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حتى أتى أرطبون فدفع إليه الكتاب بمشهد من النفر، فاقترأه

He came to Artabun and gave him the letter in the presence of some people, and Artabun read the letter aloud

فخرج الرسول على ما أمره به

The envoy set out in accordance with ‘Amr's orders

وأستعدي عليك فلانا وفلانا وفلانا- لوزرائه- فأقرئهم كتابي، ولينظروا فيما بيني وبينك

I am seeking against you the help of so-and-so and so-and-so and so-and-so (he mentioned some of Artabun's aides); read my letter to them and let them look into what is between me and you

لو أخطأتك خصلة تجاهلت فضيلتي، وقد علمت أني صاحب فتح هذه البلاد

If you were not in possession of excellent qualities, you would not be aware of my virtues,but you do know that I am theman destined to conquer this land

وأنت نظيري ومثلي في قومك

You are my opposite number among your people

وقال" استمع ما يقول حتى تخبرني به إذا رجعت إن شاء اللَّه. وكتب إليه" جاءني كتابك

He instructed him" "Listen to what he says so that you can give me the information about it when you come back, God willing," and he wrote to Artabun, saying" "I have received your letter

فدعا عمرو رجلا يتكلم بالرومية، فأرسله إلى أرطبون، وأمره أن يغرب ويتنكر

‘Amr summoned a man who spoke Greek, sent him to Artabun, and ordered him to behave like a stranger and to disguise himself

فارجع ولا تغر فتلقى ما لقي الذين قبلك من الهزيمة

Go back and do not be deceived, lest you be defeated like those before you

والله لا تفتتح من فلسطين شيئا بعد أجنادين

By God, you will not conquer any part of Palestine after Ajnadayn

وكتب أرطبون إلى عمرو بأنك صديقي ونظيري، أنت في قومك مثلي في قومي

Artabun wrote to ‘Amr saying" "You are my friend and opposite number; the position you hold among your people is comparable to my position among mine

ثم أزالهم إلى أجنادين، فانضم علقمة ومسروق ومحمد بْن عمرو وأبو أيوب إلى عمرو بأجنادين

Then ‘Amr moved the Muslims to Ajnadayn, and ‘Alqamah, Masruq, Muhammad b. ‘Amr, and Abu Ayyub joined ‘Amr at Ajnadayn

ولما أتى أرطبون إيلياء أفرج له المسلمون حتى دخلها

When Artabun came to Jerusalem, the Mus-lims did not stand in his way and enabled him to enter the city

ثم إن أرطبون انهزم في الناس فأوى إلى إيلياء، ونزل عمرو أجنادين

Artabun was defeated with his men and took refuge in Jerusalem, while ‘Amr camped at Ajnadayn

فالتقوا بأجنادين، فاقتتلوا قتالا شديدا كقتال اليرموك، حتى كثرت القتلى بينهم

The confrontation took place at Ajnadayn, and the two armies fought a heavy battle, like the battle of Yarmuk, in which many were killed

والتقوا ولم يجد من ذلك بدا

They confronted each other, and al-Artabun did not have any other choice

وناهده عمرو، وقد عرف مأخذه وعاقبته

‘Amr moved against al-Artabun after he came to know where he could be attacked and what would be his end

لله عمرو

How excellent is‘Amr

فبلغت عمر، فقال" غلبه عمرو

Umar came to know about it and said" "‘Amr got the better of him

وعلم الرومي بأنه قد خدعه، فقال" خدعني الرجل، هذا أدهى الخلق

The Byzantine understood that ‘Amr had deceived him and said" "The man has deceived me; he is the most cunning of creatures

فخرج عمرو ورأى ألا يعود لمثلها

Amr went away and decided not to come back

فرجع إليه الرجل وقال لعمرو" انطلق فجيء بأصحابك

The man came back, and al-Artabun said to ‘Amr" "Go and bring your companions

ودعا رجلا فساره، وقال" اذهب إلى فلان فرده إلي

He called a man, spoke to him secretly, and said" "Go to so-and-so and send him back to me

فقال" نعم

Al-Artabun said" "Agreed

وإن لم يروه رددتهم إلى مأمنهم، وكنت على رأس أمرك

If they do not view it so, you will allow them to return to safety and you will be able to start your affair

فإن رأوا في الذي عرضت مثل الذي أرى، فقد رآه أهل العسكر والأمير

If they view what you suggested as I do, then the members of the army and the amir will view it in the same way

فأرجع فآتيك بهم الآن

I shall return and bring them to you forthwith

وأنا واحد من عشرة، بعثنا عمر بْن الخطاب مع هذا الوالي لنكانفه ويشهدنا أموره

I am one of ten men whom ‘Umar b. al-Khaftab sent with this governor inorder that we might assist him and he might make us aware of his affairs

وفطن له عمرو، فقال" قد سمعت مني وسمعت منك، فأما ما قلته فقد وقع مني موقعا

‘Amr became aware of this and said" You have heard from me and I have heard from you, and I have been impressed by what you have said

فقال" اخرج فقم مكان كذا وكذا، فإذا مر بك فاقتله

He said" "Go out and stand in such-and-such a place, and when he passes near you, kill him

قتله ثم دعا حرسيا فساره بقتله

Then he called in a member of his guard and secretly spoke to him about killing ‘Amr

وما كنت لأصيب القوم بأمر أعظم عليهم من

Nothing I could do would harm the Muslims more grievously than killing this man

وقال أرطبون في نفسه" والله إن هذا لعمرو، أو إنه للذي يأخذ عمرو برأيه

Artabun said to himself" "By God, it is ‘Amr or a man whose advice ‘Amr follows

فأبلغه ما يريد، وسمع كلامه، وتأمل حصونه حتى عرف ما أراد

He told al-Artabun what he wanted, listened to what he said, and looked at his fortifications until he knew what he wanted to know

ولا تشفيه الرسل، فوليه بنفسه، فدخل عليه كأنه رسول

Nor did the envoys bring him satisfaction (either), so he took the matter upon himself and entered upon al-Artabun as if he were an envoy

وأقام عمرو على أجنادين لا يقدر من الأرطبون على سقطة

‘Amr stayed in Ajnadayn, without being able to cause al-Artabun to make a mistake

ولما تتابعت الأمداد على عمرو، بعث مُحَمَّد بْن عمرو مددا لعلقمة ومسروق، وبعث عمارة بْن عمرو بْن أمية الضمري مددا لأبي أيوب

When the reinforcements reached ‘Amr one after the other, he sent Muhammad b. ‘Amr to reinforce ‘Alqamah and Masruq and sent ‘Umarah b. ‘Amr b. Umayyah al-Pamri to reinforce Abu Ayyub

وكان بإزائهما

He confronted the two of them

وبعث أبا أيوب المالكي إلى الرملة، وعليها التذارق

Umar sent Abu Ayyub al-Maliki to al-Ramlah, which was ruled by al-Tadhariq

فصاروا بإزاء أهل إيلياء، فشغلوهم عن عمرو

They confronted the people of Jerusalem and prevented them from fighting ‘Amr

وكان عمرو قد استعمل علقمة ابن حكيم الفراسي ومسروق بْن فلان العكي على قتال أهل إيلياء

‘Amr appointed ‘Alqamah b. Hakim al-Firasi and Masruq b. so-and-so al-‘Akki to fight the people of Jerusalem

وكتب إلى معاوية بإمرته على قتال أهل قيسارية، وليشغلهم عن عمرو

He wrote to Mu'awiyah, appointing him to lead the fighting against the people of Caesarea, and to tie down their forces in order to prevent them from fighting ‘Amr

حتى إذا أتاه كتاب عمرو بتفريق الروم، كتب إلى يزيد أن يبعث معاوية في خيله إلى قيسارية

When he received 'Amr's letter informing him that the Byzantines had divided their forces, he wrote to Yazld (b. Abi Sufyan) to send Mu'awiyah with his cavalry to Caesarea

وجعل عمر رحمه اللَّه من لدن وجه أمراء الشام يمد كل أمير جند ويرميه بالأمداد

At this time, 'Umar began to dispatch the amirs of Syria and to provide each commander with reinforcements

فانظروا عم تتفرج

Let us see what the outcome will be

فلما جاءه كتاب عمرو، قال" قد رمينا أرطبون الروم بأرطبون العرب

When ‘Amr's letter reached him, he said" "We have sent the Artabun of the Arabs to confront the Artabun of the Byzantines

وقد كان وضع بالرملة جندا عظيما، وبإيلياء جندا عظيما، وكتب عمرو إلى عمر بالخبر

He placed a large army in al-Ramlah and a large army in Jerusalem. 'Amr (b. al-'As) informed 'Umar of the news

والروم في حصونهم وخنادقهم وعليهم الأرطبون. وكان الأرطبون أدهى الروم وأبعدها غورا، وأنكاها فعلا

The Byzantines were in their fortifications and trenches, with al-Artabun, the most cunning of the Byzantines, the most farsighted, and the most harmful, as their commander

فخرج حتى ينزل على الروم بأجنادين

He set out and camped near the Byzantines at Ajnadayn

وولى عمرو بْن العاص مجنبتيه عبد اللَّه بْن عمرو وجنادة بْن تميم المالكي، مالك بْن كنانة

He put the two wings of his army in charge of 'Abdallah b. 'Amr and Junadah b. Tamim al-Maliki "of the tribe of Malik b. Kinanah

واستخلف على عمل الأردن أبا الأعور

‘Amr b. al-‘As appointed Abu al-A'war to govern "the province of" Jordan in his stead

وخرج معه شرحبيل بْن حسنة على مقدمته

Shurabbil b. Hasanah set out with him, commanding the vanguard

ولما توجه علقمة إلى غزة وتوجه معاوية إلى قيسارية، صمد عمرو بْن العاص إلى الأرطبون، ومر بإزائه

When 'Alqamah moved to Gaza and Mu'awiyah to Caesarea, 'Amr b. al-'As went to confront al-Arfabun and passed in front of him

ذكر فتح بيسان ووقعة أجنادين

The Conquest of Baysan and the Battle of Ajnadayn

فَفَطَمَهُ عَنِ الْعَبَثِ بِأَسْرَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ حَتَّى افْتَتَحَهَا

He thereby dissuaded Mikha’il from molesting the Muslim prisoners until Caesarea was conquered

وَجَعَلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ قَبْلَ الْفَتْحِ وَبَعْدَهُ يَحْبِسُ الأَسْرَى عِنْدَهُ، وَيَقُولُ" مَا صَنَعَ مِيخَائِيلُ بِأَسْرَانَا صَنَعْنَا بِأَسْرَاهُمْ مِثْلَهُ

Mu'awiyah kept the Byzantine prisoners with him before the conquest and after it and said" "Whatever Mikha’Il does to our prisoners, we shall do to theirs

فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَقَالَ" لِتَحْمَدُوا اللَّهَ عَلَى فَتْحِ قَيْسَارِيَةَ

He praised God And said to them" "Praise God for the conquest of Caesarea

وَانْتَهَى بَرِيدُ مُعَاوِيَةَ إِلَى عُمَرَ بِالْخَبَرِ، فَجَمَعَ النَّاسَ وَأَبَاتَهُمْ عَلَى الْفَرَحِ لَيْلا

His messengers (al-barid) of Mu'awiyah brought the news to 'Umar, who assembled the people and made them spend the night joyfully

فَخَرَجَ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ وَلَمْ يَعُدْ، وَفَعَلَ كَمَا فَعَلَ عَمْرٌو بِالأَرْطَبُونِ

'Alqamah departed and did not return, doing the same thing which 'Ami did with alArtabun

فَبَعَثَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلِ" لا تَعْرِضْ لَهُ

Al-Fiqar sent a message to that man instructing him not to attack 'Alqamah

فَأَنْطَلِقُ فَآتِيكَ بِهِمْ

I shall go and bring them to you

فَأَمَرَ الْفَيْقَارُ رَجُلا أَنْ يَقْعُدَ لَهُ بِالطَّرِيقِ، فَإِذَا مَرَّ قَتَلَهُ، فَفَطِنَ عَلْقَمَةُ، فَقَالَ" إِنَّ مَعِي نَفَرًا شُرَكَائِي فِي الرَّأْيِ

Al-Fiqar ordered a man to wait for him on the way and to kill him when he passed by, but ‘Alqamah became aware of it and said" "I have with me a number of men who share my view

فَأَتَاهُ كَأَنَّهُ رَسُولُ عَلْقَمَةَ

Eventually ‘Alqamah came to al-Fiqar pretending to be ‘Alqamah's messenger

وَجَعَلَ يُرَاسِلُهُ، فَلَمْ يَشْفِهِ مِمَّا يُرِيدُ أَحَدٌ

He began corresponding with him but received no satisfaction

وَانْطَلَقَ عَلْقَمَةُ بْنُ مُجَزِّزٍ، فَحَصَرَ الْفَيْقَارَ بِغَزَّةَ

‘Alqamah b. Mujazziz set out and laid siege to al-Fiqar in Gaza

أَرَّقَ عَيْنِي أَخَوَا جُذَامِ ... كَيْفَ أَنَامُ وَهُمَا أَمَامِي! إِذْ يَرْحَلانِ وَالْهَجِيرُ طَامِي ... أَخُو حَشِيمٍ وَأَخُو حَرَامِ

The two Judhamis have made my eye sleepless; how can I sleep while they are ahead of me, Traveling in the heat of midday, the brother of Hushaym and the brother of Haram

وَابْنُ عَلْقَمَةَ يَتَمَثَّلُ وَهِيَ هِجِّيرَاهُ

Ibn ‘Alqamah repeatedly recited the following verses

فَلَحِقَاهُمَا، فَطَوَيَاهُمَا وَهُمَا نَائِمَانِ

"Ibn ‘Alqamah and Zuhayr" caught up with them and passed them while they were asleep

وَبَعَثَ بِالْفَتْحِ مَعَ رَجُلَيْنِ مِنْ بَنِي الضُّبَيْبِ، ثُمَّ خَافَ مِنْهُمَا الضَّعْفَ، فَبَعَثَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَلْقَمَةَ الْفِرَاسِيَّ وَزُهَيْرَ بْنَ الْحَلابِ الْخَثْعَمِيَّ، وَأَمَرَهُمَا أَنْ يَتْبَعَاهُمَا وَيَسْبِقَاهُمَا

He sent the news of victory (to ‘Umar) with two men from the Banu al-Pubayb, but then he became apprehensive that they would be weak and sent ‘Abdallah b. ‘Alqamah al-Firasi and Zuhayr b. al-Hilab al-Khath‘ami to follow the first two and to overtake them

فَبَلَغَتْ قَتْلاهُمْ فِي الْمَعْرَكَةِ ثَمَانِينَ أَلْفًا، وَكَمَّلَهَا فِي هَزِيمَتِهِمْ مِائَةَ أَلْفٍ

The number of their fallen during the fighting reached eighty thousand; at the time of their defeat Mu'awiyah increased the total to one hundred thousand

ثُمَّ زَاحَفُوهُ آخِرَ ذَلِكَ، وَخَرَجُوا مِنْ صَيَاصِيهِمْ، فَاقْتَتَلُوا فِي حَفِيظَةٍ وَاسْتِمَاتَةٍ

Finally they attacked him again, emerged from their fortifications, and fought with zeal and self-sacrifice

ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمْ جَعَلُوا يُزَاحِفُونَهُ، وَجَعَلُوا لا يُزَاحِفُونَهُ مِنْ مَرَّةٍ إِلا هَزَمَهُمْ وَرَدَّهُمْ إِلَى حِصْنِهِمْ

Then the people of Caesarea began to fight Mu'awiyah, but whenever they fought him he defeated them and compelled them to retreat into their fortress

فَهَزَمَهُ وَحَصَرَهُ فِي قَيْسَارِيَةَ

He defeated the latter and besieged him in Caesarea

وَسَارَ مُعَاوِيَةُ فِي جُنْدِهِ حَتَّى نَزَلَ عَلَى أَهْلِ قَيْسَارِيَةَ وَعَلَيْهِمْ أبنى

Mu'awiyah with his soldiers established camp near the people of Caesarea, who were led by ABNY

فَانْتَهَى الرَّجُلانِ إِلَى مَا أَمَرَا بِهِ

The two men reached the places where they were commanded to go

اللَّهُ رَبُّنَا وَثِقَتُنَا وَرَجَاؤُنَا وَمَوْلانَا، نِعْمَ الْمَوْلى وَنِعْمَ النَّصِيرُ

God is our Lord, our trust, our hope, and our Master; how excellent is the Master and how excellent is the Helper

وَأَكْثِرْ مِنْ قَوْلِ" لا حَوْلَ وَلا قُوَّةَ إِلا بِاللَّهِ

Say frequently 'There is no power nor strength except in God

فَسِرْ إِلَيْهَا وَاسْتَنْصِرِ اللَّهَ عَلَيْهِمْ

Go there and ask God's help against them

أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنِّي قَدْ وَلَّيْتُكَ قَيْسَارِيَةَ

Now, then, I have appointed you to govern Caesarea

وَكَانَ كِتَابُ عُمَرَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ

The following is the text of the letter of ‘Umar to Mu'awiyah

وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عَمْرٍو يَأْمُرُهُ بِصَدْمِ الأَرْطَبُونِ، وَإِلَى عَلْقَمَةَ بِصَدْمِ الْفَيْقَارِ

He also wrote to ‘Amr commanding him to confront Artabun, and he wrote to ‘Alqamah b. Mujazziz to confront al-Fiqar

وَكَتَبُوا إِلَى عُمَرَ بِتَفَرُّقِهِمْ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَى يَزِيدَ بِأَنْ يُدَفِّئَ ظُهُورَهُمْ بِالرِّجَالِ، وَأَنْ يُسَرِّحَ مُعَاوِيَةَ إِلَى قَيْسَارِيَةَ

‘Amr and Shurahbil wrote to ‘Umar that the Byzantines had divided their forces, and ‘Umar wrote to Yazid (b. Abi Sufyan) asking him to send them reinforcements and to dispatch Mu‘awiyah to Caesarea

واجتمع عسكر الروم بالجنادين وَبِيسَانَ وَغَزَّةَ

The Byzantine army gathered at Ajnadayn, Baysan, and Gaza

وَصَالَحَتْهُ الأردن

The province of Jordan (al-UrdunnY made peace with them

لَمَّا انْصَرَفَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ وَخَالِدٌ إِلَى حِمْصَ مِنْ فحل، نَزَلَ عَمْرٌو وَشُرَحْبِيلٌ عَلَى بَيْسَانَ فَافْتَتَحَاهَا

When Abu TJbaydah and Khalid departed from Fihl on their way to Him§, ‘Amr (b. al-‘A§) and Shurahbxl (b. Hasanah) camped at Baysan and conquered it

ذَكَرَ سَيْفٌ، عَنْ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ وَأَبِي حَارِثَةَ، عَنْ خَالِدٍ وَعُبَادَةَ، قَالا

According to Sayf—Abu TJthman and Abu Harithah—Khalid and ‘Ubadah

ذكر فتح قيسارية وحصر غزة

The Conquest of Caesarea and the Siege of Gaza

وربما كمن عندها الروم، فأصابوا غرة المتخلفين، فاحتاط المسلمون لذلك

At times Byzantines lay in ambush near the fortresses and launched surprise attacks on those who were lagging behind, and the Muslims had to take precautions against this

وشعث الحصون، فكان المسلمون لا يجدون بها أحدا

He laid the for-tresses waste so that the Muslims would not be able to find anyone there

ومضى حتى نزل القسطنطينية. وأخذ أهل الحصون التي بين إسكندرية وطرسوس معه، لئلا يسير المسلمون في عمارة ما بين أنطاكية وبلاد الروم

Heraclius moved onward and reached Constantinople, taking with him the people of the fortresses located between Alexandretta and Tarsus so that the Muslims should not be able to move within any populated territory between Antioch and the Byzantine land

فأما اليوم فعليك السلام يا سورية تسليم المفارق، ولا يعود إليك رومي أبدا إلا خائفا، حتى يولد المولود المشئوم، وليته لم يولد

Today I am greeting you in the manner of one who departs. No Byzantine man will ever return to you except in fear until the illfated one is born; would that he would not be born

لما فصل هرقل من شمشاط داخلا الروم التفت إلى سورية، فقال" قد كنت سلمت عليك تسليم المسافر

When Heraclius left Shimshat and entered the Byzantine territory, he turned back toward Syria and said" "I used to greet you in the manner of a traveler

وعن أبي الزهراء وعمرو بْن ميمون، قالا

According to Abu al-Zahra and ‘Amr b. Maymun

ما أحلى فعله، وأمر عاقبته على الروم

How sweet will be his deeds and how bitter will be their outcome with regard to the Byzantines

ولا يعود إليك رومي أبدا إلا خائفا، حتى يولد المولود المشئوم، ويا ليته لا يولد

No Byzantine man will ever return to you except in fear until the ill-fated one is born; would that he would not be born

سلاما لا اجتماع بعده

This is a farewell after which there will be no reunion

حتى إذا فصل منها نحو الروم علا على شرف، فالتفت ونظر نحو سورية، وقال" عليك السلام يا سورية

When he left Shimshaf in order to cross into the Byzantine territory, he ascended to an elevated place, turned back, looked in the direction of Syria, and said" "Peace be upon you, O Syria

فخنس عند ذلك إلى شمشاط

When this happened, he retreated to Shimshat

فلم يزل بها حتى طلع أهل الكوفة وفتحت قنسرين وقتل ميناس

He remained there until the people of al-Kufah appeared, Qinnasrin was conquered, and Minas was killed

فلما توجه المسلمون نحو حمص عبر الماء، فنزل الرهاء

When the Muslims moved on Hims, he crossed the Euphrates and camped at al-Ruha

تسليم مودع لم يقض منك وطره، وهو عائد

This is the farewell of a man who takes leave of you without fulfilling his desire and will return