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tremendous ã¯èªãã®ãã®ã«veryã®ãããªåŒ·èª¿ã®æå³ãå«ãã®ã§ãtremendousãveryã§ä¿®é£Ÿã§ããªãã
åæ§ã«ãdeliciousïŒãšãŠãããããïŒãenormousïŒãšãŠã倧ããïŒãhugeïŒå·šå€§ãªïŒãmarvelousïŒãã°ãããïŒãterribleïŒã²ã©ãïŒãtremendousïŒãã®ãããïŒããªã©ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã¯veryã§ã¯ä¿®é£Ÿã§ããªãããããã®èªã修食ããã«ã¯ãreallyãcompletelyãªã©ã䜿ã
åœ¢å®¹è© fierce ïŒãã£ã¢ãŒã¹ïŒãšããåèªã§ãããæ°è±¡ã®èãããæ¿ããããççãªããšããæå³ããããŸãã
fierce dog ã§ãçç¬ãïŒããããïŒã§ãïŒæ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
fierce animal ã¯ãã©ãçãªåç©ãã§ãïŒæºæ瀟ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
çç¬ã®ãçãã¯ãç°çïŒã©ãããïŒã®ãçãã§ãã
ãªãããççãªåµïŒãããïŒã fierce storm ã§ãã
ççãªæŠéã«ã fierce ã䜿ãããšãã§ãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã fierce battle ãççãªæŠéãïŒæ±äº¬ïŒã ãšã fierce fight ãæ¿éãïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã ãšãã fierce attack ãççãªæ»æãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãšãèšããŸãã
ã©ãããæ¥æ¬èªã»æŒ¢åã®ãçããšãfierce ã¯åãããã§ãããã¶ãææ²»æ代ãããã«ãè±èªã«åãããŠãçç¬ããšãæ¥æ¬ã®èª°ããé èªããã®ã§ãããã
ã»ããç¯å²å€ã§ãããæµããå
šæ»
ãããã annihilate ïŒãšãã€ãšã¬ã€ãïŒããå®ã¯æŠåã®é«æ ¡ã§çŽ¹ä»ããã¬ãã«ã§ãã玹ä»ã®ã¿ã§ããã
terminate ïŒã¿ãŒããã€ãïŒãšãçµããã«ãããããšã eliminate ïŒãšãªããã€ãïŒã殲æ»
ïŒãããã€ïŒããããæ¹æ®ºãããïŒâ»ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ç¢ºèªïŒãšãã®èªåœã®ç¥èã«ãannihilate ïŒãšãã€ãšã¬ãŒãïŒãå
šæ»
ããããã絶æ»
ããããïŒâ»ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒãå ããŸãããã
çŽ ç²åããæ¶æ»
ãããããè±èªã§ annihilate ã§ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ç¹æ°ã»åŸç¹
point, score
score ã point ããã¹ããŒããè©Šéšãªã©ã®ãåŸç¹ãã®æå³ãããã
éããšããŠãscore ã¯
win a game by a score of five to three ã5察3ã§è©Šåã«åã€ã
ã®ããã«äž¡ããŒã ã®åŸç¹çµæã®æå³ã«ã䜿ããã
win a game by a score of 5 - 3 ã5察3ã§è©Šåã«åã€ã
ã®ããã«æ°åã§è±æãæžããŠãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
pointã¯
win by 3 points ã3ç¹å·®ã§åã€ã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ããã
æ©äŒ
chance, opportunity, occasion
æ¥æ¬èªã®èš³èªã§ã¯ãäžèšã§ã¯opportunity ãš occasion ãåºå¥ã§ããªãã
opportunity ã¯ãèªåã§äœãããæ©äŒããçºé³æ³šæã§ãããããªããã¥ãŒããã£ãã§ããã
ã ãã create an opportunity ãæ©äŒãã€ããããšèšãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãã®ããããåçãªæ©äŒããæ©äŒåçããšããå Žå㯠equal opportunity ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬4500ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
ãŸãããããã®äŸã®ããã«ãchance ããããopportunity ã®ã»ããããã確å®ãšãããïŒæ¡å3000ïŒãæ¬äººæ¬¡ç¬¬ãšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã
ã ããããopportunity to do ãïœããæ©äŒãããã³ opportunity for ïœ ãïœã®æ©äŒãã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã
çµæžåŠã§ãããæ©äŒè²»çšãã opportunity cost ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãã£ãœããoccasion ã¯ãããŸããŸééãããæ©äŒãã
occur ãšããåè©ãããããæºæ瀟ããããoccasion ã¯ãããŸããŸäœããèµ·ãããšãããšããã€ã¡ãŒãžã§èãããšããããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããïŒæºæ瀟ïŒããªããèªæºãšã¯éãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
ãã ããoccasion ã§ãã£ãŠããæ©äŒãéããªãããã«ããšããæå³ã®ããšã¯èšããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãæ©äŒãèŠã€ããŠã¯ãå¿
ããã®åç©é€šãããããããšããoccationã䜿ã£ãèšãåããããã
ããŸããŸééããçããæ©äŒããéããªãããã«ããšãããããªæå³ã ããã
ããããäŸæã¯
on special occasion ãç¹å¥ãªæ©äŒã«ãããŸã㯠for special occasionãç¹å¥ãªæ©äŒã«ã
ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬4500ãæ¡å3000ïŒãon ã for ãã¯ãçŽåã®åè©ã«ããã
ãã®ã»ããoccasion ã«ã¯ããå Žåããšããæå³ããããcaseãšã»ãŒåãæå³ïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
翻蚳ã®éœåã§occasionããæããšèš³ãå ŽåããããïŒæ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããããæå³åãçã«ã¯whenã§ã¯ãªãcaseã§ããã
å¯è© occasionally ã¯ãææãããšãããŸããšèš³ãã®ãããã ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãæ¡å3000ã¯ããšãããããšå¹³ä»®åã§æžããŠããã
åœ¢å®¹è© occasional ã¯ãææã®ããšèš³ããšããã ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãæ¡å3000ã¯ããšãããã®ããšå¹³ä»®åã§ããã
ãã®ããã«ãoccasion掟çã®å¯è©ã圢容è©ã§ã¯ãæãã䜿ã£ãã»ããè¯ãããã§ããã
occasionããã³æŽŸçã¯ãsometimesãããäœãé »åºŠãè¡šãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãæ¡åããžãŒãã¢ã¹åæ§ã®èŠè§£ã®ããã§ããã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããã³æ±äº¬æžç±3000ã¯ãã®ç¯ãæ¡çšããŠããããoccasionalããæã
ã®ããšããŠããã
ã ããæ¡åã¯ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒèª¬ãæ¡çšããŠããªãã
æè¿ lately, recently
æ¡åããã³ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒãããã
lately ã¯ããæè¿ãæ¯ã®èª¿åãæªããã¿ããã«æéäžã«ç¶ç¶ããŠããããšãè¡šãã®ã«ãã䜿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒããããã£ãŠå®äºåœ¢ã§ãã䜿ãã
My mother hasn't been looking well lately.
ãŸãã¯
My mother hasn't been feeling well lately.
ã®ããã«ãªãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒãæºæ瀟ãããšã«äŸæãäœæïŒã
äžæ¹ãrecently ã¯ããæè¿ãæ±äº¬ã«è¡ããŸãããã¿ããã«ãè¿ãéå»ã®è¡åãè¡šãã®ã«äœ¿ããéå»åœ¢ã§ãã䜿ãã
åé²ãã
advance, progress
advance ã progress ããè»éã人ãªã©ã®ç©ççãªãåé²ããããšããçšæ³ãšããããšã¯å¥ã«ãæè¡ã®åäžãã®æå³ãããã
progress ã®ã»ãããæè¡ã®åäžã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã匷ãã
æ±äº¬4500ã¯æè¡ãç¥èã®åäžã®æå³ã§ããprpgressã玹ä»ããŠããªããã ããèŸæžã§ç¢ºèªãããšãããprogress ã«ãç©ççãªåé²ã®æå³ãããããåèªéã§ãæ¡å3000ã玹ä»ããŠããã
ãŸããprogressã¯ãç©ççãªåé²ã®æå³ã§äœ¿ã£ãŠããŠãããšããšããŠãã£ãããªå ŽåããããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããããçå®ãªåé²ããšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãæ¥éãªé²æ©ããŸãã¯äŒŒãããšãèšãå Žåãadvance ã§è¡šãã®ãæ®éã
ãŸããæ®éãadvanceã«ããæè¡é²æ©ã¯ã瀟äŒå
šäœã»æ¥çå
šäœã®æè¡æ°Žæºã®é²æ©ã®ããšãèšãã
progress ã¯ãæ¥çå
šäœã®é²æ©ããå人ã®æè¡ç¿åŸã®é²æ©ããã©ã¡ããèšã£ãŠããã
She made remarkable progress in English. ã圌女ã¯è±èªãé¡èã«äžéãããã
ã®ãããªæç« ããèŸæžãªã©ã§ããèŠãããã
4500èªã¬ãã«ïœ
åœä»€ãã
order ãš dictate ãš command
ãªãŒããŒãšãã£ã¯ãã€ããšã³ãã³ã
説æãã
describe, explain , illustrate , , ,
ãç¬è£è
ãdictator ãšããåèªãããïŒæºæ瀟1900ã®dictate é
ç®ïŒãæ±äº¬æžç±ãæ¡åã«ã¯dictator ã¯ç¡ãã
ãã®ããã« dictate ã«ã¯ãã©ã¡ãããšãããšãæŒãä»ããããããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã
ãªã®ã§ããšããããæ®éã®å Žé¢ã§ã¯ãorderãçšããã®ãå®å
šã ããã
ãã®ããããåèªéã«ãã£ãŠã¯ dictate ã«ãåœä»€ãããã®æå³ããªããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã«ã¯ãªããæ¡å5500ã«ã ããåèš³ã ããåœä»€ã»æå³ããšæžããŠããïŒäŸæãªãïŒã
ãªãdictateã«ã¯ãæžãåãããããåŸè¿°ãããã®æå³ãããããããããã£ã¡ãé«æ ¡åèªéã§ãã玹ä»ãããŠãããæ¡å5500ããã³æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã®äž¡æ¹ã§çŽ¹ä»ãããŠããã
ãªããã¹ãã«ãšæå³ã®äŒŒãåè© describe ã¯ã説æãããã®æå³ãèŸæžïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åïŒã ãšdescribeã«ãèšè¿°ãããã®æå³ããããããããŸã§èª¬æã第äžã®æå³ã ãšèããã¹ãã§ããããèšè¿°ãã®å Žåã§ã説æã«ãªãããã«èšè¿°ããŠããããã§ãããã ããããåèªéã§ã¯describeã®æå³ããèšè¿°ãã§ç
§äŒããããæåãã§çŽ¹ä»ããŠããããªãèªå¹¹ scribe ããæžããã®æå³ã§ããã
æ±äº¬æžç±4500ããïŒèšèã§ïŒæåããããšããŠããã®ã¯ãscribeã«ããããæåçãªæå³ãããããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³æºæ瀟1200ã«ãããšãdescribe ã®ç¬¬äžçŸ©ã¯ïŒã説æãããã§ã¯ãªãïŒãç¹åŸŽãè¿°ã¹ããã§ããã ããšãã°æºæ瀟ã«ããã°
Can you describe the contest to me? ããã®ã³ã³ãã¹ãã®ç¹åŸŽãç§ã«èª¬æããŠãããŸããããã
ãšãªãã
describeã®ç®çèªã«ã¯ã説æçžæã§ã¯ãªã話é¡ã«ãªã£ãŠãããã®ã®ã»ããå
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ãã ããåèš³ãšããŠãç¹åŸŽãè¿°ã¹ããã ãšæ¥æ¬èªãšããŠäžèªç¶ã«ãªãå Žåãããããã®å Žåã¯ã詳ãã説æãããïŒæ¡å4500ïŒããæåãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒãªã©ã®èš³ã«ããã®ãè¯ãã ãããäŸãã°æ¡è
¹4500ã§ã¯ãç§ã®æ°æã¡ã詳ãã説æããã®ã¯é£ããã It is difficult to describe my feeling. ãšããäŸæãããã
ãŸããçèª describe A as B ã§ããAãBã ãšèª¬æãããã§ããã
äžåŠè±èªã® explain ã ãšãåãªãã説æãããããšãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã¯ãïŒç解ãããããã«ïŒèª¬æããããšçŽ¹ä»ããŠããããdescribeã®æç« çãªèª¬æã ã£ãŠç解ãç®çã«ããŠããã ããããç¡çãããã ããã
ãã¯ããèªå¹¹ã®scribeã解説ããããåŸãªãã
åè© illustrate ã«ã¯ãå³è§£ãªã©ã§ã説æãããã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ããå®äŸãªã©ã§ã説æããããšããæå³ãããïŒæ¡å4500ïŒã
ãã ãå€ãæ代ã®æç« ãèªããªããšããããçŸä»£ã§ã¯å³ãã€ã©ã¹ããªã©ã§ã®èª¬æãšã®èª€è§£ãé¿ããããã«ããå®äŸã§ã®èª¬æ㧠illustrate ã䜿ãã®ã¯é¿ããã®ãå®å
šã ãããšã¯æããå®éãæ±äº¬æžç±3000ã§ã¯ illustrate ã®æå³ããïŒå³ã»ã€ã©ã¹ããªã©ã§ïŒã»ã»ã»ã説æããããšçŽ¹ä»ããŠãããæ±äº¬æžç±ã§ã¯ãå®äŸãã«ã€ããŠã¯çŽ¹ä»ããŠããªãã
ãã ããèŸæžãèŠããšãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã«ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ãããŸãå®äŸã«ãã説æã®æå³ã§ilustrateã®æå³ã玹ä»ããŠãããåè©åœ¢ illustration ã«ãããçµµç»ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ããå®äŸãããäŸèšŒãã®æå³ããããæºæ瀟1400ã«ãillustrationã®ãæ¿çµµãã€ã©ã¹ãïŒå
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ãªã®ã«ãèŸæžã§ illustrator ã«ã¯ãç»å®¶ãã®æå³ãããªãã®ã§ãèŸæžãšå®éã®çšæ³ãšã«è¥å¹²ã®é£ãéãããããšæãããã
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åäŸçžæãªã©ã®èšãã€ãã«ã¯ tell ïœ to ïœ ãšããè¡šçŸãããããã®å Žåãtellã¯ãåããããæ瀺ãããã®æå³[1]ã
â» order ã«ã¯çèªããããããšããããããã¯ãŸãå¥ã®åå
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order ââ to ïœã§ããââã«ïœãåœä»€ããã
order ã«ãããããforceã匷å¶ããããaskãé Œãããªã©ã§ã¯ãããããçžæãäœãã®åäœãããããã ãããtoäžå®è©ãç¶ãã
ã€ãŸããorderïŒåœä»€ããïŒ ã tellïŒæ瀺ããïŒ ã forceïŒåŒ·å¶ããïŒ ã askïŒé ŒãïŒ ã§ãçžæã«äœãã®åäœããããçšæ³ã§ã¯ã åè©ïŒç®çèªïŒtoäžå®è© ã®èªé ã«ãªã[2]ã
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ãªãããå²ãåãã¯è±èªã§ split the bill ã§ãã[4]ãè±èªãšæ¥æ¬èªã®è¡šçŸãè¿ããè²»çšãªã©ã®åæ
ã»åå²ã¯ split ïŒå²ãã»åãè£ãïŒã§ããã
command ã¯ãææ®ããŠãåœä»€ããããããªæå³ãªã®ã§ãè»éãèŠå¯ã®åœä»€ã§ãããåœä»€ãããåŽãéåžžã¯åŸãã®ãåæã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ãããšãå»è
ãæ£è
ã«å®éããåœãããã®ã¯ãcommand ã§ã¯ãªã order ã ããšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã
ãªããdisorder ã®æå³ã¯ãç¡ç§©åºãã§ããããŸã£ããæå³ãéãã
ãããŠããã«ããæé£é害ãã an eating disorder ãšãããã粟ç¥é害ãã a mental disorder ãšããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ç¢ºèªïŒããã®ããã« disorder ã«ã¯ãå¥åº·äžã®ïœãé害ãã®æå³ãããããªããæ¡å4500ãšæºæ瀟1900ã®äŸæãããã®ïœé害ã§ããã
æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãé害ããšèšããããããæé£é害ã粟ç¥é害ã«ã€ããŠã®è±èªçãªçºæ³ã§ã¯ãããããè±ç±³äººã¯ãèããè³ãªã©ã®æ©èœããæ··ä¹±ãããŠãããšããã€ã¡ãŒãžãªã®ã ããããªããdisorder ã«ã¯ãæ··ä¹±ããšããæå³ãããã
disorder ã«ã¯ããã®ã»ãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããæŽåãã®æå³ãããïŒãããŸã§åèªéã«ããïŒãåèªéã«ã¯ãªãããå®éã掟çã®åœ¢å®¹è© disorderly ã®æå³ã¯ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ããã°ãä¹±æŽãªããç¡æ³ãªãã®æå³ã§ããã
ããŠãåèª command ã«ã¯ãèœåãã®æå³ããããæ¡å 4500 ã«ãããšcommand of the English language ã§ãè±èªãèªç±ã«ããã€ãèœåãã®ãããªæå³ããããã ãæ±äº¬æžç±ã¯ãèœåãã®çšæ³ã玹ä»ããŠãªãã
ãŸãã¯commandã¯è»éçãªãåœä»€ãã®æå³ã§ç解ããã®ãããã ãããããšã¯æŽŸççãªçšæ³ãšè§£éãããšè¯ãã ããã
ã»ãã
have a good command of ïœ ãïœãèªç±ã«ããã€ãããïœãèªç±ã«äœ¿ãããªããã
ã®æå³ïŒæ¡åã®çèªããŒãžãæºæ瀟ïŒã
å
žåçãªäŸæã¯ã
She has a good command of English ã圌女ã¯è±èªãèªç±ã«ããã€ãããã
ã§ããã
ãªããé«æ ¡ç¯å²å€ã ããç¹æ®éšéã»ã³ãã³ããŒã¯ commando ãšããèªå°Ÿã«oãã€ãå¥åèªã§ããã®ã§ãæ··åããªãããã«ã
ãªããåœä»€ã«åŸãã®ã¯ obey ã§ããã
obey orders ã obey command ãšããã
æ±äº¬æžç±4500 ã obey orders ã玹ä»ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åèŸå
žã obey commands ã玹ä»ã
ã obey teacher's commands . ãã§ãå
çã®åœä»€ã«åŸãããšã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã玹ä»ã
commandããã®ã¯ãããªããããè»éãèŠå®ã§ãªããŠãããã
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æ¡å4500ã«ãããšãurge 人 to ïœ ã§ãïŒäººïŒã«ïœããããã«åŒ·ãä¿ããã§ãããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ãåæ§ãurge (A) to ã»ã»ã» ã§ãã»ã»ã»ãããã匷ãå§ãããã§ããã
facilitate ã¯ããä¿é²ãã®æå³ãããããã容æã«ãããã®æå³ããã£ãŠïŒæ¡å5500ïŒãããšãã°ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ã¯ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã«ãã£ãŠä»äºã容æã«ãªã£ããçãªäŸæã§facilitateãçšããŠããããã ãæ¡å5500ã®äŸæãèŠãŠãã容æã«ãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã¯ç¡ããæ¡åã®äŸæã¯æ
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suggest ãš imply
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contrary, opposite
contrary ãš opposite ã®éãã¯ããã®åèªã掟çã®åè©ã ãããããèŠãŠãåãããªãã ããã
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opposite ã«ã¯ãããããµãã«ãåã«åããåãäœçœ®ã«ãããšããäºã ãããããããããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã
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contrary ã®ã»ãããæèŠãªã©ã®ã察ç«ãã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã匷ããå®éããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã« a contrary opinion ãå察æèŠããšããåèªãããããæ±äº¬æž4500ãåãåèªã玹ä»ããŠãããã»ããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã ãšãèš³èªãããå察ãã ããæåã®äŸæã®çšäŸãã趣å³ã»è¶£åããå察ããšããäŸæã§ããã
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äŸæã®ãªãå¥ã®çèªïŒæ¡åãšæºæ瀟ãçèªã®ã¿çŽ¹ä»ïŒã§ to the contrary ã¯ãããããšã¯éã®ãã§ãããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã®äŸæã ãšãèŠããã«ãããã圌ã¯èŠªåãªäººã ã Appearance to the contrary, he is a kind man.
ãšãããto the contrary ã®ã»ãã¯ããšãã«åŠå®åœ¢ãã©ããããšãã¯ãªãã
è¯å®åœ¢ã®çåã®ããšãªããéã«ããšããŠçžæã®æèŠãåŠå®ããçšæ³ã§ on the contrary ã ã£ãããããåŠå®çåæã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ãçžæã®æèŠãåŠå®ããæå³ã§ã®ãããã©ããããã ã£ããããã
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be hostile to ïœã§ãïœã«æµå¯Ÿãããã®æå³ã
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protest
protest ã¯åè©ãšããŠã¯ãæè°ããããåè©ãšããŠã¯ãæè°ãã®æå³ã§ãããåè©ãåè©ãã¹ãã«ã¯åã protest ã§ããã
protest against ïœ ã§ãïœã«æè°ããããagainstãŸãã¯atã䜿ãïŒæºæ瀟1400ïŒããã ããæ¡å4500ããã³æ±äº¬æžç±4500ãèŠãŠããprotest against ã®ã»ãããæžããŠãªãã
ããããäŸæããæŠäºã«å察ããããšãã§ãããšãã°ãæŠäºã«æè°ããããªã protest against the war ã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ïŒã
ãªã«ãå¹³åéåã°ããã«äœ¿ãããã§ã¯ãªããããšãã°ãå¢çšã«æè°ããããªã protest against the tax increase ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã
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supply ãš demand ãã»ããã§èŠãããããªããæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãéèŠïŒdemandïŒãšäŸçµŠïŒsupplyïŒãã®èªé ã ããè±èªã§ã¯ãsupply and demand ãã®èªé ã«ãªãã
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mount ã«ã¯ãå¢ããããšããæå³ãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒãïŒããããããªã«ããç©ã¿éããã€ã¡ãŒãžãããããããã¯å±±ïŒ mountain ïŒãç»ãè¡çºã®é£æ³ããã ãããçŽãªã©ãç©ã¿éããè¡çºããçŽã®ããã«çŽãèŒããŠããããã§ãããïŒ
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Will you lend me a money? ããéãå°ã貞ããŠãã ããã
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Could you lend me $5 until tomorrow? ãææ¥ãŸã§ã«5ãã«è²žããŠãã ãããã
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May I use your dictionary for a while? ãå°ãã®éãèŸæžãåããŠãããã§ãããã
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ãç§ãæåããã®ã¯ããªãã®ãããã ãI owe my success to you.
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IOU ã§ãåçšèšŒæžãã®æå³ã§ããããã®ãŸãŸã¢ã€ãªãŒãŠãŒãšèªã¿ã"I owe you"ãšã®ããžã£ã¬ã«ãªã£ãŠããïŒæºæ瀟ã§ã玹ä»ïŒã
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ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã apply for a loan ã§ã貞ä»ãã«ç³ã蟌ããã§ããã
èŠããã«ãåãããããã ããè±èªã§ã¯ã貞ä»ã«ç³ã蟌ããã¿ãããªèšãæ¹ãããã
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be in debt ã§ãåéãããããšããæå³ã§ãããåéã®éé¡ãèšãããå Žåãäžè¿°ã®ããã«ãbe ãš in ã®éã«éé¡ãå
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be reluctant to go there. ãããã«è¡ãã®ã«æ°ãé²ãŸãªããã
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forbid, prohibit, ban
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take ïœ into consideration ããèæ
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constitute ã¯ãè°äŒãå¶åºŠãªã©ããèšç«ãããã
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establish ã¯ãçµç¹ããèšç«ããããããšãã°æ¡å4500ã«ãæ©çš²ç°å€§åŠãèšç«ããããšããäŸæ㧠establish ã玹ä»ãããŠããã
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set up
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insistã¯ãç¹ã«ã匷ãã䞻匵ãããæå³ã§ããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åããã³ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã§ã¯ãç¡çœªã®äž»åŒµã§insist on ãçšããããŠããã
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argue ã¯ãçç±ããããŠã䞻匵ãããã®æå³ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒãargue that ïœ ã§ãïœã ãšäž»åŒµãããã®æå³ã§ãããargue with ïœïŒäººïŒ ã§ãïœïŒäººïŒãšèšãäºããã®æå³ã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ããã³æºæ瀟1400ïŒã
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contend ã¯ãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ãããïŒã匷ã䞻匵ããããšããïŒæ¡å5500ãããïŒãè«äºããããšãã®æå³ã
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æºæ瀟1900 ã§çèª an issue of contention ïŒãè°è«ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãåé¡ãïŒã玹ä»ãããŠãããããããžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã§ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã§ã確èªã§ããªãã£ãã
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challenge
challenge ã«ã¯èª²é¡ã競æçžæãªã©ã«ãææŠãããã®æå³ãããããè°è«ãªã©ã§çžæã«ãç°è°ãå±ãããã®æå³ãããã
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challenging ã§ãããããã®ããããæ±äº¬æžç±3000ã«äŸæããããèŸæžãèŠãŠããããŸãäŸæãç¡ãã®ã§ãåœããŒãžã§ã¯çŽ¹ä»ããªãã
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Dan challenged me to a game of tennis. ããã³ã¯ç§ã«ããã¹ã®è©Šåãç³ã蟌ãã ãã
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I challenged Betty to a game of tennis. ãç§ã¯ããã£ã«ããã¹ã®è©Šåãç³ã蟌ãã ãã
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defend , guard , protect
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a security ãã€ããã«ãèŠåå¡ããšäœ¿çšããŠããããæ¡å3000ã®è±æã¯éè¡ã®ãèŠåå¡ãã«ã a security ãã€ããŠããªãã
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ããŠããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãããšãã家æãå®ããã§protect one's family ã§ããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯æèã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠããªãããæ®éã®æèŠã§ã¯ãç
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(sunlight, sun)ããç®ãå®ã£ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒãèãå®ã£ããããã®ãïŒæ¡å4500ïŒãprotectã§ããã
ããšãã°ã protect one's eyes from sunlight ãæ¥å
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protect ã from B ã§ãããïŒå®ããã察象ïŒãBïŒå±éºåŽïŒããå®ãããã§ããã
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pollute ãš contaminate
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- Car exhaust contaminate the air. è»ã®ææ°ã¬ã¹ã¯å€§æ°ãæ±æããã
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wound, injured, harm, hurt
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ããŠãïœ be injured ã§ãïœããããããããã®æå³ã§ããã
ïœ be injured in ã»ã»ã» ã§ãïœïŒãã人ïŒãïŒã»ã»ã»ïŒåå ïŒã§ããããããã§ããã
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ã§ããããããã He was injured in the accident.
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ã ãããç®ããããããããã«ãå®éã«çãããšãããå Žåã«ã䜿ãããã®ã§ããŸãåŸåã®çšåºŠã
ãããã§ãšãã©ããæ害ã³ã³ãã³ãããšããçšèªããããããæ害ã³ã³ãã³ãããè±èªã§ harmful contents ã§ãã[33]ã
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ç®ãèšãã«ã¯ã飲é£ç©ãªã©ã«å«ãŸããŠãããå°ããæ害ç©è³ªã㯠harmful substances ã§ããã
ããŠãåè© suffer ããèŠããããšããæå³ã ãã be suffering from ïœ ã§ããïœïŒåå ïŒã§ãèŠããïŒã€ããïŒãçãªæå³ã
æ±äº¬æžç± be suffering from a toothache æ¯ãçããŠã€ãã
æ¡å be suffering from a backache èäžãçããŠèŠãã
ãªã©ãšèš³ããŠããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãããšã ã颚éªãã²ããŠããã be suffering a cold ã®ããã«çã¿ä»¥å€ã§ã䜿ã£ãŠãããã»ãããè±åœã¯ã€ã³ãã¬ã§èŠããã§ããã be suffering from inflation ã®ããã«äœ¿ã£ãŠãããã
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relieve, ease
èŠçãªã©ããããããããã¯åè© relieve ã§ããã
å
žåçãªäŸæã§ãïŒé¢šéªè¬ãªã©ã§ïŒãé çããããããã relieve a headache ãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ããã³ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
誰ã颚éªè¬ã飲ãã§èª°ã®é çããããããã®ãã«ãã£ãŠã飲ãã ã®ããç§ãã ã£ãã relieve my headache ã«ãªã£ãããææããšã«äž»èªã«ããå€å°ã®éããããã
ã©ã¡ãã«ãããåã«æãããããã§ããªããåã«è»œæžããããã§ããªããèŠçãªã©ãæžããã®ã relieve ã§ããã
relieve A of BïŒèŠçãªã©ïŒ ã§ããAããBãé€ããŠæ¥œã«ãããã®æå³ã
çèª get rid of ïœ ãïœãåãé€ãããšé¢é£ã¥ããŠèŠããããå®éãæ¡å4500ãããããæ§æã§ããã
åè©åœ¢ã¯ relief ã§ããããå®å¿ããç·©åããææŽããªã©ã®æå³ã§ããïŒåèªéã«ããïŒãåèªéã«ã¯ãªãããéçã®ãªãªãŒããåãrelief ã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã§ç¢ºèªïŒã
sigh with relief ã§ãå®å µïŒããã©ïŒã®ããæ¯ãã€ããã§ãããsigh ïŒçºé³ããµã€ãïŒã¯ãåè©ãšããŠã¯ãããæ¯ãã€ãããåè©ãšããŠã¯ãããæ¯ãã§ããã
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She sighed with relief. ã圌女ã¯å®å µã®ããæ¯ãã€ããã
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remove, eliminate
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doubt that ã®äŸæ ãç§ã¯ç¥ã¯å®åšããªããšæããI doubt that god exist.
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his disease ã the disease ããªã©ã®å€å°ã®éãã¯ãããããŸããããªæãã®è±æã«ãªãã
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å ±ã ãã storage ã¯ãã貯èµåº«ãããä¿å庫ãã®æå³ã§ãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã®å·»æ«ã«ã ãã解説ãªãã§ãåèªãšäŸæã ãæžããŠããã
èŸæžã確èªã®ããèŠããããžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã¯å®¶å
·ã®ãä¿ç®¡ãã storage ãšãããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã¯åã«ãå庫ãã storage ãšãããããŸãå
±éæ§ã¯ãªããããªã®ã§ãæ·±å
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æã
åœ¢å®¹è© foolish, stupid, silly, ridiculous ãªã©ãããã
ãã®ãã¡ã foolish, stupid, silly, ã¯ããæãã ãã銬鹿ããŠãããã®æå³ã
ãã®ãã¡ silly ã¯å£èªèª¿ã
Don't be silly. ã§ã銬鹿ããããšãèšããªãã§ãããšããå
žåçãªäŸæããããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ã玹ä»ãããŠããã
åè©foolã圢容è©ã«ãªã£ãã®ã foolish ã§ããã
stupid ã¯ãèŸæžã«ãããšãfoolish ããããããªãã®æå³ã匷ããå£é ã§ã¯äœ¿ããªãã»ããå®å
šã ããã
ridiculous ã¯ããäžåçã§éŠ¬é¹¿ããŠãããæå³ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ãããšãridiculousã«ã¯ããããããç©ç¬ãã®æå³ããããšã®ããšã
åã«ãäžåçã ãã®æå³ãªãã absurd ã䜿ããæ¡å5500ã«absurdãæžããŠããããªãã¹ãabsurdã䜿ãã»ããé«å°ã ããã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ãããšãabsurdã¯ãäžåçãã»éåžžèãã匷調ããŠããã
移è¡ãšç§»è»¢ãšç§»å
migrate, transfer ,
æ¡å4500ã«åè©åœ¢migrant ïŒç§»äœè
ïŒãæžããŠãããŸãããè±èªã§ã¯åè© migrateãšã¯ã移äœãããããæž¡ãé³¥ã®ãæž¡ããã®ããšã§ãã
ãããåèªéã«ã¯ãªãã§ããããã®ã»ãã«ãmigrateã«ã¯ãITçšèªã§ã¯å€ãã·ã¹ãã ã«å
¥ã£ãŠããããŒã¿ãããã°ã©ã ãæ°ããã·ã¹ãã ã®äžãžãšã移ããããšããéçºç°å¢ãªã©ã®ã·ã¹ãã ãæ°ã·ã¹ãã ãžãšã移è¡ããããšããæå³ããããŸã[34]ã
ãªã䌌ãèšèã«replaceããããŸãããããã¯ãµããŒãåããªã©ã§å€ããªã£ããããŠïŒobsoleteïŒäœ¿ããªããªã£ããœãããŠã§ã¢ãªã©ãçŸåšã®çšŒåäžã®äœ¿ããããŒãžã§ã³ã®ãã®ã«ã眮ãæãããïŒreplaceïŒããšãæå³ããŸãã
è±èªã§ã¯ããã移äœãã«ã·ã¹ãã ç°å¢ã移è¡ãã®æå³ãããããšèŠããããšãæ¬è³ªçãªç解ã§ãããã
ãªããã¹ãã«ã®äŒŒãŠãã immigrate ã«ãïŒå€åœããïŒã移äœãããã®æå³ããããŸãïŒæ¡å4500ïŒããŸããªããæ¡å4500ã«ãæžããŠãããã空枯ãªã©ã®å
¥åœç®¡çãåè© immigration ã§ãããè±äŒè©±ã®ææãªã©ã§ãã immigration ãåºãŠããã
immigrate ãš migrate ã®æå³ã®éããææ¡ãããããèŸæžã®èª¬æã«éãã£ãŠãç§ãã¡ã¯ migrate ã¯ïŒç°å¢ãïŒã移è¡ãããã§èŠããŸãããã
ããããmoveãtransfer ãšãmigrate ãšã®éãã§ãã
ãªã transfer ã«ã転å€ãããã転å€ããããã®æå³ããããŸãïŒæ¡å4500ïŒã
ã転å€ããããã»ãã¯ä»åè©ãªã®ã§transferã§ãããã®ã¯åãããŸãããã転å€ããããšã移äœãããã®åºå¥ãé£ããã§ãããŸããããããä»åè©ããã®é¡æšããæ
£çšçã«transfer ãå®çããã ãã§ãããã
ãªããèŸæžã«ãããŸãããè»¢æ ¡ããïŒããéžæãªã©ã®ïŒã移ç±ããtransferã§ãã
é«æ ¡çç©ã®éºäŒã«é¢é£ãã现èç©è³ªã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããã©ã³ã¹ãã¡ãŒRNA ïŒtransfer RNAïŒãšããã®ããããŸããããããã®ãšé¢é£ã¥ããŠèŠããŸãããã
ãŸããåè»ã»ãã¹ãªã©ã®ä¹ãæãã transfer ã§ãã
ã¹ãã«ã®äŒŒãåèªã§ãtransport ãšããåè©ããã³åè©ããããŸãããåè© transport ã¯ã茞éãããã§ãã
transfer ãä¹ãæããã¯ããããtransport ã茞éããããšã®é¢é£ã§å®çããè¡šçŸã§ããããã
åèªéã«ãèŸæžã«ããªãã§ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããçšèªã§ HTTP ãšããã®ããããŸãããããã¯ãHypertext Transfer Protocol ãã®ç¥ã§ããããŒã¿ãªã©ãã転éãããã®ã transfer ã§ãã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ãããšãéè¡å£åº§ã«ãæ¯ã蟌ãããtransfer ãšã®ããšãªã®ã§ããééãããã®ãããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã§ãããã
ãªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åããã³ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ãããšãæ³åŸçšèªã§ã財ç£ãªã©ããè²æž¡ããããtransferã§ãã
transition ãšããåè©ãå¥ã«ãããŸããtransition ã¯ã移è¡æã«ãããã®ã«ã€ããŠã®ã移è¡ãã®ããšã§ããæ¡å4500 ã§ã¯ãè°äŒå¶æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ãžã®ç§»è¡ããæºæ瀟1900ã§ã¯ãèªåé転è»ãžã®ç§»è¡ããäŸæã«ããŠããŸãã
決å®
determine ,decide
èŸæžã«ã¯ãªãããdetermine ã¯ãæåºãšãã決æã§ã決å¿ãããã決å®ãããã§ããã
åœ¢å®¹è© determined ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ãããšæåºãšãã決æã®æå³ãªã®ã§ãåè©determineã®ã»ãããããããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã§ããã
ããšããžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã«ããããå€æ±ºãäžãã®ã determine ã§ããã
ããšãäºåç¥èããªããšæ°ã¥ããªãã ããããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã«ããäŸæã®ããã«ãå°é家ãªã©ãåå ãªã©ããç¹å®ãããããšããå€å®ããã®ã determine ã§ããã
å®éã«ã¯ãããŸãæåºãšããŠãªããŠã determine ã䜿ããããããªäŸæãã¡ãã»ããšãããããããŸã§æŽŸççãªçšæ³ã ãšæãã¹ãã ããã
ã ããåè©åœ¢ determination ã¯ãã決å¿ãã決æããšèŠããã¹ãã ããå®éã«æ¡å4500ãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ããããåèš³ã§ããã
be determined to ïœïŒåè©ïŒ ã§ãïœãã決å¿ãããã
ã§ãããå身圢ã§ã決å¿ãããã«ãªãã
ããšãã°
He was determined to ïœ ã圌ã¯ïœãã決å¿ãããŠããã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ãããŸããå®äºåœ¢ã«ãããéå»åœ¢ã®ãŸãŸã§äœ¿ãïŒæ¡å4500ã®äŸæããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã®äŸæãªã©ïŒã
èœå圢ã§ãã決å¿ãããã®çšæ³ãããããæ®éã¯äžè¿°ã®ããã«å身圢ã§äœ¿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
æ€å®æç§æžã§äžçå CROWN Iãèªãã§ãããšãé«æ ¡1幎ã§ãã be determine to do ãæ±ã£ãŠããã
察ãã decision ã¯ãåèš³ã¯ã決å®ãã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒãæ¡åã«ãããšdecisionã¯ã決å®ã»æ±ºæãã ãããããäžè¿°ã®ããã«ãã©ã¡ãããšãããšdesicionã¯æ¯èŒçã«ã決å®ãã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®ã»ãã«è¿ãã ããã
resolve ã§ãã決æãããã ããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã ãšåœŒå¥³ãããŒãã«ãããã決å¿ããšããäŸæã§ããããŸã£ãããã£ãŠæåºãšããå¿
æ»ãã足ããªãã
ãããªã®ããããäŒè°ãªã©ã®ãè°æ±ºãã®ããšã resolution ãšããã®ãèŠããã»ããè¯ãã ãããæ¡å4500ã«ã決å¿ãã決è°ããšåèªã®åèš³ã ãæžããŠããïŒäŸæã¯ãªãïŒã
æžå°
decrease, decline , reduce, diminish
ãŸããé«æ ¡è±èªã§å¢æžãè¡šãå Žåã«ã€ããå
žåçãªåèªã¯ãincrease ïŒãå¢ããããå¢ãããã®æå³ïŒããã³ã察矩èªã® decreaseïŒãæžãããæžãããã®æå³ïŒã§ããã
ããšãã°ãäžçå ãCROWN IIããè±èªè¡šçŸãæç§æžã§ã¯ããã©ã°ã©ãã»ãªãŒãã£ã³ã°/ã©ã€ãã£ã³ã°ã®èª¬æã§ãçåŠçã«é¢ããåæã®æç« ãæ±ã£ãŠããã®ã ããçåŠçã®ãå¢å ïŒæžå°ãã«ãããã increase/decrease ãšããè¡šçŸã䜿ã£ãŠãã[35]ã
ãã®äŸã®ããã«ã increase ïŒå¢å ïŒãš decrease ïŒæžå°ïŒã¯å¯Ÿã«ãªã£ãŠäœ¿ãã䟿å©ãªè¡šçŸã§ããã®ã§ããŸãã¯ãããèŠãããã
çèªãšããã»ã©ã§ã¯ãªããã
ïœïŒäž»èªïŒ increased by â¡â¡ïŒæ°å€ïŒ percent.
ã§ããïœãâ¡â¡%äžæããããã§ãããããšãã°äžèšã®ãã¿ãŒã³ã§ãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ã¯ããã®ååã®å£²ãäžããSales of the product ã ããæºæ瀟199ã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®å®è³ªGDPãJapan's real GDP ã§ãããæ¡å3000ã«ã¯æ°å€äžæã®äŸæãªããæ¡åã¯æããåèªéã§ã¯å®çªã ãããããæ¡åã ãã§ã¯å匷ã§ããªãããšãããã
increase ã§å¢ããæ°å€ã¯ãªã«ãçŸåçïŒããŒã»ã³ãïŒã§ãªããŠããããããšãã°ãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã§ã¯ããäœéã¯2ããå¢ããŠ60ããã«ãªã£ãã increased by two kilograms to 60 kilograms.
ãšããäŸæãããã
on the increase ã§ãå¢å€§ããŠãã®æå³ããªããããã§ã® increase ã¯åè©ã
æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ã¯ãèªåè»äºæ
ãå¢å ããŠãããã Bike accidents are on the increase.
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã§ã¯ã倧éœäŒã«ãããç¯çœªã¯å¢å ãã€ã€ãããã Crime in big city is on the increase.
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ on the increase ã®äŸæãªãããã®ããã«ãã²ãšã€ã®è±åèŸå
žã ãã§ã¯å匷ã§ããªãã
å¥ã« on the increase ã䜿ãããšããçŸåšå¢å äžã®ãã®ã¯çŸåšå®äºé²è¡åœ¢ã§æžããŠããããæ¡å3000ãããã§ããã
ãè»ã®å°æ°ãå¢ãç¶ããŠããã The number of cars have been increasing.
ã§ããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã«ãã説æã ãããããThe number of ïœ increased. ã§ãïœãå¢ãããããšèšãäŸæããããããThe number of ããçããŠçŽæ¥ã ïœ increased. ãã®ããã«èšã£ãŠãããã
å®éãæ±äº¬4500ã®äŸæãèªåè»äºæ
ãå¢å ããŠãããã Bike accidents are on the increase.
ã§ãã the number of ã¯ç¡ãã
on the increase ã®beåè©ãåæ°åœ¢(is)ãªã®ãè€æ°åœ¢(are)ãªã®ãé£ãéããããããè±åèŸå
žãèŠãŠãããšãã«èšåã¯ãããŠããªãã
increasingly ã§ããŸããŸããã®æå³ã玹ä»ãããŠãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ãæºæ瀟1900ïŒããããäŸæã¯ç¡ãã
䟡å€ãèœåããé«ãããå Žåãenhance ïŒãšã³ãã³ã¹ïŒãšããåè©ã䜿ãããããšããããã ããèŸæžã§ãäŸæãå°ãªããããŸãããäŸæãèŠåœãããªãã®ã§ã説æã¯çç¥ãæºæ瀟1900ã ãšã603/1900ã®äœçœ®ã§enhanceã玹ä»ããŠãããã ãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ã¯ãå·»æ«ã¡ãã㧠enhance ã玹ä»ã§ãããæ¡åã«è³ã£ãŠã¯ã4500èªã¬ãã«ã§ã¯ãªãæ¡å5500ã®åŸåã¡ããã§enhanceã玹ä»ã§ããã
ããŠãdecline ã¯èªåè©ã§ãããã€ãŸãdeclineã¯ãäœäžããããæžå°ãããã®æå³ã§ããã
declineã®å
žåçãªäŸæããåºççã¯äœäžããŠããããã§ãããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ã¯
The birth date is declining. ãåºççã¯äœäžããŠãããã
ã§ããã
䌌ãäŸæããæºæ瀟1400ã«ãããã
ãåºççã¯äœäžãç¶ããŠãããã The birth rate continues to decline.
ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟1400ïŒã
ãªãæ€å®æç§æžã«ã decline ã®åèªã¯æ²èŒãããŠãã[36]ãåèš³ãæ€å®æç§æžã«æžãããŠãªãã®ã§äžæã ãããã®æ€å®æç§æžã§ã¯çµæžã®è°è«ã®çŽ¹ä»ã§ decline ã䜿ãããŠããã®ã§ããäœäžãããã®æå³ã«ãŠ decline ãçšããŠããã®ã ããã
decline ã«ã¯ãç³ãåºã»èªããªã©ããæããã®æå³ããããæ¡å4500ã«çŽ¹ä»ãããŠããã®ã¯ãã£ã¡ã®æå³ã ãã
ããããé«æ ¡ã®æ€å®æç§æžã«ããå°ååã declining birth rate ãç
§äŒãããŠããã®ã§ããæžå°ãã®æå³ã®ã»ããããã³ãšèŠããã[37]ã
åè©åœ¢ declination ãããŠããããªæãã®æå³ã
reject ïŒèšç»ãªã©ã®ãæ絶ããâ»åŽäžã®ãããªæå³ïŒã refuse ïŒæ絶ïŒã ãšæå³ã匷ãããã®ã ããã
reduce ã¯ãæžå°ããããã3Réåã®ãªãµã€ã¯ã«ããªãŠãŒã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã¹ã®ããã
ãæžå°ãã¯åè© decrease ãšåè© reduction ãããã
reduction ã¯ããåæžãã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã§äœ¿ãããããšãæ¯èŒçã«å€ããæ¡å4500ããã³æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã®äŸæãçµè²»åæžã§ããã
reduce costs ã§ãçµè²»ãåæžãããã§ããã
ãã®ã»ããdiminish ã drop ã fall ãªã©ãããããããé«æ ¡ç¯å²ãè¶
ãããäžå¿ãdiminishã¯æ¡å5500ããã³æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã«ã¯æžããŠãããïŒæ¡å4500ã«ã¯æžããŠãªããïŒãª äžå¿ãdiminish ã¯ãæ€å®æç§æžãCROWN IIIãã§äœ¿ãããŠãã[38]ã
CROWN III ã«ããäŸæã¯
But the war 1990's, the threat of war diminished.
ãšããæç« ïŒæç²ïŒã§ãããæ€å®æç§æžã«åèš³ããªãã®ã§çãã¯äžæã ããããããã1990幎代ã«ã¯ãæŠäºã®ããããå°ãªããªã£ãããããªæå³ã§ããã
çŽåã®æç« ã§ã¯ãã20äžçŽã¯æŠäºãå€ããã¿ãããªããšãè±èªã§èšã£ãŠããã®ã§ãããããããããæå³ã ããã
èŸæžã§ diminish ã確èªãããšããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒãæªãæå³ã«äœ¿ãäŸæã®ã»ããå€ããããããCROWN IIIã®æ€å®æç§æžã«ãããšããšãã«diminish ã«ã¯æªãæå³åãã¯ç¡ãããã§ããã
æ¡å5500ã«æžããŠããäŸæãã
We can diminish our fear. ãææãæžããããšã¯ã§ããããïŒæç²ïŒ
ãªã®ã§ãå¥ã«diminish ã«æªãæå³åãã¯ãªãã
ãªããæ¡å5500ã®äŸæã¯æ±å倧ã®éå»åããããã§ã¯ãå°æ¹åœç«ã®å
¥è©Šè±èªãªããŠæç§æžã¬ãã«ããªã©ã®èšèª¬ããããããŸã確ãã«æç§æžã«ã¯dimisihãæžããŠãããã®ã®ã倧åãåŠç¿éã¯å€§ããã
drop ãfall ã¯ãæºæ瀟1400ã®å·»æ«ã«ããé¡çŸ©èªã®ç« ã«ã ãããïŒæ¬ç·šã«ã¯è§£èª¬ãªãïŒã
dropã¯æ°éã人å£ãäŸ¡æ Œãªã©ã®æžå°ã§äœ¿ããããå£èªçããªèªïŒæºæ瀟ããå£èªçããšèšã£ãŠããïŒããã ãããŒãã«çµæžåŠè
ã¯ã«ãŒã°ãã³ã®ãã€ãã¿ãŒãèªãã§ããããã€ã³ãã¬ã®æžéãã®ãããªæå³ã§æ®éã« drop ã䜿ã£ãŠããã
äŸ¡æ Œã®äœäžã ãã§ãªãã掟çããŠã€ã³ãã¬ã®æžéã«ãdropã䜿ãããããšãããããããããçµæžåŠãªã©ã§ã¯æèªçã« drop ãšããåèªã䜿ãããŠããå¯èœæ§ããããããããªãã
ãªãããæ¥éš°ããã㯠soar ã§ããïŒæ¡å5500ãæºæ瀟1900ïŒã
åèªéã®äŸæã ãšå®äºåœ¢ã§ have soared ã ããæ¥éš°ã®çµæãšããŠçŸåšã§ãæ ªäŸ¡ãé«ããªãå®äºåœ¢ã«ããã®ãç¡é£ã ããã
ã€ã³ãã¬çã®äžæã§ãæ ªäŸ¡ã®äžæã§ãäœã§ãããããããšãã°æºæ瀟1900ãæ ªäŸ¡ã®äžæã®å
žåçãªäŸæ
The stock prices of the company has soared . ããã®äŒç€Ÿã®æ ªäŸ¡ãæ¥äžæãããã
ã§ããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯éèã®äŸ¡æ Œã®æ¥éš°ãæ¡å5500ã¯ç±³äŸ¡ã®æ¥éš°ã§ãããããšãã°ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯
The price of vegetables is shoring. ãéèã®äŸ¡æ Œãæ¥éš°ããŠãããã
ã§ããããã®éèã®äŸæã®ããã«ãé²è¡åœ¢ãªããã¡ãããçŸåšãæ¥éš°ã®çã£æäžã«ãªãã
æå¶ã€ãã§ã«æ¡å5500ã®äŸæã玹ä»ãããšã
Figure showed the price of rice had soared to record levels. ãæ°åã¯ç±³äŸ¡ãèšé²çãªæ°Žæºã«ãŸã§æ¥éš°ããããšã瀺ããŠãããã
ã§ããã
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ã楜芳䞻矩ãã¯è±èªã§ optimism ïŒãªããã£ããºã ïŒã§ããã
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æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ãããã¯èªåã®å°æ¥ã«ã€ããŠæ¥œèŠ³çã ãã Bob is optimistic about his future.
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䌌ããããªäŸæãæºæ瀟1900ã«ããããã圌女ã¯èªåã®å°æ¥ã«ã€ããŠæ¥œèŠ³çãªæ°æã¡ã ãã She feels optimistic about her future.
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æ¡å4500ã玹ä»ããŠãããããªã«ãå°æ¥ã§ãªãçµæžã«æ¥œèŠ³ãæ²èŠ³ãæããŠãããã®ã§ããã æ¡åã«ããã°ãã圌ã¯ãã®åœã®å°æ¥ã«ã€ããŠæ¥œèŠ³äž»çŸ©ãè¡šæãããã He has expressed optimism about the country's economy.
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wikiãªãªãžãã«ã®äŸæã ãããã ã¯çµæžã®å
è¡ãã«æ²èŠ³çã ãããªãããããã Tom is pessimistic about the country's economy.
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ãšãããããŸãããããã®äŸæã®ããã«ã be optimistic about ïœ ã§ãïœã«æ¥œèŠ³çã ããšãªãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒãæ²èŠ³ã®å Žåã pessimistic ã§åæ§ã
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optimism ã楜芳䞻矩ãã
optimistic ã楜芳çãªãã
optimist ã楜芳䞻矩è
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vision, imagination, image
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from a different perspective ã§ããéã£ãèŠç¹ããã
ããšãã°ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããªãäŸæthink about the problem from a different perspective ã§ãããã®åé¡ãéã芳ç¹ããèããããšãªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ã芳ç¹ããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã¯ãèŠç¹ããšèš³ããŠããããå¥ã«ã©ã¡ãã§ãããã
different ã®éšåãå¥ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã«ããã°ã
from ïœ perspective ã§ããïœã®èŠç¹ïŒèŠ³ç¹ïŒãããã«ãªãã
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ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ã¯ãlackã«ã€ããŠãååã«ã¯ãªãããšãããããŸã£ãããªãå Žåã¯absenceããšãã£ãŠããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ãã£ãããããŸã§èª¬æããŠãããŠããªããæ¬ ä¹ããšããèš³èªã䜿ãç¶ããã®ãã
æ¬ åžã®ããšã be absent from ïŒclassãªã©ïŒãšããããäžè¿°ã®absenceã¯ãã®åœ¢å®¹è©absentã®åè©åœ¢ãã€ãŸããè±èªã§ã¯ãæ¬ ä¹ããšãæ¬ åžããšãåãåèªã ãšããäºã
absenceã¯ããŒãã®ç¶æ
ã ãããããŒãã§ãªãããã©ã倧å¹
ã«è¶³ããªããã¿ãããªè¡šçŸã«ã¯åããªããããããæ·±å»ãªäžè¶³ãèšãããå Žåã¯ãããšãã° a serious shortage ãšãªãã ãããå®éãã»ã³ãã¥ãªïŒã®sortageã®é
ç®ã«äŸãšã㊠a serious shortage ïŒæ·±å»ãªäžè¶³ïŒã an acute shortage ïŒæ·±å»ãªäžè¶³ïŒã a severe shortage ïŒæ·±å»ãªäžè¶³ïŒãªã©ã æžããŠããã
ããŠãé£æããééãããç©ççã«è¶³ããªãå Žåã¯ãã©ã¡ãã§ãããããèŸæžãèŠãéã shortage ã®ã»ããããããç©è³ã®äžè¶³ã§ã®äŸæãå€ãã
ããšãã°æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã«ããã water shortage ã§ããã
é£æäžè¶³ã¯ãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ã¯ The shortage of foodã ããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã§ã¯ food shortage ã§ããã
åŽåè
äžè¶³ã the shortage of labors ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟1400ïŒç°¡åãªã»ãïŒïŒã
å»åž«äžè¶³ã a shortage of doctors ã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ïŒã å è© a ãš the ã®éãã¯æèã«å¿ããã ãã®ãã®ãªã®ã§ãèªè
ã¯æ°ã«ããªããŠããã
ãªããlack ã¯åè©ã®å Žåãããã
åèªéãèŠãŠããlackãšshrtageã®éããšããæžããŠãªãããŸã£ããã
çŽèŠ³ãšçŽæ
intuitiveïŒçŽèŠ³ïŒ,
æŽå¯
insight
è±èªãšããããæ¥æ¬èªã®åé¡ãªã®ã ãããçŽèŠ³ããšãçŽæãã§ã¯æå³ãéãã®ã§æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ããã
ãçŽèŠ³ãã«ã¯ãæŽå¯åã®ãããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã
ã ãã çŽèŠ³ã® intuitive ã¯ããçŽèŠ³çãªããçŽèŠ³åã®ããããªã©ãšèš³ãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã
åè©åœ¢ intuition ã ããæ¡å5500ã®äŸæã®åèš³ã§ïŒãªãæ±å€§ã®éå»åäŸæïŒãåç©ãäžã§ã人éã¯èµ·ãããããªããšã«é¢ããŠéãçŽèŠ³åãçºéããããšèããããšãã§ããã ãããã We coudn't expect animals, especially humans, to have developed sharp intuitions about probably. ãšããã
è±åèŸå
žã§intuitive ãªã©ãèŠãŠããã»ãšãã©äŸæããªãã®ã§ïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ã¯äŸæããªãã£ãïŒãæ¡åã®ãã®äŸæãåŠã¶ã®ãè¯ãã ããã
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èŠã¯ãªãã ããã
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¥è©Šã«åºããŠããããã ããã¯ãŠããŠãèŠèãåãããŸããªãããŸããé«æ ¡çã«äžèŸå
žãè²·ãããã€ããã§ããããŸããã
ãã£ãšãããæŽå¯ããæŽå¯åãã«ã€ããŠã¯ insight ãšããå¥ã®å°çšã®åèªããããæ®éã«4500èªã¬ãã«ã®åèªéã«ããã
ãã£ãœãããçŽæãã¯ãåãªãåã«è¿ããåè±èŸå
žã«ããã°ãhunch ãšã scent ãçŽæã§ãããïŒé«æ ¡ã®åèªéã«ã¯ãªãïŒ
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ããã° hunch ã¯ãè«ã®ç¥ãããã§ãå£èªã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã
scent ã«ã¯ãåè© scent ã«ã¯ãåãã®æå³ããããããèãããšããå
èŠããšããéŠæ°Žãã®æå³ãªã®ã§ãåè©scent ã«ã¯ãããã€ãããã®æå³ãããã
hunch ã scent ããããããµãã«å£èªã£ãœãå
容ãªã®ã§ããŸãåèªéã«ã¯åºãªãã ããã
ãã®ã»ããåè© instinct ïŒæ¬èœïŒã«ããåãã®æå³ãããããã©ã¡ãããšãããšinstinctã¯ãæ¬èœãã§èŠããã»ããããã ããã
çµæ
consequence , result
èŸæžã«ã¯consequenceã§ã¯ãçµæã®éèŠæ§ãæèããŠãããresultããåºãèªããšãæžããããã
ã ããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã«ã¯consequenceã¯ãéäŸæãŸãããªãå
容ã«ã€ããŠçšããããããšèª¬æãããã
å®éãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã§äŸæãèŠãã° ãæŠäºã®çµæãIn the consequence of the warã ãšã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã ããçµæãšããŠæŠäºã«ãªã£ããhave grave consequence ïŒãé倧ãªçµæããããããâ»æŠäºã®å©æ²è¡šçŸïŒãšãã
ããšåœ¢å®¹è©ã ãã倩åäžé ã®çµæã®é£ç³§å±æ©ãfood shortage consequent on bad water ãšãã
ãããªäŸæã°ããã§ããã
ã©ããã consequenceã¯ãçµæã®æ·±å»æ§ãæããŠã»ããçãªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®ããã ã
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ååŸã»ç²åŸ
acquire
acquire ã¯ãïŒæè¡ã»ç¥èãªã©ãïŒïŒåªåããŠïŒãåŸããã®æå³ãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ãªã©ïŒ
å
žåçãªäŸæã§ã
acquire a new skill ãæ°ããã¹ãã«ã身ã«ã€ããã
ãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ãæºæ瀟1400ã«ãè¿ãäŸæïŒã
ãå€åœèªãç¿åŸãããacquire foreign languages
ãšããäŸæããããããïŒæ¡å4500ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åaquireã®é
ç®ïŒ
èŸæžã«ã¯ããaquireã®çšæ³ã§ãïŒç¥èãªã©ãïŒèº«ã«ã€ããããšãããããããèªåŠã®ãããªã¬ãã«ã®ãç¥èãã§ããã
acquire ã«ã¯ãç¿åŸã以å€ã®çšæ³ããã£ãŠã
åªåããŠå€§éãåå°ãªã©ããç²åŸãããããšã acquire ãšããããåèªéã«ã¯äŸæããªãã®ã§ã説æãçç¥ãæ¡åã®åèªéã«ãïŒåªåããŠïŒç²åŸããããšã ã説æããŠãã£ãŠãæè¡ã®ç¿åŸã®è©±ãããŠãªãã®ã¯ãåå°ãªã©ã®ç²åŸãæèãããã®ã ããã
ãç°åœé¢šã
exotic
åœ¢å®¹è© exotic ïŒã€ã°ã¶ãã£ãã¯ïŒã¯ãéäŸã§ã¯ã欧米人ã®ç®ããã¿ãŠãç°åœé¢šããšããæå³ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ïŒããã£ããŠåã«ç°åœé¢šãªã ãã§ãªããå ããŠãããããããŠé¢çœãã£ããèå³ãã²ãããæ§è³ªã®ããšã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
å
·äœçã«ãããšãæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§èšããªãã京éœãªã©ã®å¯ºç€Ÿã¯ exotic ã ããïŒç¹ã«åºå
žã¯ç¡ãïŒãæ¥æ¬ã«ååšããŠããŠããæ±äº¬ã®é«å±€ãã«çŸ€ãªã©ã¯ exotic ã«ã¯åããªãã ããã
æ¥æ¬èªã§ãããŒãåèªã¿ã§ããšããŸããã¯ããšèšããæ¥æ¬ã§ããããæåŠè©è«ãšãèžè¡è©è«ãšãã§äœ¿ãããåèªãªã®ã§ãèŠããŠããããããã£ãšãæ¥æ¬ã§ããšããŸããã¯ããšèšãå Žåãæ±åã¢ãžã¢ãäžæ±ãã¢ããªã«ãªã©ã®èŠ³å
çãªå
æ¯ãªã®ã§ãè±èªãšã¯åŸ®åŠã«ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãéããã
ããŠè±èªã§ã¯ãåç©ãæ€ç©ããå€æ¥çš®ãããå€åœç£ããªã©ã®å Žåã exotic ãšããã蟲ç£ç©ã ãã§ãªããèšèãå€åœç±æ¥ã®å Žåã exotic ãšããã
æºæ瀟ã®åèªéã§ãåç©åã®äŸã§ exotic ãšèšã£ãŠããã®ã¯ããããããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã ããã
æ¡åãšæ±äº¬æžç±ã®åèªéã§ã¯ãexotic ãèŠåœãããªãã
èŸæžã«ãããšããå€åœã®ãã»ãå€åœäººããšããæå³ããããšã®ããšãèšèãå€åœç±æ¥ã®å Žåã exotic ãšããã®ã§ããããšé¢é£ã¥ããŠãå€åœäººããªã©ãèŠãããã
åºã
broad, vast
broad ã¯ãå¹
ããåºããã
å
žåçãªäŸæã ãïŒéå¹
ã®ïŒåºãéãã a broad street ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ããã³æ¡å4500ïŒã
å¹
åºãç¥è a broad knowledge ãšãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããå¹
åºã趣å³ã a broad range of hobby ãšãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã®ããã«ãç©äœä»¥å€ã®ç¥çèå³ã®åºç¯ãã«ãbroadã䜿ãã
ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®ãããŒããã³ã broadband ã®ãããŒããšåãåèªïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã
vastã¯ãé¢ç©ããåºå€§ãªãã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒãã ãå®éã¯ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã§ã¯ããã«ïŒå»ºç¯ç©ïŒãå®å®ãªã©ãvastã ãšããäŸæãæ瀺ããŠããã
broad ã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªã¯ narrow ãçããã
äœç©ã倧ããã®ã¯ huge ã巚倧ãªããïŒæ¡å4500ããžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åïŒ
ãªãããäœç©ãã¯è±èªã§ volume ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟1400ãæ¡å4500ïŒãvolumeã®æå³ã¯ããäœç©ã容ç©ãé³ã®ããªã¥ãŒã ãæ¬ãªã©ã®äžå·»ããã®æå³ã§ããã
turn the volume up ã§ãé³ã®ããªã¥ãŒã ãäžãããã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ãæ±äº¬ïŒã
ãé³éãäžããããªã turn the volume down ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬ïŒã
ã³ã³ããã®ã容ç©ããšãããvolume ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ïŒã the volume of the container ãã³ã³ããã®å®¹ç©ãã§ããã
ç§åŠãå·¥æ¥ãªã©ã®ã容ç©ããäœç©ãã§ãªããšããããšãã°ã亀ééãthe volume of the traffic ãšãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒãããã¿ã®éãthe volume of garbage ãšãã«ã volume ã¯äœ¿ãããã
嚯楜
amuse , entertain
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ããã° amuse ã¯ç¬ãããäºãªã©ã®ãããªæå³ã§ã®ã楜ããŸãããã
entertain ã¯ãç¥çãªé¢çœãã«éç¹ãããã
entertain ã§ããããäŸæãã話ãé³æ¥œã§èŽè¡ã楜ããŸããç³»ã®äŸæïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ããã³ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åïŒã
ããšãã° entertain the audience ã§ãèŽè¡ã楜ããŸãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒã
ãŸããçèª entertain A with B ã§ãAãBã§æ¥œããŸãããã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã«ããã° Now let me entertain you with music. ã§ãããã§ã¯é³æ¥œã§ã楜ãã¿ãã ãããã
entertain ã«ã¯ãèªå®
ã§å®¢ããããŠãªããã®æå³ãããã
ããããäŸæããããŒã ããŒãã£ãªã©ã§å人ãããŠãªãç³»ã
entertain their friends at their home ãå人ãããŒãã£ã§ããŠãªããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒ
entertain our friends at a party ãèªå®
ã§å人ãããŠãªããïŒæºæ瀟1400ïŒ
ãã ããå®éã®äŸæãèŠããšãããŸãéãã¯æ確ã§ã¯ãªãã
åè©åœ¢ã®amusement ãentertainment ããããããã嚯楜ãã®æå³ã§äœ¿ãããã
殺害
murder , kill
murder ïŒããŒããŒïŒã¯ã殺害ãããã®æå³ã®åè©ãããã³åè©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ã§ã¯ã殺人ãäžè¬ã®æå³ã§ãããã殺人ç¯ãã¯ã¹ãã«ã murderer ïŒããŒãã©ãŒïŒã§ãããã¹ãã«ã埮åŠã«éããæ··åããªãããã«ã
ã殺人æªéã㯠an attempt murder ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬4500ïŒã
ã殺人äºä»¶ã㯠a case of murder ã§ããã
ãªããattempt ã¯ãå°é£ãªããšããè©Šã¿ãããšããæå³ã®åè©ããã³åè©ïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ãå
¥å¿µãªèšç»ãšå®æœã®å¿
èŠãªè©Šã¿ã attempt ã ãšèª¬æããŠããã
åè©ãšããŠã® attempt ã¯ãè©Šã¿ããªã©ãšèš³ãã
å
žåçãªäŸæã§ã
attempt to escape ãéããããšè©Šã¿ãã
ãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±3000ãæ¡å4500ïŒã
è±èµ°èšç»ã ãšããããªã®ã ãã§ãªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããããšãã¬ã¹ãç»é ã®ãè©Šã¿ãã§ã attempt ãšã®ããšã
90幎代ããã€ãŠè±èªåèªéã«ãmassacreãïŒããµã«ïŒãšããã倧è殺ãããã®æå³ã®åèªãããèŒã£ãŠãããçŸä»£ã®åèªå·ã«ã¯ç¡ããããŸããã人ã殺ããšã¯ïŒïŒããšããèªååããã§ãã玹ä»ãããŠããã®ã§ãããæã®åèªéã«ã¯ãã¡ããã¡ããã³ã©ã çã«ãŽãåãããªã©ã玹ä»ãããŠããã
è±åèŸå
žïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã§ç¢ºèªãããšãããmassacre ã«ã倧è殺ãã®æå³ã¯ããããäžå人ã®ã殺害ãããã®ãããªæå³ã¯çŽ¹ä»ãããŠããªããèªåãäžæ£ç¢ºã§ããã
ããããè¿å¹Žã«ãè殺ãã§ããç®ã«ããã®ã¯ genocide ã§ãããã«ã¯ã³ãè殺ãšããæŽå²çã«ååãæ®ã£ãŠããäºä»¶ã®è殺㯠genocide ãæ®éã§ããããæ€å®æç§æžã§ãã«ã¯ã³ãã®è殺ã«ã€ã㊠genocide ãšããè¡šèšãè¡ã£ãŠãã[40]ã
kill ã killerãšã®éãã¯ãkillã¯äººé以å€ã®ãã®ã«ã䜿ãã人ã ãã§ãªããåç©ãæ€ç©ãè«ãæ€ç©ãªã©ãããããã殺ãããããããã¯ãããã«æ®ºããããããå Žåã«ãkillã§ããã
ããšãã°ãéã殺ãã kill fish ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±1800ïŒã
ããã©ãããã亀éäºæ
ãªã©ã§ãæ»ã¬ãå Žåã kill ã§ããã
be killed in ïœïŒæŠäºãäºæ
ãªã©ïŒã§ãïœã§æ»ã¬ãã®æå³ãå
žåçãªäŸæãã倧å¢ã®äººããã®æŠäºã§æ»ãã ãã Many people are killed in the war. ã§ãããïŒæ¡å3000ãšæºæ瀟1200ã«äŒŒãäŸæããïŒ
killer ã«ã€ããŠã¯åèªéã«ã¯ãªãããåè©ãšããŠã殺人ç¯ããã殺ããã®ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ãã圢容è©ãšããŠãèŽåœçãªãã®æå³ããããããšãã°ãèŽæ»çãªç
æ°ã a killer disease ãªã©ã®äŸæãå
žåçã
奪ãã»çããªã©
奪ã
deprive
wikiãªãªãžãã«ã®äŸæã ãã
The war deprived the children of the liberty. ãæŠäºãåäŸãã¡ããèªç±ã奪ã£ããã
ã®ããã«èšãã
æ¡å4500ã«ãæŠäºãããã®åäŸãã¡ãããµã€ãã®å®¶åºç掻ã奪ã£ããã The war deprived these children of a normal home life.
ãšããã
æºæ瀟1900ã§ã¯ãè»éãåœæ°ããèªç±ã奪ã£ããã The military deprived the citizen of their liberty.
ã§ãããã
èªç±ã¯å¥ã«liberty ã§ãªã freedom ã§ããããããšãã°æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ã¯ã
ãå€ãã®åäŸãã¡ãèªç±ã奪ãããŠããã A lot of children are deprived their freedom.
ãšããã
çèª be deprived ofïœ ã§ãïœã奪ãããŠãããã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã
ãŸããdeprive AïŒäººïŒ of B ã§ãAïŒäººïŒããBã奪ããã§ããïŒæºæ瀟1900ãæ¡å4500ïŒã
çã
rob , steal
åè© rob ã¯ããµã€ãã匷çãšã åŒã£ããã ãšãã¹ãªã«äœ¿ããã¹ãªããšæãããäŸæã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããšãã°æºæ瀟1900ã«ããïŒé»è»ã§å¥³æ§ãã財åžã奪ãäŸæïŒã
rob AïŒäººïŒ of B ã§ãAïŒäººïŒããBã奪ããã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã
æ±äº¬æžç±ã«å
žåçãªäŸæã圌ãã¯éè¡åŒ·çããããã They robbed the bank.
ã§ããã
掟çèªãšããŠãã匷çã robber ããããã匷çäºä»¶ã㯠robbery ã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒã
ã¹ãã«ã®äŒŒãŠãã rid ãšããåè©ã»åè©ããããããåãé€ããã®æå³ã§ããã çèªã§ get rid of ïœ ã§ãïœãåãé€ããã§ããã
rob ãš rid ã¯æå³ããŸã£ããéãã®ã§ãæ··åããªãããã«æ³šæã
ãªãããã£ãããšè
ãçããæ³¥æ£ãã¯thief ïŒã·ãŒãïŒã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ïŒãæ¡å3000ãèªãã°ããã£ããçãè
ãthief ã§ãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹è±åã® thief ã®é
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ãªããè€æ°åœ¢ã¯ thieves ã§ããããã€ãã®è€æ°åœ¢ã®æŽ»çšãšåæ§ããããã«thiefã®è€æ°åœ¢ãçèšã§å
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ãªããã¹ãã«ã®äŒŒãŠããsteel ã¯ãéŒãïŒã¯ããïŒã
ããŠããçããstealã®æŽ»çšã¯ã steal - stole ïŒéå»åœ¢ïŒ- stolen ïŒéå»åè©ïŒ
ã§ããã
æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã®äŸæãæ³¥æ£ãç§ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãçãã ãã A thief stole my computer.
ãå
žåçãªäŸæã§ãããã
äž»èªã被害è
ã®å Žåãhave ïœ stolen ã«ãªãããïœãçãŸãããã®æå³ã§ããã
å
žåçãªäŸæ
ãç§ã¯èªè»¢è»ãçãŸãããã I had my bicycle stolen.
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è
æèšãçãŸããã®ãå
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ãç§ã¯è
æèšãçãŸãããã I had my watch stolen.
ã§ããã
ãªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ããããããŒã°ã©ãŒ burglar ã¯ãæŒã蟌ã¿ã®å€çããã»ã³ãã¥ãªïŒã«ãããšãburglar ã¯ãïŒæŒãå
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æ°ã¥ã
notice, realize, recognize, perceive
ããã³ããã
harsh, strict, severe, rigid
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å
žåçãªäŸæã§ãã圌ã¯èªèº«ã®éã¡ã«æ°ã¥ãããã He realized his mistake.
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ãªããrealize ã¯è±åœã§ã¯ realise ã§ããã
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I recognized Jane by ïœ ã§ããïœã§ãžã§ãŒã³ã ãšæ°ã¥ããã
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èŸæžã«ããããã®ã¯ãæ°æ¿æš©ãã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ãªã©ãåšèŸºè«žåœããæ¿èª recognize ãæãŸãããšããå
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ã圌ã¯èªåã®ééããèªãããHe recognized that he was wrong.
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ã圌ã¯èªåã®ééããã©ãããŠãèªããããšããªãã£ããã He wouldn't recognize his mistake.
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- cognitive ãèªç¥ã®ã
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æºæ瀟ããããã軜床èªç¥é害ãããmild cognitive impairment ïŒMCIïŒãšã®ããšã
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terrible, severe, harsh
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terrible ïŒããªãã«ïŒã¯ç¿»èš³ã®éœåã§ãšãã«ã¯ãéé
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ã確èªããããšããå
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ã確èªããããªã He confirmed my identity
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ãæ°ããªèšŒæ ã圌ã®è©±ãè£ã¥ããã The new evidence confirmed his story. ã§ããã
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confirm ã®åè©åœ¢ã¯ confirmation ã§ãããæºæ瀟1900ã«ã ã玹ä»ãããŠããïŒæ¡å4500ãšæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã¯confirmationã玹ä»ããŠããªãïŒã
confident ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå¥ã®é
ç®ã§èª¬æãããconfidence ã¯æå³ããä¿¡é Œããèªä¿¡ãã確信ããç§å¯ããšå¹
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testã¯ã©ã¡ãããšãããšãè©Šéšãã§ããã
è¡æ¶²æ€æ»ã blood test ã§ãããèŽåæ€æ»ã hearing test ã ããæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãæ€æ»ãã§ãè±èªã§ã¯ test ã ã£ããããå Žåãããã
ããã¹ãããšèããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®åŠæ ¡ã®åŠåè©Šéšããæãã€ããªãã®ãªããæ¹ããããè±èªã§ã¯æ®éã«ãå»çãå·¥æ¥ãªã©ã®æ€æ»ã§ã test ã¯äœ¿ãããããã§ããã
inspect ã¯ãæ»å¯å®ãæ€é²å®ãinsepector ãšèšãã®ã§ããããããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã®ã§ãæ€é²ã»æ»å¯ã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã匷ããæ¥æ¬ã®ãæ€æ»ãã«ã¯1察1ã«ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ããªãã
æ±äº¬æžç±ãšæ¡åã®åèªéã«ã¯ inspect ããªãã®ã§ãæ°ã«ããªããŠãããç±³è±ã®è¡æ¿ã®äºæ
ãç¥ããªããš inspector ãªã©ã¯ç解ã§ããªãã ãããæ¥æ¬ã®é«æ ¡çã«ã¯äžèŠãªç¥èã§ããããinspector ãšãããããããé«æ ¡ã§ç¿ããªãè¡æ¿çšèªããããšããäºã ããç¥ã£ãŠããã°ååã ããã
ãªããå®ã¯æºæ瀟1900ã« inspect ãš inspector ããããinspector ã«ã¯ãæ€æ»å®ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãããèŠéšãã®æå³ããããšã®ããšã
ã ãããããããè±èªã®æèã«ãããããèŠéšããšã¯äœããšããåé¡ãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§inspectorãèŠããšãç±³ã§ã¯ãèŠèŠæ£ããè±ã§ã¯ãèŠéšããšã®ããšããŸããèŠå¯çµç¹ã®çŸå Žè·ã§ã®äžã®ã»ãã®äººããããã®æå³ã ãããã
ãªãããææ»å¡ã㯠investigator ã§ãããããã ãã ãšé£ãããã ããç±³åœã®FBIããšãé£éŠææ»å±ãã the Federal Bureau Investigation ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ïŒã
ãææ»ããã㯠investigate ã§ããã
å
žåçãªäŸæã
ãèŠå¯ããã®æ®ºäººäºä»¶ãææ»ããŠãããã The police are investigating the murder.
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ã®åå ã調æ»ããŠãããã The police are investigating the cause of the car accident.
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åè© detect ã®æå³ã¯ãæ±äº¬æžç±ããããäœãèŠã€ãã¥ãããã®ããæ¢ç¥ããçºèŠããããªã©ã®æå³ã§ãããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããããé ãããŠãããã®ãæªäºãªã©ãèŠã€ããå Žåã«äœ¿ãããšãå€ããšã®ããšã
åèªéã«ã¯ãªããããæ¢ç¥æ©ãã detector ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ç¢ºèªã§ããïŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããéå±æ¢ç¥æ©ã¯ a metal detector ã§ããã
ãã®äŸã®ããã«ã detect ã§çºèŠããã®ã¯å¥ã«ç¯çœªäºä»¶ã®ç¯äººã§ãªããŠããããããšãã°æ¡åã®äŸæã§ã¯ç
é¢ã§ã®ã¬ã³ïŒçïŒ cancer ããçºèŠãããããšã detect ãšããŠããã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããããã¬ã¹æŒããèŠã€ããã㯠detect a gas leak ã§ããã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããããåãèŠç Žãã®ã detect ã§ãããæ±äº¬æžç±ãããããã¹ãã€ãèŠç Žãã㯠detect a spy ãšã®ããšã
locate ãšãããäœçœ®ããããšèšãæå³ã®åè©ããããåè©åœ¢ location ããäœçœ®ã ã®æå³ã§ããã
ãã® locate ã«ã¯ããªã«ãã®å Žæããçªãæ¢ããããšããæå³ãããã
æ±äº¬æžç±ã detect ã®åèªã®æ¬¡ã«ãlocateã®äŸæã§ãã¢ãžããçªãæ¢ãããã玹ä»ããŠããããèäœæš©ã®éœåãããã®ã§æ¬ããŒãžã§ã¯çŽ¹ä»ããªãã
ãªããã¢ãžã㯠a safe house ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒããŸãã¢ãžããšã¯ãç¯çœªçµç¹ãåä¹±çµç¹ãªã©ã®ãé ã家ãã®ããšã
ãªãããé ããã㯠hide ã§ããã
倪éœãé²ã«ãé ãããã¿ãããªå¹³åçãªãé ãããããç¯äººããé ããããã hide ã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã§ç¢ºèªïŒã
ã倪éœãé²ã«é ããã The sun is hidden by clouds
ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ãã»ãŒåãäŸæïŒã
ãªãããé ã家ããé ãå Žæãã«ã¯ãhide-out ãšããèšãæ¹ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããé ãå ŽæãïŒãæºæ瀟ã§ã¯ hide-out ããé ã家ããæœäŒå ŽæããšçŽ¹ä»ã
hide ã®æŽ»çšã¯
hide - hid - hidden/hid
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èŸæžãèŠãéããconceal ã«ã¯ã人ãé ãããããªçšæ³ã¯ãªãã
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ããé ãããããªäŸæãããã°ïŒæºæ瀟ïŒãç匟ããé ãããŠããããšããäŸæãããïŒæ¡åïŒã
é ãããç§å¯ããæŽããã®ã¯
reveal ã uncover ãããã
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reveal, uncover, disclose
reveal ã¯ãæå³çã«ç§å¯ãæŽããå Žåã®ã»ãã«ããäžæ³šæãªã©ã§ç§å¯ãæŒããå Žåã«ãçšãããæºæ瀟ã®äŸæãç§å¯ãæŒããå Žåã§ããã
åè©åœ¢ revelation ã§ããã
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ãççžãæããã«ããã reveal the truth
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disclose
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å ±å
¬éã㯠disclosure of information ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæºæ瀟ïŒã
æ±äº¬æžç±4500ããã³æ¡å4500ã«ã¯ disclose ãç¡ãã
uncover
ãççžãæããã«ããã uncover the truth
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uncover ã®èªæºã¯ãèŠãã°åãããšæãããã«ããŒãåããã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ç¢ºèªïŒã
ãªã®ã§ãåèªéã«ã¯ãªããã容åšãªã©ã®ããã¿ãåããã uncover ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã§ç¢ºèªïŒã
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äžå®
anxiety, alarm
ææ fearã horror
èŠå ± alarm
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èŠå warning, caution
æºæ瀟1900ã«ãããšãalarm ã®åºé¡çªå·ã549 ã§ãalarm ããäžå®ããæããã第äžçŸ©ã§çŽ¹ä»ãããŠãããanxiety ïŒãäžå®ããå¿é
ãïŒã®åœ¢å®¹è© anxious ã®583çªããã alarm ã®ã»ããæ©ãã
ååŒããŠã»ããã
ãŸãalarm ã¯æ®éãèŠå ±åšã®ããšã§ãããå®éãæ±äº¬æžç±3000ã§ã¯ãalarm ã¯ãèŠå ±åšããç®èŠãŸãæèšãã®æå³ã§ãã玹ä»ããŠããªãã
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ãªãã»ã©ãalarm ã¢ã©ãŒã ã®èªå°Ÿ -arm ããæŠåšã arm ãšåãããã§ããã
çŸä»£ã§ã¯ãæ®éããé©ããã㯠be surprised at ãªã©ã䜿ãã ããã
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fear ïŒãã£ãšã¢ïŒã¯ãææããäžå®ãã§ããããŸãfear ã¯ãææãã§èŠãããã4500èªã¬ãã«ã§ã¯ãªããæ¡å3000ãšæºæ瀟1400ã«fearã¯ãããããšæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã
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I have a fear of heights. ãç§ã¯é«æææçã ãã
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turn pale with fear ãææã§é¡ãçã£éã«ãªãã
ã§ãããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã pale ïŒãºã€ã«ïŒã§ããã
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turn white with fear ãææã§é¡ãçã£éã«ãªãã
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fear ãšã¹ãã«ã®äŒŒãŠãã fare(ãã§ã¢) ã¯ãéè³ãããªããããã§ãããæå³ããŸã£ããéãã
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ç±³åœã®å€äº€åé¡ã«ã€ããŠã®å°ééèªã§ãForeign Affairsããšããã®ãããããaffair ïŒã¢ãã§ã¢ãŒïŒãšã¯ãåºæ¥äºããé¢å¿ããšãã®æå³ã§ãããaffair ã¯å¥ã«ææãšã¯é¢ä¿ãªãããForeign Affairsãã¯æŠäºã®è©±é¡ãå€ãéèªã ãããããéèªåã¯ãææããšã¯å
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ãªãããå€äº€ããäžèšã§ãããš diplomacy ïŒãã£ãããŠãã·ïŒã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ãªã©ïŒããå€äº€å®ãã diplomat ã§ãããåœ¢å®¹è© diplomatic ã¯ãå€äº€ã®ãã§ããã
ããŠããèŠå ±åšãalarm ã®å
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ãç«çœèŠå ±åšã a fire alarm
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ãªããã¹ãã«ã®äŒŒãŠããã¢ã©ãŒã alert ã¯ãalert ã¯åè©ã§ã¯ãèŠå ±ããèŠæãã®æå³ã ãã圢容è©ã§ã¯ãèŠæããŠãããã®æå³ããããïŒæ¡å5500ãæºæ瀟1900ïŒ
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The police officer is alert ã»ã»ã»
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ïœïŒäººïŒ be alert
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warning ã¯ãèŠåãã§ããã翻蚳ã®éœåã§ãèŠå ±ããšèš³ããã»ããèªç¶ãªå Žåãããããwarning ã®æå³ãšããŠãŸã第äžã«èŠããã¹ãã¯ãèŠåãã§ããã
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warn ã¯ãèŠåãããã§ãããå»åž«ãæ£è
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warn â¯â¯ïŒäººïŒ of ïœ ã§ãâ¯â¯ïŒäººïŒã«ïœãèŠåãããã§ããã
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warn A of B ãBã«ã€ããŠAã«èŠåããã
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warn me of the enemy ãæµãããããšç§ã«èŠåããã
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of ã¯ãããïœã®ããšäžåŠã§æãããŸãããããã ãšæå³ãéããŸããã
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inform A of B ãBã«ã€ããŠAã«ç¥ãããã
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ãªããcharm ã§ãéæ³ããããããšããæå³ããããéæ³ããããããçžæã¯å¥ã«é
äºãããå¿
èŠã¯ãªããããšãã°ç ãã®éæ³ããããããŠç ãå Žåã§ã charm ãšãããšãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒè±åã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ããå®ããã charm ã§ããã
ãªããåèªéã«ã¯ãªããããã¢ãã¥ã¬ããã amulet ãš charm ã®éãã¯ãamulet ã¯ãéé€ãããšã®ããšã
charm ã¯ãéé€ãã§ãªããšããããšãã°å¹žéãåŒã¶ããå®ãããªã©ã§ãããã
ã ãããæºæ瀟1900ããã³ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§çŽ¹ä»ããŠããããã幞éã®ãå®ããã good-luck charm ãšãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãããšãåã« lucky charm ã§ãã幞éã®ãå®ããã§ããã
éé€ãã§ãªãã®ã«ããå®ãããšããåèš³ãåŠã ãïŒæªé以å€ã®äœããå®ãã®ãïŒïŒãã»ãã«é©åãªæ¥æ¬èªãç¡ãã®ã§ããå®ãããšããè¡šçŸã§ææ
¢ããŠãããããã
æ¡å3000ããã³æ¡å4500ã«charmã¯ãªããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã«charmãããã
attract ã¯ãããšãã°éåå°ãã·ã§ãŒãªã©ã«åè©åœ¢ attraction ã¢ãã©ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã䜿ãããã
attract ã¯ããšããšãåŒãä»ããããšããæå³ã§ãããè»ã®ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãªã©ããåãèªæºã
attractããåŒãä»ããããªã®ã§ãé
äºä»¥å€ã«ããã倧声ã§ç®ãåŒãã€ããããããªå Žé¢ã§ã attract ã䜿ãããã
æ±äº¬æžç±ãšã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ããäŸæã ãã
ã泚æãåŒããattract attention
ã§ããã
人æ°ïŒã«ããïŒãªã©ã§ã人ç®ãåŒããæå³ã§ã®é
äºããã®ã attract ã§ãããã³ã³ãµãŒããšãå芧äŒãšãã
æ§çãªé
åã§ãåŒãä»ãããããã®ã attract ãšããã
æè«ãªã©ãè±ã«åŒãä»ãããããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒãã¢ãªãç ç³ã«åŒãä»ããããã®ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã attract ã§ããã
æ±äº¬æžç±ãšã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ããäŸæã ãã
ãè±ã¯ãããåŒãä»ããã The flower attracts a bee.
ã§ããã
ç£ç³ magnet ã®åœ¢å®¹è© magnetic ã¯ããç£ç³ã®ããšããæå³ã ããæ¯å©çã»æŽŸççã«ãåœ¢å®¹è© magnetic ã«ã¯äººæ Œããé
åçãªããšããæå³ãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ãæºæ瀟ïŒããªãã容è²ã®çŸããã§äººãæ¹ãã€ããå Žå㯠attractive ã䜿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãé
åçãªäººæ Œã a magnetic personality
ã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæºæ瀟ïŒã
æ§æ Œã»äººæ Œãããããåèªã«ã¯ãpersonality ã®ã»ãã«ã character ãããããããã magnetic ã䜿ãå Žåã¯ã©ã®èŸæžã§ã personality ã䜿ã£ãŠããã
ãªãããé
åçãªäººã㯠a magnetic person
ã§ããã
ãç£åã㯠magnetic force ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
ãç£å Žã㯠magnetic field ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
åèªéã«ã¯ãªãããç£ç³ãéãåŒãä»ããã®ããattract ã§ããã
å
žåçãªäŸæãã
A magnet attract iron. ãç£ç³ã¯éãåŒãä»ãããã
ã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã®è±æããã®ãŸãŸããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ã䌌ãäŸæãããïŒã
ãªããè±èªã« tract ãšããåè©ã¯ç¡ããåè©ã§ tract ãšããåèªã¯ããããå¥ã®æå³ã§ãããè±èªã® tract ã¯ãåå°ã®ãåºãããã ãšãããæ¶å管ããšããå
šãå¥ã®æå³ã§ããã
ããè±èªã§ã綱ïŒã€ãªïŒãªã©ããåŒãããšããããå Žåãpull ã draw ãªã©ã䜿ãããšã«ãªãã ããã
fascinate ã¯ãèŸæžãèŠãéããé³æ¥œãæèžãªã©ã®èžè¡ã§ããé
äºããããšããæå³ã
ãããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã®äŸæã§ã¯ãå®ç³ã§ãé
äºããããã®ã fascinate ã§ããã
ãã°ãã°å身圢ã§äœ¿ããã
be fascinate by(ãŸã㯠with) ïœã§ãïœã«é
äºããããã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ããã³æºæ瀟1900ããã³æ¡å4500ïŒãæºæ瀟1900ã«withãšbyãäž¡æ¹ãšãæžããŠãããæ±äº¬æžç±ã§ã¯ by ã ããæ¡åã¯withããæžããŠãªãã
ãèªæã
é
æ attract, fascinate
èªæ temptation, lure
è±èªã§ã¯ããèªæãã¯ãé
æããšã¯åºå¥ããå¿
èŠãããã
æ±äº¬æžç±ãšæºæ瀟ã®åèªéã« tempt ãšããåèªããããæ±äº¬æžç±ã tempt ããèªæããããšããæå³ã§çŽ¹ä»ããŠããã ãªãæºæ瀟ã¯ããã®æ°ã«ãããããåŒãã€ããããšçŽ¹ä»ã
æºæ瀟ã®åèªéã§ã¯åè© temptation ãã³ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãåèªã ã玹ä»ããŠããã
èŸæžã§ temptation ãèŠããšãæªãžã®ãèªæãã§ãã䜿ãããçã¿ãžã®èªæã ãšããè³è³ã§èªæã ãšããããããæå³ã§ããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ãããšãããªã¹ãæã§ã¯ãæªéã®èªæã temptation ãšãããããããªãåè©ã¯ tempt ã§ããããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±ã§ãèªæãã調ã¹ããšãtemptation ãæåã«ããããªãããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±ã§ã¯temptation, seduction, allurement, snare , ããã®é åºã§æ²èŒãããŠããã
ããããäºæ
ãããã®ã§ã attract ã fascinate ãåèš³ããéã¯ããèªæããšèš³ãã®ã¯é¿ããã®ãå®å
šã ãã
æºæ瀟ããèªæã«è² ããã yield to temptation ã玹ä»ããŠããã
ããããã ããæ¬æ¥ãªãè² ããã¹ãã§ãªãã®ãæãŸãããšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã®ã ããã
ãªããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãèŠããšãåè© tempt ã¯æªã«ãèªããã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ããé£æ¬²ãªã©ããããããã®æå³ãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ãã±ãŒããããã²ãšã€å¬ãäžãããŸãããïŒãã¿ãããªæ°æ¥œãªäŒè©±ã§ã tempt ã䜿ã£ãŠããã
æ±äº¬æžç±ã§ããããã¶ãŒããé£ã¹ãããšããèªæã«ããããã㧠be tempted to have dessert ãšããŠããã
lure ã¯åè©ãšããŠã¯ãèªæããããåè©ãšããŠã¯ãé
åããããšãããç䌌é€ãã®æå³ãæ¡å5500ã§lureã玹ä»ããŠããã
éé£ãã®ã«ã¢ãŒãšåãåèªã
åè© lure ã¯ãã ãŸããŠãèªæããããšããæå³ã匷ãïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒããèªæãããã®æå³ã®ã»ããããã³ããããããèªã蟌ãããªã©ã®æå³ãããã
ãã ããåè© lure ã®ã»ãã¯ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã®äŸæãèŠãéãããã ãŸãããšãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã¯äœããã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ç¥ãããŠããªãæ¿æ²»å®¶ã§ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®20äžçŽååã®æ¿æ²»å®¶ã¢ãŒã«ã»ãŠãªãŒã¬ã³(en:w:Earl Warren)ã®çºèšã§ã
âThe temptation to imitate totalitarian security methods is a subtle temptation that must be resisted day by day, for it will be with us as long as totalitarianism itself.â - Earl Warren
ãšããæåãªäžç¯ããããŸãã
å
šäœäž»çŸ©ã®(totalitarian)åœé²ã®æ¹æ³ãç䌌ãããïŒimitateïŒãšããèªæ(temptation)ã¯ãæ¥ã
(day by day)ãæµæããªããã°ãªããªãã埮åŠãª(subtle)èªæã§ããïŒâ» for 以äžã¯çç¥ïŒ
temptation ã subtle ãªã©ãé«æ ¡è±èªãïŒã€ãåŠã¹ãããåŸãªäŸæã§ãã
æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã«ãsubtleã埮åŠãªããšæžããŠãããŸãã
å·¥æ¥ãšè£œé æ¥
ç£æ¥ industry
補é æ¥ manufacture
ãå€åãªã industrious, diligent, hardworking
ãç£æ¥ã®ã industrial
ãŸãã㪠earnest
manufacture ã¯ãã補é æ¥ãã®æå³ã§ããã
èªæºãèŠããšãmanu- ãšããã®ã¯æãè¡šãã®ã§ãäžèŠãããšæäœæ¥ã§äœããããç£æ¥å
šè¬ã«äœ¿ãããã ããããããžãŒãã¢ã¹åè±ã§ç¢ºèªãããšãããæ®éã¯è£œé æ¥ã«äœ¿ãè¡šçŸã ãšã®ããšãããã©ããããèŸæžã®è§£èª¬ããã³æ±äº¬æžç±ã®äŸæã§ã¯ãæ©æ¢°ã§ã®å€§éçç£ã§ manufacture ãçšãããšã®ããšã
manufacture ã«ã¯åè©ã®æå³ããããå·¥å Žãªã©ã§ã補é ãããã®æå³ã§ããã
æ¡åã¯åè© manufactureãæ±äº¬æžç±ãšæºæ瀟ã¯åè© manufacture ã玹ä»ããŠããã®ã§ãå匷ã¯äž¡æ¹ãšãããŠããããã
ãªããã補é æ¥è
ãã®ããšã¯ãå¥åèªã§ manufacturer ãšãããèªå°Ÿã« r ãä»ããŠããã®ã§æ³šæã
äžæ¹ãindustry ã¯ãããšãã°ãããã«ç£æ¥ãéè¡æ¥ãªã©ã®ãµãŒãã¹ç£æ¥ã service industries ãšããã
æ±äº¬æžç±ã§ã¯ãã芳å
ç£æ¥ãã the tourist industry ãšçŽ¹ä»ããŠããã
ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«ãããšãèªåè»ç£æ¥ã a car industry ãšããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã«æžããŠãããããéå·¥æ¥ãã heavy industry ãšãããã軜工æ¥ã ã light industry ãšããã
èš³èªã®éœåã§ãå·¥æ¥ããšèš³ãå Žåãããããäžè¬çã«ã¯ãç£æ¥ããšãããããã®ã¯ industry ã§ããåŸåãé«ã
industry ã«ã¯ããç£æ¥ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãããå€åããšããæå³ãããããããèªæºçã«ã¯ããå€åãã®ã»ããè¿ãå¯èœæ§ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ç¢ºèªïŒã
圢容è©åœ¢ã¯ãæå³ã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢ãå€ããã
ãç£æ¥ã®ã㯠industrial ã§ããã
ãå€åãªã㯠industrious ã§ããã
ãå€åãªãã¯ãããšãã°ããã®åŠçãã¡ã¯å€åã ã£ããã the students were industrious. ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ã泚æã®åèªã§ãããåè© industry ã¯ãåé ãã€ãi-ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ããããã
äžæ¹ã圢容è©ã«ã¯ industrial ã industrious ãã-dust- ã®ãããã®éšåã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ããããã
åè©ãå€åããå¹³æãªåèªã§èšãæããããªãã hard work ãšãèšããïŒæ¡åindustrious ã§ã玹ä»ããŠããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãæžããŠããïŒã
- diligent
ãå€åãªãã®é¡çŸ©èªãšã㊠diligent ãšããã®ããããåèªéã§ã¯æºæ瀟1900ã«ããindousriousãšã®é¡çŸ©èªã ãšæžããŠãªããããããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã§ diligent ã調ã¹ãã°ãhardworking ãããåºãèªãã ãšæžããŠããã®ã§ãåãã hardworking ããåºãèªã§ãã industrious ãšã®é¡çŸ©èªã ãšåãã
éãã¯ãdiligent ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ããšã«å¯ŸããŠã ãå€åãŸãã¯å¿µå
¥ãã«ãªãããšã§ããã
ãªã®ã§ãïŒä»äºãªã©ã«ïŒã粟ãåºãããªã©ãšèš³ãããããšãããã
ã ããå®éã«ã¯ãããšãã°æ¡åã®äŸæã ãããã ã¯ãšãŠãå€åãªåŠçã ããã®ããã«ã
Tom is a very diligent student.
ã®ããã«ã䜿ãããã
ãªããåè©ãå€åã㯠diligence ã§ããã
ãã®ãããªãindustrious ãš diligent ãšã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã®éãã®ãããæãããŠå¯ŸçŸ©èªãæ æ°ãªãlazy ã¯ã©ã¡ãã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªããšããåé¡ãããã
æ¡åããã³ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã§ã¯diligentã®é
ç®ã§ãlazy 㯠diligent ã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªãšçŽ¹ä»ããŠããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ãdiligent ã®é
ç®ãèŠãŠã lazy ã«ã€ããŠã¯çŽ¹ä»ããã
èªæ³ be lazy to ïœ ã§ã圌ã¯æ ãè
ãªã®ã§ãïœããªããã§ããã
å
žåçãªäŸæãã圌女ã¯æ ãè
ãªã®ã§ãæé€ããªããã§ãããæ±äº¬æžç±ãšãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«äŒŒãäŸæãããã
She is too lazy to clean her room. ã圌女ã¯æ ãè
ã§ãèªåã®éšå±ã®æé€ãããªããã
ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãšåãæãæ±äº¬æžç±ã¯ãããåŒã«å€ãã£ãã ãã§ããïŒã
to äžå®è©ã䜿ãããšãã He is lazy. ã圌ãæ ããŠãããã®ããã«lazyåç¬ã§çšããŠãããïŒæ¡å3000ã§ç¢ºèªïŒã
åœ¢å®¹è© earnest ã¯ããããçå£ãªãããŸããïŒçé¢ç®ïŒãªããç±å¿ãªããšèš³ãããïŒæºæ瀟1900ãæ¡å4500ïŒã
ãããã
She is an earnest student. ã圌女ã¯ãŸãããªåŠçã ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒ
ã®ããã«äœ¿ã£ãŠããããå®è³ªçã«å€åã®æå³ã§ããããã
æ¡åã¯ãããã ã¯ãšãŠãå€åãªåŠçã ããšããäŸæ㧠diligent ã䜿ã£ãŠããã
ãªãã
She is earnest. ã圌女ã¯ãŸããã ãã
ã®ããã«ãåè©ããšããªããã«äœ¿ã£ãŠãããã
ãçé¢ç®ãªåªåã earnest effort
ã®ããã«äœ¿ã£ãŠãããïŒæºæ瀟ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
åªåããå€åããšããã®ãåŠãªã®ã§ãããããçç±ã§ããã£ãŠãããŸãããªããšèš³ãããã®ã ããã
ãŸããearnest ã«ã¯ãç±å¿ãã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããå ŽåãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
æ±äº¬æžç±1800ã»3000ã»4500ã«ã¯ earnest ãèŠåœãããªãã
æ æ°ïŒããã ïŒ
lazy, idle
idle ïŒã¢ã€ãã«ïŒã¯åèš³ã®éœåã§ãæ æ°ãªããšèš³ãããããšãããããããããçšæ³ããããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãåºæ¬çã«ã¯ä»äºããªããŠæãªç¶æ
ã®ããšã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒ lazy ïŒããªã®ã§ãidle ã¯ãæãªããšããæå³ã§èŠããã»ããããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã®ç¬¬äžé
ã®æå³ã®2çªç®ãããã§ããïŒã
idle ã«ã¯ãä»äºããªããªã©ã®æ©æ¢°ãå·¥å Žãªã©ã皌åããŠããªãããšããæå³ããããå
žåçãªäŸæãã
an idle machine ãéãã§ããæ©æ¢°ã
ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒãããã§ãããéãã§ããããšã¯ãã¡ããã皌åäžã§ã¯ãªãããšããæå³ã§ããã
ãéäŒããšããè¡šçŸããããããæäŒããšçŽããããã®ãé£ç¹ã§ããã
ãšãããããã®ããã«ã皌åããŠããªããã®ãããªæå³ãããã
å®éããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ããã®æå³ã§ã®ã皌åããŠããªãã idle ã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªãšã㊠working ããããŠããã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãããã察矩èªãšããŠ
idle â working, busy
ãšã®ããšã
ãŸããã¹ããŒãéžæãªã©ãè©Šåããªãç¶æ
ã idle ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
åŽåè
ãäžæ³ãªã©ã§ä»äºããªãç¶æ
ãããã idle ã§èª¬æãããïŒæºæ瀟1400 ç·ã ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
be idle during the depression ãäžæ³ã§ä»äºããªãã
ãªã©ã®äŸæãå
žåçã§ããã
ããã lazy ãšã®éãã§ãããlazy ã¯åºæ¬ãåã«æ æ°ãªã ãã§ããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã¯ããæ æ°ãªãã®æå³ã§ãªããidle ããã lazy ã®ã»ããæ®éã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ãã£ãœããlazy ïŒã¬ã€ãžãŒïŒã¯ãä»äºãå«ãã§æ ããŠããç¶æ
ã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒ lazy ïŒã
ãã£ãŠããæ æ°ã㯠lazy ã§èŠããã®ãããã ããã
ãã®ãããããå€åïŒããã¹ãïŒãªãdiligentïŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ãïŒ ã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªã¯ã lazy ã§ããïŒæ¡å4500ïŒã
ãã ããåè©åœ¢ idleness ã¯ãæ æ°ãã®æå³ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
ããã¯ãããšããã§
Idleness is the root of evil. ãæ æ°ã¯è«žæªã®æ ¹æºã ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒ
ãšããã®ãããã®ãåå ã ããã
äžå¿ãèŸæžçã«ã¯ãidleness ã«ããä»äºã®ãªãããšããªã©ã®ãæ æ°ã以å€ã®æå³ããããããããäžè¿°ã®ããšãããæèãããšããªããªãä»äºããªãã ãã®ç¶æ
ãšã㊠idleness ã¯äœ¿ãã¥ããå Žåãããã ããã
å»è
å»è
doctor, physician
å
ç§å» physician
ç©çåŠè
physicist
å€ç§å» surgeon
æ¯ç§å» dentist
physician ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªã§ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªã§ããããšã¯æºæ瀟1900ã«ãæžããŠãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãæžããŠããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ã¯ããå»è
ããããã¯ãå
ç§å»ãã®ããšã physician ãšãèšãã
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ã physicist ãšã¯ã¹ãã«ã®ç°ãªãåèªã§ããã®ã§ãåºå¥ããã
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legislative body ã§ãç«æ³åºãã§ããïŒæ¡å5500ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
legislation ã«ã¯éåçã«ãæ³åŸãã®æå³ãããïŒæºæ瀟ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãæºæ瀟1900ã«ã¯ããã玹ä»ãããŠãããããããæ®é㯠law ãæ³åŸããšèšãã°æžãã ããã
ãåžæ³ã®ã judicial ã¯æ¡å5500ã«ããã
judicial body ã§ãç«æ³åºãã§ããïŒæ¡å5500ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
åè©åœ¢ã¯ justice ïŒãžã£ã¹ãã£ã¹ïŒã ããæå³ããè£å€ããå
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ãæ£çŸ©ããšããæå³ã§ã® justice ã¯ãåžæ³ã«ãããããæ£çŸ©ãäžè¬ãæå³ããã
appeal ïŒã¢ããŒã«ïŒã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã§ãããã芳客ã«ã¢ããŒã«ããããšãèšãããè±èªã® appeal ã«ã¯äžçŽã®è£å€æã«ã蚎ããããšããæå³ãããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
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èŠã§ãã
è±èªã® appeal ã«ã¯ããæé¡ïŒããããïŒãããã®ãããªæå³ããããããã幟ã€ãã®èŸæžã§ã¯ç¬¬äžã®æå³ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã ãŸããåºæ¬çã«ã¯æŽå©ïŒhelp 㯠aidïŒãªã©ãæ±ããã®ã« appeal ã䜿ãã
ããšãã°
appeal to me for help ãç§ã«æŽå©ãæ±ããã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæ¡å㯠meã®ä»£ããã«governmentïŒã
ã ãã appeal ã§èšŽããçžæã¯ãèŸæžã®äŸæã§ã¯ãè£å€å® ã åŠæ ¡ã®å
ç ã ã£ããããã
ãªãåèªéã§ã¯ãæ¡å4500ãšæºæ瀟1900ãã蟲家 farmer ã«ããæ¿åº government ã«å¯Ÿãã蚎ã appeal ã§ããã
ã€ãŸãã
The farmers have appealed to government for ïœïŒèŠæïŒ ãæ¿åºã«ïœã蚎ããã
ã§ããã
ãã ãå®éã«ã¯ããæŠåã«èšŽãããã§ã appeal ã¯äœ¿ãããïŒæ¡åãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
appeal to arms ãæŠåã«èšŽããã
ã®ããã«ïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
äžè¿°ã®ããã« appeal ã®ãæé¡ãããã¯ããªããçºèšæš©ãšããŠã®ãèŠæãã®ãããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãããã
ããããã®ãèšãããå Žåã§ã¯ãªãããã£ãšè«ãïŒããïŒããã«ãæé¡ãããå Žåã«ã¯ãbeg ïŒããã°ïŒã䜿ãã
å
žåçãªäŸæã¯ãèŸæžã«ãªããåèªéã«ããããã®ã¯ã
ã圌ã¯ãã£ã³ã¹ãããäžåºŠã ããšç§ã«æé¡ããããHe begged me for one last chance.
ã®ãããªæç« ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟1200ãæ±äº¬æžç±3000ã«äŒŒãäŸæïŒã
ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãããšbegã«ã¯ãä¹é£ããããã®ãããªæå³ããããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã¯begã«ã¯ãç©ããããããã®æå³ããããšèšã£ãŠããããªã®ã§äœ¿çšã«ã¯æ³šæãå¿
èŠããšã ãããããŸããªè¡šçŸã«ã¯ãªãããask ãªã©ã䜿ã£ãŠèšãæããã®ãäžã€ã®æïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãŸããã ããåè© beggar ã§ãä¹é£ãã®æå³ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟1400ïŒã
ãªãã beg ã®æŽ»çšã¯
beg - begged - begged
ã§ããïŒæ¡å3300ïŒã
ãããããšbegã説æããããæ±äº¬æžç±3000ã§ã¯å·»æ«éãã«ãªã£ãŠããåèªãªã®ã§ãããŸã詳ããæèšããå¿
èŠã¯ç¡ãã
sentence ïŒã»ã³ãã³ã¹ïŒã¯ææ³çšèªã§ã¯ãæç« ãã®æå³ã ããæ³åŸçšèªã§ã¯ãå€æ±ºãã®æå³ãããã
ãã㊠sentence ïŒã»ã³ãã³ã¹ïŒã«ã¯ããåããšããæå³ãããã
He received a three-year sentence ã圌ã¯æ²åœ¹3幎ã®åãåããããïŒæºæ瀟3000ãæ¡å4500ïŒ
He was sentence to death. ã圌ã¯æ»åã®å€æ±ºãåããããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ãåæ通ïŒæ€å®æç§æžïŒ ELEMENT II ïŒ
ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
penalty ïŒããã«ãã£ïŒãå眰ããåŠçœ°ããããªããšé«æ ¡ã®ç¯å²å€ãæ¡åã« fine ã眰éãã®é
ç®ã«é¡çŸ©èªãšã㊠penalty ãæžããŠããã
眪ãšçœ°
punish 眰ãã
guilty æ眪ã®
crime ç¯çœª
commit ç¯çœªããã
punish AïŒäººïŒ for BïŒçç±ïŒ ãA ã Bã®çç±ã§çœ°ããã
punishment ãåŠçœ°ããå眰ãã眰ã
æ±äº¬æžç±ã¯ã眰ããæ¡åã¯ãåŠçœ°ããæºæ瀟ã¯ãåŠçœ°ããå眰ãã
punish ã®çœ°ã¯ãã¹ã€ã«æ³å»·ãèŠå¯ã®åŠçœ°ã«ãããããåŠæ ¡ãªã©ã§æåž«ãçåŸãåŠçœ°ããã®ã§ã punish ã䜿ããæ±äº¬æžç±ãæ¡åãæºæ瀟ã®äŸæããåŠæ ¡ã§ã®åŠçœ°ã
ãç¯çœªããïŒæ³åŸäžã®ïŒã眪ã crime
ã眪ãã®æå³ã§ã® crime ã¯ãæ³åŸäžã®ã眪ãã®ããšã
ãå®æäžã®çœªãsin
ãªããå®æäžã»é埳äžã®ã眪ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ sin ïŒçºé³ã¯ãã·ã³ãïŒãšããå¥ã®åèªãããïŒæºæ瀟1400å·»æ«ã®é¡çŸ©èªïŒã
æè¿ã®äžè¬ã®åèªéã«ã¯ sin ã¯ãªãããæã®åèªéã«ã¯æžãããŠãããããã®ã§ãç¥è人局ã®å€§äººã¯ç¥ã£ããåèªãªã®ã§ãæé€ãšã㊠sin ãç¥ã£ãŠãããã
ãç¯äººããç¯çœªã®ã criminal
criminal ã«ã¯ã圢容è©ãç¯çœªã®ãã®ã»ãã«ããåè©ãç¯äººãã®æå³ãããã
æ¡åã»æºæ瀟ããã
commit a crime ãç¯çœªãç¯ãã
ãç¯çœªè¡çºãã¯æ±äº¬æžç±ããã criminal activity ã§ãããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããã criminal act ã§ããã
æ±äº¬æžç±ã®èšãåãã®ã»ããïŒã€ãŸã criminal activity ãšããèšãæ¹ïŒã誀解ã®ããããå°ãªãå®å
šã ããã
ãšããã®ãã act ãšããåèªã¯ããæ³åŸãã®æå³ã§ã䜿ãããããã§ããã
ãªãããå§å¡äŒã committee ã®åé éšåãšã¹ãã«ã¯åãã§ãããã ããæå³ãæããã«éãã®ã§ãäºå®äžããŸã£ããå¥ã®åèªã§ãããšã¿ãªãã»ããè¯ãã ããã
ãªããå§å¡äŒããå§ä»»ã㯠commission ãšãããããç¯è¡ãã commission ã§ããïŒæ¡åïŒã
èªæºãããããšããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããcommit ã®å€ãæå³ãããã ããããããã®ã§ãããããå§å¡äŒãããåŸè¿°ã®ãçŽæãããç®èº«ãã®ã»ããèªæºã«è¿ãããç¯çœªãããã®ã»ãããèªæºããé¢ãããå¥åŠãªæå³ã§ããã
commit ã«ã¯ããçŽæããããå身圢ã§ãç®èº«ãããã®æå³ãããã
be committed to ïœ ã§ãïœã«ç®èº«ãããã®æå³ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ïŒã
ãçŽæããç®èº«ãã¯åè© commitment ã§ããïŒæ¡åïŒã
thief ãã©ããŒããã空ãå·£ã
thieves ãã©ããŒããthiefã®è€æ°åœ¢
theft ãçã¿ã
åè© steal ãçããã®åè©åœ¢ stealing ã§ãããã
guilty ã眪ã®ããæ眪ã®ã
guilt ã眪ãç¯ããŠããããšã
æ±äº¬æžç±ããã
ãïœã«Bã®çœªã§å€æ±ºãäžãã find ïœïŒäººïŒ guilty of BïŒçœªç¶ïŒ
ããšãã°ãè£å€å®ã¯æ®ºäººã®çœªã§ãã®ç·ã«æ眪å€æ±ºãäžãããªãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
The judge find the man guilty of murder.
ã§ããã
ããã§ã® judge ã¯åè©ã§ãè£å€å®ãã®ããšã
æºæ瀟ãããã
ãïœãç¡å®ã ãšå€æ±ºãäžããfind ïœïŒäººïŒ innocent of BïŒçœªç¶ïŒ
察矩èª
innocent ãç¡çœªã®ã
innocence ãç¡çœªã
guilty â incorrect
guilt â innocence
guiltyã«ã眪æªæãã®æå³ãããã
feel guilty about ïœ ã§ãïœã«çœªæªæããã ããŠããã
ããšãã°
T feel guilty about ïœ ãïœã®ããšã§ç§ã¯çœªæªæããã ããŠãããã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒ
They were proven guilty. ã圌ããæ眪ã ãšç«èšŒãããããïŒæ¡åïŒ
He was proven guilty of murder. ã圌ã®æ®ºäººçœªãç«èšŒãããããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒ
ç®èº«ãã
devote, dedicate,
ãããããdevote ïŒãã£ããŠãïŒãããç®èº«ãããã®äžè¬çãªèªã æ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ããdevote ã¯æ¬ç·šã§æåã®ã»ãã«çŽ¹ä»ããŠããã®ã«ãdedicate ïŒããã£ã±ã€ãïŒã¯å·»æ«ãããã§ããã
æ¡åã«ããã£ãŠã¯ãããããæ¡å4500ã«dedicate ãç¡ãã
ãµãã«ãŒã®ç·Žç¿ã«èº«ãããããã¿ãããªããã¶ã趣å³çãªããšãããã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããããåçæè²ã«èº«ããããããã¿ãããªã®ãŸã§ãdevote ã§è¡šçŸã§ããã
ãªãããžãŒäºã¢ã¹ã§ã¯ dedicate ã§ãè±èªæè²ã«å°å¿µããããšããã®ãããã®ã§ãæè²ã«ç®èº«ããã®ã¯ devote ã§ã dedicate ã§ãã©ã¡ãã§ãå¹³æ°ã ããã
devote ã¯ãããããšãã«å垰代åè©ããšããªã£ãŠ
devote oneself to ïœïŒåè©ïŒ ãïœã«å°å¿µããã
ãšããçšæ³ãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãææ³åèæžãªã©ïŒã
devote ã«ã€ããŠãæ±äº¬æžç±ããããã®ã¿ãŒãäžçæžåœã«ç·Žç¿ãããšãïŒã®ã¿ãŒã«èº«ãããããïŒããžãŒäºã¢ã¹ããããµãã«ãŒãäžçæžåœã«ç·Žç¿ãããšãïŒãµãã«ãŒã«èº«ãããããïŒã¯ãdevote ã䜿ãã
èªæ³ãšããŠã
devote ïœïŒèªåã®æéãªã©ïŒ to ãã ã§ãïœãããã«æ§ããã
ã®æå³ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ãæ¡å4500ãæºæ瀟1900ïŒã
åè© devotion ã§ãç®èº«ãã®æå³ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬ãæ¡åãæºæ瀟1900ïŒã
èªæ³ãšããŠã
dedicate ïœïŒèªåã®æéãªã©ïŒ to ãã ã§ãïœãããã«æ§ããã
ã®æå³ã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ãæºæ瀟1900ïŒã
dedicate one's life to ïœïŒçŠç¥ãªã©ïŒ ã§ãïœã«äžçãããããããïœã«äººçãããããã
ã®æå³ïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ããžãŒäºã¢ã¹ïŒã
ããšãã°
She dedicate her life to ïœ ã圌女ã¯ïœïŒçŠç¥ãªã©ïŒã«äžçãããããã
ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
è¿œæ±ãšè¿œè·¡
pursue è¿œæ±
chase 远跡
trace, track
pursue ã¯ãè¿œæ±ãããã ããæ»åŸãšãªã©ã®ãã£ãªã¢ããç©ãããšããæå³ãããã
chase ã¯ãèŠå¯ãªã©ããéããããšããç¯äººãæãŸããããã«ã远跡ãããã®ã«ããã䜿ãããã
å
žåçãªäŸæã
ãèŠå¯ã¯èä»»ã远跡ããããThe police chased the criminal.
ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ãæ¡åïŒã
trace ã䜿ã£ãèšãåããšããŠã
vanish without a trace ã跡圢ããªãæ¶ããã
ããããŸãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ vanishãæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã®é
ç® vanishïŒã
ãããããã track ã§ã足跡以å€ã®çè·¡ãªã©ãè¡šçŸã§ããã®ãããããŸãããã§ãããçè·¡ãèšããªãããtraceã§ååã§ãããã
trackã¯è¶³è·¡ãã¿ã€ã€ã®è·¡ãšãããšéåå Žã®ãã©ãã¯ãããã«äœ¿ãã®ãåççã§ãããã
ã»ããtrace ã¯ã圢跡ãªã©ãããã©ãããšããæå³ã§è¿œè·¡ããããšã
ãã®ããã掟ççã«ãtrace ã«ãã足跡ãã®æå³ã®çšæ³ããããŸãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒããªã®ã§ãåºå¥ã¯ track ãšã®é£ããã§ãã
ãªã®ã§ããvanish without a traceãã®ããã«èšãåãããšèŠãããããããŸããã
ã»ããtrack ã¯ã圢跡ãèšé²ãããšããæå³ã
trace ã«ã€ããŠãåèªéã«ã¯ãªãããé£åã蟲ç£ç©ã®çç£å±¥æŽã®è¿œè·¡å¯èœæ§ã®ããšããã¬ãŒãµããªã㣠traceability ãšããïŒãžãŒäºã¢ã¹ïŒã
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·ãªã©ã«å£²ã£ãŠããéæçŽã®ãã¬ãŒã·ã³ã°ããŒããŒã¯ãè±èªã§ã tracing paper ã§ããã
äžã«åãããææ¬ã®ç»åã®ããããçŽã眮ãããã®äžã«ãã¬ãŒã·ã³ã°ããŒããŒã眮ããŠãéçãªã©ã§ãªãã£ãŠåãã®ã«ãã¬ãŒã·ã³ã°ããŒããŒã¯äœ¿ãã
ãŸãããã®äœ¿ãæ¹ãããçµµãå³é¢ãæžãåãã®ã¯ trace ã䜿ãã®ãæ®éã ããïŒç¹ã«åºå
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åŽå labor
ä»äº job, work
labor ã®æå³ã¯ãåŽåãã§ãããããšãã«ãèäœåŽåããããããã¯ããã€ãåŽåããèšãå Žåãå€ãã
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ã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èªã§ã¯ãlabor ã§ãããã€ã®ãªã¹è±èªã§ã¯ labour ã§ããã
åèªéã«ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èª labor ã®ã»ãã§æžããŠããã
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ãã capital and labor ãšããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã®labor ã®é
ç®ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã®capitalã®é
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çç§ãªã©ã®ãå®éšå®€ã laboratory ã®èªæºããåŽåãlabor ã§ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã³ã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒã§ç¢ºèªïŒããªã®ã§ãã¹ãã«ãèŠãããšãã¯ãå®éšå®€ã®åé ãšåããšèŠããã°ããããã®ç¹ã§ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«è±èª labor ã®ã»ããåççã§ããã
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manual ã«ã¯ãæååŒã®ããšããæå³ããããåèªéã«ã¯ãªãããa manual control ã§ãæåå¶åŸ¡ãã®æå³ã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒ manual ã®è±æãšåæããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ãåãè±æïŒã
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wheatã®å
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éãšéé soul, spirit
幜éã®åºã haunted
soul 㯠spirit ãããå®æçãªè²åœ©ã匷ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
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ã®éã®ããã«ç¥ãã pray for the souls of the dead
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ãä¿¡ãããã believe the immortality of the soul.
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ã the immortality of the soul ã§ããïŒæºæ瀟ïŒã
immortality ã¯æ§é ã¯ã€ã³ã»ã¢ïŒã¿ãªãã£ã ãçºé³ã¯ãã€ã¢ãŒããªãã£ããšèªã¿ããäžæ»
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brave, courage
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courage ã®ã»ããåºãèšãåãã
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encourage ââïŒäººïŒ to ïœïŒåè©ïŒ ã§ãââïŒäººïŒã«ïœããããã«åŒ·ãããããã
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ãªããã¢ã¡ãªã«ç«¥è©±ããªãºã®éæ³äœ¿ãã(The wizard of Oz)ã®ãèç
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genuine , real, authentic
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fake
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forge a passport ããã¹ããŒããåœé ããã
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fake ã§ããåœé ãããã®æå³ãããã®ã ãïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãçšäŸãèŠãéããèžè¡äœåããåœé ãããã®å Žåãå€ãã
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gaze, stare, contemplate
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gaze at, stare at, peer at, contemplate
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We all are anticipating ïœ ã§ãïœã楜ãã¿ã«åŸ
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expect ã¯ã楜ããããšãè¯ãçµæãªã©ããæåŸ
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destiny 䜿åœãããéåœã
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be enthusiastic about ïœ ã§ãïœã«ç±äžããã
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be keen on ïœ(åè©ãŸãã¯ååè©)
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be keen to ïœïŒåè©ïŒ ã§ãïœããããšã«ç±å¿ã ã
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ãæ¿çãa keen pain
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have a keen eye for ïœïŒçºèŠã®åŸæãªåéãªã©ïŒ ãïœã«éãç®ããã€ã
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eager ã¯ãåæåéããã¢ã®ãããªè¶£å³ã«ã䜿ã£ãŠãããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã ããããã«ãã¥ãŒãžã«ã«ãèŠã«è¡ããããã®ãããªè¶£å³ã«ã䜿ãããïŒæºæ瀟ïŒããå€åœã«è¡ããããã«ã䜿ãããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã ãå匷ãããããå匷ç±å¿ã ãã®ãããªè¡šçŸã«ã䜿ã£ãŠããïŒæ¡åãïŒã
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He is eager to go abroad.
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faith, trust, confidence
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have a faith in ïœã§ãïœãä¿¡é ŒããŠãããã§ããã
I have a faith in him. ãç§ã¯åœŒãä¿¡é ŒããŠããã
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have faith in God ã§ãç¥ãä¿¡ä»°ããŠãããã§ããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒã
faith ã®èªæºããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§èª¿ã¹ãŠããå矩ããä¿¡é Œãä¿¡çšããšããæžããŠãªãã®ã§ãã©ããããããªãã
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åèªéã«ã¯ãªãããåãåŠæ ¡ã®ä»²éã fellow at school ãšããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
欧米ã§å€§åŠã®ç¹å¥ç 究å¡ããã§ããŒãšãããããããäžè¿°ãšåãåèª fellow ã§ããïŒæ¡åïŒã
colleague ã¯è·å Žã®ãååãããªããcoworker ã§ããååãã®æå³ã«ãªãã
enterprise ïŒçºé³ããšã³ã¿ãŒãã©ã€ãºãïŒã¯ã倧äºæ¥ãã
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ã倧äŒæ¥ã«å°±è·ãããã㯠want to get a job at big company ãšããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒã
ãã ãããå€åœç±äŒæ¥ã㯠multinational enterprise ã§ãããšããžãŒãã¢ã¹ multinational ã®é
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fat, overweight, obese, plump
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éã®ã overweight ã䜿ãã®ãè¯ããšãããã
å
žåçãªäŸæã¯
ã倪ã£ãç«ãa fat cat
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ãŸããget fat ã§ã倪ããã®æå³ã§ããã
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My dog have got fat. ãç§ã®ïŒå®¶ã®ïŒã€ãã¯å€ªã£ãã
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a plump girl ãäžžãœã¡ãã®å¥³ã®åã
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holy, sacred
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ã ãå®éã«çšäŸãèŠããšãããšãã°èæžã« holy bible ãšèšã£ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ã§ãHolyã®æŽŸçåè©ã«ããïŒã èå
žã a sacred book ãšèšã£ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒãèæžã sacred writing ãšãã£ããïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒãåºå¥ã¯ãããŸãã§ããã
sacred ã«ã¯ãçŽæãªã©ãå³ç²ã§ç Žãããšãã§ããªãããšããæå³ãããã
ãäžå¯äŸµã®æš©å©ã a sacred right
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倧æ¥æ¬åžåœæ²æ³ã®ãç¥èã«ããŠäŸµãã¹ããããã¯ããããã㯠sacred ã®èš³èªãåèã«ããã®ã ããã
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ã€ã³ãã®èç㯠sacred cow ã§ããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ïŒããã®ããã«ããã³ãã¥ãŒæã®èçã«ã sacred ã䜿ãïŒæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒã
sacred ã®çºé³ã¯ãã»ã€ã¯ãªãããã§ããããµã¯ãªããã§ã¯ãªãã
ãããã«ãããç ç²ïŒãããïŒãã®ããšãåè© sacrifice ïŒãµã¯ãªãã¡ã€ã¹ïŒãšããã
sacred ãš sacrifice ã®çºé³ãšãæ··åããªãããã
sacred ã sacrifice ãèªæºã¯ã ãããåãã§ãsacr- ããèãªããã®ãããªæå³ã§ããã
ãªããå®æçãªãååŒã㯠ritual ã§ãããã¹ã€ã«ããã«ããæ§ããå¿
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å®æçã§ãªãååŒã¯ ceremony ïŒã»ã¬ã¢ããŒïŒã§ãããceremony ã¯ãåŒå
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ç¹ã« ritual ãå®æçãªæå³ã§äœ¿ã£ãŠããããšã匷調ãããå Žåã
ãå®æçååŒã a religious ritual
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sacrifice ã¯åè©ãç ç²ãã®æå³ã®ã»ãã«ããåè©ãšããŠãç ç²ã«ãããã®æå³ãããã
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çïŒãŠã·ïŒ
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cow äžè¬çãªããŠã·ããä¹³çã
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cattle ãŠã·ã®éå£
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cattle ïŒã«ãã«ïŒã¯ãŠã·ã®éå£ãéåçã«è€æ°ãã€ããããã
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å
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He raises cattle. ã圌ã¯ïŒç§å Žãªã©ã§ïŒãŠã·ã飌è²ããŠãããã
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grip, grasp
grip ãš grasp ã¯æå³ã¯ã ãããåãã
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grip ã grasp ãããšãã«ãããŒããæ¡ãããªã©ã®äŸæã§äœ¿ãããã®ã§ãåºå¥ã¯é£ããã
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grip çãããŒããæ¡ãã grip the rope
grasp çãããŒããæ¡ãã grasp the rope
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grasp the meaning ãæå³ãç解ããã
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grasp the handle of the door ããã¢ã®åã£æãæ¡ãã
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Terror gripped ïœ
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envy, jealousy
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envy A for B ã§ãAã®Bããããããã®æå³ãã ããæºæ瀟以å€ã¯çŽ¹ä»ããŠããªãããã£ãŠãç¹ã«æèšã®å¿
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comb ïŒã³ãŒã ïŒ ããããïŒé«ªã®æ¯ããšããã€ãã®ã»ãïŒã
bomb ïŒãã ïŒãç匟ã
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åå ãèªå
cause, induce
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ïœããããã«èªå°ãã induce
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induce ã®ãåŒãèµ·ãããã®çšæ³ããcause ãšã¯ã©ãéãããšèšããšãèŸæžãèŠãŠãç¹ã«éãã¯æžããŠãªãã
ã説åŸãããã®çšæ³ããpersuade ãšã¯ã©ãéãããšãããšããžãŒãã¢ã¹ããããpersuade ã®ã»ããããç©æ¥µçã«èª¬ãäŒãããšããæå³ãšã®ããšã
persuade ã¯ãåã«èª¬åŸããã ãã§ãªããå®éã«è¡åãããããšãŸã§å«ãã®ãæ®éïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒãæ¡åïŒã
ã ãã persuaded him into going ã¯ããã£ããŠåã«ã圌ãè¡ãããã«èª¬åŸãããã ãã§ãªããã圌ã説åŸããŠè¡ãããããšããæå³ãæ®éïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
persuaded him to go ã§ãåãæå³ã«ãªããã€ãŸãã圌ã説åŸããŠè¡ããããã®æå³ã§ããïŒåè©ã¯éãããæ±äº¬æžç±ããã³æ¡åã persuade to do ã玹ä»ïŒã
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induce â¯â¯ïŒäººïŒ to ïœïŒåè©ïŒã§ãâ¯â¯ïŒäººïŒã«ïœããããã«ãããããã®æå³ïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒãæ±äº¬æžç±ïŒã
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navigate ã¯ã人ãæ¡å
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navy ãæµ·è»ãã®èªã«è¿ãããšãæèããããnavigate ã¯ãè¹ãé£è¡æ©ããæ瞊ããããšããæå³ãããïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒããžãŒãã¢ã¹ãæºæ瀟ïŒã
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the motive for the crime ãç¯è¡ã®åæ©ã
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urge (ã¢ãŒãž)ã¯ã匷ãå§ãããïŒæ±äº¬æžç±4500ïŒãšãããããžãŒãã¢ã¹ã«ããã°ïŒïœããããã«ïŒãå¬ä¿ãããã匷ãè¿«ããã§ããã
æ¡å4500ã«ãããšãurge 人 to ïœ ã§ãïŒäººïŒã«ïœããããã«åŒ·ãä¿ããã§ãããæ±äº¬æžç±4500ã§ãåæ§ãurge (A) to ã»ã»ã» ã§ãã»ã»ã»ãããã匷ãå§ãããã§ããã
argue ã¯ãã©ã£ã¡ããšãããšãè°è«ã§èª¬åŸãããã§ãããçç±ããããŠèª¬åŸããã®ã argue ã ãšãæ±äº¬æžç±ã¯èšã£ãŠããã
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argue ã persuade ã¯ãåèªéã«ã¯æ¯èŒçã«ããååã®ã»ãã«æžããŠããããæ£çŽãã£ãŠãã説åŸãã«äœ¿ãã«ã¯æå³ããããããã
induce ãåèªéã§ã¯åŸåã®çŽ¹ä»ã«ãªã£ãã玹ä»ãããŠããªãã£ããããããinduce ã䜿ãæ¹ãè¯ãã®ãããããªãã
evoke ã¯ãèšæ¶ãææ
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provoke ã¯ãæãããããæåãããã§ããããç¬ããªã©ãã®ä»ã®ææ
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evoke ã§ç¬ããèªãå Žåã ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã evoke a laughter ã§ããããªããæ¡å5500ãããåè© elicit ãé¡çŸ©èªãšã®ããšã
provoke ã§ç¬ããèªãå Žåãæ±äº¬æžç±ããã³ãžãŒãã¢ã¹ããã provoke laughter ã§ããã
provoke ã§èª°ããæãããå Žåãprovoke him ã圌ãæããããã®ããã«äœ¿ãïŒãžãŒãã¢ã¹ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
ç¹ã«æãããçžæãæå®ããªãè¡šçŸãªãã provoke anger ãæããåŒãèµ·ãããã®ããã«è¡šçŸããŠãããïŒæ¡å5500ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒã
provoke ã«ã¯ãæçºãããã®æå³ãããïŒæºæ瀟ãã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒïŒãåè©åœ¢ã¯ provpcation ã§ãæçºããæåãã®æå³ã§ïŒã»ã³ãã¥ãªãŒãæºæ瀟ïŒãæ®éã¯æãã®ææ
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å
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å
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è±ç±³ã§ã¯ãããããã evoke ããã stir ã®ã»ããå£èªçã§äœ¿çšé »åºŠãé«ãã®ãããããªããããããæ¥æ¬ã®é«æ ¡çãšããŠã¯ã evoke ã®ã»ãã provoke ãšé¢é£ã¥ããŠèªåœïŒããïŒãå¢ããã®ã§ããªãã¹ã evoke ãš provoke ãåªå
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puppy ã¯ãåç¬ãã§ãããããã¯é¢ä¿ãªãã
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evil, wicked
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ãããã trick , mischief
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éæ³ magic, spell
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dogma , doctrine
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enough
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birth
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efficient
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bl pl kl sl
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br pr kr
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th: /Ξ, ð/ sh: /Ê/ ch: /ʧ/
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å ±ã¯åŒ·ãèªãŸããã以å€ã® åèªã¯åŒ±ãèªãŸãããäŸãã°ã
Did you eat this apple?
ãªã©ã®æç« ã§ã¯é£ã¹ããšããããšã匷調ããããšãã«ã¯eatã 匷ãèªã¿ããªã³ãŽããšããç¹ã匷調ããããšãã«ã¯appleã匷ãèªãã äžæ¹ãã以å€ã®åèªã¯åŒ±ãèªãŸããã®ã§ããããå®éã«ã¯ãã®æåã«åŒ±ãèªãŸãã ã ãã§ãªãéãèªãŸããããŸããèªãŸããé床ãéããªãã«ãããã£ãŠ ç¹ã«å è©ã代åè©ãªã©ã®éèŠãªæ
å ±ãæ
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dɪd j ËiËt ðɪs ËÊpl?
ãšããããã« eat ãš apple 以å€ã®æ¯é³ãã»ãšãã©èœã¡ãŠèãããããã®ãã æ¥æ¬èªçã«å
šãŠã®èªã«æ¯é³ãå
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èŠã§ããããŸããæåŸã®plé³ã¯éåžžã®çºé³ãš æ¯ã¹ãŠå€åããããšã«æ³šæã
ãŸããè±èªã®çºé³ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬èªã®æèŠãšæ¯ã¹ããšæ¯ç¶ããšæ¯ç¶ãã®æèŠãããªã é·ããªã£ãŠããã äŸãã°ã
I think that this plan just must be the one that you have to choose, since if you did that, you will have got a lot of good experience. èš³:ç§ã¯ãã®æ¡ããããªããéžã°ãªããŠã¯ãªããªãæ¡ã ãšæãããªããªã ããããªãããããããªãããªãã¯ãšãŠãããçµéšãããããããããšã«ãªãããã ã
ãšããçšåºŠã®æã¯éåžž1床ãæ¯ç¶ããããããšç¡ãçºå£°ããããã®ãšæãããã ãã¡ãã話ãé床ã«ããã®ã§ãsinceã®åãªã©ã§æ¯ç¶ããå
¥ãããšã ããããã ãããããŠãã¯æ¯ç¶ãç¡ãã§ååãšæãããã ããã¯å®éã«äžã®æãèªããšãã«ã¯æ¯é³ãèªãèªã
think plan must choose did experience
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èŠããããããã®æ§ãªèªã¿æ¹ãããããšã¯é£ããã
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ããããã¯å®éã®äŒè©±ã«è¿ãæç« ããããŠããããã®æ§ãªæç« ã¯ äŒè©±ã®åºæ¬ã«ãªããã®ãªã®ã§ååã«èº«ã«çããŠãããšããã ããã§ã¯æ¬æã¯åã«æãšããŠæžããããå®éã«ã¯ãããã®æç« ã¯ éåžžé³å£°ãšããŠã ãäžãããããããã®æ¬æã¯äžããããªãããšãå€ãã ããããããã§ã¯æè¡çãªåé¡ã§é³å£°ãåãæž¡ãæ¹æ³ãç¡ãã®ã§ã ãããããæç« ã ããæžããŠããã
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A: What is your order, sir? B: Well, I wanna have a steak and potato salad. Mary, what would you like? C: I also want to have a steak, but I also want to have a cup of coffee. A: Would you like your coffee after the lunch or before the lunch? C: I want that after the lunch. A: Okay, uh, do you need something else? B: Oh, well, I want to have a glass of wine. C: George, you can't. You have to go to your office this afternoon. B: Well, I guess I could. Since such little amount of wine is not bad at all to do my work. C: George, absolutely you can't. If you did, you should be just fired from your job.
- 解説
ã»ãšãã©ãäžåŠæ ¡çšåºŠã®ææ³ã ãäžåŠæ ¡çšåºŠã®è±æã§ãã æ¥åžžäŒè©±çšåºŠã«ã¯ã»ãŒååã§ããããšããããã
å Žé¢ãšããŠã¯ããã»ã©é«çŽã§ãªãã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ã«æ¥ã倫婊ãæ³å®ããŠããã äŸãã°ãããããé«çŽãªã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ã ã£ããšãã«ã¯åºå¡ã«å¯Ÿãã泚æã§ã¯ åã«wantã§ã¯ãªããwould like toãªã©ã®ããäžå¯§ãªè¡šçŸã䜿ã£ãæ¹ã ç¡é£ã§ãããäžæ¹ãåºå¡ã®åŽã¯B,Cã«å¯ŸããŠäžå¯§ãªå£èª¿ã§è©±ããŠããã ãŸããç·ã®æ¹ãåºå¡ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯wantã§è©±ããŠãããèªåã®åŠ»ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ would like toã§è©±ããŠããã
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åºå¡ã®äŒè©±ã®1ã€ã«
A: Okay, uh, do you need something else?
ãšããæç« ãããããçåæã§ããããšããsomethingã¯anythingãšãªã£ãæ¹ã ããããã«æããããã ãçåæã®äžã§anyã®ä»£ããã«someãçšããããšã¯å¯èœã§ããã ãã®å Žåã«ã¯å®éã«ãããååšããããšããã匷ãåå €ãšããŠããèšãæ¹ãšãªãã ããã§ã¯ãanythingãšãããšæ¢ã«ååã«è²·ããã®ãããŠãããšãã è¡šçŸã«ãªãsomeã§ã¯ããå°ãè²·ã£ãŠãããã®ã§ã¯ãšãããããããªè¡šçŸã«ãªãã ããã§ã¯ãåºå¡ã®çºèšãšèšãããšã§åŸè
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A: Excuse me, but may I help you? B: Yes, I need a chair for my husband. The old one is a bit shabby. A: Ok, then you could have this. That is made of the finest wood from an Asian country Malaysia. Where would you like to put this chair in your house? B: I'd like to put it in the living room. A: If you put this in your room, the atmosphere of your house will be much warmer since the chair is created by the best worker in that country. B: You mean you know the best worker in such a distant country? Is that really? I don't see why you could say such a thing. That is a bit too good to occur around me. A: Well, the company I belong to collects a large amount of catalog of each piece of our furniture. Then since I read that, I naturally could say what I have told.
- 解説
äžå¿ããã§ã¯åºå¡ã®èšã£ãŠããããšã¯å
šãŠæ¬åœã§ãããšèšã åå €ã§è©±ãé²ããŠããã
ããã§ã¯ã圌ãã®äŒç€Ÿãã«ã¿ãã°ãéããŠãããããã®å®¶å
·ã®ç¹åŸŽãã€ããã§ãã äºã«ããŠããããå®éã®å売ã®å Žé¢ã§ã¯w:posã·ã¹ãã ãªã©ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã ããããå Žåãå€ããæ¥æ¬ã§ããã¹ãŒããŒãªã©ã®çé®®é£åãæ±ãã³ãŒããŒã§ã¯ ããããã®éèãèã®çç£è
ããªã¢ã«ã¿ã€ã ã§è¡šç€ºããã·ã¹ãã ã çšããŠãããšãããããããããã¯ãããããã®ã䜿ããããšããæ¶è²»è
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äžã®äŸã§ã¯ç¹ã«åºå¡ã®å±ããäŒç€Ÿããã®ãããªæè¡ãçšããŠãããšããèšè¿°ã¯ ç¡ãã®ã ãããã¬ãŒã·ã¢ã®æ
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å ±æè¡ãçšããŠãããšãããã ããã
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much warmer
圢容è©ã®æ¯èŒçŽã圢容è©ã«-erãã€ããŠäœãããããšã¯æ¢ã«äžåŠæ ¡è±èªã§ åŠãã ãããã§ã圢容è©ã®æ¯èŒçŽã«é©åãªå¯è©ãã€ããããšã§ã æ¯èŒã®æå³ã匷ããããåããããããããšãåºæ¥ããäŸãã°ãäžã®äŸã§ã¯
warmer: ããããããã much warmer: ãã£ãšããããã
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>< very warmer
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a bit: å°ã by far: ã¯ããã«
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furniture
è±èªã®åè©ã«ã¯æ°ããããåè©ãšæ°ããããªãåè©ãããããšãäžåŠæ ¡è±èªã§ åŠãã ããã®ãããªåè©ã®ããšãããããå¯ç®(countable)åè©ã äžå¯ç®(uncountable)åè©ãšåŒã¶ãããã§ãäžå¯ç®åè©ã®äŸãšã㊠ç©è³ªã§åºæ¥ãåè©ããããããããã®æ§ãªåè©ãç¹ã«ç©è³ªåè©ãšåŒã¶ããšãããã äŸãã°ã
metal, wood, silver ...
ãªã©ããããããããŸããããæ°ããããåè©ãéãŸã£ãŠåºæ¥ãåè©ã®äžã«ã¯ ããèªäœãè€æ°åœ¢ã®æ§ãªæå³ãæã¡ãè€æ°åœ¢ãæããªããªãåè©ãããã äŸãã°ã
people, furniture ...
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·ãšèš³ããããããæ°ãããã åè©ãšèããããã¡ã ããå®éã«1ã€ã®furnitureãšããããæã«ã¯
a piece of furniture
ãªã©ãçšãããšãããåèªã«ãã£ãŠã¯ãã®åè©ãã©ã®ããã«è§£éãããã§ã è€æ°åœ¢ãšãªã£ããåæ°åœ¢ãšãªã£ãããããäŸãã°ã
family, police
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A: Good morning, Mr Sato. B: Good morning. A: I wanna give you several questions about what you did. If you have something you couldn't tell us, please let me know. B: I see. If I have, I could say so. A: Well, uh, you're a soccer player belonging to a famous German football club. Is that true? B: Yes, it is. I went there in the year before last. A: You have played a lot of games in that soccer league and have much contribution to the success of the team you belong to. B: Yes, I did. I played most games held this year and got three goals that could be a winning goal. A: Oh, that seems wonderful. Well, you also have a lot of fans in that country and in your hometown, is that true? B: Well, yes. In my hometown, I seem sort of famous and many soccer fans seem to visit my house. In Germany, since soccer is very popular sports in that country, there could be many persons watching our playing games and our training. A: To have a lot of fans is so nice that I sort of envy you. Well, lastly, do you have something to say the persons who wanna play in German league? B: Well, uh, I want to say that it is very nice to play soccer in that country since the people there generally like soccer very much. Since the people there also are very kind, it is not very hard to live there. Since they generally don't speak Japanese, you could learn German. Speaking English could also help you. A: Ok, that is the best comment to end this interview. Thank you for your cooperation. B: Thank you.
- 解説
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Tamil people
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The Tamil people are an ethnic group from South Asia with a recorded history going back more than two millennia.
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ethnicã¯'æ°æã®'ãšããæå³ãæã€èªã§ãããmillenniaã¯millenniumã®è€æ°åœ¢ïŒã©ãã³èªã®èªåœ¢å€åïŒã§ãã 1000幎ãšèšãæå³ãæã€ã
The oldest Tamil communities are those of southern India and northeastern Sri Lanka.
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'the oldest åè©'ã®äœ¿ãæ¹ã¯åœ¢å®¹è©ã®æäžçŽãçšããå Žåã®éåžžã®äœ¿ãæ¹ã§ããã ã¹ãªã©ã³ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãã®å西ã«ãã島ã§ããã
There are also a number of Tamil emigrant communities scattered around the world, especially in Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji, Mauritius, and South Africa, with more recent emigrants also found in Australia, Canada, and parts of Europe.
ããã€ãã®ç§»æ°ãã¡ã®éãŸããäžçäžã«æ£ãã°ã£ãŠããããç¹ã«ãã¬ãŒã·ã¢ãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã w:ã¢ãŒãªã·ã£ã¹ãw:ãã£ãžãŒãåã¢ããªã«ã«ååšããããæè¿ã®ç§»æ°ã¯ ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãã«ããããšãŒãããã®äžéšã«ãèŠãããã
emigrantã¯ç§»æ°ãšããæå³ãæã€èªã§ããã䌌ãèšèã§immigrantãšããåèªãããããã 移æ°ãšèšãæå³ãæã€ããemigrantã¯'ããåœããåºãŠè¡ã£ãæ¹ã®ç§»æ°'ïŒex "out"+ migrantïŒã§ããã immigrantã¯'ããåœã«å
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ã¿ãã«æ°æã äœãã§ããå°åããåºãŠè¡ã£ãæ¹ãæããŠããããšãããã¡ãã®èªãçšããããŠããã scatterã¯'ãŸãæ£ãã'ãšããæå³ã ãããã§ã¯åã«'æ£ãã°ã£ãŠãã'ãšããçšåºŠã®æå³ã§ããã ãã¬ãŒã·ã¢ãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã¯ããããæ±åã¢ãžã¢ã®åœã®ååã§ããã ã¢ãŒãªã·ã£ã¹ããã£ãžãŒã¯ããããã€ã³ãæŽã倪平æŽã«äœçœ®ããåœã®ååã§ããã
Unlike many ethnic groups, the Tamils have never been governed by a single political entity; Tamizhagam, the traditional name for the Tamil lands, has always been under the rule of more than one kingdom or state.
å€ãã®æ°æãšã¯ç°ãªã£ãŠããã®ã ããã¿ãã«æã¯ãã ïŒã€ã®æ¿æ²»ççµç¹ã«ãã£ãŠçµ±æ²»ãããŠãã ããšã¯ïŒåºŠããªããã¿ãã«å°åã®äŒçµ±çãªååãšããŠTamizhagamãšããååãæ〠å°åã¯ãåžžã«ïŒã€ä»¥äžã®çåœãåœã«ãã£ãŠçµ±æ²»ãããŠããã
unlikeã¯ããã§ã¯å眮è©ã§ããã'ä»ã®ãã®ãšã¯ç°ãªã£ãŠããã®ã ã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã ããã¯å眮è©'like'ã®'ãã®ããã«'ã®å察ã®æå³ã§ãããæ¥é è©un㯠ããã§ã¯æå³ãå転ãããåããããã䌌ãæå³ã®èšèã«likely, unlikelyãšããèªãããã ãããã®èªã¯å眮è©ã§ã¯ãªã圢容è©ã§ãããæåŸã®-lyã«åŒãããããŠå¯è©ãšããŠããŸããã¡ ãªã®ã§æ³šæãçŸåšå®äºã®æã®äžã§neverãçšãããããšãã«ã¯ããã®æã¯notã çšããæãããããã«åŒ·ãåŠå®ãè¡šããneverã®äœçœ®ã¯haveãhasã®çŽåŸã«ããã governã¯â統治ããâãšããæå³ã§ãããsingleã¯'1ã€ã®'ãšããæå³ã ããoneãªã©ã® å Žåãšéã£ãŠãå è©aãçãããšã¯ã§ããªããentityã¯'çµç¹ãå®äœ'ãªã©ãšããæå³ã® èªã§ãããtraditionalã¯'äŒçµ±çãª'ãšããæå³ã ããããæå³ã«ãæªãæå³ã«ãçšããããã under the rule of - ã§ã¯ruleã¯'統治'ãšããçšåºŠã®æå³ã§ããã'èŠåãã«ãŒã«' ãšãã£ãæå³ããªãããšã«æ³šæãkingdomã¯'çåœ'ãšããæå³ã§ããã
Despite this, the Tamil cultural identity has always been strong.
ãã®ãããªäºå®ã«ãé¢ããããã¿ãã«ã®æåçãªåäžæ§ã¯åžžã«åŒ·ããã®ã§ããç¶ããã
despiteã¯å眮è©ã§ããã'ãã«ãããããã'ãšããæå³ããããåãæå³ã®èªãšããŠ'in spite of - 'ãããããããã®æžãæãã¯ããçšãããããŸããå®éã®æäžã§ã ã©ã¡ããããçšãããããculturalã¯cultureã®åœ¢å®¹è©åœ¢ã§ãã'æåçãª'ãšãã æå³ã§ãããidentityã¯'çŽ æ§ãæ§è³ªãåäžæ§'ãªã©ã®æå³ãããèªã§ããã å€ãã£ãæå³ãšããŠæ°åŠã®'w:æçåŒ'ãšããæå³ãããã strongã¯'匷ã'ãšããæå³ã ãåã匷ããšèšãã ãã§ãªããçµã³ã€ãã匷ããªã©ã® æå³ã§çšããããããšãããã
Historically, this identity has been primarily linguistic, with Tamils being those whose first language was Tamil.
æŽå²çã«ã¯ããã®åäžæ§ã¯ãŸã第äžã«èšèªçãªãã®ã§ãããã¿ãã«èªãã¿ãã«æ°æãã¡ã® 第äžã®èšèªãšããããšã ã£ãã
historicallyã¯ãåè©historyãã圢容è©historicalãçµãŠåŸãããå¯è©ã§ 'æŽå²çã«ã¯'ãšããæå³ã§ãããprimarilyã¯åœ¢å®¹è©primaryããæ¥ãå¯è©ã§'äž»èŠãª' ãšããæå³ã§ãããwith åè© -ing ã¯ç¹æ®ãªåè©æ§æãšããŠèª¬æããããã 'åè©ããããŠããç¶æ
ã§'ãšããæå³ã§ãããæ¥ç¶è©ãçšããæãšåã åããç°¡åã«å®çŸã§ããã®ã§ãããçšãããããwhoseã¯æææ Œã® é¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã§ããã
In recent times, however, the definition has been broadened to include also emigrants of Tamil descent who maintain Tamil traditions, even when they no longer speak the language.
ãããè¿å¹Žã§ã¯ããã®å®çŸ©ã¯ã 圌ãããã¯ããã®èšèªã話ããªãå Žåã§ããã ã¿ãã«ã®äŒçµ±ãå®ãã¿ãã«äººã®ç§»æ°ã®åå«ã å«ãããã«æ¡åŒµãããŠããã
recentã¯'æè¿ã®'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãããå¯è©recentlyã¯'æè¿'ãšããæå³ã®å¯è© ã ãããã¡ããããçšãããããhoweverã¯çåèŠçã«çšãããšãã«ã¯ 'ã©ããªææ³ã䜿ã£ãŠã'ãšããæå³ã«ãªãããå¯è©ãšããŠçšããå Žåã«ã¯ 'ããããããããªãã'ãšããæå³ã«ãªããæäžã®äœçœ®ãšããŠã¯æé ã«çœ®ããã ããšãå€ãããäž»èªã®åŸãã§åè©ã®åãšèšãå Žæã«çœ®ãããããšãå€ãã broadenã¯'åºãã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã'broadcast'ã¯'æŸéãã'ãšãã æå³ã®åèªã§ãããããçšãããããincludeã¯'å«ã'ãšããæå³ã®åèªã§ããã alsoã¯'ãã'ãšããæå³ã®åèªã§tooãšäžŠãã§ããçšãããããæäžã§ã¯ éåžžäžè¬åè©ã®åãbeåè©ã®åŸãã«çœ®ãããšãéäŸã§ããããããã§ã¯ å²åinformalã«çšããŠããããã§ãããdescentã¯'åå«'ãªã©ãšèš³ããã äŸãã°ãdirect descentã§'w:çŽç³»'ãªã©ãšãªããmaintainã¯'ä¿æãã'ãšãã æå³ã®èªã§ãããno longerã¯ããã ãã§åŠå®æãäœãå¯è©ã§ããã 'ãã¯ãããªã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã
Tamils are ethnically, linguistically and culturally related to the other Dravidian peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 74 million Tamils around the world.
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Tamils have strong feelings towards the Tamil language, which is often venerated in literature as "tamil̲an̲n̲ai," "the Tamil mother."
ã¿ãã«äººã¯ã¿ãã«ã®èšèªã«åŒ·ãæçãæã£ãŠããããã®èšèªã¯æç®ã®äžã§ãã°ãã° "tamil̲an̲n̲ai," ã¿ãã«ã®æ¯ãšåŒã°ãå°æ¬ãããŠããã
feelingã¯åã«'æããæ°æã¡'ãšããæå³ã§ãããæå³ã«ãæªãæå³ã«ããªãã ãããæèããã¿ãã«äººã®ã¿ãã«èªãžã®å¥œæãè¡šããŠãããããªã®ã§ã ããã§ã¯'æç'ãšãããvenerateã¯é£ããèªã ãã'å°æ¬ãã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã
It has historically been, and to large extent still is, central to the Tamil identity (Ramaswamy 1998).
ããã¯æŽå²çã«ã¿ãã«ã®åäžæ§ã®äžå¿ã§ãããçŸåšã§ãããªãã®çšåºŠããã§ããç¶ããŠããã (Ramaswamy 1998)
stillã¯å¹³åæã§çšããããå Žå'ãŸã 'ãšããæå³ãè¡šããåŠå®æ㧠'ãŸã ããªã'ãšããæå³ãçšãããšãã¯yetãçšããã®ã§æ³šæã ãŸããstillã«ã¯'ããã'ãšããæå³ã®å¯è©ãšããŠã®çšæ³ããããã 'ãŸã 'ã®å Žåã«ã¯stillã®çœ®ãå Žæãåè©ã®çŽåã«ãªãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠã 'ããã'ã®å Žåã«ã¯éåžžæé ã«ãªãããšããèŠåããããã
Like the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India.
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The language has been far less influenced by Sanskrit than the other Dravidian languages, and preserves many features of Proto-Dravidian, though modern-day spoken Tamil, especially in Tamil Nadu, freely uses loanwords from Sanskrit and English.
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Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and the language was recently recognised as a classical language by the government of India.
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Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents the oldest body of secular literature in South Asia (Hart 1975).
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Notable works in classical Tamil literature include the Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar, the five great Tamil epics and the works of Auvaiyar.
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The written language has changed very little over the years, with the result that much of classical literature remains easily accessible to modern Tamils and continues to influence modern Tamil culture.
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resultã¯åè©ãšããŠã¯çµæãšããæå³ã§ãããåè©ãšããŠã¯result in - ã§çšãããã 'ããšããçµæã«ãªã'ãšããæå³ã«ãªããaccessibleã¯'䜿çšå¯èœã§ãã'ãšãã æ§ãªæå³ã§access"æ¥ç¶"ããæ¥ãŠãããcontinueã¯-ingãç®çèªã«åã£ãŠ 'ããç¶ãã'ãšããæå³ãæã€ãéåžžtoäžå®è©ãç®çèªãšããããšã¯ ãªããšãããããããã§ã¯ééããã®ã ããã? influence㯠'圱é¿ãã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã䌌ãæå³ã®èªãšããŠaffectãããã affectã¯effectãšéã£ãŠåè©ãšããŠã¯çšããããªãããšã«æ³šæã
Modern Tamil literature is considerably diverse, ranging from Indian Nationalism in the works of Subramanya Bharathy, to historical romanticism in the works of Kalki Krishnamurthy, to radical and more moderate social realism in the works of Pudhumaipithan and Jayakanthan respectively, to feminism in the works of Malathi Maithree and Kutti Revathi.
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Sujatha, an author whose works range from romance novels to science fiction, is one of the most popular modern writers using the Tamil language.
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In more recent years, Sri Lankan Tamil literature has produced several powerful pieces reflecting the civilian tragedy caused by decades of war.
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There is also an emerging diaspora literature in Tamil.
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Economy of India
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The economy of India is the fourth-largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3.36 trillion.
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When measured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the tenth largest in the world, with a GDP of US $691.87 billion (2004).
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India was the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 8.1% at the end of the first quarter of 2005â2006.
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However, India's huge population results in a relatively low per capita income of $3,100 at PPP.
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The country's economy is diverse and encompasses agriculture, handicrafts, industries and a multitude of services.
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Services are the major source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of the Indian workforce earn their livelihood directly or indirectly through agriculture.
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In recent times, India has also capitalised on its large number of highly educated people who are fluent in the English language to become a major exporter of software services, financial services and software engineers.
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India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment.
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šäœã®ããšã§ããã participationã¯ãparticipate'åå ãã'ããããèªã§ãæå³ã¯'åå ' ã§ããã䌌ãæå³ã®èªãšããŠãtake part in - ãããããã®æžãæãã¯æåã§ããã foreignã¯ã'å€åœã®'ãšããæå³ã§ãtradeã¯ã'貿æ'ã§ããã æŽã«ãinvestmentã¯ã'æè³'ã§ããã'æè³ãã'ãšããæå³ã® åè©investã®åè©åœ¢ã§ãããéåžž-mentã§çµããåèªã¯ 察å¿ããèªã®åè©åœ¢ã§ããã
Since the early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment.
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graduallyã¯ã'ã ãã ããš'ãšããæå³ã§ãããmarketã¯ãããã§ã¯ç¹ã«'åžå Ž(ãããã)'ã® ããšã§ãããçµæžçšèªã§ãããäžè¬çã«ã¯åã«'売ãå Ž'çšåºŠã®æå³ã§çšãããã ããšãå€ããreformã¯'æ¹é©'ã®æå³ã§ãããreduceã¯'æžãã'ãšãã æå³ã ããåãæå³ã®èªãšããŠdecrease, diminishãããã ãŸããå察èªãšããŠincreaseãããããããã¯ã©ããããçšãããããã diminishããã䜿ãããé »åºŠãå°ãªããããããªãã
Privatisation of public-owned industries and opening up of certain sectors to private and foreign players has proceeded slowly amid political debate.
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privatization ã¯ãçµæžçšèªã«è¿ãããæ°å¶åã®ããšã§ããã ããã¯ãåœå®¶ãè¡ã£ãŠããããšãæ°éã«ä»»ããããšã§ã競äºåçã å°å
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šäœã®å©çãè¿œæ±ãããšããéããããã pubic-ownedã¯ã'æ¿åºãææãã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã certainã¯'ãã'ãšããæå³ã§ãsomeã«è¿ãæå³ã ãã 察象ãéå®ããåããããããŸããIt is certain that - ã®åœ¢ã§çšãããããšãã«ã¯ã'ããªããšã¯ç¢ºãã 'ãšãã æå³ã«ãªããopen up to private ã¯ããé£ãã å°éçãªèšãåãã ãã'ããšããšåœæã®äž»äœããã€ãã£ãŠããéšåã æ°éäŒæ¥ã«ä»»ãã'ãšããæå³ã§ããããã®å Žåã çµå¶ã®å¹çåãªã©ãæåŸ
ããããã倱æãããšå®å®ãã ãµãŒãã¹ã®äŸçµŠãé»å®³ãããããšãããã playerã¯ãããã§ã¯'(çµæžæŽ»åã®)äž»äœ'ã®æå³ã§ããã 'éžæ'ãªã©ã®æå³ã¯ãªããforeign playerã¯ã å®éã«ã¯'å€åœäŒæ¥'ã®æå³ã§ããã proceedã¯'é²è¡ãã'ãšããæå³ã§ãããamidã¯ã'ãã®äžã§'ãšããæå³ã§ããã debateã¯ã'話ãåã'ãšããæå³ã ããåã«'ãã£ããŒã'ãšãã£ãŠã æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯éãããããããªããäžæ¹ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ããaã«ããããšãã åã«'ãã£ããŒã'ã§ã¯è±èªãšããŠã¯éãã«ããã
The socio-economic problems India faces are a burgeoning population and lack of infrastructure, as well as growing inequality and unemployment.
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socio-economicã¯ãsocial'瀟äŒçãª'ãšeconomic'çµæžçãª'ããäœãããé èªã§ããã faceã¯ã'çŽé¢ãã'ãšããæå³ã®ä»åè©ã§ãããfaceã¯ãbe faced with - ãšã㊠çšããŠãã»ãŒåãæå³ã§çšãããããfaceã¯åè©ãšããŠçšããããå Žåã«ã¯ã 'é¡'ã§ãããburgeonã¯ã'å¢ãã'ãšããæå³ã®èªã§ããã infrastructureã¯ã'ã€ã³ãã©ãåºç€'ãšããæå³ã§ããã inequalityã¯ã'äžå¹³ç'ã®æå³ã§ãããequal'çãã'ãequality'å¹³çãçåŒ' ããæ¥ãŠãããunemploymentã¯ãemploy'éçšãã'ããæ¥ãŠããã'ééçš' ã®æå³ã§ããã
Poverty also remains a problem although it has seen a decrease of 10% since the 1980s.
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Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 25% of the GDP, employed 57% of the total workforce in 1999-2000 and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India.
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šäœçãª'ãšããæå³ã§ãããdevelopmentã¯ãdevelop'çºå±ããã'ãšãã èªããæ¥ãèªã§ããã'çºå±'ãšããæå³ã§ããã
Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the green revolution.
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yieldã¯ãåè©ã§çšãããããšãã«ã¯ã'åç©«'ãšããæå³ã«ãªããåè©ã§ã¯ã 'çã¿åºã'ãšãã£ãæå³ã§ãããperã¯ãper - ã§ã'ãããšã«'ãšããæå³ã§ããã äŸãã°ãcm/sec ã¯ãcentimeter per second ãšèªãŸããããããã¯ã cm/sec ãã1ç§éã«ç©äœãäœcmé²ãããèšè¿°ããéã§ããããšã«ããã areaã¯ã'å°åãé¢ç©'ã ããããã§ã¯'é¢ç©'ã®æå³ã§ãããcropã¯ã'ç©ç©'ãšããæå³ã§ããã due to -ã¯ã'ãã®ããã«'ãšããæå³ã§ãbecause of - ãšã®æžãæããå¯èœã§ããã ãŸããthanks to - ãšæžãæããããšãããããããã¯æèã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿ãåãããªãããã®ã§ã 泚æãå¿
èŠã§ãããdueã¯ãåç¬ã§ã¯åè©ã§ã'矩å'ãšããæå³ãããããdue to - ã®åœ¢ã»ã©ããçšããããããã§ã¯ãªããemphasisã¯ãemphasize'匷調ãã'ããæ¥ãèªã§ã '匷調'ãšããæå³ããããimprovementã¯ãimprove'æ¹åãã'ããæ¥ãèªã§ã'æ¹å' ãšããæå³ã§ãããirrigationã¯ãããé£ããèªã ããirrigate'çæŒãã'ãšããèªããæ¥ãèªã§ã 'çæŒ'ãšããæå³ã§ãããtechnologyã¯ã'æè¡'ãšããæå³ã§ããã applicationã¯ãapply'é©çšãã'ããæ¥ãèªã§ã'å¿çš'ãšããæå³ã§ããã practiceã¯ã'ç·Žç¿ãã'ãšããæå³ãããããããã§ã¯åã«'ææ³'ãšããçšåºŠã®æå³ã§ããã provisionã¯ã'æäŸ'ãšããæå³ã§ãããcreditã¯ã'è³éãåããããš'ã®æå³ã§ããã subsidyã¯ãå°ãé£ããåèªã ãã'è£å©é'ã®æå³ã§ãããgreen revolutionã¯ã 'w:ç·ã®é©åœ'ãšåŒã°ããè¿ä»£ã«ãããéèŠãªåºæ¥äºã®ïŒã€ã§ããã
However, international comparisons reveal that the average yield in India is generally 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world.
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internationalã¯ã'åœéçãª'ãšããæå³ã§ããã'ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãã·ã§ãã«ã¹ã¯ãŒã«'ãªã©ãš æ¥æ¬èªçã«ã䜿ããããããã®ãŸãŸèªãã§ãéããªããšæãããã comparisonã¯ãåè©compareæ¯èŒãã'ããæ¥ãåè©ã§ããã æå³ã¯'æ¯èŒ'ã§ãããrevealã¯ã'æããã«ãã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã averageã¯ã'å¹³å'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããããŸã'å¹³åçãª'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã«ããªããgenerallyã¯ã圢容è©general'äžè¬ã®' ããæ¥ãå¯è©ã§ãæå³ã¯'äžè¬ã«'ã§ããã
The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors: Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce.
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productivityã¯ã'çç£æ§'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããproductã¯ã'補å' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããproductivityã¯ã補åãäœãã ãæ§è³ªãšãã æå³ã§ãããresultã¯ãåè©ãšããŠçšãããããšãã«ã¯'çµæ'ãšãã æå³ãè¡šãããfollowã¯ã'ç¶ã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã ãã ããã§ã¯ãfollowingã§ã'次ã«ç¶ã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã factorã¯ã'èŠçŽ 'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã illiteracyã¯ã'æåãèªããªãããš'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã illiteracyã¯ãliteracyã®åæèªã§ãliteracyã¯ã 'èåç'ãšããæå³ã§ãããgeneralã¯ã'äžè¬çãª'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã backwardnessã¯ãbackward'åŸæ¹ã®'ãšãã圢容è©ããæ¥ãåè©ã§ããã 'åŸããåŸé²æ§'ãšããæå³ã§ãããslowã¯ã'é
ã'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã progressã¯ã'é²æ©'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããimplementã¯ã 'å®è¡'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããreformã¯ã'æ¹é©'ãšããæå³ã® åè©ã§ãããinadequateã¯ã圢容è©adequate'é©åãª'ã®å察㮠æå³ãæã€åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ã'äžé©åãª'ãšããæå³ãæã€ã inefficientã¯ã圢容è©efficient'å¹æçãª'ã®å察ã®æå³ãæ〠圢容è©ã§ã'å¹æçã§ãªã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã financeã¯ãããã§ã¯'éè'ãšããæå³ã§ããã farmã¯ã'èŸ²å Ž'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããproduceã¯ã'çç£'ãšãã æå³ã®åè©ã§ããã
The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 20,000 m²) and are subject to fragmentation, due to land ceiling acts and in some cases, family disputes.
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averageã¯ã'å¹³åçãª'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãããholdingsã¯ã'ææã¡ãææå' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããsubjectã¯ã圢容è©ãšããŠçšããããæã«ã¯ã be subject to - ã§ã'ãããããã£ãŠãã'ãšããæå³ãšãªãã subjectã¯ãåè©ãšããŠçšãããããšãã«ã¯ã'äž»é¡ãããŒã'ãšãã æå³ãšãªãããŸããææ³çšèªãšããŠã'äž»èª'ãšããåè©ã®æå³ãããã fragmentationã¯ã'åå²'ãšããæå³ã§ããã due to - ã¯ã'ãã®ããã«'ãšããæå³ã®èªã§ãbecause of - ãšã® æžãæãã¯ããçšãããããdisputeã¯ã'è°è«ãäºè«'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã disputeã¯ãåè©ãšããŠãçšãããã'è°è«ãããè«äºãã'ãšãã æå³ãšãªãã
Such small holdings are often over-manned, resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour.
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Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate, hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings.
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Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 53.6% of the land was irrigated in 2000-01 , which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the Monsoon season.
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A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy as a whole, while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur
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Dinosaurs are vertebrate animals that range from reptile-like to bird-like.
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Dinosaurs dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing around 230 million years ago.
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65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, all non-avian dinosaurs became extinct.
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Dinosaurs still exist today in the line of birds (avian dinosaurs).
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Knowledge about dinosaurs is derived from both fossil and non-fossil records, including fossilized bones, feces, trackways, gastroliths, feathers, impressions of skin, internal organs and soft tissues.
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Dinosaur remains have been found on every continent on Earth, including Antarctica.
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Numerous fossils of the same dinosaur species have been found on completely different continents, corroborating the generally-accepted theory that all land masses were at one time connected in a super-continent called Pangaea.
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Pangaea began to break up during the Triassic period around 230 million years ago.
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Since the first dinosaur was recognized in the 19th century, their mounted, fossilized skeletons have become major attractions at museums around the world.
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Dinosaurs have become a part of world culture and remain consistently popular, especially among children.
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They have been featured in best-selling books and blockbuster films such as Jurassic Park, and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media.
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The term dinosaur is also used informally to describe any prehistoric reptile, such as the pelycosaur Dimetrodon, the winged pterosaurs, and the aquatic ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs, though none of these are dinosaurs.
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The ongoing renaissance in the scientific understanding of dinosaurs began in the 1970s and was triggered, in part, by John Ostrom's discovery of Deinonychus, an active, vicious predator that may have been warm-blooded (homeothermic), in marked contrast to the prevailing image of dinosaurs as sluggish and cold-blooded.
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Vertebrate paleontology, arguably the primary scientific discipline involved in dinosaur research, has become a global science.
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Major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexploited regions, including India, South America, Madagascar, Antarctica, and most significantly in China (the amazingly well-preserved feathered dinosaurs in China have further solidified the link between dinosaurs and their living descendants, modern birds).
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' ã®æå³ã§ãããpreviouslyã¯ãprevious'以åã®'ãšãã圢容è©ããæ¥ãå¯è©ã§ ããã unexploitedã¯ãexploit'w:æŸåãã'ããæ¥ã圢容è©ã§ãããã§ã¯'詳ãã 調ã¹ãããŠããªãã£ã'ãšããçšåºŠã®æå³ã§ããã Madagascarã¯ã'w:ããã¬ã¹ã«ã«'ã®ããšã§ããã Antarcticaã¯ã'å極'ã®æå³ã§ããã significantlyã¯ã圢容è©significant'æ矩深ã'ããæ¥ãŠãããããã§ã¯ 'éèŠãª'ãšããçšåºŠã®æå³ã§ãããmost significantlyã¯ãå¯è©ã®æäžçŽ ã®çšæ³ã§ããã Chinaã¯ã'w:äžåœ'ã®æå³ã§ããã amazinglyã¯ã圢容è©amazing'é©ãã¹ã'ããæ¥ãèªã§ã'é©ãçš'ãšããæå³ã§ããã wellã¯ã'ãã'ãšããæå³ã®å¯è©ã§ããããæ¯èŒçŽã¯betterãæäžçŽã¯bestãš ãªã£ãŠãããgoodã«å¯Ÿããæ¯èŒçŽãšåãã§ããããšã«æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ããã preserveã¯ã'ä¿åãã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã featheredã¯ãåè©feather'矜'ããæ¥ãèªã§ã'矜ã®ãã'ãšãã æå³ã§ãããsolidifyã¯ã圢容è©solid'å
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The widespread application of cladistics, which rigorously analyzes the relationships between biological organisms, has also proved tremendously useful in classifying dinosaurs.
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Cladistic analysis, among other modern techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record.
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What is a dinosaur?
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Definition
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The superorder or clade "Dinosauria" was formally named by the English scientist Richard Owen in 1842.
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ã§ããRichard Owenã«ãã£ãŠ1842幎㫠åä»ããããã
superorderãšcladeã¯ãçç©ã®åé¡ã«é¢ããåŠåçãªçšèªã§ããã formallyã¯ã圢容è©formal'圢åŒçãª'ããæ¥ãå¯è©ã§ããã'圢åŒçã«ã¯' ãšããæå³ã§ãããnameã¯ãåè©ã§äœ¿ããããšãã¯'åå'ãšããæå³ã ãã åè©ãšããŠçšãããšãã«ã¯ã'åä»ãã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã
The term is a combination of the Greek words deinos ("terrible" or "fearfully great" or "formidable") and sauros ("lizard" or "reptile").
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termã¯ã'èª'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã combinationã¯ãåè©combine'çµã³ã€ãã'ããæ¥ãèªã§ã'çµã¿åãã'ãšãã æå³ãšãªããGreekã¯ã'ã®ãªã·ã¢ã®'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã 'ã®ãªã·ã¢'ã¯ãGreeceãšããåèªã§ãããterribleã¯ãåè©terror'ææ'ãã æ¥ã圢容è©ã§ããã'æããã'ãšããæå³ã§ããã fearfullyã¯ãåè©fear'ææ'ããæ¥ãå¯è©ã§ãããã§ã¯ã'æããããæããããçšã®' ãšããæå³ã§ãããformidableã¯ã'æããã'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã lizardã¯ã'ãã«ã²'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããreptileã¯ã'ãè«é¡' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã
The name was chosen to express Owen's awe at the size and majesty of the extinct animals, not out of fear or trepidation at their size and often-formidable arsenal of teeth and claws.
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chosenã¯ãåè©chooseã®éå»åè©ã§ãããéå»åœ¢ã¯choseã§ããã expressã¯ã'è¡šçŸãã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããaweã¯ã'çæ¬ãçæ'ãšãã æå³ã®åè©ã§ãããmajestyã¯ã'åšé¢š'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã extinctã¯ã'絶æ»
ãã'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã animalã¯ã'åç©'ãšããæå³ã®åºæ¬çãªåè©ã§ããã trepidationã¯ãããé£ããåèªã ãã'ææ'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã arsenalã¯ã'æŠåšåº«'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããteeth ã¯ãtoothã®è€æ°åœ¢ã§ããã'æ¯'ãšããæå³ã§ããã clawã¯ã'çª'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã
Dinosaurs are extremely varied.
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Some were herbivorous, others carnivorous.
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Some dinosaurs were bipedal, others quadrupedal, while others could walk easily on two or four legs, such as the dinosaur Ammosaurus.
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Size
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Only a tiny percentage of animals ever fossilize, and most of these remain buried in the earth.
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As a result, the smallest and largest dinosaurs will probably never be discovered.
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Even among those specimens that are recovered, few are known from complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and soft tissue are rare.
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Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is inexact, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork.
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Largest and smallest dinosaurs
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While the largest and smallest dinosaurs will probably remain unknown, and comparisons involving existing specimens are imprecise, it is clear that, as a group, dinosaurs were large.
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By dinosaur standards the sauropods were gigantic.
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The smallest sauropods were larger than anything else in their habitat, and the largest were an order of magnitude more massive than anything else that has ever walked the Earth.
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The tallest and heaviest dinosaur known from a complete skeleton is the Brachiosaurus, which was discovered in Tanzania between 1907â12.
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tallã¯ã'èãé«ã'ãšããæå³ã®åºæ¬çãªåœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã heavyã¯ã'éã'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã Tanzaniaã¯ãæ±ã¢ããªã«ã®åœw:ã¿ã³ã¶ãã¢ã®ããšã§ããã
It is now mounted in the Humboldt Museum of Berlin and is 12 m (38 ft) tall and probably weighed between 30,000â60,000 kg (33â66 short tons).
ããã¯çŸåšã§ã¯Berlin(ãã«ãªã³)ã®ãã³ãã«ãåç©é€šã«å±ç€ºãããŠããã12mã®å€§ãããããããããã33-66ãã³ã®éãã§ãã£ãã
mountã¯ãããã§ã¯'å±ç€ºãã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã museumã¯ã'åç©é€š'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããweighã¯ã'ãã®éãããã' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããtonã¯ã'w:ãã³'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã
The longest dinosaur is the 27 m (89 ft) long Diplodocus, which was discovered in Wyoming and mounted in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907.
æã倧ããæç«ã¯27mã®é·ãã®Diplodocus(ãã£ãããã¯ã¹)ã ãããã㯠Wyomingã§çºèŠãããPittsburgh(ãããããŒã°)ã®Carnegie Natural History Museum( ã«ãŒãã®ãŒèªç¶æŽå²åç©é€š)ã«1907幎ã«å±ç€ºãããã
naturalã¯ã'èªç¶ã®'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãããhistoryã¯ã'æŽå²' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã
There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of incomplete fossil samples.
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knowledgeã¯ã'ç¥è'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããbaseã¯ã'ãã«åºã¥ãã' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããbase A on B ã§ã'AãBã«ãã£ãŠãã' ãšããæå³ã§ãããentirelyã¯ã圢容è©entire'å
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The largest specimens on record were all discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 80,000â100,000 kg (88â121 tons); the longest, the 40 m (130 ft) long Supersaurus; and the tallest, the 18 m (60 ft) Sauroposeidon, which could have reached a sixth-floor window.
èšé²ãããäžã§æã倧ããªçš®ã¯å
šãŠ1970幎代ãããã以éã«çºèŠãããŠããã ãããã¯å·šå€§ã§80,000-100,000kgã®éããããArgentinosaurusã 40mã®äœé·ãããsupersaurusãã18mã®é«ããããã6éã®çªã«æãå±ãSauroposeidonã å«ãã§ããã
includeã¯ã'å«ã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããArgentinosaurus, which may - ã§ã®whichã¯ãäž»èªãšããŠã®é¢ä¿ä»£åè©whichã®çšæ³ã§ããããã«ã³ãã whichã®åã«ããããšãããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®éå¶éçšæ³ã§ããããšã ããããéåžžArgentinosaurusãªã©ã®åºæåè©ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã«ãã£ãŠ 修食ãããæã«ã¯ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ã®éå¶éçšæ³ãçšããããã Sauroposeidon, which could - ã®whichãåãçšæ³ã§ããã reachã¯ã'å±ã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããsixth-floorã¯ã'6é'ãšãã æå³ã®è¡šçŸã§ãããwindowã¯ã'çª'ãšããæå³ã®åºæ¬çãªåè©ã§ããã
Dinosaurs were the largest of all terrestrial animals.
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terrestrialã¯ã'éžçã®'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãéžäžã«äœãåç©ã®ããšãæãã
The largest elephant on record weighed 12,000 kg (13.2 tons), while the tallest giraffe was 6 m (20 ft) tall.
èšé²ã®äžã§æã倧ããªè±¡ã¯12,000kgã§ãããäžæ¹æãèã®é«ãããªã³ã¯6mã§ãã£ãã
elephantã¯ã'象'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããgiraffeã¯ã'ããªã³'ãšããæå³ã® åè©ã§ããã
Even giant prehistoric mammals such as the Indricotherium and the Columbian mammoth were dwarfed by the giant sauropods.
IndricotheriumãColumbian mammoth(ã³ãã³ãã¢ãã³ã¢ã¹)ãªã©ã®åå²çãªã»ä¹³é¡ã§ãã£ãŠã 巚倧ãªsauropodsã®åã§ã¯å°äººã«èŠããã
giantã¯ã'巚倧ãª'ãšããæå³ã®èªã§ãããprehistoricã¯ã 'åå²çãª'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãããmammalã¯ã'ã»ä¹³é¡'ãšãã æå³ã®åè©ã§ãããdwarfã¯ãåè©ã§çšãããããšãã«ã¯ã'å°äºº' ãšããæå³ã«ãªãã
Only a handful of modern aquatic animals approach them in size, most notably the blue whale (which reaches up to 190,000 kg (209 tons) and 33.5 m (110 ft) in length).
ããããã®çŸä»£ã®æ°Žäžã®åç©ã ãã 倧ããã§åœŒãã«è¿ã¥ãããšãã§ããããæãéèŠãªã®ã¯blue whale(190,000kgã«éã 33.5mã®é·ãã«ãªãã)ã§ããã
handfulã¯ã'äžæ¡ã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããa handful of - ã§ã 'äžæ¡ãã®ã'ãšãªããaquaticã¯ã'æ°Žçã®'ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã approachã¯ãããã§ã¯'è¿ã¥ã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã notablyã¯ã'éèŠãª'ãšããæå³ã§ãããblue whaleã¯ã'w:ã·ããã¬ã¹ã¯ãžã©' ã®äºã§ãããreachã¯ãããã§ã¯'å°ã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã up to - ã¯ã'ãã«ãŸã§'ãšããæå³ã®èªã§ãããlengthã¯ã'é·ã' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã圢容è©long'é·ã'ããæ¥ãŠããã
Not including modern birds like the bee hummingbird, the smallest dinosaurs known were about the size of a crow or a chicken.
bee hummingbirdãªã©ã®çŸåšã®é³¥ãé€ãã°ã ç¥ãããŠããäžã§æãå°ããæç«ã¯ããããã«ã©ã¹ããã¯ããªã»ã©ã®å€§ããã§ããã
crowã¯ã'ã«ã©ã¹'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããchickenã¯ã'ãã¯ããª' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã
The Microraptor, Parvicursor, and Saltopus were all under 60 cm (2 ft) in length.
Microraptor, Parvicursor, Saltopusãªã©ã¯ã©ãã60cm以äžã®å€§ããã§ããã |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
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The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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It is located on the southeastern coast of China.
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locate ã¯ã'ãã«ãã'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã coast ã¯ã'海岞'ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã
Hong Kong (éŠæž¯, also known as Hongkong, which was common in older English-language texts, or XiÄnggÇng, in Pinyin) has one of the world's most liberal economies and is a major international centre of finance and trade.
Hong Kong (éŠæž¯ãHongkong ã®åã§ãç¥ãããŠããããããã¯å€ãè±èªã®ããã¹ãã§å€ãããŸããã³ã€ã³ã§ã¯ XiÄnggÇng ãšæžããã)ã¯ãäžçã§æãèªç±ãªçµæžãæã£ãŠãããåœéçãªéèãšè²¿æã®äž»èŠãªäžå¿ã§ããã
common ã¯ã 'æ®éã®' ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã Pinyin ã¯ã 'ãã³ã€ã³' ã®äºã§ãäžåœèªçºé³ã®è¡šèšæ³ã®ããšã§ããã one of 'è€æ°åœ¢' ã¯ã'ãã®ãã¡ã®1ã€'ãšããæå³ã§ããã liberal ã¯ã 'èªç±ãª' ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ãããeconomyã¯ã 'çµæž' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããmajor ã¯ã 'äž»èŠãª' ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã international 㯠'åœéçãª' ãšããæå³ã®åœ¢å®¹è©ã§ããã centre ã¯ãcenter ãšåãæå³ã§'äžå¿'ãšããæå³ã§ããã finance ã¯ã 'éè' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ãããtradeã¯ã '貿æ' ãšããæå³ã®åè©ã§ããã |
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