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The philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamers () were steamships that transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922.
The main load was handled by two German ships, the Oberbürgermeister Haken and the Preussen, which transported more than 200 expelled Russian intellectuals and their families in September and November 1922 from Petrograd (modern-day Saint Petersburg) to the seaport of Stettin in Germany (modern-day Szczecin in Poland). Three detention lists included 228 people, 32 of them students.
Later in 1922, other intellectuals were transported by train to Riga in Latvia or by ship from Odessa to Istanbul.
Among the expelled
Vladimir Abrikosov
Yuly Aikhenvald
Nikolai Berdyaev
Boris Brutskus
Sergei Bulgakov
Valentin Bulgakov
Semyon Frank
Ivan Ilyin
(university lecturer/publisher; father of architect Anatol Kagan)
Lev Karsavin (the brother of ballerina Tamara Karsavina; arrested again in 1940 and deported to a gulag in Komi, where he died in 1952)
Nikolai Lossky
Mikhail Osorgin
Pitirim Sorokin (train)
Fyodor Stepun
Boris Vysheslavtsev
Literature
Catherine Baird. Revolution from Within: The Ymca in Russia’s Ascension to Freedom from Bolshevik Tyranny, 2013, (with bio List of the Deported)
Lesley Chamberlain, Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia, St Martin's Press, 2007;
V. G. Makarov, V. S. Khristoforov: «Passazhiry ‹filosofskogo parokhoda›. (Sud’by intelligencii, repressirovannoj letom-osen’ju 1922g.)». // Voprosy filosofii 7 (600) 2003, p. 113-137 [contains a list with biographical information on Russian intellectuals exiled 1922-1923].
Forced migration in the Soviet Union
1922 in Russia
Persecution by the Soviet Union
Persecution of philosophers
Soviet expellees
White Russian emigration
Russian philosophy |
`` you 've got him . '' |
and then he moved lightning fast , and from an angle the luxen could see , he nipped my ear again . |
the grille in the x-ray-room ceiling was still hanging open . |
`` should i bring my list ? '' |
Florey is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly. It is named after scientist Howard Florey, who was responsible for the development of penicillin. It is a suburban electorate in Adelaide's north-east, taking in the suburbs of Ingle Farm, Modbury North, Para Vista, Pooraka, Valley View, and Walkley Heights, as well as parts of Modbury and Northfield.
Florey was created at the electoral redistribution of 1969 as a notionally safe Labor electorate, and was first contested at the 1970 election. Mostly it was safely held by the Labor party until the 1989 election when it became the minority Labor government's most marginal electorate. Florey was one of the first electorates to fall to the Liberals at the 1993 election landslide. It was regained by Labor's Frances Bedford at the 1997 election.
2018 election
Incumbent Frances Bedford resigned from Labor and became an independent on 28 March 2017 after Labor's Jack Snelling won Florey pre-selection for the 2018 election. As an independent, Bedford continued to provide confidence and supply support to the incumbent Labor government and did not make an immediate decision as to whether she would re-contest Florey as an independent. The 2016 electoral redistribution reassigned two-thirds of Playford voters to Florey. A ReachTEL poll conducted on 2 March 2017 of 606 voters in post-redistribution Florey indicated a 33.4 percent primary vote for Bedford running as an independent which would likely see Labor's Snelling defeated after preferences. Snelling announced on 17 September 2017 that he had decided not to contest the 2018 election. The 2018 election was subsequently won by Bedford which was the first time an independent candidate had won an election in the district since its inception.
Members for Florey
Election results
See also
1982 Florey state by-election
Notes
References
ECSA profile for Florey
ABC profile for Florey: 2018
Poll Bludger profile for Florey: 2018
1970 establishments in Australia
Electoral districts of South Australia |
i thought i knew what i was doing , but it was clear i was well out of my depth . |
The following notable mountains and mountain ranges are completely or partially within the borders of Ethiopia:
A
Mount Abba Yared • Abul Kasim (mountain) • Mount Abuna Yosef • Mount Abuye Meda • Amba Alagi • Ale Bagu • Mount Amara • Amaro Mountains • Mount Ambaricho • Mount Amedamit • Amba Aradam • Mount Assimba • Mount Ayalu
B
Bale Mountains • Mount Bambasi • Mount Batu • Mount Belaya • Mount Biuat • Borale Ale • Borawli
C
Mount Chilalo • Mount Choqa • Choqa Mountains
D
Mount Damota Dangur range • Mount Dara Tiniro • Mount Darkeena • Debre Damo • Mount Delo • Mount Dendi
E
Entoto Mountains • Mount Entoto • Mount Erer
• Erta Ale Range • Ethiopian Highlands
F
Mount Fentale • Mount Amba Ferit • Mount Fota • Mount Furi
G
Gada Ale • Mount Gara Muleta • Mount Gardolla • Mount Garochan • Mount Gaysay • Amba Geshen • Mount Gugu • Mount Guna • Mount Gurage
H
Mount Hai • Hayli Gubbi • Mount Holla
K
Mount Kaka • Kulibi • Kundudo
M
Mount Maigudo • Mount Megezez • Mount Mengesha • Mount Meseraia
R
Ras Dashen
S
Semien Mountains • Mount Selki • Mount Smith Mount Suluta
T
Mount Tabala • Tat Ali • Tat Ali Range • Mount Tuka • Mount Tullu Demtu
W
Mount Wechacha • Wehni • Mount Welel • Mount Wenchi
Y
Mount Yerer
Z
Mount Zuqualla
See also
Amba (geology)
List of volcanoes in Ethiopia
List of highest mountain peaks of Africa, with data on the 47 highest mountains of Ethiopia
Mountains
Ethiopia
Ethiopia |
besides , it was too exhausting . |
the demons would be a powerful factor if the final confrontation between the church an ' the imperial throne that 's been brewin ' all these years should finally come . '' |
she hissed at him as he strode past . |
what would i not have given for his humble beginnings ? |
`` one does not greet the queen of the seelie court with the barbarous human 'hello , ' '' he said , `` as if you were hailing a servant . |
merrill told me , '' franklin said . |
`` packed house , bitches . '' |
for each of their kind , their creation story wasnt mythic or grand . |
i want to be too . '' |
her icy glare should have stopped me in my tracks , but i barreled right through the protective wall she had put between us . |
nothing . |
the place is deathly quiet . |
nancy returned to her seat near the cockpit where she resumed reading her magazine . |
`` keep the carriage waiting . '' |
thank you for saving me . |
i shook my foot , but the pebble wouldnt come out , so i leaned against my mothers tombstone and worked it out of my shoe . |
even when you have her showing up in your house at three in the morning like she belongs here and has no idea you 're seeing someone ? '' |
ten seconds later , lights turn onto the street and grow brighter as the car pulls into the lot and parks next to us . |
Georg Heinrich von Görtz, Baron of Schlitz (1668 – 19 February 1719), diplomat in Swedish service, was born in Holstein and educated at Jena.
Early life
Born into an old and prominent German noble family from Fulda, he was the eldest of four sons of Philipp Friedrich von Schlitz gen. von Görtz (1641-1695) by his first wife, Juliane von Minnigerode (1652-1687). From his father's second marriage to Sophia Philippine von Ilten (1669-1732), he had three more half siblings.
Career
He entered the Holstein-Gottorp service, and after the death of the duchess Hedwig Sophia, Charles XII of Sweden's sister, became very influential during the minority of her son Duke Charles Frederick. His earlier policy aimed at strengthening Holstein-Gottorp at the expense of Denmark. With this object, during Charles XII's stay at Altranstädt (1706–1707), he tried to divert the king's attention to the Holstein question, and six years later, when the Swedish commander, Magnus Stenbock, crossed the Elbe, Görtz rendered him as much assistance as was compatible with not openly breaking with Denmark, even going so far as to surrender the fortress of Tönning to the Swedes. Görtz next attempted to undermine the grand alliance against Sweden by negotiating with Russia, Prussia and Saxony for the purpose of isolating Denmark, or even of turning the arms of the allies against her, a task by no means impossible in view of the strained relations between Denmark and the tsar. The plan foundered, however, on the refusal of Charles XII to save the rest of his German domains by ceding Stettin to Prussia. Another simultaneous plan of procuring the Swedish crown for Duke Charles Frederick also came to nought. Görtz first suggested the marriage between the duke of Holstein and the tsarevna Anne of Russia, and negotiations were begun in Saint Petersburg with that object.
Görtz was also prominently involved in negotiating the terms of Stenbock's surrender in the Siege of Tönning, 1713.
Charles XII
On the arrival of Charles XII from Turkey at Stralsund in 1714, Görtz was the first to visit him, and emerged from his presence chief minister or "grand-vizier" as the Swedes preferred to call the bold and crafty satrap, whose absolute devotion to the Swedish king took no account of the intense wretchedness of the Swedish nation. Görtz, himself a man of uncommon audacity, seems to have been fascinated by the heroic element in Charles's nature and was determined, if possible, to save him from his difficulties. He owed his extraordinary influence to the fact that he was the only one of Charles's advisers who believed, or pretended to believe, that Sweden was still far from exhaustion, or at any rate had a sufficient reserve of power to give support to an energetic diplomacy - Charles's own opinion, in fact.
Swedish plenipotentiary
Görtz’s position, however, was highly peculiar. Ostensibly, he was only the Holstein minister at Charles's court, in reality he was everything in Sweden except a Swedish subject - finance minister, plenipotentiary to foreign powers, factotum, and responsible to the king alone, though he had not a line of instructions. He was just the man for the time and his approach was revolutionary. His chief financial action was to debase the currency by issuing copper tokens, intended to be redeemable in better times; but it was no fault of his that Charles XII flung upon the market too great an amount of this money for Görtz to deal with. By the end of 1718 it seemed as if Görtz’s system could not go on much longer, and the hatred of the Swedes towards him was so intense and universal that they blamed him for Charles XII's tyranny as well as for his own. Görtz hoped, however, to conclude peace with at least some of Sweden’s numerous enemies before the crash came and then, by means of fresh combinations, to restore Sweden to her rank as a great power.
Downfall
It is often said that in pursuit of his "system" Görtz displayed a genius for diplomacy which would have done honour to a Metternich or a Talleyrand. He desired peace with Russia first of all, and at the Congress of Åland even obtained relatively favourable terms, only to have them rejected by his stubbornly optimistic master. Simultaneously, Görtz was negotiating with Cardinal Alberoni and with the Whigs in England; but all his combinations collapsed with the sudden death of Charles XII. The whole fury of the Swedish nation instantly fell upon Görtz. After a trial before a special commission, in which he was not permitted to have any legal assistance or the use of writing materials, he was condemned to decapitation and promptly executed. Though some historians argue that Görtz deserved his fate for "unnecessarily making himself the tool of an unheard-of despotism," his death is considered by other historians to be a judicial murder, and some historians even regard him as a political martyr.
Personal life
In 1705, he was married to Christine Magdalene von Reventlow (1682-1713), widow of Kai von Rantzau (1650-1704), daughter of Detlev von Reventlow-Reedtz (1654-1701) and his wife, Dorothea von Ahlefeldt (1648-1720). They had two daughters:
Georgine von Schlitz gen. von Görtz (1708-1787) ⚭ Johann Friedrich von Bardenfleth (d. 1736) ⚭ Friedrich von Eyben (d. 1787)
Juliana von Schlitz gen. von Görtz (1713-1750) ⚭ Hieronymus Wigand von Laffert (1686-1765)
References
1668 births
1719 deaths
People from the Duchy of Holstein
German diplomats
Swedish diplomats
University of Jena alumni
People executed by Sweden by decapitation
18th-century executions by Sweden
Executed German people
Executed people from Schleswig-Holstein |
what other hidden talents do you have ? |
she paused in her packing . |
cheers , lads . |
you can sit on the floor , its awkward to kneel . '' |
even though my heart soared at the thought of home and family and even summer school , i felt i was leaving a part of me behind . |
dad looked very tired . |
`` i do n't need you to take care of me . |
officially i am a were . |
jocks . |
caleb growled at him . |
i know through painful experience how dangerous shadesmar can be . |
beth shook her head before turning to me . |
i went to sea ridge , and apparently stevie did too . |
after they were all in their usual spots and mr. miller had a mouthful of food he said , youre right ; ive never had a guide before . |
`` right now , two chicago wise guys are workin ' over the pi who took that picture . |
i glanced at it and took a turn , following a small logging road off the main highway . |
my cousin screaming finally got my attention enough to stop . |
`` well , how many people know about you , jesse ? |
by the early 1960 's america had reluctantly come to realize that it possessed , as a nation , the most potent scientific complex in the history of the world . |
`` because . |
the other man jumped on him , but nolan pushed him off and pinned him to the ground . |
her bitter tone cut me off . |
the old man opened his eyes , struggled to feet slowly and bent his neck to pass under the very low ceiling . |
i jumped and ran to my car . |
`` no , but i 'll wish i was dead . '' |
i was in meltdown-management mode . |
mr. coyote will not be happy if you keep teasing him , '' she heard him say . |
the stolen papers could wait . |
it was all sinking in for toby , and what of the others ? |
so i made you miserable and then threw the divorce papers at you . |
but as they burst out of the tunnel , he gasped and almost lost his grip on his weapon . |
she asked , once he finally let her go . |
unfortunately , they spent their money on reducing greenhouse gases . |
i was sitting back and thinking about little maddie and her little voice when i sensed a presence behind me . |
go around the other side and hit the unlock button , '' he suggested . |
as the fresh air of the countryside washed across my limbs , the screeching grate of claws in my head became knives-scratching , pulsing . |
cronus , the warrior king ? |
he nearly lost his breath . |
he sat beside me and we ate while edwina tidied the kitchen and i wrote stuff down on the grocery list . |
putting on some sneakers ( for sneaking ) , i bounced downstairs , then down another set of stairs , and ran to the middle of the library . |
nothing happened . |
she did n't know exactly what his ability was , but it seemed to be somewhere along the lines of chris 's talent . |
surely whatever was bothering sophia could wait ? |
i 'm gon na hold you to it . '' |
it makes my hands ache to touch him , draw him , be with him forever . |
`` oh , of course , how foolish of me ! |
i was n't sure how much time passed before she materialized in the center of my room . |
wilson stood behind him . |
rachel scarfed down a bowl of cereal and headed out to their station wagon , which sat in the driveway . |
you barely own a race car . |
let go . '' |
when he opened them , i swore it looked like he had tears in his eyes . |
we barely have enough information to have a vague idea of what our trails will be like once we get up there . |
to choose the words to get her point across . |
you 're on the honor system tonight . |
she had wakened enough to stand but still needed support walking . |
once everyone has a plate in front of them , karen , marissa and tim finally sit down . |
you dare not impede one such as this . |
he shoved aside the pile of paperwork , replacing it with his own printouts . |
a cast will protect it and give her more mobility . |
we all hung out in the living room and watched movies together , eating pizza and popcorn and chattering through the movie . |
let the king 's champion be someone who understands how the innocents suffer . '' |
America's Town Meeting of the Air was a public affairs discussion broadcast on radio from May 30, 1935, to July 1, 1956, mainly on the NBC Blue Network and its successor, ABC Radio. One of radio's first talk shows, it began as a six-week experiment, and NBC itself did not expect much from it.
Broadcast live from New York City's Town Hall, America's Town Meeting of the Air debuted on Thursday May 30, 1935, and only 18 of NBC's affiliates carried it. The topic for that first show was "Which Way America: Fascism, Communism, Socialism or Democracy?” The moderator was George V. Denny, Jr., executive director of the League for Political Education, which produced the program. Denny moderated the program from 1935 to 1952 and had a major role in choosing weekly topics. Denny and the League wanted to create a program that would replicate the Town Meetings that were held in the early days of the United States.
Current events and issues
The show's introduction tried to evoke the old town meetings, as the voice of the mythical town crier announced, “Town meeting tonight! Come to the old Town Hall and talk it over!” Denny and the League believed that a radio town meeting could enhance the public's interest in current events. Denny worried that an uninformed public was bad for democracy; and he believed society had become so polarized that the average person didn't listen to other points of view.
His goal was to create a new kind of educational program, one that would be entertaining as well as mentally challenging, while exposing listeners to various perspectives on the issues of the day. Explaining the rationale behind a radio town meeting, Denny wrote that it was "... a device which is designed to attract [the average American's] attention and stimulate his interest in the complex economic, social and political problems which he must have a hand in solving."
Audience participation
On paper, America's Town Meeting looked like a typical panel discussion, with high-profile celebrity guests, who were experts on a particular current issue. For example, on a December 19, 1935, show about Social Security, one of the panelists was U.S. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, who explained and defended the new government program. (What she said about it can be heard here.)
But while many shows had well-known experts, few had the kind of audience participation that this one did. They cheered or applauded when they liked what a speaker said, and they hissed or booed when they felt the speaker was wrong. They also heckled: part of the format of the show was to allow members of the audience to ask questions, and while the rule was the question had to be brief—about 25-30 words maximum, with no insults or name-calling, that didn't stop people from using sarcasm, or strongly disagreeing with what a guest had said.
Even the listeners at home could take part: while at first there was no easy way to get callers on the air, by 1936, NBC engineers had designed a method for letting listeners call in from remote locations where they had gathered to listen to the show.
Educational uses
The show succeeded beyond NBC's expectations, and the six-week trial became permanent. As Denny had hoped, listeners not only enjoyed hearing famous newsmakers engaging in discussion but they also enjoyed hearing members of the audience challenging these newsmakers. It wasn't long before Denny was receiving fan mail: His first broadcast received about 3,000 letters, much to his surprise.
By the 1937–8 season, mail averaged between 2,000 and 4,000 letters a week, an amazing number for an educational program. It also inspired listeners to form "listener clubs," where members would listen as a group and then discuss the topic themselves.
America's Town Meeting became so popular in the public discourse that during the late 1930s and into the early 40s, Denny wrote a monthly column for Current History magazine, in which he gave summaries of the major points made by some of his Town Meeting guests, and then gave readers news quizzes. And educators found it so useful that Denny and NBC put program listings and what the speakers had said into booklet form, which was disseminated to public school civics teachers.
Guests
Over the years, America's Town Meeting became known for its interesting guests, many of whom were important newsmakers. Denny did not shy away from controversy: his panelists included Socialist presidential candidate Norman Thomas, American Communist Party leader Earl Browder, and civil libertarian Morris Ernst.
But there were also guests from the world of literature (author Pearl Buck, poets Carl Sandburg and Langston Hughes) and a number of famous scientists, politicians, journalists, and public intellectuals.
Topics
The topics were meant to inspire discussion, and Denny tried to select subjects that would get people talking long after the show was over. Among them were discussions about whether America truly had freedom of the press (and whether censorship was sometimes necessary); whether the United States should enter World War II or remain neutral; and why the United States public schools weren't doing a better job.
But during World War II, Denny repeatedly encountered what he had most sought to avoid: angry audience members who didn't want to listen to other viewpoints and who wanted to criticize, rather than debate. Worse still, some audience members expressed isolationist and anti-Semitic views. Denny struggled to maintain the show's openness and objectivity, but it became increasingly difficult to do so.
Decline
The 1930s were definitely the heyday of America's Town Meeting, although it remained on the air throughout the 1940s and sometimes still inspired the kinds of passionate discussions Denny had hoped for. But Town Meeting underwent a number of time changes during the 1940s. Some were the result of changes at NBC — the network that had been called the NBC Blue Network was sold in 1943, and it first became known as the "Blue Network," and then was renamed the American Broadcasting Company in late 1945. (Some advertisements and promotions for "Town Meeting," however, would still refer to the show as "a Blue Network program" or originating on "ABC's Blue Network" as late as 1949.)
Some of the programs on the new network were shifted around, and not only did Town Meeting get a new timeslot—it was moved from 9:30pm to 8:30pm—but by 1944, it even got a sponsor—Reader's Digest. At times, the show was 60 minutes, sometimes 45 minutes and sometimes only a half-hour. And when television came along, interest in Denny's radio program gradually faded. By 1952, he had been replaced as moderator, and the show was finally canceled on July 1, 1956.
Denny, who continued to believe in educational media, joined an organization that planned international seminars, and he hoped to create an international version of Town Meeting. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage on November 11, 1959, at the age of 60.
Awards and honors
ABC Radio and George V. Denny, Jr. were given a 1945 Peabody Award for Outstanding Educational Program for America's Town Meeting of the Air.
In 2009, the National Recording Preservation Board selected the May 8, 1941, episode of America's Town Meeting of the Air ("Should Our Ships Convoy Materials to England?" with guests Reinhold Niebuhr and John Flynn) for inclusion in the holdings of the National Archives' audiovisual collection.
Works cited
Denny, George V. Jr. "Radio Builds Democracy." Journal of Educational Sociology, vol. 14, #6, February 1941, pp. 370–377.
Dunning, John. On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, Oxford, 1998.
"George V. Denny, Radio Host, Dead." New York Times, November 12, 1959, p. 35.
Hilmes, Michele, editor. "NBC: America's Network." University of California Press, 2007.
Overstreet, Harry A. and Bonaro W. Overstreet. Town Meeting Comes to Town. Harper and Brothers, 1938.
Sparling, Earl. "Town Meeting's On the Air Again." Forum and Century, October 1939, pp. 164–8.
References
Listen to
America's Town Meeting of the Air (Internet Archive)
America's Town Meeting of the Air (New York Public Radio)
Library of Congress essay on its selection for the National Recording Registry.
American talk radio programs
NBC Blue Network radio programs
ABC radio programs
1930s American radio programs
1940s American radio programs
1950s American radio programs
United States National Recording Registry recordings |
`` kytara ! '' |
and what was so awful she couldnt confide in her family ? |
`` through those doors , you 'll find lockers where you can put your keys and phone . |
`` okay , sure , '' i said . |
swisher waved him over . |
oisin will fight for his life , and i will lead the lealians to aura ensuring their safety . |
she was not about to give up her true name as easy as that . |
colt pulled down my cotton yoga pants and underwear with one swift movement . |
`` gratitude , '' she repeated scornfully . |
a long shadow slanted in front of her . |