species we have recorded the following call (s) / song. the interpretation of their meaning is our own; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .\nthese pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors. the structure of these bird pages is explained here. for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .\nwould you like to contribute photos or sound recordings to this site? if interested, please click here. credits to contributors are given here .\ndisclaimer: comments are always welcome. we give no guarantee that the information presented on these pages is always correct or up - to - date. external links are marked as such and we take no responsibility for the contents of external pages. all images on this site are protected by copyright & used by permission of the respective owners. if you wish to reproduce them or any of the material presented on this web site, please contact us: last updated: thu, 21 june 2018, 2: 23 - 05: 00\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis, l. and boles, w. e. 2008. systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as moderately common (morcombe 2000). trend justification: this population is suspected to be in decline owing to habitat destruction (higgins et al. 2001) which may be ongoing .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nh & m 4: 239. od had two different spellings. h & m 4 action as first reviser. affects species and subspecies .\nh & m 4: 241. original spelling. affects species and subspecies .\nh & m 4: 167. unsettled nomenclature. usually attributed to (vieillot, 1820) with spelling caerulescens. predated by (temminck, 1807) with spelling coerulescens but the latter published without a description. in the absence of a consensus, we follow the prevailing usage .\nh & m 4: 56. restore s. roseogrisea. taxonomic status of s. risoria, referable to domestic barbary dove, relative to wild african collared dove unsettled. (cf iczn opinion 2215) .\nh & m 4: 58. od spelled with one “i”. emended spelling based on internal information. affects species and subspecies .\nh & m 4: 79. original spelling. affects species and subspecies .\nc. amabilis (ramsay, ep, 1875) has precedence over c. aureicincta (layard, el, 1875). h & m 4: 379\nnew genus name required for gynmoglaux which is a junior synonym of gymnasio which is referable to megascops nudipes. aou 54th supplement 2013. auk 130: 563 .\nfollows correction of original spelling of genus. auk 130: 566. aou 54th supplement. 2013 .\nrevert spelling of ptilogonys to the original spelling ptiliogony s. auk 130: 566. aou 54th supplement. 2013 .\nchange spelling of species name to melanorhamphos in accordance with article 82. 2 of the code (scon / iou petition to iczn, case no. 3630, schodde pers. comm) .\nolsson et al 2013b. transfer to pellorneidae [ change accompanies p. burnesii (3. 4) ]\ngutturalis (rüppell, 1835) has priority over levalliantoides (smith, a, 1836) when the two are considered conspecific as treated here. h & m 4 .\ncrested pitohui is related to crested bellbird and rufous - naped warbler. reassign to ornorectes in incertae sedis; possibly separate to oreoicidae (jønsson et al 2008, dumbacher et al 2008, norman et al 2009, jønsson et al 2010, tif )\nwith transfer of morningbird to pachycephala from colluricincla the nominate race of sooty shrikethrush reverts to the senior name tenebrosa (rothschild, 1911) from umbrina (reichenow, 1915) .\nphylloscopus maforensis (meyer, ab, 1874) has priority over frequently used p. poliocephalus (salvadori, 1876) as the species epithet for island leaf warbler .\nchange species epithet for cory’s shearwater with split of scopoli’s shearwater (c. diomedea) .\npayne ms, tebb et al 2008, rheindt et al ms. ssp aeruginosus reassigned from rusty - breasted cuckoo to moluccan cuckoo. c. aeruginosus salvadori, 1878 has priority over c. heinrichi stresemann, 1931 .\nc. dorsti is a junior synonym of c. guinea. dowsett - lemaire, borrow & dowsett 2005\njohansson et al 2008a. the basal passeroid branches cannot yet be accepted as fully resolved, thus, it is unclear whether promeropidae and arcanatoridae are together or represent two independent basal branches. each of them go further back in time than almost any other extant lineage in the passerida … which would argue for accepting them as two families (jon fjeldså, july 2012 )\nmassmann 2012. sacc # 521. chlorospingus flavopectus (lafresnaye, 1840) has priority over chlorospingus ophthalmicus (du bus de gisignies, 1847) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of lichenostomus leucotis above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution. original source: peter firminger from wollombi, australia author: peter firminger from wollombi, australia permission: some rights reserved" ]

{ "text": [ "the white-eared honeyeater ( nesoptilotis leucotis ) is a medium-sized honeyeater found in australia .", "it is a member of the family meliphagidae ( honeyeaters and australian chats ) which has 182 recognised species with about half of them found in australia .", "this makes them members of the most diverse family of birds in australia .", "white-eared honeyeaters are easily identifiable by their olive-green body , black head and white ear patch . " ], "topic": [ 12, 26, 26, 23 ] }

[ "the white-eared honeyeater (nesoptilotis leucotis) is a medium-sized honeyeater found in australia. it is a member of the family meliphagidae (honeyeaters and australian chats) which has 182 recognised species with about half of them found in australia. this makes them members of the most diverse family of birds in australia. white-eared honeyeaters are easily identifiable by their olive-green body, black head and white ear patch." ]

[ "chamaesphecia thracica lastuvka, 1983; acta univ. agric. (brno) 31 (1 / 2): 207; tl: bulgaria, micurin\nchamaesphecia spuler, 1910; schmett. eur. 2: 311; ts: sphinx empiformis esper\nchamaesphecia anthrax le cerf, 1920; in oberthür, etud. lépid. comp. 17: 528\nchamaesphecia festai turati, 1925; boll. mus. zool. torino 39 (7): 5\nchamaesphecia crassicornis bartel, 1912; gross - schmett. erde 2: 409; tl: kazakhstan, uralsk\nchamaesphecia anatolica schwingenschuss, 1938; ent. rdsch. 55: 175; tl: turkey, konya, aksehir\nchamaesphecia micra le cerf, 1916; étud. lépid. comp. 11: 15; tl: algeria, lambèse\nchamaesphecia stelidiformis f. amygdaloidis schleppnik, 1933; zs. öst. entver. 18: 24; tl: austria, hochkar mts .\nchamaesphecia maurusia püngeler, 1912; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 2: 412; tl: algeria, teniet - el - had\nchamaesphecia guenter herrmann & hofmann, 1997; [ bsw4 ], 267; tl: morocco, middle atlas, tizi - n - iar, ca. 1600m\nchamaesphecia palustris kautz, 1927; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 77: 2; tl: austria, bruck a. d. leitha, wilfleinsdorf\nchamaesphecia hungarica; gorbunov, 1991, atalanta 22 (2 / 4): 141 (note), pl. xxii, f. 15; de freina, 1997, [ bsw4 ], 218\nbartsch, d. & kallies, a. (2008): zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler, 1910 in marokko (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 118 (2), 85 - 93 .\nchamaesphecia rondouana le cerf, 1922; in oberthür, étud. lépid. comp. 19 (2): 32, pl. 540, f. 4535 - 4536; tl: gèdre; gavarnie, hautes - pyrénées\nchamaesphecia anthrax; le cerf, 1922, étud. lépid. comp. 19 (1): 131, (2) pl. 540, f. 4541; de freina, 1997, [ bsw4 ], 234\nbartsch, d. & lingenhöle, a. (2011): chamaesphecia cilicia sp. nov. aus dem taurus gebirge, türkei (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 121 (2), 89 - 91 .\nniculescu, e. v. (1960): contributions morphologiques à l' étude des aegeriidae (lepidoptera) paléarctiques. i) chamaesphecia minianiformis frr. – bulletin de la société entomologique de mulhouse 1, 1 - 5 .\nchamaesphecia kistenjovi gorbunov, 1991; atalanta 22 (2 / 4): 137, f. 23 - 27, pl. xxii, f. 13 - 14; tl: georgia, borzhomi, 41°55' n, 43°18' n\nchamaesphecia ophimontana gorbunov, 1991; atalanta 22 (2 / 4): 140, pl. xxii, f. 16; tl: transcaucasus, nakhichevan, daralagez mt. range, ~ 3km n buzgov, 39°32' n, 45°24' e\nchamaesphecia guriensis; bartel, 1912, gross - schmett. erde 2: 407, pl. 52 c; dalla torre & strand, 1925, lepidopterorum catalogus 31: 94; heppner & duckworth, 1981, smiths. contr. zool. 314: 36; gorbunov, 1986, trudy vsesojuznogo entomologiceskogo obscestva 67: 8; lastuvka, 1989, acta univ. agric. (brno) 37: f. 27; gorbunov, 1991, atalanta 22 (2 / 4): 135, f. 19 - 22, pl. xxii, f. 9 - 12\npühringer, f. & kallies, a. (2004): provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world (lepidoptera: ditrysia). – mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4, 1 - 85; updated by f. pühringer .\n, a - 4817 st. konrad, austria; © dr. axel kallies, the walter and eliza hall institute, 1g royal parade, parkville, victoria 3050, australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b: 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ]; unavailable (art. 29. 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874: 9, pl. 82), trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ]: pl. 84: fig. 3) ,\n( esper 1800: 29), sphinx; rejected name (opinion nr. 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758: 493), sphinx; rejected name (opinion nr. 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900: 34), sesia; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f. uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var. lucida (lederer 1853), nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp. (never assigned to sesiidae, but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ]: 95, 152 (index), pl. 61, fig. c) ,\nagassiz, j. l. r. ([ 1847 ]): nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis. – nomenclator zoologicus 2 (12) (1846), 393 pp. (319 )\nalpheraky, s. n. (1882): lépidoptères du district de kouldjà et des montagnes environnantes. iième partie. heterocera. – horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17, 15 - 103, pls 1 - 3. (18 - 22, pl. 1 )\namsel, h. - g. (1933): die lepidopteren palästinas. eine zoogeographisch - ökologisch - faunistische studie. – zoogeographica 2, 1 - 146. (25 )\namsel, h. - g. (1935): neue palästinensische lepidopteren. – mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20, 271 - 319. (277 - 278 )\narita, y. (1989): two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths (lepidoptera: sesiidae) from thailand. – microlepidoptera of thailand 2, 9 - 14 .\n( moore) (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from japan. – tyo to ga 43 (3), 221 - 224 .\ndehne (lepidoptera, sesiidae) of japan. – japanese journal of entomology 60 (2), 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae) from yakushima island, japan. – tyo to ga 44 (2), 77 - 80 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. (1995a): sesiidae of nepal. in haruta, t. (ed .): moths of nepal. – tinea 14 (suppl. 2), 194 - 206, pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson, [ 1893 ] (lepidoptera, sesiidae) of the oriental region. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 (2), 103 - 111 .\ntypes (lepidoptera, sesiidae) kept in the hope entomological collections, oxford university, uk. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 (4), 185 - 205 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. (1995d): a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf, 1916 (lepidoptera: sesiidae, osminiini). – tinea 14 (2), 131 - 141 .\nhübner, [ 1819 ] (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from thailand. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 (3), 157 - 173 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. , (1996b): a revision of ferdinand le cerf' s clearwing moth types (lepidoptera, sesiidae), kept at the paris museum. i. the genus\nhübner, [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions. – japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 (2), 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from kyushu, japan. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 (1), 33 - 38 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. (1998a): a revision of ferdinand le cerf' s clearwing moth types (lepidoptera, sesiidae), kept at the paris museum. iii. the genus\nle cerf, 1916 in the oriental region. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 (1), 19 - 29 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. (1998b): a revision of embrik strand' s clearwing moth types (lepidoptera: sesiidae) from taiwan. – chinese journal of entomology 18 (3), 141 - 165 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. (2000a): on the tribe melittiini (lepidoptera, sesiidae) of vietnam. – tinea 16 (4), 252 - 291 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. (2000b): notes on the tribe osminiini (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from vietnam, with descriptions of new taxa. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 (1), 49 - 74 .\nle cerf, 1916 (lepidoptera, sesiidae, osminiini) of vietnam and adjacent countries. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 (3), 205 - 214 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. (2001): sesiidae of taiwan. i. the tribes tinthiini, similipepsini, paraglosseciini, pennisetiini, paranthrenini and cissuvorini. – japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 (2), 131 - 188 .\nhampson (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from taiwan. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 (4), 241 - 244 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. g. (2002b): sesiidae of taiwan. ii. the tribes osminiini, melittiini and sesiini. – japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 (2), 199 - 241 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. g. (2003a): new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths (lepidoptera, sesiidae, similipepsini) from vietnam. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 (1), 11 - 19 .\narita, y. & gorbunov, o. g. (2003b): in arita, y. , gorbunov, o. g. & mohamed, m. : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth (lepidoptera, sesiidae) of the maliau basin, sabah, borneo. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 (2), 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae) from north vietnam. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 (1), 51 - 57 .\narita, y. & kallies, a. (2003): a new species of the genus trilochana moore, 1879 (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from sulawesi. – transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 (4), 229 - 232. arita, y. & kallies, a. (2005): see kallies, a. & arita, y. (2005) .\narita, y. & kimura, m. (2016): see arita, y. , kimura, m. , yata, n. & nagase, m. (2016) .\narita, y. , kallies, a. , hsu, y. - f. , liang, j. - y. , lai, b. - c. , yang, m. - m. & yata, n. (2016): polymorphism of nokona pilamicola (strand, [ 1916 ]) (lepidoptera, sesiidae) in taiwan .\narita, y. , kimura, m. & owada, m. (2009): two new species of the clearwing moth (sesiidae) from okinawa - jima, the ryukyus. –\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 (3), 189 - 192 .\narita, y. , kimura, m. , yata, n. & nagase, m. (2016): vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group (lepidoptera, sesiidae) in the ryukyus, japan. – tinea 23 (4), 184 - 198. arita, y. & nagase, m. (2016): see arita, y. , kimura, m. , yata, n. & nagase, m. (2016) .\nkallies & arita, 1998 (lepidoptera: sesiidae, paranthrenini) from south - east asia, with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988. – entomologische zeitschrift 114 (3), 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae) from japan. – japanese journal of entomology 57 (1), 61 - 66 .\narita, y. & tosevski, i. (1992): in tosevski, i. & arita, y. : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae) from the ryukyus. – japanese journal of entomology 60 (3), 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera: sesiidae) of japan. – tinea 12 (suppl .), 158 - 167 .\narita, y. & yata, n. (2016): see arita, y. , kimura, m. , yata, n. & nagase, m. (2016) .\narita, y. & xu, z. (1994a): in arita, y. , xu, z. & liu, x. : a new\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae), clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing, china. – tinea 14 (1), 61 - 64 .\narita, y. & xu, z. (1994b): in arita, y. , xu, z. & liu, x. : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa, tibet (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – tyo to ga 45 (3), 193 - 199 .\nassmann, a. (1845): schwärmer oder dämmerungsschmetterlinge (sphinges). – abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2, 48 pp, 26 pls. (17 - 26, 45 - 47, pls 5 - 7, 24 )\naurivillius, p. o. c. (1879): lepidoptera damarensia. förteckning pa fjärilar insamlade i damaralandet af g. de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning öfver förut okända arter. – öfversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar 36 (7), 39 - 69. (47 - 48 )\naurivillius, p. o. c. (1905): lieutnant a. schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika. – arkiv för zoologi 2 (12), 1 - 47, 5 pls. (43 - 46 )\naurivillius, p. o. c. (1909): lepidoptera, rhopalocera und heterocera (pars i) von madagaskar, den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas. in voeltzkow, a. : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905, wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2, [ 309 ] - 348, 19 pls. (342, pl. 19 )\nbakowski, m. , bartsch, d. & kallies, a. (2008): a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region (lepidoptera: sesiidae: tinthiini). – annales zoologici 58 (4), 785 - 797 .\nbarnes, w. & benjamin, f. h. (1925): change of a preoccupied name (lepidoptera: aegeriidae). – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 (1), 14 .\nbarnes, w. & lindsey, a. w. (1922): descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae (lep .). – bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society (n. s .) 18 (4), 122 - 123 .\nbarnes, w. & mcdunnough, j. h. (1918): notes and new species. – contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 (2), 61 - 208. (178 )\nbartel, m. (1902): die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte. zweiter band: nachtfalter. i. abteilung, 239 - 384. – leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz. – entomologische zeitschrift (guben) 19, 190 - 191 .\nbartel, m. (1912): 24. familie: aegeriidae (sesiidae). – in seitz, a. (ed .): die großschmetterlinge der erde 2, 375 - 416, pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch, d. (2003): beitrag zur glasflüglerfauna von nepal (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 113 (5), 145, 149 - 151 .\nbartsch, d. (2004): die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte übersicht (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 114 (2), 80 - 86 .\nbettag, 1997 aus marokko (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 116 (5), 211 - 215 .\nbartsch, d. (2008): redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson, 1919 (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 118 (5), 221 - 224 .\nbartsch, d. (2008): a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 118 (6), 265 - 280 .\nbartsch, d. (2009): melittosesia, a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval, 1828 in madagascar (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 119 (1), 9 - 16 .\nbartsch, d. (2010): taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson, 1896 (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – zootaxa 2618, 36 - 46 .\nbartsch, d. (2012): revision of types of several species of bembecia hübner, 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe (sesiidae). – nota lepidopterologica 35 (2), 125 - 133 .\nbartsch, d. (2013): revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini (lepidoptera: sesiidae) with description of new species .\nbartsch, d. (2015): new taxa of southern african sesiini (lepidoptera: sesiidae) .\nbartsch, d. (2016a): revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini (lepidoptera: sesiidae) .\nbartsch, d. (2016b): melittia fiebigi spec. nov. and afromelittia caerulea spec. nov. , two new melittiini from southern africa (lepidoptera: sesiidae) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6, 109 - 115 .\nbartsch, d. & berg, j. (2012): new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand, 1914 (lepidoptera: sesiidae: synanthedonini). – zootaxa 3181, 28 - 46 .\nspec. nov. (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 18 (1), 29 - 40 .\nbartsch, d. , bettag, e. , bläsius, r. & lingenhöle, a. (2006): zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme (ochsenheimer, 1808), pyropteron biedermanni le cerf, 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme (lucas, 1849) stat. rev. (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 116 (1), 3 - 10 .\nbartsch, d. & pühringer, f. (2005): die glasflügler kretas (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 115 (3), 131 - 139 .\nsp. nov. aus der südtürkei (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 112 (3), 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasflügler arten aus afghanistan (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 120 (6), 243 - 248 .\nbecker, v. o. (1984): 29. gelechiidae. – in heppner, j. (ed .): atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 1. micropterigoidea - immoidea 1, 1 - 112. (44 - 53 )\nbehrens, j. (1889): in french, g. h. : some texas, arizona and california moths. – the canadian entomologist 21 (9), 161 - 163. (163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie, j. b. e. (1860): observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile. – annales de la société entomologique de france (troisième série) 8 (3), 667 - 713, pl. 12. (681 - 684 )\nbertaccini, e. & fiumi, g. (2002): bombici e sfingi d' italia (lepidoptera sesioidea) 4, 181 pp, 8 pls. (32 - 181, pls 1 - 8 )\nsp. n. , ein neuer glasflügler aus marokko (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 18 (1), 23 - 27 .\nbettag, e & bläsius, r. (1998): eine neue glasflüglerart aus marokko (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – phegea 26 (2), 71 - 75 .\nbettag, e. & bläsius, r. (1999): über den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var. tunetana (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – phegea 27 (3), 93 - 101 .\n- art aus südspanien. une nouvelle espèce de synanthedon du sud de l' espagne (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – revue de l' association roussillonnaise d' entomologie 11 (1), 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher, b. c. r. (1983): redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – ciencia forestal 8 (43), 24 - 32 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1893): notes on some north american moths, with descriptions of new species. – bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5, 19 - 26. (22 - 26 )\nbeutenmüller, w. (1894a): studies of some species of north american aegeriidae. – bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6, 87 - 98 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1894b): on north american moths, with the description of a new species of triprocris. – bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6, 365 - 368 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1896): critical review of the sesiidae found in america, north of mexico. – bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8, 111 - 148 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1897): notes on north american sesiidae, with descriptions of new species. – bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9, 213 - 216 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1898): three new species of sesiidae. – journal of the new york entomological society 6 (4), 240 - 241 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1899a): new african sesiidae. – journal of the new york entomological society 7, 170 - 172 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1899b): descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera. – journal of the new york entomological society 7 (4), 254 - 256 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1900a): synopsis of the species of melittia of america, north of mexico, with description of a new species. – bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 (1899), 149 - 151 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1900b): on some species of north american lepidoptera. – bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 (1899), 157 - 160 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1900d): two new sesiidae. – journal of the new york entomological society 8, 254 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1901): monograph of the sesiidae of america, north of mexico. – memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 (6), 217 - 352, pl. 29 - 36 .\n. – journal of the new york entomological society 10 (2), 126 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1909): descriptions of three new sesiidae. – entomological news 20, 82 - 84 .\nbeutenmüller, w. (1916): description of a new sesiid. – the canadian entomologist 48 (11), 372 .\nboisduval, j. a. (1828): europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1, 103 pp. – paris. (29 - 31 )\nboisduval, j. a. (1829 - 1844): dixième ordre: lépidoptères. in guérin - ménéville, f. e. : iconographie du règne animal de g. cuvier, ou représentation d' apres nature de l' une des espèces les plus remarquables, et souvent non encore figurées, de chaque genre d' animaux, vol. 2 and 3, 576 pp, 104 pls. – paris. (pl. 84, [ 1832 ] ;\n( 1870 [ 1867 ]): lepidoptera eversmanniana. – horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4, 6 .\nbrethes, j. (1920): insectos útiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata. – anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54, 281 - 290, 307 - 308. (284 )\n( sesiidae), from florida. – journal of the lepidopterists' society 39 (4), 262 - 265 .\nedwards (lepidoptera aegeriidae). – notas del museo de la plata 6 (48), 157 - 163, pls i - ii .\nbryk, f. (1947): neue ostasiatische aegeriiden (lep .). – opuscula entomologica 12, 96 - 109 .\nbryk, f. (1953): lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr. douglas melin und dr. abraham roman. – arkiv för zoologi 5 (1 - 3), 1 - 268. (262 - 266 )\nburmeister, h. (1878): lépidoptères. – description physique de la république argentine, d' apres des observations personelles et étrangères 5 (1), vi + 526 pp, 24 pls. (359 - 362 )\nbusck, a. (1909): notes on the family aegeriidae (sesiidae), with a synoptic table of the north american genera. – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 (3), 115 - 118 .\nbusck, a. (1910): list of trinidad microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new forms. – bulletin of the department of agriculture 9, 241 - 245. (242 - 243 )\nbusck, a. (1913a): new microlepidoptera from british guiana. – insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1, 88 - 92 .\nbusck, a. (1913b): two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut. – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 (3), 102 - 104 .\nbusck, a. (1914): descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees. – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 (4), 143 - 150, pls vii - viii. (143 - 144 )\nbusck, a. (1915a): descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera. – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 (2), 79 - 94. (80 - 81 )\nbusck, a. (1915b): new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama. – proceedings of the united states national museum 47 (2043) (1914), 1 - 67. (61 )\nbusck, a. (1920): descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera. – insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 (4 - 6), 83 - 95. (83 )\nbusck, a. (1929): a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil (lepidoptera: aegeriidae). – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 (7), 134 - 137 .\nbutler, a. g. (1874): notes on the aegeriidae, with descriptions of new genera and species. – the annals and magazine of natural history (fourth series) 14, 407 - 411 .\nbutler, a. g. (1876): descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut. howland roberts. – proceedings of the zoological society of london, 308 - 310. (309, pl. xxii )\nbutler, a. g. (1878): illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2, 62 pp, pls 21 - 40 - london. (59 - 61, pl. 40 )\nbutler, a. g. (1881): descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan. – the transactions of the entomological society of london (4\nbutler, a. g. (1882): descriptions of new species of lepidoptera, chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain. – the annals and magazine of natural history (fifth series) 10, 36 - 43, 149 - 160, 226 - 238. (237 - 238 )\nbutler, a. g. (1883): heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds, esq. part iv. – pyrales and micros. – the transactions of the entomological society of london (4\n, n. g. in pryer, h. j. s. : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura, british north borneo. – the transactions of the entomological society of london (4\nbutler, a. g. (1896): on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr. richard crawshay in nyasa - land, between the months of january and april 1895. – proceedings of the zoological society of london, 108 - 136. (134, pl. vi )\nbutler, a. g. (1902): on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston, k. c. b. , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900. – proceedings of the zoological society of london (1), 44 - 51. (50, pl. 1 )\nbytinski - salz, h. ([ 1937 ]): secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna. – memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 (2) (1936), 194 - 212. (198 )\ncl. – deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 (1889), 268 - 269 .\ncapuse, i. (1973a): 236. aegeriidae. ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr. z. kaszab in der mongolei (lepidoptera). – reichenbachia (zeitschrift für entomologische taxonomie) 14 (15), 109 - 124 .\ncapuse, i. (1973b): zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae (lepidoptera) in der r. püngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin. – mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63, 134 - 171 .\nclarke, j. f. g. (1962): neotropical microlepidoptera. ii. a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia (lepidoptera: aegeriidae). – proceedings of the united states national museum 113, 383 - 388 .\nclemens, b. (1860): contributions to american lepidopterology. – no. 3. – proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12, 4 - 15. (14 - 15 )\nclerck, c. a. (1759 - [ 1764 ]): icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus, locisque e c. linnaei... syst. nat. allegatis 1, 21 pp, 55 pls. – stockholm. { 1759: pls 1 - 16; 1764: pls 17 - 55 } (pl. 9, 1759 )\ncloss, a. (1916): einige neue sphingidenformen (lep .). – entomologische mitteilungen 5 (5 / 8), 199 - 200. (200 )\ncloss, a. g. (1920): [ contribution ]. in: berliner entomologen - bund: sitzung am 20. märz 1919. – internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14, 13 .\n, spec. nov. (lep. het. , sphingidae). – internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 (14), 118 .\ncockayne, e. a. (1955): aberrations of british lepidoptera. – entomologist' s gazette 6, 3 - 6, pl. 1. (3 )\ncockerell, t. d. a. (1908): new sesiid moths. – the canadian entomologist 40 (9), 329 - 331 .\ncosta, o. g. (1832 - 1836): fauna del regno di napoli... a. lepidotteri 1, 20 - 21 .\ncramer, p. (1775 - 1779): de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia, africa en america (papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde, l' asie, l' afrique et l' amerique) 1, 155 pp, 96 pls. – amsterdam. { 1775: issues 1 - 7, 1776: issue 8 } (83, pl. 52, 1775 )\ncramer, p. (1775 - 1779): de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia, africa en america (papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde, l' asie, l' afrique et l' amerique) 2, 151 pp, pls 97 - 192. – amsterdam. (73, 80, 151 (index), pls 142, 146, 1777 )\ncyrillus, d. (1787): entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum, 8 p. , 12 pls. – neapoli. (pl. 4 )\ndalla torre, k. w. & strand, e. (1925): aegeriidae. – lepidopterorum catalogus 31, 202 pp .\ndalman, j. w. (1816): försök till systematisk uppställning af sveriges fjärilar. – kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37, 48 - 101, 129, 199 - 225 .\ndampf, a. (1930): dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia. – mexico forestal 8 (8), 179 - 181 .\nde freina, j. j. : see freina, j. j. de\n[ denis, m. & schiffermüller, i. ] (1775): ankündung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ], 323 pp. – wien. (30, 44, 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff, a. n. (1954): microlepidoptera of new guinea. results of the third archibold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv. – verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen, afdeeling natuurkunde. reeks 2 50 (1) (1952 - 1955), 1 - 191. (180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff, a. n. ([ 1968 ]): microlepidoptera of the philippine islands. – united states national museum bulletin 257 (1967), 1 - 484. (218 - 235 )\ndonovan, e. (1795): the natural history of british insects: explainig them in their several states, the periods of their transformations, their food, oeconomy & c. , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4, 96 + 6 pp, pls 109 - 144. (21 )\ndonovan, e. (1797): the natural history of british insects: explainig them in their several states... 6, 86 + 6 pp, pls 181 - 216. (35, pl. 195 )\ndruce, h. (1881 - 1900): lepidoptera - heterocera. – in godman, f. d. & salvin, o. (eds .): biologia 39 / 1, 490 pp; 40 / 2, 622 pp; 41 / 3, pls 1 - 101. – london. { vol. 39 / 1: 1 - 24 (1881), 25 - 32 (1883), 33 - 112 (1884); vol. 2: 273 - 336 (1896), 337 - 440 (1897), 441 - 536 (1898), 537 - 592 (1899), 593 - 622 (1900) } (39 / 1: 28 - 34, 1883 - 1884; 40 / 2: 321 - 326, 1896; 41 / 3: pls 5, 68 - 69 )\ndruce, h. (1882): descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae. – the entomologist' s monthly magazine 19, 15 - 18. (15 )\ndruce, h. (1889): descriptions of new species of lepidoptera, chiefly from central america. – the annals and magazine of natural history (sixth series) 4, 77 - 94. (78 - 82 )\ndruce, h. (1892): description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america. – the annals and magazine of natural history (sixth series) 9, 275 - 279. (275 - 276 )\ndruce, h. (1893): descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america. – proceedings of the zoological society of london, 280 - 311, [ pls xix - xxi ]. (280 )\ndruce, h. (1898): descriptions of some new species of heterocera. – the annals and magazine of natural history (seventh series) 1, 207 - 215. (207 )\ndruce, h. (1899): descriptions of some new species of heterocera. – the annals and magazine of natural history (seventh series) 4, 200 - 205. (201 - 205 )\ndruce, h. (1910a): descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa. – the annals and magazine of natural history (eighth series) 5, 393 - 402. (401 )\ndruce, h. (1910b): descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america. – the annals and magazine of natural history (eighth series) 6, 168 - 183 (180 - 181) .\ndruce, h. (1911): descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america, and two new species of geometridae from west africa. – the annals and magazine of natural history (eighth series) 7, 287 - 294. (292 )\ndrury, d. (1773): illustrations of natural history, wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects, according to their different genera... 2, 9 + 90 pp, 50 pls. – london. (49 )\ndrury, d. (1782): illustrations of natural history... exotic insects... 3, 15 + 76 pp, 50 pls. – london. (3, pl. 2) .\nduckworth, w. d. (1969): a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects (lepidoptera: yponomeutoidea). – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 (4), 487 - 490 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1973a): the type - material of north american clearwing moths (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – smithsonian contributions to zoology 148, 1 - 34 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1973b): new species of clearwing moths (lepidoptera: sesiidae) from north america. – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 (2), 150 - 159 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1974): clearwing moths of australia and new zealand (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – smithsonian contributions to zoology 180, 1 - 45 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1976): a new species of clearwing moth (lepidoptera: sesiidae) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona. – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 (3), 304 - 308 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1977a): two new species of clearwing moths (sesiidae) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones. – journal of the lepidopterists' society 31 (3), 191 - 196 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1977b): a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – the pan - pacific entomologist 53 (3), 175 - 178 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1977c): a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico (lepidoptera, sesioidea). – occasional papers in entomology 26, 1 - 54 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1978): the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – smithsonian contributions to zoology 261, 1 - 28 .\nduckworth, w. d. & eichlin, t. d. (1983): revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – smithsonian contributions to zoology 361, 1 - 15 .\ndumont, c. (1922): diagnoses de lépidoptères nouveaux du nord de l' afrique. – bulletin de la société entomologique de france (15), 215 - 220. (215 - 217 )\nduponchel, p. a. j. (1835): crépusculaires. – supplement a l' histoire naturelle 2, 197 pp, 12 pls. (108, 112 - 116, 129, 167, pl. 9 )\ndurrant, j. h. (1914): descriptions of two new tineina (lep .) from the lagos district. – the transactions of the entomological society of london (4\ndurrant, j. h. (1915): microlepidoptera (pterophorina and tineina) collected by the british ornithologists' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains, southern dutch new guinea. – lepidoptera of the british ornithologists' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains, southern dutch new guinea 2 (15), 149 - 168. (166 )\ndurrant, j. h. (1919): three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ]. – novitates zoologicae 26 (1), 120 - 122 .\ndurrant, j. h. (1924): in: examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects. – proceedings of the entomological society of london (1923 - 1924), lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar, h. g. ([ 1903 ]): a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects. – bulletin of the united states national museum 52 (1902), 1 - 723. (364 - 371 )\ndyar, h. g. (1904): additions to the list of north american lepidoptera, no. 2. – proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 (2), 103 - 119. (106 )\neda, k. , arita, y. , kallies, a. & wang, m. (2015): a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder, 1874 (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from guangdong, china. – tinea 23 (3), 128 - 130. eda, k. & arita, y. (2015): see eda, k. , arita, y. , kallies, a. & wang, m. (2015) .\nedwards, h. (1880): descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae. – bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 (8), 71 - 72 .\nedwards, h. (1881): new genera and species of the family aegeridae. – papilio 1 (10), 179 - 208, pl. 4 .\nedwards, h. (1882a): notes on n. american aegeridae, with descriptions of new forms. – papilio 2 (4), 52 - 57 .\nedwards, h. (1882b): further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae. – papilio 2 (6), 96 - 99 .\nedwards, h. (1882c): descriptions of new species of n. am. heterocera. – papilio 2 (8), 123 - 130. (123 - 124 )\nedwards, h. (1883): new species of aegeriadae. – papilio 3 (7 - 10), 155 - 157 .\nedwards, h. (1885): new species of californian moths. – entomologica americana 1 (3), 49 - 50. (49 )\nedwards, h. (1887): descriptions of new species of north american heterocera, with notes. – the canadian entomologist 19 (8), 145 - 147 .\nedwards, h. (1888): catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera, described since grote' s\nnew check list\n( 1872), with those omitted from that publication. – entomologica americana 3 (12), 221 - 232. (223 - 224 )\nedwards, h. (1891): [ contribution ]. in lugger, o. : two new lepidopterous borers. – psyche 6, 108 - 109 .\neichlin, t. d. (1986): western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomography 4, 315 - 378 .\neichlin, t. d. (1987): three new western hemisphere clearwing moths (lepidoptera: sesiidae: sesiinae). – entomography 5, 531 - 540 .\neichlin, t. d. (1989): western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomography 6, 159 - 212 .\neichlin, t. d. (1992): clearwing moths of baja california, mexico (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – tropical lepidoptera 3 (2), 135 - 150 .\neichlin, t. d. ([ 1993 ]): a new texas clearwing moth (sesiidae: sesiinae). – journal of the lepidopterists' society 46 (4) (1992), 265 - 268 .\neichlin, t. d. (1995a): a new panamanian clearwing moth (sesiidae: sesiinae). – journal of the lepidopterists' society 49 (1), 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species (sesiidae). – journal of the lepidopterists' society 49 (2), 114 - 118 .\neichlin, t. d. (1995c): 65. sesiidae. in heppner, j. (ed .): atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 2. hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3, 17 - 18, 109 - 113. eichlin, t. d. (1998): western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini (lepidoptera: sesiidae: sesiinae). – holarctic lepidoptera 5 (1), 23 - 33. eichlin, t. d. (2002): in eichlin, t. d. & kinnee, s. a. : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universität des saarlandes, saarbrücken, germany (lepidoptera). – zootaxa 108, 1 - 15. eichlin, t. d. (2003a): carmenta munroei, a new clearwing moth from costa rica (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – tropical lepidoptera 11 (1 - 2), 42 - 43. eichlin, t. d. (2003b): carmenta guayaba, a new clearwing moth from peru (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – tropical lepidoptera 11 (1 - 2), 44 - 45 .\neichlin, t. d. , delgado, o. s. , strathie, l. w. , zachariades, c. & clavijo, j. (2009): carmenta chromolaenae eichlin, a new species (lepidoptera: sesiidae) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata (l .) king & robinson (asteraceae). – zootaxa 2288, 42 - 50 .\neichlin, t. d. & duckworth, w. d. (1988): the moths of america north of mexico. fascicle 5. 1. sesioidea, sesiidae, 176 pp. – washington .\n. – journal of the lepidopterists' society 37 (3) (1983), 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan (sesiidae). – journal of the lepidopterists' society 42 (3), 231 - 235 .\nemich von emöke, g. (1872): descriptions de lépidoptères de transcaucasie. – revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, series 2, 23 (2) (1871 - 1872), 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt, g. p. (1925a): studies in north american aegeriidae (lepidoptera). i. descriptions and corrections of species from long island, new york. ii. descriptions of two new western species. – bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society (n. s .) 20 (2), 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt, g. p. (1925b): studies of north american aegeriidae (lepidoptera). iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico. – bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society (n. s .) 20 (4), 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt, g. p. (1946): the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae. – bulletin of the united states national museum 190, iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff, n. g. (1874): cheshuyekriliya (lepidoptera). – travels in turkestan (fedtchenko) 2 (5), 128 pp. (26 - 27, pl. 5) [ in russian ]\nerschoff, n. g. (1874): lepidopteren von turkestan. – stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 (10 - 12), 386 - 417. (393 )\nesper, e. j. c. (1778 - 1786): die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2, 234 pp, pls 1 - 36. – erlangen. { title page: 1779; 1778: pls 1 - 6; 1779: 1 - 80, pls 7 - 18; 1780: 81 - 196, pls 19 - 25; 1782: 197 - 212, pls 26 - 31; 1783: 213 - 228, pls 32 - 35; 1786: 229 - 234, pl. 36 } (122, 131 - 135, 205 - 217, 230 - 232, 234, pls 14 - 15, 23, 29 - 32, 36 )\nesper, e. j. c. (1789 - [ 1804 ]): fortsetzung der europäischen schmetterlinge. – die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 (suppl .), 52 pp, pls 37 - 47. – erlangen. { [ 1789 ]: 5 - 12, pls [ 38 - 40 ]; 1800: 21 - 40, pls 42 - 46; [ 1803 - 1804 ]: 41 - 52, pl. 47 } (5, 9, 25, 29 - 30, 44 - 47, pls 37 - 38, 42, 44, 47 )\neversmann, e. (1844): fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit, 633 pp. – casan. (100 - 105 )\nfabricius, j. c. (1775): systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus, 30 + 832 pp. – flensburg u. leipzig. (547 - 549 )\nfabricius, j. c. (1787): mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus 2, 382 pp. – hafniae. (98 - 101 )\nfabricius, j. c. (1793): entomologica systematica emendata et aucta: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus 3 (1), 4 + 487 pp. – hafniae. (379 - 385, 404 )\n[ fabricius, j. c. ] (1807): in illiger, j. c. : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linnéischen gattungen\n. – magazin für insektenkunde (illiger) 6, 277 - 295. (288, 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi, l. (1883): caccia di lepidotteri rari. – il naturalista siciliano 2 (11), 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi, l. (1890): contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia. descrizione di alcune nuove specie. – il naturalista siciliano 10 (2 - 3), 25 - 31, pl i .\nfawcett, j. m. (1916): notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr. w. feather in british east africa, 1911 - 13. – proceedings of the zoological society of london (2), 707 - 737. (736 - 737, pl. i )\nfelder, c. (1861): lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre. l. doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre. c. felder, ii heterocera. – sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften, abt. 1, 43 (i), 25 - 44 .\nfelder, r. (1874): lepidoptera: atlas. in felder, c. , felder, r. & rogenhofer, a. f. : reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. zweiter band. zweite abtheilung (fasc. 4), 10 pp, pls 75 - 107. (2 - 9, pls 75, 82 )\nfelder, r. & rogenhofer, a. f. (1875): lepidoptera: atlas. in felder, c. , felder, r. & rogenhofer, a. f. : reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. zweiter band. zweite abtheilung (fasc. 5), 20 pp, pls 108 - 140. (9 )\nfilipjev, n. (1931): lepidoptera. – trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 (abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928) 8, 143 - 174. (161 - 163 )\nsp. nov. , eine neue glasflüglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia (lepidoptera: sesiidae, sesiinae). – entomologische zeitschrift 112 (5), 141 - 143 .\nsp. nov. , eine neue glasflüglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia (lepidoptera: sesiidae, sesiinae). – entomologische zeitschrift 113 (5), 139 - 141 .\nsp. nov. , eine neue glasflüglerart aus sumatra (lepidoptera: sesiidae, sesiinae). – entomologische zeitschrift 115 (2), 91 - 93 .\nsp. n. , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia (lepidoptera: sesiidae, sesiinae). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 27 (1 / 2), 53 - 54 .\nfischer, h. (2006b): a new tribe, genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region (lepidoptera, sesiidae, sesiinae). – atalanta 37 (1 / 2), 219 - 224 .\nfischer, h. (2006c): corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe, genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37. band, heft 1 / 2 (lepidoptera, sesiidae, sesiinae). – atalanta 37 (3 / 4), 328 .\n, h. (2007): eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art, rubukona svetlanae gen. et spec. nov. , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region (lepidoptera, sesiidae, paranthrenini). – atalanta 38 (3 / 4), 361 - 364 .\nfischer, h. (2011): adixoa pyromacula sp. n. , eine neue sesiide aus thailand (lepidoptera: sesiidae, paranthrenini). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 31 (4), 207 - 209. fitzsimons, v. , codd, l. e. , janse, a. j. t. , munro, h. k. , pringle, j. a. & vari, l. (1958): a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa. volume i – zoology 1 (1), 147 pp .\nfixsen, c. (1887): lepidoptera aus korea. – in romanoff, n. m. (ed .): mémoires sur les lépidoptères 3, 233 - 356, pl. 15. (323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum, kein neutrum (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 17 (2), 190 .\nfletcher, t. b. (1929): a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera. – memoirs of the department of agriculture in india, entomological series 11, 1 - 244 .\nfletcher, t. b. (1940): new generic names for microlepidoptera. – the entomologist' s record and journal of variation 52 (1), 17 - 19. (18 )\nfletcher, d. s. (1982): in fletcher, d. s. & nye, i. w. b. : the generic names of moths of the world. volume 4. bombycoidea, castnioidea, cossoidea, mimallonoidea. sesioidea, sphingoidea, zygaenoidea. – british museum (natural history) publication no. 848, 192 pp. – london .\nfreina, j. j. de (1983): 4. beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens. neue kenntnisse über artenspektrum, systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa. – mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 (1982), 57 - 127. (72 - 76 )\nfreina, j. j. de (2007): eine neue art der gattung melittia hübner, 1819 aus dem dhofar, südoman (sesiidae: sesiinae: melittiini). – nota lepidopterologica 30 (1), 51 - 57 .\nfreina, j. j. de (2008): beschreibung von cabomina gen. n. , cabomina monicae sp. n. und cabomina dracomontana sp. n. aus südafrika (lepidoptera: sesiidae, sesiinae, osminiini). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 29 (3), 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a): vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem südlichen afrika (lepidoptera, sesiidae: osminiini, sesiini). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 31 (4), 211 - 218. freina, j. j .\n( 2011b): noctusphecia puchneri gen. et sp. n. , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasflüglerart aus tansania (lepidoptera: sesiidae, sesiinae, osminiini). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 32 (1 / 2), 48 - 50. freina, j. j .\n( 2011c): neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson, 1919 aus südafrika (lepidoptera: sesiidae, paranthrenini). – nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 32 (1 / 2), 51 - 56 .\n( 2013): synanthedon angolana sp. n. , eine neue glasflüglerart aus angola (lepidoptera: sesiidae: sesiinae, synanthedonini). - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo, n. f. 34 (3), 125 - 126 .\nfreina, j. j. de & lingenhöle, a. (2000): beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und palästinas (insecta, lepidoptera, sesiidae). – mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90, 75 - 84 .\nfreyer, c. f. (1836): neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2, 162 pp, pls 97 - 192. – augsburg. (140 - 142, pl. 182 )\nfreyer, c. f. (1842): neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4, 167 pp, pls 289 - 384. – augsburg. (129 - 131, pl. 362 )\nfreyer, c. f. (1843): neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5, 166 pp, pls 385 - 480. – augsburg. (35 - 36, pl. 404 )\nfriedlander, t. p. (1986): a new squash borer from mexico (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 (4) (1985), 277 - 288 .\nnov. spec. – internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 (5), 33 .\ngaede, m. (1929): aegeriidae. – in seitz, a. (ed .): die großschmetterlinge der erde 14, 515 - 538, pl. 77 .\ngaede, m. (1933): aegeriidae. – in seitz, a. (ed .): die großschmetterlinge der erde, suppl. 2, 229 - 240, pl. 16 .\ngarrevoet, t. , bartsch, d. & lingenhöle, a. (2013): on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov, 1992 and some related species (lepidoptera: sesiidae). - nota lepidopterologica 36 (2), 95 - 108 .\ngarrevoet, t. & garrevoet, w. (2011): bembecia lingenhoelei, a new clearwing moth from tajikistan (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – phegea 39 (2), 73 - 79 .\ngarrevoet, t. & garrevoet, w. (2016): on the status of bembecia zebo špatenka & gorbunov, 1992; bembecia pamira špatenka, 1992; bembecia kreuzbergi špatenka & bartsch, 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov, 1994 (lepidoptera: sesiidae) .\ngarrevoet, t. & lingenhöle, a. (2011): bembecia bartschi, a new clearwing moth from tajikistan (lepidoptera: sesiidae). – entomologische zeitschrift 121 (4), 157 - 161 .\ngarrevoet, t. , garrevoet, w. & özbek, h. (2007): data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae (lepidoptera) in turkey. – linzer biologische beiträge 39 (2), 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy, e. l. (1785): [ contribution ]. in fourcroy, a. f. : entomologia parisiensis; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur... cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2, 544 pp. (252 )\ngermadius, p. (1874): a new aegerian maple borer. – the american naturalist 8, 57 - 58 .\nghiliani, v. (1852): materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi. – memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino (serie 2) 14, 20, 85, 131 - 247. (216 )\ngiacomelli, e. (1911): lepidópteros riojanos nuevos ó poco conocidos. – anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72, 19 - 40. (29 - 30 )\ngmelin, j. f. (1790): caroli a linné systema naturae. per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1 (5) (ed. 13). – leipzig. (2388 - 2390 )\ngodart, m. j. - b. (1822): crépusculaires. – histoire naturelle des lépidoptères ou papillons de france 3. (6, 74 - 121, pl. xxi )\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae) from azerbaijan. – zoologichesky zhurnal 65 (6), 938 - 940. [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae) from talysh. – vestnik zoologii 1987 (3), 12 - 18. [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera, sesiidae) from talysh. – vestnik zoologii 1987 (2), 14 - 20. [ in russian ]\ngorbunov, o. (1988a): a new contribution to the knowledge of clearwing moths (lepidoptera, sesiidae) of vietnam. – in medvedev, l. n. & striganova, b. r. (eds): fauna i ekologiya nasekomykh vetnama [ the fauna and ecology of insects of vietnam ], 192 - 198. [ in russian ]\ngorbunov, o. (1988b): a new species and genus of the clearwing moths (lepidoptera, sesiidae) of the subfamily tinthiinae from the primorsky kray (far east). – biologiyeckie nauki 7, 45 - 47. [ in russian with english summary ]\ngorbunov, o. (1989): two new species of lepidoptera (sesiidae) from the kopet - dag. – zoologichesky zhurnal 68 (10), 141 - 145. [ in russian with english summary ]\nhübner, 1819 from the caucasus, usssr (lep. , sesiidae). – atalanta 20 (1 / 4) (1989), 119 - 123 .\ngorbunov, o. (1991a): six new species of the clearwing moths from the caucasus, ussr (lep. , sesiidae). – atalanta 22 (2 / 4), 125 - 143, 378 - 379 .\nhübner, 1819 from middle asia (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – atalanta 23 (1 / 2), 249 - 253 .\ngorbunov, o. (1992b): revision of the types of the sesiidae (lepidoptera), preserved in the collection of the zoological museum of kiev state university. – entomologitscheskoje obozrenie 71 (1), 121 - 133. [ in russian ] (english translation in entomological review )\ncapuse, 1973 (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from central asia. – tinea 14 (1), 27 - 32 .\ngorbunov, o. (1994b): new and little - known clearwing moths from central asia (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – tyo to ga 45 (3), 157 - 168 .\nhübner, [ 1819 ] from the european part of russia (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – atalanta 25 (3 / 4) (1995), 563 - 566, 622 - 623 .\ngorbunov, o. (1994d): in gorbunov, o. , buda, v. , mozuraitis, r. & miatleuski, j. : a new species of clearwing moth from the far east of russia and its sex attractant (lepidoptera, sesiidae). – atalanta 25 (1 / 2), 307 - 311, 442 - 443 .\ngorbunov, o. (1995): review of the clearwing moth fauna (lepidoptera, sesiidae) of turkmenistan, central asia. – tinea 14 (2), 93 - 115 .\nspuler (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from central asia. – melittia, a lepidopterological almanac 1, 93 - 114 .\nspuler (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from turkey. – melittia, a lepidopterological almanac 1, 117 - 123 .\nhübner (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from tadzhikistan and turkmenistan. – melittia, a lepidopterological almanac 1, 125 - 134 .\ngorbunov, o. (2001d): a new genus of tinthiini (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from the western palaearctic. – melittia, a lepidopterological almanac 1, 137 - 143 .\ngorbunov, o. g. (2014): a new species of the genus melittia hübner, 1819 (lepidoptera, sesiidae) from the island of lombok, indonesia .\ngorbunov, o. g. (2015a): contributions to the study of the ethiopian lepidoptera. i. the genus melittia hübner, 1819 [ “1816” ] (lepidoptera: sesiidae) with description of a new species." ]

{ "text": [ "chamaesphecia thracica is a moth of the sesiidae family .", "it is found in italy and most of the balkan peninsula .", "it is also found from asia minor to the middle east .", "the larvae feed on stachys shirkei and stachys germanica . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 20, 8 ] }

[ "chamaesphecia thracica is a moth of the sesiidae family. it is found in italy and most of the balkan peninsula. it is also found from asia minor to the middle east. the larvae feed on stachys shirkei and stachys germanica." ]

[ "thallarcha oblita (r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875) hidden footman (previously known as pitane oblita) lithosiinae, arctiidae, noctuoidea\nhave a fact about thallarcha oblita? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thallarcha oblita? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthallarcha oblita; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 504; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\npitane oblita felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 140, f. 23; tl: new south wales\nthallarcha eremicola pescott, 1951; mem. nat. mus. melbourne (17): 27\nthallarcha epiostola turner, 1926; pap. proc. r. soc. tasmania 1925: 109\nthallarcha levis turner, 1943; mem. qd. mus. 12 (2): 109\nthallarcha polystigma turner, 1943; mem. qd. mus. 12 (2): 108\nthallarcha homoschema turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 93\nthallarcha trissomochla turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 93\nthallarcha stramenticolor turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 92\nthallarcha catasticta lower, 1915; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 39: 360\nthallarcha rhaptophora lower, 1915; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 39: 360\nthallarcha lechrioleuca turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 91\nthallarcha zophophanes turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 90\nthallarcha cosmodes turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 89\nthallarcha pellax turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 89\nthallarcha leptographa turner, 1899; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 23: 19; tl: queensland, brisbane\nthallarcha bivinculata van eecke, 1920; zool. meded. 5 (13): 126; tl: batavia, w. java\nthallarcha infecta van eecke, 1920; zool. meded. 5 (13): 127; tl: preanger, w. java\nthallarcha punctulata van eecke, 1920; zool. meded. 5 (13): 127; tl: preanger, w. java\nthallarcha albicollis; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 500; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha partita; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 503; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha [ sic ] epicela turner, 1922; proc. r. soc. victoria 35: 32; tl: queensland, national park, (3000ft )\nthallarcha staurocola; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 504, pl. 33, f. 14; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha sparsana; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 502, f. 360; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha erotis turner, 1914; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 39 (3): 549; tl: ebor scrub, new south wales\nthallarcha fusa hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 500, pl. 33, f. 26; tl: w. australia, freemantle\nthallarcha chrysochares; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 499, pl. 33, f. 3; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha leptographa; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 501, pl. 33, f. 11; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha isophragma; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 502, pl. 33, f. 6; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha lochaga; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 504, pl. 33, f. 30; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha mochlina; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 505, pl. 33, f. 18; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthallarcha phalarota; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 501, f. 539 ♂, pl. 33, f. 15 ♀; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nthe adult moths of this species have pale yellow forewings, each with black zigzag lines and markings, and a yellow mark near the middle. the hindwings are yellow, each with a black band around the wingtip. the head is white, and the\nblack with a white mark. the abdomen is yellow. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nband 2, abtheilung 2 (5) (1875), p. 16\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nfelder, r. & rogenhofer, a. f. 1875 ,\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859\n, pp. plates 121 - 140\nmeyrick, e. 1886 ,\nrevision of australian lepidoptera. i\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, ser. 2 - n. s. , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 687 - 802\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4e07fe8c - 09f1 - 4ae5 - a281 - 4e107b9b904a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 63a6804e - 8df3 - 40c0 - 8850 - 551c8cd75ec8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3567cde2 - ae74 - 4249 - bc41 - cefc00039ab3\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 475528\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nall data on natureshare is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia license .\nfree: natureshare is, and will always be, a free and open service .\nwarranty: natureshare services and all software are provided on an\nas is\nbasis without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, fitness for a particular purpose. your use of the services is at your sole risk. we do not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of information available from the service .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nthis sighting hasn' t been described yet! be the first to describe this sighting .\naustralia (queensland, new south wales, s. australia). see [ maps ]\nnudaria macilenta lucas, 1894; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 8 (2): 137; tl: brisbane\nmosoda jocularis rosenstock, 1885; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 16: 381, pl. 11, f. 6; tl: victoria, melbourne\ncomarchis lochaga meyrick, 1886; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (3): 742; tl: sydney, new south wales\ncomarchis staurocola meyrick, 1886; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (3): 743; tl: newcastle and sydney, new south wales\ncomarchis mochlina turner, 1899; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 23: 20; tl: queensland, brisbane\ncomarchis epigypsa lower, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 212; tl: port lincoln, south australia\nthallaracha [ sic ] epileuca turner, 1922; proc. r. soc. victoria 35: 31; tl: n. queensland, herberton\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nstudien over indo - australische lepidoptera. iv. bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nwalker, 1863 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 27: 1 - 286 (1863), 28: 287 - 562 (1863), 29: 563 - 835 (1864), 30: 837 - 1096 (1864 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "thallarcha oblita is a moth in the arctiidae family .", "it was described by r. felder and rogenhofer in 1875 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from the australian capital territory , new south wales and victoria .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "the forewings are pale yellow with black zigzag lines and markings .", "the hindwings are yellow with a black band around the apex . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "thallarcha oblita is a moth in the arctiidae family. it was described by r. felder and rogenhofer in 1875. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from the australian capital territory, new south wales and victoria. the wingspan is about 20 mm. the forewings are pale yellow with black zigzag lines and markings. the hindwings are yellow with a black band around the apex." ]

[ "( taxonomic notes. (i)' subsp.' syriaca (gehlen, 1932a) is not tenable as it differs little from typical laothoe populeti; it appears in turkey along a narrow hybrid zone between l. populeti and laothoe populi populi (linnaeus, 1758). it is therefore synonymized with l. populeti. the same applies to' subsp.' intermedia (gehlen, 1934a) .\n( ii) eitschberger et al. (1989) unnecessarily reverted l. populeti to specific rank without giving any reason, other than that the cornuti in the male aedeagus are fewer in number and less robust. as the genitalia are naturally variable in most smerinthini, minor variations such as these tend to have little taxonomic significance. however, dna barcoding indicates that l. populeti is indeed distinct from laothoe populi. conversely, females of l. populeti will attract males of laothoe populi populi in england, and the resulting larvae and pupae are perfectly viable over a number of generations. this indicates that speciation is not complete and that l. populeti is a sibling species .\nlarva: very similar to that of laothoe austauti in all its stages. the caudal horn is noticeably longer, more curved and stouter than in larvae of laothoe populi populi from western europe, but never orange as in laothoe austauti. the forehead may be pale blue in a few individuals .\nas in laothoe austauti. however, many copulating pairs separate before morning, with the female laying some ova that same night .\novum: pale green, almost sperical and large for the size of moth. as in laothoe populi populi, but proportionately larger .\nnone, although the very closely related laothoe populi populi (linnaeus, 1758) occurs across europe and central asia to southern siberia .\nwingspan: 70 - - 120mm. very like laothoe populi populi, but with no violet tint to the grey pigmentation, which is itself paler and faintly pinkish orange. many have a reddish tone (f. vera staudinger) - - easily produced by subjecting developing pupae to heat, or grey replacing the pinkish tint. the eyes are olive - green - - in laothoe populi populi they are usually dark brown. in the genitalia of most males, the lobes of the sacculus are of equal length but more slender than those in laothoe populi populi, especially the upper one; the aedeagus has fewer and thinner cornuti. the uncus is obviously broader and the gnathos longer than in laothoe populi populi .\ntrivoltine; april / may, june / july and september. (when kept together under identical conditions, pupae of this species hatch noticeably later than those of laothoe populi populi. )\n( iii) recent dna barcoding studies indicate that laothoe austauti (staudinger, 1877) from northwest africa is related to this species. the two species appear to be the western and eastern remnants of a species which once occurred right across a cooler, greener and wetter north africa during the last ice age. )\nsynonymized with smerinthus populi as a variety by erschoff, 1874, reise fedtschenko: 26. reinstated as a species by kirby, 1892, synonymic cat. lepid. heterocera 1: 710. resynonymized with smerinthus populi as a geographical variety by staudinger, 1901, in staudinger & rebel, cat. lepid. pal. faunen. 1: 99. raised to species status by eitschberger, danner & surholt, 1989, atalanta 20: 262. resynonymized with laothoe populi as a subspecies by pittaway, 1993, the hawkmoths of the western palaearctic: 103. reinstated as a species by bridges, 1993, cat. fam. gen. spec. sphingidae of the world: viii. 12. resynonymized with laothoe populi as a subspecies by kitching & cadiou, 2000, hawkmoths of the world: 53. reinstated as a species by eitschberger, 2002, neue ent. nachr. 23: 155 .\ntype locality: [ iran, ] meschhet [ mashhad ]; [ iran, ]? ? charlog .\namorpha populi intermedia gehlen, 1934, ent. z. , frankf. a. m. 48: 60 .\npupa: matt black or dark brown, rough (not glossy), unlike that of smerinthus. cremaster short, dorso - ventrally flattened, broad at base and terminating in a sharp point .\ntranscaucasia, including the southern republic of georgia (didmanidze, petrov & zolotuhin, 2013), armenia (dubatolov, [ 1999 ]; didmanidze, petrov & zolotuhin, 2013; wąsala & zamorski, 2015) and azerbaijan (didmanidze, petrov & zolotuhin, 2013), eastern turkey (de freina, 2012; akin, 2012), north - east iraq (wiltshire, 1957), the mountainous iranian plateau (brandt, 1938; ghassemi, alemansoor & alehossein, 2009; lehmann & zahiri, 2011; didmanidze, petrov & zolotuhin, 2013), and western turkmenistan (danov & pereladov, 1985) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nsyntypes 2♂ 1♀ [ iran: ] meschhet [ mashhad ], vii. 1858; [ iran: ] charlog, vii. 1858 [? zisp ] .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks, we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added. if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers, we will notify you !\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © 2013 www. sphingidae - museum. com. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmixed lot of 38 lymantriinae (37 - tajikistan, 1 - russia: far east) ...\nzygaena cocandica hazarajatica (c afghanistan: bamyan prov .) a - 7, a2 - 5\nzygaena afghana afghana (e afghanistan: kabul env .) a1 - 10, a2 - 6, b 3\nzygaena afghana panjaoica (c afghanistan: bamyan prov .) 16, a1 - 12, a - 8\nzygaena transpamirina flaugeri (c afghanistan: bamyan prov .) 16, a1 - 12, a - 8, a2 / b 3\nzygaena transpamirina flaugeri (c afghanistan: bamyan prov .) female a - 9\nzygaena rubricollis eva (c afghanistan: bamyan prov .) a1 / a1 - 15, a1 - 10, a - 8, a2 - 6, b 3\nzygaena cambysea cambysea (n iran) 5, a1 - 3. 5, a2 - 2\nzygaenoprocris chalcochlora (afghanistan: kabul env .) a1 - 8 (sold out )\nzygaenoprocris duskei kermana (s iran: kerman prov .) a1 - 7 (sold out )\nset of 22 various zygaena (incl. 2 paratypes) from mediterranean region, pinned, mainly a - ...\namata mogadorensis (morocco) pinned a -... .... 5\nall these noctuidae were collected by our expedition in the central afghanistan (bamyan province) during july 2013 .\ntotal 28 mattresses, 2365 specimens of 80 - 100 species. full label data." ]

{ "text": [ "laothoe populeti is a species of moth of the family sphingidae .", "it is found from eastern turkey and armenia , through north-eastern iraq , the iranian plateau and the central asian republics of turkmenistan , uzbekistan , tajikistan , kyrgyzstan , kazakhstan and north-western china .", "the wingspan is 70-120 mm .", "it is similar to laothoe populi , but with no violet tint to the grey pigmentation , which is itself paler and faintly pinkish orange .", "there are individuals with a reddish tone ( known as form vera ) .", "there are probably two generations per year .", "adults have been recorded from april to may and again from july to august .", "the larvae feed on populus and salix species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 1, 15, 15, 8, 8 ] }

[ "laothoe populeti is a species of moth of the family sphingidae. it is found from eastern turkey and armenia, through north-eastern iraq, the iranian plateau and the central asian republics of turkmenistan, uzbekistan, tajikistan, kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan and north-western china. the wingspan is 70-120 mm. it is similar to laothoe populi, but with no violet tint to the grey pigmentation, which is itself paler and faintly pinkish orange. there are individuals with a reddish tone (known as form vera). there are probably two generations per year. adults have been recorded from april to may and again from july to august. the larvae feed on populus and salix species." ]

[ "have feedback about the system? email me. (please don' t send me requests to solve your anagram )" ]

{ "text": [ "apatetris elymicola is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by sakamaki in 2000 .", "it is found in japan ( hokkaidô ) .", "the wingspan is 10.1-11.4 mm .", "the forewings are pale grey , irrorated with fuscous , becoming darker towards apex and with two stigmata on the plica , one at the plical half and the other at three-fourths .", "the hindwings are fuscous .", "the larvae feed on elymus mollis .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "three to five larvae may mine a single leaf blade .", "mature larvae overwinter in the mine .", "pupation takes place in a dead leaf . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8, 11, 11, 11, 11 ] }

[ "apatetris elymicola is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by sakamaki in 2000. it is found in japan (hokkaidô). the wingspan is 10.1-11.4 mm. the forewings are pale grey, irrorated with fuscous, becoming darker towards apex and with two stigmata on the plica, one at the plical half and the other at three-fourths. the hindwings are fuscous. the larvae feed on elymus mollis. they mine the leaves of their host plant. three to five larvae may mine a single leaf blade. mature larvae overwinter in the mine. pupation takes place in a dead leaf." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig, h. h. , 1986. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 15. 2, p. 77; pl. 1. 38 - 43. order\nmoth photographers group – living moths plate 13. 1 – pyralidae: phycitinae - peorinae\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "hypargyria slossonella is a species of snout moth in the genus hypargyria .", "it was described by george duryea hulst in 1900 , and is known from florida and mexico .", "there are several generations per year .", "the larvae feed on hippocratea volubilis .", "young larvae feed on the upper or lower epidermis and mesophyll of the leaves of their host plant .", "during development they form small , loose protective structures on the host plant from silk , frass , and surrounding leaves .", "later instars silk together larger clusters of whole , partially eaten , and dead leaves .", "several larvae may inhabit a single enclosure .", "pupation occurs in the soil . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 15, 8, 11, 11, 11, 8, 13 ] }

[ "hypargyria slossonella is a species of snout moth in the genus hypargyria. it was described by george duryea hulst in 1900, and is known from florida and mexico. there are several generations per year. the larvae feed on hippocratea volubilis. young larvae feed on the upper or lower epidermis and mesophyll of the leaves of their host plant. during development they form small, loose protective structures on the host plant from silk, frass, and surrounding leaves. later instars silk together larger clusters of whole, partially eaten, and dead leaves. several larvae may inhabit a single enclosure. pupation occurs in the soil." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\ncomments: commonly found on weeds such as hymenoclea monogyra, baccharis glutinosa, ...\nthe scientific name of tarbush is flourensia cernua dc (asteraceae) [ 39, 68 ]... .\ncomments: larrea tridentata (creosotebush) grows on dry hills and slopes in ...\ntorrey wolfberry is characteristic of mesquite (prosopis glandulosa) - fourwing saltbush (atriplex canescens) ...\ntarbush tar - bush american tarbush american tarwort the common name\nblackbrush\nis ...\nmore info on this topic. more info for the terms: association, ... ...\nmore info for the terms: cacti, shrub, shrubs soaptree yucca is ...\nmore info for the terms: forbs, shrubs, vine velvet mesquite occurs ...\nmore info for the term: codominant algerita grows as a dominant ...\nmore info for the terms: cover, hardwood, natural, ...\nmore info for the terms: association, cactus lechuguilla is a dominant ...\nmore info for the terms: codominant, cover, shrub, ...\nmore info for the terms: association, codominant, cover, ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department." ]

{ "text": [ "bucculatrix flourensiae is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona .", "the wingspan is 6.5 – 7 mm .", "the forewings are greyish white , with a faint ocherous tinge .", "most of the scales shade through ocherous to blackish brown at the tips .", "the hindwings are pale fuscous .", "the larvae feed on flourensia cernua .", "the entire leaf , except the upper epidermis and the network of veins , is consumed .", "pupation takes place in a pale green cocoon , which is spun on the underside of the leaf . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8, 8, 11 ] }

[ "bucculatrix flourensiae is a moth in the bucculatricidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from arizona. the wingspan is 6.5 – 7 mm. the forewings are greyish white, with a faint ocherous tinge. most of the scales shade through ocherous to blackish brown at the tips. the hindwings are pale fuscous. the larvae feed on flourensia cernua. the entire leaf, except the upper epidermis and the network of veins, is consumed. pupation takes place in a pale green cocoon, which is spun on the underside of the leaf." ]

[ "blacktail redhorse is a species of ray - finned fish in the genus moxostoma .\npicture of the blacktail redhorse has been licensed under a creative commons attribution. original source: originally posted to flickr as blacktail redhorse (author: clinton & charles robertson permission (\nand t. j. richter. 2008. empirical percentile standard weight equation for blacktail redhorse .\nblacktail - the blacktail redhorse is characterized by a prominent black or dusky stripe on the lower lobe of its tricolored caudal fin. golden - this terete redhorse has a large head, with a length approximately 24 percent of the standard length. more\nthe ecology of blacktail redhorse moxostoma poecilurum in west fork thompson creek, louisiana degree master of science (m. s. more\ncharacteristics: the blacktail redhorse is characterized by a prominent black or dusky stripe on the lower lobe of its tricolored caudal fin. more\nkilgen, r. h. 1974. artificial spawning and hatching techniques for blacktail redhorse. progressive fish culturist 36 (3): 174 .\nstatus: blacktail redhorse are abundant in moderate - size streams and large rivers of northwestern florida and apparently face no immediate threats to their continued existence. more\nkilgen, r. h. 1972. food habits and growth of fingerling blacktail redhorse, moxostoma poecilurum (jordan), in ponds. proc. la. acad. sci. 35: 12 - 20 .\nthe blacktail redhorse differs from other redhorse suckers by the distinct black and white band on the lower lobe of the caudal fin. however, it could be confused with spotted sucker, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of a complete and well developed lateral line (versus absent or incomplete) (ross 2001) .\nthe blacktail redhorse is found in east texas, alabama, and the western panhandle of florida, and north to arkansas, tennessee and northwest georgia. it is common in clean warmwater rivers and streams, and grows to about 3 pounds in weight. like other redhorses, blacktails will take worms fished on the bottom. the blacktail redhorse is easy to identify - it has a reddish tail with dark gray or black coloration on the lower lobe of the tail fin .\nburr, b. m. , carney, c. a. , 1984. the blacktail redhorse, mosostoma poecilurum (catostomidae), in kentucky, with other additions to the state ichthyofauna. transactions of the kentucky academy of science 45: 73 - 74 .\nburr, b. m. , and d. a. carney. 1984. the blacktail redhorse, moxostoma poecilurum (catostomidae), in kentucky, with other additions to the state ichthyofauna. trans. ky. acad. sci. 45 (1 / 2): 73 - 74 .\njenkins, r. e. 1980. moxostoma poecilurum (jordan), blacktail redhorse. pp. 430 in: d. s. lee et al. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. n. c. state mus. nat. hist. , raleigh, i - r + 854 pp .\nsometimes used as food, in mississippi. pressure cooking and canning is a traditional method of preparing redhorse in the ozarks of arkansas (ross 2001) .\nheins, d. c. 1990. mating behaviors of the blacktail shiner, cyprinella venusta, from southeastern mississippi. proceedings of the southeastern fishes council 21: 5 - 7 .\nreproductive strategy: two or three males swim around a female, spawning intermittently in the manner described for several other species of redhorse (kilgen 1974; boschung and mayden 2004) .\nkristmundsdottir, a. y. , and j. r. gold. 1996. systematics of the blacktail shiner (cyprinella venusta) inferred from analysis of mitochondrial dna. copeia 4: 773 - 783 .\ngilbert, c. r. and f. f. snelson. 1992. grayfin redhorse, moxostoma n. sp. cf. poecilurum, pp. 45 - 48. in: in rare and endangered biota of florida. vol. ii. fishes. c. r. gilbert, ed. univ. press florida, gainesville .\nhackney, p. a. , g. r. hooper, and j. f. webb. 1971. spawning behavior, age and growth, and sport fishery for the silver redhorse, moxostoma anisurum (rafinesque), in the flint river, alabama. proc. s. e. assoc. game fish comm. 24: 569 - 576 .\nmesohabitat: found over sandy to rocky substrate (jenkins 1980). specimens from village creek, texas, captured in channel pools; however, none were collected in winter and spring due to high stream discharges. small individuals were found in backwater and sandbank habitats, probably in an effort to avoid larger predators such as micropterus punctulatus (moriarty and winemiller 1997). during frequent but brief periods of flooding, blacktail redhorses move onto the inundated floodplain (slack 1996; ross 2001). tolerates brackish water; specimen collected from escambia river, florida where salinity was 4. 5 ppt at the surface and 24. 4 ppt near the bottom (bailey et al. 1954) .\ngreek, myxo = to suckle + greek, stoma = mouth (ref. 45335 )\nfrom the words poecil, meaning variegated; and urum, tail (ref. 10294 )\nnorth america: mississippi river tributaries on former mississippi embayment from southern kentucky and southern arkansas south to louisiana in the usa; gulf slope drainages from choctawhatchee river in alabama and florida to galveston bay in texas in the usa .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 51. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5723); common length: 25. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12193 )\ninhabits sandy and rocky pools, runs and riffles of small to medium rivers. also found in impoundments (ref. 5723, 10294). feeds on detritus, diatoms, and a wide variety of small invertebrates such as microcrustacea, rotifers, caddisfly larvae, and phantom midge larvae (ref. 10294) .\npage, l. m. and b. m. burr, 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston. 432 p. (ref. 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01072 (0. 00554 - 0. 02071), b = 2. 97 (2. 80 - 3. 14), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (58 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\na fishing service you can trust ...\ncall us today! 1 - 888 - 629 - bass\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of moxostoma poecilurum has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase permission: some rights reserved\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nmoxostoma, greek myzo, “suck” and stoma, “mouth; ” poecilurum, greek poikilos (latinized stem poecil “variegated speckled” and oura (latinized stem ur), “tail” (boschung and mayden 2004) .\nmoxostoma poecilurum hay 1881: 512, 1883: 72; cook 1959: 88 .\ncoloration: the back is orange - brown or gray - green with brassy overtones. the sides are silvery to golden brown, and the ventral surfaces are white. the scales often have blackened areas at the bases, and faint horizontal stripes pass through the upper and lower scale edges. usually all fins have some red or pink, especially the dorsal fins and upper lobe of the caudal fin. the dorsal fin also has a black submarginal band and occasionally a black marginal band, at least on the leading rays. black blotches are present on the posterior or medial rays of the pectoral, pelvic and anal fins. black pigmentation on all the fins except the caudal is more prominent in larger than smaller fish (ross 2001). the lower caudal lobe has a distinct black stripe (present even in very small fish) bordered below by two white (sometimes pink) rays (hubbs et al. 1991; ross 2001) .\ncounts: 42 - 45 scales on the lateral line, 11 - 12 (11 - 13) dorsal rays, 7 - 8 anal rays, 15 - 16 (15 - 18) pectoral rays, and 9 pelvic rays (ross 2001); 4 - 18 dorsal fin rays (hubbs et al. 1991); gill rakers in adults usually 23 - 26 (boschung and mayden 2004) .\nbody shape: long, cylindrical body; plicate lips; slightly u - shaped rear edge on lower lip; bladelike teeth on slender pharyngeal arch (page and burr 1991) .\nexternal morphology: lateral line complete and well developed in adults; air bladder with three chambers; dorsal fin base less than one - fourth standard length (hubbs et al. 1991). well developed tubercles on rays of caudal and anal fins; dorsal fin and paired fins with minute tubercles. females with minute tubercles on head and nape and cornifications on anal fin; paired and dorsal fins with minute tubercles (boschung and mayden 2004) .\ntexas distribution: limited to the sabine basin west through the san jacinto drainage (hubbs et al. 1991). red river drainage unit (from the mouth upstream to and including the kiamichi river; warren et al. 2000) .\nnot listed by texas parks and wildlife department (2006). populations in the southern unites states are considered currently stable (warren et al. 2000) .\nmacrohabitat: small to moderate sized creek and even large rivers. occupy slower water than other redhorses and even do well in reservoirs (jenkins 1980; ross 2001; boschung and mayden 2004) .\nspawning season: in louisiana and alabama, late april – may, at water temperatures around 20 degrees c (gunning and shoop 1963; kilgen 1974) .\nspawning habitat: in the shoal areas of small streams (gunning and shoop 1963; kilgen 1974) .\nfecundity: fertilized eggs are demersal and nonadhesive. hatching occurs in 6 - 8 days at 20 degrees c, larvae moving off the bottom into water column about 6 days after hatching (kilgen 1974) .\nmigration: individuals larger than 200mm tl have seasonal movement pattern, moving downstream into deeper waters during colder months (gunning and shoop 1963); this movement pattern similar to that found in mississippi (ross 2001) .\ngrowth and population structure: fish given a supplemental diet and stocked 500 fish per acre grew from fingerlings to 136 - 141 mm tl and 26 - 33g in 64 days (kilgen 1972). in larvae, complete scalation occurs by 31 mm tl (hackney et al. 1971) .\nfood habits: limited information is based on fish raised in culture ponds, some of which were fed pelleted food. natural foods consumed by pond - raised fish included detritus, caddisfly larvae (trichoptera), ostracods, midge larvae (diptera), cladocerans, rotifers, diatoms, copepods, round worms (nematodes), and protozoans (kilgen 1972) .\ndactylogyrus acicularis (mizelle and mcdougal 1970). nematoda: agamonema sp. (arnold et al. 1967) .\n[ additional literature noting collection of this species from texas locations includes, but is not limited to the following: hubbs (1957); big sandy creek (evans and noble 1979); kleinsasser and linam (1987). ]\narnold, j. g. , jr. , ph. d. , h. e. schafer, m. s. , r. l. vulliet, bsmt. 1967. the parasites of the freshwater fishes of lousiana .\nbailey, r. m. , h. e. winn, and c. l. smith. 1954. fishes from the escambia river, alabama and florida, with ecologic and taxonomic notes. proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 106: 109 - 164 .\nboshcung, h. t. jr. and r. l. mayden. 2004. fishes of alabama. smithsonian institution, washinton. 736 pp .\ncarlander, k. d. 1969. handbook of freshwater fishery biology. vol. 1. the iowa state univ. press, ames .\ncook, f. a. 1959. freshwater fishes in mississippi. mississippi game and fish commision, jackson .\nevans, j. w. , and r. l. noble. 1979. longitudinal distribution of fishes in an east texas stream. american midland naturalist 101 (2): 333 - 343 .\ngunning, g. e. and c. r. shoop. 1963. stability in a headwater stream population of sharpfin chubsucker. prog. fish - cult. 26 (2): 76 - 79 .\nhay, o. p. 1881. on a collection of fishes from eastern mississippi. proc. u. s. nat. mus. 3: 488 - 515 .\nhay, o. p. 1883. on a collection of fishes from the lower mississippi valley. bull. u. s. fish comm. 2: 57 - 75 .\nhubbs, c. 1957. distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes. the southwestern naturalist 2 (2 / 3): 89 - 104 .\nhubbs, c. , r. j. edwards and g. p. garret. 1991. an annotated checklist of freshwater fishes of texas, with key to identification of species. texas journal of science, supplement 43 (4): 1 - 56\njordan, d. s. 1877. contributions to north american ichthyology, based primarily on on the collections of the united states national museum. no. 2a. notes on cottidae, etheostomatidae, percidae, centrarchidae, aphredoderidae, dorysomatidae, and cyprinidae, with revisions of genera and descriptions of new or little know species. bull. u. s. nat. mus. 10: 1 - 68 .\nkleinsasser, l. j. , and g. w. linam. 1987. fisheries use attainability study for pine island bayou (segment 0607). river studies report no. 6. resource protection division. texas parks and wildlife department, austin. 21 pp .\nmcswain et al. 1973. final rep. fish. investig. f - 21 - 25, study 12, job 5, ga. dept. nat. resources .\nmizelle, j. d. and h. d. mcdougal. 1970. studies on monogenetic trematodes. xlv. the genus dactylogyrus in north america. key to species, host parasite and parasite host lists, localities, emendations, and description of d. kritskyi sp. n. amer. midl. nat. 84 (2): 444 - 462 .\nmoriarty, l. j. and k. o. winemiller. 1997. spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure in village creek, hardin county texas. tex. j. sci. , 49: 85 - 110 .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america, north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston, 432 pp .\nslack, w. t. 1996. fringing floodplains and assemblage structure of fishes in the desoto national forest, mississippi. ph. d. diss. , univ. s. mississippi, hattiesburg .\ntexas parks and wildlife department, wildlife division, diversity and habitat assessment programs. county lists of texas' special species. [ 30 may 2006 ]. urltoken\nwarren, l. w. , jr. , b. m. burr, s. j. walsh, h. l. bart, jr. , r. c. cashner, d. a. etnier, b. j. freeman, b. r. kuhajda, r. l. mayden, h. w. robison, s. t. ross, and w. c. starnes. 2000. diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states. fisheries 25 (10): 7 - 29 .\ncomment suwannee river, florida to the mississippi river (etnier and starnes 1993) .\ncomment enters kentucky’s waters during the spawning run (burr and warren 1986) .\nlife history from january - march. eggs are deposited over coarse sand and gravel\nbetween mid - july and early october (pflieger 1975). juveniles stay in fresh\ncomment and southern illinois to the gulf of mexico in the mississippi river basin .\nto veracruz, mexico. the species is now extirpated or very rare in the\ncomment county near maysville (trautman 1981). j. p. kirtland noted this species\nhabitat / this species is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the u. s. . the largest\nlife history known gar collected in louisiana was 9 feet 8. 5 inches and weighed 302\nrivers and their bayous, oxbows, and backwaters. the have been known to\nlife history current below and above riffles and in pools up to 1. 75 meters deep (burr\nsubstrates and boulders, tree snags, or water willow as cover. spawning is\nsupporting aquatic life ranges from 51. 5% to 90. 0% of stream miles\ncomment species of buffalo (etnier and starnes 1993). some authorities regard this\nmississippi and ohio rivers. in the ohio river, pearson and krumholz (1984 )\nhistory environments (burr and warren 1986). the species has also been reported to\nbeing a large dietary component (becker 1983, minckley et al. 1970). spawning\nsubstrates from bedrock to gravel (piller et al. 2003). piller et al. (2003 )\n2008, 17 records), 05140206 lower ohio (1996 - 2008, 13 records). although\nwere fully supporting of aquatic life use (kentucky division of water 2008). the\ng - trend the blackfin sucker is endemic to the barren river drainage basin. the\ncomment and a portion of northern tennessee (etnier and starnes 1993). in\nlife history or rubble substrates in creeks and medium sized rivers (natureserve 2004) .\nearly spring (march and april). after hatching, the young are found in\nkey currently exists only in the upper barren river (huc 05110002). nearly\n2b gravel / sand removal or quarrying (e. g. , mineral excavation )\nlife history 5 m in width (burr and warren 1986). typically found in sluggish pools of\n60: 40 (burr and warren 1986). this species is usually also associated with\nspecies is broadly distributed in the southeastern u. s. and often abundant in\n( mettee et al. 1996). according to natureserve (2004), this species is\nhabitat / little is known about the biology of this species. spawning occurs in mid -\nlife history to late spring in shoal areas of small streams (etnier and starnes 1993). in\nportion (approximately 10 %) of the species’ range (natureserve 2008) .\nhistory and around submerged logs and stumps. less frequently, or more sporadically, it\nor gravel in current (burr and warren 1986). the blackfin shiner is a schooling\n( robison and buchanan 1988, ross 2001). in tennessee, the spawning period\nobservations of males in breeding condition (etnier and starnes 1993). eggs are\nbreeding males (heins 1990, pfleiger 1997, boschung and mayden 2004) .\nsome degree (burr and warren 1986, woods et al. 2002) .\ncomment caney fork, tennessee, to rockcastle river, kentucky (natureserve 2004) .\nand little south forks, and buck creek (burr and warren 1986) .\ncomment cumberland river (below the falls) where it is known from five localities. it\nstreams (etnier and starnes 1993). spawning occurs in mid - april through\nearly may as water temperature approaches 15 c (60f). sexual maturity is\nreached at age - 1. life span is 2. 5 years. food consists of about half\nmayflies. maximum total length is 100 mm sl (etnier and starnes 1993) .\nhuc8 are good as 73. 1% of assessed streams were found to be fully\nsupporting aquatic life. a total of 43. 7 miles of streams in this huc8 are\ncomment mississippi river from obion creek south (etnier and starnes 1993). it\nlife history in raceways and riffles on the coastal plain (burr and warren 1986). this\ninclude 27. 8% (bayou du chien - mayfield huc8) and 37. 0% (obion creek\n2f riparian zone removal (agriculture / development). burr and warren (1986 )\ncomment was elevated to species status by etnier and starnes (1986). this species is\n( etnier and starnes, 1993). although species continues to be common in\ns - trend in kentucky, this species is confined to terrapin creek in graves county .\naquatic vegetation is present (etnier and starnes, 1993). bell and timmons\nfrom 33 - 116 to 65 - 201 mature ova per age - 1 female. although bell and\ncomment creeks, graves county (burr and warren 1986). within terrapin creek, it\n1984 (burr and warren 1986, d. eisenhour, morehead state university ,\nlife history to fast current (natureserve 2004). specific habitat includes sand - gravel\ncomment degrees n (lee and gilbert 1980). in the eastern hemisphere, it occurs\nkentucky, missouri, wyoming, and oregon (page and burr 1991). the species\nin depths greater than 1. 5 m with substrates of rock, sand, and mud (burr and\nhabits (lee and gilbert 1980, becker 1983). in the great lakes and areas to the\nbays over and or on gravel shoals (becker 1983, holm et al. 2009). in rivers ,\nside channels behind deposition bars (u. s. fish and wildlife service 2003). the\nlower ohio - bay, and 05140206 lower ohio. pre - 1967 records are available for\nthe lower kentucky river (05100205) and licking river (05100101). the most\nbrush - whiteoak (1993, photo record) (compton et al. 2004). although the ohio\ng - trend the central mudminnow occurs in north central north america in the st .\ncreek and running slough, fulton county (burr and warren 1986). it is\ncoastal plain (clay 1975). this species usually prefers non - turbid water\nshallow water during the spring water temperatures reach 13° c (55° f) .\nsupporting aquatic life range from 27% (obion creek huc) to 74. 9 %\nnone (kentucky lake huc) to 124. 4 (bayou du chien - mayfield creek\ncomment river drainage (burr and warren 1986). it has been collected both above\nlife history may be taken in medium sized streams (burr and warren 1986). it occurs in\nassociated with large, flat stones (page 1983). spawning takes place in\napril when water temperatures are around 13° c. (etnier and starnes 1993) .\ncommon food items include mayflies, midges, and stoneflies (page 1983) .\n1986). sexual maturity is reached at one year of age. spawning occurs from\nmid - march to early june. females contain 26 - 116 eggs and deposit them\non dead leaves, twigs, rock and filamentous algae. eggs are not guarded and\nhatch in 5 - 13 days based on temperature. life span is 1. 5 years. principal\nchien – mayfield (huc 08010201), and obion creek (huc 08010202) .\nmississippi – memphis huc) to 74. 9% (lower tennessee - kentucky lake\neasternmost records from the state (burr and warren 1986). it is considered\nhabitat records predate 1984. the bayou du chien - mayfield (huc 08010201 )\ncontains the largest number of records (17), only one of which is post - 1984 .\nlife history streams, and sloughs (burr and warren 1986). it occurs over substrates of\nsand or clay overlain with silt and organic debris (burr and warren 1986) .\net al. 1996) and april to september in florida (natureserve 2004). nest\ngrowth is fairly slow and lifespan is approximately six years (mettee et al .\nwatersheds have fewer than ten (kentucky division of water 2002, 2004) .\nand tennessee and the fish to be rare and extremely localized. jenkins, in\ndarter is presented in etnier and starnes (1993) as etheostoma sp. (this\ndarter was officially describes after their book went to press). at that time\nof the duskytail darter to be confined to 4. 3 stream miles of the big south\nin kentucky was only about a 4. 8 - mile reach between the mouth\ntroublesome creek (the majority) and the mouth of oil well branch. the\nwell) occurred under slab shaped stones during april - june. eggs are laid in\nwith complement of eggs ranging from 79 - 103 per “nest rock”. these nests\nsupporting aquatic life include 90. 0% of the 75. 5 miles of stream assessed\ndrainage from red river upstream (burr and warren 1986). it is common in\nlife history starnes 1993). spawning occurs from april to june at temperatures of\nabout 18 - 20°c in gravel - cobble raceways. this species may be an\nsupporting aquatic life ranges from 48. 4% to 90. 0% of streams surveyed\nwithin these watersheds, in which up to 404. 4 stream miles have been\n4a acid mine drainage other coal mining impacts. burr and warren (1986 )\n4b waste water discharge (e. g. , sewage treatment). burr and warren (1986 )\n4d oil and gas drilling operations associated runoff. burr and warren (1986 )\nalso be found in pools adjacent to habitat. eggs are thought be to attached\nage range of breeding females is 1 - 2 years (natureserve 2004). eggs are laid\nsingly on horizontal and vertical surface and they hatch in 6 – 8 days. life\nspan is 3 years. diet consists primarily of midge larvae (etnier and starnes\n17 states in the u. s. (natureserve 2004). over its range it is common and\ncomment in the mississippi river at cairo, illinois (burr and warren 1986). burr and\nand crossman 1973; pflieger 1975). it relies on flood flows to spawn\npeak flows, when the temperature is warmer and the bottom is more stable .\ninto smaller streams to spawn (scott and crossman 1973; pflieger 1975) .\ncomment small portion of north - central tennessee. in kentucky, it is considered\ncomment river, and the south fork of the kentucky river (natureserve 2004). it is\nlife history gradients (natureserve 2004). inhabits quiet water areas, especially slow\nspring and peaks from mid - march through mid - april. this species may be\nbarren river drainages are 80. 0% and 92. 6% (respectively) of stream miles\ncomment to trinity r. dr. , texas; former mississippi embayment north to\nelsewhere (page and burr 1991). as the golden topminnow is secure in\nmost of its range, natureserve indicates g5 as its global status. however ,\ncomment 1970 from reelfoot lake, (sisk 1973). the first notable population\n( 1973) reported a series of 14 (each date) from open pond, fulton county .\nspecial concern category (branson et al. 1981). both open fork and\nshoreline (burr and warren 1986). as are most fundulus, the golden\ntopminnow is a surface dweller. etnier and starnes (1993) report it to\nhabitat kentucky (huc - 8) are located within huc 08010202 (obion creek). of\nthe 28. 7 miles of stream assessed within this huc, 27. 8% of the waters\nwere fully supporting, 56. 0% partially supporting, 16. 2% not supporting ,\ndivision of water 2002). however, one of the current and primary known\n( pg. 74, kentucky atlas and gazetteer, 1997). this refuge should help\npopulation occurring above the fall line. it is reported to be c \\ common in\ns - trend in kentucky, this species is sporadic and seasonally rare. its known\nhabitat / restricted to small lowland creeks, ditches, and wetlands. in small gravel\nsupporting aquatic life include 27. 8% (obion creek huc) and 56. 0 %\ncomment from terrapin creek in graves county. burr and mayden (1979) reported\ncomment over a large part of the central united states. recently recognized as a\nflowing riffles and runs. during periods of low water, when riffles and runs\nkey known to occur only in the barren river (huc 05110002). habitat\n( page and burr 1991; pflieger 1975). spawning occurs during late spring\nemergent vegetation and hatch in 4 - 30 days at temperatures of 13 - 34 c .\ns - trend this species is endemic to the upper kentucky river system. it is\nlife history may be taken in streams. this species usually occupies sluggish pools and\nsexual maturity is reached at age 1. females contain 67 - 265 mature eggs .\ndipterans, caddisflies, stoneflies, and beetle larvae (etnier and starnes 1993) .\nhabitat basin. habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life range from 48. 4 %\n( north fork kentucky river huc 05100201) to 88. 5% (upper kentucky\ncomment tributary), kentucky. in the upper green river drainage, it is common in\npitman, and goose creeks. in the gasper river drainage, it is most common\nhabitat few records also in the barren river (huc 05110002). habitat conditions\nin the upper green river and 92. 6% in the barren river watersheds .\n113. 1 in the the upper green and 14. 7 for the barren river drainages\nrarely enters creeks, streams, or rivers (burr and warren 1986). spawning\n20, 000 eggs per female. food consists of microcrustacea and midge larva .\nlife span is 5 or 6 years. maximum size to 394 mm (15. 5 inches) total\nlength and nearly 1 kg (2. 2 lbs) (etnier and starnes 1993) .\nhabitat loss, construction of dams, and pollution. over the years, this\ncomment mississippi, cumberland, and tennessee rivers (burr and warren 1986) .\nthe lake sturgeon (trautman 1981). burr and warren (1986) reported eight\nriver, 3; cumberland river, 1) for this species in kentucky. since 1984 ,\nfeet over firm sand, gravel, or rock (pflieger 1975). the oldest individual\nwas reported to be 154 years of age and weighing 207 pounds. . spawning\noutside bends over rocks / boulders in water between 1 and 15 feet in depth .\nhabitat river that lie within four different huc8 units. the most recent record is\nsupporting aquatic life range from none (highland - pigeon huc) to 51. 5 %\n( burr and warren 1986). the least madtom is abundant and stable in\nterrapin creek, although confined to a small range (d. eisenhour, morehead\nhabitat / occurs in lowland creeks and small rivers across its range (natureserve). in\nlife history the south, it occupies relatively shallow, clear riffles with moderate current .\noccurs from mid - june through early - july (etnier and starnes 1993) .\nsnags or similar organic cover (etnier and starnes 1993). if available, they\nlife history and warren 1986; jenkins and burkhead 1993; natureserve 2004). primary\n( etnier and starnes 1993). spawning occurs in shallow, gravel / cobble riffles\nwhere eggs can be buried in the gravel / cobble substrate (natureserve 2004) .\nsupporting aquatic life range include 55. 8% of stream miles surveyed in the\nupper green river and 92. 6% in the barren river watersheds. number of\nfound between pre - 1984 and post - 1984 data (d. eisenhour, morehead state\nsand / silt substrates in pools (burr and warren 1986). such habitats are\neggs and young are carried in the gill chamber for 4 to 5 months. only 10 %\nhabitat (huc 05110001), and rough river (huc 05110004) drainages. habitat\n2004), with good populations in the licking river (d. eisenhour, morehead\nriver drainages (etnier and starnes 1993). this species has been collected in\nmaturation, it is now limited to the upper reaches (etnier and starnes 1993) .\ncomment south fork of the cumberland river drainage. (burr and warren 1986 ;\nriver has turned up only two specimens (m. compton, ky division of\nlife history upland river systems (burr and warren 1986; natureserve 2004). typical\nlate - july (etnier and starnes 1993). lifespan is approximately 4 years .\ndrainages, and formerly in lake erie (etnier and starnes 1993). because the\nrare fishes (branson et al. 1981), but was later removed because it was thought\nto be more common that previously believed (burr and warren 1986). although\nhistory zooplankton on which it feeds. adults must have access to gravel bars subject to\nthe species prefers depths greater than 1. 5 m, seeking deeper water in late fall\nartificial structures (e. g. , below dams) that create eddies and reduce current\nvelocity (southall and hubert 1984). paddlefish have been reported to spawn in\nbelow upstream impoundments (e. g. , stancill et al. 2002). in the lower\n( 08010100), and bayou du chien - mayfield (08010201) watershed units. sections\nkentucky lake (06040005), and lower tennessee river (06040006). habitat\nthree records are available for the licking river (05100101). the licking river\ncomment cumberland river in wayne county. it was judged to be most abundant in\na 6 - mile reach of the little south fork (u. s. fish and wildlife service\ncobble, pebble, and gravel mixed with clean sand (u. s. fish and wildlife\nservice 1997). peak spawning occurs from june to early july (u. s. fish\npalezone shiner for 20 years, very little is known about its biology (u. s .\nhabitat in the south fork cumberland (huc 0513014) watershed, wayne county .\ncomment south to louisiana and west to the guadaloupe river in texas (clemmer 1980) .\nskelly and sule 1983, warren and burr 1988, kwak 1991, pflieger 1997) .\nreduction of the species’ habitat or range (jelks et al. 2008) .\ncomment and upper cumberland basins in kentucky (burr and warren 1986). until\nrecent collections because of its close similarity to other minnows (e. g. , bigeye\nhistory collected along the margin of the stream lined with water willow (justicia sp .) ;\nwarren 1986). biology and life history of populations in kentucky are unknown .\nriver, habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life include 90% of the 75. 5\nmiles of stream assessed within the watershed, and 52. 3 stream miles are\ns - trend there is only one substantiated record for the pallid sturgeon in kentucky .\nlife history pounds) with a large flat shovel - like snout (natureserve 2004). it inhabits\nspawning runs. life span has been estimated to be up to 50 years. the\noldest individual to - date was a 41 - year - old female weighing 37. 5 pounds\nmollusks, annelids, eggs of other fishes, and other fishes (natureserve 2004) .\nwithin this huc is able to fully support aquatic life. most (64. 2 %) can\nonly partially support aquatic life, while 35. 8% are considered to be non -\nlife history and small to large rivers. it is common and can be very abundant in the\ngreat plains (page and burr 1991). it lives in schools near the bottom and\nand flathead chubs, and the red, sand and emerald shiners (pflieger 1975). in\nwest (gilbert 1980, page and burr 1991, natureserve 2008). in canada, it\nhuron in southern ontario (parker et al. 1988, natureserve 2008). recently, the\nand red river (burr and warren 1986, meade et al. 1986). although these small ,\nmakes them vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation. in wisconsin, lyons et al .\nportion of its diet consists of terrestrial insects (schwartz and norvell 1958) .\nhabitat 05100101) and upper kentucky (huc8 05100204) watersheds. in the licking\nlogging and recreation are important land uses in this region (woods et al. 2002) .\nfully supporting of aquatic life by the kentucky division of water (2000). land\ndrainage is managed by the u. s. forest service as part of the daniel boone\nlife history substrates of sand and mud overlain with organic debris. in streams it\nbayou du chien - mayfield creek huc, 124. 4 stream miles are considered\nlife history branches, undercut banks, or over hanging vegetation (natureserve 2004) .\nhabitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life include only 30. 2% of all streams\nsurveyed in this watershed, while 37. 0% is partially supportive (kentucky\ndivision of water 2002). almost one - third (32. 8 %) of all surveyed streams\nare rated as non - supportive. bayou du chien creek drainage has 124. 4 miles\nriver, but rare elsewhere (burr and warren 1986). this species was\nand identify (natureserve 2004). its distribution trend is unknown (d .\nlife history the highland rim and cumberland plateau (burr and warren). within these\nkey known to occur only in the pond river (huc 05110006) drainage. habitat\nhabitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life include only 20. 1% of stream miles\ncomment river below the missouri river confluence (pflieger 1997). the species has been\nless common in the mississippi river (pflieger 1997, etnier and starnes 1993) .\nmouth of ohio river) north to the mouth of the missouri river. records are rare\nto critically imperiled in states throughout its range (natureserve 2008). it was\nlisted as a federal candidate species in 1995 (u. s. fish and wildlife service\nfishes in large river habitats. etnier and starnes (1993) suggested that the species\nutilize similar habitats during particular times of the year (e. g. , febrary - march) ,\nbut partition themselves by age class, size, and species at other times. the\ncovered by skin and well - developed external taste buds. the food habits of the\ntaste to locate its food (pflieger 1997). other aspects of its biology are\nthe mississippi river at cairo, illinois (burr and warren 1986). sections of the\ns - trend known from ten localities in kentucky. it is sporadic and uncommon in the\nwatersheds, but has since been observed in only one. although a long - term\nhave stabilized, but this remains uncertain. (d. eisenhour, morehead state\nlife history rivers over pebble and gravel bottoms (burr and warren 1986). this\nbeneath rocks during the day and forage at night (pflieger 1975). common\nfood items are aquatic insects and small crustaceans (mettee et al. 1996) .\n( page and burr, 1991). raney and zorach (1967) described the species\ncumberland (little and red rivers), where it remains sporadic and rare (m .\nrock in a single layer mass during late spring (page et al. 1982). juveniles\nare often taken in gravel riffles (etnier and starnes 1993). other life history\nlife in include 23% (lower cumberland huc) and 73. 1% (red river huc )\ncomment shawnee hills and highland rim areas (burr and warren 1986). individuals\nhave been found in several caves in five kentucky counties (clay 1975) .\npopulation doubling time has been estimated to be between 1. 4 and 4. 4\nyears (froese and pauly 2004). the number of eggs per female is typically\nyear. spawning occurs during the spring (march / april). females incubate\nand the maximum reported age is four years (etnier and starnes 1993). diet\ncomment kentucky and tennessee, where it is common (etnier and starnes 1993) .\nboulders in flowing pools or gently flowing riffles (etnier and starnes 1993) .\nnorth central indiana (probably extirpated) to kentucky (lee et al. (1980) ) .\nlife history flow over substrates of pebble, cobble, and slab boulders. the spotted\n2b gravel / sand removal or quarrying (e. g. , mineral excavation). green / barren\n4b waste water discharge (e. g. , sewage treatment). both populations\n( etnier and starnes 1993, pfleiger 1997). some populations are now considered\namerica (jelks et al. 2008). it is critically imperiled in missouri and illinois along\n( smith and welch 1978). fecundity averages about 100 ova per female, and\nestimated at 3 years (smith and welch 1978). hill (1968) reported a diet of\n( 05110006), middle green (05110003), red (05130206), and barren (05110002) .\nriver drainage to 93% in the barren river drainage. apart from caves and\n( s2s3) in kentucky, and critically imperiled (s1) in alabama and georgia .\nand runs in 15 - 50 depths (jenkins and burkhead 1993). adults and\nreached at age 1 and life span is typically less than three years. feeding\ng - trend early works (including branson 1972; sisk 1973; clay 1975; rice et al .\n( 1943) first referred to f. dispar (northern starhead topminnow) as a\n( 1977) work describing the species found in kentucky as f. dispar ;\nlist refers to f. dispar as starhead topminnow. previous works referred to it\ntopminnow as from the ouachita r. dr. , louisiana, north to (lake\ndrainage of flood plain habitat. it was put on their watch list by illinois\nmissouri (s2): currently known from three counties. one of the habitats it\ncomment waters was by branson (1972). two specimens were collected (by two eastern\nmurphy’s pond, hickman county. sisk (1973) reported four specimens collect in\noct. 1973 from open pond, fulton co. (again as f. notti), however, warren and\ncounty in southern illinois. the only known population he cited for the species in\nkentucky at the time was branson (1972). rice et al. (1983) reported taking the\nstarhead topminnow (as f. notti) from two locations in the reelfoot lake dr. basin\npost 1984: ron cicerello (pers. comm. , 18 nov 04) reported he was not aware of\n( 1993) primarily found their food to be terrestrial insects. pflieger (1997) observed\nduring may of 1987. specimens he relocated to a pond indicated that they spawned\nover a period of time and possibly spawn during the first summer of life .\nyear of age and eggs hatched in 9 - 11 days at water temperatures about 25oc .\nspawning takes place in dense beds of (aquatic) vegetation (smith 1979) .\nhabitat of f. dispar having been collected in kentucky. pre - 1984 records are discussed\nyears he and others had looked for f. dispar at murphy’s pond without success. this\ninclude obion) 182. 5 miles of stream were assessed. of this 124. 4 miles were rated\nas outstanding resource waters. of the remaining stream miles, 30. 2% were fully ,\n37. 0% were partially, and 32. 8% were not supporting aquatic life resources. no\nbe reelfoot lake - obion river drainage, tennessee), 28. 7 stream miles were\ncomment species by page et al. (2003). previously regarded as the striped darter (e .\nlang = no - bokcolor: black; mso - ansi - language: no - bok' > stones river systems (page et al. 2003). the most recent reports on the\nstarnes 1993; page et al. 2003), but sporadic and uncommon in tributaries of\n1986). all state collection records for this species pre - date 1984 .\nlife history order) in the western pennyroyal karst plain of the interior plateau. it\noccurs primarily in shallow (less than 0. 5m) pools, at the bases or margins\nwarren 1986). no life history study has been conducted for e. derivativum ,\nsubgenus catonotus occurring in slab pools (e. g. , e. smithi, e. barbouri, e .\n85. 3 miles of stream by kentucky divison of water (2002). among the\nstreams suveyed, 73. 1% were identified as fully supportive, 17. 6% as\npartially supportive, and 9. 4% as not supportive of aquatic life .\ncaney fork system in tennessee and in the red river dr. , todd and logan\ncounties, kentucky. however, recently page et al. (2003) described each of\nvirgatum (striped darter). doing so made this species endemic to kentucky .\ncentral tennessee were described as e. basilare (corrugated darter), none of\ns - trend page et al. (2003) described two of the three somewhat disjunct populations\ncomment of e. virgatum found within the cumberland river drainage as new species .\nbased on their conclusions, the striped darter (e. virgatum) populations are\nthere are no records from laurel river. eisenhour (pers. comm .) thought\npopulation being re - described as e. basilare by page et al. (2003) .\n( they only spawn with one female at a time). under this rock he has cleared\nfemale then leaves and the male guards the eggs until they hatch. the male\navailable area on the underside of the nest rock is filled. kornman (1980 )\ncounted up to 774 eggs adhered to the underside of one nest rock. most of\nof e. virgatum from clear creek a tributary to rockcastle river, kentucky .\nlocated on the downstream end of rocks found within a riffle / run. the\nbedrock, and swifter and / or deeper water. the striped darter also showed a\nriver), and huc 05130103 upper cumberland / lake cumberland). in each\n13% are partially supportive. however, 18% of the surveyed waters in the\ncomment the mississippi river below the confluence of the missouri river (pflieger 1997) .\n( etnier and starnes 1993, jenkins 1980). like the sicklefin chub, it has been\ncommon in the mississippi river (pflieger 1997, etnier and starnes 1993). the\n1986, robison and buchanan 1988). the sturgeon chub is listed as critically\n( natureserve 2008). it was listed as a federal candidate species in 1995 (u. s .\nmodification, or reduction of the species’ habitat or range (jelks et al. 2008) .\ncomment mississippi river in western kentucky (burr and warren 1986, herzog 2004) .\nsimilar habitats during particular times of the year (e. g. , february - march), but\npartition themselves by age class, size, and species at other times. the sturgeon\nthe sicklefin chub (69% captured at greater than 4 m). like the sicklefin chub, it\nkeeled dorsolateral scales (etnier and starnes; pflieger 1997). the food habits of\ntaste to locate its food (pflieger 1997). pflieger (1997) surmised that the\non tubercled males taken in may and late june (robison and buchanan 1988) .\nactually from the mississippi river at cairo, illinois (burr and warren 1986) .\ncomment county where the species is rare (burr and warren 1986). this location is\nat the northern margin of its range in the mississippi river drainage. it is\nhabitat / inhabits ditches and oxbow lakes (etnier and starnes 1993). in kentucky ,\nof the streams surveyed within this watershed, and 1. 7 stream miles are\nvulnerable to imperiled in eight of these states (natureserve 2004). it is\ncomment lakes of the lower ohio and mississippi rivers (burr and warren 1986). it\nlife history and sloughs that border river systems (burr and warren 1986). the acidity\n( ph) of such waters is typically 6. 1 - 6. 9 (etnier and starnes 1993). this\nin kentucky and march to october in florida (etnier and starnes 1993) .\n( wayne county) (burr and warren 1986). more recent collections have\nsubstrate is critical to its survival (etnier and starnes 1993; page 1983) .\nresource waters include 113. 1 in the the upper green but none in the\nof aquatic life in 75% of stream miles surveyed. the upper green huc8\ng - trend widely distributed throughout the northeastern u. s. and canada and occurs\ncomment in more than 20 states and provinces. subnational ranks range from s1 to\ns4 with a global rank of g4 (natureserve 2004). they are critically\ncomment of the state. large numbers occur in the spring below kentucky lake dam .\n( burr and warren 1986). it is reported from the middle green river ,\nhabitat / this species is parasitic and is the largest lamprey found in the state .\nadults spawn in fast moving riffles of high to mid - gradient streams. ideal\nwith a global rank of g3 / g4. isolated populations exist primarily in areas\nmovement such as dams and lakes. etnier and starnes (1993) state that\ncomment state. (burr and warren 1986). it is reported from the upper cumberland ,\nlife history ohio lamprey. like other lampreys, the life cycle consists of a larval and\ng - trend widely distributed throughout the northeastern u. s. and canada .\ns - trend sporadic and rare with records from the eastern third of the state. it is\nlife history silver lamprey. like other lampreys, the life cycle consists of a larval and" ]

{ "text": [ "the blacktail redhorse ( moxostoma poecilurum ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus moxostoma .", "the blacktail redhorse occupies north america , being located throughout mississippi river tributaries on the former mississippi embayment , ranging from southern kentucky to galveston bay in texas . " ], "topic": [ 22, 13 ] }

[ "the blacktail redhorse (moxostoma poecilurum) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus moxostoma. the blacktail redhorse occupies north america, being located throughout mississippi river tributaries on the former mississippi embayment, ranging from southern kentucky to galveston bay in texas." ]

[ "this is the place for temburonga definition. you find here temburonga meaning, synonyms of temburonga and images for temburonga copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word temburonga. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word temburonga and, of course, temburonga synonyms and on the right images related to the word temburonga .\ntemburonga razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 272. tl: brunei, ulu temburong. holotype: bmnh. male .\ndulciana meyrick, in wagner, 1913 (hilarographa), lepid. cat. (13): 24. no type\nbryonota meyrick, 1921 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 2: 479. tl: peru, jurimaguas. holotype: bmnh. male .\nburuana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 270. tl: buru, holotype: bmnh. male .\neriglypta meyrick, 1921 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 2: 478. tl: peru, jurimaguas. holotype: bmnh. male .\nmethystis meyrick, 1921 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 2: 479. tl: peru, jurimaguas. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nthaliarcha meyrick, 1920 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 2: 328. tl: brazil, par. lectotype: bmnh. male .\neuphronica meyrick, 1920 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 2: 328. tl: brazil, r trombetas. lectotype: bmnh. male .\niquitosana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), polskie pismo entomol. 78: 213. tl: peru, iquitos. holotype: bmnh. male .\nparambae razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), polskie pismo entomol. 78: 215. tl: ecuador, paramba. holotype: bmnh. male .\nplectanodes meyrick, 1921 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 2: 480. tl: peru, ro napo. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nbaliana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 265. tl: malaysia, bali. holotype: bmnh. male .\ncharagnotorna razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), polskie pismo entomol. 78: 210. tl: bolivia, cuatro ojos. holotype: bmnh. male .\nperakana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 265. tl: malaysia, perak. holotype: bmnh. female .\nxanthotoxa meyrick, 1920 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 2: 329. tl: brazil, amazonas, teffe. holotype: bmnh. male .\nbelizeae razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), polskie pismo entomol. 78: 215. tl: belize, upper raspacula valley. holotype: bmnh. male .\nmariannae razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), polskie pismo entomol. 78: 212. tl: brazil, parana, castro. holotype: bmnh. male .\nuluana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 275. tl: brunei, ulu temburong. holotype: bmnh. male .\nbellica meyrick, 1912 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 1: 37. tl: suriname, dutch guiana (paramaribo). holotype: bmnh. male .\nhainanica razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 269. tl: china, hainan, porten. holotype: bmnh. male .\njohnibradleyi razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 267. tl: thailand, doi suthep pui. holotype: bmnh. male .\nmarangana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 269. tl: sw. sumatra, marang. holotype: bmnh. male .\nrampayoha razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 271. tl: brunei, rampayoh r. . holotype: bmnh. male .\nrobinsoni razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 276. tl: brunei, rampayoh r. . holotype: bmnh. female .\nsipiroca razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 271. tl: sumatra, utara, sipirok. holotype: bmnh. female .\nancilla razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 266. tl: india, bombay, castle rock. holotype: bmnh. female .\ncalyx razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 276. tl: formosa [ taiwan ], kanshirei. holotype: bmnh. female .\nobinana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 275. tl: moluccas islands, obi major island. holotype: bmnh. female .\northochrysa meyrick, 1932 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 4: 274. tl: brazil, santa catarina, neu - bremen. holotype: nhmv. female .\nsoleana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 267. tl: indonesia, seram, operation releigh. holotype: bmnh. male .\nauroscripta razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 269. tl: amboyna [ indonesia, maluku islands ], holotype: bmnh. female .\nkhaoyai razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 275. tl: thailand, khao yai nat. park. holotype: bmnh. male .\nrenonga razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 274. tl: siam, renong, low country forest. holotype: bmnh. male .\nbosavina razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 270. tl: papua new guinea, southern highlands, bosavi. holotype: bmnh. female .\ncelebesiana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 264. tl: s. celebes ,\nlow country\n. holotype: bmnh. male .\nhexapeda meyrick, 1913 (hilarographa), exotic microlepid. 1: 99. tl: guyana, british guiana [ guyana ] (bartica). lectotype: bmnh. female .\nmuluana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 273. tl: sarawak, guanong, mulu nat. park. holotype: bmnh. male .\npahangana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 264. tl: malaysia, west pahang, genting tea estate. holotype: bmnh. male .\ngentinga razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 267. tl: malaysia, w. pahang, genting tea estate. holotype: bmnh. male .\ntasekia razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 272. tl: malaysia, perak, tasek, temenggor, sungei halong. holotype: bmnh. male .\nfergussonana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 268. tl: papua new guinea, d' entrecasteaux islands, fergusson island. holotype: bmnh. male .\nodontia razowski & wojtusiak, 2011 (hilarographa), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 113. tl: colombia, western cordillera, tambito forest res. . holotype: mzuj. male .\nmeekana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 266. tl: papua new guinea, d' entrecasteaux is. , fergusson island. holotype: bmnh. female .\ncastanea razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (hilarographa), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 157. tl: ecuador, prov. pichincha, pacto, r? o mashpi. holotype: mzuj. male .\nuthaithani razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 272. tl: w. thailand, uthai thani, huai kha khaeng, khao nang ram. holotype: bmnh. male .\nshehkonga razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 273. tl: hong kong, kadoorie agric. research centre, shek kong n. t. . holotype: bmnh. male .\ngunongana razowski, 2009 (hilarographa), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 274. tl: sarawak, gunong mulu national park, r. g. s. expedition base camp. holotype: bmnh. male .\npyranthis meyrick, 1907 (hilarographa), proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 32: 91. tl: new guinea. new guinea (st. aignan island). holotype: unknown. unknown .\nsepidmarginata razowski & wojtusiak, 2011 (hilarographa), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 112. tl: colombia, cauca department, western cordillera, pasto - tumaco rd. , cerro cuesbi forest res. , nambi. holotype: mzuj. female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nbathychtra razowski & pelz, 2005 (heppnerographa), entomol. zeit. 115: 170. tl: ecuador, tungurahua province, 20 km e baos, san francisco. holotype: smfl. male .\ncladara diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 33. tl: indonesia, east borneo, balikpapan, mentavir river. holotype: ncb. female .\ncrocochorista diakonoff, 1983 (thaumatographa), proc. konin. neder. akad. weten. (c) 86 (4): 479. tl: indonesia, east java, tengger range, nongkodjadjar, mt. toenggangan. holotype: ncb. male .\ncymatodes diakonoff, 1983 (thaumatographa), proc. konin. neder. akad. weten. (c) 86 (4): 482. tl: indonesia, lesser sunda islands (sumba island, mao marroe). holotype: ncb. female .\ndolichosticha diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 32. tl: indonesia, east java, tengger range, nongkodjadjar. holotype: ncb. female .\ndulcisana walker, 1863 (gauris), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 415. tl: brazil, amazonas, ega. holotype: bmnh. male .\nexcellens pagenstecher, 1900 (thaumatographa), zoologica 29: 230 tl: papua new guinea, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngrapholithana razowski & pelz, 2005 (heppnerographa), entomol. zeit. 115: 170. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, macas, proano - inapula, crea - domono. holotype: smfl. male .\nmacaria diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 46. tl: indonesia, west java, gede - panggrango mountains, tjibodas. holotype: ncb. female .\nmesostigmatis diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 42. tl: taiwan, rantasian. holotype: usnm. male .\noenobapta diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 28. tl: indonesia, west java, buitenzorg. holotype: ncb. male .\nphlox diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 40. tl: indonesia, southeast java, mt. smeroe, ranoe daroengan. holotype: ncb. female .\nplurimana walker, 1863 (gauris), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 416. tl: brazil, amazonas, ega. holotype: bmnh. female .\nquinquestrigana walker, 1866 (carpocapsa), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 35: 1796. tl: brazil, so paulo. holotype: bmnh. male .\nfirmana felder & rogenhofer, 1875 (carpocapsa), reise st. fregatte novara (zool .) (2) 5: pl. 138, fig. 10. tl: brazil. amazonas. holotype: bmnh. female .\nrefluxana walker, 1863 (gauris), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 416. tl: brazil, rio de janeiro. holotype: bmnh. female .\nribbei zeller, 1877 (setiostoma), horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 189. tl: panama, chiriqui. holotype: bmnh. female .\nswederiana stoll, in cramer, 1791 (phalaena (tortrix) ), papillons exotiques s (suppl .): 75. tl: surinam, holotype: unknown. unknown .\ntrabaena felder & rogenhofer, 1875 (grapholitha), reise st. fregatte novara (zool .) (2) 5: pl. 138, fig. 9. tl: brazil. amazonas. holotype: bmnh. unknown. [ lost ]\ntornoxena diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 50. tl: indonesia, west java, mt. ged panggrango, tjibodas. holotype: ncb. male .\nundosa diakonoff, 1977 (thaumatographa), zool. verh. leiden 158: 45. tl: new guinea, northwest new guinea (sorong). holotype: ncb. female .\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1, 000 online wordlists, written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date. in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities, businesses, organisations, charities, social network sites, commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet. these lists of words, definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session." ]

{ "text": [ "hilarographa temburonga is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in brunei .", "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings is white cream , forming two transverse fasciae in the basal half of the wing , divided by parallel olive ochreous fasciae which are concolorous with a basal blotch and brown edged costal divisions .", "the dorso-posterior area is cream tinged ochreous and pale orange marbled with olive brownish .", "the hindwings are white mixed pale orange and dotted brownish in the apical third . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "hilarographa temburonga is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in brunei. the wingspan is about 16 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is white cream, forming two transverse fasciae in the basal half of the wing, divided by parallel olive ochreous fasciae which are concolorous with a basal blotch and brown edged costal divisions. the dorso-posterior area is cream tinged ochreous and pale orange marbled with olive brownish. the hindwings are white mixed pale orange and dotted brownish in the apical third." ]

[ "i. f. r. o. g. s. - legler' s stream frog (ptychohyla legleri), ... | facebook\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - legler' s stream frog facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nwikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\nlegler' s stream frog\n.\nfacts summary: the legler' s stream frog (ptychohyla legleri) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\namphibians\nand found in the following area (s): costa rica, panama .\nit is named after john m. legler, a herpetologist at the university of kansas. [ 2 ]\nsee more of i. f. r. o. g. s. on facebook\nit' s a red list endangered species. there' s not much information on the web for the captive care of this species, and i doubt you' ll see any in the pet trade .\nit is a nocturnal, stream - breeding species, present in humid montane forest and usually found along (and occasionally in) small streams and dense vegetation no more than one metre above the water .\ni keyed this individual to ptychohyla legleri (formerly hyla legleri) using these photographs and savage’s text. it’s also on the list of frogs found at las cruces… but is evidently endangered! at the location these frogs were calling (there were several calling—at least four, i’d say, from the spot we searched), there were tadpoles (also pictured), so hopefully there is a successfully breeding population here .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2013. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 5. 6 (9 january 2013). electronic database. american museum of natural history, new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\njustification: listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is estimated to be 806 km 2, most known subpopulations occur in habitat fragments, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat on the pacific slopes .\nthis species occurs on the pacific slopes of the cordillera de talamanca of costa rica and extreme western panama, from 880 - 1, 524 m asl (savage 2002). its range, taken as a proxy for extent of occurrence (eoo), is estimated at 806 km 2 .\nit is moderately common in appropriate habitat. recent survey work has been conducted at las cruces, alfombra, and tinamaste where the species has been recorded (g. chaves and a. garcía pers. comm. 2013). it was recently observed in western panama in parque internacional la amistad (hertz et al. 2012). the population is considered to be severely fragmented, with most subpopulations occurring in habitat patches isolated by urbanization or agriculture .\nthe major threats to the species are the alteration of water flow in streams (for instance through hydroelectric projects), and general habitat destruction due to smallholder livestock ranching and more extensive agriculture (crops). chytridiomycosis is also a potential threat to this species .\nalthough present in protected areas such as parque internacional la amistad and the las cruces biological station (the latter is part of the reserva de la biósfera la amistad), much of the habitat in the range of this species is fragmented and in need of further protection. research is needed on current threats, population trends, and natural history of this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nthe tasmanian devil is endemic to australia. although this species is called tiger (named for its stripes) and wolf (due to its canid - like appearance), it is not a member of the cat or wolf family. it is a member of the marsupial family. other members of this family include kangaroos and koala bears .\nthe last known tasmanian tiger died in a zoo in hobart, tasmania in 1936, but there have been hundreds of unconfirmed sightings, and a reserve has been set up in southwestern tasmania in the hopes that possible surviving individuals can have adequate habitat .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\nwhile searching for red - eyed leaf frogs, a couple of mentors, bree and simon, and i came across this specimen, which we immediately misidentified as an agalychnis species. while it has distinctive red eyes, the pupils are horizontally elliptical, whereas agalychnis has vertically elliptical pupils .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanyone ever keep these guys? are they hard to find? any care sheets? i assume they would be kept similar to red eyes .\nhmm rare species. im pretty sure the hyla rufitela (red webbed treefrog) can be kept the same as a jade treefrog .\nonly registered users can post here. enter your login / password correctly before posting a message, or register first .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 28 march 2018, at 03: 57 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "legler 's stream frog ( ptychohyla legleri ) is a species of frog in the family hylidae found in costa rica and panama .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rivers .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 3, 24, 17 ] }

[ "legler's stream frog (ptychohyla legleri) is a species of frog in the family hylidae found in costa rica and panama. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "these caterpillars are yellow with a greenish tinge, and have a black head. they live in a shelter made from a rolled leaf of a foodplant. they have been found feeding on :\n. the forewings each have a recurved apex. the hindwings are plain brown. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nedward meyrick, revision of australian tortricina, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, volume 36, part 2 (1911), pp. 241 - 242, no. 336 .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nqld cape hillsborough 16 august 1977 ifb common male wingspan 16. 5 mm anic\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nclick on the thumbnail image to view the details and photo for a specific specimen .\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge." ]

{ "text": [ "rhopobota hortaria is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in new caledonia and australia , where it has been recorded from victoria , new south wales and queensland .", "the forewings have a brown pattern , which includes a dark brown bar running from the apex to the middle of the inner margin .", "the hindwings are brown .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on polyscias elegans .", "they live in a shelter made of a rolled leaf of the host plant .", "the larvae are yellow with a greenish tinge and a black head .", "pupation takes place in the larval shelter . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1, 1, 8, 11, 23, 11 ] }

[ "rhopobota hortaria is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in new caledonia and australia, where it has been recorded from victoria, new south wales and queensland. the forewings have a brown pattern, which includes a dark brown bar running from the apex to the middle of the inner margin. the hindwings are brown. the larvae have been recorded feeding on polyscias elegans. they live in a shelter made of a rolled leaf of the host plant. the larvae are yellow with a greenish tinge and a black head. pupation takes place in the larval shelter." ]

[ "mclean j. h. 2008. three new species of the family neolepetopsidae (patellogastropoda) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific. journal of shellfish research, 27 (1): 15 - 20. [ details ]\nmclean j. h. 1990. neolepetopsidae, a new docoglossate limpet family from hydrothermal vents and its relevance to patellogastropod evolution. journal of zoology 222 (3): 485–528, pl. 1 - 12 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks, we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added. if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers, we will notify you !\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\n= los angeles county museum (natural history museum of los angeles county) sbmnh = santa barbara museum of natural history .\ncan fly circuitous routes to get to the target like in mountain warfare or against hardened targets, thereby avoiding radar and air defence installations .\na new species of sebastes (scorpaeniformes: sebastidae) from the northeastern pacific, with a redescription of the blue rockfish, s. mystinus (jordan and gilbert, 1881 )\n32524 - 45, 1, bahia herradura, at tip of outer reef on n side of bay, costa rica, 9 march 1972, bussing et al .\n, (48) as well as the indigenous (further) development of an allegedly stealthy ascm labeled kosar .\nhammered wlc 58 - 11 riding on nabin shrestha' s 23 points at the dasrath stadium covered hall .\n3, 090, 960 m on whale skeleton, nw of san nicolas island, ca (33 [ degrees ] 20 .\nit must be a specimen that was initially purchased using funds supplied by their gem & mineral council, sponsor of the fund - raising program .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional." ]

{ "text": [ "neolepetopsis nicolasensis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family neolepetopsidae , one of the families of true limpets . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "neolepetopsis nicolasensis is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family neolepetopsidae, one of the families of true limpets." ]

[ "the fraternal hill rat (bunomys fratrorum) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found only in sulawesi, indonesia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as vulnerable as the species has an extent of occurrence of approximately 10, 125 km², the habitat across its range is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the species' area of occupancy, the extent and quality of its habitat (due to expanding agriculture and logging), and the number of mature individuals (due to hunting) .\nthis species is known only from the north east region of the northern peninsula of sulawesi, indonesia (musser and carleton 2005, musser 2014). most samples of this species come from elevations below 1, 000 m, however the range extends from lowlands near sea level to 1982 m on gunung klabat (musser 2014) .\nbased on early collections, this species is believed to have been common, and they probably remain so where suitable habitat exists .\nthis species inhabits tropical evergreen rainforest formations from lowlands to high elevations up to 1, 982 m (musser 2014). it is not known if it survives in degraded or disturbed habitats. it is likely to be terrestrial and nocturnal (musser 2014) .\nthe major threat to this species is habitat loss mainly due to expanding agriculture; this is also a region where there have been recent gold - mining activities. this species is also hunted for food .\nit is present in bogani nani watarbone national park, although there is a need for improved management of this area .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is known only from the north east region of the northern peninsula of sulawesi, indonesia (musser and carleton 2005). the type locality, rurukan, is at 1, 067 m .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nrurukaninrotta\nto\nbunomys fratrorum (thomas, 1896 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "the fraternal hill rat ( bunomys fratrorum ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "it is found only in northeastern sulawesi , indonesia .", "its natural habitat is tropical dry forests .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the fraternal hill rat (bunomys fratrorum) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found only in northeastern sulawesi, indonesia. its natural habitat is tropical dry forests. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "my phd work examined the diet, abundance, and movement of octopus bimaculatus .\nontogeny of the digestive system of the octopus bimaculatus paralarvae (verril, 1883) .\nontogeny of the digestive system of the octopus bimaculatus paralarvae (verril, 1883). - pubmed - ncbi\nbimaculatus gets twice as big as bimaculoides, and generally lives in deeper water .\nmany species of octopus are mainly active at night, and the california two spotted octopus is no exception .\nsouthern california hosts a large variety of octopi (plural of octopus can be either octopi or octopuses) that can be found on almost any dive site. they love to hide in cracks and crevices and will even use discarded shells as shelter. some of the more common octopi found here are california two - spot octopus (octopus bimaculatus) and eastern pacific red octopus (octopus rubescens) .\nthe two are often confused. bimaculoides has chain link eye spots. bimaculatus has sunburst - like eyespots .\nto cite this page: hamilton, b. and l. swope 2014 .\noctopus bimaculatus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 11, 2018 at urltoken\ni' ve seen a lot of bimaculoides, but i' ve never examined a bimaculatus up close (they tend to live deeper). that said, based on the published differences, i think it' s very likely that you filmed a bimaculoides, not bimaculatus. the bimaculatus is supposed to have a blue ring\nwith radiating spokes\n. if i ever get a good picture of the spot on a bimaculatus i' ll post it here for comparison .\n…glandular, branchial heart tissues of octopus bimaculatus. the compound contains small amounts of ferric iron and some nitrogen and gives a positive reaction for pyrroles. it is believed to be an excretory product .\noctopus bimaculoides pickford and mcconnaughey, 1949... . two dark ocelli present, each with necllace - like iridescent blue ring... octopus bimaculatus verrill, 1883... . two dark ocelli present, each with iridescent blue ring with radiating spokes... ​\nthis is the smallest octopus species to be tracked with acoustic telemetry to date .\noctopus behavior and ecology around catalina island — jenny hofmeister, ph. d .\noctopus bimaculatus verrill consumes > 55 prey species from three phyla. the prey included crustaceans, snails, sedentary grazers such as chitons and limpets, and bivalves. in laboratory experiments crabs were the most preferred and snails were the least preferred prey group. the general preference hierarchy of o. bimaculatus was crabs > bivalves = sedentary grazers > snails .\nanderson, r. , w. james. 2004. interspecific evaluation of octopus .\ni think nancy had a bimaculatus and thought it was a bimaculoides and towards the end it out - grew her 40 - something gallon tank .\nlee, h. : the octopus, 114 pp. london: chapman & hall 1875 .\nhigh, w. l. : the giant pacific octopus. mar. fish. rev .\nbesides the difference in egg size, and the\nspokes\n, i found one source that said that bimaculoides ink is black, while bimaculatus ink is brown .\nkier, w. , a. smith. 2002. the structure and adhesive mechanism of octopus suckers .\nle souef, a. s. and j. k. allan: habits of the sydney octopus (\nembryonic development of octopus bimaculatus during 61 days incubation counted from the egg laying day. the average temperature registered per five - day periods is indicated. the table compares the embryonic development with the scale proposed for the development of l. pealii (arnold [ ]). * observed in vivo .\n2003 .\nhow does an octopus reproduce ?\n( on - line). accessed may 13, 2013 at urltoken .\nhatanaka, h. : studies on the fisheries biology of common octopus of the northwest coast of africa. enyo suisan kenkyoshu hokoku\npotts, w. t. w. and m. todd: kidney function in octopus. comp. biochem. physiol .\n2013 .\ntwo - spotted octopus\n( on - line). pbs online. accessed may 13, 2013 at urltoken .\nwells, m. j. : octopus: physiology and behaviour of an advanced invertebrate, 417 pp. new york: halsted press 1978\n@ karina, chances are you won' t be able to tell from your images as the two are almost indistinguishable visually. the bimaculatus are typically a deeper water, larger animal but your depth of 55' is kind of in between. the animals we typically keep have been captured in shallow tide pools and are all bimaculoides, mostly juveniles. these are the large egg, benthic born version where the bimaculatus hatches out more, small, planktonic hatchlings .\nthe two species are closely related and there is certainly individual variation. i encountered this personally when my o. bimaculoides ollie grew large enough to fall into the bimaculatus range. i then had people try to convince me that she was a bimaculatus, but i would point to her perfect ring and the fact that she laid large eggs. in fact, i found severeal other equally large bimaculoides among our members and i had reports of larger bimaculoides from octopets. nancy\nthese displays usually precede its quick method of locomotion, jetting. the octopus will inflate its mantle with water. then force the water out from its jets and with a burst of speed and a squirt of ink, the octopus is gone. often changing its color to resemble the substrate for camouflage .\nwhich one has the unbroken\nsunburst - like\neyespots? i’m reading contradictory information in this thread about how to use the eyespots to distinguish between o. bimaculoides and o. bimaculatus. which one has a a solid (‘sunburst - like” ?) blue ring, and which has a broken (“chain link”) eye spot? black96ws6 said: “bimaculoides has chain link eye spots. bimaculatus has sunburst - like eyespots. ” nancy said: “my o. bimaculoides ollie … her perfect ring …” here’s a picture of the ring on a little bimac i caught in a tidepool recently. i would call this ring solid, unbroken, and “sunburst - like”, as opposed to “chain - link”. so is it a bimaculatus or a bimaculoides ?\n(\ntwo - spotted octopus\n, 2013; anderson and james, 2004; boal, et al. , 2000; marsh and fox, 2007 )\nfoster, , smith. 2013 .\ntwo - spot octopus\n( on - line). pet education. accessed may 13, 2013 at urltoken .\nl. d. roberts, p. 2009 .\ntwo - spotted octopus\n( on - line). accessed march 13, 2013 at urltoken .\n(\ntwo - spotted octopus\n, 2013; foster and smith, 2013; l. d. roberts, 2009; semmens, et al. , 2004 )\nso it sounds like they both have blue rings that are chain - like, but that the chain on bimaculoides is unbroken, and does not have spokes (sunburst) radiating out, while bimaculatus has a broken blue chain, and spokes (sunburst) radiating out .\n7. iridescent blue ring of ocellus chain - like, eggs large, benthonic larvae, most commonly lives on mudflats, black ink... ...... ...... ...... ...... . octopus bimaculoides iridescent blue ring of ocellus with radiating spokes, eggs small, planktonic larvae, generally lives on rocks, brown ink... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . octopus bimaculatus​\nnorman m. d. & hochberg f. g. (2005) the current state of octopus taxonomy. phuket marine biological center research bulletin 66: 127–154. [ details ]\nambrose, r. f. : octopus predation and community structure of subtidal rocky reefs at santa catalina island, california. disseration, univ. of calif. , los angeles 1982a\nambrose, r. f. (1986). effects of octopus predation on motile invertebrates in a rocky subtidal community. mar. ecol. prog. ser. 30: 261–273\nmy brother and i came across 10 or 11 adult bimac octopi on a dive recently. they were at about 60ft depth, sandy bottom, and about between 12 to 18 inches from arm tip to arm tip. we were filming, and i want to accurately title the video, so i need to determine if they are bimaculatus or bimaculoides. the best view of the eye spot rings is at around 2: 34 in the video. i titled the video bimaculatus because that was my first guess; should i change the title to bimaculoides? what say you? urltoken\nthe diet of o. bimaculatus in the field is influenced by both food preferences and prey availability. highly preferred prey (crabs, bivalves, sedentary grazers) were rare in the field; the most abundant species available, the snail tegula eiseni jordan, was the least preferred. none of these species were common in octopus diets. in contrast, the high frequency of another snail, tegula aureotincta forbes, in the diet stems from a relatively high preference ranking plus relatively high abundance .\na single fluorescent strip light with a daylight (10, 000k) bulb is the ideal lighting for an octopus. under bright light environments octopuses tend to hide more often and are more skittish. actinic or blue lighting is not a good idea either as octopuses see blue spectrum light as very bright. for a nocturnal octopus, red lights can be used to view them without them knowing .\nkanamaru, s. and y. yamashita: the octopus mizudako (part 1). investigations of the marine resources of hokkaido and developments of the fishing industry, 1961–1965. chapter 12. 1967 .\noctopuses can be kept in a tightly sealed, carefully planned aquarium. the most common octopuses in the trade, aside from a couple of dwarf species, require at least a 55 gallon tank. average mantle length is 2 - 2. 5 inches with armspans ranging from 12 to 30 inches. a small sand bed of one inch of the finest sand you can get will be enough to keep your octopus happy. you will need at least a pound per gallon of rock with various caves that your octopus can choose from to make its den. the rock will provide filteration for the huge bioload of an octopus .\nbimaculatus: body plus longest arm 30\n( 76 cm) long. arms 4–5 times mantle length. bimaculoides: in 1949 it was discovered that there were two closely related species of two - spotted octopods instead of one. the second was named the mud flat octopus (o. bimaculoides). this is the species most commonly found between high - and low - tide lines, on mudflats as well as among rocks. its arms are shorter, 2 1 / 2–3 1 / 2 times mantle length, and its eggs are larger .\ncan reproduce at any time during the year, but most commonly when the water warms during the summer months. the male octopus will use his spermatophores to inseminate the female; the male will die shortly after .\nnight divers know that octopi can be found on most any night dive, while they’re out and about, foraging for their next meal. often times the octopus will use a blade of kelp to hide itself or jet up and into the water column to escape the bright dive lights. juvenile octopus can usually be found at night as well. oftentimes, these timid little creatures are no larger then the palm of your hand .\nsemmens, j. , g. pecl, r. villanueva, d. jouffre, i. sobrino, j. wood, p. rigby. 2004. understanding octopus growth: patterns, variability and physiology. .\nis snails, crustaceans, bivalves, and limpets. an octopus may hunt for its prey, or it may lie in wait for food to swim or crawl by its hiding place, while it remains camouflaged in the rocks. once\nverrill, a. e. (1883). descriptions of two species of octopus from california. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology. 11 (6): 117 - 123. , available online at urltoken page (s): 121 [ details ]\nmost octopuses and cuttlefish that are kept in captivity will be tropical species that do best in warm water 76 - 80 degrees fahrenheit. therefore, you will most likely need a heater in your tank. some popular species, such as the california two - spot octopus (\nrecently while diving at catalina, i found a two - spot octopus in a bottle. at first i thought perhaps she was brooding her young. closely examining the bottle, i realized there were no eggs. so my next step was to wait her out. slowly she began to creep out, then back into the bottle again, this went on for a while, so i just sat back and waited. finally, the little octopus squeezed itself out, danced around a bit, and then in a flash, darted away .\nfrom\ncephalopods: a world guide\nbimaculatus - the ocellus contains an iridescent blue ring in the form of broken chain links with spokes extending to the outer edge of the false eye spot. - small egged - size body to 20cm and arms 80cm bimaculoides - the iridescent ring with in the ocellus is in the form of unbroken chain links. - large egged - body 12cm and arms 35cm pics of ollie here: urltoken\nthe largest octopus that i have seen was in the northern channel islands. its mantel was the size of a basketball. it crept along the bottom so fast that i had a hard time keeping up with it. this was perhaps the first really rewarding interaction that i had ever experienced. from that point on, i was hooked, and now if i see an octopus i am compelled to watch it. these agile eight - legged cephalopods are full of character and charged with energy making them one of my favorite photogenic critters to shoot .\nnow i have said it before and yes, i will say it again. special gear isn’t needed to take great photos. patience and a little anticipation are definitely needed, but if you’re lucky enough to happen across a friendly octopus, then photo ops will be bountiful .\nthe california two - spot octopus is usually light brown or mottled in coloration, with two characteristic spots under each eye, hence its name. its mantle, located in the center of eight tentacles, is pear - shaped with a beak and mouth in the middle. each of its tentacles grow to a few feet in length, a little more than half of its body size. its tentacles are each adorned with suction cups used for grasping and holding prey as well as for taste. the octopus can grow to about 18 inches long when fully mature. like its relatives ,\n) do better in cooler water in the low to mid sixties. in this case, a chiller is usually required to keep temperatures so low. bimacs have been kept in room temperature water of ~ 74 degrees with good success, but remember that warmer water means a shorter - lived octopus .\ni should add that the little bimac i caught that day laid large eggs when it grew up, so it was definately bimaculoides. that means that if it is true that the solid vs. chain - like apearance of the blue ring is a species difference and not just an individual difference, then solid ring means bimaculoides, and chain - like ring means bimaculatus. again, that' s only conclusive if the blue ring apearance is truely distinct between the two species .\ntankmates for an octopus are extremely few. some species will allow snails and hermit crabs to live peacefully with them, however usually they will eat everything they can and if they can' t they will at least try to. this includes fish, eels, shrimp, crabs, pods, clams, and other cephalopods .\nthe cephalopod page urltoken hanlon lab at mbl, woods hole, ma california academy of sciences monterey bay aquarium mote marine labratory pharyngula octonation danna staaf, author (web, twitter, facebook) dr. rotman (drpussea) (web, twitter) te papa museum reef central northwestern pacific tree octopus (heh) follow us on facebook follow us on twitter\neach octopus seems to have its own personality ranging from docile to distress. often times curious little octopi will come out and want to play, hopping into your hand or wrapping itself around your regulator hose. one thing that divers should refrain from though is trying to pry them out from their hidey - holes. damage to the delicate little sea creatures will surely mean impending doom .\nfemale octopus vulgaris cuvier mated in the laboratory in every month tested. females maintained in isolation after capture and not mated in the laboratory laid eggs, fertile and infertile, each month of the year. the longest period of sperm viability was 104 days. young specimens weighing between 4. 0 and 66. 0 g were found regularly. it is concluded that o. vulgaris breeds throughout the year, at least in bahamian waters .\ni love to use my 60mm lense when shooting octos for several reasons. the first is that i don’t have to be too close for candid photos. by standing back a bit i am able to catch them acting natural. turning my camera from landscape (horizontal) to portrait (vertical) will often give the same subject a totally different composition. and allowing a creature like the octopus to have its own space, you’ll really have a great opportunity to watch them work .\nthis species of octopus is not hunted by humans as a main source of food, however it is caught in traps and nets and can be sold. as of 2013 in california, the daily bag limit is 35 specimens, and there are no size limits. there is a market in the pet supply trade. because two spotted octopuses are small (up to 45 cm), they are welcome aquarium pets. aquarium websites list them from us $ 30 to $ 40 depending on size .\ngrows and matures quickly due to its short life span of one to two years. when in the embryo stage, it goes through two different stages of growth: a rapid initial stage and a slower phase in which its beaks, shells, and brain tissue begins to develop. each individual octopus develops and matures at their own individual rate, resulting in varying growth factors. once hatched, the young octopuses are completely independent and ready to catch their own prey. once they reach one to two years of age, they are ready to reproduce .\nfor octopus and cuttlefish, a canister filter along with a decent hang on back protein skimmer will give you all the filteration you need. it is wise to oversize on filteration equipment and media as cephalopods produce a huge bioload and are messy eaters. i always recommend using a sump as your filteration and can almost guarantee you that you will regret not utilizing one if you decide to go with a canister and hob skimmer. it will definitely be more expensive to get and set up a sump than the alternative, but you will be glad you did .\nafter fertilization, the female will create a den and seal herself in to lay her eggs. a single female can lay thousands of eggs. she will care for her eggs by blowing cool water over them from her siphon to keep them oxygenated. during the process of caring for her eggs, the female often expires due to starvation and exhaustion. after the eggs hatch, which may take 150 to 210 days, the mother will leave the den if she survives and the larval octopus will drift with the tide before settling on the ground to begin developing .\nhe was caught in the morning, but not because he was\nactive\n. i (mostly marineboy) turned over the rock he was hiding under in a shallow tidepool, and he tried to swim away. we caught two in about an hour that way. we also broke open a muscle and set it in front of a crevice in a huge rock, also in a shallow tide pool, to see if an adult octopus would reach out and grab it, which one did within a few minutes. so while they are not out walking around much in direct sunlight, they are at least watching, and willing to grab an easy meal .\nlongitudinal cuts of o. bimaculatus eggs. a, embryo of 20 dpl, with extended blastodermeres towards the anterior part of the egg on the yolk surface. b, embryo of 30 dpl, with early mantle, eyes and arms differentiation. c, ectodermal stomodeum in the anterior part of an embryo at 33 dpl. d, outlines of the internal organs of an embryo at 37 dpl. e, embryo at 39 dpl, section of the internal cavity of the mantle. f, embryo at 44 dpl, buccal mass. g and h, embryo of 55 dal anterior and posterior sections respectively. arteta trichromic stain. a, arm; asg, anterior salivary gland; brh, branchial heart; bm, buccal mass; c, caecum; dg, digestive gland; ee, ectodermal stomodeum; g, gills; h, head; i, intestine; ibl, invagination of the blastoderm; m, mantle; ma, mandible; op, ocular peduncle; ov, optical vesicle; psg, posterior salivary gland; r, radula; st, stomach; y, yolk .\nis found off the coast of northern california south to baja california, mexico. there are many observations recorded from the channel islands as well .\ninhabits rocky reefs in subtidal and intertidal habitats to a depth of 15 m. it prefers to den in abandoned man - made piping or small holes in canyon ledges .\ncan use the chromatophores in its skin to change its color and texture when hunting for prey or hiding from predators .\nbecause they look so similar, but it is important to know that they are two different species .\nbreeding season mating typically takes place in the summer months, though it can happen year round .\nmales die shortly after mating. females, however, exhibit significant parental care. they remain with the eggs after they are laid, protecting them and siphoning cool water over them. during this time, females do not feed and often die from starvation and exhaustion. once the eggs hatch, the larvae are independent .\nlives between 12 to 18 months in the wild, while some kept as pets have been known to live for up to 2 years .\n( forsythe, et al. , 1991; semmens, et al. , 2004 )\nleaves the den at night to hunt and mate. its highly developed eyes make nocturnal behavior possible. individuals range widely, searching for food, and find temporary burrows for shelter when not hunting. they do not often return to their previous dens and will never construct one of their own. octopuses will compete for dens, chasing conspecifics out of a den that they desire. they will bring their prey to their dens to consume, creating\nmiddens\nof various bivalve shells, crab claws, and other hard parts of their invertebrate prey .\n( boal, et al. , 2000; boal, 2006; l. d. roberts, 2009; sinn, et al. , 2001 )\nand other cephalopods communicate visually. they manipulate the chromatophores on their bodies to display various signals to conspecifics and to predators as warning signs. they have highly developed eyes. common visual cues and signs are used to indicate that they are ready to mate, have already mated, are not interested, are expressing dominance, or show relationship to other individuals. though\nis a solitary creature, it will alert conspecifics to predators or prey in the area .\nhas captured its prey with its tentacles, it uses its suckers to hold onto the prey while it is moved towards the beak and radula. the radula can pierce the thick shells of other mollusks and inject a toxin that will affect the prey' s nervous system. the beak tears soft tissue, and the radula is then used to scrape the flesh into shreds for consumption .\ninclude moray eels, sea lions, harbor seals, and humans. to scare off predators ,\ncalifornia two - spot octopuses are both primary and secondary consumers. they help maintain the population of smaller mollusks as well as serve as food for larger predatory animals. they are also known to be hosts for ectoparasitic flagellates and ciliate protozoans, which live on the octopuses' gills .\nbrittany hamilton (author), san diego mesa college, lauren swope (author), san diego mesa college, paul detwiler (editor), san diego mesa college, angela miner (editor), animal diversity web staff .\nbody of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world' s largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world' s surface .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides, between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide. an aquatic habitat .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (class anthozoa). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\noffspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc .), after which the parent usually dies. semelparous organisms often only live through a single season / year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. in both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\n2013 .\nlistings and occurences for endangered species in california\n( on - line). accessed march 11, 2013 at urltoken .\nboal, j. , a. dunham, k. williams, r. hanlon. 2000. experimental evidence for spatial learning in octopuses .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nnorman m. d. , finn j. k. & hochberg f. g. (2014). family octopodidae. pp. 36 - 215, in p. jereb, c. f. e. roper, m. d. norman & j. k. finn eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. volume 3. octopods and vampire squids. fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome, fao ]. 4 (3): 353 pp. 11 pls. page (s): 47 [ details ]\nnorman m. d. , finn j. k. & hochberg f. g. (2014). family octopodidae. pp. 36 - 215, in p. jereb, c. f. e. roper, m. d. norman & j. k. finn eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. volume 3. octopods and vampire squids. fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome, fao ]. 4 (3): 353 pp. 11 pls. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog, (canis lupus familiaris), domestic mammal of the family canidae (order carnivora). it is a subspecies…\nwelcome to tonmo, the premier cephalopod enthusiast community. we have tons of searchable content and host a biennial conference. to join in on the fun, become a member for free, and become a supporter for just $ 50 / year to see less ads and enjoy other perks. follow us on facebook and twitter for more cephy goodness .\njavascript is disabled. for a better experience, please enable javascript in your browser before proceeding .\ntextilet, to tonmo - great video! i am moving your posts to the id thread for best response. please do not double post requests. our staff is small but very responsive. double posting only splits the thread and hinders the best efforts of all members. that being said, i would encourage you to post the video on our diving and ceph encounters forum and reference a link to the id request (or reference the video post in the this request - i can change the links if you want to do it this way). also, does vimeo give another option for bulletin boards that will allow embedding? i know you have opened the video for html / flash embedding but vbulletin (and others) needs a link format and does not provide for the standard html object. i believe this would be something you would have to enable as it is not part of the current sharing offerings .\nthank you joe. i blew up some of the footage and examined the ring closely and it is indeed an unbroken chain link pattern, meaning this is a bimaculoides. thanks for the help .\ntextilet' s video posted in the encounter forum here with a nice close up of the chain pattern .\nhere' s a screen shot taken from that video. this is showing the chain pattern spot on a bimaculoides :\nthis site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. by continuing to use this site, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nlópez - peraza dj 1, hernández - rodríguez m 1, barón - sevilla b 1 .\ncentro de investigación científica y de educación superior de ensenada (cicese), baja california, mexico .\npmid: 24683531 pmcid: pmc3967737 doi: 10. 1186 / 2193 - 1801 - 3 - 22\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nlarger octopuses moved more, but overall there was high variability in movement and few discernable patterns .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\npresent address: department of biological sciences, simon fraser university, burnaby, b. c. , v5a 1s6 canada .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\noctopuses are flexible in their diet, and it is possible their diet can vary with varying environmental conditions. i used stable isotope analysis to analyze differences in diet between octopuses found inside and outside marine protected areas .\nthrough a combination of intensive field surveys, population monitoring, and modeling i identified key environmental variables that correlate with patterns of abundance and distribution .\nusing active acoustic telemetry, i tagged and tracked octopuses to discern movement patterns and habitat use. i am currently building on this research in my postdoctoral work .\nsquid require a little bit heavier filteration and a cyllindrical aquarium. with a rectangular aquarium the squid will run into the sides and squish themselves against the glass as they swim which will damage their organs and cause them to shrotly die .\nnautilus require extreme filteration. you will need a top of the line protein skimmer, uv - sterilizer, ozone injection, and whatever else you can get your hands on to keep your water pristine. low (usually red) lighting and a chiller should also be utilized to help mimic the envirnment in which a nautilus lives .\nmost octopuses are escape artists, and it is better for you to never find out if yours is one of them. they can fit through anything larger than the size of their beak. you will need to seal of all exits of your tank with glass tops and mesh, and then put a brick or two over the lid and duct tape the edges. this may seem extreme but it is worth it to not find your pet dried up on your kitchen floor when you get home from work .\n. bandensis top out at about 3 - 4 inches and are much less constraining than octopuses. a minimum tank size of 20 gallons for a single specimen is only the first thing that makes cuttlefish a much more realistic choice for aquarists than octopuses. you will still want about 1 - 1. 5 pounds of live rock per gallon of water to help with filteration and to give hiding places for your cuttlefish. fine sand for the cuttlefish to play and bury themselves in should also be given. bandensis are a warm water species and your tank should stay above 75 degrees. you don' t have to worry about a cuttlefish escaping your aquarium either, which is a huge relief and makes it so you don' t have to seal your tank off .\nlighting for cuttlefish is not really an issue. you will want to avoid extreme lighting conditions such as 400 or 1000 watt metal halides, however anything 250w or equivalent and below keep cuttlefish comfortable. because cuttlefish can handle brighter lighting, coral is now an option. you will want to stay away from any coral with long, stinging tentacles however all other coral is compatible with cuttlefish. cuttlefish will also not bother tridacnid clams .\ntankmates are still limited for cuttlefish. cuttlefish are social animals that can be kept in groups with each other in larger aquariums. they do best when together from birth. generally anything motile will be tested for taste. cuttles will happily eat shrimp, crabs, and fish. they tend to leave snails and hermit crabs alone, allowing for a clean - up crew which is another advantage over octopuses .\none disadvantage to keeping cuttlefish over octopuses is that cuttlefish are more difficult to be able to get to eat frozen food. this means that if you cannot get yours to eat frozen you will have to buy shrimp or crabs for it regularly. feeder fish are not recommended for any cephalopod and should only be used as a rare treat or in an emergency .\naside from bobtail squid which have similar care requirements as cuttlefish, squid are difficult to take care of and do poorly in captivity. as i mentioned earlier in the equipment section squid require a cylindrical aquarium with little live rock. extremely fine sand with a depth of 3 + inches will give your squid a place to bury itself. you will want to provide a few patches of live rock for the squid to hide in when they want to, but not very much .\nlighting for squids should be kept fairly dim. i would not recommend anything bright than compact fluorescents .\nkeep squid alone or in groups as the only thing in the aquarium. a cleanup crew of snails and crabs and algae - eating starfish are okay as well. squids need to be fed several times per day and will almost never accept dead food. if squids are being kept in groups and not being fed enough they will eat each other .\nnautilus are best left in the ocean. they always die in captivity. science labs and public aquariums are the only places that have been able to keep nautilus long term. another reason they should not be kept is because wild populations have not been assessed so we do not know how densely populated they are. however, i will provide basic care requirements for nautilus .\nnautilus should not be kept in an aquarium smaller than a standard 75 (48lx18wx20h). if they are, they will run into the sides which could damage their shell. keep lighting to a minimum. red lighting is best so that you can observe the nautilus without bothering it. a small amount of live rock in the corners of the tank so the nautilus can hide is all that should be in there. you can have more live rock in the sump .\nyou will need a chiller in a tank with a nautilus in it to mimic the deep waters in which they live. it is also a good idea to set your chiller on a controller so that it gets warmer at night when they surface to feed .\nno tank mates should be in with a nautilus besides a basic cleanup crew .\nawesome. i didn' t know cuttle fish were the easiest cephs to take care of .\nwhat' s the reason for not feeding cuttlefish feeder fish? just curious. .: bigsmile :\nwe just got a display at the pittsburgh zoo and they were really cool to watch. they never stop moving .\nawelds - it' s best to use something called plastic canvas. you can get it at a craft store. it doesn' t have sharp ends like regular mesh and it won' t rust .\npaul - feeder fish don' t have the right protein / fat ratio for cephalopods. cephs eat mainly crustaceans in the wild, and the same should be done in captivity. also, feeder fish are often kept in coppered water, which may expose the ceph to copper, eventually killing it if it is continually fed copper - water fish. feeders are better than starving a ceph, but should only be used as a last resort .\nthanks for this info. a lfs has a little octo and we almost bought it. after reading this thread we are glad we didn' t. we are not prepared, equipment wise to house this animal. it' s ashame becuase he was cool .\nthey show up as eggs in the trade in the spring and fall. you can also find them captive bred in the us (bandensis) from time to time. best place to check is an availability thread on\nwow so much to know. no coppered fish. nautilus surfaces to warmer waters at night. squids hit the walls .\ni successfully kept a 2 - spot many years ago in a custom 150 gallon with a homemade sump, no top. (dimensions were 72\nx24\nx20\n)\nwe kept a full cuc and a small school of banggai cardinals in with him, i think also a * * * * * * * lunar wrasse that was extradited from another system .\nhe never tried to escape, during the ~ 14 months of his tank existence... although we kept him occupied with toys and interesting foods all of the time .\nhe had arranged all of the little toys and shiny baubles we' d given him around the outside perimeter of his room... very interesting !\nwe had given him things like small toy submarines (why not ?), marbles, and colorful river rocks during his occupation .\nthis particular cephalopod enjoyed techno / dance music, he would usually come out and dance on the front pane of glass when we had a party .\nhe also enjoyed mimicking myself and the other 2 roomies that took care of him, by changing his color spots to the different colors of our eyes, blue, green, and brown .\nhe even mimicked our skin tone when he did this, wrapping tentacles around his mantle to form a face and nose, then using his 2 spots as eyes... what an interesting creature he was !\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\ndew, b. : some observations on the development of two australian octopuses. proc. r. zool. soc. n. s. w .\nwith the suckers in double rows. mem. proc. manchr lit. phil. soc .\nitami, k. , y. izawa, s. maeda and k. nakai: notes on the laboratory culture of the\nlo bianco, s. : notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del golfo di napoli. mitt. zool. stn neapel\nmangold - wirz, k. : biologie des céphalodes benthiques et nectoniques de la mer catalane. vie milieu (suppl. )\nproblem, a study in sibling species. bull. bingham oceanogr. coll .\nlamarck in british waters. j. mar. biol. ass. u. k .\nin the english channel. j. mar. biol. ass. u. k .\n2. the sex and genital organs. [ in jap. ] jap. j. malac .\nin the laboratory, with aspects of their behavior and biology, 112 pp. m. a. thesis. university of miami 1971 .\nhartwick, e. b. , r. f. ambrose and s. m. c. robinson: den utilization and the movement of tagged\nhartwick, e. b. , p. a. breen and l. tulloch: a removal experiment with\nhartwick, e. b. , g. thorarinsson and l. tulloch: methods of attack by\n( wulker) on captured bivalve and gastropod prey. mar. behav. physiol .\nhartwick, e. b. , l. tulloch and s. macdonald: feeding and growth of\nhochberg, f. g. , jr. and w. g. fields: cephalopoda: the squids and octopuses .\nintertidal invertebrates of california, pp 429–444. ed. by r. h. morris, d. p. abbott and e. c. haderlie. stanford, calif. : stanford univ. press 1980\n, 409 pp. ed. by m. g. mottet. seattle: washington state dept. of fisheries 1974\n( hoyle) ). i. summer movement in onishika area of northwestern part of hokkaido. rep. hokkaido mar. res. cent .\nkubo, i. : catch of octopods in relation to precipitation and airtemperature in inland sea of japan. bull. jap. soc. sci. fish .\nmangold - wirz, k. : biologie des cephalopodes benthiques et nectoniques de la mer catalane. vie milieu (suppl. )\nrobson, g. c. : a monograph of the recent cephalopoda. part i. octopodinae. 236 pp. br. mus. (nat. hist .), london 1929\nthomson, r. e. : oceanography of the british columbia coast. can. spec. publ. fish. aquat. sci .\nthe head or mantle can reach a circumference of up to seven inches and its tentacles can reach over twenty - three inches from tip to tip. with an average lifespan of up to three years, a female is capable of laying thousands of eggs. after brooding her young, the female usually dies exhausted and malnourished .\noctopi love to forage for food, feeling around for mussels and feeding on barnacles, crab and even shrimp. grasping their prey, they bring it up into its hidden bird - like beak where the prey is also met with acidic secretions .\noctopi are classified in the phylum as a mollusc and in the class of cephalopod and are thought to be some of the most intelligent invertebrates out there. they learn quickly and can use the suction cupped tentacles to twist lids off of jars and to grasp prey and objects .\nwhat makes octopi so photogenic? to start, their behavior manifests itself in several different ways including color changes, shape shifting and several different methods of locomotion. first, there is “the creep” where the octopi will extend its tentacles outward, pulling itself along the bottom. then there is “the prance, ” where an octopi will get up on the tips of its tentacles and tippy - toe along the bottom. then there is “the boxer” pose, which is perhaps my favorite. the tough cephalopod incorporates the tippy - toe pose, but will curl two of the forward tentacles like an old - time fisticuff boxer." ]

{ "text": [ "octopus bimaculatus , the california two-spot octopus or verrill 's two-spot octopus , is an octopus common in the subtidal and intertidal zone of southern california .", "it is often confused with the related species octopus bimaculoides , and the common name \" california two-spot octopus \" is often applied to both species . " ], "topic": [ 0, 25 ] }

[ "octopus bimaculatus, the california two-spot octopus or verrill's two-spot octopus, is an octopus common in the subtidal and intertidal zone of southern california. it is often confused with the related species octopus bimaculoides, and the common name \" california two-spot octopus \" is often applied to both species." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\ntondanonrotta\nto\ntaeromys taerae (sody, 1932 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsulawesinrotta\nto\ntaeromys celebensis (gray, 1867 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita removed a common name in an unknown language from\ntaeromys celebensis (gray, 1867 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsulawesinmetsärotta\nto\ntaeromys punicans (miller and hollister, 1921 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsulawesinvuorirotta\nto\ntaeromys hamatus (miller and hollister, 1921 )\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern, because whilst it has a relatively small range (extent of occurrence of approximately 15, 312 km²), it is found in protected areas and in a variety of habitats where there are few threats .\nthis species is known from the type locality of tanke salokko, the highest point in the mekongga range, in south - eastern sulawesi (03°35' s, 121°15' e), between 1, 500 and 2, 000 m (musser and carleton 2005) and also from lore lindu national park, central sulawesi (maryanto et al. 2009) .\nthis species prefers mix gardens, marsh and lower montane forests (maryanto et al 2009) and based on habitat requirements of congeners they are unlikely to occur in degraded habitats .\nthe major threat is likely to be habitat loss, although forest loss in the regions the species is found has been less severe than elsewhere .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its distribution, status and ecological requirements. it may range more widely than is currently known .\nthis poorly known species is known only from a few montane localities (gunung lehio, gunung kanino and gunung nokilalaki) in central sulawesi, indonesia (musser and carleton 2005). it may range more widely in the central montane regions .\nthis terrestrial species is found in primary montane tropical evergreen rainforest (musser and carleton 2005), from 1, 280 to 2, 287 m. it is not known is the species can persist in disturbed or modified habitats. a more recent survey of lore lindu np recorded one individual in cloud forest above 2100 m, one at montane 1200 - 1499 m, one at lower montane 1200 - 1499 m and four at 600 - 899 m .\nthe threats to this species are not known. it may be threatened by deforestation if it occurs to the south of the known range. the lore lindu national park lost 11. 8% of its forest from 2000 to 2010, and projections indicate approximately 40% of the park will be deforested by 2050 even if the deforestation rate is cut by half, this is because deforestation is encroaching from below and climate change is stressing high - elevation species (harris et al. 2014) .\nit is present in lore lindu national park. further field surveys are needed to learn more about the habitat, ecology, distribution range and threats to this poorly known species .\njustification: listed as data deficient as the limits of distribution are not well known and there is no recent information on population status, having last been collected in 1932 .\nthis species is known only from the type locality: tanke salokko in south eastern sulawesi, indonesia (03°35' s, 121°15' e, at 1, 500 m) (musser and carleton 2005). it is possible that it might occur slightly more widely, at high elevations, than current records suggest .\nthis species is known only from the type series of three specimens collected in 1932 (musser and carleton 2005) .\nthis species is found in montane forest, and not likely to occur in degraded habitats .\nthe major threat is likely to be habitat loss, although forest loss in this region of sulawesi has been less severe than elsewhere. in the region cacao plantations and primary / secondary mosaics result from logging, and montane forest is scarce and scattered over peaks separated by deep valleys (mortelliti et al. 2012) .\nit is not known from any protected areas. this species is in need of further survey work to determine its limits of distribution and current population status .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\ncomments: a lowland species represented by two specimens caught in 1918 from the type locality and a few subfossil fragments from the sw peninsula (musser, 1984). other than that it inhabits tropical lowland evergreen rainforest, nothing is known about ecology of this species or its actual distribution over the island\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe text and images for this case study are uploaded by the grant recipient to raise awareness of the conservation work being done. through its website the fund provides the platform, but is not responsible for text or image content of case studies .\n© mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund 2013, all rights reserved. website by intex digital\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services .\nthis browser doesn' t support spotify web player. switch browsers or download spotify for your desktop .\nlisten to all your favourite artists on any device for free or try the premium trial .\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 22 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files." ]

{ "text": [ "taeromys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae found exclusively in sulawesi , indonesia .", "it contains the following species : salokko rat ( taeromys arcuatus ) lovely-haired rat ( taeromys callitrichus ) celebes rat ( taeromys celebensis ) sulawesi montane rat ( taeromys hamatus ) small-eared rat ( taeromys microbullatus ) sulawesi forest rat ( taeromys punicans ) tondano rat ( taeromys taerae )" ], "topic": [ 26, 29 ] }

[ "taeromys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae found exclusively in sulawesi, indonesia. it contains the following species: salokko rat (taeromys arcuatus) lovely-haired rat (taeromys callitrichus) celebes rat (taeromys celebensis) sulawesi montane rat (taeromys hamatus) small-eared rat (taeromys microbullatus) sulawesi forest rat (taeromys punicans) tondano rat (taeromys taerae )" ]

[ "one wednesday, late in the 17th century, george villiers, 2nd duke of buckingham, strode into laurence rooke’s room at gresham college and produced what he claimed was a unicorn’s horn. legend had it that a circle produced using such a horn had the power to keep a spider trapped until it died. so the bewigged gentlemen gathered there “for the promoting of experimental philosophy” performed an experiment: “a circle was made with the powder of unicorn’s horn and a spider set in the middle of it, but it immediately ran out. the trial being repeated several times, the spider once made some stay on the powder. ”\nunicorn chacabuco platnick & brescovit, 1995: 10, f. 21 (d f) .\nunicorn socos platnick & brescovit, 1995: 10, f. 20 (d f) .\nunicorn huanaco platnick & brescovit, 1995: 11, f. 2, 29 - 31 (d m) .\nunicorn toconao platnick & brescovit, 1995: 10, f. 19, 23 - 25 (d m f) .\nunicorn catleyi platnick & brescovit, 1995: 9, f. 1, 3 - 11, 15 - 18 (d m f). unicorn catleyi izquierdo & rubio, 2011: 2, f. 1a - e, 2a - f, 3a (m f) .\norchestina argentina mello - leitão, 1940e: 257 (dj). unicorn argentina platnick & brescovit, 1995: 11, f. 26 - 28 (tj from orchestina, d m). unicorn argentina izquierdo & rubio, 2011: 4, f. 3b (m) .\nunicorn sikus gonzález, corronca & cava, 2010: 375, f. 1a - d, 2a - 3, 3a - e, 4a - h (d m f) .\nso ran one of the early meetings of the royal society, which is celebrating its 350th anniversary this year. and though the tale of the duke’s horn sounds comical to modern ears, it none the less reveals the bent of the men who created modern science. these men were open minded enough to give the duke’s theory a hearing, sensible enough to establish the truth by repeated experimentation, and thorough enough to record the results of their observations for posterity. they were providing a forum in which their thoughts, like the spider, could travel beyond the circle of medieval superstition .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nif nothing happens, download the github extension for visual studio and try again .\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nthe silence before a victory in equality parallels the silence after: it is alighted by those who barter their carved flesh for candle wax, set afire for an enduring thread .\nhtml preprocessors can make writing html more powerful or convenient. for instance, markdown is designed to be easier to write and read for text documents and you could write a loop in pug .\nin codepen, whatever you write in the html editor is what goes within the < body > tags in a basic html5 template. so you don' t have access to higher - up elements like the < html > tag. if you want to add classes there, that can effect the whole document, this is the place to do it .\nin codepen, whatever you write in the html editor is what goes within the < body > tags in a basic html5 template. if you need things in the < head > of the document, put that code here .\nthe resource you are linking to is using the' http' protocol, which may not work when the browser is using https .\ncss preprocessors help make authoring css easier. all of them offer things like variables and mixins to provide convenient abstractions .\nit' s a common practice to apply css to a page that styles elements such that they are consistent across all browsers. we offer two of the most popular choices: normalize. css and a reset. or, choose neither and nothing will be applied .\nto get the best cross - browser support, it is a common practice to apply vendor prefixes to css properties and values that require them to work. for instance - webkit - or - moz - .\nwe offer two popular choices: autoprefixer (which processes your css server - side) and - prefix - free (which applies prefixes via a script, client - side) .\nany url' s added here will be added as < link > s in order, and before the css in the editor. if you link to another pen, it will include the css from that pen. if the preprocessor matches, it will attempt to combine them before processing .\nyou can apply css to your pen from any stylesheet on the web. just put a url to it here and we' ll apply it, in the order you have them, before the css in the pen itself .\nif the stylesheet you link to has the file extension of a preprocessor, we' ll attempt to process it before applying .\nyou can also link to another pen here, and we' ll pull the css from that pen and include it. if it' s using a matching preprocessor, we' ll combine the code before preprocessing, so you can use the linked pen as a true dependency .\njavascript preprocessors can help make authoring javascript easier and more convenient. for instance, coffeescript can help prevent easy - to - make mistakes and offer a cleaner syntax and babel can bring ecmascript 6 features to browsers that only support ecmascript 5 .\nmodules are a feature that allow your browsers javascript to use import statements to import functions, objects or primitives .\nany url' s added here will be added as < script > s in order, and run before the javascript in the editor. you can use the url of any other pen and it will include the javascript from that pen .\nyou can apply a script from anywhere on the web to your pen. just put a url to it here and we' ll add it, in the order you have them, before the javascript in the pen itself .\nif the script you link to has the file extension of a preprocessor, we' ll attempt to process it before applying .\nyou can also link to another pen here, and we' ll pull the javascript from that pen and include it. if it' s using a matching preprocessor, we' ll combine the code before preprocessing, so you can use the linked pen as a true dependency .\nif enabled, the preview panel updates automatically as you code. if disabled, use the\nrun\nbutton to update .\nyour browser has a more recent version of this pen stored. click the timestamp and save your pen to save the new version .\ntrying viewing this pen in debug mode, which is the preview area without any iframe and does not require javascript. although what the preview is of might !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe society’s purpose, as thomas sprat wrote in its earliest history, “was no more then onely the satisfaction of breathing freer air, and of conversing with one another, without being ingag’d in the passions and madness of that dismal age”. the rules were clear: nothing about god, politics or the news “other than what concern’d our business of philosophy”. members of the society, which first met in london in november 1660 to hear 28 - year - old christopher wren lecture on astronomy, would go on to describe evolution, split the atom and discover the double helix, the electron, the computer and the world wide web .\nthis collection of essays by scientists and science writers, enthusiastically introduced but less confidently edited by bill bryson, promises to tell “the story of science and the royal society”. it’s a chronologically organised cabinet of curiosities. so one minute the novelist margaret atwood is using her characteristically sly and seductive prose to propose that had the royal society not existed we would have no b - movie “mad scientists”, and the next henry petroski, an american professor of civil engineering, is running us through the great bridges of the 19th century .\nfor the lay reader, the pill of difficult chapters (such as the science - fiction writer neal stephenson’s on the 17th - century polymath gottfried leibniz’s metaphysical theory of “monads”) is sugared by more gently anecdotal chapters, such as the biographer richard holmes’s piece on the 18th - century craze for hot - air ballooning. richard dawkins breaks down darwin’s understanding and popularisation of evolution into five imaginative leaps, the physicist gregory benford peers into the nature of time, and the science writer philip ball examines the practical applications of science in a chapter appealingly titled “making stuff”. as the essays build up we deepen our appreciation of the tensions between experimentation and mathematics, function and abstraction, creation and destruction, simplicity and complexity, harmony and chaos, individual genius and collective endeavour, and scientists and laymen .\nall these forces are apparent in the tale of bill bryson’s favourite society fellow, revd thomas bayes of tunbridge wells, who lived from 1701 to 1761. he was by all accounts a hopeless preacher but a brilliant mathematician who devised a complex theorem that had no practical application in his own lifetime. he didn’t even bother to publish it and a friend sent it to the society after his death, where it sat in a drawer until supercomputers came along to make use of it. today the bayes theorem is routinely used to model climate change. stephen schneider, a professor of biology at stanford university, argues in his chapter that, in the absence of empirical data about the future, bayesian methods are all we have and that “if we care about the future we have to engage with subjective analyses and updating – there is no alternative other than to wait for laboratory earth to perform the experiment for us, with all living things on the planet along for the ride” .\nthroughout its 350 - year history, society members from isaac newton to stephen hawking have changed the world by changing our understanding of it .\nbuy now for £23 (plus £1. 25 p & p) from 0844 871 1515 or telegraph books\nbhl' s existence depends on the support of its patrons. help us keep this free resource alive !\nbiodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :\nwe might, not improperly, describe the hippocampus as a marine insect... the tail may be compared in some degree to the idea w…\nu. platnick & brescovit, 1995: 7, type u. catleyi platnick & brescovit, 1995 .\n| | argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005214 ]\n| | chile, argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005215 ]\n| | chile [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005216 ]\n| | bolivia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005217 ]\n| | argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 043311 ]\n| | chile [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005218 ]\n| | chile [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 005219 ]" ]

{ "text": [ "unicorn ( \" one horn \" , in latin ) is a genus of goblin spiders ( family oonopidae ) from south america , containing seven species that occur predominantly in high elevation , semi-desert regions of bolivia , chile , and argentina .", "individuals are relatively large for goblin spiders , measuring up to 3.0 mm ( 0.12 in ) in body length .", "the genus name refers to a characteristic pointed projection between the eyes and jaws of males .", "in at least one species , broken-off tips of the male pedipalps have been found within the genitalia of females , postulated as a means of sperm competition .", "unicorn possesses several traits that suggest it is a relatively \" primitive \" member of the oonopidae , and is classified with other similar , soft-bodied goblin spiders in the subfamily sulsulinae . " ], "topic": [ 26, 0, 23, 9, 26 ] }

[ "unicorn (\" one horn \", in latin) is a genus of goblin spiders (family oonopidae) from south america, containing seven species that occur predominantly in high elevation, semi-desert regions of bolivia, chile, and argentina. individuals are relatively large for goblin spiders, measuring up to 3.0 mm (0.12 in) in body length. the genus name refers to a characteristic pointed projection between the eyes and jaws of males. in at least one species, broken-off tips of the male pedipalps have been found within the genitalia of females, postulated as a means of sperm competition. unicorn possesses several traits that suggest it is a relatively \" primitive \" member of the oonopidae, and is classified with other similar, soft-bodied goblin spiders in the subfamily sulsulinae." ]

[ "below you see all the shark species that we commonly interact with during our workshops. each species is described with the most obvious behaviors around humans. for a full description, see erich’s book “shark - human interaction. ” the species are ordered alphabetically. azores: blue shark, mako shark bahamas - grand cay: caribbean reef shark, blacktip shark, nurse shark bahamas eleuthera: caribbean reef shark, blacktip shark, nurse shark bahamas - tigerbeach / bimini: caribbean reef shark, lemon shark, tiger shark, bull shark, great hammerhead shark, nurse shark cocos island: scalloped hammerhead, galapagos shark, whale shark, tiger shark, silky shark, whitetip reef shark coiba & malpelo: whale shark, silky shark, blacktip shark, galapagos shark, whitetip reef shark egypt - red sea: grey reef shark, thresher shark, oceanic whitetip shark maldives: grey reef shark, silky shark, silvertip shark, whale shark, zebra shark galapagos: scalloped hammerhead, galapagos shark, whale shark, whitetip reef shark guadalupe: white shark south africa: scalloped hammerhead shark, bull shark, blacktip shark, dusky shark, sandtiger shark .\nthere is recent evidence that it is related to species like the sandbar shark, the bignose shark, the caribbean reef shark, galapagos shark, oceanic whitetip shark, the dusky shark, and the blue shark. though the closest relationship is between the blue shark, the bignose shark and the silky shark .\nsilky shark (carcharhinus falciformis). illustration courtesy fao, species identification and biodata\nthe female silky shark is generally slightly larger than the male (4) .\nen - silky shark, fr - requin soyeux, sp - tiburón jaquetón .\na silky shark attack a dogtooth tuna catched in jigging fishing in french polynesia .\nthe international shark attack file records six unprovoked silky shark attacks on humans as at may 2009 though none were fatal .\nthe silky shark is a slender species that occurs in tropical and some warm temperate waters worldwide .\nsilky shark fin is very valuable as the main ingredient in shark fin soup. this shark is the second most traded on the hong kong fin market (after the blue shark). people also hunt it for sport .\nthe head of the silky shark, when viewed from the side, comes to a sharp point .\nthe silky shark is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe silky shark is a species of requiem shark that gets its name from its silky and smooth skin texture. this species is so widely distributed that it is known by almost 10 different names depending on its locality .\nmartin, r. 2007 .\nsilky shark\n( on - line). reefquest centre for shark research. accessed february 11, 2012 at urltoken .\njacks (family carangidae), follow a silky shark in search of a scraps. photo © jeremy stafford - deitsch\na silky shark near cuba. (author: alex chernikh / wikimedia commons cc by - sa 3. 0 )\ngerman biologists johannes müller and jakob henle were the first people to officially describe and name the silky shark in 1839 .\ntrade - offs in the design of fishery closures: management of silky shark bycatch in the eastern pacific ocean tuna fishery .\nthe silky shark favours warm water, around 23 degrees celsius, and tends to remain near the surface (4) .\nthe silky shark is more active, yet less aggressive than the other two big pelagic sharks, the blue shark and oceanic whitetip. it may be observed more commonly close to shore than the blue and oceanic whitetip sharks, but it is still a pelagic shark and quite rarely seen close to the shore. the silky shark will most likely be found on reefs which have deep drop offs. the impression one gets on seeing a silky shark is that of effortless manoeuvrability and stunning speed .\nthe silky shark is a predator and feeds mainly on inshore and pelagic bony fishes, but also eats squid and pelagic crab .\nthe silky shark was once abundant globally and fished for its liver oil, jaws, skin, and meat. but above all, it is sought after especially for shark fin soup .\nsupport from the dive community is critical to support project aware’s work and deliver strong science - based arguments to decision makers in support of vulnerable and highly traded shark species like the silky shark .\nother than its importance to various fisheries, the silky shark has been used in various scientific studies investigating the sensory biology of sharks .\nthe silky shark is classified as near threatened on the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list of threatened species™ .\n). young silky sharks primarily feed upon jumbo squid, while adult silky sharks consume more red crabs and chub mackerel. additionally, yellowfin tuna (\na streamlined predator, the silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis) gets its common name from its exceptionally smooth skin, which has an almost metallic tone. the upperparts of the silky shark range between brown, bronze and grey, while its underparts are white (3) .\nthis highly migratory, low productivity shark is at risk from substantial incidental take in high seas fisheries. due to its beautifully marked skin, the silky shark is a popular target for the shark leather trade. like many other sharks, it is also fished for its fins, meat and liver oil. the silky shark is ranked among the top three most important sharks in the global fin trade .\nthe next two sharks are considered to be dangerous and are also in the florid, caribbean area. these two sharks are the shortfin mako and the copper shark. the mako shark is a fast and deadly shark that can reach speeds of around 25 mph and bursts of speed up to 45 mph. this quick and deadly shark should be considered very dangerous and caution should be used. the copper shark is also considered dangerous and caution should be used with this species as well. following those five dangerous sharks, there are four more that come close when it comes to the degree of danger, which include the sand tiger shark, lemon shark, blue shark, and the great hammerhead shark. however, this tropical area enjoys many different species of sharks that are potentially dangerous and should not be taken lightly by any means. this list includes the blacknose shark, bignose shark, silky shark, carribean reef shark, and the whitetip shark .\nrelationships between the diameter of the ovary and oocyte diameter of female silky sharks .\ntrade - offs in the design of fishery closures: management of silky shark bycatch in the eastern pacific ocean tuna fishery. - pubmed - ncbi\nsilky shark was created as another solution to enable mouse smoothing or stabilization for applications and web canvases that do not natively support smoothing or stabilization .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis )\ntitle =\narkive species - silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe impacts of commercial purse seine fishing on the biology and ecology of the silky shark, (carcharhinus falciformis): implications for science based management .\nsilky sharks are viviparous: therefore they give birth to live, fully formed pups .\ndespite these threats, a lack of information about the silky shark’s population numbers means it is not clear exactly how threatened this species is (4) .\nthere are currently no international limits placed on catches of the silky shark, nor is it the focus of any other specific conservation measures (1) .\ncabrera - chavez - costa, a. , f. galvan - magana, o. escobar - sanchez. 2010. food habits of the silky shark\noshitani, s. , h. nakano, s. tanaka. 2003. age and growth of the silky shark carcharhinus falciformis from the pacific ocean .\nthe silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis), is a large pelagic (found in open waters) shark of tropical and warm temperate seas. the silky shark is found worldwide in tropical and warm temperate seas. although usually pelagic, it sometimes approaches the coast, especially at remote offshore islands such as the galapagos islands. it is found to depths of at least 500 metres .\nas a new year begins, let’s pause to celebrate the progress made for sharks and rays in 2016. see how you can take action for shark and ray protection in 2017 and learn more about the majestic silky shark :\nsilky sharks, carcharhinus falciformis, are considered dangerous to humans because of their aggressive nature and size. silky shark have been observed with their head raised, back arched and tail lowered, a posture believed to be a form of threat display .\nas with other sharks, the silky shark is vulnerable to over - fishing due to its long gestation period, low number of offspring and slow growth rate .\nwherever it’s found, the silky shark prefers the open ocean between depths of 200 meters (660 feet) and 500 meters (1, 600 feet) .\nwhile their home range is not well known and appears to be poorly defined, it has been noted that silky sharks favor certain migratory routes and core areas over others. each silky shark has a unique movement pattern based on prey preference and migration .\nfemale silky sharks are viviparous, meaning the embryos develop inside the female without an egg case and are born live (5). the silky shark has a long gestation period of 12 months, and the typical litter size is between 2 and 14 young. the young silky sharks are typically born in late spring, around may or june, and each measures 70 to 85 centimetres at birth. male silky sharks mature at 9 to 10 years old, while females mature at 12 years. the typical lifespan of the silky shark is believed to be about 23 years (4) .\nturtle island restoration network and fellow conservationists believe that costa rica’s proposal would do little to protect declining silky shark populations, and would allow the overfishing and extinction process to continue. for this reason, conservationists are supporting a competing proposal from the european union (e. u .) that calls for a 3 - month closure on silky shark targeted longline fisheries, a ban on the use of steel leaders (a gear modification designed to increase shark catch) and zero retention of silky sharks (as incidental catch) by longline fisheries that don’t target sharks. additionally, countries with silky shark targeted longline fisheries would have to develop management plans .\nsilky sharks are of considerable importance to longline and gillnet fisheries in many parts of the world. in the gulf of mexico they are often caught as bycatch in the tuna fishery but are also harvested by the directed shark fishery. in the caribbean they are sometimes fished, primarily by longline, but they are not a common catch. in the maldives and sri lanka, they are the most important shark species, comprising 70 - 80% of the pelagic longline catch. in japanese waters, silky sharks are a common target species of the shark fishery and are also caught as bycatch by the swordfish and tuna fisheries. in the mid - atlantic waters of the us, the silky shark is fished on a limited basis, but not in significant numbers. the meat, oil, and fins of the silky shark are sold commercially. the silky shark is also fished by recreational fishermen. like other sharks, the silky shark is vulnerable to overfishing because of its long gestation period, low number of offspring and slow growth rate .\ngarrick, j. , r. backus, r. gibbs, jr. 1964. carcharhinus floridanus, the silky shark, a synonym of c. falciformis .\nthere is no stock assessment of the silky shark in the atlantic ocean. analyses of longline research surveys and observer data from the gulf of mexico estimated that the abundance of the silky shark population had declined by 91% from 1950 - 1990 (baum and myers 2004). united states pelagic longline observer and logbook data (1992 - 2005) that encompasses both the northwest and western central atlantic regions was used to estimate a decrease of 46 and 50% respectively in silky shark standardised cpue (cortés\ndue to its beautifully marked skin, the silky shark is a popular target for the shark leather trade. like many other sharks, it is also fished for its fins, meat and liver oil (5). the silky shark is ranked in the top three most important sharks in the global fin trade, with up to 1. 5 million fins being traded annually from this species (1) .\nas mentioned earlier, the silky shark was one of the most abundant and widely distributed shark species on the planet. but their fins in particular are highly valued for shark fin soup. also, they are often caught as bycatch as they tend to pursue large schools of tuna: which the fisheries are also after .\n. (2007) also reported that relative abundance of silky shark appeared to be increasing in the area since 2000 and advised caution in interpreting the catch trends due to short - comings in the data and the highly migratory nature of the silky shark that requires a more comprehensive analysis of trends throughout their range. another analyses of the observer data from this same fishery over 1992 - 2005 combined catches of dusky shark (\nanimals. sketchy data shows no strong tendency for sexual segregation in the silky shark, but this may very well occur. there is size segregation, with young occurring on\nthe silky shark remains one of the most widely distributed sharks in the pelagic zone. despite overfishing, it is still regularly seen in many regions especially in tropical waters .\none of the few regular predators of silky sharks is humans. silky sharks are known to follow schools of tuna and are often caught as a by - catch in tuna fisheries. they are also harvested by directed pelagic shark fisheries, and taken by recreational fisherman .\nalthough the silky shark is superficially similar to many other carcharinid species, it is easily recognizable by its shiny skin and low rounded first dorsal. some older silky sharks may lose their lustre. at that point they may be confused with other species e. g .\nsilky sharks are quick and aggressive. they are solitary and often found near schools of tuna .\nsilky sharks are attracted in large numbers by low frequency sounds of between 10 and 20 hz .\nknickle, c. 2012 .\nsilky shark\n( on - line). ichthyology at the florida museum of natural history. accessed march 15, 2012 at urltoken .\nthere are now more than 10, 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution, biology, and conservation. there is a large library of reviewed shark books, a constantly updated shark taxonomy page, a monster list of shark links, and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters. elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates, that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :\nsilky sharks are among the shark species most commonly captured in pelagic longline and purse seine gear set primarily for tunas; the associated mortality is the primary threat to silky shark populations. they are vulnerable to overfishing due to slow growth, late maturity, lengthy gestation, and few young. they can grow to more than three meters and live 20 years .\nhave distinctively elongated rear tips. the hardnose shark is widely distributed in the western\nthus, as a reflection of their abundance, silky sharks have the dubious distinction of being among the most abundantly represented species in asian shark fin markets and are by far the most common source of cleaned and dried shark jaws sold to tourists in tropical countries .\nproject aware®, together with shark conservation partners, successfully advocated for the adoption of international trade controls proposed by top diving destinations fiji, sri lanka and the maldives under cites not only for the silky shark but also thresher sharks and nine species of devil rays .\ncelebrate the new international trade controls for the silky shark and show off your support for shark and ray conservation with the new padi® silky shark limited edition card supporting project aware’s conservation work. if you complete a dive course in 2017, ask your padi instructor for this special limited edition project aware version of your padi certification card or if you can’t wait to show off your support for ocean protection, visit urltoken to request a replacement card .\nbane, g. w. , jr. , 1966. observations on the silky shark, carcharhinus falciformis, in the gulf of guinea. copeia, 1966: 354 - 6\nsilky sharks are not generally dangerous to divers, but in the presence of speared fish or if approached directly they can become aggressive and therefore should be considered a potentially dangerous shark .\nthe silky shark, a sleek, pelagic species found in tropical waters around the globe, gets its common name from its exceptionally smooth skin, which has an almost metallic tone .\nwhile the eu proposal bans the retention of silky sharks caught by tuna and mahi mahi fisheries, the costa rican proposal will allow 30 percent of their total catch to be shark .\nthe yellowfin tuna (thunnus albacares) is commonly preyed on by silky sharks. photo © george burgess\ntaiwan’s fleet has the 4th largest shark catch in the world, with a declared 6 million sharks caught annually, accounting for almost 6% of the global figures. however, these numbers could be greatly underestimated. biogeographically, taiwan has the highest species diversity of sharks in the world [ 7 ]. between 1996 and 2006, annual taiwanese shark landings (coastal, offshore, and pelagic combined) averaged between 39, 000 and 55, 000 metric tons. sharks are captured primarily by bottom longline, mid - water longline, large - mesh drift - net, and as by - catch of the tuna longline fishery. the dominant species are prionace glauca (blue shark), isurus oxyrinchus (shortfin mako shark), sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead shark), s. zygaena (smooth hammerhead shark), alopias superciliosus (bigeye thresher shark), a. pelagicus (pelagic thresher shark), carcharhinus plumbeus (sandbar shark), c. falciformi s (silky shark), c. longimanus (oceanic whitetip shark), c. brevipinna (spinner shark), and c. obscurus (dusky shark) [ 8 ] .\nthe silky shark is a pelagic species, mainly occupying open tropical seas. it has been recorded in waters from 18 to 500 metres deep (3). adult silky sharks are typically found in deep waters, while smaller individuals are often found in shallower coastal waters (4) .\nthe silky shark is often found over deepwater reefs and near insular slopes. water temperatures of 23° to 24°c have been recorded where it occurs. it is anactive, quick - moving, aggressive shark in the water, but defers to the more sluggish but stubbornly persistant\n“time is running out for the silky sharks in the eastern pacific, ” warned alex antoniou, executive director of fins attached. “the european proposal lays the groundwork to reverse the decline of silky sharks. ”\nhowever, some areas inhabited by the silky shark are protected, such as cocos island and its surrounding ecosystems, which are protected against fishing by the costa rican government (6) .\nrelationships between the maturity stages of female silky sharks, with total length of the specimens and ovary weight .\nthe ovaries of the silky shark are suspended by the mesentery in the anterior portion of the abdominal cavity. there are blood vessels and the presence of follicles at the respective stages of maturity .\nhere you can find basic information for shark species in the egyptian red sea. visit our research pages to find more detailed information about oceanic whitetip sharks, silky sharks and grey reef sharks .\nreefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations © r. aidan martin copyright | privacy\nsp. (dogfish shark) belong to the squaliformes. according to blast results ,\nchlamydoselachus anguineus - frilled shark only one pacific coast record: pt. arguello, california\ncarwardine, mark. shark. wood lane, london: firefly books, 2004 .\nconservation status: listed as vulnerable by the iucn. the silky shark is the second most caught species of shark globally, after the blue shark (prionace glauca) (oliver et al. 2015). the silky shark is both targeted or caught as incidental (bycatch) by longline fisheries and purse seine fisheries (especially those using drifting fish aggregating devices [ fads ]) as well as by artisanal fisheries. fads are made of a floating object and nets that lie vertical in the water column to attract schools of fish. the silky shark, as well as other species, is easily entangled in the nets; and there have been large increases in the use of fads since 1996 (leroy et al. 2013). whether they are targeted or an incidental catch, the silky shark is often either retained for its meat and fins where regulations allow, or released with high mortality rates apparent in the tropical purse seine fisheries (hutchinson et al. 2015). total catches of the silky shark reported to fao are mainly from sri lanka (western indian ocean) with the fao catch less than 4, 000 tonnes (t) from 2005 - 2009 before doubling in 2010 and 2011. catches then decreased to ~ 5, 000 t in 2012 and 2013 (fao 2015). the silky shark was found to represent at least 3 - 4% of the fins auctioned in hong kong, the world' s largest shark fin trading centre—the third highest after blue shark and hammerhead shark (general) (clarke et al. 2006a) —and hong kong is thought to make up more than half of the global shark fin trade (clarke et al. 2004, 2006b). silky shark fins are valuable to the trade, although they are not one of the highest value fin types (s. clarke, unpubl. data) .\nthe silky shark is of considerable importance to longline and gillnet fisheries in many parts of the world. in the gulf of mexico it is often caught as bycatch in the tuna fishery but also harvested by the directed shark fishery. in the caribbean it is sometimes fished, primarily by longline, but is not a common catch. in the maldives and sri lanka, it is the most important shark species, comprising 70 - 80% of the pelagic longline catch. in japanese waters, the silky shark is commonly taken in the directed pelagic shark fishery but also in the swordfish and tuna fishery as bycatch, while around the mid - atlantic coasts of the united states, it is fished but not in significant numbers. it is used for its meat, oil, and fins. the silky shark is also taken by recreational fishermen .\naccording to statistics regarding the most attacks by any one shark shows that out of all of the unprovoked attacks, three sharks are responsible for a majority of them. the three sharks considered most dangerous in order, is the great white shark, the tiger shark, and the bull shark. the most dangerous, the great white shark was responsible for 254 unprovoked attacks (67 were fatal). this number is unmistakably a lot larger than the closest of any sharks, the closest being the tiger shark who was responsible for 91 unprovoked attacks (29 were fatal). the last of the three most dangerous is the bull shark that was responsible for 66 unprovoked attacks (20 were fatal). the next four dangerous sharks in order are the sand tiger shark, the blacktip shark, the hammerhead shark, and the blue shark. these statistics were based on attacks between the years 1580 and 2000. (carwardine, p. 104 )\npoisson, f. (2007). “compilation of information on blue shark (prionace glauca), silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis), oceanic whitetip shark (carcharhinus longimanus), scalloped hammerhead (sphyrna lewini) and shortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus) in the indian ocean, ” in 3rd session of the iotc working party on ecosystems and bycatch (victoria) .\nbreeding season in tropical waters, silky sharks breed year - round. in the warm - temperate waters of the gulf of mexico, silky sharks breed during the summer months (june, july, and august) .\nlike most large sharks, adult silky sharks have very few predators. they may occasionally encounter a killer whale (\nbenchley, peter. shark trouble. new york, ny: random house, 2002 .\nthe silky shark can be both a solitary and social species (2). interestingly, it often shoals with individuals of its own size, although segregation by sex is not strongly shown (4) .\nwatson, j. t. (2007). trade - offs in the design of fishery closures: silky shark by catch management in the eastern pacific ocean tuna purse seine fishery. university of washington .\nsilky sharks are the most common shark caught incidentally by tuna longline and purse seine fisheries throughout their range, particularly those using fish aggregating devices. silky sharks are the most - caught species in longline fisheries in the eastern pacific, constituting up to 90 percent of the total catch of sharks. silky sharks are classified as ‘near threatened ’ by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn). in the central and eastern tropical pacific, silky sharks are even more endangered and classified as ’ vulnerable. ’ silky sharks are currently listed under appendix ii of the convention on migratory species (cms) and annex i of the memorandum of understanding (mou) migratory sharks .\nhelp us ensure safe and positive interactions between humans and basking sharks. ► download our basking shark code of conduct. ► visit our basking shark project for more information about basking sharks .\n- sandoval castillo j, villavicencio garayzar c (2008) fetal mummification in silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis) in the gulf of california. brazilian archives of biology and technology 51 (3), 551 - 554\noshitani, s. , h. nakano, s. tanaka. 2003. age and growth of the silky shark carcharhinus falciformis from the pacific ocean. fisheries science, 69 / 3: 456 - 464 .\nas well as being deliberately targeted by fisheries, the silky shark also suffers from being caught as bycatch, in particular by fishing methods such as purse seines and long lines. it is the most frequent species of shark caught by purse seines used to fish tuna in the eastern pacific ocean (1) .\nthe silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis) is an oceanic and coastal - pelagic shark with a circumglobal distribution in tropical waters. it is a target or bycatch species in pelagic tuna longline and purse seine fisheries where it is taken in high numbers. silky shark is one of the three most traded shark species in the global shark fin trade. estimates of trends in abundance over three generations (45 years) from standardized catch rate and spawning biomass indices show declines of silky shark in the eastern central and southeast pacific ocean, western central pacific ocean and the atlantic ocean. across all three ocean regions, there are the major uncertainties in estimates of catch rate and population changes, and an inability to conclusively attribute any declines solely to fishing mortality as there is some potential for environmental influences on catchability and sampling artefacts. the weighted global population trend estimated a 47 - 54% decline over three generations. this reflects the proportionate contribution of each region’s silky shark population change. the estimated level of decline and the uncertainties in the data warrants a global status of vulnerable. this assessment should be revisited when more definitive catch data and stock assessments become available .\nfossilized teeth from the silky shark exist as far back as the late pliocene (about 3. 5 million years ago). others were found dating to the miocene (23 to 5. 3 million years ago) .\nfrom the date the cites cop17 shark proposals were formally adopted in october 2016, cites parties have one year to implement the new international trade obligations for the silky and thresher sharks, and six months for the devil rays .\nif attending a shark feed, stay away from (and not down current of) any bait .\nan inquisitive shark may bump or bite an underwater flashgun that emits a loud whine when it recycles .\nthe evolutionary relationships of the hardnose shark have not been fully resolved. in a 1988 study based on\nthe hardnose shark is slender, with a long snout and elongated rear tips on the dorsal fins .\nthreat to humans: the silky shark is generally regarded as dangerous or potentially dangerous to people, particularly because of its size and abundance offshore, although no attacks have been attributed to it. because of its lesser aggressiveness and apparently more restricted diet, it may very well be less dangerous than the more omnivorous oceanic whitetip shark .\nconservationists will be coming out in force to the cites (convention on the international trade in endangered species) meeting in south africa in september, with the goal of winning binding commitments to protect silky sharks and other shark species .\nthe age of silky sharks can be determined by counting the number of growth rings that develop on their vertebrae, with each band representing approximately one year of life. silky sharks live to be 23 years of age on average, and it is estimated that they can live up 25 years in the wild. there are no records of silky sharks being kept and raised in captivity .\nthe tail of the silky shark has a slightly larger upper than lower lobe, which provides good thrust for catching fast - moving prey, as well as lift to keep the shark from sinking. the pectoral fins are long and slender, and there are two dorsal fins, the second of which is considerably smaller than the first. the dorsal fins are often darker than the rest of the body (3). the silky shark has relatively large eyes, and small teeth that are heavily serrated on both sides to help grip slippery prey (4) .\nsilky shark, carcharhinus falciformis, are viviparous (placental), meaning females give birth to live young. after about a 12 month gestation period, silky sharks usually produce between 2 - 14 pups per litter during late spring. pups measure between 73 - 87 cm and spend their first few months in shallow water near reefs before moving offshore into open ocean .\nthe silky shark is widespread across the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans. it is most commonly seen in the red sea, the waters surrounding the bahamas, and at cocos island off costa rica (3) (4) .\nwatson, j. , t. essington, c. lennet - cody, m. hall. 2009. trade - offs in the design of fishery closures: management of silky shark bycatch in the eastern pacific ocean tuna fishery .\nin tropical waters, silky sharks breed year round, and in warm - temperate waters, such as the gulf of mexico, silky sharks breed only during the summer months (june, july, and august). they breed every two years and typically produce between two and fourteen live offspring per litter. the gestation period averages 12 months. silky sharks are considered capable predators at birth .\nother than its importance to various fisheries, silky sharks have been used in various scientific studies to investigate the sensory biology of sharks .\nthe silky shark has a large ‘typical’ shark body, slender with ‘silky’ smooth skin which is smooth to the touch. it is brown - grey dorsally and white below with no special markings. it can be distinguished from other sharks by the second dorsal fin, which has a very long free tip at the rear, about two and a half times the fin height. the first dorsal fin is also farther back than on any other carcharhiniform, beginning behind the pectoral fins .\nthe impacts of commercial purse seine fishing on the biology and ecology of the silky shark, (& lt; i & gt; carcharhinus falciformis) & lt; / i & gt; : implications for science based management. - proquest\nflorida museum of natural history0 biological profiles: silky shark. retrieved on 26 august 2005, from urltoken. ichthyology at the florida museum of natural history: education - biological profiles. flmnh, university of florida. (ref. 55180 )\nwhich occur with it. one is tempted to speculate that this shark is perhaps less well - adapted to\nspringer, s. 1967. social organization of shark populations. chap. 9, pp. 149–174 .\ncarwardine, mark. the shark watcher' s handbook. princeton, nj: princeton up, 2002 .\ngarrick, j. , r. backus, r. gibbs, jr. 1964. carcharhinus floridanus, the silky shark, a synonym of c. falciformis. american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists, 1964 / 2: 369 - 375 .\none of three species (also including oceanic whitetip and blue shark) of sharks that patrols the open ocean .\n- sandoval castillo j, beheregaray l (in preparation). phylogeography, seascape genetics and speciation of angel shark\nbranstetter, s. 1987. age, growth and reproductive biology of the silky shark, carcharhinus falciformis, and the scalloped hammerhead, sphyrna lewini, from the northwestern gulf of mexico. environmental biology of fishes, 19 / 3: 161 - 173 .\nmale silky sharks release pheromones; however, it is uncertain as to whether or not the pheromones are used to attract mates, ward off competition, mark territory, or some combination of the three. additionally, studies have shown that no sexual segregation exists within silky shark populations. pheromones do not play a role in determining social structure, meaning that silky sharks do not travel together solely for mating purposes. rather, size appears to be the determing factor in social structure, with co - travelling generally being of the same size class .\nhere we characterize a molecular method to identify shark meat from the local markets of taiwan using genetic barcoding. our efforts reveal shark species composition in taiwanese markets and support the utility of dna barcoding for species identification and classification by iucn population status. this will provide the necessary species - specific data to the authorities responsible for managing shark stocks .\nurltoken, 2012 .\nsilky sharks, carcharhinus falciformis at urltoken\n( on - line). accessed february 18, 2012 at urltoken .\nsilky sharks are a highly migratory species, following the movements of schooling fish such as tuna. they travel alone and in groups depending on the individual shark. silky sharks are known for their quick and aggressive behavior, and have been seen performing threat displays in which they raise their head, arch their back, and lower their tail. several shark species display this behavior in situations dealing with territory, mates, and predators. they are very inquisitive and will often make close non - aggresive passes to divers .\nto help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .\nthe silky shark population structure is poorly understood. genetic studies found that in the pacific, there are potentially three stocks; one stock in the western pacific and two stocks in the eastern pacific (north and south) separated by the equator (aires da silva\nunfortunately i offer little to no technical support for this software aside from what you will find in the help document. if you need a more personalized solution you are welcome to modify the source code. silky shark is free to use and open source software .\nthe major challenge is that even though fisheries no longer target this shark directly like before, the fact that silky sharks follow tuna around is a serious concern. tuna fisheries encounter them as bycatch all the time and there is no easy solution to the problem .\nsilky sharks, carcharhinus falciformis, feed primarily on fishes, as well as squid, paper nautiluses, and pelagic crabs. tuna (little tunny and yellowfin), albacore, mullet, mackerel, porcupine fish, and various others including crabs have all been found in the stomachs silky sharks .\nthe hardnose shark is a slim - bodied species with a long, narrow, and pointed snout. unlike in other\ndermal denticles denticles are small, tightly packed and over - lapping giving the hide a smooth or\nsilky\ntexture, hence the common name .\n), albacore, mullet, mackerel, porcupine fish, squid, nautiluses, and various crabs have all been found in the stomachs silky sharks .\nsilky sharks get their name from the silky feel of their hide. their skin, as in other shark species, is covered with dermal denticles. however, the unusually dense packing of these structures in this species makes their skin feel much softer to the touch than the rougher skin that is commonly associated with sharks. another distinctive feature of silky sharks is the shape of their teeth. they have between 14 to 17 teeth on each side their upper jaws, and these teeth are notched or serrated rather than concave, which is the condition in most other species of sharks .\ndynamics and structure are poorly known. longline sampling in the eastern and central pacific shows this shark to be much more abundant\ndna barcoding provides an alternative method for understanding shark species composition when species - specific data is unavailable. considering the global population decline, stock assessments of appendix ii species and highly consumed species are needed to accomplish the ultimate goal of shark conservation .\ndifferent shark species or families may have specific adaptations or alterations to their sensory systems; given here is a general overview .\nallen, thomas b. shark attacks their causes and avoidance. new york, ny: the lyons p, 2001 .\nmythbusters episode 102 :\nshark week special 2\nmythbusters results outcomes from all mythbusters episodes. 16 may 2009\nsea surface temperature and depth were respectively the most important predictors for silky shark (86. 3 and 13. 9 %) and rough triggerfish (81 and 17. 8 %) in the habitat models in the indian ocean. sea surface temperature and salinity were the variables that most contributed to the model for silky shark (85. 5 and 11. 5 %) and rough triggerfish (91. 1 and 4. 1 %) in the eastern atlantic ocean. finally, in the eastern pacific ocean, sea surface temperature was the most important variable for silky shark with 66. 3% contribution and primary production for rough triggerfish (56. 6 %). in general, sea surface temperature was the variable that most contributed to explain the habitat distribution for the two species in each ocean (table 3) .\nsilky sharks are popular with divers and snorkelers in many places, including cocos island, cabo san lucas, the florida keys, and several parts of the caribbean. top places to encounter silky sharks whilst diving include usa (texas), mexico, costa rica, the bahamas, cuba, ecuador, sudan .\nthe silky shark, so named because its\nsmooth\nhide (a result of densely packed dermal denticles) is also called the\nnet - eater shark\nin the eastern pacific because of its tendency to ravage tuna seine nets. other english common names include blackspot shark, grey whaler shark, olive shark, reef shark, ridgeback shark, shark, sickle shark, sickle silk shark, and sickle - shaped shark. internationally, this shark is commonly referred to as cação (portuguese), cazon (spanish), cazon de playa (spanish), cazón - tiburón (spanish), haukkahai (finnish), jaqueta (spanish), jaqueton (spanish), kanhaai (dutch), karcharinos lios (greek), kurotogarizame (japanese), lombo preto (portuguese), malie (samoan), mandi sravu (malayalam), mangeur d' hommes (french), marracho sedoso (portuguese), marracho - luzidio (portuguese), mbamba menyo (swahili), moosi (gujarati), mungsing (javanese), mushi (marathi), papa (swahili), papa bunshu (swahili), pating (tagalog), requin soyeux (french), seidenhai (german), suga sura (telugu), syhaai (afrikaans), tiburón (spanish), tiburon jaqueton (spanish), tiburón lustroso (spanish), tiburón sedoso (spanish), tinterero (spanish), tollo (spanish), tollo mantequero (spanish), tribon berde (papiamento), tubarão - luzidio (portuguese), yu jereh (malay), yu pasir (malay), and zijdehaai (dutch) .\nthe maximum size that the silky sharks grow to is 3. 3 metres, however, their average length is usually no more than 2. 4 metres .\nthe silky shark is not particularly selective in the type of fish it eats. actually, they are opportunistic predators that will feed on tuna, lanternfish, sea catfish, mackerel, sardines, mullets, groupers, snappers, sea chubs, eels, and so many other species too .\nbranstetter, s. 0 age, growth and reproductive biology of the silky shark, carcharhinus falciformis, and the scalloped hammerhead, sphyrna lewini, from the northwestern gulf of mexico. environ. biol. fish. 19 (3): 161 - 173. (ref. 6084 )\nmusick, john a. , and beverly mcmillan. the shark chronicles. new york, ny: times books, 2002 .\nthe silky shark is an active predator that feeds primarily on pelagic bony fish such as mackerel, tuna and mullet. it also feeds on cephalopods, such as squid, which are found at greater depths, and has also been known to occasionally eat crustaceans such as crabs. in the pacific ocean, large numbers of silky sharks have been observed gathering around tightly packed shoals of small fish, known as ‘bait balls’ (3) (4) .\nmating rituals of silky sharks, if they exist, are unknown. during the mating process, the male inserts his claspers into the female' s cloaca, releasing sperm. males mate with multiple females during a breeding season. in tropical waters, silky sharks do not have a set breeding season and mate year - round. silky sharks located in the warm temperate waters of the gulf of mexico have a set breeding period during the summer months of june, july, and august .\nwatson, j. , t. essington, c. lennet - cody, m. hall. 2009. trade - offs in the design of fishery closures: management of silky shark bycatch in the eastern pacific ocean tuna fishery. conservation biology, 23 / 3: 626 - 635 .\nalthough essentially pelagic, the silky shark is not restricted to the open ocean and has been recorded from depths as shallow as 18 meters (56 ft). it is an active, swift shark that prefers warmer water (about 23°c). it is commonly found near the edges of continental shelves and over deepwater reefs where there is abundant food source. typically, it ranges from the surface down to at least 500 meters (1, 550 ft) but has been caught over water as deep as 4000 meters (12, 400 ft). studies show no strong tendency for sexual segregation in the silky shark however, they often travel with others of their own size indicating that size segregation is present within the species. typically, smaller sharks can be found in coastal nurseries and adults further offshore over deeper water. small silky sharks are commonly associated with schools of tuna .\nin certain situations, or with certain species such as oceanic whitetip sharks and silky sharks, close approaches might occur and are something that divers should be prepared for .\nduring oceanic whitetip shark dives at cat island in the bahamas, silkies allow divers to approach within touching distance. big fish expeditions runs\n. off northern australia, the hardnose shark makes up 13. 6% of the gillnet catch and 4. 0% of the\nnelson, d. 1977. on the field study of shark behavior. american zoologist, 17 / 2: 501 - 507 .\nthis basic knowledge can avoid some of the major misconceptions about shark behaviour, which are stubbornly clouding any objective assessment of these animals .\nsilky sharks are generally solitary, but have also been known to travel in loose aggregations or groups. juveniles in particular primarily travel in groups until they reach maturity, a strategy that is thought to protect them from larger predators. even at adult stages, silky sharks can be quite social with conspecifics and often intermix with schooling scalloped hammerheads (\nsilky sharks inhabit the continental and insular (island) shelves and slopes, deep water reefs, and the open sea. they are also occasionally sighted in inshore waters .\nsilky sharks are large, well - armed, inquisitive and potentially dangerous to humans in the water. but they have far more cause to fear us than we have to fear them. in tropical and warm temperate offshore waters world - wide, silkies are among the most common components of bycatch in the tuna fishing industry. trapped silky sharks often prey on tunas trapped in the same nets as they, sometimes biting and entangling in the nets. in the tropical eastern pacific, their habit of damaging or destroying tuna nets has earned silky sharks the hated nick - name, “net - eater shark”. perhaps in retaliation or out of sheer opportunism, many tuna fishermen remove the silkies’ most valuable fins for the asian shark fin soup market and remove their jaws to be sold as curios .\nan increasing awareness of the vulnerability of sharks to exploitation by shark finning has contributed to a growing concern about an unsustainable shark fishery. taiwan’s fleet has the 4th largest shark catch in the world, accounting for almost 6% of the global figures. revealing the diversity of sharks consumed by taiwanese is important in designing conservation plans. however, fins make up less than 5% of the total body weight of a shark, and their bodies are sold as filets in the market, making it difficult or impossible to identify species using morphological traits .\nwith an understanding of basic facts on shark behaviour and their sensory systems, some of the more common misconceptions are easily corrected ...\nsilky sharks are common at nurmerous locations around the world. around the eastern pacific islands such as socorro and cocos, they can be seen feeding on baitfish on offshore seamounts .\nsilky sharks also hunt in groups where there is abundant prey. they will herd smaller fish together into a ball and then pass through the prey catching fish as they go .\nthe silky shark has a slender body with a low ridge between the dorsal fins. it has long pectoral fins and a heterocercal tail. the second dorsal and anal fins have long free rear tips. it has serrated triangular teeth in the upper jaw. the lower jaw teeth are more slender and smooth - edged." ]

{ "text": [ "the silky shark ( carcharhinus falciformis ) , also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark , grey whaler shark , olive shark , ridgeback shark , sickle shark , sickle-shaped shark , and sickle silk shark , is a species of requiem shark , in the family carcharhinidae , named for the smooth texture of its skin .", "it is one of the most abundant sharks in the pelagic zone , and can be found around the world in tropical waters .", "highly mobile and migratory , this shark is most often found over the edge of the continental shelf down to 50 m ( 164 ft ) .", "the silky shark has a slender , streamlined body and typically grows to a length of 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) .", "it can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first dorsal fin with a curving rear margin , its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip , and its long , sickle-shaped pectoral fins .", "it is a deep , metallic bronze-gray above and white below .", "with prey often scarce in its oceanic environment , the silky shark is a swift , inquisitive , and persistent hunter .", "it feeds mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods , and has been known to drive them into compacted schools before launching open-mouthed , slashing attacks .", "this species often trails schools of tuna , a favored prey .", "its sense of hearing is extremely acute , allowing it to localize the low-frequency noises generated by other feeding animals , and , by extension , sources of food .", "the silky shark is viviparous , meaning that the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection to their mother .", "significant geographical variation is seen in its life history details .", "reproduction occurs year-round except in the gulf of mexico , where it follows a seasonal cycle .", "females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially .", "the newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf , growing substantially before moving into the open ocean .", "the large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous , and it has behaved aggressively towards divers .", "however , attacks are rare , as few humans enter its oceanic habitat .", "silky sharks are valued for their fins , and to a lesser extent their meat , hide , liver oil , and jaws .", "because of their abundance , they form a major component of commercial and artisanal shark fisheries in many countries .", "furthermore , their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as bycatch in tuna fisheries .", "although slow-reproducing like most other sharks , the wide distribution and large population size of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against these fishing pressures .", "however , data now suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world , which prompted the iucn to reassess its conservation status from least concern to near threatened in 2007 . " ], "topic": [ 15, 13, 18, 0, 23, 12, 15, 15, 15, 4, 22, 19, 14, 14, 14, 15, 10, 15, 15, 15, 15, 17 ] }

[ "the silky shark (carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark, grey whaler shark, olive shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle-shaped shark, and sickle silk shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family carcharhinidae, named for the smooth texture of its skin. it is one of the most abundant sharks in the pelagic zone, and can be found around the world in tropical waters. highly mobile and migratory, this shark is most often found over the edge of the continental shelf down to 50 m (164 ft). the silky shark has a slender, streamlined body and typically grows to a length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). it can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first dorsal fin with a curving rear margin, its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip, and its long, sickle-shaped pectoral fins. it is a deep, metallic bronze-gray above and white below. with prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. it feeds mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods, and has been known to drive them into compacted schools before launching open-mouthed, slashing attacks. this species often trails schools of tuna, a favored prey. its sense of hearing is extremely acute, allowing it to localize the low-frequency noises generated by other feeding animals, and, by extension, sources of food. the silky shark is viviparous, meaning that the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection to their mother. significant geographical variation is seen in its life history details. reproduction occurs year-round except in the gulf of mexico, where it follows a seasonal cycle. females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially. the newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf, growing substantially before moving into the open ocean. the large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. however, attacks are rare, as few humans enter its oceanic habitat. silky sharks are valued for their fins, and to a lesser extent their meat, hide, liver oil, and jaws. because of their abundance, they form a major component of commercial and artisanal shark fisheries in many countries. furthermore, their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as bycatch in tuna fisheries. although slow-reproducing like most other sharks, the wide distribution and large population size of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against these fishing pressures. however, data now suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world, which prompted the iucn to reassess its conservation status from least concern to near threatened in 2007." ]

[ "the island thrush (lord howe island) was endemic to lord howe island .\nlord howe thrush - urdu meaning and translation of lord howe thrush, translation, multiple word search (seperate words with space), english to urdu machine translation of lord howe thrush and more .\nisland thrush (lord howe is. subsp .) - profile | nsw environment & heritage\nthe habitat and ecology of the island thrush (lord howe island) is currently unknown .\nthe lord howe thrush (turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus), also known as vinous - tinted thrush or vinous - tinted blackbird, is an extinct subspecies of the island thrush (turdus poliocephalus) .\nwhen the ss makambo was shipwrecked on lord howe in june 1918 rats escaped into the island, and within six years the lord howe thrush became extinct with other endemic ground - nesting bird species .\nother synonyms english: island thrush (lord howe i .), island thrush (lord howe island), lord howe island thrush, vinous - tinted thrush spanish (spain): zorzal insular (vinitinctus) french: merle de lord howe, merle des îles (lord howe), merle des îles (vinitinctus) japanese: taiwantsugumi (vinitinctus) japanese: タイワンツグミ (vinitinctus) latin: merula vinitincta, turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus, turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus † dutch: eilandmerel (vinitinctus) norwegian: øytrost (vinitinctus) slovak: drozd gouldov swedish: ötrast (vinitinctus )\nisland thrush (lord howe is. subsp .) - profile (office of environment & heritage (oeh), 2014p) [ internet ] .\nthe island thrush (lord howe island) was quite common in 1906 but the population began to diminish in 1913 due to impacts from humans, cats, dogs, goats and feral pigs .\nknown as the doctor bird by locals was an endemic species to lord howe. was common up until 1906, disappeared soon after black rats arrived in 1918 .\nhi all, in 2007, i recorded a pair of song thrush under a large banyan tree, near the roadway in front of the milky way apartments, where we were staying. this was my only sighting of song thrush ion the island. we returned for another stay on lord howe last week, this time at leanda lei, some distance away. after 3 days, i had not seen a song thrush, so decided to try the old spot near milky way. within 30 seconds a song thrush emerged almost at my feet. so, if you are birding lord howe and stuck for song thrush, then try the banyan in front of milky way apartments. it was very windy throughout our stay, and all boat trips were cancelled – including most within the lagoon. no trips to balls pyramid and no round the island cruises. carl weber\nhi all, in september 2007, we found a pair of song thrush among some banyans in what is the car park area for milky way apartments, at the very north end of the settlement. they were secretive, but easy to get close to once seen. we returned to lord howe in december 2013, and again found a single song thrush at exactly the same location. we saw no others on either holiday. hope this helps anyone who is going in future. carl weber —–original message—– sent: thursday, 22 october 2015 10: 55 pm hi jenny, thanks for your lord howe island report, very interesting. we went march 2014 and have a trip diary which can be found at urltoken we also found song thrush difficult, in fact we could not find one! only one of our group saw one once over the week we were their. keith and lindsay fisher julatten qld 4871 — this email has been checked for viruses by avast antivirus software. urltoken birding - aus mailing list birding - aus @ urltoken to change settings or unsubscribe visit: http: / / urltoken / mailman / listinfo / birding - aus _ urltoken — this email has been checked for viruses by avast antivirus software. urltoken birding - aus mailing list birding - aus @ urltoken to change settings or unsubscribe visit: http: / / urltoken / mailman / listinfo / birding - aus _ urltoken\non my last trip to lhi a few years ago i saw a song thrush at the airport just after we arrived (we had to wait about half an hour while part of the group got transferred to accommodation) and no others. this was my third trip to the island, and they definitely appear to be less common and / or more secretive than on previous trips. wish the same could be said for blackbirds! cheers, peter birding - aus mailing list birding - aus @ urltoken to change settings or unsubscribe visit: http: / / urltoken / mailman / listinfo / birding - aus _ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 (garnett, s. , j. szabo & g. dutson, 2011) .\naustralian biological resources study, ed. (2013). australian faunal directory. australian biological resources study. available from: urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia (2000). declaration under s178, s181, and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species, list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes. f2005b02653. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\ncommonwealth of australia (2000b). list of migratory species (13 / 07 / 2000). f2007b00750. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia (2007f). amendment to the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (11 / 04 / 2007). f2007l01219. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 04 - may - 2007 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (2006zp). turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus in species profile and threats (sprat) database. canberra: deh. available from: urltoken .\ngarnett, s. , j. szabo & g. dutson (2011). the action plan for australian birds 2010. csiro publishing. available from: urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (the epbc act). it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth. this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed wed, 11 jul 2018 22: 31: 09 + 1000 .\nthe database is designed to provide information about species and ecological communities listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .\nit provides information on what the species looks like, its population and distribution, habitat, movements, feeding, reproduction and taxonomic comments. the information has been compiled by summarising information from a range of sources and contributors. at this stage profiles are not available for all species and ecological communities, but will be regularly added to the database .\nif you have relevant information to add to the database or believe information is incorrect or out - of - date please send us an email .\nwildcard: enter one part of the common or scientific name, e. g. cockatoo (wildcard characters not required) .\nscientific: enter start of genus or genus and species e. g. ba go for banksia goodii .\nwildcard: enter one part of any word in the community name, e. g. grass (wildcard characters not required) .\ncommunity: enter the starting phrase of up to three words in the community name e. g. euc grass for various eucalyptus grasslands .\nall: show all threatened communities (ignore data typed into the search box) .\ncaveat: this database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (the epbc act). it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth. this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nthe areas shown in pink and / purple are the sub - regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur. they may not occur thoughout the sub - region but may be restricted to certain areas. (click here to see geographic restrictions). the information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions .\nhad a length of 22. 9 cm. the head was olive brown, upperparts chestnut brown, the wings and tail were dark brown .\nits throat and chin were dull brown with an olive tinge. the underparts were chestnut - coloured with a lavender tinge .\nmuseum specimens are on display in leiden (netherlands), tring (united kingdom), berlin, new york, washington and sydney .\nclick on a region below to view detailed distribution, habitat and vegetation information .\nthis species is presumed extinct in nsw. please advise of any sightings in the wild in nsw .\nthe subspecies is presumed extinct. no conservation management actions are currently identified for nsw .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference: pzs part xxiii, meeting of july 24, 1855, p. 165\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 394, 290 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ngould, j. 1855 ,\non some new species of birds collected by mr mcgillivray\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london, vol. 1855, no. 23, pp. 164 - 166\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ab1cf474 - db0d - 4494 - b971 - 413e070f676a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: df355835 - 1769 - 4b6d - 93d1 - 6e51bd180bfd\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: fe5772ba - 90dc - 419b - b572 - 0b9179bc180b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 462668\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country." ]

{ "text": [ "the lord howe thrush ( turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus ) , also known as vinous-tinted thrush or vinous-tinted blackbird , is an extinct subspecies of the island thrush ( turdus poliocephalus ) .", "it was endemic to lord howe island , an australian island in the tasman sea , where it was also called the doctor bird or ouzel by the islanders .", "it had a length of 22.9 cm .", "the head was olive brown .", "the upperparts were chestnut brown .", "wings and tail were dark brown .", "throat and chin were dull brown with an olive tinge .", "the underparts were chestnut-coloured with a lavender tinge .", "it was quite common in 1906 but its population began to diminish in 1913 due to disturbance by man , cats , dogs , goats and feral pigs .", "when the ss makambo was shipwrecked on lord howe in june 1918 rats escaped from the vessel and overran the island .", "with other endemic bird species this ground-nesting bird became extinct within six years .", "museum specimens are on display in leiden ( netherlands ) , tring ( united kingdom ) , berlin , new york , washington and sydney . " ], "topic": [ 3, 6, 0, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 17, 5, 12, 5 ] }

[ "the lord howe thrush (turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus), also known as vinous-tinted thrush or vinous-tinted blackbird, is an extinct subspecies of the island thrush (turdus poliocephalus). it was endemic to lord howe island, an australian island in the tasman sea, where it was also called the doctor bird or ouzel by the islanders. it had a length of 22.9 cm. the head was olive brown. the upperparts were chestnut brown. wings and tail were dark brown. throat and chin were dull brown with an olive tinge. the underparts were chestnut-coloured with a lavender tinge. it was quite common in 1906 but its population began to diminish in 1913 due to disturbance by man, cats, dogs, goats and feral pigs. when the ss makambo was shipwrecked on lord howe in june 1918 rats escaped from the vessel and overran the island. with other endemic bird species this ground-nesting bird became extinct within six years. museum specimens are on display in leiden (netherlands), tring (united kingdom), berlin, new york, washington and sydney." ]

[ "redescription of agonopterix selini (heinemann, 1870) with description of agonopterix lessini sp. n. and agonopterix paraselini\nagonopterix chrautis hodges, 1974; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 28, f. 2d - e, h, pl. 1, f. 33; tl: jemez springs, new mexico\nagonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky, 1983; ent. obozr. 62 (3): 594\nagonopterix flurii sonderegger, 2013; contr. nat. history 21: (1 - 14 )\nagonopterix banatica georgesco, 1965; rev. roum. biol. (zool .) 10: 113\nagonopterix dumitrescui georgesco, 1965; rev. roum. biol. (zool .) 10: 111\nagonopterix abditella hannemann, 1959; dt. ent. z. 6 (1 - 3): 40\nagonopterix graecella hannemann, 1976; dt. ent. z. 23 (4 - 5): 233\nagonopterix inoxiella hannemann, 1959; dt. ent. z. 6 (1 - 3): 38\nagonopterix ordubadensis hannemann, 1959; dt. ent. z. 6 (1 - 3): 34\nagonopterix subumbellana hannemann, 1959; dt. ent. z. 6 (1 - 3): 42\nagonopterix chaetosoma clarke, 1962; ent. news 73: 93; tl: japan, hoshu, kii, nati\nagonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky, 2000; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 21 (3): 135\nagonopterix issikii clarke, 1962; ent. news 73: 96; tl: japan, honshu, sinano, tobira\nagonopterix (subagonopterix) vietnamella subgen. nov. et spec. nov, of flat moths from south - eastern asia\nagonopterix socerbi sumpich, 2012; nota lepid. 35 (2): 162; tl: slovenia, crni kal - socerb\nagonopterix dierli lvovsky, 2011; zoosyst. rossica 20 (1): 149; tl: nepal, east khumjung, 3800m\nagonopterix medelichensis buchner, 2015; zootaxa 3986 (1): 107; tl: italy, prov. verona, monte, 300m\nagonopterix mendesi corley, 2002; nota lepid. 24 (4): 26; tl: portugal, algarve, praia de castelejo\nagonopterix heracliana; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184; [ fe ]\nagonopterix mikkolai lvovsky, 2011; zoosyst. rossica 20 (1): 151; tl: nepal, kathmandu, phulchoki mt. , 1700m\nagonopterix perezi walsingham, [ 1908 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1907: 957, pl. 52, f. 8\nagonopterix paraselini buchner, 2017; gortania 38: 94; tl: austria, lower austria, eichkogel near mödling, 48°4. 8n; 16°16. 6e\nagonopterix parinkini lvovsky, 2011; zoosyst. rossica 20 (1): 151; tl: nepal, e. bujan, dudh kosi tal, 2900m\n= agonopterix nigrinotella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 26; [ nacl ], # 868; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix (depressariini); hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 15, 9; [ nacl ], 11; [ fe ]\nagonopterix bipunctifera; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 32, pl. 1, f. 3, pl. 3, f. 13; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix takamukui; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 34, pl. 1, f. 6, pl. 3, f. 14; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix toega hodges, 1974; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 30, pl. 1, f. 38 - 40; tl: san clemente island, california\nagonopterix l - nigrum; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 32, pl. 1, f. 4, pl. 4, f. 18; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix sapporensis; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 33, pl. 1, f. 5, pl. 3, f. 15 - 16; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix hesphoea hodges, 1975; j. lep. soc. 29 (2): 89; tl: texas, culberson co. , sierra diablo 20 mi. nnw van horn, 6000ft\nagonopterix amyrisella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 42; [ nacl ], # 898; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix psoraliella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 39; [ nacl ], # 891; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix caucasiella karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006; nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 180; tl: russia, caucasus, 44°09' n, 40°04' e, majkop, 1300m\nagonopterix cinerariae walsingham, [ 1908 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1907: 955, pl. 52, f. 7; tl: tenerife, arafo; barranco lorez, near orotava\nagonopterix dammersi clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 4, f. 1 - 1a, 8; tl: forest home, san bernardino co. , california\nagonopterix paulae harrison, 2005; proc. ent. soc. wash. 107 (1): 164; tl: illinois, piatt co. , univ. of illinois - robert allerton park, lost garden trail\nagonopterix thelmae clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 96, pl. 44, f. 259; tl: oak station, allegheny co. , pennsylvania\nagonopterix oregonensis clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 65, pl. 31, f. 176, pl. 42, f. 241; tl: salem, oregon\nagonopterix cajonensis clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 82, pl. 31, f. 180, pl. 42, f. 244; tl: cajon valley, california\nagonopterix amissella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 39, pl. 2, f. 27; [ nacl ], # 890; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix arnicella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 33, pl. 2, f. 7; [ nacl ], # 879; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clarkei; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 24, pl. 1, f. 19; [ nacl ], # 863; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clemensella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 24, pl. 1, f. 18; [ nacl ], # 862; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix costimacula; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 39; harrison & berenbaum, 2005, proc. ent. soc. wash. 107 (1): 164; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix gelidella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 20, pl. 1, f. 4; [ nacl ], # 855; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix hyperella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 22, pl. 1, f. 5; [ nacl ], # 856; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix latipalpella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 42, pl. 3, f. 4; [ nacl ], # 897; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix lecontella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 37, pl. 2, f. 35; [ nacl ], # 886; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix muricolorella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 23, pl. 1, f. 13; [ nacl ], # 860; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pergandeella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 38, pl. 2, f. 41; [ nacl ], # 888; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix senicionella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 34, pl. 2, f. 6; [ nacl ], # 881; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix walsinghamella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 27, pl. 1, f. 30; [ nacl ], # 869; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nervosa; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 41, pl. 2, f. 42 - 47; [ nacl ], # 895; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\nagonopterix curvilineella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 23, pl. 1, f. 11 - 12; [ nacl ], # 859; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 97, pl. 31, f. 179, pl. 40, f. 229; tl: henry, putnam co. , illinois\nagonopterix eupatoriiella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 25, pl. 1, f. 24 - 25; [ nacl ], # 866; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix flavicomella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 34, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5; [ nacl ], # 880; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 80, pl. 28, f. 167, pl. 44, f. 258; tl: dunca, vancouver island, british columbia\nagonopterix lythrella; [ nacl ], # 857; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 22, pl. 1, f. 6 - 8; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nebulosa; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 40, pl. 2, f. 25 - 26; [ nacl ], # 894; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nigrinotella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 26, pl. 2, f. 13 - 15; [ nacl ], # 868; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nubiferella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 23, pl. 1, f. 9 - 10; [ nacl ], # 858; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix posticella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 41, pl. 3, f. 1 - 3; [ nacl ], # 896; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pteleae; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 25, pl. 1, f. 22 - 23; [ nacl ], # 865; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pulvipennella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 26, pl. 1, f. 26 - 29; [ nacl ], # 867; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix robiniella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 34, pl. 2, f. 29 - 33; [ nacl ], # 882; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix rosaciliella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 32, pl. 1, f. 41 - 45; [ nacl ], # 876; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sabulella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 29, pl. 1, f. 24 - 35; [ nacl ], # 872; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sanguinella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 37, pl. 2, f. 11 - 12; [ nacl ], # 885; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix jezonica; kuroko, 1959, 35; [ nhm, (nom nud .) card ]; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 34, pl. 2, f. 7 - 8, pl. 4, f. 17\nagonopterix ciliella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 32, pl. 1, f. 46; [ nacl ], # 877; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\nagonopterix cratia hodges, 1974; moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 35, pl. 2, f. 34; tl: walnut canyon, 6500', 6 1 / 3 mi e by s. flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nagonopterix argillacea; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 38, pl. 2, f. 8 - 10, 16, 28; [ nacl ], # 889; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix atrodorsella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 25, f. 1a, pl. 1, f. 20 - 21; [ nacl ], # 864; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix canadensis; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 33, pl. 1, f. 47, pl. 2, f. 1 - 3; [ nacl ], # 878; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix cajonensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 28; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 29, pl. 1, f. 37; [ nacl ], # 874; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dammersi; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 43; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 29, pl. 1, f. 36; [ nacl ], # 873; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix antennariella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 15; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 40, pl. 2, f. 22 - 24; [ nacl ], # 893; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 47; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 38, pl. 2, f. 38 - 40; [ nacl ], # 887; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix oregonensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 103; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 24, pl. 1, f. 14 - 17; [ nacl ], # 861; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix thelmae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 137; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 37, pl. 2, f. 36 - 37; [ nacl ], # 884; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 60; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 27, f. 2a - b, g, pl. 1, f. 31 - 32; [ nacl ], # 870; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npoole, r. w. , and p. gentili (eds .). 1996. nomina insecta nearctica: a checklist of the insects of north america. volume 3 (diptera, lepidoptera, siphonaptera). entomological information services, rockville, md .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 15; [ nacl ], 11; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ afromoths ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 15\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 15; [ nacl ], 11; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n312x662 (~ 85kb) russia, moscow area, 26. 4. 2008, photo © d. smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ndepressaria abjectella christoph, 1882; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 57 (1): 16; tl: wladiwostok\ndepressaria acerbella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 564; tl: cape\nacuta stringer, 1930 ²; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 6 (34): 416\ndepressaria agyrella rebel, 1917; dt. ent. z. iris 30: 193; tl: r. agyr [? ], tannuola\nlarva on conium, conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa, 1983, j. lep. soc. 37 (1): 38\ndepressaria amissella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 89; tl: kissimmee, florida\nlarva on amyris floridana hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 42\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 40; [ nacl ], # 893; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on antennaria luzuloides hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 40\ndepressaria anticella erschoff, [ 1877 ]; horae soc. ent. ross. 12 (4): 344; tl: irkutsk\naperta hannemann, 1959; dt. ent. z. 6 (1 - 3): 43\ndepressaria archangelicella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 131; tl: kasakewitsch\n669x637 (~ 88kb) russia, moscow area, 11. 9. 2010 (36°25' e, 56°00' n), photo © d. smirnov\ncalifornia - british columbia, manitoba, ontario, new brunswick, nova scotia, michigan, south dakota, illinois, texas, florida, utah. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 38; [ nacl ], # 889; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on salix lasiolepis, s. bebbiana, amorpha fruticosa, ptelea trifoliata hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 39\ndepressaria arnicella walsingham, 1881; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1881: 314, pl. 36, f. 3; tl: mt. shasta, california\nlarva on erigeron hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 34\ns. quebec, ontario, wisconsin, n. illinois. see [ maps ]\ndepressaria atrodorsella clemens, 1863; proc. ent. soc. philad. 2: 124; tl: [ pennsylvania? ]\nlarva on eupatorium spp. , coreopsis spp. , bidens frondosa, myrica asplenifolia hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 25\nbabaella amsel, 1972 ²; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 31: 136\nagonopteryx bakriella amsel, 1958; sber. öst. akad. wiss. (1) 167: 559; tl: deh bakri, prov. kirman, iran\ndepressaria baleni zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 253; tl: bogota\ndepressaria bipunctifera matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1089; tl: japan, sapporo\ndepressaria cadurciella chrétien, 1914; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1914: 159; tl: causse de gramat\nconnecticut, new york, manitoba, s. british columbia - colorado, washington - california, utah, arizona. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 33; [ nacl ], # 878; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on senecio terra hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 33\ncanuflavella (hannemann, 1953) (agonopteryx); mitt. zool. mus. berl. 29: 292\ndepressaria caprella stainton, 1849; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 5: 157, pl. 17, f. 9; tl: near lewes\ntinea carduella hübner, [ 1817 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: pl. 66, f. 439\nlarva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 181\ndepressaria cervariella constant, 1885; ann. soc. ent. fr. (6) 4: 251, pl. 10, f. 13\ndepressaria chironiella constant, 1893; ann. soc. ent. fr. 62: 392, pl. 11, f. 4\nalberta - to (new mexico, california, alberta). see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 32; [ nacl ], # 877; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica silvestris, a. archangelica, peucedanum palustre, selinum, sium, cicuta, pimpinella saxifraga, seseli, heracleum, ligusticum, carum\nlarva on senecio populifolius, s. heritieri walsingham, [ 1908 ], proc. zool. soc. lond. 1907: 956\nagonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer, 1936; bull. south calif. acad. sci. 35: 10, pl. 4, pl. 7, f. 6; tl: missouri flat, placerville district, california\nlarva on artermisia vulgaris hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 25\ns. quebec, s. ontario, wisconsin, illinois, ohio. see [ maps ]\ngelechia clemensella chambers, 1876; can. ent. 8 (9): 173; tl: easton, pennsylvania\nlarva on pastinaca sativa hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 24, heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184\nhaemylis cnicella treitschke, 1832; in ochsenheimer, schmett. eur. 9 (1): 237\ndepressaria coenosella zerny, 1940; zs. wiener entver. 25 (schluß): 45, pl. 11, f. 14 ♂; tl: pelur (2000m); rehde - demawend\ndepressaria comitella lederer, 1855; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 5: 232, pl. 5, f. 5\ndepressaria communis meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 288; tl: cape colony, table mtn\ndepressaria compacta meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 249; tl: cape colony, capetown\nlarva on salix, (wide leafed) s. caprea, s. aurita, s. cinerea, s. repens\ndepressaria crassiventrella rebel, 1891; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 41: 627\ndepressaria crypsicosma meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 287; tl: cape colony, table mountain, 2500ft\ncuillerella amsel, 1972 ²; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 31: 137\ne. ontario, manitoba, massachusetts, new york - south carolina. see [ maps ]\ndepressaria curvilineella beutenmüller, 1889; ent. amer. 5: 10; tl: new york\ndepressaria cyclas meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 166; tl: dalhousie, kashmir\ncynarivora meyrick, 1932 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (8 - 9): 280\ndepressaria cyrniella rebel, 1929; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 79: 45\nlarva on senecio douglasii, eriophyllum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 29\nagonopteryx demissella hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 456\ndeliciosella turati, 1924 ²; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 63: 174, pl. 5, f. 61\ndeltopa meyrick & caradja, 1935 ²; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 80\ndideganella amsel, 1972; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 31: 136, pl. 1, f. 3\nsouth carolina, illinois, e. nebraska, kansas, arkansas. see [ maps ]\nlarva on amorpha fruticosa hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 38\ndepressaria divergella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 128; tl: tjutjuje\ndepressaria dryocrates meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 100; tl: natal, kirkloof\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 15; [ nhm card ]\nelbursella hannemann, 1976; dt. ent. z. 23 (4 - 5): 234\ndepressaria encentra meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (8): 252; tl: japan\ndepressaria epichersa meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (8): 253; tl: china, ta - tsien - lon\npennsylvania, illinois, north carolina, kentucky, maryland. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 25; [ nacl ], # 866; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eupatorium, actinomeris alternifolia, carya ovata hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 26\ndepressaria erythrella snellen, 1884; tijdschr. ent. 27: 161, pl. 8, f. 7, 7a; tl :\nchanka - meer\n; suifun\ndepressaria exquisitella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 132; tl: kasakewitsch\nfarsensis hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 457\ndepressaria (schistodepressaria) ferocella chrétien, 1910; schmett. eur. 2: 340\nlarva on cirsium ferox spuler, 1910, schmett. eur. 2: 340\nconnecticut, s. manitoba, north carolina, indiana, illinois. see [ maps ]\ndepressaria flavicomella engel, 1907; ent. news 18 (7): 276; tl: new brighton, pennsylvania\nlarva on heracleum lanatum, taenidia integerrima hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 34\nlarva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham, 1903, ent. mon. mag. 39: 267\nhungary, dalmatia, asia minor, .... see [ maps ]\nlarva on senecio aronicoides, cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 28\ndepressaria fuscovenella rebel, 1917; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 67 (s. b .): 18; tl: ain draham, tunis\ngalbella hannemann, 1959; dt. ent. z. 6 (1 - 3): 36\ndepressaria gelidella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 90; tl: winnipeg, manitoba, canada\nlarva on salix, betula papyrifera hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 22\ndepressaria glabrella turati, 1921; naturalista sicil. 23 (7 - 12): 338, pl. 4, f. 45; tl: tangier, morocco\ndepressaria glyphidopa meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 475; tl: natal, weenen\ndepressaria grammatopa meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 287; tl: cape colony, table mountain, 2500ft\n=; [ nhm card ]; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184\n=; [ nhm card ]; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184; [ fe ]\n=; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184\ndepressaria homogenes meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 288; tl: cape colony, gt. winthoek, 4500ft\ndepressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl, 1864; wiener ent. monat. 8 (1): 3, pl. 5, f. 8\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 22; [ nacl ], # 856; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on hypericum prolificum, h. perforatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 22\ndepressaria conterminella var. atrella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 131; tl: kasakewitsch\ndepressaria iliensis rebel, 1936; dt. ent. z. iris 50: 96\nintersecta filipjev, 1929 ²; ann. mus. zool. leningrad 30: 11, pl. 1, f. 10, pl. 2a, f. 2\ninvenustella (hannemann, 1953) (agonopteryx); mitt. zool. mus. berl. 29: 293\ndepressaria lacteella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 130; tl: kasakewitsch\nagonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 233; tl: san benito, texas\nlatipennella zerny, 1934 ²; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 24, pl. 1, f. 8\ndepressaria lecontella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 174\nlarva on baptisia tinctoria hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 38\ncroatia, france, greece, italy, slovenia, turkey. see [ maps ]\ndepressaria leucadensis rebel, 1932; zs. öst. entver 17 (8): 55; tl: greece\ndepressaria l - nigrum matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1091; tl: japan, sapporo\nnova scotia, new brunswick, ontario, illinois, north carolina. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 22; [ nacl ], # 857; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lythrum alatum, hypericum punctatum, h. virginicum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 23\nastria, italy, slovakia, hungary, greece, . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria melanarcha meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 316; tl: barberton\nlarva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley, 2002, nota lepid. 24 (4): 26\nmetamelopa meyrick, 1931 ²; bull. acad. roum. 14: 72\nmiyanella amsel, 1972; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 31: 136, pl. 1, f. 1\nmonotona caradja, 1927 ²; mem. sect. stiint. acad. rom. 4 (8): 33\ndepressaria muricolorella busck, 1902; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 24 (1268): 741; tl: golden, colorado\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum, l. grayi, leptotaenia multifida hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 24\ndepressaria nanatella stainton, 1849; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 5: 154, pl. 17, f. 2; tl: charlton sand - pit\ndepressaria aridella mann, 1869; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 19: 385; tl: brussa; spalato\ndepressaria nebulosa zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 237; tl: cambridge, massachusetts\nlarva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 40\ndepressaria neoxesta meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 31; tl: zululand, eshowe\nbritish columbia - california, nevada, ..., eu, ..., ?. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 41; [ nacl ], # 895; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 41; [ nacl ], # 895; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on ulex europaeus, cytisus scoparius, laburnum, genista hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 41\nnew york, s. quebec, s. ontario, nw. wisconsin, arkansas. see [ maps ]\ndepressaria nigrinotella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 88; tl: cincinnati, ohio\nlarva on carya, ptelea trifoliata, zanthoxylum americanum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 27\ndepressaria nodiflorella millière, 1866; icon. desc. chenilles lepid. 2: 214, pl. 73, f. 8 - 11\ndepressaria nubiferella walsingham, 1881; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1881: 316, pl. 36, f. 6; tl: rogue river, oregon\nlarva on hypericum perforatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 23\ndepressaria nyctalopis meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 621; tl: comoro is. , grand comoro\ndepressaria occaecata meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 391; tl: syria, beirut\nlarva on salix, s. repens, (middle europe also) betula, quercus\ndepressaria oinochroa turati, 1879; bull. soc. ent. ital. 11: 200, pl. 8, f. 13\nomelkoi lvovsky, 1985; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 134: 97\nlarva on lomatium caruifolium, l. marginatum, l. nudicaule, l. utriculatum, angelica hendersonii, a. lucida, eryngium vaseyi, oenanthe sarmentosa, sanicula bipinnatifida, sanicula laciniata, s. nevadensis, s. tuberosa hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 24\npallidior stringer, 1930 ²; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 6 (34): 417\npanjaoella amsel, 1972 ²; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 31: 137\naustria, france, germany, slowenia, switzerland, turkey. see [ maps ]\nlarva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum, 2005, proc. ent. soc. wash. 107 (1): 166\ndepressaria pavida meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (4): 114; tl: asia minor, taurus mts\ndepressaria pergandeella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 89; tl: nebraska\ndepressaria petasitis standfuss, 1851; zs. ent. breslau (lepid .) (16): 51\nsyllochitis petraea meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 462; tl: maskeliya, madulsima, matale, wellawaya, kegalle, puttalam, ceylon\ndepressaria posticella walsingham, 1881; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1881: 315, pl. 36, f. 5; tl: lake co. ; mendocino co. , california, s. oregon\nlarva on psoralea physodes, p. macrostachya, p. tenuiflora hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 42\nprobella (hannemann, 1953) (agonopteryx); mitt. zool. mus. berl. 29: 292\npseudorutana turati, 1934 ²; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 73: 201, pl. 3, f. 26\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 39; [ nacl ], # 891; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on psoralea lanceolata, p. physodes hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 40\nagonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 231, pl. 28, f. 13, pl. 38, f. 1; tl: decatur, illinois\nlarva on ptelea trifoliata hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 25\nnew hampshire, s. manitoba, missouri, lousiana, colorado. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 26; [ nacl ], # 867; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on solidago, urtica hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 26\ndepressaria pupillana wocke, 1887; bresl. ent. z. 12: 62\nceu, seu, asia minor, iran, palestine. see [ maps ]\ndepressaria remota meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 392; tl: palestine, haifa\ndepressaria rimulella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 128; tl: kasakewitsch\nrhododrosa meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 476\nrhodogastra meyrick, 1935 ²; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 80\nnova scotia, s. michigan, na. georgia, w. arkansas. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 34; [ nacl ], # 882; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 35\nalaska, w. saskatchewan - washington - california, arizona. see [ maps ]\n: skyline ridge, 2500 - 3000', mt baker district, whatcom co. , washington\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 32; [ nacl ], # 876; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica arguta, a. hendersonii, conioselinum chinense, ligusticum apiifolium, oenanthe sarmentosa, osmorhiza chilensis, osmorhiza occidentalis, echinopanax horridum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 32\nroseocaudella stringer, 1930 ²; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 6 (34): 417\nagonopteryx rubristricta walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 136, pl. 4, f. 31; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\nrubrovittella caradja, 1926 ²; dt. ent. z. iris 40: 168\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 29; [ nacl ], # 872; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eriophyllum confertiflorum, e. lanatum, eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 29\nsalangella amsel, 1972 ²; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 31: 137, pl. 1, f. 5\ndepressaria sanguinella busck, 1902; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 24 (1268): 738; tl: pinal mts. , arizona\nlarva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 37\ndepressaria sapporensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1092; tl: japan, sapporo\nscopariella calycotomella (amsel, 1958) (depressaria); zs. wiener ent. ges. 43 (schluß): 73\naustria, croatia, finland, france, germany, greece, hungary, italy, romania, slovakia, slovenia, spain, turkey. see [ maps ]\ndepressaria selini heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. scweitz. (2) 3: 167\nlarva on peucedanum palustre, p. oreoselinum, selinum carvifolium, ligusticum lucidum buchner, 2017, gortania 38: 81\ndepressaria senicionella busck, 1902; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 24 (1268): 742; tl: district of columbia\nlarva on senecio aureus hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 34\ndepressaria septicella snellen, 1884; tijdschr. ent. 27: 162, pl. 8, f. 8; tl: chabarowska\ndepressaria seraphimella chrétien, 1929; amat. papillons 4: 194, pl. 5, f. 9\ndepressaria silerella stainton, 1865; ent. mon. mag. 1: 221\nlarva on siler aquilegifolium stainton, 1865, ent. mon. mag. 1: 222\ndepressaria squamosa mann, 1864; wien. ent. mon. 8 (6): 185, pl. 4, f. 13\ndepressaria stigmella moore, 1878; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 1 (3): 237; tl: yangihissar (4320ft), kashgar\ndepressaria straminella staudinger, 1859; stettin ent. ztg 20 (7 - 9): 238; tl: chiclana\nnaf, seu, ceu, asia minor, syria. see [ maps ]\nsutschanella caradja, 1926 ²; dt. ent. z. iris 40: 43\ntabghaella amsel, 1953 ²; mitt. zool. mus. berlin 20: 294, pl. 10, f. 69\ndepressaria takamukui matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1902; tl: japan, chikugo\ndepressaria thurneri rebel, 1941; isv. tsarsk. prirodonauch. inst. sofia 14: 7\nlarva on sanicula hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 30\ntolli hannemann, 1959; dt. ent. z. 6 (1 - 3): 37\ntriallactis meyrick, 1935 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 594\ndepressaria trimenella walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 251, pl. 11, f. 19; tl: spring valley\ndepressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel, 1916; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 66: 45; tl: burgas\nvasta amsel, 1935 ²; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 294, pl. 10, f. 58\nnova scotia, s. quebec, s. ontario, wisconsin, connecticut, new york, pennsylvania. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 27; [ nacl ], # 869; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on myrica aspleniifolia, m. gale, l. pensylvanica hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 27\nxylinopis caradja, 1931 ²; bull. acad. roum. 14: 14\nn. africa, canary is. , seu, .... see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia eoa meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 165; tl: khasis\nleptopa (diakonoff, 1952) (cryptolechia); ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 84\nmalaisei (diakonoff, 1952) (cryptolechia); ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 86\ntinea deplanella hübner, [ 1805 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: f. 274\ndepressaria furvella f. jezonica matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1090; tl: japan, saghalin\ntinea rubidella hübner, 1796; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: pl. 32, f. 221\ndepressaria urzhumella krulikowsky, 1909; dt. ent. z. iris 21 (4): 266; tl: kasan\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nergebnisse der österreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50. lepidoptera ii. (microlepidoptera )\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus, locisque e c. linnaei... systema naturae allegatis. holmiae\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm et proportionem ...\nspecies insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis, observationibus, descriptionibus. tom ii\nneuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur. (17 - 32 )\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 6. 2. gelechioidea, oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus, with a discussion of the nomenclature of a. heracliana (linnaeus )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, .... editio duocecima reformata. tom. 1. part ii .\nlepidoptern gesammelt während dreier reisen nach dalmatien in den jahren 1850. 1862 und 1868\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr. f. stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\nmicrolépidopères de la haute syrie, récoltés par m. ch. delagrange, et, et descriptions de 27 espèces nouvelles\nzerny, 1940 mikrolepidopteren aus dem elburs - gebirge in nord - iran zs. wiener entver. 25: 20 - 24, (schluß): 42 - 48\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nthe elachistidae are members of the superfamily gelechioidea. worldwide in distribution, there are more than 400 known species that are mainly found in north temperate regions. there have been about 140 species described in america north of mexico, but the true diversity of this family is likely much higher, as the elachistid fauna is virtually unexplored in large areas of the continent. these are tiny or small moths, wingspan 0. 6 - 1. 1 cm, with narrow, lancelike wings that are usually white, grey, or black with white markings. larvae feed on leaves of grasses and sedges, and pupate in loose, meshlike cocoons or as naked pupae attached to plants or other objects by a silken girdle .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive." ]

{ "text": [ "agonopterix chrautis is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by hodges in 1974 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta to new mexico and california . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "agonopterix chrautis is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by hodges in 1974. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alberta to new mexico and california." ]

[ "alimentación de las langostas panulirus argus y p. guttatus en el caribe mexicano .\npuerulus of the spiny lobster panulirus guttatus (latreille, 1804) (palinuridae) .\nden choice and occupation patterns of shelters by two sympatric lobster species, panulirus argus and panulirus guttatus, under experimental conditions .\nlife history of the spotted spiny lobster, panulirus guttatus, an obligate reef - dweller .\nsummary of differences in life - history and ecological traits between panulirus guttatus and panulirus argus living in sympatry in the caribbean region .\nreproduction of the spiny lobster panulirus guttatus (decapoda: palinuridae) on the caribbean coast of mexico .\ndefense mechanisms and antipredator behavior in two sympatric species of spiny lobster, panulirus argus and p. guttatus .\npopulation dynamics of the spotted spiny lobster, panulirus guttatus, in a coral reef on the mexican caribbean .\ndistribution and abundance of the spiny lobster populations (panulirus argus and p. guttatus) in cayos cochinos, honduras\ndiferencias y similitudes entre panulirus argus y p. guttatus, dos especies de langosta comunes en el caribe mexicano .\nlater stage larvae of panulirus guttatus (latreille, 1804) (decapoda, palinuridae) with notes on the identification of phyllosomata of panulirus in the caribbean sea .\n( pdf) distribution and abundance of the spiny lobster populations (panulirus argus and p. guttatus) in cayos cochinos, honduras\nhoming and orientation in the spotted spiny lobster, panulirus guttatus (decapoda: palinuridae), towards a subtidal coral reef habitat .\nfisheries ecology of spiny lobsters panulirus argus (latreille) and panulirus guttatus (latreille) on the bermuda platform: estimates of sustainable yields and observations on trends in abundance - gov. uk\nthe spotted spiny lobster (panulirus guttatus) is a shallow water species, inhabiting rocky areas, mainly in crevices (holthuis 1991) .\npanulirus echinatus smith, 1869, ist eine gute art, die sich von p. guttatus (latreille) in einer anzahl konstanter merkmale unterscheidet. die smith & apos; sche art wurde von faria & silva (1937) ausführlich beschrieben und abgebildet unter dem namen panulirus guttatus brasiliensis .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: panulirus ornatus. jpg\nas trusted on the\npanulirus ornatus\npage .\ncomparative spatial ecology of fished spiny lobsters panulirus argus and an unfished congener p. guttatus in an isolated marine reserve at glover’s reef atoll, belize .\nfactors affecting growth of the spiny lobsters panulirus gracilis and panulirus inflatus (decapoda: palinuridae) in guerrero, méxico .\nalimentación y estado nutricional de las langostas panulirus inflatus y panulirus gracilis (decapoda: palinuridae) en guerrero, méxico .\ncomparative spatial ecology of fished spiny lobsters panulirus argus and an unfished congener p. guttatus in an isolated marine reserve at glover' s reef atoll, belize\ncomparative spatial ecology of fished spiny lobsters panulirus argus and an unfished congener p. guttatus in an isolated marine reserve at glover' s reef atoll, belize | springerlink\nsummary of differences in life history and ecological traits between panulirus inflatus and panulirus gracilis living in sympatry in the eastern central pacific region .\ndifferences in some life - history traits between panulirus argus and panulirus guttatus from puerto morelos, mexico. a carapace length (cl) distribution (n panulirus argus: 717, n panulirus guttatus: 450) b mean size c growth rate of males (mm cl week –1, n panulirus argus: 148, n panulirus guttatus: 57) d brood size (number of eggs per clutch) versus cl relationship. error bars denote 95% confidence intervals. (data from a, b lozano - álvarez et al. 2007, briones - fourzán and lozano - álvarez 2013, c negrete - soto et al. 2002, d fonseca - larios and briones - fourzán 1998, briones - fourzán and contreras - ortiz 1999) .\npanulirus gracilis streets y panulirus inflatus (bouvier), dos especies de langosta (crustacea, decapoda) de la costa del pacifico de américa .\nmaggie whitson marked\npanulirus ornatus (ornate spiny lobster; ornate rock lobster) - captive\nas trusted on the\npanulirus ornatus\npage .\ndiet of panulirus argus and panulirus guttatus from puerto morelos, mexico. for each food item the index of relative importance (iri) is estimated as iri = (% frequency ×% weight) / 100. (data from colinas - sánchez and briones - fourzán 1990) .\ngeographic distribution of the two pairs of sympatric panulirus species addressed in the text .\nevolution in the phyllosoma and puerulus phases of the spiny lobster genus panulirus white .\nestudio preliminar de la biología, ecología y semicultivo de los palinúridos de zihuatanejo, gro. , méxico, panulirus gracilis streets y panulirus inflatus (bouvier) .\nthe puerulus of panulirus argus is relatively small (6. 1 mm cl on average) and has tapered antennae about 1. 5 times the length of the body (lewis et al. 1952, goldstein et al. 2008). in contrast, the puerulus of panulirus guttatus is quite large (10 mm cl) and has long, spatulated antennae about 2. 5 times the length of the body (briones - fourzán and mcwilliam 1997). however, upon molting into the first juvenile stage and as individuals continue to grow, the antennae of panulirus guttatus become progressively shorter and thinner than those of panulirus argus (briones - fourzán et al. 2006) .\nthe spotted spiny lobster (panulirus guttatus) is found in the western atlantic: bermuda, bahamas, south florida, belize, panama, caribbean arc from cuba to trinidad, curaçao, bonaire, los roques, suriname (holthuis 1991) .\nthe complete development of larval caribbean spiny lobster panulirus argus (latreille, 1804) in culture .\nthe influence of waves on landing patterns within a diverse sumatran spiny lobster (panulirus spp .) fishery\nfeeding ecology of the three juvenile phases of the spiny lobster panulirus argus in a tropical reef lagoon .\nnocturnal foraging of the caribbean spiny lobster (panulirus argus) on offshore reefs of florida, usa .\nfecundity of the spiny lobster panulirus argus (latreille, 1804) in the caribbean coast of mexico .\n... guttatus) but found evidence of over - ®shing from the ratio of p. argus to p. guttatus and their low mean size. based on these data, tew®k et al. (1998a) make a series of recommendations including a ban on catching berried or spermatophore carrying females, a distinction between p. argus and p. guttatus for minimum size regulations and the elimination of hooks to allow lobsters to be released if they are undersized or berried... .\nguzman, h. m. and a. tewfik. 2004. population characteristics and co - occurrence of three exploited decapods (panulirus argus, p. guttatus, mithrax spinosissimus) in bocas del toro, panama. journal of shellfish research 23: 575 - 580 .\npopulation characteristics and co - occurrence of three exploited decapods (panulirus argus, p. guttat ...\ncatch composition of the spiny lobster panulirus gracilis (decapoda: palinuridae) off the western coast of mexico .\ndifferences in some life - history traits between panulirus gracilis and panulirus inflatus from zihuatanejo, mexico. a carapace length (cl) distribution (n panulirus gracilis: 2162, n panulirus inflatus: 1873) b mean size c growth rate of males (mm cl week –1, n panulirus gracilis: 148, n panulirus inflatus: 34) d brood size (number of eggs per clutch) versus cl relationship. error bars denote 95% confidence intervals. (data from a, b briones - fourzán and lozano - álvarez 1992, c briones - fourzán and lozano - álvarez 2003, d gracia 1985, fernández - lomelín 1992) .\nthe influence of waves on landing patterns within a diverse sumatran spiny lobster (panulirus spp .) ...\nfisheries characteristics, growth, and movements of the spiny lobster panulirus argus in bahía de la ascensión, méxico .\ndetermining the diet of larvae of western rock lobster (panulirus cygnus) using high - throughput dna sequencing techniques .\nreproducción de hembras de la langosta panulirus inflatus (bouvier, 1895) en el litoral del pacífico de méxico .\nevans, a. j. ; evans, c. r. fisheries ecology of spiny lobsters panulirus argus (latreille) and panulirus guttatus (latreille) on the bermuda platform: estimates of sustainable yields and observations on trends in abundance. fisheries research (1995) 24 (2) 113 - 128. [ doi: 10. 1016 / 0165 - 7836 (94) 00367 - 6 ]\nvariación estacional en la fecundidad de la langosta panulirus inflatus (bouvier, 1895) (crustacea: decapoda: palinuridae) .\nalimentación de las langostas panulirus inflatus (bouvier) y p. gracilis streets en zihuatanejo, guerrero y su relación con el bentos\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: csiro scienceimage 2518 ornate lobster. jpg\nas trusted on the\npanulirus ornatus\npage .\njohnson (1971) described the puerulus of “ panulirus inflatus - gracilis ” from plankton samples collected over an area where the two species co - occur, whereas báez (1983) described the puerulus of panulirus gracilis from samples collected in an area where only this species occurs. both pueruli are similar in size (7. 0–8. 9 mm carapace length, cl) and have long, spatulated antennae, which are 2. 7 times the length of the body in panulirus gracilis (see báez 1983) and about 2 times the length of the body in “ panulirus inflatus - gracilis ” (see johnson 1971). based on these and other minor differences, báez (1983) suggested that the puerulus of “ panulirus inflatus - gracilis ” described by johnson (1971) belonged to panulirus inflatus .\ndiet of panulirus gracilis and panulirus inflatus from zihuatanejo, mexico. for each food item the index of relative importance (iri) is estimated as iri = (% frequency ×% weight) / 100. (data from lozano - álvarez and aramoni - serrano 1996) .\nbriones - fourzan and contreras - ortiz (1999) studied panulirus guttatus in northern quintana roo, on the caribbean coast of mexico. in a sample of 159 egg - bearing females, brood size ranged from 27, 560 eggs for a 44. 6 - mm cl female, to 188, 440 eggs for a 72. 0 - mm cl female .\naspects of the reproduction of panulirus inflatus (bouvier) and p. gracilis streets (decapoda: palinuridae) from the pacific coast of mexico .\nmitochondrial dna markers to identify commercial spiny lobster species (panulirus spp .) from the pacific coast of mexico: an application on phyllosoma larvae .\ndensidad poblacional de panulirus gracilis streets y p. inflatus (bouvier) (crustacea: palinuridae) en dos áreas cercanas a zihuatanejo, guerrero .\nwestern rock lobsters (panulirus cygnus) in western australian deep coastal ecosystems (35–60 m) are more carnivorous than those in shallow coastal ecosystems .\n... atlantic region is a major producer of lobster and, like most other central american countries, it is a signi®cant ®shery resource on reef formations bordering the islands and mainland (tew®k et al. , 1998a). the primary target species are panulirus argus and p. guttatus and most are caught by commercial vessels with wooden traps and divers... .\nacosta and robertson (2003) found that the density and biomass of spotted lobsters p. guttatus in shallow reef habitats at glover’s reef, belize, were stable but low over time, compared to those of caribbean spiny lobster .\nlarvas phyllosoma y puerulus de la langosta verde panulirus gracilis streets, 1871 procedentes de la expedición costa rica 1973 (crustacea, decapoda, palinuridae) .\ncharacterizing daily movements, nomadic movements, and reproductive migrations of panulirus argus around the western sambo ecological reserve (florida, usa) using acoustic telemetry .\nmaggie whitson set\nfile: csiro scienceimage 2518 ornate lobster. jpg\nas an exemplar on\npanulirus ornatus (fabricius, 1798 )\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\npanulirus ornatus (fabricius, 1798 )\n.\ncharacterization of eight microsatellite loci for panulirus guttatus with genbank, genbank accession number; t a, annealing temperature; na, number of alleles; ho, observed heterozygosity; he, expected heterozygosity; fis, fixation index; p, p - value for deviation from hardy - weinberg equilibrium and f na, null allele frequency. fluorescent labels on forward primers and significant values after the false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons (benjamini & hochberg, 1995) are in bold .\n... spiny lobsters (panulirus spp .) are the target of fisheries for tourism industries throughout the world (negretesoto, lozano - álvarez & briones - fourzán 2002). in the caribbean region, many formerly rich lobster grounds are now overfished (ehrhardt 1994; tewfik, guzman & jacome 1998). the main target of this fishery is the caribbean spiny lobster panulirus argus... .\ncurrent minimum harvest size for conch (lobatus gigas) and lobster (panulirus argus) in belize allow for the removal of a significant proportion of juveniles. ongoing data collections with fishers …\n[ more ]\npotential ecological interactions between panulirus gracilis and panulirus inflatus in a rocky site (“site a”) in zihuatanejo, mexico. a lobster density (number of individuals ha –1) b relative abundance of molluscs (percentage of molluscs in benthic samples) c condition factor of lobsters. error bars denote 95% ci. (data from a lozano et al. 1982, b aramoni - serrano 1982, c lozano - álvarez and aramoni - serrano 1996) .\nanálisis de la distribución de tallas, captura y esfuerzo en la pesquería de las langostas panulirus inflatus (bouvier, 1895) y p. gracilis streets, 1871 (decapoda: palinuridae) en las costas de sinaloa, méxico .\nevans and evans (1995) reported that data on catch per unit effort for the panulirus guttutus spiny lobster fishery on the bermuda platform appeared to indicate an overall decline between 1975 and 1987, although there were substantial fluctuations during that period .\nupon changing habitats, ontogenetic shifters also tend to undergo changes in behavior (adams et al. 2006). indeed, after their first benthic habitat shift, panulirus argus lobsters change from being asocial to being highly gregarious, with multiple individuals commonly sharing individual crevice shelters (childress and herrnkind 1996). in addition, panulirus argus has a highly mobile lifestyle, with movement ranges increasing with lobster size. in some locations, these movements include organized mass migrations over tens to hundreds of kilometers (herrnkind 1969) .\nin addition to threats from habitat loss and (if a major fishery develops for this species) overfishing (acosta and robertson 2003), a potential threat exists from increasing demand for ornamental decapod crustaceans, including panulirus species, for the aquarium trade (calado et al. 2003) .\nthe two species interannual patterns of change of cpue followed that of sea temperature change on the bermuda platform; superimposed was a 5 - year cycle of cpue, which was particularly noticeable with p. guttatus lobsters, suggesting a causal relationship with a 5 - year cycle in the annual mean temperature of sea surface waters, averaged from six temperature stations on the platform. annual yield of p. argus lobsters was correlated with platform average sea temperature at the 10% level (spearman rank test) .\nboth p. guttatus and p. argus yields on platform sea temperature were parabolic in form. platform cpue of guinea chicks on hamilton harbour temperature also suggested a parabolic relationship in the range 22–26 °c (coefficient of determination r2 = 0. 43). there was clearly a parabolic association between p. argus cpue and hamilton harbour temperature over the same temperature range (r2 = 0. 93). it is suggested that the lellis and russell quadratic model for survival and growth of p. argus postlarvae may be extended to juvenile p. argus to explain these findings .\nboth p. guttatus and p. argus yields on platform sea temperature were parabolic in form. platform cpue of guinea chicks on hamilton harbour temperature also suggested a parabolic relationship in the range 22–26 °c (coefficient of determination r 2 = 0. 43). there was clearly a parabolic association between p. argus cpue and hamilton harbour temperature over the same temperature range (r 2 = 0. 93). it is suggested that the lellis and russell quadratic model for survival and growth of p. argus postlarvae may be extended to juvenile p. argus to explain these findings .\n... while it is accepted that lobster and conch populations are over - ®shed throughout honduras, few quantitative data are available. an exception for lobster is the study by tew®k et al. (1998a) in cayos cochinos. this research reported densities of 19. 9 lobster per hectare (panulirus argus) and 9. 4 per hectare (p... .\nbriones - fourzán p (2014) differences in life - history and ecological traits between co - occurring panulirus spiny lobsters (decapoda, palinuridae). in: wehrtmann is, bauer rt (eds) proceedings of the summer meeting of the crustacean society and the latin american association of carcinology, costa rica, july 2013. zookeys 457: 289–311. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 457. 6669\nfelder, d. l. , álvarez. f. , goy, j. w. & lemaitre, r. (2009). decapoda (crustacea) of the gulf of mexico, with comments on the amphionidacea, . felder, d. l. , and camp, d. k. (eds), gulf of mexico - origins, waters, and biota. vol. 1. biodiversity. pp. 1019–1104 (texas a & m; university press: college station, texas). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nholthuis, l. b. 1991. fao species catalogue. vol 13. marine lobsters of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. fao fisheries synopsis. 125 (13): 292 p. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbatchelor, a. , de silva, r. , dyer, e. , kasthala, g. , lutz, m. l. , mcguinness, s. , milligan, h. t. , soulsby, a. - m. & whitton, f .\nhas been assessed as least concern. this is a common and wide - ranging species, which despite being some artisinal harvesting is not currently threatened by large - scale fishing operations. localised declines may be occurring but it is also indirectly protected by management procedures for other species .\nthis species is known from the western atlantic ocean, where it is found in coastal waters of bermuda, the bahamas, south florida, belize, panama, the caribbean arc (cuba to trinidad), curaçao, bonaire, los roques, and suriname (holthuis 1991) .\nantigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; belize; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; grenada; guadeloupe; haiti; martinique; montserrat; panama; puerto rico; saint kitts and nevis; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten (dutch part); suriname; trinidad and tobago; united states (florida); venezuela, bolivarian republic of (venezuelan antilles); virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\nthis is a common species, but is reclusive and often only seen at night. this species is harvested (not on a commercial scale) throughout its range, however there are no fisheries data available. there is very little data on the global population, although there is evidence to suggest that there have been declines of approximately 70% from comparisons of fished and protected areas in belize (acosta and robertson 2003) .\nthis species is found on coral and rocky reefs at a depth range of 2 - 23 m. it may also be found on lagoonal patch reefs, but numbers are usually low (sharp\nmale specimens from florida reach sexual maturity at 36 - 37 mm (cl), age 2 - 3 years (robertson and butler 2003) .\nthis species is harvested for food (not on a commercial scale), most often incidentally, throughout its range: it is taken using pots and hand spears (holthuis 1997). there have been recent studies exploring the potential for a commercial fishery in bermuda (luckhurst\n2001). an experimental fishery was established in 1998 in which 4 license holders tested two trap types: a wire mesh trap, and a plastic, commercial crustacean trap. the plastic trap has been recommended for use when the fishery is implemented. in the first two years of the test fishery a total of 10, 592 and 9, 206 lobsters were harvested respectively (luckhurst\nin venezuela, this species is harvested illegally as it does not attain the 120 mm (cl) minimum size limit for harvest. in a study by acosta and robertson (2003), they suggest that any targeted fishery for this species within belize may result in rapid declines .\nthere are no comprehensive fisheries data available to determine level of threat to this species; however, a potential threat is over - exploitation by unmonitored artisinal fisheries .\nthere are no fishery regulations for this species within caribbean countries, but it is indirectly protected by minimum landing size limits imposed for other species of lobster in some countries. research on population demographics and possible threats; the collection of accurate fisheries data; and monitoring of cpue to create a baseline of data, are recommended to measure trends into the future .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nwith dark purple with numerous very conspicuous rounded whitish spots. also legs spotted on\ntype locality :\ndans les mers des grandes - indes\n. through the lectotype selection by holthuis (1959: 126) the type locality is restricted to suriname. whereabouts of lectotype unknown in\nare two dry specimens of this species (nos. pa 440 and pa 441) in a reasonable condition, labelled\nantilles\n, which may be syntypes .\nwestern atlantic: bermuda, bahamas, south florida, belize, panama, caribbean arc from cuba to trinidad, curaçao, bonaire, los roques, suriname .\nthe species is taken throughout its range, but rather incidentally; there is no special fisher for it. it is taken by hand or speared and occasionally caught in traps, mostly those set for other species. marketed fresh and mostly used for local consumption .\nnetherlands antilles: kreef spanjo, kreef indjan (curaçcao, papiamentu language), spanish lobster (st. martin), sand lobster (st. eustatius )\nfischer, w. (ed .), 1978. fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes western central atlantic (fishing area 31), vol. 6: pag. var .\nholthuis, l. b. , 1959. the crustacea decapoda of suriname (dutch guiana). zoölogische verhandelingen, leiden, 44: 1 - 296, text figs 1 - 68, pls 1 - 16, maps 1, 2\nlatreille, p. a. , 1804. des langoustes du muséum national d' histoire naturelle. annales muséum histoire naturelle paris, 3: 388 - 395\nwilliams, a. b. , 1986. lobsters - identification, world distribution, and u. s. trade. marine fisheries review, 48 (2): 1 - 36, figs 1 - 80\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis species is known from the western atlantic ocean, where it is found in coastal waters of bermuda, the bahamas, south florida, belize, panama, the caribbean arc (cuba to trinidad), curaao, bonaire, los roques, and suriname (holthuis 1991) .\nthe maximum total body length of the spotted spiny lobster is about 20 cm, commonly to 15 cm (holthuis 1991) .\ndepth range based on 3 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample. environmental ranges depth range (m): 2 - 15 temperature range (°c): 26. 265 - 26. 265 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 680 - 0. 680 salinity (pps): 36. 191 - 36. 191 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 644 - 4. 644 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 089 - 0. 089 silicate (umol / l): 2. 067 - 2. 067 graphical representation depth range (m): 2 - 15 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\njuvenile and adults spotted spiny lobsters are restricted to coral reef habitat, mostly in the top 5 to 10 meters (briones - fourzán and mcwilliam 1997; sharp et al. 1997) .\nlozano - alvarez et al. (2002) studied homing and orientation in the spotted spiny lobster through experimental displacements of individual lobsters. they concluded that the familiar home range of the spotted spiny lobster appears to lie within a radius of 100 meters along the reef tract. a tethering experiment showed that lobsters moved toward the reef when released on bare sand 500 meters away from the reef. wave surge may have oriented the lobsters towards the reef. these results indicate that, despite their sedentary, non - migratory nature, adult male and female spotted spiny lobster do show some homing and orientation abilities .\nbriones - fourzan et al. (2006) found that the caribbean spiny lobster uses a wider variety of shelters than does the spotted spiny lobster because the former may take refuge in any crevice as long as it protects its abdomen, whereas the latter prefers deep shelters ithat permit a full retreat. in addition, caribbean spiny lobsters tend to remain on the floor, close to the entrance of the shelter with their antennae emergent, thus remaining more visible than the spotted shiny lobster, which tends to occupy the far recesses of the den away from the entrance, often clinging to the ceiling or walls .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthere are no fishery regulations for this species within caribbean countries, but it is indirectly protected by minimum landing size limits imposed for other species of lobster in some countries. research on population demographics and possible threats; the collection ofaccurate fisheries data; and monitoring of cpue to create a baseline of data, are recommended to measure trends into the future .\nthe species is taken throughout its range, but mainly incidentally; there is no special fishery for it in most areas. it is taken by hand or speared and occasionally caught in traps, mostly those set for other species. it is marketed fresh and used primarily for local consumption. (holthuis 1991 )\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n© international council for the exploration of the sea 2014. all rights reserved. for permissions, please email: journals. permissions @ urltoken\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nresponse to comments by heikinheimo et al. (in press) on hansson et al. (2018): competition for the fish—fish extraction from the baltic sea by humans, aquatic mammals, and birds\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nto get the picture, please visit: joseph poupin e - mail: joseph. poupin @ urltoken\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author. link to the code of intellectual property (legifrance )\ncoordinateur scientifique: claude payri (claude. payri @ ird. fr), coordinateur technique: sylvie fiat (sylvie. fiat @ ird. fr )\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn. the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\narrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro, panamá: ii. distribución, estructura y estado de conservación de los arrecifes de las islas bastimentos, solarte, carenero y colón\nassessment of the queen conch, strombus gigas, (gastropoda: strombidae) population in cayos cochinos ...\na visual preliminary assessment of the strombus gigas population in the area of the cayos cochinos biological reserve was conducted by scuba divers swimming transects. additional data on size / age structure, morphometries (shell length, shell width, shell lip thickness, and total weight), habitat, and reproductive activity were also collected. size frequency distributions are given for shell... [ show full abstract ]\ndespite the importance of large decapod fisheries, including many in and around coral reefs, as well as an increasing number of studies illustrating decapod top - down control of coral reef consumers (burkepile & hay 2007) and basal resources (butler & mojica 2012) the ecological importance of large decapods in maintaining tropical coral reef integrity is still relatively poorly understood... [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbody brown - gray, legs and carapace covered in white spots. the average carapace length of this species is 39. 7 mm. it is a nocturnal omnivore with varying diurnal den - dwelling preferences. this species is not migratory .\nmarine invertebrate taxonomy workshop ii, bocas del toro, august 2004 guzman, h. m. and tewfik, a .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent address: department of fisheries and marine resources, kanudi fisheries research station, p. o. box 165, konedobu, port moresby, papua new guinea .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n1 universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología, unidad académica de sistemas arrecifales. prol. av. niños héroes s / n, puerto morelos, quintana roo, méxico\ncorresponding author: patricia briones - fourzán (xm. manu. lramc @ senoirb )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthere are numerous studies addressing biological and / or ecological traits of spiny lobsters but few studies comparing traits between co - occurring species. for example, the co - occurrence of multiple\n), but there is little information on the life - history traits of these particular species. therefore, emphasis is made in this review on two pairs of co - occurring congeneric species for which relatively more information is available, one from the eastern central pacific region (\n). throughout the text, measurements are given as mean ± 95% confidence interval unless otherwise stated .\nestablished that they constituted separate species. during 1976–1980, the biology, ecology and fisheries of both species were concurrently studied in zihuatanejo, mexico, by researchers from the national autonomous university of mexico. comparative analyses of the original data from these and other studies provide insight into some differences in life history and ecological traits between these two species .\n( 47. 5 mm cl and 80. 0 mm cl, respectively) than for\n( 45. 6 mm cl and 77. 5 mm cl, respectively) (\nshowed that, for spiny lobsters and other crustaceans, the number of eggs per gram of body weight provides an inverse index of egg size (i. e. , the larger the index the smaller the egg). the use of this index shows that the eggs of\n). the total density of lobsters on site a showed a marked increase in september - october relative to the other months (fig .\n). for each separate species, the density showed values ≤ 15 ind. ha\nbetween april and august, but then more than doubled in september. in october, the density of\ninterestingly, site a (but not other sites) exhibited a peak in relative abundance of molluscs in the autumn (fig .\nin september, which possibly reached the carrying capacity of the site. in october, the increase in density of\nis the superior competitor in the rocky habitats to which this species is restricted .\n). some of the following sections are based on studies on these lobsters conducted by researchers from the national autonomous university of mexico in the caribbean coast of mexico, where life history traits and ecological aspects of these species have been concurrently studied for over 20 years .\nhas a much larger mean size (82. 3 ± 2. 24 mm cl) than\n), more so when the size of the eggs is taken into account. as\nby 5 to 1 across the entire reef habitat, but the relative density of each species varies with reef zone. thus, the ratio of\ndiffer widely in their degree of habitat specialization and exhibit broad differences in many life history and ecological traits (e. g. larval and postlarval size and morphology, adult body size, fecundity, growth rate, movement range, behavior, susceptibility to predators) (table\nsuggest the existence of important trade - offs leading to a stable coexistence of these two congeners. for example, although these congeners share the reef habitat ,\nappear more similar in some traits (e. g. larval, postlarval, and adult size, diet) but they differ in other traits (e. g. fecundity, growth rate) and in habitat use, suggesting interspecific trade - offs that may contribute to competitive inequalities (table\nsupport for elaborating and presenting this review at the 2013 summer meeting of the crustacean society in san josé, costa rica, was provided by universidad nacional autónoma de méxico and consejo nacional de ciencia y tecnología (méxico) through project no. 101200. cecilia barradas - ortiz produced figure\nadams aj, dahlgren cr, kellison gt, kendall ms, layman ca, ley ja, nagelkerken i, serafy je. (2006 )\nin: breithaupt t, thiel m. (eds) chemical communication in crustaceans .\namarasekare p, hoopes mf, mouquet n, holyoak m. (2004 )\n. tesis profesional, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, mexico city, mexico .\nthe spiny lobsters (palinuridae) of the east coast of southern africa: distribution and ecological notes .\nbohannan bjm, kerr b, jessup cm, hughes jb, sandvik g. (2002 )\nbriones p, lozano e, martínez - guerrero a, cortés s. (1981 )\naspectos generales de la biología y pesca de las langostas en zihuatanejo, gro. , méxico (crustacea, decapoda, palinuridae) .\ncoexistence of congeneric spiny lobsters on coral reefs: differences in conspecific aggregation patterns and their potential antipredator benefits .\nbriones - fourzán p, pérez - ortiz m, lozano - álvarez e. (2006 )\nbriones - fourzán p, ramírez - zaldívar e, lozano - álvarez e. (2008 )\ninfluence of conspecific and heterospecific aggregation cues and alarm odors on shelter choice by coexisting spiny lobsters .\nbriones - fourzán p, castañeda - fernández de lara v, lozano - álvarez e, estrada - olivo j. (2003 )\nannotated checklist of the world’s marine lobsters (crustacea: decapoda: astacidea, glypheidea, achelata, polychelida) .\nstudy of an original lobster fishery in new caledonia (crustacea: palinuridae and scyllaridae) .\ncox c, hunt jc, lyons wf, davis ge. (1997 )\npredator and shelter - size effects of coral reef fish and spiny lobster prey .\ngarcía - rodríguez fj, ponce - díaz g, muñoz - garcía i, gonzález - armas r, pérez - enríquez r. (2008 )\nthe evolution of spiny lobsters (palinuridae): a study of evolution in the marine environment .\ngoldstein js, matsuda h, takenouchi t, butler mj. (2008 )\ngonzález s, carranza a, scarabino f, de mello c, ligrone a. (2011 )\ncoexistence patterns of benthic gastropods: the genus buccinanops (nassariidae) in the inner uruguayan continental shelf and the río de la plata estuary .\nalimentación del bagre marino netuma platypogon y su importancia como indicador del reclutamiento de postlarvas de langosta (decapoda, palinuridae) en guerrero, méxico .\nhillerislambers j, adler pb, harpole ws, levine jm, mayfield mm. (2012 )\nmarine lobsters of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date .\nthe palinurid and scyllarid lobster larvae from the tropical eastern pacific and their distribution as related to the prevailing hydrography .\nlozano e, briones p, santarelli l, gracia a. (1982 )\nlozano - álvarez e, briones - fourzán p, phillips bf. (1991 )\nlozano - álvarez e, carrasco - zanini g, briones - fourzán p. (2002 )\nlozano - álvarez e, briones - fourzán p, osorio - arciniegas a, negrete - soto f, barradas - ortiz c. (2007 )\ncoexistence of congeneric spiny lobsters on coral reefs: differential use of shelter resources and vulnerability to predators .\ntrade - offs, food web structure, and the coexistence of habitat specialists and generalists .\nnarwani a, alexandrou ma, oakley th, carroll it, cardinale bj. (2013 )\nexperimental evidence that evolutionary relatedness does not affect the ecological mechanisms of coexistence in freshwater green algae .\nnegrete - soto f, lozano - álvarez e, briones - fourzán p. (2002 )\no’rorke r, lavery s, chow s, takeyama h, tsai p, beckley le, thompson pa, waite am, jeffs a. (2012 )\npérez - gonzález r, flores - campaña lm, nuñez - pastén a. (1992 )\negg production and life - history strategies in some clawed and spiny lobster populations .\nptacek mb, sarver sk, childress mj, herrnkind wf. (2001 )\nspecies co - occurrence: the case of congeneric species and a causal approach to patterns of species association .\ntorres - zepeda mg, zepeda - castillo jc, meza - garcía ja, solís - hernández a, villalejo - fuerte m. (2008 )\nwaddington ki, bellchambers lm, vanderklift ma, walker di. (2008 )\ngov. uk uses cookies to make the site simpler. find out more about cookies\ndocument type: journal article theme: agriculture authors: evans, a. j. , evans, c. r .\ndon’t include personal or financial information like your national insurance number or credit card details .\nto help us improve gov. uk, we’d like to know more about your visit today. we’ll send you a link to a feedback form. it will take only 2 minutes to fill in. don’t worry we won’t send you spam or share your email address with anyone .\nall content is available under the open government licence v3. 0, except where otherwise stated\nnathan truelove, 1, 4 donald c. behringer, 2 mark j. butler iv, 3 and richard f. preziosi 1\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nsix out of 13 microsatellites developed by genoscreen were found to be either monomorphic or too difficult to score and were removed from the analysis. twenty - seven out of 29\nmicrosatellites that did produce a pcr product was too difficult to score and was removed from the analysis .\n. no evidence of linkage disequilibrium was found among any of these loci. we were unable to test for mendelian inheritance since crossbreeding of\n= 33) were genotyped using the eight developed primers. the number of alleles ranged from 8 to 20 per locus. significant deviations from hardy–weinberg equilibrium were found in one locus from florida and three loci from bermuda (\n). the latter is possible considering the potential for extensive geneflow in this species. however, null alleles are a common characteristic of the microsatellites of many marine invertebrates, so could also be responsible for the deviations from hwe (\n). indeed null alleles were detected by microchecker in the four loci that deviated from hwe (par - fwc05, pg3, pg21, pg22). null allele frequencies in these loci ranged from 20% to 22% (\nwe thank dr. tammy trott from the bermuda fisheries department for providing samples for this study and josh anderson, jason spadero, and mike dixon for helping to collect samples in the florida keys. we are grateful to antoine destombes at genoscreen for his help with this project .\nnkt received funding from the university of manchester, sustainable consumption institute. this work was funded in part by nsf grant oce0929086 to mjb and dcb. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe authors declare there are no competing interests. nathan truelove is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the smithsonian marine station in fort pierce .\nnathan truelove conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and / or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper .\ndonald c. behringer and mark j. butler iv conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper, provided assistance collecting samples .\nrichard f. preziosi conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper, provided funding for lab reagents .\nthe following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers) :\nspecial activity license from the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, division of marine fisheries management, license number: sal - 10 - 0582 - sr .\nalberto f. msatallele˙1. 0: an r package to visualize the binning of microsatellite alleles .\nben - horin t, iacchei m, selkoe ka, mai tt, toonen rj. characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the california spiny lobster ,\nbenjamini y, hochberg y. controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing .\nchapuis mp, estoup a. microsatellite null alleles and estimation of population differentiation .\ndailianis t, tsigenopoulos cs, dounas c, voultsiadou e. genetic diversity of the imperilled bath sponge\nlinnaeus, 1759 across the mediterranean sea: patterns of population differentiation and implications for taxonomy and conservation .\ndao ht, todd ev, jerry dr. characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the spiny lobster\ndiniz fm, maclean n, ogawa m, paterson ig, bentzen p. microsatellites in the overexploited spiny lobster ,\ndiniz fm, maclean n, paterson ig, bentzen p. polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in the caribbean spiny lobster ,\njentoft s, bavinck m, editors. amsterdam: amsterdam university press; 2011. pp. 157–175 .\nholleley c, geerts p. multiplex manager 1. 0: a cross - platform computer program that plans and optimizes multiplex pcr .\nihaka r, gentleman r. r: a language for data analysis and graphics .\njohnson ms, black r. the wahlund effect and the geographical scale of variation in the intertidal limpet siphonaria sp .\nkennington wj, levy e, berry o, groth dm, waite am, johnson ms, melville - smith r. characterization of 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the western rock lobster\nliu l, yang x, liu c. eleven novel polymorphic microsatellite loci in the ornate spiny lobster\nmalausa t, gilles a, meglécz e, blanquart h, duthoy s, costedoat c, dubut v, pech n, castagnone - sereno ph, délye c, feau n. high - throughput microsatellite isolation through 454 gs - flx titanium pyrosequencing of enriched dna libraries .\nmeglécz e, costedoat c, dubut v, gilles a, malausa t, pech n, martin j - f. qdd: a user - friendly program to select microsatellite markers and design primers from large sequencing projects .\nmeirmans pg, van tienderen ph. genotype and genodive: two programs for the analysis of genetic diversity of asexual organisms .\nptacek mb, sarver sk, childress mj, herrnkind wf. molecular phylogeny of the spiny lobster genus\nraymond m, rousset f. genepop (version 1. 2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism .\nrousset f. genepop’007: a complete re - implementation of the genepop software for windows and linux .\nsharp wc, hunt jh, lyons wg. life history of the spotted spiny lobster ,\ntringali md, seyoum s, schmitt sl. ten di - and trinucleotide microsatellite loci in the caribbean spiny lobster ,\nvan oosterhout c, hutchinson wf, wills dpm, shipley p. micro - checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data .\nwynne sp, coté im. effects of habitat quality and fishing on caribbean spotted spiny lobster populations .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nunlike other lobsters, the ornate spiny lobster does not have big front claws, but it does have long spines covering much of its body and its antennae. its front two antennae can grow up to 2 feet (61 cm) long, and it uses them to sniff out its prey. by rubbing its antennae against its head and making a loud grinding noise, it can also warn other lobsters or predators to stay away .\nyoung spiny lobsters face even greater danger from predators, especially during the harsh winter, when storms force them to move from their homes to deeper parts of the reef, where they will live out the rest of their adult lives. these young lobsters travel in a single - file line of up to 100, 000 members, but if they are threatened by a predator, they can suddenly whip themselves into a circle with their spines pointing towards their attacker. this seemingly endless line of traveling lobsters has been said to look like a gently curving snake or eel." ]

{ "text": [ "panulirus guttatus , the spotted spiny lobster or guinea chick lobster , is a species of spiny lobster that lives on shallow rocky reefs in the tropical west atlantic and caribbean sea . " ], "topic": [ 27 ] }

[ "panulirus guttatus, the spotted spiny lobster or guinea chick lobster, is a species of spiny lobster that lives on shallow rocky reefs in the tropical west atlantic and caribbean sea." ]

[ "the eurasian wolf' s scientific name is canis lupus lupus, as it is a subspecies of the gray wolf. other names for this variety include common wolf, carpathian wolf, european wolf, steppes wolf, chinese wolf, and tibetan wolf .\nthe tibetan wolf is an animal that lives in kyrat in far cry 4 .\nnone of the aforementioned studies had indicated the presence of tibetan wolf in nanda devi br .\nwolves are biggest in the dog family. the indian subcontinent includes three distinct wolf lineages: eurasian, indian and tibetan wolves. the gray wolf is the most common type of wolf that most people are familiar with. the himalayan wolf was believed to be a subspecies of tibetan wolf, but recent scientific and genetic studies revealed that the himalayan wolf belongs to a species of gray wolf .\na highly endangered tibetan wolf (canis lupus chanco), a subspecies of the gray wolf. (photo: jerry redfern / getty images )\nstate editions dehradun 2014 .\nsnow leopard, tibetan wolf sighted\n. the pioneer, 15 february 2014 .\n12. habitat: • the tibetan wolf, also known as woolly wolf is native to central asia. found at altitudes especially in himalayan range .\nthe tibetan wolf is reported to occur in the trans - himalayan regions of india (fox et al. 1986 ;\n2010 ;) and it is very unlikely that a large carnivore such as the tibetan wolf would have remained unrecorded .\nthe eurasian wolf (canis lupus lupus), also known as the common wolf, european wolf, carpathian wolf, steppes wolf, tibetan wolf and chinese wolf is a subspecies of the grey wolf (canis lupus). currently, it has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common in europe and asia, ranging through western europe, scandinavia, russia, china, mongolia and the himalayan mountains .\n3. among the notable wolves of pakistan fauna are: • grey wolf. (canis lupus) • tibetan wolf. (canis lupus campestris) • indian wolf. (canis lupus pallipes )\nthe canis lupus chanco was identified as a subspecies of the gray wolf in 1863 by british zoologist john edward gray. it is also known as the canis lupus chance, canis lupsu laniger, the tibetan wolf, mongolian wolf, and chinese wolf. for a long time, the tibetan wolf and the himalayan wolf were recognized as one and the same. however, recent genetic studies suggest the himalayan wolf to be a distinct species, the canis himalayensis .\n) leaving open the possibly that high - altitude adaptation in the tibetan wolves may involve multiple substitutions .\nthe tibetan wolf ranges over large areas and a few itinerant individuals may visit peripheral parts of their natural distribution range very occasionally (y. v .\ntherefore, we hypothesize that the tibetan wolf would have probably moved from the trans - himalayan parts to the greater himalayan parts of nanda devi biosphere reserve .\nthe tibetan mastiff is a large tibetan dog breed originating within the nomadic cultures of tibet, india, mongolia and nepal. it is used by local tribes of tibet to protect sheep from large predators such as wolves and tigers .\n, on account of its small size and mandible morphology, noting that the uppermost part of the lower jaw is turned back on both the tibetan wolf and the dog, though not so in other grey wolf subspecies .\nevolutionary divergence estimates between the d - loop sequences show a slightly greater distance between holarctic grey wolf / himalayan wolf (0. 069) than between holarctic grey wolf / african wolf (0. 066), while the cytochrome b sequences show a greater distance between holarctic grey wolf / african wolf (0. 044) than between holarctic grey wolf / himalayan wolf (0. 038) (table 2) .\na 2008 dna study concluded that while 12 dog breeds analyzed appeared to have diverged from the gray wolf some 42, 000 years ago, the tibetan mastiff lineage diverged earlier at about 58, 000 years ago. additional dna studies indicated a genetic relationship between the tibetan mastiff and the bernese mountain dog, rottweiler and st. bernard, and that these large breed dogs are partially descended from the tibetan mastiff .\nlydekker, r. (1900). the tibetan wolf. pages 339–340 in: the great and small game of india, burma, and tibet. r. ward, london .\n. these categories appear to be biologically relevant to living at high altitudes by providing energy and oxygen for tissues and organs. in addition, given the population bottleneck experienced by the tibetan wolf (\nthe arctic wolf is a sub - species of the grey wolf and lives in the arctic regions of north america and greenland .\nhimalayan wolf adults in humla, nepal. photograph (a) shows a pale - coloured wolf individual, and (b) a black - coloured wolf individual (© geraldine werhahn) .\n26. references: • urltoken ers / wolfthesissaad. pdf• urltoken l # wolf• urltoken srivastav, a. and nigam, p. (2009) national pedigree book of tibetan wolf. wii, dehradun, and cza, new delhi, 2009• urltoken asia / pakistan. asp\ntibetan wolves are featured in the story, using the same purpose as animals in far cry 3, to get skins in order to craft equipment .\nxu dm, shen yp (1995) on ancient ice - sheet and ice age in the tibetan plateau. j glaciol geocryol 17: 213–229 .\nevolutionary distances (maximum composite likelihood analysis with mega) between himalayan wolf, african wolf, holarctic grey wolf, golden jackal, coyote and red fox for d - loop and cytochrome b mtdna sequences .\nhabitat the tibetan wolf can be found in central china, the manschurai, the jungles and deserts of mongolia, north sikkim, tibet, south - western russia, the himalayan regions of india, nepal and bhutan .\none unique haplotype for each the zfy and the zfx sequence was found in the himalayan wolf samples collected in the study population in humla (ncbi genbank accessions: mf101862 and mf101863). for the holarctic grey wolf and african wolf samples, we found the same zfy / zfx haplotypes as in koepfli et al. [ 8 ]. comparing the results of the zfy final intron sequence among himalayan, holarctic grey and african wolf supports that the himalayan wolf forms a distinct wolf lineage. the himalayan wolf zfy is different from the holarctic grey wolf at position 1010, where both himalayan and african wolf share the nucleic acid t, rather than the g found in holarctic grey wolf. a 30 bp indel shared by both himalayan and holarctic grey wolf is not found in the african wolf (table 3 and figure 4). for the zfx final intron sequence, we found identical haplotypes for both the himalayan wolf and the african wolf from kenya. by contrast, the holarctic grey wolf, including domestic dogs, shows a haplotype different at two positions from the himalayan wolf and the african wolf (indel at position 328, substitution at 425; table 4) .\nthe population long ago diverged from the globally distributed dog - wolf group to become its own species, rather than a gray wolf subspecies .\ninformative positions found in the final intron sequences of the zfx (514 bp) results of himalayan wolf, compared with african wolf, holarctic grey wolf and golden jackal. ncbi genbank accession numbers are provided .\nthanks to its isolation, the arctic wolf is not threatened by hunting and habitat destruction like its southern relatives. in fact, the arctic wolf is the only sub - species of wolf that is not threatened .\nscientists first identified the himalayan wolf (canis lupus chanco), thought to be a subspecies of the gray wolf, about 200 years ago .\nbeall cm (2007) two routes to functional adaptation: tibetan and andean high - altitude natives. proc natl acad sci usa (suppl 1): 8655–8660 .\none study, based on a fossil record estimate that the divergence time between the coyote and the wolf lineages occurred 1 million years ago and with an assumed wolf mutation rate, estimated the time of divergence of the himalayan wolf from the wolf / dog ancestor to be 800, 000 years ago .\ntwo nepalese himalayan wolf cytochrome b haplotypes were found in the samples from the study area in humla (nepal) which differed from holarctic grey wolf haplotypes with 14 transitions and two transversions in the nucleotide sequence. for d - loop, the nucleotide differences between holarctic grey wolf and the haplotype ‘himalayan wolf d - loop 1’ were 12 transitions, 14 transitions for haplotype ‘himalayan wolf d - loop 2’ and 16 transitions for the haplotype ‘himalayan wolf d - loop 3’ .\n). to identify which of them could be responsible for local adaptation in the tibetan plateau, we identified nonsynonymous snps (denoted “highland snp”) in the genome data whose genotypes were homozygous reference in lowland wolves and homozygous alternative in tibetan wolves (and either heterozygous or homozygous alternative in qinghai wolves). of the 84 genes, only three genes (\nit was the himalayan wolf, which had never before been seen in nepal .\nbusch rh: the wolf almanac. 1993, the lyons press, 241 -\n- ali area and also reported livestock depredation by wolf in the recent past .\nmitochondrial dna coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two indian wolf species .\nnotes of the chanco or golden wolf (canis chanco) from chinese tartary .\nwolf specialist group has not taken a position regarding this issue. the editors of\n. this fact makes the indian region the likely cradle of modern wolf evolution .\nthe wolf is the 2nd largest predator in western europe after the brown bear .\ns2 appendix. wolf diet data for logistic models (wolfdiet. txt) .\nconflicts with humans have put the critically endangered himalayan wolf at risk of extinction .\nthe himalayan wolf lineage is more divergent from the holarctic grey wolf than the iucn recognized indian grey wolf subspecies (c. lupus pallipes), which forms a monophyletic clade nested within the holarctic grey wolf complex [ 6, 10 ]. thus, in this context, the current and previous studies suggest the need for adjusting the taxonomy of the himalayan wolf in recognition of its genetic uniqueness but also imply more generally the need for revision of wolf subspecies and units of conservation concern .\n“while the appearance of a tibetan wolf may be alarming, kyrati residents can take comfort in the knowledge they will only meet one if they have been placed under arrest. any other mention of encounters, such as those in the wild, are false. ”\n, lapthal, rim kim and similar habitats in the nanda devi br, using camera traps and use of non - invasive dna sampling (from scats) to confirm the presence of the tibetan wolf in these areas and delineate its distribution in nanda devi br .\nbhattacharya, t. sathyakumar, s. (2010). sighting of tibetan wolf canis lupus chanko in the greater himalayan range of nanda devi biosphere reserve, uttarakhand, india: a new record. journal of threatened taxa 2 (12): 1345–1348 .\nnot long after chetri saw his wolf, two studies came out that challenged the idea that the himalayan wolf was a subspecies. at the dna level, the studies claimed, the wolf was so different that it deserved its own species name .\nsimultaneously, thorough surveys should be carried out in villages of transition zone to investigate the extent of local knowledge about presence of wolf and their attitude towards wolf presence .\n13. distribution: • the tibetan wolf inhabits the rocky valleys of gilgit baltistan, chitral, hunza, khunjerub national park and the upper swat. • it is found in chitral gol national park north - west frontier province, in deosai national park near skardu .\nthe [ mitochondrial dna ] data does indeed indicate that this is distinct from other gray wolf populations ,\nhe says, adding that the the wolf appears isolated from other wolf species, which means they' re not breeding with other wolves .\n, differs from the later for 24 nucleotides over 655 bp of cr - i region and does not carry any of the latter' s diagnostic polymorphism. these data conclusively show that hw found in india is genetically very different from the more abundant and widely distributed tibetan wolf\nthis story has been updated with more details about the genetics of the himalayan wolf .\nthe wolf is an ancestor of the domestic dog but instead of barking, it howls. the grey wolf has a number of subspecies, including the arctic wolf, which vary in colour and size according to where they live. the grey wolf has strong jaws with sharp canine and carnassial (cheek) teeth for tearing and chewing meat .\nindustrial development also poses a threat to the wolf, as an increasing number of mines, roads and pipelines encroach on the wolf’s territory, and interrupt its food supply .\necology and conservation of himalayan wolf. technical report no. tr - 2013 / 01\nmeriggi a, lovari s. a review of wolf predation in southern europe: does the wolf prefer wild prey to livestock? journal of applied ecology. 1996: 1561–71 .\nthe holarctic grey wolf appeared in the middle pleistocene, approximately 800 000–300 000 years before present [ 14 – 16 ]. in the evolutionary history from the ancestors of the wolf - dog clade in the early to middle pleistocene [ 15 ] to the contemporary holarctic grey wolf, different wolf lineages such as the himalayan wolf, the african wolf [ 8 ] and the indian grey wolf c. lupus pallipes (sykes, 1831) [ 6 ] diverged as monophyletic sister clades. the holarctic grey wolf (c. lupus spp .), comprising different subspecies including the domestic dog c. l. familiaris, forms a relatively recent genetic lineage [ 2, 9 ]. more basal is a distinct lineage which has been described as himalayan wolf and the recently described african (golden) wolf (currently referred to as canis aureus lupaster) [ 8, 9, 17 ]. based on their phylogenetic reconstruction, rueness et al. [ 10 ] propose that the himalayan and african wolf lineages may have existed before the radiation of the holarctic grey wolf .\nzheng bx, xu qq, shen yp (2002) the relationship between climate change and quaternary glacial cycles on the qinghai - tibetan plateau: review and speculation. quatern int 97–98: 93–101 .\nhaplotype network showing the zfy and zfx final intron sequences of himalayan wolf (green), african wolf (red), holarctic grey wolf (blue) and golden jackal (red). the black dots on the internode represent indels and substitutions between the haplotypes .\noverview of the current genetic evidence of the himalayan wolf distribution. the data shown originates from the current and previous studies (himalayan wolf field collected samples, dark green; himalayan wolf museum specimens, light green). for overview, samples originating from holarctic grey wolf lineages found in the region are also shown, i. e. mongolian grey wolf canis lupus chanco (dark blue) and indian grey wolf canis lupus pallipes (light blue). this study generated 72 himalayan wolf sequences from 104 field collected samples in humla, nepal. the additional data shown derive from other studies [ 6, 7, 13 ] .\nlooking up, he caught the gaze of a wolf, who regarded him with curiosity .\nhimalayan wolves (seen in their natural habitat) are smaller than their gray wolf cousins .\nhence, it is likely that the wolf may not have been detected in the past .\nlater studies compared these sequences against world - wide wolf sequences and confirmed this basal position .\nthe tibetan mastiff is among the heaviest dog breeds, typically weighing between 74 to 100 pounds, is typically 24 to 30 inches in height, and has a life expectancy of 10 to 14 years .\ntibetan wolves hunt singly or in pairs, sometimes in groups of three, but only rarely in larger numbers. they are not nocturnal but rest during the heat of the day. they feed largely on\nwhich falls within the widespread wolf - dog clade. additionally, the median - joining haplotype network analysis indicated that these scat sequences formed part of the himalayan wolf lineage (suppl. material\nthe estimated time of the split of the himalayan wolf from the other wolf lineages (0. 8–1. 5 millions of years ago) correlates with the period of rapid uplift of the\nmm respectively) 14–16. the wolf from peninsular india appears smaller in size and more brownish in colour, whereas wolves from the himalayan regions are large and whitish. peninsular wolf weighs 25\nge r - l, cai q, shen y - y, san a, ma l, et al. (2013) draft genome sequence of the tibetan antelope. nat commun 4: 1858 .\nthe scientists involved in the study sequenced the genomes of four gray wolves from russia and china, three chinese street dogs, and three domesticated breeds—including a german shepherd, a belgian malinois, and a tibetan mastiff .\nin - game footage from the video game far cry 4 showing my first attempt on hunting tibetan wolf with the bow. for more far cry 4 hunting videos please check out my channel! follow me: ► youtube: urltoken ► facebook: urltoken ► twitter: urltoken subscribe for more videos! / twinkingtoby\n, and included a subclade of wolves from china and mongolia falling within the himalayan wolf clade .\ninformative positions found in the final intron sequences of the zinc - finger y - chromosomal (zfy, 1176 bp) results of himalayan wolf, compared with african wolf, holarctic grey wolf, golden jackal and coyote. accession numbers for ncbi genbank reference samples used in the analysis are provided .\npeng y, yang z, zhang h, cui c, qi x, et al. (2011) genetic variations in tibetan populations and high - altitude adaptation at the himalayas. mol biol evol 28: 1075–1081 .\nfound that there have been two distinct, major prehistoric migrations of modern humans into the tibetan plateau. the first human migration occurred approximately 30, 000 years ago followed by a migration 7–10 thousand years ago. the rapid growth of the human population on the qinghai - tibet plateau could have resulted in the loss of habitats appropriate for large wildlife species as well as over exploitation, which then contributed to the population decline of the tibetan grey wolves .\ndiet the tibetan wolf is an amazing hunter with excellent survival skills. it is known to hunt both during the day and at night either alone or in packs. its preferred prey includes deer, blue sheep, and other large mammals. when food becomes scarce, it will feed on smaller animals like marmots, hares, ground squirrel, and mice. when hunting, the wolf can reach speeds up to 40 mph .\noccurs in western and central kashmir, tibet, china, mongolia and russia, and falls under the widespread wolf - dog clade. on the other hand, the basal monophyletic himalayan wolf mtdna lineage of\nduring the winter the arctic wolf grows a second layer of fur for protection against the harsh conditions .\ngiven the mounting genetic evidence surrounding the himalayan wolf and african wolf lineage, it seems inevitable that a wider revision of canid taxonomy on the eurasian continent and north africa may be required in due course .\nbigham a, bauchet m, pinto d, mao x, akey jm, et al. (2010) identifying signatures of natural selection in tibetan and andean populations using dense genome scan data. plos genet 6: e1001116 .\n). scat sequences d2137, d2138, d2139 and d2143 match each other differs from known himalayan wolf haplotypes by at least two substitutions, while d2140 completely matches domestic dog and a wolf sequence in genbank .\nas the permafrost (permanently frozen ground) prevents the arctic wolf from digging a den, they typically live in rocky outcrops or caves. each year the mother wolf gives birth to two or three pups .\n- ali does not necessarily imply that the wolf did not occur in this area in the historical past .\nfecal sample and direct sighting locations of the himalayan wolf in upper mustang of annapurna conservation area, nepal .\nexplanation note: median - joining networks of himalayan wolf and related wolf and dog clades. golden jackal and ethiopian wolf haplotypes are shown for comparison. circle size and branches are proportional to sampled haplotype frequency and number of nucleotide mutation steps among haplotypes, respectively. branch numbers refer to mutation steps separating individual haplotypes. scat samples sequenced in this study are represented by arrows falling within the himalayan wolf (hwf) and indian feral dog (idh) haplotypes. nomenclature for the african wolf follows koepfli et al. (2015) .\n. the taxonomic status of this wolf lineage is in dispute. it has been suggested by several biologists in\nwolf slain by 87 - year - old iranian woman. urltoken (2008 - 11 - 08) .\nthe maned wolf of south america is a magnificent animal with a pointed muzzle and very large erect ears .\nthe genotype and analysis of 25 of top 27 dog - wolf ancestry informative markers in 35 chinese wolves .\nwhen settlers brought the first tibetan mastiffs to the plateau some 24, 000 years ago, they interbred with the gray wolves already living there, and their progeny incorporated these two genes useful for their adaptation to this environment into their genome .\nli m, tian s, jin l, zhou g, li y, et al. (2013) genomic analyses identify distinct patterns of selection in domesticated pigs and tibetan wild boars. nat genet 45 (12): 1431–1438 .\nmech, l. d. & boitani, l. (iucn ssc wolf specialist group). 2010 .\n' s conservation policies and effective law enforcement maintain a moderately sized wolf population, which radiates into neighbouring countries .\nwwf' s work is focused on the protection of the maned wolf' s habitat, in particular the cerrado. it previously undertook a study on the ecology of the maned wolf. specific projects in the area include :\nunlike other species of wolf, the arctic wolf rarely comes into contact with human so does not face the threat of hunting or persecution. however, the greatest threat to the arctic wolf is climate change. extreme weather variations in recent years have made it difficult for populations of muskox and arctic hares to find food, and this has caused a decline in numbers. in turn, this has reduced the traditional food supply of the arctic wolf .\nthe eurasian wolf still has the widest range among wolf subspecies, residing in the tundra, taiga, plains, scrublands, mountains and desert. their coats are suited to the plunging temperature and the northern, freezing climes .\npairwise sequential markovian coalescent (psmc) analysis of nine chinese wolf genomes reflecting the genomic distribution of heterozygous sites .\nqi x, cui c, peng y, zhang x, yang z, et al. (2013) genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the tibetan plateau. mol biol evol 30 (8): 1761–1778 .\njhala, y. , sharma, d. k. (2004) .\nthe ancient wolves of india\n. international wolf (international wolf center): 15–16. archived from the original on september 27, 2007 .\nto understand this domestication, guo - dong wang, a genetics researcher at the chinese academy of sciences, and his colleagues analyzed the dna of four gray wolves, three indigenous chinese dogs and a german shepherd, a belgian malinois and a tibetan mastiff .\n], making the gray wolf taxonomy highly debatable pending validation and revision. presently, only six subspecies viz. ,\nthe arctic wolf is able to withstand sub - zero temperatures and up to 5 months of absolute darkness a year .\n16. breeding biology• generally, mating occurs between january and april, the higher the latitude, the later it occurs. • the tibetan wolf reaches sexual maturity in its second year. • the gestation period lasts between 60 and 63 days. the pups, which weigh 0. 5 kg at birth, are born blind, deaf, and completely dependent on their mother .\nthe name is a misnomer, since the tibetan mastiff itself is not a true mastiff. the term\nmastiff\nwas used by europeans who first came to tibet because the term was used in the west to refer to nearly all breeds of large dogs .\nbeall cm, cavalleri gl, deng l, elston rc, gao y, et al. (2010) natural selection on epas1 (hif2a) associated with low hemoglobin concentration in tibetan highlanders. proc natl acad sci usa 107 (25): 11459–11464 .\ncharacteristics the size of the tibetan wolves can vary from 58 to 65 inches (from nose to end of tail) and from 27 to 30 inches high, weighing from 65 to 70 pounds. compared to the common european wolf, they are slightly larger, with shorter legs. their skull is similar with a longer thinner muzzle. this\nwooly wolf\nhas a long shaggy coat which seasonally varies in color, usually a blend of white, yellow, brown, grey, and black .\nand differs from the wolf in tibetan part. as these areas are part of the same landscape, the question of what ecological or behavioural barriers could be facilitating such strict divergence, particularly when no striking morphological differences occur between the wolves from tibet and indian trans - himalaya, remains unanswered. another problem is related to limited data: none of the studies have collected samples from the\n14. morphology: • the size of the tibetan wolves can vary from 58 to 65 inches (from nose to end of tail) and from 27 to 30 inches high, weighing from 65 to 70 pounds. • this\nwoolly wolf\nhas a long shaggy coat which seasonally varies in color, usually a blend of white, yellow, brown, grey, and black .\nthe himalayan wolf appears to represent an ancient isolated line of wolves consisting of a small population of fewer than 350 animals .\nwith one genetic study indicating that the indian wolf has been reproductively isolated from other populations for over 400, 000 years .\nit usually hunts in pairs when targeting antelopes, with one wolf acting as a decoy while the other attacks from behind .\nare important strongholds for the wolf. it has been estimated that there are about 300 wolves in approximately 60, 000 km\nthis includes research projects to evaluate wolf populations and measures to address the concerns of farmers and other local inhabitants who feel threatened by the presence of wolves. in addition, wwf works to protect the habitats and ecosystems on which the wolf depends .\nthe maned wolf has often been described as a' fox on stilts' due to its red fur and long legs .\nthis study provides genetic evidence in support of the distinct himalayan wolf lineage found in central asia, the formal taxonomic recognition of which is pending due to limited data from contemporary wild populations. our results confirm findings of previous studies from the broader himalayan region, largely based on museum specimens and zoo animals [ 6, 7, 13, 33 ], which place the himalayan wolf as a distinct monophyletic lineage relative to the holarctic grey wolf. this study expands the existing data on the himalayan wolf with sampling of a contemporary living wolf population in a previously unconfirmed location in northwestern nepal. further, this study updates the currently limited understanding of the distribution range of the himalayan wolf by integrating available genetic and geographic data from previous studies .\nour analysis indicates that the himalayan wolf lineage might be found as far north as qinghai lake in qinghai province in the people' s republic of china. this is indicated by our finding that unpublished d - loop sequences originating from qinghai lake on the tibetan plateau in the people' s republic of china and derived from ncbi genbank were identical to himalayan wolf d - loop haplotypes found in nepal in this study (no further information could be obtained). these sequences from qinghai lake were designated as c. lupus chanco but matched with the haplotypes found in nepal as follows: i. e. ‘himalayan wolf d - loop 1’ identical with jx415352 and jx415350; ‘himalayan wolf d - loop 2’ identical with jx415351; ‘himalayan wolf d - loop 3’ identical with jx415343. in addition, other samples originating from qinghai lake and retrieved from ncbi genbank present three additional unique haplotypes within the himalayan wolf clade that were not found in humla (nepal) (i. e. jx415348, jx415345 and jx415347) .\n2. introduction: • the wolf is a predatory, carnivorous mammal of the family canidae. • wolf is member of family of animals that includes dogs and foxes. highly intelligent animals with upright ears, sharp, pointed muzzles and sharp eyes .\na recent dna study has shown that the tibetan mastiff has two genes that confer a high - altitude edge to them. one gene boosts the ability of the red blood cell protein hemoglobin to carry oxygen, and the other one prevents hemoglobin overproduction, which can cause blood clots. the dna coding for these genes resembles that found in the gray wolf population that long ago adapted to this very harsh environment .\nis distinct from haplotypes in the wolf - dog clade, and is likely distributed from eastern kashmir into eastern nepal and tibet .\nthe future of the himalayan wolf is uncertain. the systematics of wolves from the indian subcontinent remains controversial and needs further study .\n6. distribution: • the grey wolf inhabits the barren rocky mountainous valleys of baltistan, gilgit, hunza, chitral, upper swat and khunjerab national park. • further west the wolf inhabits the lower hills of the baluchistan pleatue where it is widespread. the wolf is also found in n. w. f. p, but it is rare in this region. [ 1 ]\n17. status: • not reported in iucn threats: • local people kill the wolf because it is considered destructive to livestock. • the wolf may become extinct in the east of the country if hunting is not stopped and it is not protected. •\nthere were no reports of the presence of feral dogs in this area. livestock herders reported one instance of livestock killed by wolf in\na wolf' s jaws are so strong it can bite through a moose femur (thigh) in just 6 - 8 bites .\nweaver jl. refining the equation for interpreting prey occurrence in gray wolf scats. the journal of wildlife management. 1993: 534–8 .\nalthough usually found in packs, occasionally a wolf can be seen on its own. even a lone wolf is a force to be reckoned with. whenever summoned by bait only one wolf appears at a time. sometimes wolves can have death duels with clouded and snow leopards. one on one, the leopard usually wins. but against a pack, the leopard will either run off or be killed .\n], we hypothesize that the wolves of india represent a pre - wolf, post - jackal, ancestral canid radiation that got separated / arrived in india sometime in early pleistocene about 1 - 2 million years ago and since than evolved independently without much interaction with the evolving wolf lineages in other parts of the world. this in turn would suggest that indian subcontinent had been one major center of wolf / canid evolution, an inference that is in agreement with the school of taxonomists that ascribe an asian origin to the wolf like canids [ [\nthe gray wolf (canis lupus lycaon), also known as the timber wolf, is the largest wild member of the dog family. found in parts of north america, gray wolves are making a comeback in the great lakes, northern rockies and southwestern united states .\nthe indian wolf is smaller than the european wolf and is a subspecies of the former. they are social but do not form large packs. a typical pack is from 6 - 8 individuals. they hunt in pairs and prey on antelopes, rodents and hares .\n24. • status: • indian wolves are declining. the number of wolves: about 200. updated 2007. • threats: • the wolf has declined greatly in numbers during the last few decades. local people kill the wolf because it is considered destructive to livestock .\nthe understandable confusion around wolf scientific naming in this region is apparent from sequences on ncbi genbank coming from wider locations on the tibetan plateau and attributed to different scientific names, i. e. either c. l. chanco or c. l. laniger, which all do cluster within the himalayan wolf clade in this study (e. g. c. l. chanco ncbi genbank accessions: ay333738, ay333739, ay333740, ay333741, ay333742, jx415343, jx415344, jx415345, jx415347, jx415348, jx415350, jx415351 and jx415352; c. lupus laniger ncbi genbank accession: kf573616) .\nthe eurasian wolf was eliminated from most of northern europe during 19th century. it was hunted out of denmark in the 1770s, while the last norwegian wolf was eliminated as late as the 1970s. in central europe, gray wolves lowered in numbers during the first part of the 19th century: the last wolf of bavaria was hunted in the 1840s. in crimea, the subspecies has been eliminated not one but multiple times .\n. in contrast, the two tibetan wolves experienced a continuous population decline beginning 55, 000 years ago. however, all wolf populations appeared to decline beginning at the last glacial maximum (21, 000–17, 000 years ago), when the expansion of glaciers in the northern hemisphere likely decreased the extent of the habitat suitable for wolves. however, psmc loses resolution for dates earlier than about 20, 000 year ago because of the lack of recombination events\n] ]. therefore, serious efforts have been initiated in europe and america for protection and conservation of the existing wolf populations in recent years .\n10. status and threats• least concern according to by iucn, 2011 (endangered in certain european localities, least concerned in pakistan, india and nepal• the wolf has declined greatly in numbers during the last few decades. local people kill the wolf because it is considered destructive to livestock .\nsavolainen p, arvestad l, lundeberg j: mitochondrial dna tandem repeats in russian wolf (only repeat region). as per embl entries. 1999\n, northeastern iran, a wolf pack attacked a homeless man in front of witnesses. although the police intervened, the man died of his wounds .\nhumans are the primary threat to himalayan wolves. the indigenous inhabitants kill them indiscriminately as the wolves prey on their livestock. the himalayan wolf was included on the endangered species list by the indian government in 1998. the nation has also started a himalayan wolf breeding program to save this endangered species .\nwwf is exploring ways to strengthen wolf populations in europe, for example by helping wolves spread into suitable remote areas from areas where they already exist .\ndiets of snow leopard and wolf: proportions (%) of wild and domestic prey in scats, and estimated proportions of biomass and individuals consumed .\nmech ld: the wolf: the ecology and behaviour of an endangered species. 1970, the natural history press, new york, usa, 384 -\nhaplotypes and closest to the jackal, one of the closest ancestral canid species, suggesting them to be the derivatives of a more ancient independent wolf radiation .\n]. the wolf in india are accorded schedule' 1' endangered species status under the indian wildlife protection act of 1972 and of cites, and in last few decades federal efforts were initiated for wolf protection and conservation by setting up wildlife preserves in the country and captive breeding programs in few national zoological parks .\nby analyzing the animal' s dna, a scientist says the animal is not a subspecies of the gray wolf. another expert isn' t so sure .\n]. there is essentially no study attempted to understand the genetics of indian wolves and their relationship with wolves from other parts of the world. perusal of the published literature on molecular - genetic analysis of wolf and other canids, reveals only six analyzed samples referred as indian wolf, five of which originated from afghanistan [\nthe himalayan wolf may represent an ancient isolated line of wolves consisting of a small population of about 350 animals. they inhabit an area of 70, 000 km\nonce the world' s most widely distributed mammal, the grey wolf has become extinct across much of its former range and its present distribution is much restricted .\nif you want to read similar articles to what is the habitat of the eurasian wolf? , we recommend you visit our facts about the animal kingdom category .\njust like the red wolf, the himalayan wolf is social by nature, and tends to remain in a group of wolves. as they are smaller in number, they have smaller groups, usually of six or eight members. unlike red wolves that are very territorial and prevent other wolf packs from invading their territory, himalayan wolves are not as aggressive when it comes to protecting their territory. this species of wolves rarely shows any physical level of confrontation with other species of wolves .\noverall, the scats of snow leopards consisted of 73% prey of wild origin and 27% of domestic animals. among the different categories of wild prey, cliff - dwelling ungulates (bharal and himalayan tahr) dominated the diet (57% of remains in scats), and the most commonly identified species was the bharal (table 2). plain - dwelling ungulates (kiang, tibetan argali and tibetan gazelle) were almost absent in the scats (1 %), whereas small mammals constituted 13% . among domestic animals, the highest proportion in the scats was from goats, followed by horses, sheep, yak and lulu cow (table 2). altogether, five scats contained twigs of tamarisk myricaria spp. .\nby contrast, mongolian grey wolf (c. l. chanco) samples from individuals in the zürich zoo and originating from the great gobi b in mongolia (r zingg 2016, personal communication) clustered within the holarctic grey wolf clade (figure 2 a). it is currently uncertain based on the data we present here whether c. l. chanco should be considered as a distinct group within the holarctic grey wolf as c. l. chanco samples do not seem to form a monophyletic clade .\nchetri believes that the animal is a unique species, and that people should begin recognizing it as such to make sure the wolf doesn' t disappear from the planet .\n, there is no reliable estimation on the wolf' s population size there. wolves in iran continue to suffer from habitat loss, unregulated hunting and loss of prey .\nolsen, s. j. , olsen, j. w. (1977). the chinese wolf, ancestor of new world dogs. science 197: 533–535 .\nthe ability of the tibetan mastiff to thrive in the thin air of the himalayan plateau, where the average elevation is about 15, 000 feet, is very interesting. at such a high elevation, each breath taken by any animal, including humans, contains less oxygen than at sea level, and animals must possess some physiological adaptation (s) to live under these conditions .\n. the 90 d - loop reference sequences retrieved for comparative analysis represented the wolf samples from all over the globe across all the continents. in comparison, there were only few wolf reference sequences specific to cyto - b gene and none for 16s ribosomal dna. accordingly, for these two mitochondrial domains reference sequences were from related canid genera / species .\nbecause of the diversity in climate, topography, vegetation, human settlement and development of wolf range, wolf populations in various parts of the original range vary from extinct to relatively pristine. wolf densities vary from about one / 12 km² to one / 120 km². sillero et al. (2004) provide details, for each range country, on subspecies present, population status, approximate numbers, the percentage of former range occupied at present, main prey (where known), legal status, and cause of decline .\nvalley population, despite suggesting it as the area of potential contact of the closely related wolf clades. instead, the samples have been collected from indian zoos or museum specimens .\nthe maned wolf derives its name from the characteristic mane on its neck which stands erect when it scents danger. its body is covered with long, reddish - brown hair .\nrelative contribution of bioclimatic variables (top five) to the maxent model used to map the potential habitat of the grey wolf in the nepalese himalaya (fig. 1) .\ngeffen e, anderson mj, wayne rk (2004) climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf. mol ecol 13 (8): 2481–2490 .\n) were selected for genome sequencing on an illumina hiseq 2000 platform. the short reads from an additional wolf from one locality in inner mongolia used on a previous study (rkwl\n] is indicated to be from india. under this dismal scenario and ever increasing threat to the remaining small wolf populations in india, it becomes imperative to understand their genetic make - up and exact taxonomic status between themselves and with other world - wide wolf populations to have a long - term and effective plan in place for their continual survival and conservation .\nsmall mammals was the most common food category found in wolf scats (41 %) followed by plain dwelling ungulates (31 %). only a small proportion of the scat material (4 %) was from cliff dwelling ungulates. among domestic animals (24 %), the highest proportion in the wolf scats was from goats, followed by horses, lulu cow, yak and sheep (table 2). three wolf scats contained plant material (kobresia sp. and pennisetum sp .), and two scats contained plastic material .\nklaus - peter koepfli, a conservation biologist at the smithsonian conservation biology institute, says it' s too early to say for sure that the himalayan wolf is its own species .\ngray, j. e. (1863). notice of the chanco or golden wolf (canis chanco) from chinese tartary. proceedings of the zoological society of london: 94\noverview of discussed canid lineages with names, status and references. the grey wolf subspecies (canis lupus spp .) were to date primarily described on the basis of geographic origin .\nbreeding the tibetan wolf reaches sexual maturity in it' s second year. breeding season usually occurs in the spring. to maintain strength of the pack, only the dominant male and female breed. two months later, four to six pups are born weighing roughly one pound each. at three to four weeks they will leave the den. they are nurtured by their mother for two to three months after which they begin to tag along with their parents hunting. . in the wild, they live anywhere from six to ten years. they can long as twenty years in captivity .\na himalayan wolf photographed in upper mustang of annapurna conservation area, nepal (29. 17356°n, 84. 13422°e; datum wgs84, elevation 5, 050 m) during may 2014 .\nmaclean, charles (1980). the wolf children. harmondsworth, eng. ; new york: penguin books. p. 336. isbn 0 - 14 - 005053 - 1 .\nin norway, in 2001, the norwegian government authorised a controversial wolf cull on the grounds that the animals were overpopulating and were responsible for the killing of more than 600 sheep in 2000. the norwegian authorities, whose original plans to kill 20 wolves were scaled down amid public outcry. in 2005, the norwegian government proposed another cull, with the intent of exterminating 25% of norways wolf population. a recent study of the wider scandinavian wolf population concluded there were 120 individuals at the most, causing great concern on the genetic health of the population .\nin comparison, the d - loop polymorphism for which the corresponding data are available for most of the world - wide wolf populations, was found to be most informative to ascertain the genetic status of hw and gw vis - à - vis all the previously analyzed wolf populations from outside of india. our extensive comparative analysis involved almost all the wolf haplotypes described in the literature to date, covering different lengths of the d - loop cr - 1 region [ viz. , 233 bp (76 sequences, 32 haplotypes), 545 bp (46 sequences = 35 haplotypes), 651 bp (29 sequences, 24 haplotypes) ]. the analysis conclusively revealed both indian wolf types (hw and gw) to be genetically most divergent and forming a completely separate clade without even a single overlap with any of the haplotypes seen in the other wolves of the world. moreover, the hw and gw clade was found to be closest to the jackal, one of the nearest ancestral canid species and basal to the other major clade comprising all other wolf haplotypes, clearly indicating these to be the derivatives of an more ancient independent wolf radiation .\nthere are two major threats that continue to bear down on this vulnerable wolf species. the first and foremost is the human factor. the local people in the region continue to persecute and kill this wolf because they sometimes prey on their livestock. although they are legally protected in india, they are not in tibet even though most of its other charismatic vertebrates are under its protection .\n19. habitat: • the indian wolf prefers habitats like scrublands, grasslands, remote areas, semi - arid lands and wilderness where they could find food in abundance and highest prey biomass .\nwith its smaller stature, long muzzle, and white fur coloration around the throat, chest, and belly, the himalayan wolf looks different from the gray wolves of europe and north america .\nthe elimination of the eurasian wolf from europe was an effort that began during the middle ages and persisted until the beginning of the 20th century. in some cases, like in the united kingdom, their killing was promoted through legislation: in scotland, wolves survived till the 1680s while ireland saw its last wolf killed in the 1780s. they are still considered extinct in the british isles .\n). identical tree topologies were obtained in both the maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses. although there were minor differences in the resolution of few haplotypes in the maximum likelihood and bayesian trees, the overall relationship was consistent with the himalayan wolf haplotypes forming a basal clade to all other wolf lineages. the tree topology suggests that these four matched samples are derived individuals of the ancient himalayan lineage of" ]

{ "text": [ "the tibetan wolf ( canis lupus filchneri ) is a subspecies of the gray wolf that is native to china in the regions of gansu , qinghai , and xichang ( tibet ) .", "it is found in northern india in the ladakh region of eastern kashmir , and the lahaul and spiti region in the northeastern part of himachal pradesh .", "it is also found in nepal in the upper dolpa and upper mustang regions .", "its taxonomic classification is sometimes referred to by its previous classification of canis lupus laniger , and sometimes incorrectly as canis lupus chanco ( the mongolian wolf ) . " ], "topic": [ 22, 20, 20, 22 ] }

[ "the tibetan wolf (canis lupus filchneri) is a subspecies of the gray wolf that is native to china in the regions of gansu, qinghai, and xichang (tibet). it is found in northern india in the ladakh region of eastern kashmir, and the lahaul and spiti region in the northeastern part of himachal pradesh. it is also found in nepal in the upper dolpa and upper mustang regions. its taxonomic classification is sometimes referred to by its previous classification of canis lupus laniger, and sometimes incorrectly as canis lupus chanco (the mongolian wolf)." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ntrinity river refuge hq building. , liberty county, texas, usa october 6, 2016\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nbusck, a. 1906 ,\ntineid moths from southern texas, with descriptions of new species\n, proceedings of the united states national museum, vol. 30, pp. 721 - 736\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 26bbc5b2 - f883 - 4291 - 95ec - 3bdd7603c4d1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7258cc67 - 566f - 43fa - 99f9 - 139c4d26865c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d2275392 - 188f - 449e - 851b - ddf118c6cd1c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2f8c545a - 8db3 - 41d6 - b31d - 1ece9670ede0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 400387\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies." ]

{ "text": [ "the mimosa stem-mining moth ( neurostrota gunniella ) is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "it is known from costa rica , cuba , mexico and texas , as well as thailand and the northern territory in australia , where it was introduced in 1989 to control mimosa pigra .", "the wingspan is about 8 mm .", "adults are brown with a white stripe along the inner margin of each forewing .", "when in its rest position , it typically has its wings folded around the body , and its legs out .", "the larvae feed on mimosa asperata , mimosa pigra , neptunia oleracea and neptunia plena .", "mimosa pigra is the main larval host plant .", "the larvae bore the stem of their host plant , not merely under the epidermis but actually boring into the pith of the stem . " ], "topic": [ 2, 12, 9, 1, 23, 8, 11, 11 ] }

[ "the mimosa stem-mining moth (neurostrota gunniella) is a moth of the gracillariidae family. it is known from costa rica, cuba, mexico and texas, as well as thailand and the northern territory in australia, where it was introduced in 1989 to control mimosa pigra. the wingspan is about 8 mm. adults are brown with a white stripe along the inner margin of each forewing. when in its rest position, it typically has its wings folded around the body, and its legs out. the larvae feed on mimosa asperata, mimosa pigra, neptunia oleracea and neptunia plena. mimosa pigra is the main larval host plant. the larvae bore the stem of their host plant, not merely under the epidermis but actually boring into the pith of the stem." ]

[ "ciniflo bennetti blackwall, 1846a: 41 (d f). amaurobius sylvestris emerton, 1888: 451, pl. 10, f. 1 (d m f). amaurobius bennetti banks, 1895d: 82. amaurobius sylvestris emerton, 1902: 213, f. 489 - 491 (m f). amaurobius bennetti comstock, 1912: 277, f. 255 - 257. amaurobius bennetti comstock, 1940: 276, f. 256 - 257 (m f). amaurobius bennetti muma, 1943: 33, pl. xi, f. 14 - 15 (m f). callobius bennetti chamberlin, 1947: 7. amaurobius bennetti chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 35, pl. 3, f. 13, pl. 4, f. 22 (m f). amaurobius bennetti kaston, 1948: 516, f. 1964 - 1967, 1985 - 1987 (m f). callobius bennetti leech, 1972: 28, f. 10 - 11, 33 - 35, 224 - 226 (m f). callobius bennetti paquin & dupérré, 2003: 32, f. 150 - 153 (m f). callobius bennetti griswold et al. , 2005: 9, f. 181c, 182a - b, 193a (m) .\ncallobius bennetti. these are rather ubiquitous in the northeast and elsewhere... i might add. this species is also common in southern canada. this is a female .\nin synonymy: callobius catalinus (chamberlin & ivie, 1947) = callobius arizonicus (chamberlin & ivie, 1947) (leech, 1972: 26). callobius melanus (chamberlin & ivie, 1947) = callobius pictus (simon, 1884) (leech, 1972: 47). callobius pallescens (chamberlin, 1920) = callobius nevadensis (simon, 1884) (leech, 1972: 41). callobius severinus (chamberlin & ivie, 1947) = callobius severus (simon, 1884) (leech, 1972: 50). callobius shastus (chamberlin & ivie, 1947) = callobius nevadensis (simon, 1884) (leech, 1972: 41). callobius subnomeus (chamberlin & ivie, 1947) = callobius pictus (simon, 1884) (leech, 1972: 48). callobius tacoma (chamberlin & ivie, 1947) = callobius nomeus (chamberlin, 1919) (leech, 1972: 43). callobius woljeongensis kim & ye, 2013 = callobius koreanus (paik, 1966) (yoo et al. , 2015: 65) .\ncallobius hyonasus leech, 1972: 37, f. 240 - 241 (d f). callobius hyonasius brignoli, 1983c: 523 (lapsus) .\ncallobius pauculus leech, 1972: 47, f. 264 - 265 (d f) .\ncallobius paskenta leech, 1972: 25, f. 26 - 27, 209 - 210 (d m f). callobius paskenta roth, 1985: b2 - 3, f. 5 (f). callobius paskenta roth, 1994: 64, f. 5 (f) .\namaurobius koreanus paik, 1966a: 53, f. 1 - 11 (d m f). callobius koreanus leech, 1971: 30 (t m f from amaurobius). callobius koreanus paik, 1978e: 174, f. 70. 1 - 5 (m f). callobius koreanus namkung, 2002: 387, f. 28. 1a - b (m f). callobius koreanus kim & cho, 2002: 186, f. 367 - 372 (f). callobius koreanus namkung, 2003: 389, f. 28. 1a - b (m f). callobius woljeongensis kim & ye, 2013c: 163, f. 1 - 10 (d f). callobius koreanus yoo et al. , 2015: 65 (s of callobius woljeongensis). callobius woljeongensis kim & ye, 2015f: 44, f. 1 - 4 (d m) .\ncallobius yakushimensis okumura, 2010a: 1, f. 1 - 7 (d m f) .\ncallobius guachama leech, 1972: 53, f. 84a - b (d m). callobius guachama vetter & prentice, 1997: 177, f. 1 - 5 (m, d f) .\ncallobius hokkaido leech, 1971: 30, f. 14 - 17 (d m f). callobius hokkaido yaginuma, 1986a: 9, f. 7. 1 (m f). callobius hokkaido yaginuma, 1987: 453, f. 1a, c, e, g, i - k (m f). callobius hokkaido chikuni, 1989a: 134, f. 3, 5 (m f). callobius hokkaido chikuni, 1989b: 21, f. 3 (m f). callobius hokkaido okumura, ogata & ono, 2009: 131, f. 10 - 17 (m f). callobius hokkaido marusik & kovblyuk, 2011: 107, f. 5. 10 (m). callobius hokkaido marusik, ballarin & omelko, 2012a: 57, f. 14 - 15 (m f) .\ncallobius gertschi leech, 1972: 36, f. 43 - 45, 235 - 237 (d m f) .\ncallobius klamath leech, 1972: 40, f. 55 - 56, 246 - 247 (d m f) .\ncallobius manzanita leech, 1972: 23, f. 19 - 23, 202 - 205 (d m f) .\ncallobius panther leech, 1972: 24, f. 24 - 25, 206 - 208 (d m f) .\ncallobius paynei leech, 1972: 25, f. 28 - 29, 211 - 215 (d m f) .\ncallobius rothi leech, 1972: 46, f. 67 - 68, 262 - 263 (d m f) .\ncallobius sierra leech, 1972: 36, f. 46 - 48, 238 - 239 (d m f) .\ncallobius tehama leech, 1972: 52, f. 83 - 84, 280 - 281 (d m f) .\ncallobius angelus chamberlin, 1947: 6. amaurobius angelus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 33, pl. 5, f. 29 (d m). callobius angelus leech, 1972: 22, f. 15 - 18, 198 - 201 (m, d f) .\ncallobius kamelus chamberlin, 1947: 8. amaurobius kamelus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 44, pl. 4, f. 21 (d f). callobius kamelus leech, 1972: 38, f. 49 - 51, 242 - 243 (f, d m) .\ncallobius canada chamberlin, 1947: 7. amaurobius canada chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 36, pl. 5, f. 28, 34 (d m f). callobius canada leech, 1972: 32, f. 36 - 37, 227 - 228 (m f) .\ncallobius arizonicus chamberlin, 1947: 6. callobius catalinus chamberlin, 1947: 7. amaurobius arizonicus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 34, pl. 5, f. 33 (d f). amaurobius catalinus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 38, pl. 5, f. 35 (d f). callobius arizonicus leech, 1972: 26, f. 30 - 32, 216 - 223 (f, d m, s) .\ncallobius deces chamberlin, 1947: 7. amaurobius deces chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 40, pl. 4, f. 24, pl. 5, f. 30 (d m f). callobius deces leech, 1972: 33, f. 38 - 39, 229 - 230 (m f) .\ncallobius enus chamberlin, 1947: 7. amaurobius enus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 42, pl. 3, f. 14, pl. 4, f. 23 (d m f). callobius enus leech, 1972: 34, f. 40 - 42, 231 - 234 (m f) .\ncallobius tamarus chamberlin, 1947: 9. amaurobius tamarus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 54, pl. 2, f. 6 - 8, pl. 3, f. 9, pl. 4, f. 19 (d m f). callobius tamarus leech, 1972: 39, f. 52 - 54, 244 - 245 (m f). amaurobius tamarus roth, 1985: b2 - 3, f. 4 (m). callobius tamarus roth, 1994: 64, f. 4 (m) .\ncallobius olympus chamberlin, 1947: 8. amaurobius olympus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 49, pl. 3, f. 15, pl. 4, f. 25, pl. 5, f. 37 (d m f). callobius olympus leech, 1972: 45, f. 65 - 66, 259 - 261 (m f) .\namaurobius nomeus chamberlin, 1919a: 240, pl. 14, f. 1 - 2 (d m f). callobius nomeus chamberlin, 1947: 8. amaurobius nomeus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 48, pl. 3, f. 11, pl. 4, f. 37 (m f). amaurobius tacoma chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 54, pl. 5, f. 32 (d m). callobius tacoma lehtinen, 1967: 220 (t m from amaurobius). callobius nomeus leech, 1972: 43, f. 59 - 64, 254 - 258 (m f, s). callobius nomeus paquin & dupérré, 2003: 32, f. 154 - 157 (m f) .\namaurobius pictus simon, 1884n: 320, f. 3 (d m f). amaurobius pictus banks, 1913: 181, pl. 12, f. 24 (f). callobius melanus chamberlin, 1947: 8. callobius pictus chamberlin, 1947: 9. callobius subnomeus chamberlin, 1947: 9. amaurobius melanus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 46 (dj). amaurobius pictus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 50, pl. 3, f. 12, pl. 4, f. 20 (m f). amaurobius subnomeus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 53 (d f). callobius pictus leech, 1972: 47, f. 69 - 74, 266 - 270 (m f, s) .\ncallobius and amaurobius species have similar life histories and behaviors. they are most often found in damp locations under bark, leaf litter, and stones, as well as in woodpiles and other protected areas .\namaurobius severus simon, 1884n: 319, f. 2 (d m f). amaurobius severus banks, 1913: 181, pl. 12, f. 27 (f). callobius severus chamberlin, 1947: 9. callobius severinus chamberlin, 1947: 9. amaurobius severus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 51, pl. 3, f. 17, pl. 4, f. 27 (m f). amaurobius severinus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 51, pl. 4, f. 26 (d f). callobius severus leech, 1972: 50, f. 75 - 82, 271 - 279 (m f, s) .\namaurobius nevadensis simon, 1884n: 318, f. 1 (d m f). amaurobius nevadensis banks, 1913: 181, pl. 12, f. 20 (m f). amaurobius utahensis chamberlin, 1919a: 239 (d m). auximus pallescens chamberlin, 1919b: 3, pl. 1, f. 3 (d f). callobius nevadensis chamberlin, 1947: 8. callobius pallescens chamberlin, 1947: 8. callobius shastus chamberlin, 1947: 9. amaurobius nevadensis chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 46, pl. 3, f. 16, pl. 4, f. 26 (m f). amaurobius pallescens chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 49. amaurobius shastus chamberlin & ivie, 1947a: 53 (d f). callobius nevadensis leech, 1972: 40, f. 57 - 58, 248 - 253 (m f, s) .\namaurobius claustrarius balcanicus drensky, 1940: 187, 193, f. 24 - 26 (d m f). callobius balcanicus deltshev et al. , 2012: 95, f. 2 - 5, 10 - 11 (m f, elevated to species level) .\nthese spiders are frequently found in damp basements and other areas of the home in the autumn. however, there are few indications that these spiders will readily bite or that the bites are medically important. the one verified record of a bite by an immature callobius species resulted in pain, itching, swelling, redness, and nausea .\nin synonymy: amaurobius alaskanus chamberlin & ivie, 1947 (t from callobius) = amaurobius similis (blackwall, 1861) (leech, 1971: 27). amaurobius atticus thaler & knoflach, 1995 = amaurobius pelops thaler & knoflach, 1991 (thaler & knoflach, 2002a: 342). amaurobius hermosus (chamberlin, 1947) = amaurobius latescens (chamberlin, 1919) (leech, 1972: 79). amaurobius peninsulanus banks, 1898 = amaurobius ferox (walckenaer, 1830) (lehtinen, 1967: 212). amaurobius provisoricus kolosváry, 1939 (removed from s of a. minor) = amaurobius erberi (keyserling, 1863) (thaler & knoflach, 1993: 135, contra lehtinen, 1967: 212). amaurobius sciakyi pesarini, 1991 = amaurobius ruffoi thaler, 1990 (ballarin & pantini, 2017: 494). amaurobius tessinensis dresco, 1977 = amaurobius crassipalpis canestrini & pavesi, 1870 (pesarini, 1991a: 270). amaurobius timidus thaler & knoflach, 1995 = amaurobius strandi charitonov, 1937 (kovblyuk, 2002a: 213) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ni found this fella under loose bark on a tree stump. it looks a lot like tom' s photo .\nthis little fricker bit me on the back of the knee climbing out of the shower this morning. looks exactly like the pic, but a greyer solid abdomen. you wouldn' t believe the stress i went through and length of time it took to identify it and find out if it' s poisonous or not. kansas city, kansas area, inside a house' s bathroom, and they hurt quite a bit when they bite. persistent sting & burn afterwards. it' s leaving a good 1 - 1. 5cm welt. quite aggressive as well, tried to bite twice more, through a tissue .\ni have encountered several males and all have been pretty passive. when poked and prodded, they casually move away without attempting to attack .\nis tom' s photo the same species? sure looks like it ...\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nkaston, b. j. 1972. how to know the spiders. wm c. brown company publishers, dubuque, iowa. 272 p .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nin canada from new foundland to manitoba. in the united states south from new foundland to georgia and west to tennessee (kaston, 1972) .\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nbrown with a gray and white pattern on the abdomen as illustrated in kaston (1972). females slightly larger than males at 5 - 12mm in length and males at 5 - 9mm (kaston, 1972) .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nbreene, r. g. , d. a. dean, g. b. edwards, b. hebert, h. w. levi, g. manning, k. mcwest, and l. sorkin. 2003. common names of arachnids 2003. 5th edition. the american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids. american tarantula society .\ngeneral status, environment canada. 2014. manitoba spider species list and subnational ranks proposed by expert (robb bennett) .\npaquin, p. , d. j. buckle, n. duperre, and c. d. dondale. 2010. checklist of the spiders (araneae) of canada and alaska. zootaxa 2461: 1 - 170 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nlsid: [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022679 ]\nbanks, n. (1895d). a list of the spiders of long island; with descriptions of new species. journal of the new york entomological society 3: 76 - 93. - - show included taxa\nblackwall, j. (1846a). notice of spiders captured by professor potter in canada, with descriptions of such species as appear to be new to science. annals and magazine of natural history 17: 30 - 44, 76 - 82. - - show included taxa\nchamberlin, r. v. & ivie, w. (1947a). north american dictynid spiders. annals of the entomological society of america 40: 29 - 55. - - show included taxa\nchamberlin, r. v. (1947). a summary of the known north american amaurobiidae. bulletin of the university of utah 38 (8): 1 - 31. - - show included taxa\ncomstock, j. h. (1912). the spider book; a manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whipscorpions, harvestmen and other members of the class arachnida, found in america north of mexico, with analytical keys for their classification and popular accounts of their habits. garden city, new york, pp. 1 - 721. - - show included taxa\ncomstock, j. h. (1940). the spider book, revised and edited by w. j. gertsch. cornell univ. press, ithaca, xi + 727 pp. - - show included taxa\nemerton, j. h. (1888). new england spiders of the family ciniflonidae. transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 7: 443 - 458. - - show included taxa\nemerton, j. h. (1902). the common spiders of the united states. boston, 225 pp. doi: 10. 5962 / bhl. title. 5617 - - show included taxa\ngriswold, c. e. , ramírez, m. j. , coddington, j. a. & platnick, n. i. (2005). atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (araneae: araneomorphae: entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny. proceedings of the california academy of sciences 56 (suppl. ii): 1 - 324. - - show included taxa\nkaston, b. j. (1948). spiders of connecticut. bulletin of the connecticut state geological and natural history survey 70: 1 - 874. - - show included taxa\nleech, r. e. (1972). a revision of the nearctic amaurobiidae (arachnida: araneida). memoirs of the entomological society of canada 84: 1 - 182. - - show included taxa\nmuma, m. h. (1943). common spiders of maryland. natural history society of maryland, baltimore, 179 pp. - - show included taxa\npaquin, p. & dupérré, n. (2003). guide d' identification des araignées de québec. fabreries, supplement 11: 1 - 251. - - show included taxa\nthe amaurobiidae superficially resemble the previous spiders, the funnel weavers, in the family agelenidae. in fact, two genera in agelenidae, coras and wadotes, have recently been transferred to the amaurobiids, bringing the number of genera in this family to thirteen .\namaurobiidae have eight eyes that are similar in size, are typically of light (or white) color, and are arranged in two rows. the females range from 5 to 14 millimeters in length and the males from 5 to 12. 5 millimeters. the carapace is a reddish, mahogany brown, darkest at the front in the region of the eyes and the chelicerae. the legs are lighter in color than the carapace. the abdomen is generally gray, although the background color varies from a pinkish flesh color to a dark, charcoal gray. a pattern of lighter areas or spots (which sometimes run together) can produce a larger, lighter central area. it is common to have chevron - type lighter areas on the posterior portion of the abdomen .\nthe web is an irregular “mesh” with an ill - defined tube retreat in the areas previously described .\nthe males overwinter as immature spiders, molt twice the following spring, and become adults in april. they die after mating. the females have been found during all seasons, indicating that they probably live for at least two years. the egg sacs are deposited in the same locations that the spiders are found—often in the webs. the numbers of eggs found in the cocoons range from 73 to 175 .\nbaerg, w. j. 1936. the black widow. ark. agr. expt. sta. bul. 325. 34 pp .\nbaerg, w. j. 1959. the black widow and five other venomous spiders in the united states. ark. agr. expt. sta. bul. 608. 43 pp .\nbradley, r. a. 2013. common spiders of north america. university of california press. 271 pp .\nbreene, r. g. , et al. 2003. common names of arachnids. 5th ed. the american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids. 42 pp .\ngertsch, w. j. , and f. ennik. 1983. “the spider genus loxosceles in north america, central america, and the west indies (araneae, loxoscelidae). ” bul amer mus. nat. hist. 175: 24–360 .\nherms, w. b. , and m. t. james. 1961. medical entomology. 5th ed. the macmillan company, new york. 616 pp .\nhowell, w. m. , and r. l. jenkins. 2004. spiders of the eastern united states: a photographic guide. pearson education. 363 pp .\nisbister, g. k. , and m. r. gray. 2003. “effects of envenoming by combfooted spiders of the genera steatoda and achaearanea (family theridiidae: araneae) in australia. ” j. toxicol. clin. toxicol. 41: 809–819 .\nkaston, b. j. 1972. how to know the spiders. 3rd ed. wm. c. brown company, dubuque, iowa. 272 pp .\nlevi, h. w. 1959. “the spider genus latrodectus (araneae, theridiidae). ” trans. amer. microscopical soc. 78 (1): 7–43 .\nlong, d. , r. snetsinger, and k. f. helm. 1995. “localized pruritic rash due to recurrent spider bites. ” j. geriatr. dermatol. 3 (6): 186–190 .\nmckeown, n. , r. s. vetter, and r. g. hendrickson. 2014. “verified spider bites in oregon (usa) with the intent to assess hobo spider venom toxicity. ” toxicon 84: 51–55 .\nubick, d. , p. paquin, p. e. cushing, and v. roth, eds. 2005. spiders of north america: an identification manual. american arachnological society. 377 pp .\nvetter, r. s. , and p. kirk visscher. 1998. “bites and stings of medically important venomous arthropods. ” international. j. derm. 37: 481–496 .\nvetter, r. s. , et al. 2006. “verified bites by yellow sac spiders (genus cheiracanthium) in the united states and australia: where is the necrosis? ” amer. j. trop. med. hyg. 74 (6): 1, 043–1, 048 .\nvetter, r. s. , and g. k. isbister. 2008. “medical aspects of spider bites. ” annu. rev. entomol. 53: 409–429 .\npenn state college of agricultural sciences research, extension, and resident education programs are funded in part by pennsylvania counties, the commonwealth of pennsylvania, and the u. s. department of agriculture .\nwhere trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by penn state cooperative extension is implied .\npenn state is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer, and is committed to providing employment opportunities to minorities, women, veterans, individuals with disabilities, and other protected groups. nondiscrimination .\n* prolinyphia marginata (c. l. koch) [ linyphia marginata c. l. koch ]\ncercidia prominens (westring) (lenawee co. platnick, calhoun co. )\n* cicurina arcuata keyserling [ n. b. lehtinen transferred cicurina to the dictynidae ]\ncicurina pallida keyserling (ann arbor, april 4, 1930 e. l. miner )\nwadotes hybridus (emerton) (ann arbor may 18, 1937 i. j. cantrall )\n* zelotes fratris chamberlin [ zelotes subterraneus (c. l. koch) ]\n* xysticus bicuspis keyserling (hdc - june 29, july 1 1nd 5 h. k. wallace )\n* xysticus luctans (c. l. koch) (may 24, 1939 i. j. cantrall )\n* marpissa lineata (c. l. koch) [ fuentes lineata (c. l. koch) ] (jackson co. waterloo recreation area )\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species. please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you' re on a taxa page like class, order, and family .\nin synonymy: alauximus bryant, 1948 = tugana chamberlin, 1948 (alayón, 1992c: 2, contra lehtinen, 1967: 210, sub callioplus) callioplus bishop & crosby, 1935 = cybaeopsis strand, 1907 (yaginuma, 1987: 461) notolathys mello - leitão, 1920 = auximella strand, 1908 (lehtinen, 1967: 252) olybrius roth, 1967 = macrobunus tullgren, 1901 (lehtinen, 1967: 254) opsaltella mello - leitão, 1941 (removed from the synonymy of macrobunus tullgren, 1901) = callevopsis tullgren, 1902 (ramírez, 1996a: 2, contra lehtinen, 1967: 254) pionaces simon, 1904 = rubrius simon, 1887 (lehtinen, 1967: 259) walmus chamberlin, 1947 = amaurobius c. l. koch, 1837 (leech, 1972: 70 )\nn. b. : transferred here from the dictynidae by lehtinen, 1967: 211 .\n| | argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022583 ]\naltellopsis helveola simon, 1905e: 3 (d f). altellopsis helvola lehtinen, 1967: 444, f. 181, 184 (f) .\nn. b. : considered a senior synonym of walmus chamberlin, 1947 by leech, 1972: 70 .\nnomina dubia: amaurobius aculeatus franganillo, 1926b: 78 (f, spain) - - hubert, 1965: 785. amaurobius flavovittatus (grube, 1861: 171, j, russia, originally in ciniflo, placed here by reimoser, 1919: 189) - - wesolowska, 1988b: 404, mikhailov, 1996: 113. amaurobius franganilloi roewer, 1951: 455 (replacement name for a. inermis franganillo, 1920: 139, f, portugal, preoccupied) - - hubert, 1965: 788. amaurobius luniger (grube, 1861: 171, j, russia, originally in ciniflo, placed here by reimoser, 1919: 189) - - wesolowska, 1988b: 404, mikhailov, 1996: 113. amaurobius sinister (nicolet, 1849: 439, f, chile, originally in clubiona, t here by simon, 1892a: 237) - - lehtinen, 1967: 234. amaurobius tristissimus holmberg, 1876: 11, f. 11 (f, argentina) - - lehtinen, 1967: 248 .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022584 ]\nwalmus agastus chamberlin, 1947: 11, pl. 2, f. 12 (d f). amaurobius agastus leech, 1972: 75, f. 123 - 125, 315 - 318 (f, d m) .\n| | se europe (balkans) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022587 ]\nciniflo annulatus kulczyński, 1906a: 157, f. 1 (d f). amaurobius annulatus reimoser, 1919: 22 .\n| | caucasus (russia, georgia) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 040266 ]\namaurobius antipovae marusik & kovblyuk, 2004: 56, f. 1 - 4, 7 - 11, 18 - 21 (d m f) .\n| j | paraguay [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022588 ]\namaurobius asuncionis mello - leitão, 1946b: 17, f. 1 (d f). amaurobius asuncionis lehtinen, 1967: 212 (type is juvenile ,\ncannot be placed\n; i. e. probably a nomen dubium) .\n| | greece [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022590 ]\namaurobius ausobskyi thaler & knoflach, 1998d: 108, f. 7 - 9 (d f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022591 ]\nwalmus barbarus chamberlin, 1947: 11, f. 5 - 8 (d m f, preoccupied in a .). amaurobius barbaricus leech, 1972: 80, f. 148 - 150, 337 - 338 (m f, replacement name) .\n| | algeria [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022592 ]\namaurobius barbarus simon, 1911b: 275 (d m f). amaurobius barbarus denis, 1945b: 43, pl. 1, f. 3 (f). amaurobius barbarus lehtinen, 1967: 445, f. 203, 209 (m) .\n| | usa, canada [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022593 ]\namaurobius borealis emerton, 1909: 214, pl. 8, f. 3 (d m f). walmus borealis chamberlin, 1947: 12, f. 9 - 10 (m f). callioplus borealis kaston, 1948: 519, f. 1968, 1992 - 1994 (f). amaurobius borealis leech, 1972: 73, f. 118 - 122, 313 - 314 (m f). amaurobius borealis paquin & dupérré, 2003: 31, f. 138 - 141 (m f) .\n| | greece (crete) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 037802 ]\namaurobius candia thaler & knoflach, 2002a: 340, f. 5 - 6, 10, 14 - 16, 18, 21 - 22, 25 - 26 (d m f) .\n| | spain [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022594 ]\namaurobius cerberus fage, 1931: 126, f. 1 (d m) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022595 ]\namaurobius corruptus leech, 1972: 81, f. 339 - 340 (d f) .\n| | germany, switzerland, italy [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022596 ]\namaurobius crassipalpis canestrini & pavesi, 1870: 61 (41), pl. 4, f. 2 (d m). amaurobius tessinensis dresco, 1977: 878, f. 9 - 14 (d m). amaurobius tessinensis maurer & hänggi, 1989: 178, f. 4 - 7 (d f). amaurobius crassipalpis pesarini, 1991a: 270, f. 12a - b, 17a - b (removed m from s of a. jugorum, s f) .\n| | greece (crete) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022597 ]\namaurobius cretaensis wunderlich, 1995b: 729, f. 1 - 3 (d m). amaurobius cretaensis thaler & knoflach, 2002a: 337, f. 3 - 4, 11 - 13, 17, 20, 24 (m, d f) .\n| | greece, crete [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022598 ]\namaurobius deelemanae thaler & knoflach, 1995a: 48, f. 11 - 16, 21 - 23, 30 - 32, 46 - 51 (d m f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022599 ]\namaurobius diablo leech, 1972: 81, f. 341 - 344 (d f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022600 ]\namaurobius distortus leech, 1972: 82, f. 151 - 154 (d m) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022601 ]\nwalmus dorotheae chamberlin, 1947: 13, pl. 1, f. 11 (d f). amaurobius dorotheae leech, 1972: 76, f. 126 - 128, 319 - 320 (f, d m) .\n| | bosnia - hercegovina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022602 ]\namaurobius drenskii kratochvíl, 1934: 172, f. 1 (d f) .\n| | europe, canary is. [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022603 ]\nciniflo erberii keyserling, 1863: 373, pl. 10, f. 5 - 6 (d m f). amaurobius erberi l. koch, 1868: 21, f. 9 - 10 (m f). amaurobius cyrilli thorell, 1871a: 206 (d m). amaurobius erberi chyzer & kulczyński, 1891: 165, pl. 6, f. 39 (m f). amaurobius erberi simon, 1892a: 237, f. 186 (f). amaurobius erberi becker, 1896: 230, pl. 14, f. 12 (m f). ciniflo erberi lessert, 1910b: 21. amaurobius erberi simon, 1914: 37, 39, 59, f. 68, 77 (m f). amaurobius provisorius kolosváry, 1939c: 135, f. 4 (d m). amaurobius erberi drensky, 1940: 189, f. 21 (m f). amaurobius erberi dresco, 1959a: 88, f. 1 (f). amaurobius erberi hubert, 1965: 786, f. 9 - 10, 16 (f). amaurobius erberi loksa, 1969: 25, f 14b, 16a - b, 19c - d (m f). ciniflo erberi miller, 1971: 66, pl. iii, f. 15 - 16 (m f). amaurobius erberi heimer & nentwig, 1991: 382, f. 991 (m f). amaurobius erberi pesarini, 1991a: 266, f. 3a - b, 6a - b (m f). amaurobius erberi thaler & knoflach, 1993: 135 (s). amaurobius erberi roberts, 1995: 80, f. (m f). amaurobius erberi thaler & knoflach, 1995a: 57, f. 2, 17, 20, 27, 44 - 45 (m f). amaurobius erberi roberts, 1998: 82, f. (m f) .\n| | europe to central asia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022604 ]\n| | europe, turkey. introduced to canada, usa, mexico [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022605 ]\n| | libya [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022606 ]\namaurobius festae caporiacco, 1934b: 7, f. 1 (d m) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022607 ]\namaurobius galeritus leech, 1972: 82, f. 345 - 346 (d f) .\n| | greece (crete) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 037803 ]\namaurobius geminus thaler & knoflach, 2002a: 341, f. 1 - 2, 8 - 9, 19, 23 (d m f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022608 ]\nwalmus hagiellus chamberlin, 1947: 13, pl. 2, f. 13 (d f). amaurobius hagiellus leech, 1972: 82, f. 347 - 348 (f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022609 ]\nwalmus heathi chamberlin, 1947: 13, pl. 2, f. 14 - 15 (d m f). amaurobius heathi leech, 1972: 80, f. 145 - 147, 335 - 336 (m f) .\n| | bosnia - hercegovina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022610 ]\namaurobius hercegovinensis kulczyński, 1915: 901, pl. 66, f. 1 - 5 (d m f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022611 ]\namaurobius intermedius leech, 1972: 83, f. 155 - 157, 349 - 350 (d m f) .\n| | europe [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022612 ]\namaurobius jugorum l. koch, 1868: 24, f. 11 (d f). amaurobius torvus thorell, 1875a: 93 (d m). amaurobius torvus thorell, 1875c: 75 (d m). amaurobius jugorum l. koch, 1876b: 295 (m). ciniflo jugorum lessert, 1910b: 18, f. 22, 24 (m f). amaurobius jugorum simon, 1914: 36, 38, 59, f. 65 - 66 (m f). amaurobius jugorum buchar, 1961: 91, f. 2b, f - g (m f). amaurobius jugorum hubert, 1965: 788, f. 2, 11, 18 (f). amaurobius jugorum czajka, 1967: 404, f. 1 - 4 (m f). amaurobius jugorum loksa, 1969: 24, f. 14c, 15b, 18a, c, f (m f). ciniflo jugorum miller, 1971: 66, pl. iii, f. 11, 17 (m f). amaurobius jugorum dresco, 1977: 876, f. 5 - 8 (m). amaurobius jugorum maurer & hänggi, 1989: 178, f. 1 - 3 (f). amaurobius jugorum heimer & nentwig, 1991: 382, f. 993 (m f). amaurobius jugorum pesarini, 1991a: 272, f. 11a - b, 15a - b, 16a - b (m f) .\n| | india [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 044628 ]\namaurobius koponeni marusik, ballarin & omelko, 2012a: 58, f. 1 - 8 (d m) .\n| | croatia, albania [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022613 ]\n| | france (corsica) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022614 ]\namaurobius latebrosus simon, 1874a: 224 (d m). amaurobius latebrosus simon, 1914: 36, 59, f. 60 (m). amaurobius latebrosus hubert, 1965: 788, f. 3, 12 (d f). amaurobius latebrosus lehtinen, 1967: 445, f. 208 (m) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022615 ]\nauximus latescens chamberlin, 1919b: 3, pl. 1, f. 4 - 5 (d m f). walmus hermosus chamberlin, 1947: 14, pl. 2, f. 16 (d f). walmus latescens chamberlin, 1947: 14, pl. 2, f. 17 - 18 (m f). amaurobius latescens leech, 1972: 79, f. 142 - 144, 329 - 334 (m f, s). amaurobius latescens roth, 1985: b2 - 3, f. 9 (f). amaurobius latescens roth, 1994: 64, f. 9 (f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022616 ]\namaurobius pilosus leech, 1972: 85, f. 357 - 358 (d f, preoccupied by hogg, 1900). amaurobius leechi brignoli, 1983c: 523 (replacement name) .\n| | greece [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 043860 ]\namaurobius lesbius bosmans, 2011: 18, f. 6 - 10 (d m f) .\n| | greece [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022617 ]\namaurobius longipes thaler & knoflach, 1995a: 42, f. 1, 3 - 4, 18, 28, 41 - 43, 54, 56 - 59 (d m f). amaurobius longipes thaler & knoflach, 1998d: 111, f. 18 (m) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022618 ]\nwalmus mathetes chamberlin, 1947: 15, pl. 2, f. 19 - 20, pl. 3, f. 21 (d m f). amaurobius mathetes leech, 1972: 76, f. 129 - 132, 321 - 322 (m f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022619 ]\nwalmus mephisto chamberlin, 1947: 15, pl. 3, f. 22 (d f). amaurobius mephisto leech, 1972: 83, f. 351 - 352 (f) .\n| | eastern europe [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022621 ]\namaurobius minor kulczyński, 1915: 904, pl. 66, f. 6 (d f). amaurobius minor lehtinen, 1967: 212 (s of a. provisoricus, rejected by thaler & knoflach, 1993: 135, who synonymized it with a. erberi; probable s of a. drenskii). amaurobius minor polenec, 1978a: 376, f. 4 (m) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022622 ]\namaurobius minutus leech, 1972: 84, f. 353 - 354 (d f) .\n| | europe [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022624 ]\namaurobius obustus l. koch, 1868: 28, f. 13 - 14 (d m f). amaurobius obustus chyzer & kulczyński, 1891: 165, pl. 6, f. 38 (f). amaurobius obustus bösenberg, 1902: 250, pl. 23, f. 360 (m f). amaurobius obustus drensky, 1940: 187, f. 20a, 22b (m f). amaurobius obustus wiehle, 1953: 139, f. 287 - 290 (m f). amaurobius obustus denis, 1963b: 254, f. 2 - 4 (m f). amaurobius obustus lehtinen, 1967: 445, f. 210 (f). amaurobius obustus loksa, 1969: 26, f. 14f, 17a - b, 19e - f (m f). amaurobius obustus tyschchenko, 1971: 62, f. 78 (m). amaurobius obustus thaler, 1990c: 243, f. 1 - 3, 7 - 8, 14 - 16 (m f). amaurobius obustus heimer & nentwig, 1991: 382, f. 995 (m f). amaurobius obustus pesarini, 1991a: 266, f. 4a - b, 8a - b (f) .\n| | portugal, spain, france [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022625 ]\namaurobius occidentalis simon, 1893c: 194 (d f). amaurobius occidentalis simon, 1914: 39, 59, f. 75 (f). amaurobius occidentalis bacelar, 1929: 256, f. 10 - 12 (f, d m). amaurobius occidentalis denis, 1963b: 254, f. 1 (f). amaurobius occidentalis hubert, 1965: 789, f. 5, 13, 19 (f) .\n| | greece [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022626 ]\namaurobius ossa thaler & knoflach, 1993: 133, f. 2, 5, 8, 11, 15 - 16 (d m f). amaurobius ossa thaler & knoflach, 1998d: 111, f. 16 - 17 (m) .\n| | southeastern europe to georgia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022627 ]\namaurobius pallidus l. koch, 1868: 26, f. 12 (d f). amaurobius pallidus chyzer & kulczyński, 1891: 165, pl. 6, f. 40 (f, d m). amaurobius pallidus bösenberg, 1902: 250, pl. 23, f. 361 (m f). ciniflo pallidus kulczyński, 1903a: 33. amaurobius pallidus drensky, 1940: 187, f. 20r, 22a (m f). amaurobius pallidus wiehle, 1953: 129, f. 269 - 271 (m f). amaurobius pallidus loksa, 1969: 25, f. 14e, 19a - b (f). amaurobius pallidus tyschchenko, 1971: 62, f. 80 (f). amaurobius pallidus sekirova, 1988: 88, f. 1 (m). amaurobius pallidus heimer & nentwig, 1991: 382, f. 997 (m f). amaurobius pallidus thaler & knoflach, 1993: 133, f. 3, 6, 9, 12 (m). amaurobius pallidus mcheidze, 1997: 53, f. 35 - 36 (f). amaurobius pallidus komnenov et al. , 2016: 35, f. 68 - 74 (m f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022629 ]\namaurobius palomar leech, 1972: 84, f. 355 - 356 (d f) .\n| | greece [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022630 ]\namaurobius paon thaler & knoflach, 1993: 132, f. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 - 14 (d m f) .\n| | italy [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022631 ]\namaurobius pavesii pesarini, 1991a: 275, f. 20a - b (d f). amaurobius scopolii pesarini, 1991a: 275, f. 14a - b (m, misidentified after ballarin & pantini, 2017: 490). amaurobius pavesii ballarin & pantini, 2017: 490, f. 4 - 6, 11, 15, 21 - 23, 32, 36 (d m, f) .\n| | greece [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022632 ]\namaurobius pelops thaler & knoflach, 1991: 266, f. 1 - 6 (d m f). amaurobius pelops thaler & knoflach, 1995a: 46, f. 7, 9, 24 - 25, 33, 37 - 38 (m f). amaurobius atticus thaler & knoflach, 1995a: 48, f. 8, 10, 26, 34 (d m). amaurobius pelops thaler & knoflach, 1998d: 111, f. 11 (m). amaurobius pelops thaler & knoflach, 2002a: 342 (s) .\n| | italy [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 049417 ]\namaurobius scopolii hubert, 1965: 790, f. 7, 14, 20 (f) [ misidentified after ballarin & pantini, 2017: 481 ]. amaurobius pesarinii ballarin & pantini, 2017: 481, f. 1 - 3, 10, 14, 18 - 20, 30 - 31, 35 (d m f) .\n| | albania, greece [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022633 ]\namaurobius phaeacus thaler & knoflach, 1998d: 107, f. 1 - 6, 10 (d m f). amaurobius phaeacus van helsdingen & ijland, 2015: 25, f. 9 (f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022634 ]\namaurobius prosopidus leech, 1972: 86, f. 158 - 160, 363 - 364 (d m f) .\n| | italy [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022636 ]\namaurobius ruffoi thaler, 1990c: 242, f. 4 - 6, 9 - 13 (d m f). amaurobius sciakyi pesarini, 1991a: 267, f. 9a - b, 10a - b (d m f). amaurobius ruffoi thaler & knoflach, 1998a: 38, f. 17 (m). amaurobius ruffoi ballarin & pantini, 2017: 494 (s of amaurobius sciakyi) .\n| | italy, france [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022638 ]\namaurobius scopolii thorell, 1871a: 206 (d m f). amaurobius scopolii simon, 1914: 36, 39, 59, f. 61 - 62, 76 (m f). amaurobius scopolii pesarini, 1991a: 272, f. 19a - b (f, male [ f. 14a - b ] misidentified after ballarin & pantini, 2017: 490). amaurobius scopolii ballarin & pantini, 2017: 491, f. 7 - 9, 13, 16 - 17, 24 - 26, 33, 37 (m f) .\n| | europe, caucasus. introduced to north america [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022639 ]\n| | china [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 050179 ]\namaurobius songi zhang, wang & zhang, 2018: 364, f. 1a - e, 2a - g, 3a - d (d m f) .\n| | china [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 050180 ]\namaurobius spinatus zhang, wang & zhang, 2018: 367, f. 4a - e, 5a - g, 6a - d (d m f) .\n| | greece, bulgaria, ukraine [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022628 ]\namaurobius pallidus strandi charitonov, 1937: 134, pl. 12, f. 1 (d f). amaurobius timidus thaler & knoflach, 1995a: 44, f. 5 - 6, 19, 29, 39 - 40 (d m f). amaurobius timidus thaler & knoflach, 1998d: 113, f. 13 - 15 (m). amaurobius strandi kovblyuk, 2002a: 213, f. 1 - 6 (elevated f from subspecies, s m). amaurobius strandi van helsdingen, ijland & komnenov, 2018: 13, f. 2a - b (f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022641 ]\namaurobius tamalpais leech, 1972: 77, f. 136 - 138, 325 - 326 (d m f) .\n| j | argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022642 ]\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022644 ]\namaurobius transversus leech, 1972: 85, f. 359 - 360 (d f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022645 ]\namaurobius triangularis leech, 1972: 86, f. 361 - 362 (d f) .\n| | eritrea [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022646 ]\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022647 ]\namaurobius tulare leech, 1972: 77, f. 133 - 135, 323 - 324 (d m f) .\n| | spain [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022648 ]\namaurobius vachoni hubert, 1965: 792, f. 8, 15 (d f) .\n| | usa [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022649 ]\namaurobius vexans leech, 1972: 78, f. 139 - 141, 327 - 328 (d m f) .\n| | micronesia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022650 ]\namaurobius yanoianus nakatsudi, 1943a: 149, f. 2, 2a - b (d f) .\na. mello - leitão, 1941d: 113, type a. fragile mello - leitão, 1941; transferred here from the dictynidae by lehtinen, 1967: 214 .\n| | argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022663 ]\nanisacate fragile mello - leitão, 1941d: 114, f. 12 (d f) .\n| | chile, argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022664 ]\namaurobius fuegianus simon, 1884l: 128, pl. 3, f. 12 - 13 (d f). amaurobius fuegianus simon, 1887h: e20, pl. 2, f. 5 (f). auximus fuegianus simon, 1892a: 239. auximus fuegianus tullgren, 1901b: 186, pl. 15, f. 1 (f). anisacate fuegianus lehtinen, 1967: 214, f. 150 (t f from auximus = lathys, spelled fuegiana in legend) .\n| | falkland is. [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022665 ]\nauximus fuegianus bransfieldi usher, 1983b: 574, f. 2 (d f). lathys fuegiana bransfieldi platnick, 1989b: 418. anisacate fuegiana bransfieldi ramírez, 1996a: 7 (first known m was misidentified as callevopsis striata tullgren, 1902 by schiapelli & gerschman, 1974) .\n| | argentina [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022666 ]\nopsaltella tigrina mello - leitão, 1941d: 116, f. 14 (d m f). anisacate tigrina ramírez, 1996a: 7 (t m f from macrobunus) .\na. lehtinen, 1967: 215, type hesperauximus agelenoides (emerton, 1919) .\n| | usa (alaska), canada, northern europe, russia (far east) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 022667 ]\namaurobius agelenoides emerton, 1919a: 106, pl. 7, f. 1 (d m f). hesperauximus agelenoides chamberlin, 1947: 18, f. 28 (t m f from amaurobius). hesperauximus agelenoides bishop, 1949: 104, f. 11 - 13 (m). arctobius agelenoides lehtinen, 1967: 215, f. 143 - 147 (t m f from hesperauximus = badumna). arctobius agelenoides leech, 1972: 93, f. 173 - 176, 385 - 386 (m f). arctobius agelenoides palmgren, 1977a: 25, f. 5. 17 - 18 (m f). arctobius agelenoides danilov, 1994: 200, f. 2 (f). arctobius agelenoides almquist, 2006: 326, f. 286a - c (m). arctobius agelenoides tanasevitch & kamayev, 2011: 8, f. 1 - 3 (f). arctobius agelenoides marusik, ballarin & omelko, 2012a: 57, f. 9 - 11 (m f)." ]

{ "text": [ "callobius bennetti is a species of spider in the amaurobiidae family .", "it has multiple common names : hackled mesh weaver , hacklemesh weaver , night spider , and tangled nest spider .", "they sometimes could be mistaken for hobo spiders .", "the species can be found in north america . " ], "topic": [ 27, 27, 27, 20 ] }

[ "callobius bennetti is a species of spider in the amaurobiidae family. it has multiple common names: hackled mesh weaver, hacklemesh weaver, night spider, and tangled nest spider. they sometimes could be mistaken for hobo spiders. the species can be found in north america." ]

[ "aphomia zelleri (= melissoblaptes zelleri) twin - spot honey moth - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhietikkopesäkoisa\nto\naphomia zelleri joannis 1932\n.\ncan be confused with worn examples of aphomia sociella (bee moth) by the untrained eye .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nthis moth is extremely local, found on coastal sandhills in norfolk, suffolk and east kent .\nthe larvae feed on a moss found in such locations and feed from a vertical tube in the sand. the larva is full - fed by may and pupates within this tube about 3 - 4cm below the surface .\nadults fly from june to august and are hidden by day amongst vegetation, becoming active at night and running about on the sand. the female may make short flights; the males, much smaller than the females, do little more than flutter their wings .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 15 22: 29: 14 page render time: 0. 2180s total w / procache: 0. 2554s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfirst norfolk records - holme in 1996 (k. mccabe, 14 / 07 / 96), filby in 2008 (d. hipperson, 15 / 07 / 08) and yarmouth in 2010 (i. mills, 09 / 07 / 10) and in 2012 (b. jones, 09 / 08 / 12) .\nrecorded in 4 (6 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1996. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\ngermany, sachsen, leipzig; niedersachsen, braunschweig; poland, swinoujscie, near [ poznań ] posen rawicz .\nde joannis j. 1932a. deux rectifications concernant des lépidoptères (galleriidae et crambidae). - bulletin de la société entomologique de france 37 (4): 54—57 .\nvári l. , kroon d. m. & krüger m. 2002. classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa. - —: i—xxi, 1—385 .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 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urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\na rather common species throughout belgium, more frequently observed in the sandy areas of the north of the country .\nthe larva lives in a vertical silken tube extending about 10 cm into the sand on the moss brachythecium albicans. it hibernates. pupation in the silken tube below the surface .\nthe adults fly from june till august. they are active just after dark and again in early morning sun. they come to light but usually do not enter traps .\nbelgium, west - vlaanderen, koksijde, 17 june 2005. (photo © chris steeman )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "aphomia zelleri is a species of snout moth in the genus aphomia .", "it was described by joannis in 1932 , and is known from central asia and most of europe .", "the wingspan is 19 – 27 mm .", "adults are on wing from june to august .", "the larvae feed on brachythecium albicans and ammophila species .", "they live in a vertical silken tube extending about 100 mm into the sand .", "the species overwinters in the larval stage .", "pupation takes place in the silken tube , just below the surface . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 9, 8, 8, 13, 3, 11 ] }

[ "aphomia zelleri is a species of snout moth in the genus aphomia. it was described by joannis in 1932, and is known from central asia and most of europe. the wingspan is 19 – 27 mm. adults are on wing from june to august. the larvae feed on brachythecium albicans and ammophila species. they live in a vertical silken tube extending about 100 mm into the sand. the species overwinters in the larval stage. pupation takes place in the silken tube, just below the surface." ]

[ "no evidence was found to assess the sensitivity of amphianthus dohrnii to microbial pathogens .\nhi andy thought you might like to include our findings of amphianthus dohrnii on the website .\nnot relevant, neither amphianthus dohrnii or eunicella verrucosa are likely to be directly impacted by changes in light levels .\namphianthus dohrnii is not targeted by commercial or recreational fishers or harvesters. this pressure is therefore considered ‘not relevant’ .\namphianthus dohrnii may be indirectly impacted by commercial or recreational collecting or fishing activities that affect the sea fans that it occurs on leading to habitat loss. amphianthus dohrnii is likely to be removed if the sea fan it is associated with is removed .\nneither amphianthus dohrnii nor its host species are likely to react to noise vibrations and this pressure is considered to be ‘not relevant’ .\nneither amphianthus dohrnii nor its host species are likely to react to visual disturbance and this pressure is considered to be ‘not relevant’ .\namphianthus dohrnii and the sea fans they grow on are not cultivated or translocated. this pressure is therefore considered ‘not relevant’ to this species .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - sea - fan anemone (amphianthus dohrnii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - sea - fan anemone (amphianthus dohrnii )\ntitle =\narkive species - sea - fan anemone (amphianthus dohrnii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsensitivity assessment. an increase in salinity to hyposaline conditions may affect both amphianthus dohrnii and its seafan hosts. resistance is therefore probably ‘low’, resilience ‘medium’ and sensitivity is ‘medium’ .\nsea anemone homepage (bmlss) rohan holt' s mantis shrimp report biomar (essential extra information and photograph of amphianthus dohrnii on eunicella verrucosa is contained on this database) .\nthis pressure is considered relevant only to species that inhabit the intertidal and sublittoral fringe and is, therefore, not relevant to amphianthus dohrnii as it is found exclusively in subtidal habitats .\n( of amphianthus (gephyropsis) dohrnii (koch, 1878) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nattached pictures of the amphianthus, swiftia and one or two others. all the best rohan holt\namphianthus dohrnii and its seafan hosts occur in full salinity (30 - 35 ppt), at the pressure benchmark, a change from full to variable salinity (18 - 30 ppt) is assessed. no direct evidence was found to assess this pressure but as no records from brackish or estuarine habitats were found for either the anemone or seafans, it is probable that amphianthus dohrnii would be affected adversely by a decrease in salinity .\nsensitivity assessment. an increase in water flow at the pressure benchmark may result in less settlement of larvae but may enhance food supply to adult amphianthus dohrnii. resistance is assessed as ‘medium’ and resilience as ‘medium’ so that sensitivity is assessed as ‘medium’ .\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). amphianthus dohrnii (von koch, 1878). [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 11\nno direct evidence was found for impacts of invasive non - indigenous species (inis) on amphianthus dohrnii. non - indigenous species may have indirect effects on the sea fan anemone where they lead to mortality or changes in distribution of the seafan hosts .\nsensitivity assessment. based on evidence of mortality linked to disease in eunicella verrucosa, resistance is assessed as ‘medium’, resilience as ‘medium’ sensitivity as ‘medium’. confidence is low as the impacts of diseases on seafan host habitat provision to amphianthus dohrnii is not clear .\nanonymous, 1999h. sea - fan anemone (amphianthus dohrnii). species action plan. in uk biodiversity group. tranche 2 action plans. english nature for the uk biodiversity group, peterborough. , english nature for the uk biodiversity group, peterborough .\nno direct evidence was found to assess this pressure. amphianthus dohrnii occurs in waters around the uk, south - western europe and the mediterranean. the uk represents the most northern part of its range and it is likely to be sensitive to a decrease in temperature .\namphianthus dohrnii prefer deeper habitats that are less exposed and are more senstive to wave action than its seafan hosts which occur at shallower and more wave exposed sites (sharrock, 2012). at the pressure benchmark a change in wave height is unlikely to impact seafan anemones .\n( of amphiantus dohrnii) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsensitivity assessment. amphianthus dohrnii tends to occur on the top of sea fans (sharrock, 2012) and is therefore unlikely to be affected at the benchmark level. resistance is therefore assessed as' high', resilience as' high' and the species is' not sensitive' .\n( of amphianthus dorni) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbased on diving records amphianthus dohrnii is absent in shallower sites around plymouth with healthy sea fan populations that are exposed to greater levels of current and swell than preferred sites (sharrock, 2012). seafans are less sensitive and occur at shallower sites and those that are more exposed (sharrock, 2012) .\n( of gephyra dohrnii koch, 1878) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe species complement is typical of a steel wreck and quite similar to the nearby rosehill wreck, although with fewer species, but also unusual in that no dead man’s fingers alcyonium digitatum were seen. no sea fan anemones, amphianthus dohrnii were seen; these are a nationally scarce and biodiversity action plan priority species .\n( of sagartia dohrnii (koch, 1878) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gephyropsis dohrnii (koch, 1878) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of amphianthus dohrni (koch, 1878) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntillin, h. m. , jackson, a. & readman, j. 2017. amphianthus dohrnii sea fan anemone. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 11 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\namphianthus dohrnii attached to sea fans often collect silts and some may be heavily silted (sharrock, 2012), suggesting that they are tolerant of increases in siltation associated with sediment deposition. at the pressure benchmark (deposition of 5cm of fine sediment) the anemone is unlikely to be directly smothered as it tends to occur on the top of sea fans (sharrock, 2012) and will, therefore, be too high above the substratum to be covered .\na change to sediments would result in the loss of suitable substratum for the sea fan hosts and in turn lead to the loss of the amphianthus dohrnii population. based on the loss of suitable host species following a change to a sedimentary habitat, resistance to this pressure is assessed as ‘none’. resilience is assessed as ‘very low’ as the pressure benchmark refers to a permanent change. sensitivity is, therefore ‘high’. this assessment is recorded with high confidence based on the clear habitat requirements of the sea fan hosts .\njackson, a. , 2000. sea fan anemone, amphianthus dhornii. marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 29 july 2002 ]. available from: urltoken\nbronsdon, s. k. , rogers, a. d. , tyler, p. a. , rice, a. l. and gage, j. d. , 1997. genetic study of the extent and consequences of sexual and asexual reproduction in the deep - sea epizoic anemones amphianthus inornata and kadosactis commensalis (cnidaria: anthozoa). marine biology, 128, 231 - 239 .\nthis small anemone is pink, orange, red or buff - coloured with streaks of white (2), and has up to around 80 irregularly arranged small tentacles (2). the scientific name of this group of sea anemones amphianthus refers to their flower - like appearance; amphi means' near' and anthus is from the greek for flower,' anthos' (4). it usually occurs attached to sea fans, hence the common name (2) .\na small sea anemone found attached to the stems of gorgonian corals (e. g. sea fans), hydroids and worm tubes. it rarely exceeds 1 cm across the disk but can, exceptionally, reach up to 2. 5 cm along the axis of the base. the column is short and the base wraps around the tubular, organic, stems of its host. the colour is pink, buff, orange or red with streaks or splashes of opaque white. its tentacles are short in length and arranged irregularly in four or five cycles of up to about 80 in number .\nrecorded from the west coast of scotland but most frequently recorded\noff plymouth\n. also recorded from the lizard, lundy and off the south - west and south coasts of ireland .\ntentacles short or moderate, arranged irregularly, in 4 or 5 cycles, up to about 80 in number .\nfrequent asexual reproduction can cause quite high densities of individuals on a single host .\nmoderately strong 1 to 3 knots (0. 5 - 1. 5 m / sec .), weak < 1 knot (< 0. 5 m / sec. )\n. thought to be common in the first half of this century, however, now thought to be considerably less so. numbers in the mediterranean also appear to be decreasing .\neunicella verrucosa was first recorded on the scylla artificial reef four years after sinking. colonies occurred on the bedrock reefs within 50 m of the wreck. initial growth was reported as rapid (colonies were 1. 5cm high in august 2007 compared with 4 - 5 cm high by mid - december 2007) (hiscock et al. , 2010). although not recovered, sheehan et al. (2013) noted that within three years of closing an area in lyme bay, uk to fishing, some recovery of eunicella verrucosa had occurred, with a marked increase compared to areas that were still fished .\n., 1983 cited in koomen & helsdingen, 1996), and increase in temperature is not likely to negatively affect the species. however, during the last decades, mass mortality events related to high seawater temperature anomalies have been reported within the western mediterranean basin. a mass mortality event in 1999 affected many gorgonians, although\n., 2009). although total mortality was not explicitly reported for this species, a certain reduction in population size could be suspected, due to delayed mortality of colonies affected by high levels of injury, as observed in some other mediterranean gorgonians (e. g. linares\nhost, e unicella verrucosa, may, therefore, not be impacted by this pressure .\nthe host species, eunicella verrucosa may also be impacted by decreased temperatures. eunicella verrucosa is a southern species, distribution is generally limited to the south west of the british isles (hayward & ryland, 1990; nbn, 2015). a decrease in temperature is likely to result in mortality. however, a live specimen collected from shallow depths off north devon in 1973 exhibited growth rings that demonstrated that the colony had survived the 1962 / 63 cold winter (hiscock, pers comm .). also, large colonies were collected from lundy in the late 1960' s suggesting no significant loss in 1962 / 63 (hiscock, pers comm .) .\nsensitivity assessment. whilst there is no specific evidence for sea fan anemone or seafans in low salinity conditions, it is probable that these species, which are typically found in circalittoral open water, would be affected adversely by a decrease in salinity at the benchmark level. resistance is assessed as ‘low’ (with low confidence), resilience as ‘medium’ and sensitivity as ‘medium’ .\nnot sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards .\nsensitivity assessment. the input of organic matter at the pressure benchmark may provide food for the anemone and its sea fan hosts. resistance was assessed as ‘high’, resilience as ‘high’ and sensitivity as ‘not sensitive’ .\nall marine habitats and benthic species are considered to have a resistance of ‘none’ to this pressure and to be unable to recover from a permanent loss of habitat (resilience is ‘very low’). sensitivity within the direct spatial footprint of this pressure is, therefore ‘high’. although no specific evidence is described, confidence in this assessment is ‘high’ due to the incontrovertible nature of this pressure .\nsea fans and thus sea anemones may colonize artificial hard substratum such as wrecks. a change to an artificial hard substratum does not, therefore, automatically result in loss of the population from a location. recovery would depend on the colonization rate of sea fans. artificial substratum may differ in character from natural habitats and may be associated with other pressures such as the presence of oil leaking from fuel tanks or the discharge of other chemicals from cargo or the presence of antifoulant .\nthe sea fan hosts are epifaunal, occurring on rock, and would be sensitive to the removal of the habitat. however, extraction of rock substratum is considered unlikely and this pressure is considered to be ‘not relevant’. (n. b. extraction of sea fans is assessed under the removal of target and non - target species pressures) .\nthe species characterizing this biotope group are epifauna or epiflora occurring on rock which is resistant to subsurface penetration. the assessment for abrasion at the surface only is therefore considered to equally represent sensitivity to this pressure. this pressure is considered ‘not relevant’ to hard rock species and habitats .\nwilliamson et al. (2011) recorded responses in the gorgonian leptogorgia virgulata over 14 days to sedimentation treatments up to 20, 000 mg / l. the gorgonians maintained healthy tissue and polyp feeding activity and did not show any symptoms or significant differences in tissue loss .\nwhile high levels of suspended sediment may inhibit feeding, colonies of the sea fan eunicella verrucosa produce mucus to clear themselves of silt (hiscock, pers comm .). bunker (1986) reported that eunicella verrucosa were mostly observed on bedrock or boulders but occurred at sites up to ‘moderately silted’ .\nnot relevant: barriers and changes in tidal excursion are not relevant to species restricted to open waters .\n' not relevant’ to seabed habitats and associated species. nb. collision by interaction with bottom towed fishing gears and moorings are addressed under ‘surface abrasion’ .\nsensitivity assessment. resistance is assessed as ‘medium’, resilience as ‘medium’ and sensitivity as ‘medium’ .\neunicella verrucosa has historically been harvested as a curio by divers and was collected in the british isles (bunker, 1986; wells et al. , 1983 cited in koomen & helsdingen, 1996), however it is now protected under schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act 1981 and harvesting is illegal .\nsensitivity assessment. the biogenic habitat provided by eunicella verrucosa or swiftia pallida would have no resistance to harvesting. resistance has been assessed as ‘none’, resilience as ‘low’ and sensitivity is therefore ‘high’ .\nbunker, f. , 1986. survey of the broad sea fan eunicella verrucosa around skomer marine reserve in 1985 and a review of its importance (together with notes on some other species of interest and data concerning previously unsurveyed or poorly documented areas). volume i. report to the ncc by the field studies council .\ncampbell, a. , 1994. seashores and shallow seas of britain and europe. london: hamlyn .\ncerrano, c. , bavestrello, g. , bianchi, c. , cattaneo - vietti, r. , bava, s. , morganti, c. , morri, c. , picco, p. , sara, g. , schiaparelli, s. , siccardi, a. & sponga, f. , 2000. a catastrophic mass - mortality episode of gorgonians and other organisms in the ligurian sea (north - western mediterranean), summer 1999. ecology letters, 3 (4), 284 - 293 .\nchesher, r. h. , 1975. biological impact of a large - scale desalination plant at key west, florida. elsevier oceanography series, 12, 99 - 153 .\ncocito, s. , ferrier - pagès, c. , cupido, r. , rottier, c. , meier - augenstein, w. , kemp, h. , reynaud, s. & peirano, a. , 2013. nutrient acquisition in four mediterranean gorgonian species .\ncole, s. , codling, i. d. , parr, w. & zabel, t. , 1999. guidelines for managing water quality impacts within uk european marine sites. natura 2000 report prepared for the uk marine sacs project. 441 pp. , swindon: water research council on behalf of en, snh, ccw, jncc, sams and ehs. [ uk marine sacs project. ], urltoken\ncoma, r. , linares, c. , ribes, m. , diaz, d. , garrabou, j. & ballesteros, e. , 2006. consequences of a mass mortality in populations of eunicella singularis (cnidaria: octorallia) in menorca (nw mediterranean). marine ecology progress series, 331, 51 - 60 .\ncoma, r. , ribes, m. , zabela, m. & gili, j. - m. 1995. reproduction and cycle of gonadial development in the mediterranean gorgonian paramuricea clavata. marine ecology progress series, 117, 173 - 183 .\neno, n. c. , macdonald, d. & amos, s. c. , 1996. a study on the effects of fish (crustacea / molluscs) traps on benthic habitats and species. final report to the european commission. study contract, no. 94 / 076 .\neno, n. c. , macdonald, d. s. , kinnear, j. a. m. , amos, c. s. , chapman, c. j. , clark, r. a. , bunker, f. s. p. d. & munro, c. , 2001. effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna ices journal of marine science, 58, 11 - 20 .\ngarrabou, j. , coma, r. , bensoussan, n. , bally, m. , chevaldonné, p. , cigliano, m. , díaz, d. , harmelin, j. - g. , gambi, m. c. & kersting, d. , 2009. mass mortality in northwestern mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave. global change biology, 15 (5), 1090 - 1103 .\nhall - spencer, j. m. , pike, j. & munn, c. b. , 2007. diseases affect cold - water corals too: eunicella verrucosa (cnidaria: gorgonacea) necrosis in sw england diseases of aquatic organisms, 76, 87 - 97 .\nhayward, p. j. & ryland, j. s. 1990. the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. oxford: oxford university press .\nhinz, h. , tarrant, d. , ridgeway, a. , kaiser, m. j. & hiddink, j. g. , 2011. effects of scallop dredging on temperate reef fauna. marine ecology progress series, 432, 91 - 102 .\nhiscock, k. , bayley, d. , pade, n. , cox, e. & lacey, c. , 2011. a recovery / conservation programme for marine species of conservation importance. a report to natural england from the marine biological association of the uk and smru ltd. natural england commissioned reports, natural england, peterborough, no. 065, 245 pp. urltoken\nhiscock, k. , sharrock, s. , highfield, j. & snelling, d. , 2010. colonization of an artificial reef in south - west england—ex - hms ‘scylla’. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 90 (1), 69 - 94 .\nhiscock, k. , southward, a. , tittley, i. & hawkins, s. , 2004. effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in britain and ireland. aquatic conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems, 14 (4), 333 - 362 .\nhowson, c. m. & picton, b. e. , 1997. the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. belfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\nkoomen, p. & helsdingen, p. v. , 1996. listing of biotopes in europe according to their significance for invertebrates. nature and environment (77). council of europe. 74 pp .\nlasker, h. r. , kim, k. & coffroth, m. a. , 1998. production, settlement, and survival of plexaurid gorgonian recruits. marine ecology progress series, 162, 111 - 123 .\nlinares, c. , coma, r. , diaz, d. , zabala, m. , hereu, b. & dantart, l. , 2005. immediate and delayed effects of a mass mortality event on gorgonian population dynamics and benthic community structure in the nw mediterranean sea. marine ecology progress series, 305, 127 - 137 .\nmacdonald, d. s. , little, m. , eno, n. c. & hiscock, k. , 1996. disturbance of benthic species by fishing activities: a sensitivity index. aquatic conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems, 6 (4), 257 - 268 .\nmanuel, r. l. , 1988. british anthozoa. london: academic press. [ synopses of the british fauna, no. 18. ]\nnbn, 2015. national biodiversity network 2015 (20 / 05 / 2015). urltoken\nreadman, j. a. j. & hiscock, k. 2017. eunicella verrucosa pink sea fan. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. available from: urltoken\nsharrock, s. , 2012. rosehill sea fan anemone project 2006 - 2012. devon seasearch report. available from urltoken sea fan anemones 2006 - 12. pdf (accessed 30. 03. 2017 )\nsheehan, e. v. , stevens, t. f. , gall, s. c. , cousens, s. l. & attrill, m. j. , 2013. recovery of a temperate reef assemblage in a marine protected area following the exclusion of towed demersal fishing. plos one, 8 (12), e83883 .\nsouthward, a. j. , hiscock, k. , kerckhof, f. , moyse j. & elfimov, a. s. , 2004. habitat and distribution of the warm water barnacle solidobalanus fallax (crustacea: cirripedia). journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 84, 1169–1177 .\nstephenson, t. a. , 1935. the british sea anemones, vol. 2. london: ray society .\nuktag, 2014. uk technical advisory group on the water framework directive [ online ]. available from: urltoken\nwells s. m. , pyle r. m. & collins n. m. , 1983. the iucn invertebrate red data book. iucn .\nwilliamson e. a. , strychar k. b. , withers k. & sterba - boatwright b. , 2011. effects of salinity and sedimentation on the gorgonian coral, leptogorgia virgulata (lamarck 1815). journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 409 (1), 331 - 338 .\nyoshioka, p. m. , 1996. variable recruitment and its effects on the population and community structure of shallow - water gorgonians. bulletin of marine science, 59 (2), 433 - 443 .\nmarine life information network (marlin), the marine biological association of the uk (see contact us) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk, all rights reserved .\nthe information (text only) provided by the marine life information network (marlin) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. based on a work at urltoken\nthe sea - fan anemone reproduces asexually by shedding parts of its base behind it as it moves along. these fragments develop into tiny anemones (2), which are often closely packed together (3). this mode of reproduction means that this species has rather limited powers of dispersal. however, sexual reproduction probably does occur, and the wide distribution of this species suggests that there must be some form of dispersal as yet undetected (2). the lifespan is between 20 and 100 years (2) .\nin great britain, this species is most often recorded off plymouth. it has also been found off the west coast of scotland, in cornwall, and around lundy island in the bristol channel, and occurs around the south and southwest coasts of ireland (2). in the rest of the world, it occurs along the atlantic coast of france, reaching into the western mediterranean (2). throughout this range, the sea - fan anemone appears to be rare (3) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\nattaches to sea fans such as the pink sea fan (eunicella verrucosa) in england, the northern sea fan (swiftia pallida) in scotland, and similar organisms, and occurs in the' sublittoral zone', inhabiting fairly deep water (2) .\nnot listed or protected by any conservation directives, conventions or legislation (3) .\nalthough this species has never been particularly common, it has nevertheless undergone a decline (3). a number of causes of this decline have been proposed, including changes in water masses; since the 1970s water masses have become colder, which has caused problems for species at the northernmost limit of their distribution (3). furthermore, contamination of the water resulting from various human activities may affect larval and adult survival (3) .\nthe sea - fan anemone is a uk biodiversity action plan (uk bap) priority species, and as such, a species action plan has been produced to guide its conservation (3). although there is no conservation action currently targeted at this species, the main host in the british isles, the rare pink sea fan (eunicella verrucosa), is afforded full legal protection under schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act, 1981, and is therefore protected against killing, taking, injuring, and sale (3). the conservation of these two delicate and sensitive species is closely tied .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nasexually of asexual reproduction: reproduction that does not involve the formation of sex cells (' gametes'). in many species, asexual reproduction can occur by fission (or in plants' vegetative reproduction'); part of the organism breaks away and develops into a separate individual. some animals, including vertebrates can develop from unfertilised eggs, this process, known as parthenogenesis gives rise to offspring that are genetically identical to the parent larval of the stage in an animal' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce. sublittoral a marine zone between the littoral zone (the shallow zone where light reaches the bed, subject to submersion and exposure by tides) and depths of around 200m .\njobling, j. a. (1991) a dictionary of scientific bird names. oxford university press, oxford .\ndr keith hiscock marine biological association of the uk citadel hill plymouth pl1 2pb united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 1752 633 336 k. hiscock @ urltoken urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis is a uk rocky shore species. visit our habitat page to learn more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndaly, m. ; fautin, d. (2018). world list of actiniaria .\nvan der land, j. ; den hartog, j. h. (2001). actiniaria, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 106 - 109 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nfautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gephyra dohrni koch, 1878) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gephyra dorhni) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gephyropsis dohrni (koch, 1878) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nidentification: no other anemone lives habitually on sea - fans or hydroids in british waters .\nsimilar species: breeding: basal laceration. habitat: food: range: additional notes: this sea anemone emits acontia when disturbed .\ninformation wanted: please send any records of this sea anemone, with location, date, who discovered it, how it was identified, prevalence, common name and any other details to shorewatch project email glaucus @ hotmail. com. all messages will receive a reply .\ndescription: a small sea anemone, up to 15mm across base, adapted to living on rod - shaped substrates around which it wraps its base. column not divided into regions, without tubercles. tentacles moderate in length, about 50 in number. general colour cream, buff, pink, orange, or red, usually variegated or mottled: disc often with a poorly defined pattern and usually streaked with opaque white. reproduces by basal laceration .\nhabitat: lives on rod - shaped organic substrates, particularly sea - fans, also hydroid stems; in british waters usually on eunicella verrucosa. exclusively sublittoral, usually below 15m depth .\ndistribution: english channel, southwest ireland, around western europe and in the mediterranean. formerly common on eunicella in the plymouth area this species appears to have become rare in recent years. white individuals have been found on stems of hydroids such as nemertesia and on the sea fan swiftia pallida in western scotland. further information on distribution and recent occurrence is very desirable .\nno other anemone lives habitually on sea - fans or hydroids in british waters .\ndistribution map from nbn: interactive map: national biodiversity network mapping facility, data for uk .\nsea fan anemone on eunicella verrucosa. image width ca 2 cm. image: keith hiscock\nit occurs attached to the branches of sea fans (% eunicella verrucosa% and% swiftia pallida %) and on other' tubular' organisms such as% tubularia indivisa% . always sublittoral, sometimes in very deep water .\na small species of anemone rarely exceeding 10 mm across the disk, exceptionally up to 25 mm along the axis of the base. the colour is pink, buff, orange or red with streaks or splashes of opaque white .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe sea - fan anemone does not usually attach directly to the seabed. it lives instead with its base wrapped around a pink sea - fan or, occasionally, on sea firs and sponges or anything with similar tube - like branches. it is found in rocky seascapes, from depths of about 10m down to 1000m .\nthe body of this tiny anemone is only about 1cm in diameter, and is fringed by about 80 short tentacles. it is buff, pink, orange or red in colour, usually streaked or splashed with white. the individual animals may be small, but they can group together in large, closely - packed colonies .\nthese anemones, and the sea - fans to which they attach, are near the northern limits of their geographical distribution in the uk. natural changes in ocean currents and temperatures can affect their survival in these waters. human impacts on sea - fan anemones might include damage to the sea - fans by fishing activities and also pollution .\nthey are found only in a few locations in south - west england, and anecdotal historical records suggest that sea - fan anemones were much more common in the early twentieth century than they are now. this problem of declining numbers appears to be affecting sea - fan anemone populations throughout europe .\nin the uk, records of the sea - fan anemone are restricted to south - west england and western scotland, where it attaches to the northern sea - fan. it also occurs in south - west europe and the mediterranean, although recently the anemone appears to have become rare over its entire range .\nthis is a uk bap priority species (bap species are now species of principal importance / priority species) .\nspecies of principal importance for the purpose of conservation of biodiversity under the natural environment and rural communities act 2006 .\nthe pink sea - fan, its main host, is protected under schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act 1981 .\njncc support co. registered in england and wales. company no. 05380206. registered office as above\nwe’ve been improving urltoken to help you find and use open government data. discover what’s changed and get in touch to give us your feedback .\nthis layer forms one of a set of data layers created for the defra mb0102 contract. this work will support the delivery of a network of marine protected areas as required to meet existing international and national obligations and commitments, including marine conservation zones (mczs), a new measure to be delivered as part of the marine and coastal access bill, and equivalent measures under scottish legislation. the availability of these data layers will also be of importance in underpinning marine planning (e. g. licensing) in our marine area .\nadded to urltoken 2016 - 11 - 15 access contraints full resolution gis layer only for viewing by mb0102 partners with publicly available layers available at 10km resolution. harvest guid 1a76dffb274e1f2068f750cca4f99231 extent latitude: 56. 3088° to 49. 8978° longitude: - 6. 3122° to - 2. 8023° spatial reference system urn: ogc: def: crs: epsg: : 4326 dataset reference date 2010 - 06 - 01 (publication) frequency of update notplanned responsible party department for environment, food and rural affairs (defra) (custodian); marine biological association of the uk (mba) (originator) iso 19139 resource type dataset metadata language eng source metadata xml html\nfull resolution data layer for use only within the mb0102 contract. permission required from data originators for use in any other context, or by non mb0102 partners. 10km resolution data layer freely available under open government licence .\nall content is available under the open government licence v3. 0, except where otherwise stated\nregister of brown field land in barrow borough councils administrative area as required under regulation 4 of the town and country planning (brownfield land register) regulations 2017. upon ...\nthe 2017 regulations introduced the requirement for all local planning authorities in england to prepare, maintain and publish registers of previously developed land within their area that they ...\nmfa landings data for brown crab from reported shellfish landings at ports in england and wales .\nmfa landings data for brown shrimp from reported shellfish landings at ports in england and wales .\nsummarising, the objectives of the cloich project were: to identify the influence of underlying soil & amp; lithology on forest growth of up to 30 years; to select cross - sectional discs of tree ...\nipr holder: maritime and coastguard agency; purpose: safety of navigation; iho sea: north sea - 4; survey start: 2013 - 04 - 26; survey end: 2013 - 05 - 20; primary instrument type: echosounder - ...\nthis land dataset includes land parcel boundaries for e - pims records marked on the register. this may be extended to other land records in the future. currently it provides information on the ...\nthe register provides information on the availability of surplus land for those government departments and their sponsored bodies which fall under the responsibility of english ministers. the ...\nipr holder: maritime and coastguard agency; purpose: safety of navigation; iho sea: north sea - 4; survey start: 1995 - 03 - 14; survey end: 1995 - 06 - 02; primary instrument type: echosounder - single ...\namber valley' s brownfield land register shows the available brown field sites within the borough of amber valley that conform to the brownfield register regulations 2017. these sites, and site ...\ncountryside stewardship (cs) was launched in 2015 and is a rural development programme for england (rdpe) grant scheme. it will contribute around £900 million over six years to help farmers and ...\nriver temperature is a key parameter of water quality. most bio - chemical processes and physical characteristics of a water body are functions of temperature. aquatic organisms including fish are ...\nthis article discusses labour market characteristics of countries joining the eu in may 2004. source agency: office for national statistics designation: national statistics language: ...\ndatabase of fijian applicants who applied to join the army through one of the fiji opts in 2008 .\nhms kent - hr database is an access database used by to co - ordinate all manpower requirements such as joining letter, bunk spaces etc .\n1: 50 000 scale colour raster is ordnance survey’s definitive raster product, providing a complete digital view of the popular landranger® paper map series. it comprises 815 tiles, each 20 km by 20 ...\nlegal & amp; resources - human resources. the people report provides environment agency employee information. it contains information on staff joining and leaving the environment agency .\na set of targeting maps to increase the environmental benefits delivered through higher level stewardship. this data aims to help secure the most appropriate management in geographic areas where ...\nthe department has hr responsibility for the teachers it employs in the 14 european schools. these schools provide an education for the children of parents working in the eu institutions for ...\nby downloading this content you are agreeing to use it in accordance with the terms of use and any data provider terms associated with the data download. please provide the following details before downloading (* required) :\n× list name biodiversity action plan uk list of priority species owner r. stroud @ urltoken list type conservation list description source: uk list of priority habitats and species the uk list of priority species and habitats contains 1150 species and 65 habitats that have been listed as priorities for conservation action under the uk biodiversity action plan (uk bap). starting in 2005, the old uk bap priorities were reviewed and a new list called the uk list of priority species and habitats was published in 2007 after adoption by the governments of all four uk administrations. the species and habitats on this list help guide conservation actions being taken by the four countries in the uk as part of the uk contribution to the convention on biological diversity. date submitted 2017 - 01 - 26 is private no included in species pages yes authoritative yes invasive no threatened no part of the sensitive data service no region not provided metadata link urltoken\nrade de brest, west brittany, west of france. depth 14 meters. © wilfried bay - nouailhat .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na survey of the marine life living on and around the a7 submarine was undertaken at the start of the diving fieldwork, the data collection was completed by allen murray and the identification by dr keith hiscock. the biology survey was done before the top of the conning tower was disturbed by removing the abandoned trawl net and rope .\nthe description of the marine life is separated into four areas on the site; periscope, conning tower, hull and seabed .\nthe copper alloy periscope provides a smooth vertical surface well above seabed level where tidal currents are strongest .\nthe steel conning tower itself provides a smooth vertical surface, the copper alloy top and hatch a horizontal surface, the ventilator tubes with their tangle of rope and net offer many hiding places for marine life (fig. 68). species noted on the conning tower include :\nwhite dead man’s fingers, alcyonium digitatum, were expected to be present but were not seen .\nthe outer corroded surface of the steel hull was quite soft and very loose in places (fig. 69). species noted on the hull include :\npink sea fans, eunicella verrucosa were in good condition and had a consistent orientation at right angles to the prevailing water movement which was fore and aft along the hull .\nthe seabed around the submarine is flat and featureless, consisting of very light silt that was easily disturbed then remained suspended in the water column. burrows in the seabed are possibly from callianasid crustaceans (fig. 70) .\nthe depth of the silt could not be established but a 1m long probe pushed in to it did not encounter any resistance along its entire length. the 25kg sinker weight from the mooring buried itself approximately 500mm into the seabed in just two weeks .\nduring salvage operations on the submarine in 1914 the seabed was described as being ‘a bed of sand and mud’; at one point the a7 was ‘more covered with sand than before’ and later the ‘divers found a clean sandy bottom as the mud had been washed away by storms’. in 1981 when the submarine was first found by sports divers the seabed was reported as being ‘hard silt’ and the bed was firm enough for the compass binnacle to be found lying on the seabed beside the wreck .\nthe seabed is modern and appears to be the result of recent dumping activity nearby. the dumping ground lies just 1400m to the east of the site so the wreck site is likely to be affected by dredge spoil dumped in the area. a seabed sample was collected from the port side amidships." ]

{ "text": [ "amphianthus dohrnii , the sea fan anemone , is a species of sea anemone in the family hormathiidae .", "it occurs in the northeastern atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea and grows on sea fans . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0 ] }

[ "amphianthus dohrnii, the sea fan anemone, is a species of sea anemone in the family hormathiidae. it occurs in the northeastern atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea and grows on sea fans." ]

[ "there are no entries in mission creek oregonian forum. become the first person to post messages in this forum by using the form below !\ncongratulations! you have found the mission creek oregonian forum on forum jar. this forum is a place where people who are interested in mission creek oregonian come together and discuss about mission creek oregonian. please use the message board below to post anything related to mission creek oregonian. if you are interested in other similar forums, please check out the related forums section on the right. if you like this forum, please don' t forget to tell your friends about forum jar. important rules for using mission creek oregonian forum • no offensive words are allowed in this forum. • to prevent spams, you must not use the words\nhttp\n. com\nor\n/\n( slashes) in this forum. don' t forget to check out our other forums here .\njoel tucker in his campsite underneath a bridge over johnson creek. photo by dave killen / the oregonian / oregonlive\nof related species (subgenus cryptomastix), only the mission creek oregonian (c. magnidentata) is on the iucn red list (vud2) (iucn 2000) .\nthe oregonian wants to know what i miss about\nold portland .\neasy! i miss all the writers laid off by the oregonian .\n© 2015 oregonian media group llc. all rights reserved (about us) .\nshowing page 1. found 1 sentences matching phrase\nmission creek oregonian\n. found in 0 ms. translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. they come from many sources and are not checked. be warned .\nportland' s shrinking newspaper, the oregonian, laid off more reporters this morning .\nthe mission of our newsroom and our company remains unchanged ,\neditor mark katches wrote in a staff memo .\nif you can' t get people in there, you can' t accomplish its mission ,\ngrafe said .\na list of numbers representing men who got a bed and the alternates sits ready at the door to the portland rescue mission .\nthe men' s dorm of the portland rescue mission on west burnside operates on a lottery system. many men are turned away each night .\nfriends - - i' m sad to announce that after 28 years of working at the oregonian, i' ve been laid off .\nliz milligan and brandon rutledge stand in front of their 1988 chevy blazer, which they live in. photo by dave killen / the oregonian / oregonlive\ntheir squat is tucked along a bend in the creek, and tucker and his wife fall asleep to the gentle gurgle of running water. they have an assortment of animal neighbors, including a beaver and ducks tucker says he’s trained to eat from his hand. at night, he sometimes sees trout jumping in the creek .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of oregonian media group llc .\n“there’s no point, ” said steve rudman, the agency’s recently retired executive director. last year, 3, 000 households applied for 160 units at the stephens creek crossing public housing project .\nyou need to fly this thing low and slow ,\ngrafe said .\nit works really well in open range country. but we just don' t have much of that with chetco or eagle creek .\nit is unknown if the british columbia populations of the couer d’alene oregonian (c. mullani) are at risk; this species exhibits several uninvestigated morphotypes that may represent distinct taxa. in the united states, frest and johannes (1995) recommended a status for a number of species and subspecies of cryptomastix, mostly in idaho. the more distantly related (subgenus micranepsia) pygmy oregonian (c. germana) is widespread in coastal british columbia (forsyth 2000) and appears to be secure .\nthe mission of our newsroom and our company remains unchanged ,\nkatches wrote .\nwe' ll continue to deliver essential news, enterprise and high - impact watchdog reporting to readers and viewers who need credible and reliable sources of news more than ever .\nas long as that momentum continues, oregonian writers like lizzy acker and john canzano will be the superstars, working up highly clickable content like a brutal takedown of the blazers culture, acker' s monthlong series about her tattoos and listicles like\n19 things we miss from old portland .\nhome forward, the county’s public housing agency, has closed waiting lists for its properties because the wait for vacancies is so long .\nthere’s no point ,\nsaid steve rudman, the agency’s recently retired executive director. last year, 3, 000 households applied for 160 units at the stephens creek crossing public housing project .\nbut gov. kate brown and the u. s. forest service aren' t calling on the supertanker to aid in battling the eagle creek or chetco bar fires. and all of it has to do with the aircraft' s limited effectiveness in both the columbia river gorge and the mountainous reaches of southern oregon, officials say .\nhomelessness in portland is, to a greater degree than most other u. s. cities, actually a housing problem. during the recent recession, new apartment complexes didn’t get built. once the market began to recover, high demand and low inventory sent rents skyrocketing. pictured here: michael mccauslin settles in for the night at the portland rescue mission .\nthe supertanker is also meant to act much like a tank, barreling ahead of an infantry of firefighters and dropping retardant or water so that men and women on the ground can tackle the blaze once it' s somewhat suppressed. rocky terrain in both the eagle creek wilderness and where the chetco bar blaze burns makes it all but impossible to send scores of people in after the aircraft .\ndespite ample effort by local leaders, portland has lagged other parts of the country in the quest to get the poorest of the poor indoors — and the evidence is everywhere. the last count showed that almost 4, 000 homeless men, women and children live in multnomah county. pictured here: the portland rescue mission provides emergency services of food and shelter at their downtown location on west burnside .\nthe recession, which gutted the middle class and created a new type of homeless person in the united states, hampered portland' s efforts to end chronic homelessness just as they were showing real progress. pictured here: the men' s dorm at the portland rescue mission allows some men to come off the street for the night. a lottery system is used to determine who gets a bed. many are often turned away .\nthe oregonian is struggling to make money with its print product, but is doing well online. the o' s highly clickable content has made it the most - read site in the state, and they' re growing at a rapid rate as operations like willamette week and oregon public broadcasting work to keep pace, and as smaller companies like the portland mercury and portland tribune struggle to find an audience online .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\naccording to a memo sent out to staff by editor mark katches, the layoffs will\naffect fewer than 10 people .\nfour of the\nfewer than 10\nare veteran sports reporter mike tokito, sports writers billy gates and pete christopher, and music critic david greenwald .\nkatches did not immediately respond to requests for comment, but in a memo to staff obtained by ww, he called this\na painful day .\nthe notification process has been completed ,\nkatches wrote .\nthe changes announced today help position our resilient newsroom and our company for the future .\nww has been unable to confirm the identity of other reporters, but has confirmed that the paper' s pop music critic, david greenwald, is among them. greenwald declined to comment .\nthis will likely leave portland—a city which considers live music to be part of its dna—without a full - time music critic to file show reviews for, say, sold - out country concerts at the moda center. those shows are now are likely to now go without coverage, given that the audience doesn' t align well with ww and other papers in town .\nit may seem trivial, but, when country music doesn' t get covered by the local daily, this pushes more people out of the audience for local mainstream media. this, in turn, furthers the type of audience splintering that' s been blamed for the rise of trumpism .\nwe' ve made significant strides as a company. our audience is growing and is deeply engaged with the news content we produce ,\nkatches wrote .\nwe set a company record for digital revenue in march, and that momentum remains solid .\nin 1984, the rajneeshees bused 3, 000 homeless people to live in their oregon compound. our reporter was one of them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nthis species occurs in small habitat patches within a small range and is subject to numerous threats. recovery would be slow and recolonization is not possible for most sites .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nknown from idaho in lewis, nez perce, idaho counties (hendricks and maxell, 2005). also in wallowa co. oregon and whitman and asotin cos. washington. frest and johannes (1995) think the oregon and washington populations are cryptomastix n sp. 3. burke (2013 and in xerces 2012) think they may be c magnidentata .\nabout 10 sites are currently known. gross habitat type is not limited. species may be more widespread .\nabout 10 sites are known. more are likely. populations are geographically small, restricted to patches of appropriate talus .\nsome populations are documented to have been extirpated (frest and johannes 1995) and habitat destruction continues .\nrestricted to dry talus which usually occurs in relatively small (05 - 10 ha), isolated patches .\n( 1000 - 5000 square km (about 400 - 2000 square miles) ) known from idaho in lewis, nez perce, idaho counties (hendricks and maxell, 2005). also in wallowa co. oregon and whitman and asotin cos. washington. frest and johannes (1995) think the oregon and washington populations are cryptomastix n sp. 3. burke (2013 and in xerces 2012) think they may be c magnidentata .\nthe species inhabits talus so activities that disturb talus such as mining, road building, and grazing should be avoided .\nrelationship between cryptomastix devia and c. n. sp. 2 (frest and johannes 1995) needs to be defined .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nidaho fish and wildlife information system. 2017. records for cryptomastix magniodentata. urltoken accessed 21 november 2017 .\nburke, t. e. 2013. land snails and slugs of the pacific northwest. oregon state university press. 352 pp\nfrest, t. j. and e. j. johannes. 1995a. interior columbia basin mollusk species of special concern. final report to the interior columbia basin ecosystem management project, walla walla, wa. contract # 43 - 0e00 - 4 - 9112. 274 pp. plus appendices\nhendricks, p. and b. a. maxell. 2005. usfs northern region 2005 land mollusk inventory: a progress report. report submitted to the u. s. forest service region 1. agreement # 05 - cs - 11015600 - 033. montana natural heritage program, helena, montana. 52 pp .\nhenricks, p. , b. a. maxell and s. lenard. 2006. land mollusk surveys on usfs northern region lands. prepared for usda forest service, northern region. agreement # 5 - cs - 110115600 - 033 .\njepsen, s. , t. burke, and s. foltz jordan. 2011. final report to the interagency special status / sensitive species program regarding surveys for four terrestrial mollusk species on the umatilla national forest and vale district blm lands. assistance agreement l08ac13768, modification 4. 24 pp .\nthe xerces society. 2012. final report to the interagency special status / sensitive species program. spring 2012 blue mountains terrestrial mollusk surveys. 88 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies .\n( c. magnidentata) is on the iucn red list (vud2) (iucn 2000) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalert! please do not buy anything or pay anyone on this forum. scammers have been reported on our forum. please also do not go to any links posted on here. we have been reported about links to websites that contain viruses. thank you .\na 747 boeing supertanker set by us evergreen international airlines empties its water tank during its first european presentation on july 16, 2009 over chateauroux - deols airport, western france. the plane can carry some 76, 000 liter of water or retardant, 8 times more than usual water - bomber planes according to its maker and requires some 30 minutes to refill its eight tanks set in the cabin .\na 747 boeing supertanker set by us evergreen international airlines empties its water tank during its first european presentation on july 16, 2009 over chateauroux - deols airport, western france. the plane can carry some 76, 000 liter of water or retardant, 8 times more than usual water - bomber planes according to its maker and requires some 30 minutes to refill its eight tanks set in the cabin. (\na boeing 747 specially outfitted to drop up to 20, 000 gallons of water or retardant on oregon' s wildfires is standing by, ready to travel over two of the nation' s most urgent firefighting priorities .\nif we need to use it, we' ll just order it up ,\ndoug grafe, fire protection chief for the oregon department of forestry .\nbut the broken terrain won' t allow it .\nstrong and unpredictable winds, abetted by the heat of the fires burning in both ends of the state, also make maneuvering the 747 through the mountainous regions difficult enough .\nbrown also said that heavy smoke and smog from both blazes made it difficult to asses just where the supertanker could target the fires burning beneath. visibility is so bad that i nfrared is one of the only reliable ways to track what' s burning .\nthe aircraft also requires immense effort to prepare and refuel, as koin reported earlier this week. katu reports it also costs $ 120, 000 per day to operate .\nbut the price and logistics aren' t what' s stopping state and federal officials from contracting the supertanker. oregon state forester peter daugherty said brown has told him to disregard costs when considering how to tackle either of the state' s large blazes .\nit' s up to the incident management teams to ask for the resources they need to control the fire ,\nhe said .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) .\n© 2018 advance local media llc. all rights reserved (about us). the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of advance local .\ncommunity rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site .\nmollusc specialist group. 2000. mesodon clenchi. in: iucn 2013. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2013. 1. downloaded on 16 september 2013 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 21 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nvariously cited as a species, subspecies of cryptomastix mullani, or synonym of cryptomastix sanburni. the problem has not been effectively addressed in the literature .\njustification: this species is known from two localities in arkansas. it is widely spaced but a restricted distribution and habitat disturbance merit an endangered status .\nit is found in leaf litter on rock ledges on cliffs and under rocks in rock slide .\ncryptomastix devia is endemic to the west coast of north america but not exclusive to canada. its distribution barely extends to the canadian side of the border, and current populations, if they still exist, may be relicts from an earlier period when conditions were more favourable .\nforest - dwelling land snails have ecological importance as consumers of live and decaying vegetation, as decomposers, and as prey for a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate predators. the ecological importance of c. devia within its canadian range was probably limited because of its apparent rarity .\nwe were unable find any evidence of aboriginal use of land snails for food or for other purposes in southwestern british columbia (n. turner, pers. comm .) .\nwe’re here to help. call the reader services department at 503 - 221 - 8240 or 866 - 233 - 4553 .\nif you’re outside our home - delivery area in oregon, call 800 - 452 - 1420 and press 1 for our circulation customer service department .\nfrom anywhere else in the us or canada, call 800 - 826 - 0376 and press 1 for our circulation customer service department .\nsundays between 7: 00 a. m. and 11: 00 a. m. pt\nmondays, wednesdays and fridays between 7: 00 a. m. and 3: 00 p. m. pt\ntuesdays and thursdays between 8: 00 a. m. and 3: 00 p. m. pt\nsaturdays between 7: 00 a. m. and 10: 30 a. m. pt\nto manage your current subscription, login to your subscriber account. there you can schedule stop / restart vacation holds, pay your bill or sign up for easy pay, and communicate any issues about delivery of your newspaper .\nto submit an obituary, or read our obituary faq, please visit our reader services page .\n© advance local media llc. all rights reserved (about us). the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of advance local .\nnationally, the total number of homeless has dropped by 11 percent since 2007. locally, the number hasn’t dropped at all since 2007. a recent survey found that we have about as many homeless now as we had in 2007. while thousands of people have gotten off the streets, thousands more have replaced them. pictured here: the clackamas service center, nov. 13, 2014 .\nwe have thousands of people sleeping outside every night. we have 3 - year - old children sleeping outside tonight. our public policy is failing ,\nsaid brandi tuck, executive director of portland homeless family solutions, which runs family shelters in inner southwest portland .\nhalf of oregon' s homeless residents are living outdoors or in cars, or in other places considered\nunfit for habitation .\namong major u. s. cities, portland had the eighth - highest number of chronically homeless people and the third - highest rate of unsheltered chronically homeless people .\nwhy are there so many homeless in portland, and why is our problem so visible? some believe homeless gravitate here because we offer better services than many other cities, and we have a more relaxed attitude. local police will move illegal campers, but arrests are rare. other cities aren’t so hands off, homeless men and women say. outreach workers with join, a nonprofit, routinely hand out blankets to campers downtown .\nthe urban growth boundary protects open space by preventing developers from building on much of the land surrounding portland and its suburbs, raising land prices and building costs inside the line. oregon legislators, pushed by the real - estate industry, have prohibited several of the zoning tools and fees communities in other states use to encourage developers to build affordable homes .\nprivate developers aren’t building apartments for poor people ,\nsaid john miller, executive director of the oregon opportunity network, a statewide nonprofit that helps poor, disabled and elderly oregonians .\nyou can’t charge no rent and have it pencil out .\npictured here: a homeless camp in oregon city .\nlow - end units aren’t being built, and they also aren’t being preserved: in 1994, downtown portland had 77 buildings and 4, 554 apartments deemed affordable for a single adult holding down a full - time minimum wage job. today, there are 44 buildings and 3, 271 units. countywide, housing advocates estimate there’s a 20, 000 - unit shortage — the population of milwaukie or ashland .\ntwo years ago you could get a one - or two - bedroom apartment for $ 550. now it will cost you $ 750 to $ 900 ,\nsaid tuck, of portland homeless family solutions .\nand that’s east of 122nd avenue. there’s nothing west of 122nd .\nportland also has a shortage of shelters, because because local government' s push has been permanent housing. the result: illegal camping is now all but endorsed by local governments. pictured here: right 2 dream too homeless center on west burnside gives portland' s unhoused community a place to sleep .\nwe can’t have a lack of shelter beds, a lack of permanent housing, and then say it’s illegal to camp ,\nsaid multnomah county chairwoman deborah kafoury .\nof course it’s not ideal. of course we need to find another way. but what else can we do right now ?\nthe problem: allowing thousands of people to sleep outdoors is unsightly, unsanitary – and dangerous. pictured here: roberta miller is originally from chicago and has been on the streets for over five years. she takes care of her mother who is also living with her outdoors .\npublic health officials and advocates for the poor began counting homeless deaths in multnomah county three years ago. the average in that time? almost one a week. pictured here: richard crane, of cleveland, ohio, who is sleeping outdoors on a loading dock in northwest portland .\nlocal leaders say that over the past 10 years, more than 12, 000 people have found permanent homes, and city and county governments and nonprofits have learned to work better together. pictured here: oregon city police sgt. matt paschall checks on homeless camps in oregon city, oct. 9, 2014 .\nofficials and activists working to get the homeless off the street are now working to address the biggest hurdle of all: finding a way to fund new affordable housing units, and figuring out how to preserve existing affordable housing .\nten years ago, portland said it would end homelessness. today thousands still sleep outside every night in the metro area. surveys show we have as many homeless now as in 2007 .\na decade ago, federal housing officials made a deal with more than 300 american communities: let’s end chronic homelessness in 10 years .\nlocal leaders nationwide embraced the challenge. they drafted plans, created budgets, held public meetings and congratulated themselves on being part of a national movement to get people off the streets .\ntimothy ferrell is a member of the yakama tribe, and he' s been on and off the streets for more than 20 years. he says he' s managed so long by wearing the right clothes, traveling light and finding places to sleep outdoors that others aren' t aware of. he keeps his belongings in a small storage unit on the eastside and is able to rotate sleeping bags and clothes to stay dry .\nnowhere has that failure been more obvious or galling than the portland region. need proof? step outside in practically any neighborhood or suburb, and you’ll soon find evidence of human habitation: broken - down cardboard boxes, tarps, fast - food wrappers and shopping carts .\n“i’ve had other people come to this city and say, ‘wow. this is really bad, ’” said doreen binder, recently retired executive director of transition projects inc. , a nonprofit that helps homeless men and women find stability. “and we’re considered a leader. ”\ndespite portland’s liberal politics and deep commitment to doing good, this region has seen less success than the country as a whole in the quest to get the poorest of the poor indoors: the last count showed almost 4, 000 homeless men, women and children in multnomah county, and experts estimate the actual number of people who are sleeping outdoors, in shelters, in their cars, in temporary transitional housing or on someone else’s couch may be four times that .\nnationally, the number of homeless has dropped by 11 percent since 2007. in portland, the 2014 point - in - time count showed nine more people than the 2007 total .\nthat’s because homelessness in portland is, to a greater degree than most other u. s. cities, actually a housing problem. because of well - intentioned decisions made by well - meaning policymakers, portland lacks enough permanent housing — the foundation of the 10 - year plans — and enough emergency shelter space. backlogs plague every step in the system .\nas a result, 10 years into the 10 - year plan, leaders in one of the nation’s most progressive cities are resigned to the fact that illegal camping is the new normal .\n“if you listen to the bureaucracy, you’ll hear a lot of talk about how well things are going, ” said brandi tuck, executive director of portland homeless family solutions, which runs family shelters in inner southwest portland and helps parents and children find housing. “but we have thousands of people sleeping outside every night. we have 3 - year - old children sleeping outside tonight. our public policy is failing. ”\neven in the worst of winter and on the darkest of nights, liz milligan and brandon rutledge don’t worry about the cold .\neverything they own, clothes, blankets, magazines and tools, is packed into a 1988 chevy blazer. when they climb in the backseat to sleep, they must shed layers to stay comfortable .\n“it actually rains in there in the morning because of the humidity, ” rutledge said, chuckling .\nthe couple has been together 10 years and homeless for most of that. both say they’ve spent time in rehab but are clean now, and both bear the telltale missing teeth and hollow eyes of past addiction. they say they want to work at something more fulfilling than collecting and cashing in aluminum cans, which can earn them about $ 7. 50 a day. jobs are hard to find in portland .\n“i’ve screwed up a few times, ” rutledge said. “i’ve screwed up and lost jobs, and she sticks with me. ”\nmilligan’s three adult daughters don’t approve of her relationship. she can only visit her grandson, a toddler, if rutledge waits outside .\nmost emergency shelters in portland segregate guests by gender, so milligan and rutledge stay in the blazer, bought cheap from his cousin. their greatest fear isn’t the weather or being robbed. it’s the tow truck .\nthe root causes of homelessness — societal problems such as mental illness, addiction and domestic violence — have always existed in the united states. widespread homelessness has not .\nthe current crisis stems from decisions made over a generation: the flood of returning vietnam - era vets in the 1970s coincided with a national push to de - institutionalize mental hospitals. in the 1980s and ’90s, under both republican and democratic presidents, the federal government got out of the business of building public housing and pushed direct responsibility for caring for poor and vulnerable people to state, county and city governments .\n“we created this mess, not deliberately but certainly consciously, ” said binder, of transition projects. “hospitals were deemed ‘inhumane. ’ but there was no real plan for what to do with those people once they were taken out of the institutions. ”\ndifferent cities approached the rising problem of homelessness in different ways; many ignored it completely. then columbus, ohio, leaders showed progress in the late 1990s with a five - year plan to wipe out long - term homelessness. anti - poverty advocates at the national alliance to end homelessness embraced the concept. president george w. bush’s homelessness czar, philip mangano, took the idea nationwide .\nsome 355 communities bought in. individual approaches differed based on local factors, such as politics, pre - existing infrastructure and climate. cold - weather cities, for example, are more likely to invest in emergency shelter beds. still, the overarching goal came from the federal government: “housing first. ” get men and women who’ve spent much of their lives bouncing from rehab clinic to shelter bed to sidewalk camping spot into permanent housing first. then surround them with the medical and psychological help they need to stay there .\nwhy that population? they are the most visible and expensive. in a groundbreaking 2002 study, university of pennsylvania researcher dennis culhane estimated that a mentally ill person living on the streets of new york city cost taxpayers $ 40, 451 a year .\nthe bush administration temporarily increased anti - homeless funding available to state, county and city governments, and it scored requests based on how closely they hewed to federal priorities. for the first time, communities were required to keep hard data on the number of homeless men and women served .\n“the idea was very sound and based on things we knew to be true: if you can help get those chronically homeless people off the street, you will save money that you can put into serving other populations, ” culhane said. “the goal was to galvanize people around the best practices, and the 10 - year plans did that. ”\nportland is a different kind of city, according to mike timbrook. more compassionate. more accepting .\nwhen he lived in las vegas, homeless people hid on the edges of town, he said. not here .\n“i see it every night coming home from work, people asleep on blankets, on cardboard, on this corner, on that corner, on every corner, ” he said. “where i used to live, you can’t sleep on the road, you can’t sleep in the dirt. they’ll arrest you because it’s not fitting with the city’s image or whatever. portland doesn’t have that attitude. it seems like here people can sleep pretty much anywhere they want. ”\nthat more progressive approach to homelessness is part of what drew timbrook, a burly navy veteran with a bushy grey moustache, to oregon. the former cook suffers from seizures that make restaurant work difficult — “i could fall in the fryer, ” he said. — so when a buddy suggested portland might be an easier place to find a job or make do without one, he “hopped a greyhound. ”\nhe’d been here a few months, wandering old town chinatown, when a minister with victory outreach, an east portland ministry, pulled over and invited him to the church’s residential recovery program. after that, timbrook moved into a temporary housing program run by transition projects. tpi helped find him work at the va hospital .\n“so many people want to help here in portland. there are so many programs, and so many free meals, and so many places you can go, ” he said. “the only thing that’s rough is actually finding a place to live. everyplace you turn, there’s a wait list, a six - month wait list, a nine - month wait list. it’s no wonder some people just give up. ”\nibrahim mubarak founded the right 2 dream too homeless center on west burnside. the space was established in 2011. the nonprofit organization provides refuge and a safe space to rest or sleep undisturbed for portland' s unhoused community who cannot access affordable housing or shelter .\nthe recession certainly played a role in the 10 - year plan movement’s disappointing results .\nportland and multnomah county started implementing “home again: the 10 - year plan to end homelessness” in 2004. before the bottom dropped out of the economy in 2008, the number of chronically homeless people found in annual counts was shrinking .\n“portland was the star in the early going, ” said nan roman, president and ceo of the national alliance to end homelessness. “it was a best practices city. ”\nthe economic collapse slowed the decline of chronic homelessness nationally and created a new crisis as millions of americans lost jobs, ate through savings and ran through unemployment benefits .\nthese were not lifelong addicts, serially abused women or vietnam veterans with severe ptsd. they didn’t need a lifetime of support. instead, they were temporarily down - on - their - luck members of the fading working class who, with a little boost, would never need government help again. their problems required a different solution .\naccording to u. s. department of housing and urban development statistics, the number of homeless americans continued to drop during the recession, and the number of chronically homeless adults is down 30 percent from 2007 .\nbut statistics are tricky, especially stats used to count people who frequently try to hide from police and other authorities. “they do the count in the middle of winter, ” said paul boden, the formerly homeless executive director of the san francisco - based western regional advocacy project. “if you really wanted to know how many homeless people there are, would you go count them in january? ”\nthe u. s. department of education, which uses data gathered by individual public schools and a broader definition for homelessness that includes people staying with family or friends, estimates that the number of homeless children rose from about 680, 000 in 2006 to 1. 25 million in 2013 .\n“what the recession did was wipe out the middle class, ” said tpi’s binder. “when they move backward, so does everyone else. ”\ntucker, a grizzled 50 - year - old, came to portland’s eastern edge a decade ago to kick a drug habit he developed back in his motorcycle gang days. he’s lived along the trails and creekbeds since then .\n“i don’t want to say i’ve given up but, but i don’t really see myself living indoors again, ” he said. “it takes money, and there’s just no jobs. ”\nstill, tucker stays busy. he and his wife of five years — his wedding band is someone’s high school class ring, complete with big blue stone — spend their days helping at clackamas service center, a nonprofit day shelter off 82nd avenue near the multnomah - clackamas line. they sweep the floors and stack the chairs .\ntheir current campsite is a five - minute walk from the center, which is convenient. tucker and his spouse, hillary, don’t like to leave their belongings for long .\n“you don’t have friends out here, because friends don’t steal from each other, ” he said. “some of these drug addicts will take anything you have. ”\nhe’s been in his current camp for three months now — he stayed here for seven months a year or two earlier, before police made him move — and he takes great care to make it feel homey: a brown tarp hangs between two bridge support beams and hides the spot from passers - by. inside, tucker has placed his small tent atop a collection of neatly placed carpet scraps. he stores most of his belongings, including two suitcases, several pairs of shoes and three brooms for cleaning the enclosure, atop another bridge beam to avoid the rain .\n“they say camping is illegal, but we’re not camping, we’re living, ” he said. “camping is when you’re in the woods eating marshmallows and sitting by the fire or skiing or whatever people do. this isn’t camping. it’s my home. ”\nroberta miller is originally from chicago and has been on the streets for more than five years. she takes care of her mother, who lives with her outdoors .\nthe recession broadened the challenge for elected officials, bureaucrats and nonprofit groups fighting homelessness. but the economy alone does not explain why 10 - year plans failed to do everything promised and predicted .\nunder president bush, the federal government pushed cities to combat chronic homelessness but did not follow through with substantial investments in permanent housing. president obama created a temporary emergency fund to fight homelessness in 2009; that too went mostly to rent assistance and other short - term relief. (obama has pledged to end veterans homelessness by 2015. although that precise goal won’t be met, the effort has been more successful. )\nmost 10 - year plans, including those in multnomah, washington, clark and clackamas counties, lacked a firm mechanism for re - investing money presumably saved by reducing chronic homelessness into other at - risk populations. they gave little more than a cursory nod toward job training to help homeless men and women become self - sufficient. they lacked provisions for buying and banking land for future housing construction .\n“less than half had actual metrics to measure outcomes. less than 10 percent had funding attached, ” said josh leopold, a research associate at the urban institute, a think tank focused on the problems facing u. s. cities. “a lot of them lacked the detail, either in the plan or the political will, to make it sustainable. ”\nsustaining political will has been a definite problem in portland. the leading champion of portland’s 10 - year blueprint, city commissioner erik sten, quit politics four years into the plan’s implementation. he moved to bend, and much of the region’s momentum went with him .\nthe multiheaded nature of local government makes a coherent long - term strategy hard to maintain: metro controls regional land - use. multnomah county handles poverty, addiction, mental illness and children. the city of portland is responsible for affordable housing and homeless adults .\nany single leadership change at any of those agencies is disruptive. since 2004, portland has seen three different mayors and seen three different city commissioners run the portland housing bureau. multnomah county voters have elected four different county chairs .\nback in the day, nina narelle would have scoffed at the idea she was homeless. not that many years ago, she was one of the tough - looking, multiple - tattooed street kids who seem to haunt downtown portland .\n“if you’d asked me, i would have told you the way i was living was a choice, ” she said .\nshe was 19 and living in a camp near forest park when she visited outside in, a nonprofit that helps young homeless people. someone had told her she could get a peanut butter and jelly sandwich there. something about the way she was treated — with respect, without condescension — made her keep coming back. eventually, she got a caseworker. he helped her obtain an id, find temporary housing and a job .\nhe even went with her to open a bank account: “i was like, ‘i got all the way across the country, i can get my own damn bank account, ’” she said, dropping her voice to mimic her younger, street - smart self. “we’re in line, and it hits me: ‘he’s really just coming to stand in this stupid line with me just because he cares. ’ that was mind - blowing. ”\nnarelle went on to find an apartment, enroll in community college and, eventually, earn bachelor’s and master’s degrees. today, she’s a working mom, together if a bit harried. she owns a house. she drives a subaru .\n“i see these kids on the street, and i want to tell them, ‘i know you think you’re tough enough, but you’re not, ’” she said. “all it takes for a lot of young people is what it took for me — having one person show they care. but the system is so overloaded. finding that one person is harder now. ”\nstatistically speaking, portland’s homelessness problem is not the worst in the nation. bigger cities have bigger populations: in the 2014 count, los angeles reported 34, 393 homeless people, seattle had almost 9, 000, and san francisco had 6, 400 .\noregon, however, has a higher percentage of unsheltered homeless people — 50 percent — than every state except four. and among major u. s. cities, portland had the eighth - highest number of chronically homeless individuals and the third - highest rate of unsheltered chronically homeless people: ninety percent of people who’ve been homeless for an extended period here were sleeping in places the federal government defines as “not meant for human habitation, ” including sidewalks, park benches, abandoned buildings or cars .\n“we got 25 calls today from people who are homeless or on the edge. the answer for most is, ‘we’ll get you on a list, ’” said susan emmons, executive director of northwest pilot project, a nonprofit that helps people 55 and older find housing." ]

{ "text": [ "the mission creek oregonian , scientific name cryptomastix magnidentata , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family polygyridae . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "the mission creek oregonian, scientific name cryptomastix magnidentata, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family polygyridae." ]

[ "watson, r. e. 1994. awaous (awaous) acritosus, a new species of freshwater goby from southern new guinea and northeastern australia (teleostei: gobiidae). ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 5 (4): 371 - 376 .\nwatson, r. e. , 1994. awaous (awaous) acritosus, a new species of freshwater goby from southern new guinea and northeastern australia (teleostei: gobidae). ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 5 (4): 351 - 364. (ref. 26669 )\nfound in streams and rivers of lowland regions, above tidal influence. collected from generally clear waters (sometimes in turbid waters), over bottoms usually consisting of gravel, sand and some mud. feeds mostly on algae (ref. 26669, 44894) and bottom detritus. little is known of the life history, but it probably has a marine larval stage. only recently described, although it has long been misidentified as awaous crassilabrus, a species that does not occur in australia (ref. 44894) .\nfound in streams and rivers of lowland regions, above tidal influence. collected from generally clear waters (sometimes in turbid waters), over bottoms usually consisting of gravel, sand and some mud. feeds mostly on algae (ref. 26669, 44894) and bottom detritus. little is known of the life history, but it probably has a marine larval stage. only recently described, although it has long been misidentified as awaous crassilabrus, a species that does not occur in australia (ref. 44894) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is widespread and can be locally common. there are no major threats known to the species and it is listed as least concern. however, further research on population, distribution and threats is recommended .\nthis species is locally abundant in some rivers in queensland (h. larson pers. obs. 2011). population status and trends are unknown for most of its range .\nthis species generally inhabits clear water. however, it is sometimes found in turbid water and a number of substrate types like mud, gravel and sand at the lower reaches of a river just above the tidal influence (watson 1994) .\nany threats to coastal rivers and estuaries could affect this species, especially barriers to the species' migration and habitat destruction. there are currently no known threats to the species .\nthe species occurs in the wet tropics world heritage area and lakefield reserve in queensland. it is likely that the species occurs in other protected areas .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\noceania: currently known only from northeastern queensland, australia between mulgrave river (17°07' s) and cooktown (15°28' s), and laloki river drainage of southern new guinea .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 18. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 44894 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00912 (0. 00312 - 0. 02670), b = 2. 95 (2. 71 - 3. 19), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 0 ±0. 00 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (36 of 100) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nmcculloch, a. r. 1929 ,\na check - list of the fishes recorded from australia. part iii\n, records of the australian museum, vol. 5, pp. 329–436\nwhitley, g. p. 1964 ,\na survey of australian ichthyology\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 11 - 127\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c1201b65 - 437a - 4faf - bc98 - 39ea822d8808\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b3ce0544 - ccae - 4293 - 925f - 9594d15ea230\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 308448\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbenthic (ref. 58302). adults occur from lowland streams and rivers to relatively swift streams at elevations of 1000 m. they often burrow into the substrate with only the eyes showing; feed on filamentous algae, worms, crustaceans, various insects and insects larvae, and suspended food particles; has been long favored as food by the early hawaiians (ref. 44091). larvae develop and metamorphose in the marine zooplankton and as juveniles, about 161 days old, recruit to freshwater streams, where they undergo rapid growth and morphological changes necessary for upstream migration to the adult habitat (ref. 51037) .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nby downloading this content you are agreeing to use it in accordance with the terms of use and any data provider terms associated with the data download. please provide the following details before downloading (* required) :\n× list name australian diadromous fish owner hsienyung. lin @ urltoken list type common trait of species description including catadromous, anadromous and amphidromous fish. list from miles et al. 2013. date submitted 2014 - 08 - 22 date updated 2016 - 06 - 14 is private no included in species pages no authoritative no invasive no threatened no part of the sensitive data service no region not provided metadata link urltoken\nroberts, tyson r. and sven o. kullander: endemic cichlid fishes of the fwa river, zaïre: systematics and ecology (p. 97) campos - da - paz, ricardo and hans - joachim paepke: on sternarchorhamphus hahni, a member of the rhamphichthyid genus rhamphichthys (ostariophysi: gymnotiformes) (p. 155) greenwood, p. humphry and sven o. kullander: a taxonomic review and redescription of tilapia polyacanthus and t. stormsi (teleostei: cichlidae), with descriptions of two new schwetzochromis species from the upper zaïre river drainage (p. 161) kottelat, maurice and kelvin k. p. lim: diagnoses of two new genera and three new species of earthworm eels from the malay peninsula and borneo (teleostei: chaudhuriidae) (p. 181) book reviews (p. 191 )\nwolfratshauser straße 27 - 81379 münchen - germany - tel. : + 49 89 55 28 6000 - fax: + 49 89 55 28 6004 - e - mail: info @ urltoken\ntrophic level and s. e. inferred from exclusive plant / detritus food items .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nin order to access this website, please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877. 705. 1878 (toll - free, u. s. & canada) 773. 753. 3347 (international )\nthomas s. rayner a c d, bradley j. pusey b and richard g. pearson a\na school of marine and tropical biology, james cook university, townsville, queensland 4811, australia .\nb australian rivers institute, griffith university, brisbane, queensland 4111, australia .\nc present address: school of biological, earth and environmental sciences, university of new south wales, sydney, nsw 2052, australia .\nagostinho, a. a. , and zalewski, m. (1995). the dependence of fish community structure and dynamics on floodplain and riparian ecotone zone in parana river, brazil. hydrobiologia 303, 141–148 .\nangermeier, p. l. , and schlosser, i. j. (1989\narthington, a. h. , balcombe, s. r. , wilson, g. a. , thoms, m. , and marshall, j. (2005\n). spatial and temporal variation in fish - assemblage structure in isolated waterholes during the 2001 dry season of an arid - zoe floodplain river, cooper creek, australia .\n). assemblage structure of stream fishes in the western ghats (india) .\n( 2001). ‘ecological studies on the freshwater fishes of the alligator rivers region, northern territory: autecology. supervising scientist, supervising scientist report 145, darwin .\nbray, r. j. , and curtis, j. t. (1957\nbunn, s. e. , and arthington, a. h. (2002\n). basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity .\nbunn, s. e. , davies, p. m. , kellaway, d. m. , and prosser, i. p. (1998\n). influence of invasive macrophytes on channel morphology and hydrology in an open tropical lowland stream, and potential control by riparian shading .\nclarke, k. r. , and green, r. h. (1988\ngalacatos, k. , barriga - salazar, r. , and stewart, d. j. (2004\n). seasonal and habitat influences on fish communities within the lower yasuni river basin of the ecuadorian amazon .\ngehrke, p. c. , astles, k. l. , and harris, j. h. (1999\n). within - catchment effects of flow alteration on fish assemblages in the hawkesbury - nepean river system australia .\ngorman, o. t. , and karr, j. r. (1978\n( 1988). ‘rio negro: rich life in poor water: amazonian diversity and foodchain ecology as seen through fish communities. ’ (spb academic publishing: the hague. )\n( 2001). the effects of net fishing: addressing biodiversity and bycatch issues in queensland inshore waters. queensland department of primary industries, southern fisheries centre, deception bay .\n). interactions among stream fishes: predator - induced habitat shifts and larval survival .\nhinch, s. g. , collins, n. c. , and harvey, h. h. (1991\n). relative abundance of littoral zone fishes: biotic interactions, abiotic factors, and postglacial colonization .\nhoeinghaus, d. j. , layman, c. a. , arrington, d. a. , and winemiller, k. o. (2003\n). spatio - temporal variation in fish assemblage structure in tropical floodplain creeks .\nibanez, c. , oberdorff, t. , teugels, g. , mamononekene, v. , lavoué, s. , fermon, y. , paugy, d. , and toham, a. k. (2007\n). fish assemblages structure and function along environmental gradients in rivers of gabon (africa) .\n( 1989). the flood pulse concept in river - floodplain systems. in ‘international large river symposium (lars) ’. ontario, canada. (ed. d. p. dodge .) pp. 110–127. (department of fisheries and oceans, ontario. )\nkelly, t. m. , jones, j. d. , and smith, g. r. (1975\n( 1995). factors influencing freshwater fish assemblages in floodplain lagoons of the normanby river, cape york peninsula: a large tropical australian river. masters thesis, griffith university .\n( 2005). a quantitative basis for the use of fish as indicators of river health in eastern australia. phd thesis, griffith university .\n( 2001). ‘trophic ecology of freshwater fishes in australia. ’ (cooperative research centre for freshwater ecology and centre for catchment and in - stream research, griffith university, scd6, brisbane. )\n). ontogenetic patterns of habitat use by fishes within the main channel of an australian floodplain river .\nkinsolving, a. d. , and bain, m. b. (1993\nkoehn, j. d. , o’connor, n. a. , and jackson, p. d. (1994\n). seasonal and size - related variation in microhabitat use by a southern victoria stream fish assemblage .\n( 1975). ‘fish communities in tropical freshwaters: their distribution, ecology and evolution. ’ (longman: london. )\n). factors influencing fish distribution and community structure in a small coastal river in southwestern costa rica .\n( 1985). ‘environmental impact study for proposed sand and gravel extraction mulgrave river, north queensland. ’ (prepared for the readymix farley group, cairns. )\n). relationships between fishes and habitat in rainforest streams in sabah, malaysia .\nmartin - smith, k. m. , and laird, l. m. (1998\n). depauperate freshwater fish communities in sabah: the role of barriers to movement and habitat quality .\n( 1998). ‘patterns in freshwater fish ecology. ’ (chapman and hall: new york. )\nmeffe, g. k. , and sheldon, a. l. (1990\nnott, j. , thomas, m. f. , and price, d. m. (2001\n). alluvial fans, landslides and late quaternary climatic change in the wet tropics of northeast queensland .\norr, t. m. , and milward, n. e. (1984\npearsons, t. n. , and li, h. w. (1992\n). influence of habitat complexity on resistance to flooding and resilience of stream fish assemblages .\npollino, c. a. , feehan, p. , grace, m. r. , and hart, b. t. (2004\n). fish communities and habitat changes in the highly modified goulburn catchment, victoria, australia .\npusey, b. j. , and kennard, m. j. (1996\n). species richness and geographical variation in assemblage structure of the freshwater fish fauna of the wet tropics region of northern queensland .\npusey, b. j. , arthington, a. h. , and read, m. g. (1993\n). spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure in the mary river, south - east queensland: the influence of habitat structure .\npusey, b. j. , arthington, a. h. , and read, m. g. (1995\n). species richness and spatial variation in fish assemblage structure in two rivers of the wet tropics of northern queensland, australia .\npusey, b. j. , read, m. g. , and arthington, a. h. (1995\n). the feeding ecology of freshwater fishes in two rivers of the australian wet tropics .\npusey, b. j. , arthington, a. h. , and read, m. g. (1998\n). freshwater fishes of the burdekin river, australia: biogeography, history and spatial variation in community structure .\npusey, b. j. , kennard, m. j. , and arthington, a. h. (2000\n). discharge variability and the development of predictive models relating stream fish assemblage structure to habitat in northeastern australia .\n( 2004). ‘freshwater fishes of northeastern australia. ’ (csiro: melbourne, victoria. )\n( 2008). origins and maintenance of freshwater fish biodiversity in the wet tropics region. in ‘living in a dynamic tropical forest landscape. ’ (eds n. stork and s. turton .) pp. 150–160. (blackwell publishing: oxford. )\nrabeni, c. i. , and minshall, g. m. (1977\n( 2007). the trophic ecology of the freshwater fishes of an australian rainforest river. phd thesis, james cook university, townsville, australia .\nrodriguez, m. a. , and lewis, w. m. (1994\nrodriguez, m. a. , and lewis, w. m. (1997\n). structure of fish assemblages along environmental gradients in floodplain lakes of the orinoco river .\nross, s. t. , and baker, j. a. (1983\n). the response of fishes to periodic spring floods in a southeastern stream .\n( 1996). ‘stream habitat and fish resources in the russell and mulgrave rivers catchment. ’ (queensland department of primary industries, northern fisheries centre: cairns. )\nrussell, d. j. , ryan, t. j. , mcdougall, a. j. , kistle, s. e. , and aland, g. (2003\n). species diversity and spatial variation in fish assemblage structure of streams in connected tropical catchments in northern australia with reference to the occurrence of translocated and exotic species .\n( 1999). ‘the conservation status of queensland bioregional ecosystems. ’ (environmental protection agency: brisbane. )\n). fish community structure and function along two habitat gradients in a headwater stream .\nthorp, j. h. , thoms, m. , and delong, m. d. (2006\n). the riverine ecosystem synthesis: biocomplexity in river networks across space and time .\ntownsend, c. r. , scarsbrook, m. r. , and doledec, s. (1997\nvannote, r. l. , minshall, g. w. , cummins, k. w. , sedell, j. r. , and cushing, c. e. (1980\n( 2005). ‘importance of freshwater wetlands to marine fisheries resources in the great barrier reef. ’ (sunfish queensland, sq200401: townsville. )\n( 1983). the serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystems. in ‘dynamics of lotic ecosystems’. (eds t. d. fontaine and s. m. bartell .) pp. 29–42. (ann arbor science publishers: ann arbor, mi. )\nweaver, m. j. , magnuson, j. j. , and clayton, m. k. (1993\n). analyses for differentiating littoral fish assemblages with catch data from multiple sampling gears .\n( 1989). ‘rocks and landscapes of the cairns district. ’ (queensland department of mines: brisbane. )\n). an introduction to the freshwater fish communities of corcovado national park, costa rica .\n). ontogenetic diet shifts and resource partitioning among piscivorous fishes in the venezuelan ilanos .\n). patterns of variation in life history among south american fishes in seasonal environments .\n( 1996). dynamic diversity in fish assemblages of tropical rivers. in ‘long - term studies of vertebrate communities’. (eds m. l. cody and j. a. smallwood .) pp. 99–134. (academic press: san diego. )\n( 2004). floodplain river food webs: generalizations and implications for fisheries management. in ‘proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries vol ii’. (eds r. welcomme and t. petr .) pp. 285–309. (fao: bangkok. )\nwinemiller, k. o. , and jepsen, d. b. (1998\nwinemiller, k. o. , and leslie, m. a. (1992\n). fish assemblages across a complex, tropical fresh - water marine ecotone .\n). from balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology .\nzaret, t. m. , and rand, a. s. (1971\n). competition in tropical stream fishes: support for the competitive exclusion principle." ]

{ "text": [ "awaous acritosus , the roman nose goby , is a species of goby that is native to fresh water rivers and streams of queensland , australia and the laloki river drainage of new guinea .", "adults inhabit tropical freshwater streams above the tidal influence , while the larvae may be washed downstream to estuaries or the sea .", "the species is usually found in clear , or occasionally turbid waters , with gravelly , sandy and muddy bottoms near aquatic vegetation . " ], "topic": [ 13, 13, 13 ] }

[ "awaous acritosus, the roman nose goby, is a species of goby that is native to fresh water rivers and streams of queensland, australia and the laloki river drainage of new guinea. adults inhabit tropical freshwater streams above the tidal influence, while the larvae may be washed downstream to estuaries or the sea. the species is usually found in clear, or occasionally turbid waters, with gravelly, sandy and muddy bottoms near aquatic vegetation." ]