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{ "paragraph": [ "Margaret Murray\n", "Margaret Alice Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian Egyptologist, archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at University College London (UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She served as President of the Folklore Society from 1953 to 1955, and published widely over the course of her career.\n", "Born to a wealthy middle-class English family in Calcutta, British India, Murray divided her youth between India, Britain, and Germany, training as both a nurse and a social worker. Moving to London, in 1894 she began studying Egyptology at UCL, developing a friendship with department head Flinders Petrie, who encouraged her early academic publications and appointed her Junior Professor in 1898. In 1902–03 she took part in Petrie's excavations at Abydos, Egypt, there discovering the Osireion temple and the following season investigated the Saqqara cemetery, both of which established her reputation in Egyptology. Supplementing her UCL wage by giving public classes and lectures at the British Museum and Manchester Museum, it was at the latter in 1908 that she led the unwrapping of Khnum-nakht, one of the mummies recovered from the Tomb of the Two Brothers – the first time that a woman had publicly unwrapped a mummy. Recognising that British Egyptomania reflected the existence of a widespread public interest in Ancient Egypt, Murray wrote several books on Egyptology targeted at a general audience.\n", "Murray also became closely involved in the first-wave feminist movement, joining the Women's Social and Political Union and devoting much time to improving women's status at UCL. Unable to return to Egypt due to the First World War, she focused her research on the witch-cult hypothesis, the theory that the witch trials of Early Modern Christendom were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian, pagan religion devoted to a Horned God. Although later academically discredited, the theory gained widespread attention and proved a significant influence on the emerging new religious movement of Wicca. From 1921 to 1931 Murray undertook excavations of prehistoric sites on Malta and Menorca and developed her interest in folkloristics. Awarded an honorary doctorate in 1927, she was appointed Assistant Professor in 1928 and retired from UCL in 1935. That year she visited Palestine to aid Petrie's excavation of Tall al-Ajjul and in 1937 she led a small excavation at Petra in Jordan. Taking on the presidency of the Folklore Society in later life, she lectured at such institutions as the University of Cambridge and City Literary Institute, and continued to publish in an independent capacity until her death.\n", "Murray's work in Egyptology and archaeology was widely acclaimed and earned her the moniker of \"The Grand Old Woman of Egyptology\", although after her death many of her contributions to the field were overshadowed by those of Petrie. Conversely, Murray's work in folkloristics and the history of witchcraft has been academically discredited and her methods in these areas heavily criticised. The influence of her witch-cult theory in both religion and literature has been examined by various scholars, and she herself has been dubbed the \"Grandmother of Wicca\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Youth: 1863–93.\n", "Margaret Murray was born on 13 July 1863 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, then a major military city in British India. A member of the wealthy British imperial elite, she lived in the city with her family: parents James and Margaret Murray, an older sister named Mary, and her paternal grandmother and great-grandmother. James Murray, born in India of English descent, was a businessman and manager of the Serampore paper mills who was thrice elected President of the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce. His wife, Margaret (née Carr), had moved to India from Britain in 1857 to work as a missionary, preaching Christianity and educating Indian women. She continued with this work after marrying James and giving birth to her two daughters.\n", "Although most of their lives were spent in the European area of Calcutta, which was walled off from the indigenous sectors of the city, Murray encountered members of indigenous society through her family's employment of 10 Indian servants and through childhood holidays to Mussoorie. The historian Amara Thornton has suggested that Murray's Indian childhood continued to exert an influence over her throughout her life, expressing the view that Murray could be seen as having a hybrid transnational identity that was both British and Indian. During her childhood, Murray never received a formal education, and in later life expressed pride in the fact that she had never had to sit an exam before entering university.\n", "In 1870, Margaret and her sister Mary were sent to Britain, there moving in with their uncle John, a vicar, and his wife Harriet at their home in Lambourn, Berkshire. Although John provided them with a strongly Christian education and a belief in the inferiority of women, both of which she would reject, he awakened Murray's interest in archaeology through taking her to see local monuments. In 1873, the girls' mother arrived in Europe and took them with her to Bonn in Germany, where they both became fluent in German. In 1875 they returned to Calcutta, staying there till 1877. They then moved with their parents back to England, where they settled in Sydenham, South London. There, they spent much time visiting The Crystal Palace, while their father worked at his firm's London office. In 1880, they returned to Calcutta, where Margaret remained for the next seven years. She became a nurse at the Calcutta General Hospital, which was run by the Sisters of the Anglican Sisterhood of Clower, and there was involved with the hospital's attempts to deal with a cholera outbreak. In 1887, she returned to England, moving to Rugby, Warwickshire, where her uncle John had moved, now widowed. Here she took up employment as a social worker dealing with local underprivileged people. When her father retired and moved to England, she moved into his house in Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, living with him until his death in 1891. In 1893 she then travelled to Madras, Tamil Nadu, where her sister had moved to with her new husband.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Early years at University College London: 1894–1905.\n", "Encouraged by her mother and sister, Murray decided to enroll at the newly opened department of Egyptology at University College London (UCL) in Bloomsbury, Central London. Having been founded by an endowment from Amelia Blanford Edwards, one of the co-founders of the Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF), the department was run by the pioneering early archaeologist Sir William Flinders Petrie, and based in the Edwards Library of UCL's South Cloisters. Murray began her studies at UCL at age 30 in January 1894, as part of a class composed largely of other women and older men. There, she took courses in the Ancient Egyptian and Coptic languages which were taught by Francis Llewellyn Griffith and Walter Ewing Crum respectively.\n", "Murray soon got to know Petrie, becoming his copyist and illustrator and producing the drawings for the published report on his excavations at Qift, \"Koptos\". In turn, he aided and encouraged her to write her first research paper, \"The Descent of Property in the Early Periods of Egyptian History\", which was published in the \"Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology\" in 1895. Becoming Petrie's \"de facto\" though unofficial assistant, Murray began to give some of the linguistic lessons in Griffith's absence. In 1898 she was appointed to the position of Junior Lecturer, responsible for teaching the linguistic courses at the Egyptology department; this made her the first female lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom. In this capacity, she spent two days a week at UCL, devoting the other days to caring for her ailing mother. As time went on, she came to teach courses on Ancient Egyptian history, religion, and language. Among Murray's students – to whom she referred as \"the Gang\" – were several who went on to produce noted contributions to Egyptology, including Reginald Engelbach, Georgina Aitken, Guy Brunton, and Myrtle Broome. She supplemented her UCL salary by teaching evening classes in Egyptology at the British Museum.\n", "At this point, Murray had no experience in field archaeology, and so during the 1902–03 field season, she travelled to Egypt to join Petrie's excavations at Abydos. Petrie and his wife, Hilda Petrie, had been excavating at the site since 1899, having taken over the archaeological investigation from French Coptic scholar Émile Amélineau. Murray at first joined as site nurse, but was subsequently taught how to excavate by Petrie and given a senior position. This led to some issues with some of the male excavators, who disliked the idea of taking orders from a woman. This experience, coupled with discussions with other female excavators (some of whom were active in the feminist movement) led Murray to adopt openly feminist viewpoints. While excavating at Abydos, Murray uncovered the Osireion, a temple devoted to the god Osiris which had been constructed by order of Pharaoh Seti I during the period of the New Kingdom. She published her site report as \"The Osireion at Abydos\" in 1904; in the report, she examined the inscriptions that had been discovered at the site to discern the purpose and use of the building.\n", "During the 1903–04 field season, Murray returned to Egypt, and at Petrie's instruction began her investigations at the Saqqara cemetery near to Cairo, which dated from the period of the Old Kingdom. Murray did not have legal permission to excavate the site, and instead spent her time transcribing the inscriptions from ten of the tombs that had been excavated during the 1860s by Auguste Mariette. She published her findings in 1905 as \"Saqqara Mastabas I\", although would not publish translations of the inscriptions until 1937 as \"Saqqara Mastabas II\". Both \"The Osireion at Abydos\" and \"Saqqara Mastabas I\" proved to be very influential in the Egyptological community, with Petrie recognising Murray's contribution to his own career.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Feminism, the First World War, and folklore: 1905–20.\n", "On returning to London, Murray took an active role in the feminist movement, volunteering and financially donating to the cause and taking part in feminist demonstrations, protests, and marches. Joining the Women's Social and Political Union, she was present at large marches like the Mud March of 1907 and the Women's Coronation Procession of June 1911. She concealed the militancy of her actions in order to retain the image of respectability within academia. Murray also pushed the professional boundaries for women throughout her own career, and mentored other women in archaeology and throughout academia. As women could not use the men's common room, she successfully campaigned for UCL to open a common room for women, and later ensured that a larger, better-equipped room was converted for the purpose; it was later renamed the Margaret Murray Room. At UCL, she became a friend of fellow female lecturer Winifred Smith, and together they campaigned to improve the status and recognition of women in the university, with Murray becoming particularly annoyed at female staff who were afraid of upsetting or offending the male university establishment with their demands. Feeling that students should get nutritious yet affordable lunches, for many years she sat on the UCL Refectory Committee.\n", "Various museums around the United Kingdom invited Murray to advise them on their Egyptological collections, resulting in her cataloguing the Egyptian artefacts owned by the Dublin National Museum, the National Museum of Antiquities in Edinburgh, and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, being elected a Fellow of the latter in thanks.\n", "Petrie had established connections with the Egyptological wing of Manchester Museum in Manchester, and it was there that many of his finds had been housed. Murray thus often travelled to the museum to catalogue these artefacts, and during the 1906–07 school year regularly lectured there. In 1907, Petrie excavated the Tomb of the Two Brothers, a Middle Kingdom burial of two Egyptian priests, Nakht-ankh and Khnum-nakht, and it was decided that Murray would carry out the public unwrapping of the latter's mummified body. Taking place at the museum in May 1908, it represented the first time that a woman had led a public mummy unwrapping and was attended by over 500 onlookers, attracting press attention. Murray was particularly keen to emphasise the importance that the unwrapping would have for the scholarly understanding of the Middle Kingdom and its burial practices, and lashed out against members of the public who saw it as immoral; she declared that \"every vestige of ancient remains must be carefully studied and recorded without sentimentality and without fear of the outcry of the ignorant\". She subsequently published a book about her analysis of the two bodies, \"The Tomb of the Two Brothers\", which remained a key publication on Middle Kingdom mummification practices into the 21st century.\n", "Murray was dedicated to public education, hoping to infuse Egyptomania with solid scholarship about Ancient Egypt, and to this end authored a series of books aimed at a general audience. In 1905 she published \"Elementary Egyptian Grammar\" which was followed in 1911 by \"Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar\". In 1913, she published \"Ancient Egyptian Legends\" for John Murray's \"The Wisdom of the East\" series. She was particularly pleased with the increased public interest in Egyptology that followed Howard Carter's discovery of the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in 1922. From at least 1911 until his death in 1940, Murray was a close friend of the anthropologist Charles Gabriel Seligman of the London School of Economics, and together they co-authored a variety of papers on Egyptology that were aimed at an anthropological audience. Many of these dealt with subjects that Egyptological journals would not publish, such as the \"Sa\" sign for the uterus, and thus were published in \"Man\", the journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. It was at Seligman's recommendation that she was invited to become a member of the Institute in 1916.\n", "In 1914, Petrie launched the academic journal \"Ancient Egypt\", published through his own British School of Archaeology in Egypt (BSAE), which was based at UCL. Given that he was often away from London excavating in Egypt, Murray was left to operate as \"de facto\" editor much of the time. She also published many research articles in the journal and authored many of its book reviews, particularly of the German-language publications which Petrie could not read.\n", "The outbreak of the First World War in 1914, in which the United Kingdom went to war against Germany and the Ottoman Empire, meant that Petrie and other staff members were unable to return to Egypt for excavation. Instead, Petrie and Murray spent much of the time reorganising the artefact collections that they had attained over the past decades. To aid Britain's war effort, Murray enrolled as a volunteer nurse in the Volunteer Air Detachment of the College Women's Union Society, and for several weeks was posted to Saint-Malo in France. After being taken ill herself, she was sent to recuperate in Glastonbury, Somerset, where she became interested in Glastonbury Abbey and the folklore surrounding it which connected it to the legendary figure of King Arthur and to the idea that the Holy Grail had been brought there by Joseph of Aramathea. Pursuing this interest, she published the paper \"Egyptian Elements in the Grail Romance\" in the journal \"Ancient Egypt\", although few agreed with her conclusions and it was criticised for making unsubstantiated leaps with the evidence by the likes of Jessie Weston.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Section::::Later life.:Witch-cult, Malta, and Menorca: 1921–35.\n", "Murray's interest in folklore led her to develop an interest in the witch trials of Early Modern Europe. In 1917, she published a paper in \"Folklore\", the journal of the Folklore Society, in which she first articulated her version of the witch-cult theory, arguing that the witches persecuted in European history were actually followers of \"a definite religion with beliefs, ritual, and organization as highly developed as that of any cult in the end\". She followed this up with papers on the subject in the journals \"Man\" and the \"Scottish Historical Review\". She articulated these views more fully in her 1921 book \"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe\", published by Oxford University Press after receiving a positive peer review by Henry Balfour, and which received both criticism and support on publication. Many reviews in academic journals were critical, with historians claiming that she had distorted and misinterpreted the contemporary records that she was using, but the book was nevertheless influential.\n", "As a result of her work in this area, she was invited to provide the entry on \"witchcraft\" for the fourteenth edition of the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" in 1929. She used the opportunity to propagate her own witch-cult theory, failing to mention the alternate theories proposed by other academics. Her entry would be included in the encyclopedia until 1969, becoming readily accessible to the public, and it was for this reason that her ideas on the subject had such a significant impact. It received a particularly enthusiastic reception by occultists such as Dion Fortune, Lewis Spence, Ralph Shirley, and J. W. Brodie Innes, perhaps because its claims regarding an ancient secret society chimed with similar claims common among various occult groups. Murray joined the Folklore Society in February 1927, and was elected to the society's council a month later, although she stood down in 1929. Murray reiterated her witch-cult theory in her 1933 book, \"The God of the Witches\", which was aimed at a wider, non-academic audience. In this book, she cut out or toned down what she saw as the more unpleasant aspects of the witch-cult, such as animal and child sacrifice, and began describing the religion in more positive terms as \"the Old Religion\".\n", "From 1921 to 1927, Murray led archaeological excavations on Malta, assisted by Edith Guest and Gertrude Caton Thompson. She excavated the Bronze Age megalithic monuments of Santa Sofia, Santa Maria tal-Bakkari, Għar Dalam, and Borġ in-Nadur, all of which were threatened by the construction of a new aerodrome. In this she was funded by the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund. Her resulting three-volume excavation report came to be seen as an important publication within the field of Maltese archaeology. During the excavations, she had taken an interest in the island's folklore, resulting in the 1932 publication of her book \"Maltese Folktales\", much of which was a translation of earlier stories collected by Father Magri and her friend Liza Galea. In 1932 Murray returned to Malta to aid in the cataloguing of the Bronze Age pottery collection held in Malta Museum, resulting in another publication, \"Corpus of the Bronze Age Pottery of Malta\".\n", "On the basis of her work in Malta, Louis C. G. Clarke, the curator of the Cambridge Museum of Ethnology and Anthropology, invited her to lead excavations on the island of Menorca from 1930 to 1931. With the aid of Guest, she excavated the talaiotic sites of Trepucó and Sa Torreta de Tramuntana, resulting in the publication of \"Cambridge Excavations in Minorca\". Murray also continued to publish works on Egyptology for a general audience, such as \"Egyptian Sculpture\" (1930) and \"Egyptian Temples\" (1931), which received largely positive reviews. In the summer of 1925 she led a team of volunteers to excavate Homestead Moat in Whomerle Wood near to Stevenage, Hertfordshire; she did not publish an excavation report and did not mention the event in her autobiography, with her motives for carrying out the excavation remaining unclear.\n", "In 1924, UCL promoted Murray to the position of assistant professor, and in 1927 she was awarded an honorary doctorate for her career in Egyptology. That year, Murray was tasked with guiding Mary of Teck, the Queen consort, around the Egyptology department during the latter's visit to UCL. The pressures of teaching had eased by this point, allowing Murray to spend more time travelling internationally; in 1920 she returned to Egypt and in 1929 visited South Africa, where she attended the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, whose theme was the prehistory of southern Africa. In the early 1930s she travelled to the Soviet Union, where she visited museums in Leningrad, Moscow, Kharkiv, and Kiev, and then in late 1935 she undertook a lecture tour of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia.\n", "Although having reached legal retirement age in 1927, and thus unable to be offered another five-year contract, Murray was reappointed on an annual basis each year until 1935. At this point, she retired, expressing the opinion that she was glad to leave UCL, for reasons that she did not make clear. In 1933, Petrie had retired from UCL and moved to Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine with his wife; Murray therefore took over as editor of the \"Ancient Egypt\" journal, renaming it \"Ancient Egypt and the East\" to reflect its increasing research interest in the ancient societies that surrounded and interacted with Egypt. The journal folded in 1935, perhaps due to Murray's retirement. Murray then spent some time in Jerusalem, where she aided the Petries in their excavation at Tall al-Ajjul, a Bronze Age mound south of Gaza.\n", "Section::::Later life.:Petra, Cambridge, and London: 1935–53.\n", "During Murray's 1935 trip to Palestine, she had taken the opportunity to visit Petra in neighbouring Jordan. Intrigued by the site, in March and April 1937 she returned in order to carry out a small excavation in several cave dwellings at the site, subsequently writing both an excavation report and a guidebook on Petra. Back in England, from 1934 to 1940, Murray aided the cataloguing of Egyptian antiquities at Girton College, Cambridge, and also gave lectures in Egyptology at the university until 1942.\n", "During the Second World War, Murray evaded the Blitz of London by moving to Cambridge, where she volunteered for a group (probably the Army Bureau of Current Affairs or The British Way and Purpose) who educated military personnel to prepare them for post-war life. Based in the city, she embarked on research into the town's Early Modern history, examining documents stored in local parish churches, Downing College, and Ely Cathedral; she never published her findings. In 1945, she briefly became involved in the \"Who put Bella in the Wych Elm?\" murder case.\n", "After the war ended she returned to London, settling into a bedsit room in Endsleigh Street, which was close to University College London (UCL) and the Institute of Archaeology (then an independent institution, now part of UCL); she continued her involvement with the former and made use of the latter's library. On most days she visited the British Museum in order to consult their library, and twice a week she taught adult education classes on Ancient Egyptian history and religion at the City Literary Institute; upon her retirement from this position she nominated her former pupil, Veronica Seton-Williams, to replace her.\n", "Murray's interest in popularising Egyptology among the wider public continued; in 1949 she published \"Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry\", her second work for John Murray's \"The Wisdom of the East\" series. That same year she also published \"The Splendour That Was Egypt\", in which she collated many of her UCL lectures. The book adopted a diffusionist perspective that argued that Egypt influenced Greco-Roman society and thus modern Western society. This was seen as a compromise between Petrie's belief that other societies influenced the emergence of Egyptian civilisation and Grafton Elliot Smith's highly unorthodox and heavily criticised hyperdiffusionist view that Egypt was the source of all global civilisation. The book received a mixed reception from the archaeological community.\n", "Section::::Later life.:Final years: 1953–63.\n", "In 1953, Murray was appointed to the presidency of the Folklore Society following the resignation of former president Allan Gomme. The Society had initially approached John Mavrogordato for the post, but he had declined, with Murray accepting the nomination several months later. Murray remained President for two terms, until 1955. In her 1954 presidential address, \"England as a Field for Folklore Research\", she lamented what she saw as the English people's disinterest in their own folklore in favour of that from other nations. For the autumn 1961 issue of \"Folklore\", the society published a \"festschrift\" to Murray to commemorate her 98th birthday. The issue contained contributions from various scholars paying tribute to her – with papers dealing with archaeology, fairies, Near Eastern religious symbols, Greek folk songs – but notably not about witchcraft, potentially because no other folklorists were willing to defend her witch-cult theory.\n", "In May 1957, Murray had championed the archaeologist T. C. Lethbridge's controversial claims that he had discovered three pre-Christian chalk hill figures on Wandlebury Hill in the Gog Magog Hills, Cambridgeshire. Privately she expressed concern about the reality of the figures. Lethbridge subsequently authored a book championing her witch-cult theory in which he sought the cult's origins in pre-Christian culture. In 1960, she donated her collection of papers – including correspondences with a wide range of individuals across the country – to the Folklore Society Archive, where it is now known as \"the Murray Collection\".\n", "Crippled with arthritis, Murray had moved into a home in North Finchley, north London, where she was cared for by a retired couple who were trained nurses; from here she occasionally took taxis into central London to visit the UCL library.\n", "Amid failing health, in 1962 Murray moved into the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital in Welwyn, Hertfordshire, where she could receive 24-hour care; she lived here for the final 18 months of her life. To mark her hundredth birthday, on 13 July 1963 a group of her friends, former students, and doctors gathered for a party at nearby Ayot St. Lawrence. Two days later, her doctor drove her to UCL for a second birthday party, again attended by many of her friends, colleagues, and former students; it was the last time that she visited the university. In \"Man\", the journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, it was noted that Murray was \"the only Fellow of the Institute to [reach their centenary] within living memory, if not in its whole history\". That year she published two books; one was \"The Genesis of Religion\", in which she argued that humanity's first deities had been goddesses rather than male gods. The second was her autobiography, \"My First Hundred Years\", which received predominantly positive reviews. She died on 13 November 1963, and her body was cremated.\n", "Section::::Murray's witch-cult hypotheses.\n", "The later folklorists Caroline Oates and Juliette Wood have suggested that Murray was best known for her witch-cult theory, with biographer Margaret S. Drower expressing the view that it was her work on this subject which \"perhaps more than any other, made her known to the general public\". It has been claimed that Murray's was the \"first feminist study of the witch trials\", as well as being the first to have actually \"empowered the witches\" by giving the (largely female) accused both free will and a voice distinct from that of their interrogators. The theory was faulty, in part because all of her academic training was in Egyptology, with no background knowledge in European history, but also because she exhibited a \"tendency to generalize wildly on the basis of very slender evidence\". Oates and Wood, however, noted that Murray's interpretations of the evidence fitted within wider perspectives on the past that existed at the time, stating that \"Murray was far from isolated in her method of reading ancient ritual origins into later myths\". In particular, her approach was influenced by the work of the anthropologist James Frazer, who had argued for the existence of a pervasive dying-and-resurrecting god myth, and she was also influenced by the interpretative approaches of E. O. James, Karl Pearson, Herbert Fleure, and Harold Peake.\n", "Section::::Murray's witch-cult hypotheses.:Argument.\n", "In \"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe\", Murray stated that she had restricted her research to Great Britain, although made some recourse to sources from France, Flanders, and New England. She drew a division between what she termed \"Operative Witchcraft\", which referred to the performance of charms and spells with any purpose, and \"Ritual Witchcraft\", by which she meant \"the ancient religion of Western Europe\", a fertility-based faith that she also termed \"the Dianic cult\". She claimed that the cult had \"very probably\" once been devoted to the worship of both a male deity and a \"Mother Goddess\" but that \"at the time when the cult is recorded the worship of the male deity appears to have superseded that of the female\". In her argument, Murray claimed that the figure referred to as the Devil in the trial accounts was the witches' god, \"manifest and incarnate\", to whom the witches offered their prayers. She claimed that at the witches' meetings, the god would be personified, usually by a man or at times by a woman or an animal; when a human personified this entity, Murray claimed that they were usually dressed plainly, though they appeared in full costume for the witches' Sabbaths.\n", "Members joined the cult either as children or adults through what Murray called \"admission ceremonies\"; Murray asserted that applicants had to agree to join of their own free will, and agree to devote themselves to the service of their deity. She also claimed that in some cases, these individuals had to sign a covenant or were baptised into the faith. At the same time, she claimed that the religion was largely passed down hereditary lines. Murray described the religion as being divided into covens containing thirteen members, led by a coven officer who was often termed the \"Devil\" in the trial accounts, but who was accountable to a \"Grand Master\". According to Murray, the records of the coven were kept in a secret book, with the coven also disciplining its members, to the extent of executing those deemed traitors.\n", "Describing this witch-cult as \"a joyous religion\", she claimed that the two primary festivals that it celebrated were on May Eve and November Eve, although that other dates of religious observation were 1 February and 1 August, the winter and summer solstices, and Easter. She asserted that the \"General Meeting of all members of the religion\" were known as Sabbaths, while the more private ritual meetings were known as Esbats. The Esbats, Murray claimed, were nocturnal rites that began at midnight, and were \"primarily for business, whereas the Sabbath was purely religious\". At the former, magical rites were performed both for malevolent and benevolent ends. She also asserted that the Sabbath ceremonies involved the witches paying homage to the deity, renewing their \"vows of fidelity and obedience\" to him, and providing him with accounts of all the magical actions that they had conducted since the previous Sabbath. Once this business had been concluded, admissions to the cult or marriages were conducted, ceremonies and fertility rites took place, and then the Sabbath ended with feasting and dancing.\n", "Deeming Ritual Witchcraft to be \"a fertility cult\", she asserted that many of its rites were designed to ensure fertility and rain-making. She claimed that there were four types of sacrifice performed by the witches: blood-sacrifice, in which the neophyte writes their name in blood; the sacrifice of animals; the sacrifice of a non-Christian child to procure magical powers; and the sacrifice of the witches' god by fire to ensure fertility.\n", "She interpreted accounts of witches shapeshifting into various animals as being representative of a rite in which the witches dressed as specific animals which they took to be sacred. She asserted that accounts of familiars were based on the witches' use of animals, which she divided into \"divining familiars\" used in divination and \"domestic familiars\" used in other magic rites.\n", "Murray asserted that a pre-Christian fertility-based religion had survived the Christianization process in Britain, although that it came to be \"practised only in certain places and among certain classes of the community\". She believed that folkloric stories of fairies in Britain were based on a surviving race of dwarfs, who continued to live on the island up until the Early Modern period. She asserted that this race followed the same pagan religion as the witches, thus explaining the folkloric connection between the two. In the appendices to the book, she also alleged that Joan of Arc and Gilles de Rais were members of the witch-cult and were executed for it, a claim which has been refuted by historians, especially in the case of Joan of Arc.\n", "The later historian Ronald Hutton commented that \"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe\" \"rested upon a small amount of archival research, with extensive use of printed trial records in 19th-century editions, plus early modern pamphlets and works of demonology\". He also noted that the book's tone was generally \"dry and clinical, and every assertion was meticulously footnoted to a source, with lavish quotation\". It was not a bestseller; in its first thirty years, only 2,020 copies were sold. However, it led many people to treat Murray as an authority on the subject; in 1929, she was invited to provide the entry on \"Witchcraft\" for the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\", and used it to present her interpretation of the subject as if it were universally accepted in scholarship. It remained in the encyclopedia until being replaced in 1969.\n", "Murray followed \"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe\" with \"The God of the Witches\", published by the popular press Sampson Low in 1931; although similar in content, unlike her previous volume it was aimed at a mass market audience. The tone of the book also differed strongly from its predecessor, containing \"emotionally inflated [language] and coloured with religious phraseology\" and repeatedly referring to the witch-cult as \"the Old Religion\". In this book she also \"cut out or toned down\" many of the claims made in her previous volume which would have painted the cult in a bad light, such as those which discussed sex and the sacrifice of animals and children.\n", "In this book she began to refer to the witches' deity as the Horned God, and asserted that it was an entity who had been worshipped in Europe since the Palaeolithic.\n", "She further asserted that in the Bronze Age, the worship of the deity could be found throughout Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa, claiming that the depiction of various horned figures from these societies proved that. Among the evidence cited were the horned figures found at Mohenjo-Daro, which are often interpreted as depictions of Pashupati, as well as the deities Osiris and Amon in Egypt and the Minotaur of Minoan Crete. Within continental Europe, she claimed that the Horned God was represented by Pan in Greece, Cernunnos in Gaul, and in various Scandinavian rock carvings. Claiming that this divinity had been declared the Devil by the Christian authorities, she nevertheless asserted that his worship was testified in officially Christian societies right through to the Modern period, citing folkloric practices such as the Dorset Ooser and the Puck Fair as evidence of his veneration.\n", "In 1954, she published \"The Divine King in England\", in which she greatly extended on the theory, taking influence from Frazer's \"The Golden Bough\", an anthropological book that made the claim that societies all over the world sacrificed their kings to the deities of nature. In her book, she claimed that this practice had continued into medieval England, and that, for instance, the death of William II was really a ritual sacrifice.\n", "No academic took the book seriously, and it was ignored by many of her supporters.\n", "Section::::Murray's witch-cult hypotheses.:Academic reception.\n", "Section::::Murray's witch-cult hypotheses.:Academic reception.:Early support.\n", "Upon initial publication, Murray's thesis gained a favourable reception from many readers, including some significant scholars, albeit none who were experts in the witch trials. Historians of Early Modern Britain like George Norman Clark and Christopher Hill incorporated her theories into their work, although the latter subsequently distanced himself from the theory. For the 1961 reprint of \"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe\", the Medieval historian Steven Runciman provided a foreword in which he accepted that some of Murray's \"minor details may be open to criticism\", but in which he was otherwise supportive of her thesis. Her theories were recapitulated by Arno Runeberg in his 1947 book \"Witches, Demons and Fertility Magic\" as well as Pennethorne Hughes in his 1952 book \"Witches\". As a result, the Canadian historian Elliot Rose, writing in 1962, claimed that the Murrayite interpretations of the witch trials \"seem to hold, at the time of writing, an almost undisputed sway at the higher intellectual levels\", being widely accepted among \"educated people\".\n", "Rose suggested that the reason that Murray's theory gained such support was partly because of her \"imposing credentials\" as a member of staff at UCL, a position that lent her theory greater legitimacy in the eyes of many readers. He further suggested that the Murrayite view was attractive to many as it confirmed \"the general picture of pre-Christian Europe a reader of Frazer or [Robert] Graves would be familiar with\". Similarly, Hutton suggested that the cause of the Murrayite theory's popularity was because it \"appealed to so many of the emotional impulses of the age\", including \"the notion of the English countryside as a timeless place full of ancient secrets\", the literary popularity of Pan, the widespread belief that the majority of British had remained pagan long after the process of Christianisation, and the idea that folk customs represented pagan survivals. At the same time, Hutton suggested, it seemed more plausible to many than the previously dominant rationalist idea that the witch trials were the result of mass delusion. Related to this, the folklorist Jacqueline Simpson suggested that part of the Murrayite theory's appeal was that it appeared to give a \"sensible, demystifying, liberating approach to a longstanding but sterile argument\" between the rationalists who denied that there had been any witches and those, like Montague Summers, who insisted that there had been a real Satanic conspiracy against Christendom in the Early Modern period replete with witches with supernatural powers. \"How refreshing\", noted the historian Hilda Ellis Davidson, \"and exciting her first book was \"at that period\". A new approach, and such a surprising one.\"\n", "Section::::Murray's witch-cult hypotheses.:Academic reception.:Early criticism.\n", "Murray's theories never received support from experts in the Early Modern witch trials, and from her early publications onward many of her ideas were challenged by those who highlighted her \"factual errors and methodological failings\". Indeed, the majority of scholarly reviews of her work produced during the 1920s and 1930s were largely critical. George L. Burr reviewed both of her initial books on the witch-cult for the \"American Historical Review\". He stated that she was not acquainted with the \"careful general histories by modern scholars\" and criticised her for assuming that the trial accounts accurately reflected the accused witches' genuine experiences of witchcraft, regardless of whether those confessions had been obtained through torture and coercion. He also charged her with selectively using the evidence to serve her interpretation, for instance by omitting any supernatural or miraculous events that appear in the trial accounts. W. R. Halliday was highly critical in his review for \"Folklore\", as was E. M. Loeb in his review for \"American Anthropologist\".\n", "Soon after, one of the foremost specialists of the trial records, L'Estrange Ewen, brought out a series of books which rejected Murray's interpretation.\n", "Rose suggested that Murray's books on the witch-cult \"contain an incredible number of minor errors of fact or of calculation and several inconsistencies of reasoning\". He accepted that her case \"could, perhaps, still be proved by somebody else, though I very much doubt it\". Highlighting that there is a gap of about a thousand years between the Christianisation of Britain and the start of the witch trials there, he argues that there is no evidence for the existence of the witch-cult anywhere in the intervening period. He further criticises Murray for treating pre-Christian Britain as a socially and culturally monolithic entity, whereas in reality, it contained a diverse array of societies and religious beliefs. He also challenges Murray's claim that the majority of Britons in the Middle Ages remained pagan as \"a view grounded on ignorance alone\".\n", "Murray did not respond directly to the criticisms of her work, but reacted to her critics in a hostile manner; in later life she asserted that she eventually ceased reading reviews of her work, and believed that her critics were simply acting out of their own Christian prejudices to non-Christian religion.\n", "Simpson noted that despite these critical reviews, within the field of British folkloristics Murray's theories were permitted \"to pass unapproved but unchallenged, either out of politeness or because nobody was really interested enough to research the topic\". As evidence, she noted that no substantial research articles on the subject of witchcraft were published in \"Folklore\" between Murray's in 1917 and Rossell Hope Robbins' in 1963. She also highlighted that when regional studies of British folklore were published in this period by folklorists like Theo Brown, Ruth Tongue, or Enid Porter, none adopted the Murrayite framework for interpreting witchcraft beliefs, thus evidencing her claim that Murray's theories were widely ignored by scholars of folkloristics.\n", "Section::::Murray's witch-cult hypotheses.:Academic reception.:Academic rejection.\n", "Murray's work was increasingly criticised following her death in 1963, with the definitive academic rejection of the Murrayite witch-cult theory occurring during the 1970s. During these decades, a variety of scholars across Europe and North America – such as Alan Macfarlane, Erik Midelfort, William Monter, Robert Muchembled, Gerhard Schormann, Bente Alver and Bengt Ankarloo – published in-depth studies of the archival records from the witch trials, leaving no doubt that those tried for witchcraft were not practitioners of a surviving pre-Christian religion.\n", "In 1971, the English historian Keith Thomas stated that on the basis of this research, there was \"very little evidence to suggest that the accused witches were either devil-worshippers or members of a pagan fertility cult\". He stated that Murray's conclusions were \"almost totally groundless\" because she ignored the systematic study of the trial accounts provided by Ewen and instead used sources very selectively to argue her point.\n", "In 1975, the historian Norman Cohn commented that Murray's \"knowledge of European history, even of English history, was superficial and her grasp of historical method was non-existent\", adding that her ideas were \"firmly set in an exaggerated and distorted version of the Frazerian mould\". That same year, the historian of religion Mircea Eliade described Murray's work as \"hopelessly inadequate\", containing \"numberless and appalling errors\". In 1996, the feminist historian Diane Purkiss stated that although Murray's thesis was \"intrinsically improbable\" and commanded \"little or no allegiance within the modern academy\", she felt that male scholars like Thomas, Cohn, and Macfarlane had unfairly adopted an androcentric approach by which they contrasted their own, male and methodologically sound interpretation against Murray's \"feminised belief\" about the witch-cult.\n", "Hutton stated that Murray had treated her source material with \"reckless abandon\", in that she had taken \"vivid details of alleged witch practices\" from \"sources scattered across a great extent of space and time\" and then declared them to be normative of the cult as a whole. Simpson outlined how Murray had selected her use of evidence very specifically, particularly by ignoring and/or rationalising any accounts of supernatural or miraculous events in the trial records, thereby distorting the events that she was describing. Thus, Simpson pointed out, Murray rationalised claims that the cloven-hoofed Devil appeared at the witches' Sabbath by stating that he was a man with a special kind of shoe, and similarly asserted that witches' claims to have flown through the air on broomsticks were actually based on their practice of either hopping along on broomsticks or smearing hallucinogenic salves onto themselves. Concurring with this assessment, the historian Jeffrey Burton Russell, writing with the independent author Brooks Alexander, stated that \"Murray's use of sources, in general, is appalling\". The pair went on to claim that \"today, scholars are agreed that Murray was more than just wrong – she was completely and embarrassingly wrong on nearly all of her basic premises\".\n", "The Italian historian Carlo Ginzburg has been cited as being willing to give \"some slight support\" to Murray's theory. Ginzburg stated that although her thesis had been \"formulated in a wholly uncritical way\" and contained \"serious defects\", it did contain \"a kernel of truth\". He stated his opinion that she was right in claiming that European witchcraft had \"roots in an ancient fertility cult\", something that he argued was vindicated by his work researching the \"benandanti\", an agrarian visionary tradition recorded in the Friuli district of Northeastern Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries. Several historians and folklorists have pointed out that Ginzburg's arguments are very different to Murray's: whereas Murray argued for the existence of a pre-Christian witches' cult whose members physically met during the witches' Sabbaths, Ginzburg argued that some of the European visionary traditions that were conflated with witchcraft in the Early Modern period had their origins in pre-Christian fertility religions. Moreover, other historians have expressed criticism of Ginzburg's interpretation of the \"benandanti\"; Cohn stated that there was \"nothing whatsoever\" in the source material to justify the idea that the \"benandanti\" were the \"survival of an age-old fertility cult\". Echoing these views, Hutton commented that Ginzburg's claim that the \"benandanti\" visionary traditions were a survival from pre-Christian practices was an idea resting on \"imperfect material and conceptual foundations\". He added that Ginzburg's \"assumption\" that \"what was being dreamed about in the sixteenth century had in fact been acted out in religious ceremonies\" dating to \"pagan times\", was entirely \"an inference of his own\" and not one supported by the documentary evidence.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "On researching the history of UCL's Egyptology department, the historian Rosalind M. Janssen stated that Murray was \"remembered with gratitude and immense affection by all her former students. A wise and witty teacher, two generations of Egyptologists have forever been in her debt.\" Alongside teaching them, Murray was known to socialise with her UCL students outside of class hours. The archaeologist Ralph Merrifield, who knew Murray through the Folklore Society, described her as a \"diminutive and kindly scholar, who radiated intelligence and strength of character into extreme old age\". Davidson, who also knew Murray through the Society, noted that at their meetings \"she would sit near the front, a bent and seemingly guileless old lady dozing peacefully, and then in the middle of a discussion would suddenly intervene with a relevant and penetrating comment which showed that she had missed not one word of the argument\". The later folklorist Juliette Wood noted that many members of the Folklore Society \"remember her fondly\", adding that Murray had been \"especially keen to encourage younger researchers, even those who disagreed with her ideas\".\n", "One of Murray's friends in the Society, E. O. James, described her as a \"mine of information and a perpetual inspiration ever ready to impart her vast and varied stores of specialised knowledge without reserve, or, be it said, much if any regard for the generally accepted opinions and conclusions of the experts!\" Davidson described her as being \"not at all assertive ... [she] never thrust her ideas on anyone. [In relation to her witch-cult theory,] she behaved in fact rather like someone who was a fully convinced member of some unusual religious sect, or perhaps, of the Freemasons, but never on any account got into arguments about it in public.\" The archaeologist Glyn Daniel observed that Murray remained mentally alert into her old age, commenting that \"her vigour and forthrightness and ruthless energy never deserted her\".\n", "Murray never married, instead devoting her life to her work, and for this reason, Hutton drew comparisons between her and two other prominent female British scholars of the period, Jane Harrison and Jessie Weston. Murray's biographer Kathleen L. Sheppard stated that she was deeply committed to public outreach, particularly when it came to Egyptology, and that as such she \"wanted to change the means by which the public obtained knowledge about Egypt's history: she wished to throw open the doors to the scientific laboratory and invite the public in\". She considered travel to be one of her favourite activities, although due to restraints on her time and finances she was unable to do this regularly; her salary remained small and the revenue from her books was meagre.\n", "Raised a devout Christian by her mother, Murray had initially become a Sunday School teacher to preach the faith, but after entering the academic profession she rejected religion, gaining a reputation among other members of the Folklore Society as a noted sceptic and a rationalist. She was openly critical of organised religion, although continued to maintain a personal belief in a God of some sort, relating in her autobiography that she believed in \"an unseen over-ruling Power\", \"which science calls Nature and religion calls God\".\n", "She was also a believer and a practitioner of magic, performing curses against those she felt deserved it; in one case she cursed a fellow academic, Jaroslav Černý, when she felt that his promotion to the position of Professor of Egyptology over her friend Walter Bryan Emery was unworthy. Her curse entailed mixing up ingredients in a frying pan, and was undertaken in the presence of two colleagues. In another instance, she was claimed to have created a wax image of Kaiser Wilhelm II and then melted it during the First World War.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In academia.\n", "Hutton noted that Murray was one of the earliest women to \"make a serious impact upon the world of professional scholarship\", and the archaeologist Niall Finneran described her as \"one of the greatest characters of post-war British archaeology\". Upon her death, Daniel referred to her as \"the Grand Old Woman of Egyptology\", with Hutton noting that Egyptology represented \"the core of her academic career\". In 2014, Thornton referred to her as \"one of Britain's most famous Egyptologists\". However, according to the archaeologist Ruth Whitehouse, Murray's contributions to archaeology and Egyptology were often overlooked as her work was overshadowed by that of Petrie, to the extent that she was often thought of primarily as one of Petrie's assistants rather than as a scholar in her own right. By her retirement she had come to be highly regarded within the discipline, although, according to Whitehouse, Murray's reputation declined following her death, something that Whitehouse attributed to the rejection of her witch-cult theory and the general erasure of women archaeologists from the discipline's male-dominated history.\n", "In his obituary for Murray in \"Folklore\", James noted that her death was \"an event of unusual interest and importance in the annals of the Folk-Lore Society in particular as well as in the wider sphere in which her influence was felt in so many directions and\n", "disciplines\". However, later academic folklorists, such as Simpson and Wood, have cited Murray and her witch-cult theory as an embarrassment to their field, and to the Folklore Society specifically. Simpson suggested that Murray's position as President of the Society was a causal factor in the mistrustful attitude that many historians held toward folkloristics as an academic discipline, as they erroneously came to believe that all folklorists endorsed Murray's ideas. Similarly, Catherine Noble stated that \"Murray caused considerable damage to the study of witchcraft\".\n", "In 1935, UCL introduced the Margaret Murray Prize, awarded to the student who is deemed to have produced the best dissertation in Egyptology; it continued to be presented annually into the 21st century. In 1969, UCL named one of their common rooms in her honour, but it was converted into an office in 1989. In June 1983, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother visited the room and there was gifted a copy of Murray's \"My First Hundred Years\". UCL also hold two busts of Murray, one kept in the Petrie Museum and the other in the library of the UCL Institute of Archaeology. This sculpture was commissioned by one of her students, Violet MacDermot, and produced by the artist Stephen Rickard. UCL also possess a watercolour painting of Murray by Winifred Brunton; formerly exhibited in the Petrie Gallery, it was later placed into the Art Collection stores.\n", "In 2013, on the 150th anniversary of Murray's birth and the 50th of her death, the UCL Institute of Archaeology's Ruth Whitehouse described Murray as \"a remarkable woman\" whose life was \"well worth celebrating, both in the archaeological world at large and especially in UCL\".\n", "The historian of archaeology Rosalind M. Janssen titled her study of Egyptology at UCL \"The First Hundred Years\" \"as a tribute\" to Murray. Murray's friend Margaret Stefana Drower authored a short biography of her, which was included as a chapter in the 2004 edited volume on \"Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists\". In 2013, Lexington Books published \"The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology\", a biography of Murray authored by Kathleen L. Sheppard, then an assistant professor at Missouri University of Science and Technology; the book was based upon Sheppard's doctoral dissertation produced at the University of Oklahoma. Although characterising it as being \"written in a clear and engaging manner\", one reviewer noted that Sheppard's book focuses on Murray the \"scientist\" and as such neglects to discuss Murray's involvement in magical practices and her relationship with Wicca.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In Wicca.\n", "Murray's witch-cult theories provided the blueprint for the contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca, with Murray being referred to as the \"Grandmother of Wicca\". The Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White stated that it was the theory which \"formed the historical narrative around which Wicca built itself\", for on its emergence in England during the 1940s and 1950s, Wicca claimed to be the survival of this witch-cult. Wicca's theological structure, revolving around a Horned God and Mother Goddess, was adopted from Murray's ideas about the ancient witch-cult, and Wiccan groups were named \"covens\" and their meetings termed \"esbats\", both words that Murray had popularised. As with Murray's witch-cult, Wicca's practitioners entered via an initiation ceremony; Murray's claims that witches wrote down their spells in a book may have been an influence on Wicca's Book of Shadows. Wicca's early system of seasonal festivities were also based on Murray's framework.\n", "Noting that there is no evidence of Wicca existing before the publication of Murray's books, Merrifield commented that for those in 20th century Britain who wished to form their own witches' covens, \"Murray may have seemed the ideal fairy godmother, and her theory became the pumpkin coach that could transport them into the realm of fantasy for which they longed\". The historian Philip Heselton suggested that the New Forest coven – the oldest alleged Wiccan group – was founded \"circa\" 1935 by esotericists aware of Murray's theory and who may have believed themselves to be reincarnated witch-cult members. It was Gerald Gardner, who claimed to be an initiate of the New Forest coven, who established the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca and popularised the religion; according to Simpson, Gardner was the only member of the Folklore Society to \"wholeheartedly\" accept Murray's witch-cult hypothesis. The duo knew each other, with Murray writing the foreword to Gardner's 1954 book \"Witchcraft Today\", although in that foreword she did not explicitly specify whether she believed Gardner's claim that he had discovered a survival of her witch-cult. In 2005, Noble suggested that \"Murray's name might be all but forgotten today if it were not for Gerald Gardner\".\n", "Murray's witch-cult theories were likely also a core influence on the non-Gardnerian Wiccan traditions that were established in Britain and Australia between 1930 and 1970 by the likes of Bob Clay-Egerton, Robert Cochrane, Charles Cardell, and Rosaleen Norton.\n", "The prominent Wiccan Doreen Valiente eagerly searched for what she believed were other surviving remnants of the Murrayite witch-cult around Britain. Valiente remained committed to a belief in Murray's witch-cult after its academic rejection, and she described Murray as \"a remarkable woman\". In San Francisco during the late 1960s, Murray's writings were among the sources used by Aidan A. Kelly in the creation of his Wiccan tradition, the New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn. In Los Angeles during the early 1970s, they were used by Zsuzsanna Budapest when she was establishing her feminist-oriented tradition of Dianic Wicca. The Murrayite witch-cult theory also provided the basis for the ideas espoused in \"Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture\", a 1978 book written by the American gay liberation activist Arthur Evans.\n", "Members of the Wiccan community gradually became aware of academia's rejection of the witch-cult theory. Accordingly, belief in its literal truth declined during the 1980s and 1990s, with many Wiccans instead coming to view it as a myth that conveyed metaphorical or symbolic truths. Others insisted that the historical origins of the religion did not matter and that instead Wicca was legitimated by the spiritual experiences it gave to its participants. In response, Hutton authored \"The Triumph of the Moon\", a historical study exploring Wicca's early development; on publication in 1999 the book exerted a strong impact on the British Pagan community, further eroding belief in the Murrayite theory among Wiccans. Conversely, other practitioners clung on to the theory, treating it as an important article of faith and rejecting post-Murrayite scholarship on European witchcraft. Several prominent practitioners continued to insist that Wicca was a religion with origins stretching back to the Palaeolithic, but others rejected the validity of historical scholarship and emphasised intuition and emotion as the arbiter of truth. A few \"counter-revisionist\" Wiccans – among them Donald H. Frew, Jani Farrell-Roberts, and Ben Whitmore – published critiques in which they attacked post-Murrayite scholarship on matters of detail, but none defended Murray's original hypothesis completely.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In literature.\n", "Simpson noted that the publication of the Murray thesis in the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" made it accessible to \"journalists, film-makers popular novelists and thriller writers\", who adopted it \"enthusiastically\". It influenced the work of Aldous Huxley and Robert Graves. It was also an influence on the American horror author H. P. Lovecraft, who cited \"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe\" in his writings about the fictional cult of Cthulhu.\n", "The author Sylvia Townsend Warner cited Murray's work on the witch-cult as an influence on her 1926 novel \"Lolly Willowes\", and sent a copy of her book to Murray in appreciation, with the two meeting for lunch shortly after. There was nevertheless some difference in their depictions of the witch-cult; whereas Murray had depicted an organised pre-Christian cult, Warner depicted a vague family tradition that was explicitly Satanic.\n", "In 1927, Warner lectured on the subject of witchcraft, exhibiting a strong influence from Murray's work. Analysing the relationship between Murray and Warner, the English literature scholar Mimi Winick characterised both as being \"engaged in imagining new possibilities for women in modernity\".\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "A bibliography of Murray's published work was published in \"Folklore\" by Wilfrid Bonser in 1961, and her friend Drower produced a posthumous limited bibliography in 2004, and another limited bibliography appeared in Kathleen L. Sheppard's 2013 biography of her.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Margaret A. Murray", "Alice Margaret Murray" ] }, "description": "British egyptologist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q242542", "wikidata_label": "Margaret Murray", "wikipedia_title": "Margaret Murray" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michael Hutchence\n", "Michael Kelland John Hutchence (22 January 1960 – 22 November 1997) was an Australian musician, singer-songwriter and actor who co-founded the rock band INXS, which sold over 60 million records worldwide and was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2001. Hutchence was the lead singer and lyricist of INXS from 1977 until his death. According to rock music historian Ian McFarlane, \"Hutchence was the archetypal rock showman. He exuded an overtly sexual, macho cool with his flowing locks, and lithe and exuberant stage movements.\" Hutchence was named 'Best International Artist' at the 1991 BRIT Awards, with INXS winning the related group award.\n", "Hutchence was a member of the short-lived pop rock group Max Q. He also recorded some solo material and acted in feature films, including \"Dogs in Space\" (1986), \"Frankenstein Unbound\" (1990), and \"Limp\" (1997).\n", "Hutchence had a string of love affairs with prominent actresses, models and singers, and his private life was often reported in the Australian and international press. In July 1996, Hutchence and English television presenter Paula Yates had a daughter, Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily.\n", "On the morning of 22 November 1997, Hutchence was found dead in his hotel room in Sydney. His death was reported by the New South Wales Coroner to be the result of suicide by hanging.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Michael Kelland John Hutchence was born on 22 January 1960, to Sydney businessman Kelland (\"Kell\") Frank Hutchence (1924-2002) and make-up artist Patricia Glassop (née Kennedy). Kelland’s parents were sea captain Frank Hutchence and Mabs from England who settled in Sydney in 1922. Michael joined elder half-sister Tina; both siblings were of Irish ancestry from their mother's side, as Patricia's father was from County Cork in Ireland. Following Kell's business interests, the Hutchence family moved to Brisbane (where younger brother Rhett was born) and later to Hong Kong. During the early years in Hong Kong, both boys attended Beacon Hill School in Kowloon Tong. While in Hong Kong, Michael showed promise as a swimmer before breaking his arm badly. He then began to show interest in poetry and performed his first song in a local toy store commercial. Michael attended King George V School during his early teens.\n", "The family returned to Sydney in 1972, buying a house in Belrose near the Northern Beaches. Hutchence attended Davidson High School, where he met and befriended Andrew Farriss. Around this time, Hutchence and Farriss spent a lot of time jamming in the garage with Andrew's brothers. Farriss then convinced Hutchence to join his band, Doctor Dolphin, alongside classmates Kent Kerny and Neil Sanders. Bass guitarist Garry Beers and drummer Geoff Kennelly from nearby Forest High School filled out the line-up. Hutchence's parents separated when he was 15; for a short time in 1976, he lived with his mother and half-sister Tina in California. Hutchence later returned to Sydney with his mother.\n", "In 1977, a new band, The Farriss Brothers, was formed with Tim Farriss on lead guitar, his younger brother Andrew as keyboardist, and youngest brother Jon on drums. Andrew brought Hutchence on board as a vocalist and Beers on bass guitar, and Tim brought in his former bandmate Kirk Pengilly to play guitar and saxophone. The band made their debut on 16 August 1977 at Whale Beach, 40 km (25 mi) north of Sydney.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "Hutchence, the Farriss brothers, Kerny, Sanders, Beers and Kennelly briefly performed as The Vegetables, singing \"We Are the Vegetables\". Ten months later, they returned to Sydney and recorded a set of demos. The Farriss Brothers regularly supported hard rockers Midnight Oil on the pub rock circuit, and were renamed as INXS in 1979. Their first performance under the new name was on 1 September at the Oceanview Hotel in Toukley. In May 1980, the group released their first single, \"Simple Simon\"/\"We Are the Vegetables\" which was followed by the debut album \"INXS\" in October. Their first Top 40 Australian hit on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart, \"Just Keep Walking\", was released in September 1980. \n", "Hutchence became the main spokesperson for the band. He co-wrote almost all of INXS's songs with Andrew Farriss. \n", "According to Hutchence, most of the songs on the band's second album, \"Underneath the Colours\", were written within a fairly short space of time: \"Most bands shudder at the prospect of having 20 years to write their first album and four days to write their second. For us, though, it was good. It left less room for us to go off on all sorts of tangents\". Soon after recording sessions for \"Underneath the Colours\" – produced by Richard Clapton – had finished, band members started work on outside projects. Hutchence recorded \"Speed Kills\", written by Don Walker of hard rockers Cold Chisel, for the \"Freedom\" (1982) film soundtrack, directed by Scott Hicks. It was Hutchence's first solo single and was released by WEA in early 1982.\n", "Section::::Career.:Stardom and acting career.\n", "In March 1985, after Hutchence and INXS recorded their album \"The Swing\" (1984), WEA released the Australian version of \"Dekadance\", as a limited edition cassette only EP of six tracks including remixes from the album. The cassette also included a cover version of Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood's hit \"Jackson\", which Hutchence sang as a duet with Jenny Morris, a backing singer for \"The Swing\" sessions. The EP reached No 2 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart. Hutchence provided vocals for new wave band Beargarden's 1985 single release.\n", "On 19 May, INXS won seven awards at the 1984 \"Countdown\" Music and Video Awards ceremony, including 'Best Songwriter' for Hutchence and Andrew, and 'Most Popular Male' for Hutchence. They performed \"Burn for You\", dressed in Akubras (a brand of hats) and Drizabones (a brand of outdoor coats/oilskin jackets) followed by Hutchence and Morris singing \"Jackson\" to close.\n", "In 1986, Hutchence played Sam, the lead male role, in the Australian film \"Dogs in Space\", directed by long-time INXS music video collaborator Richard Lowenstein. Sam's girlfriend, Anna, was portrayed by Saskia Post as a \"fragile peroxide blonde in op-shop clothes\". Hutchence provided four songs on the film's soundtrack.\n", "Late in 1986, before commencing work on a new INXS album and while supposedly taking an eight-month break, the band's management decided to stage the Australian Made tour as a series of major outdoor concerts across the country. The roster featured INXS, Jimmy Barnes (Cold Chisel), Models, Divinyls, Mental as Anything, The Triffids and I'm Talking. To promote the tour, Hutchence and Barnes shared vocals on The Easybeats cover \"Good Times\" and \"Laying Down the Law\", which Barnes cowrote with Beers, Andrew Farriss, Jon Farriss, Hutchence and Pengilly. \"Good Times\" was used as the theme for the concert series of 1986–1987. It peaked at No. 2 on the Australian charts, and months later was featured in the Joel Schumacher film \"The Lost Boys\" and its soundtrack, allowing it to peak at No. 47 in the U.S. on 1 August 1987. Divinyls' lead singer Chrissie Amphlett enjoyed the tour and reconnected with Hutchence, stating that \"[he] was a sweet man, who said in one interview that he wanted me to have his baby.\"\n", "In 1987, Hutchence provided vocals for Richard Clapton's album \"Glory Road\", which was produced by Jon Farriss.\n", "INXS released \"Kick\" in October 1987, and the album provided the band with worldwide popularity. \"Kick\" peaked at No. 1 in Australia, No. 3 on the US \"Billboard\" 200, No. 9 in UK, and No. 15 in Austria. The band's most successful studio album, \"Kick\" has been certified six times platinum by the RIAA and spawned four US top 10 singles (\"New Sensation\", \"Never Tear Us Apart\", \"Devil Inside\" and \"Need You Tonight\", the last of which reached the top of the US \"Billboard\" singles charts). According to \"1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them\", the single \"Need You Tonight\" is not lyrically complex; it is Hutchence's performance where \"he sings in kittenish whisper, gently drawing back with the incredible lust of a tiger hunting in the night\" that makes the song \"as sexy and funky as any white rock group has ever been\". In September 1988, the band swept the MTV Video Music Awards with the video for \"Need You Tonight/Mediate\" winning in five categories.\n", "In 1989, Hutchence collaborated further with Olsen for the Max Q project, and was joined by members of Olsen's previous groups including Whirlywirld, No and Orchestra of Skin and Bone. They released a self-titled album and three singles, \"Way of the World\", \"Sometimes\" and \"Monday Night by Satellite\". Max Q disbanded in 1990. \"Max Q\" showed Hutchence exploring the darker side of his music and, with Olsen, he created \"one of the most innovative dance music albums of the decade\". Hutchence wrote most of the music and provided \"an extraordinary performance ... it was one of the most significant statements Hutchence was to make\". In 1990, Hutchence portrayed nineteenth-century Romantic poet Percy Shelley in Roger Corman's film version of \"Frankenstein Unbound\", which was based on a science fiction time travel story of the same name written by Brian Aldiss.\n", "In 1990, INXS released \"X\", which spawned more international hits such as \"Suicide Blonde\" and \"Disappear\" (both Top 10 in the US). \"Suicide Blonde\" peaked at No. 2 in Australia and No. 11 in the UK. Hutchence, with Andrew Farriss, wrote the song after Hutchence's then-girlfriend, Kylie Minogue, used the phrase \"suicide blonde\" to describe her look during her 1989 film, \"The Delinquents\"; the film depicted Minogue in a platinum blonde wig. Hutchence won the 'Best International Artist' at the 1991 BRIT Awards with INXS winning the related group award. Hutchence provided vocals for pub rockers Noiseworks' album, \"Love Versus Money\" (1991).\n", "\"Welcome to Wherever You Are\" was released by INXS in August 1992. It received good critical reviews and went to No. 1 in the UK.\n", "Section::::Career.:Later career.\n", "Hutchence and INXS faced reduced commercial success with \"Full Moon, Dirty Hearts\", especially in the U.S. The band took time off to rest and be with their families, while Hutchence remained in the public eye through his romances. He commenced work on a self-titled solo album in the mid-1990s.\n", "After a period of inactivity and releases that received lukewarm reviews, INXS recorded the band's 10th official album, \"Elegantly Wasted\", in 1996.\n", "Section::::Career.:Artistry.\n", "Hutchence was a baritone. In 2013, News.com.au ranked Hutchence fourth in a list of the 15 greatest Australian singers of all time. Billboard described Hutchence as \"charismatic,\" with a \"seductive purr and [a] lithe, magnetic stage presence.\" Paul Donoughue of ABC.net.au wrote that Hutchence had \"a phenomenal voice — moody, sexual, and dynamic, able to shift effortlessly from fragile to cocksure.\" Reviewing an INXS concert, Dave Simpson of \"The Guardian\" wrote, \"Watching Hutchence, hair flailing, crotch thrusting, a mischievous smile forever creeping across his leathery face, I realised that here was a man born to be onstage, living and loving every minute, an explosion of sexual energy\". Hutchence biographer Toby Creswell asserted that \"Hutchence was, without question, one of the truly great frontmen — he expressed the music in a dynamic way that few others could.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "According to \"People\", Hutchence's \"public brawls and onetime open drug use led London tabloids to dub him the 'wild man of rock.'\" Hutchence was romantically linked to Kylie Minogue, Belinda Carlisle, Helena Christensen, and Kym Wilson. \n", "In August 1992, Helena Christensen and Hutchence were walking late at night on a street in Copenhagen after drinking heavily when he refused to move for a taxi. The taxi driver then assaulted him, causing him to fall backwards and hit his head on the roadway. Hutchence suffered a fractured skull in the altercation. Hutchence did not immediately seek medical assistance for the injury, instead waiting several days before seeing a doctor. As a result, Hutchence's fractured skull left him with an almost complete loss of the sense of smell and significant loss of taste. This injury led to periods of depression and increased levels of aggression; he had not fully recovered after two weeks in a Copenhagen hospital. According to INXS bandmate Beers, Hutchence pulled a knife and threatened to kill him during the 1993 recording of \"Full Moon, Dirty Hearts\" on the isle of Capri. Beers said: \"Over those six weeks, Michael threatened or physically confronted nearly every member of the band.\"\n", "In the mid-1990s, Hutchence became romantically involved with Paula Yates. He had met Yates in 1985, during an interview for her program, \"The Tube\". Yates interviewed Hutchence again in 1994 for her \"Big Breakfast\" show, and their affair was soon uncovered by the British press. At the time, Yates was married to The Boomtown Rats' lead singer and Live Aid organiser Bob Geldof. Media scrutiny was intense, and Hutchence assaulted a photographer who had followed the couple. Yates' separation from Geldof in February 1995 sparked a public and at times bitter custody battle over their daughters. Yates and Geldof divorced in May 1996. On 22 July 1996, Yates gave birth to Hutchence's daughter, Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence.\n", "In September 1996, Yates and Hutchence made headlines when they were arrested for suspicion of drug possession after the family nanny reportedly found a small amount of opium in a shoebox underneath their bed. The case was later dropped due to lack of evidence.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Hutchence and INXS went on a world tour to support the April 1997 release of \"Elegantly Wasted\". The final 20th anniversary tour was to occur in Australia in November and December. During the tour, Yates planned to visit Hutchence with their daughter and Yates's three children, but Geldof had taken legal action to prevent the visit.\n", "On the morning of 22 November 1997, Hutchence, aged 37, was found dead in Room 524 at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Double Bay, Sydney.\n", "Actress Kym Wilson was the last person to see Hutchence alive, after partying with him in his hotel room prior to his death.\n", "Geldof and Yates each gave police statements on the phone calls they exchanged with Hutchence on the morning of his death; however, they did not volunteer their phone records. Yates's statement on 26 November indicated that she had informed Hutchence of the Geldof girls' custody hearing being adjourned until 17 December, which meant that Yates would not be able to bring Tiger and the Geldof girls to Australia for a visit as previously intended. According to Yates, Hutchence \"was frightened and couldn't stand a minute more without his baby... [he] was terribly upset and he said, 'I don't know how I'll live without seeing Tiger'\". Yates indicated that Hutchence said he was going to phone Geldof \"to let the girls come to Australia\". Geldof's police statements and evidence to the coroner indicated that Geldof did receive a call from Hutchence, who was \"hectoring and abusive and threatening\" during their phone conversation. The occupant in the room next to Hutchence's heard a loud male voice and swearing at about 5 AM; the coroner was satisfied that this was Hutchence arguing with Geldof.\n", "At 9:54 AM on 22 November, Hutchence spoke with a former girlfriend, Michèle Bennett; according to Bennett, Hutchence was crying, sounded upset, and told her he needed to see her. Bennett arrived at his hotel room door at about 10:40 AM, but there was no response. Hutchence's body was discovered by a hotel maid at 11:50 AM. Police reported that Hutchence was found \"in a kneeling position facing the door. He had used his snakeskin belt to tie a knot on the automatic door closure at the top of the door, and had strained his head forward into the loop so hard that the buckle had broken.\"\n", "On 6 February 1998, after an autopsy and coronial inquest, New South Wales State Coroner, Derrick Hand, presented his report. The report ruled that Hutchence's death was suicide while depressed and under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. \"An analysis report of Hutchence's blood [indicated] the presence of alcohol, cocaine, Prozac and prescription drugs.\" In producing his coroner's report, Hand had specifically considered the suggestions of accidental death (coupled with the fact that Hutchence left no suicide note), but had discounted them based on substantial evidence presented to the contrary. In a 1999 interview on \"60 Minutes\" (and in a documentary film on Channel 4), Yates claimed that Hutchence's death may have resulted from autoerotic asphyxiation; this claim contradicted her previous statements to police investigators and the coroner.\n", "On 27 November 1997, Hutchence's funeral was held at St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. His casket was carried out of the cathedral by members of INXS and by his younger brother, Rhett; \"Never Tear Us Apart\" was played in the background. Nick Cave, a friend of Hutchence, performed his 1997 song \"Into My Arms\" during the funeral and requested that television cameras be switched off. Rhett claimed in his 2004 book, \"Total XS\", that on the previous day at the funeral parlour, Yates had put a gram of heroin into Hutchence's pocket. He was cremated at Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney.\n", "Section::::Later developments.\n", "Following Hutchence's death, INXS continued recording and performing until 2012. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), INXS has sold 30 million units in the United States alone, making them the second-highest selling Australian music act in the United States behind AC/DC. INXS has sold over 60 million records worldwide. INXS was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2001.\n", "Hutchence's solo album, \"Michael Hutchence\", was released in October 1999. He had started on the album in 1995, recording songs in between INXS sessions; he had last worked on it three days prior to his death. The last song he recorded was \"Possibilities\". It includes \"Slide Away\", a duet with U2's Bono, with Bono's vocals recorded after Hutchence's death.\n", "The 1999 movie \"Limp\" includes a cameo by Hutchence.\n", "On 18 June 2000, Patricia Glassop and Tina Schorr released their book, \"Just a Man: The Real Michael Hutchence\", which has been described as \"an odd biography ... [that] combines the basic facts of Hutchence's early life ... with an almost too-intimate view of the authors' feelings\".\n", "Paula Yates died on 17 September 2000 of an accidental heroin overdose; she was discovered by Hutchence's then-four-year-old daughter, Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence. Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence was adopted by Bob Geldof, the father of her half-sisters.\n", "On 12 December 2002, Hutchence's father, Kelland, died of cancer in Sydney. Kelland had helped create and maintain a memorial website for his son.\n", "On 20 August 2005, Melbourne's \"The Age\" reported on the disposition of Hutchence's estate and assets, estimated at between $10 to $20 million but containing virtually nothing. The remainder of his estate had reportedly been sold off or swallowed in legal fees.\n", "In July 2009, Hutchence's mother, Patricia Glassop, protested that Geldof had prevented access to her granddaughter for three years. Glassop died on 21 September 2010.\n", "A documentary about Hutchence entitled \"Michael Hutchence: The Last Rockstar\" aired in 2017. In 2019, \"Mystify: Michael Hutchence\"--another documentary about Hutchence's life--was released.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:with INXS.\n", "BULLET::::- \"INXS\" (1980)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Underneath the Colours\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shabooh Shoobah\" (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Swing\" (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Listen Like Thieves\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kick\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"X\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Welcome to Wherever You Are\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Full Moon, Dirty Hearts\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elegantly Wasted\" (1997)\n", "Section::::Discography.:with Max Q.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Max Q\" (1989)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Collaborations and soundtrack appearances.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Freedom Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" (1982) – \"Speed Kills\", \"Forest Theme\" (with Don Walker of Cold Chisel)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flame Fortune\" (1985) – \"Sex Symbol\", \"Jungle Boy\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dogs in Space Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" (1987) – \"Dogs in Space\", \"Golf Course\", \"The Green Dragon\", \"Rooms for the Memory\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Symphonic Music of the Rolling Stones\" (1994) – \"Under My Thumb\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"It's Now or Never: The Tribute The Elvis\" (1994) – \"Baby Let's Play House\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Batman Forever Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" (1995) – \"The Passenger\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Barb Wire Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" (1996) – \"Spill the Wine\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Voice: The Songs of Chage & Aska\" (1996) – \"Red Hill\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Talking, Just Head\" (1996) – \"The King Is Gone\" ( with Michael Hutchence)\n", "Section::::Tributes and dedications.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1997, Duran Duran, wrote the song “Michael You’ve Got a Lot to Answer For” which appeared on their album Medazzaland. Lead singer Simon Le Bon told Q magazine that the song, released shortly before Hutchence’s death, was about “Michael being a naughty boy ... when he was living with Paula Yates. He did like his substances.\n", "BULLET::::- Nick Cave sang \"Into My Arms\" at the funeral on 27 November 1997, which was broadcast live on Australian TV. Out of respect, Cave requested the song not be televised.\n", "BULLET::::- Terri Nunn of Berlin and Corgan collaborated on \"Sacred and Profane\" for Berlin's 2000 album \"Live: Sacred & Profane\". Nunn said, \"The song is about my first experience seeing [Hutchence] because that changed my life. He influenced me probably more than anyone else as a performer. I became 12 years old in five minutes wanting to have sex with him. That's all I wanted! Oh my God. Everybody did! You just wanted him. He was the epitome of [a] rock star.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Bono, a close friend of Hutchence, wrote \"Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of\" on the 2000 U2 album \"All That You Can't Leave Behind\". The song is written in the form of an argument about suicide in which he tries to convince Hutchence of its foolishness. Bono characterised it as a good old row between friends, which he felt guilty for never having with Hutchence in real life. In a 2005 interview, Bono regretted that he had not spent more time with Hutchence. Bono's wife, Alison Hewson, had seen Hutchence prior to his death and noted \"he looked a bit shaky to [her].\"\n", "Section::::References.\n", "General\n", "BULLET::::- Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.\n", "BULLET::::- Note: [on-line] version established at White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd in 2007 and was expanded from the 2002 edition. As from September 2010, [on-line] version appears to have an Internal Service Error.\n", "Specific\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Michael Hutchence Website\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Hutchence Official Site – created by his mother, Patricia Glassop, and his half-sister Tina Schorr.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Michael Hutchence Memorial Website – created by his father, Kelland Hutchence\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Michael Kelland John Hutchence" ] }, "description": "Australian musician and actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q331759", "wikidata_label": "Michael Hutchence", "wikipedia_title": "Michael Hutchence" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mohammad Najibullah\n", "Najibullah Ahmadzai (Pashto/); 6 August 1947 – 27 September 1996), commonly known as Najibullah or Dr. Najib, was the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until 1992, when the mujahideen took over Kabul. He had previously held different careers under the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and was a graduate of Kabul University. Following the Saur Revolution and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Najibullah was a low profile bureaucrat: he was sent into exile as Ambassador to Iran during Hafizullah Amin's rise to power. He returned to Afghanistan following the Soviet intervention which toppled Amin's rule and placed Babrak Karmal as head of state, party and government. During Karmal's rule, Najibullah became head of the KHAD, the Afghan equivalent of the Soviet KGB. He was a member of the Parcham faction led by Karmal.\n", "During Najibullah's tenure as KHAD head, it became one of the most brutally efficient governmental organs. Because of this, he gained the attention of several leading Soviet officials, such as Yuri Andropov, Dmitriy Ustinov and Boris Ponomarev. In 1981, Najibullah was appointed to the PDPA Politburo. In 1985 Najibullah stepped down as state security minister to focus on PDPA politics; he had been appointed to the PDPA Secretariat. Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, was able to get Karmal to step down as PDPA General Secretary in 1986, and replace him with Najibullah. For a number of months Najibullah was locked in a power struggle against Karmal, who still retained his post of Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Najibullah accused Karmal of trying to wreck his policy of National Reconciliation, which were a series of efforts by Najibullah to end the conflict.\n", "During his tenure as leader of Afghanistan, the Soviets began their withdrawal, and from 1989 until 1992, his government tried to solve the ongoing civil war without Soviet troops on the ground. While direct Soviet assistance ended with the withdrawal, the Soviet Union still supported Najibullah with economic and military aid, while Pakistan and the United States continued its support for the mujahideen. Throughout his tenure, he tried to build support for his government via the National Reconciliation reforms by distancing from socialism in favor of Afghan nationalism, abolishing the one-party state and letting non-communists join the government. He remained open to dialogue with the mujahideen and other groups, made Islam an official religion, and invited exiled businessmen back to re-take their properties. In the 1990 constitution all references to communism were removed and Islam became the state religion. These changes, coupled with others, did not win Najibullah any significant support due to his role at KHAD. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Najibullah was left without foreign aid. This, coupled with the internal collapse of his government, led to his resignation in April 1992.\n", "After a failed attempt to flee to India, Najibullah remained in Kabul living in the United Nations headquarters until 1996, when the Taliban movement took Kabul. The Taliban abducted Najibullah and his brother from UN custody in the early morning hours of 27 September, tortured both of them and hanged their bodies from a traffic post the next day. During his tenure Najibullah was disliked by many, mainly due to his actions as the KHAD head.\n", "By the 21st century however, public opinion turned positive and he is now seen to have been a strong and patriotic leader with a \"normal\" regime compared to his PDPA predecessors and the mayhem that happened after his ousting. In 2017 a pro-Najibist \"Watan Party\" was created as a continuation of Najibullah's party.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Najibullah was born in February 1947 in the city of Kabul, in the Kingdom of Afghanistan. His ancestral village is located between the towns of Said Karam and Gardēz in Paktia Province, this place is known as Mehlan. He was educated at Habibia High School in Kabul, St. Joseph's School in Baramulla, India and Kabul University, where he graduated with a doctor degree in medicine in 1975. He belongs to the Ahmadzai sub-tribe of the Ghilzai Pashtun tribe in Gardiz.\n", "In 1965 Najibullah joined the Parcham faction of the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He served as Babrak Karmal's close associate and bodyguard during the latter's tenure in the lower house of parliament (1965–1973), Najibullah earned the nickname Najib-e-Gaw (Najib the Bull) due in equal parts to his imposing heft and temperament. In 1977 he was elected to the Central Committee.\n", "In April 1978 the PDPA took power in Afghanistan, with Najibullah a member of the ruling Revolutionary Council. However, the Khalq faction of the PDPA gained supremacy over his own Parcham faction, and after a brief stint as Ambassador to Iran, he was dismissed from government and went into exile in Europe.\n", "Section::::Under Karmal: 1979–1986.\n", "Section::::Under Karmal: 1979–1986.:Minister of State Security: 1980–1985.\n", "He returned to Kabul after the Soviet intervention in 1979. In 1980, he was appointed the head of KHAD, the Afghan equivalent to the Soviet KGB, and was promoted to the rank of Major General. He was appointed following lobbying made by the Soviets, most notable among them was Yuri Andropov, the KGB Chairman. During his six years as head of KHAD he had two to four deputies under his command, who in turn were responsible for an estimated 12 departments. According to evidence, Najibullah was dependent on his family and his professional network, and appointed more often than not people he knew to top positions within the KHAD. In June 1981, Najibullah, along with Mohammad Aslam Watanjar, a former tank commander and the then Minister of Communications and Major General Mohammad Rafi, the Minister of Defence were appointed to the PDPA Politburo. Under Najibullah, KHAD's personnel increased from 120 to 25,000 to 30,000. KHAD employees were amongst the best-paid government bureaucrats in communist Afghanistan, and because of it, the political indoctrination of KHAD officials was a top priority. During a PDPA conference Najibullah, talking about the indoctrination programme of KHAD officials, said \"a weapon in one hand, a book in the other.\" Terrorist activities launched by KHAD reached its peak under Najibullah. He reported directly to the Soviet KGB, and a big part of KHAD's budget came from the Soviet Union itself.\n", "As time would show, Najibullah was very efficient, and during his tenure as leader of KHAD, thousands were arrested, tortured, and executed. There are first-hand accounts of survivors who stated that Najibullah would personally participate in the torture of high-profile anti-communist citizens. KHAD targeted anti-communist citizens, political opponents, and educated members of society. It was this efficiency which made him interesting to the Soviets. Because of this, KHAD became known for its ruthlessness. During his ascension to power, several Afghan politicians did not want Najibullah to succeed Babrak Karmal because of the fact that Najibullah was known for exploiting his powers for his own benefit. It didn't help either that during his period as KHAD chief that the Pul-i Charki had become the home of several Khalqist politicians. Another problem was that Najibullah allowed graft, theft, bribery and corruption on a scale not seen previously. As would later be proven by the power struggle he had with Karmal after becoming PDPA General Secretary, despite Najibullah heading the KHAD for five years, Karmal still had sizable support in the organisation.\n", "Section::::Under Karmal: 1979–1986.:Rise to power: 1985–1986.\n", "He was appointed to the PDPA Secretariat in November 1985. Najibullah's ascent to power was proven by turning KHAD from a government organ to a ministry in January 1986. With the situation in Afghanistan deteriorating, and the Soviet leadership looking for ways to withdraw, Mikhail Gorbachev wanted Karmal to resign as PDPA General Secretary. The question of who was to succeed Karmal was hotly debated, but Gorbachev supported Najibullah. Yuri Andropov, Boris Ponomarev and Dmitriy Ustinov all thought highly of Najibullah, and negotiations of who would succeed Karmal might have begun as early as 1983. Despite this, Najibullah was not the only choice the Soviets had. A GRU report argued that he was a Pashtun nationalist, a stance which could decrease the regime's popularity even more. The GRU preferred Assadullah Sarwari, earlier head of ASGA, the pre-KHAD secret police, who they believed would be better able to balance between the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks. Another viable candidate was Abdul Qadir, who had been a participant in the Saur Revolution. Najibullah succeeded Karmal as PDPA General Secretary on 4 May 1986 at the 18th PDPA meeting, but Karmal still retained his post as Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council.\n", "On 15 May Najibullah announced that a collective leadership had been established, which was led by himself consisted of himself as head of party, Karmal as head of state and Sultan Ali Keshtmand as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. When Najibullah took the office of PDPA General Secretary, Karmal still had enough support in the party to disgrace Najibullah. Karmal went as far as to spread rumours that Najibullah's rule was little more than an interregnum, and that he would soon be reappointed to the general secretaryship. As it turned out, Karmal's power base during this period was KHAD. The Soviet leadership wanted to ease Karmal out of politics, but when Najibullah began to complain that he was hampering his plans of National Reconciliation, the Soviet Politburo decided to remove Karmal; this motion was supported by Andrei Gromyko, Yuli Vorontsov, Eduard Shevardnadze, Anatoly Dobrynin and Viktor Chebrikov. A meeting in the PDPA in November relieved Karmal of his Revolutionary Council chairmanship, and he was exiled to Moscow where he was given a state-owned apartment and a dacha. In his position as Revolutionary Council chairman Karmal was succeeded by Haji Mohammad Chamkani, who was not a member of the PDPA.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:National Reconciliation.\n", "In September 1986 the National Compromise Commission (NCC) was established on the orders of Najibullah. The NCC's goal was to contact counter-revolutionaries \"in order to complete the Saur Revolution in its new phase.\" Allegedly, an estimated 40,000 rebels were contacted by the government. At the end of 1986, Najibullah called for a six-months ceasefire and talks between the various opposition forces, this was part of his policy of National Reconciliation. The discussions, if fruitful, would lead to the establishment of a coalition government and be the end of the PDPA's monopoly of power. The programme failed, but the government was able to recruit disillusioned mujahideen fighters as government militias. In many ways, the National Reconciliation led to an increasing number of urban dwellers to support his rule, and the stabilisation of the Afghan defence forces.\n", "In September 1986 a new constitution was written, which was adopted on 29 November 1987. The constitution weakened the powers of the head of state by canceling his absolute veto. The reason for this move, according to Najibullah, was the need for real-power sharing. On 13 July 1987 the official name of Afghanistan was changed from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to Republic of Afghanistan, and in June 1988 the Revolutionary Council, whose members were elected by the party leadership, was replaced by a National Assembly, an organ in which members were to be elected by the people. The PDPA's socialist stance was denied even more than previously, in 1989 the Minister of Higher Education began to work on the \"de-Sovietisation\" of universities, and in 1990 it was even announced by a party member that all PDPA members were Muslims and that the party had abandoned Marxism. Many parts of the Afghan government's economic monopoly was also broken, this had more to do with the tight situation than any ideological conviction. Abdul Hakim Misaq, the Mayor of Kabul, even stated that traffickers of stolen goods would not be prosecuted by law as long as their goods were given to the market. Yuli Vorontsov, on Gorbachev's orders, was able to get an agreement with the PDPA leadership to offer the posts of Gossoviet chairman (the state planning organ), the Council of Ministers chairmanship (head of government), ministries of defence, state security, communications, finance, presidencies of banks and the Supreme Court. It should be noted, the PDPA still demanded it held on to all deputy ministers, retained its majority in the state bureaucracy and that it retained all its provincial governors. The government was not willing to concede all of these positions, and when the offer was broadcast, the ministries of defence and state security.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:National Reconciliation.:Elections: 1987 and 1988.\n", "Local elections were held in 1987. It began when the government introduced a law permitting the formation of other political parties, announced that it would be prepared to share power with representatives of opposition groups in the event of a coalition government, and issued a new constitution providing for a new bicameral National Assembly (Meli Shura), consisting of a Senate (Sena) and a House of Representatives (Wolesi Jirga), and a president to be indirectly elected to a 7-year term. The new political parties had to oppose colonialism, imperialism, neo-colonialism, Zionism, racial discrimination, apartheid and fascism. Najibullah stated that only the extremist part of the opposition could not join the planned coalition government. No parties had to share the PDPA's policy or ideology, but they could not oppose the bond between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. A parliamentary election was held in 1988. The PDPA won 46 seats in the House of Representatives and controlled the government with support from the National Front, which won 45 seats, and from various newly recognized left-wing parties, which had won a total of 24 seats. Although the election was boycotted by the Mujahideen, the government left 50 of the 234 seats in the House of Representatives, as well as a small number of seats in the Senate, vacant in the hope that the guerrillas would end their armed struggle and participate in the government. The only armed opposition party to make peace with the government was Hizbollah, a small Shi'a party not to be confused with the bigger party in Iran or the Lebanese organization.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:Emergency.\n", "Several figures of the intelligentsia took Najibullah's offer seriously, even if they sympathised or were against the regime. Their hopes were dampened when the Najibullah government introduced the state of emergency on 18 February 1989, four days after the Soviet withdrawal. 1,700 intellectuals were arrested in February alone, and until November 1991 the government still supervised and restricted freedom of speech. Another problem was that party members took his policy seriously too, Najibullah recanted that most party members felt \"panic and pessimism.\" At the Second Conference of the party, the majority of members, maybe up to 60 percent, were radical socialists. According to Soviet advisors (in 1987), a bitter debate within the party had broken out between those who advocated the islamisation of the party and those who wanted to defend the gains of the Saur Revolution. Opposition to his policy of National Reconciliation was met party-wide, but especially from Karmalists. Many people did not support the handing out of the already small state resources the Afghan state had at its disposal. On the other side, several members were proclaiming anti-Soviet slogans as they accused the National Reconciliation programme to be supported and developed by the Soviet Union. Najibullah reassured the inter-party opposition that he would not give up the gains of the Saur Revolution, but to the contrary, preserve them, not give up the PDPA's monopoly on power, or to collaborate with reactionary Mullahs.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:Emergency.:An Islamic state.\n", "During Babrak Karmal's later years, and during Najibullah's tenure, the PDPA tried to improve their standing with Muslims by moving, or appearing to move, to the political centre. They wanted to create a new image for the party and state. In 1987 Najibullah re-added Ullah to his name to appease the Muslim community. Communist symbols were either replaced or removed. These measures did not contribute to any notable increase in support for the government, because the mujahideen had a stronger legitimacy to protect Islam than the government; they had rebelled against what they saw as an anti-Islamic government, that government was the PDPA. Islamic principles were embedded in the 1987 constitution, for instance, Article 2 of the constitution stated that Islam was the state religion, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family. The 1990 constitution stated that Afghanistan was an Islamic state, and the last references to communism were removed. Article 1 of the 1990 Constitution said that Afghanistan was an \"independent, unitary and Islamic state.\"\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:Economic policies.\n", "Najibullah continued Karmal's economic policies. The augmenting of links with the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union continued, and so did bilateral trade. He encouraged the development of the private sector in industry. The Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan which was introduced in January 1986 continued until March 1992, one month before the government's fall. According to the plan, the economy, which had grown less than 2 percent annually until 1985, would grow 25 percent in the plan. Industry would grow 28 percent, agriculture 14–16 percent, domestic trade by 150 percent and foreign trade with 15 percent. As expected, none of these targets were met, and 2 percent growth annually which had been the norm before the plan continued under Najibullah. The 1990 constitution gave due attention to the private sector. Article 20 was about the establishment of private firms, and Article 25 encouraged foreign investments in the private sector.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:Afghan–Soviet relations.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:Afghan–Soviet relations.:Soviet withdrawal.\n", "While he may have been the \"de jure\" leader of Afghanistan, Soviet advisers still did the majority of work when Najibullah took power. As Gorbachev remarked \"We're still doing everything ourselves [...]. That's all our people know how to do. They've tied Najibullah hand and foot.\" Fikryat Tabeev, the Soviet ambassador to Afghanistan, was accused of acting like a governor general by Gorbachev. Tabeev was recalled from Afghanistan in July 1986, but while Gorbachev called for the end of Soviet management of Afghanistan, he could not help but to do some managing himself. At a Soviet Politburo meeting, Gorbachev said \"It's difficult to build a new building out of old material [...] I hope to God that we haven't made a mistake with Najibullah.\" As time would prove, the problem was that Najibullah's aims were the opposite of the Soviet Union's; Najibullah was opposed to a Soviet withdrawal, the Soviet Union wanted a Soviet withdrawal. This was logical, considering the fact that the Afghan military was on the brink of dissolution. The only means of survival seemed to Najibullah was to retain the Soviet presence. In July 1986 six regiments, which consisted up to 15,000 troops, were withdrawn from Afghanistan. The aim of this early withdrawal was, according to Gorbachev, to show the world that the Soviet leadership was serious about leaving Afghanistan. The Soviets told the United States Government that they were planning to withdraw, but the United States Government didn't believe it. When Gorbachev met with Ronald Reagan during his visit the United States, Reagan called, bizarrely, for the dissolution of the Afghan army.\n", "On 14 April 1988 the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the Geneva Accords, and the Soviet Union and the United States signed as guarantors; the treaty specifically stated that the Soviet military had to withdraw from Afghanistan by 15 February 1989. Gorbachev later confided to Anatoly Chernyaev, a personal advisor to Gorbachev, that the Soviet withdrawal would be criticised for creating a bloodbath which could have been averted if the Soviets stayed. During a Politburo meeting Eduard Shevardnadze said \"We will leave the country in a deplorable situation\", and further talked about the economic collapse, and the need to keep at least 10 to 15,000 troops in Afghanistan. In this Vladimir Kryuchkov, the KGB Chairman, supported him. This stance, if implemented, would be a betrayal of the Geneva Accords just signed. During the second phase of the Soviet withdrawal, in 1989, Najibullah told Valentin Varennikov openly that he would do everything to slow down the Soviet departure. Varennikov in turn replied that such a move would not help, and would only lead to an international outcry against the war. Najibullah would repeat his position later that year, to a group of senior Soviet representatives in Kabul. This time Najibullah stated that Ahmad Shah Massoud was the main problem, and that he needed to be killed. In this, the Soviets agreed, but repeated that such a move would be a breach of the Geneva Accords; to hunt for Massoud so early on would disrupt the withdrawal, and would mean that the Soviet Union would fail to meet its deadline for withdrawal.\n", "During his January 1989 visit to Shevardnadze Najibullah wanted to retain a small presence of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, and called for moving Soviet bombers to military bases close to the Afghan–Soviet border and place them on permanent alert. Najibullah also repeated his claims that his government could not survive if Massoud remained alive. Shevardnadze again repeated that troops could not stay, since it would lead to international outcry, but said he would look into the matter. Shevardnadze demanded that the Soviet embassy created a plan in which at least 12,000 Soviet troops would remain in Afghanistan either under direct control of the United Nations or remain as \"volunteers\". The Soviet military leadership, when hearing of Shevardnadze's plan, became furious. But they followed orders, and named the operation \"Typhoon\", maybe ironic considering that Operation Typhoon was the German military operation against the city of Moscow during World War II. Shevardnadze contacted the Soviet leadership about moving a unit to break the siege of Kandahar, and to protect convoys from and to the city. The Soviet leadership were against Shevardnadze's plan, and Chernyaev even believed it was part of Najibullah's plan to keep Soviet troops in the country. To which Shevardnadze replied angrily \"You've not been there, [...] You've no idea all the things we have done there in the past ten years.\" At a Politburo meeting on 24 January, Shevardnadze argued that the Soviet leadership could not be indifferent to Najibullah and his government; again, Shevardnadze received support from Kryuchkov. In the end Shevardnadze lost the debate, and the Politburo reaffirmed their commitment to withdraw from Afghanistan. There was still a small presence of Soviet troops after the Soviet withdrawal; for instance, parachutists who protected the Soviet embassy staff, military advisors and special forces and reconnaissance troops still operated in the \"outlying provinces\", especially along the Afghan–Soviet border.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:Afghan–Soviet relations.:Aid.\n", "Soviet military aid continued after their withdrawal, and massive quantities of food, fuel, ammunition and military equipment was given to the government. Varennikov visited Afghanistan in May 1989 to discuss ways and means to deliver the aid to the government. In 1990 Soviet aid amounted to an estimated 3 billion United States dollars. As it turned out, the Afghan military was entirely dependent on Soviet aid to function. When the Soviet Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991, Najibullah turned to former Soviet Central Asia for aid. These newly independent states had no wish to see Afghanistan being taken over by religious fundamentalists, and supplied Afghanistan with 6 million barrels of oil and 500,000 tons of wheat to survive the winter.\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:After the Soviets.\n", "With the Soviets' withdrawal in 1989, the Afghan army was left on its own to battle the insurgents. The most effective, and largest, assaults on the mujahideen were undertaken during the 1985–86 period. These offensives had forced the mujahideen on the defensive near Herat and Kandahar. The Soviets ensued a bomb and negotiate during 1986, and a major offensive that year included 10,000 Soviet troops and 8,000 Afghan troops.\n", "Pakistani people and establishment continued to support the Afghan mujahideen even if it was in contravention of the Geneva Accords. At the beginning most observers expected the Najibullah government to collapse immediately, and to be replaced with an Islamic fundamentalist government. The Central Intelligence Agency stated in a report that the new government would be ambivalent, or even worse, hostile towards the United States. Almost immediately after the Soviet withdrawal, the Battle of Jalalabad broke out between Afghan government forces and the mujahideen. The offensive against the city began when the mujahideen bribed several government military officers, from there, they tried to take the airport, but were repulsed with heavy casualties. The willingness of the common Afghan government soldier to fight increased when the mujahideen began to execute people during the battle. During the battle Najibullah called for Soviet assistance. Gorbachev called an emergency session of the Politburo to discuss his proposal, but Najibullah's request was rejected. Other attacks against the city failed, and by April the government forces were on the offensive. During the battle over four hundred Scud missiles were shot, which were fired by a Soviet crew which had stayed behind. When the battle ended in July, the mujahideen had lost an estimated 3,000 troops. One mujahideen commander lamented \"the battle of Jalalabad lost us credit won in ten years of fighting.\"\n", "Hardline Khalqist Shahnawaz Tanai attempted to overthrow Najibullah in a failed coup attempt in March 1990.\n", "From 1989 to 1990, the Najibullah government was partially successful in building up the Afghan defence forces. The Ministry of State Security had established a local militia force which stood at an estimated 100,000 men. The 17th Division in Herat, which had begun the 1979 Herat uprising against PDPA-rule, stood at 3,400 regular troops and 14,000 tribal men. In 1988, the total number of security forces available to the government stood at 300,000. This trend did not continue, and by the summer of 1990, the Afghan government forces were on the defensive again. By the beginning of 1991, the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan, the eleven-year Siege of Khost had ended in a mujahideen victory and the morale of the Afghan military finally collapsed. In the Soviet Union, Kryuchkov and Shevardnadze had both supported continuing aid to the Najibullah government, but Kryuchkov had been arrested following the failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt and Shevardnadze had resigned from his posts in the Soviet government in December 1990 – there were no longer any pro-Najibullah people in the Soviet leadership and the Soviet Union was in the middle of an economic and political crisis, which would lead directly to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. At the same time Boris Yeltsin became Russia's new hope, and he had no wish to continue to aid Najibullah's government, which he considered a relic of the past. In the autumn of 1991, Najibullah wrote to Shevardnadze \"I didn't want to be president, you talked me into it, insisted on it, and promised support. Now you are throwing me and the Republic of Afghanistan to its fate.\"\n", "Section::::Leader: 1986–1992.:After the Soviets.:Fall from power.\n", "In January 1992, the Russian government ended its aid to the Najibullah government. The effects were felt immediately: the Afghan Air Force, the most effective part of the Afghan military, was grounded due to lack of fuel. The Afghan mujahideen continued to be supported by Pakistan and establishment. Major cities were lost to the rebels, and terrorist attacks became common in Kabul. On the fifth anniversary of his policy of National Reconciliation, Najibullah blamed the Soviet Union for the disaster that had stricken Afghanistan. The day the Soviet Union withdrew was hailed by Najibullah as the Day of National Salvation. But it was too late, and his government's collapse was imminent.\n", "On March 18, 1992, Najibullah offered his government's immediate resignation, and followed the United Nations (UN) plan to be replaced by an interim government with all parties involved in the struggle. In mid-April Najibullah accepted a UN plan to hand power to a seven-man council, and several days later on 14 April, Najibullah was forced to resign on the orders of the Watan Party because of the loss of Bagram Airbase and the town of Charikar. Abdul Rahim Hatef became acting head of state following Najibullah's resignation. The mujahideen forces took Kabul shortly thereafter and most of them signed the Peshawar Accord, creating the new Islamic State of Afghanistan.\n", "Section::::Final years and death.\n", "Not long before Kabul's fall, Najibullah appealed to the UN for amnesty, which he was granted. But his attempt to flee to the airport was thwarted by troops of Abdul Rashid Dostum - once loyal to him, but now allied with Ahmad Shah Massoud - who controlled the airport. At the UN compound in Kabul, while waiting for the UN to negotiate his safe passage to India, he engaged himself in translating Peter Hopkirk's book \"The Great Game\" into his mother tongue Pashto. India was at a difficult position in deciding to allow Najibullah political asylum and safely escort him out of the country. Supporters claimed he had always been close to India and should not be denied asylum, but others said doing so would risk antagonizing India's relationship with the new mujahideen government formed under the Peshawar Accord. India also refused to let him take refuge at the Indian embassy as it risked creating \"subcontinental rivalries\" and reprisals against Kabul's Indian community, arguing that Najibullah would be far safer at the UN compound. All attempts failed and he eventually sought haven in the local UN headquarters, where he would stay until 1996.\n", "In 1994, India sent senior diplomat M. K. Bhadrakumar to Kabul to hold talks with Ahmad Shah Massoud, the defence minister, to consolidate relations with the Afghan authorities, reopen the embassy, and allow Najibullah to fly to India, but Massoud refused. Bhadrakumar wrote in 2016 that he believed Massoud did not want Najibullah to leave as Massoud could strategically make use of him, and that Massoud \"probably harboured hopes of a co-habitation with Najib somewhere in the womb of time because that extraordinary Afghan politician was a strategic asset to have by his side\". At the time, Massoud was commanding the government's forces fighting the militias of Dostum and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar during the Battle of Kabul.\n", "A few months before his death, he quoted, \"Afghans keep making the same mistake,\" reflecting upon his translation to a visitor.\n", "In September 1996 when the Pakistan-backed Taliban were about to enter Kabul, Massoud offered Najibullah an opportunity to flee the capital. Najibullah refused. The reasons as to why he refused remain unclear. Massoud himself has claimed that Najibullah feared that \"if he fled with the Tajiks, he would be for ever damned in the eyes of his fellow Pashtuns.\" Others, like general Tokhi, who was with Dr. Najibullah until the day before his torture and execution, have stated that Najibullah mistrusted Massoud after his militia had repeatedly put the UN compound under rocket fire and had effectively barred Najibullah from leaving Kabul. \"If they wanted Najibullah to flee Kabul in safety,\" Tokhi said, \"they could have provided him the opportunity as they did with other high ranking officials from the communist party from 1992 to 1996.\" Thus when Massoud's militia came to both Dr. Najibullah and General Tokhi and asked them to come with them to flee Kabul, they rejected the offer. Najibullah was at the UN compound when the Taliban soldiers came for him on the evening of 26 September 1996. The Taliban shot him in the head and then dragged his dead, mutilated and castrated body behind a truck through the streets. His brother Ahmadzai was given the same treatment. Najibullah and Ahmadzai's bodies were hanged on public display in order to show the public that a new era had begun. At first Najibullah and Ahmadzai were denied an Islamic funeral because of their \"crimes\", but the bodies were later handed over to the International Committee of the Red Cross who in turn sent their bodies to Paktia Province where both of them were given a proper funeral by their fellow Ahmadzai tribesmen.\n", "There was widespread international condemnation,\"Situation of human rights in Afghanistan\" United Nations Resolution 51/108, Article 10. 12 December 1996. Retrieved 15 June 2015 \"\"Endorses the Special Rapporteur's condemnation of the abduction from United Nations premises of the former President of Afghanistan, Mr. Najibullah, and of his brother, and of their subsequent summary execution;\"\" particularly from the Muslim world. The United Nations issued a statement which condemned the execution of Najibullah, and claimed that such a murder would further destabilise Afghanistan. The Taliban responded by issuing death sentences on Dostum, Massoud and Burhanuddin Rabbani. India, which had been supporting Najibullah, strongly condemned his public execution and began to support Massoud's United Front/Northern Alliance in an attempt to contain the rise of the Taliban. On the 20th anniversary of his death, in 2016, Afghanistan's Research Center blamed the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) for his death, saying that the plan to kill Najibullah was implemented by the ISI through the Taliban they backed.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "After his death, the brutal civil war between mujahideen factions, followed by the hardline Taliban regime, dramatically changed Najibullah's image to a more positive stance. Najibullah was seen as a strong and patriotic leader. Since the 2010s, posters and pictures of him are a common sight in many Afghan cities.\n", "On July 28, 2017, thousands attended an event at a Kabul hotel for the fourth \"consultative gathering for a legal relaunch of Hezb-e Watan [Homeland Party]\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of President Najibullah\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Dr. Najib" ] }, "description": "politician and former President of Afghanistan (1987-1992)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q207728", "wikidata_label": "Mohammad Najibullah", "wikipedia_title": "Mohammad Najibullah" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles III of Navarre\n", "Charles III (1361 – 8 September 1425), called the Noble, was King of Navarre from 1387 to his death and Count of Évreux from 1387 to 1404, when he exchanged it for the title Duke of Nemours. He spent his reign improving the infrastructure of his kingdom, restoring Navarre's pride after the dismal reign of his father, Charles the Bad, and mending strained relations with France.\n", "Charles III was born at Mantes-la-Jolie, the son of Charles II of Navarre and Joan of Valois. He married Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of Castile, in 1375, putting an end to the conflict between Castile and Navarre.\n", "On 25 July 1390, Charles named Joanna as his heir to Navarre. Yet in 1397 his son, Charles, would be recognized as heir to Navarre. As king, his politics were peace with France, Castile, Aragon, and England, support for the Avignon Papacy, and matrimonial alliance. He collaborated with Castile in a war on the Kingdom of Granada. By the Treaty of Paris, he abandoned his claims to Champagne and Brie and made peace with France.\n", "Charles created the title Prince of Viana for the heir to the throne, entitling his grandson Charles in 1423. He was a patron of the arts and he finished construction on the great Gothic Cathedral of Pamplona. When it comes to Navarre's home policy, he decreed the watershed unification of Pamplona's boroughs in 1423, after over three centuries of division and rivalry. He also built the royal palace at Tafalla and the Royal Palace of Olite, where he died in 1425.\n", "Section::::Issue.\n", "Charles and Eleanor's children were:\n", "BULLET::::- Joanna (1382–1413), married John I, Count of Foix\n", "BULLET::::- Maria (1383/4–1425)\n", "BULLET::::- Blanche (1385–1441), married John II of Aragon, became Queen of Navarre\n", "BULLET::::- Isabella (1395–1435), married in 1419 to John IV of Armagnac, had issue\n", "BULLET::::- Beatrice (1392–1412), married to James II, Count of La Marche, and had issue\n", "BULLET::::- Margaret (1390–1403), died unmarried and childless\n", "BULLET::::- Charles (1397–1402), Prince of Viana\n", "BULLET::::- Louis (1402), Prince of Viana\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Charles III", "the Noble" ] }, "description": "1361 – 1425 King of Navarre from 1387", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q358365", "wikidata_label": "Charles III of Navarre", "wikipedia_title": "Charles III of Navarre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Qian Xuesen\n", "Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese aerodynamicist, cyberneticist and politician who contributed to rocket science and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Karman's group at Caltech. Later, he returned to China and made important contributions to China's missile and space program.\n", "During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.\n", "After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS \"President Cleveland\", arriving in China via Hong Kong.\n", "Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the \"Father of Chinese Rocketry\", nicknamed the \"King of Rocketry\". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.\n", "In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.\n", "He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Qian was born in Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province, 180 km southwest of Shanghai. He left Hangzhou at the age of three when his father obtained a post in the Ministry of Education in Beijing. Qian graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.\n", "In August 1935, Qian left China on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a Master of Science degree after one year.\n", "While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than \"hands-on\" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.\n", "Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:\n", "Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: \"Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner.\"\n", "Section::::Career in the United States.\n", "Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname \"Suicide Squad.\" Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.\n", "In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory, originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.\n", "Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, \"At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion.\" During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.\n", "Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on September 14, 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on October 13, 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.\n", "Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.\n", "In 1947 Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit, and in 1949 he applied for naturalization, although he could not obtain citizenship. Except the mentioned reference of by individuals, there is no any other official proof indicating that Tsien had tried to apply for naturalization. Years later, his wife Jiang Ying said in an interview with Phoenix Television that Tsien did not apply for naturalization.\n", "Section::::Career in the United States.:Detention.\n", "By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on June 6, 1950 his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.\n", "In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, \"Hell, I don't think you're a Communist\", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying \"I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple.\" Kimball then said, \"I won't let you out of the country.\"\n", "After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked \"Secret\" or \"Confidential,\" U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Nationalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on August 25. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, \"There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes.\" Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.\n", "While at Caltech, Tsien had secretly attended meetings with J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother Frank Oppenheimer, Jack Parsons, and Frank Malina that were organized by the Russian-born Jewish chemist Sidney Weinbaum and called Professional Unit 122 of the Pasadena Communist Party. Weinbaum's trial commenced on August 30 and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on September 6, 1950 for questioning and for two weeks detained at Terminal Island, a low-security United States federal prison near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.\n", "When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered \"no\" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American Communist Party document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, \"I owe allegiance to the people of China\" and would \"certainly not\" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.\n", "On April 26, 1951 Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.\n", "During this time Tsien wrote \"Engineering Cybernetics\" which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is \"difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems.\" Evidently Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms the \"usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used.\"\n", "Section::::Return to China.\n", "Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president Lee DuBridge, who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney Grant Cooper to defend Qian.\n", "The travel ban on Qian was lifted on and he resigned from Caltech shortly thereafter. Qian departed from Los Angeles aboard the \"SS President Cleveland\" in September 1955 amidst rumors that his release was a swap for 11 U.S. airmen held captive by China since the end of the Korean War. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.\n", "Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: \"It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go.\"\n", "Immediately upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the Dongfeng ballistic missiles and the Long March space rockets.\n", "Section::::Chinese nuclear program and other studies.\n", "In October 1956, he became the director of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful \"596\" atomic bomb test on October 16, 1964, and the \"Test No. 6\" hydrogen bomb test on June 17, 1967. This was the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a thermonuclear device ahead of major Western powers like France.\n", "Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who essentially defected from the United States to China gave him considerable influence in the era of Mao Zedong and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a Central Committee member. He became associated with the \"China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight\" initiative.\n", "Qian was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957, a lifelong honor granted to Chinese scientists who have made significant advancements in their field. He organized scientific seminars and dedicated some of his time to training successors for his positions.\n", "He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.\n", "Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.\n", "From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of \"special human body functions\". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.\n", "In 1979 Qian was awarded Caltech's \"Distinguished Alumni Award\" for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.\n", "Qian was invited to visit the US by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship, but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had \"lost faith in the American government\" but that he had \"always had very warm feelings for the American people.\"\n", "The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the Long March rocket, which successfully launched the Shenzhou V mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed.\n", "In 2008, he was named Aviation Week and Space Technology Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year. Furthermore, that year China Central Television named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China.\n", "In July 2009, the Omega Alpha Association, an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members.\n", "On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 97 in Beijing.\n", "A Chinese film production, \"Qian Xue Sen\", directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was released on December 11, 2011 in both Asia and North America, and on March 2, 2012 in China.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, in his novel \",\" named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series \"The Expanse\" by James S. A. Corey also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel \" Noble House\" by James Clavell, the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen.\n", "Section::::Scientific papers.\n", "BULLET::::- 1939: Two-dimensional subsonic flow of compressible fluids, \"Journal of Aeronautical Sciences\" 6(10): 399–407.\n", "BULLET::::- 1939: (with Theodore von Kármán) The buckling of thin cylindrical shells under axial compression, \"Journal of Aeronautical Sciences\" 7(2):43 to 50.\n", "BULLET::::- 1943: \"Symmetrical Joukowsky Airfoils in shear flow\", \"Quarterly of Applied Mathematics\", 1: 130–48.\n", "BULLET::::- 1943: On the Design of the Contraction Cone for a Wind Tunnel, \"Journal of Aeronautical Sciences\", 10(2): 68-70.\n", "BULLET::::- 1945: (with Theodore von Kármán), \"Lifting- line Theory for a Wing in Nonuniform Flow,\" \"Quarterly of Applied Mathematics\", 3: 1–11.\n", "BULLET::::- 1946: \"Similarity laws of hypersonic flows\", MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics 25: 247–251, .\n", "BULLET::::- 1952: The transfer functions of rocket nozzles, \"Journal of the American Rocket Society\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1949: \"Rockets and Other Thermal Jets Using Nuclear Energy\", in \"The Science and Engineering of Nuclear Power\", Addison-Wesley, Vol. 11.\n", "BULLET::::- 1953: \"Take-Off from Satellite Orbit\", \"Journal of the American Rocket Society\" 23(4)\n", "BULLET::::- 1956: \"The Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo Method\", \"Advances in Applied Mechanics\" 4: 281–349, .\n", "BULLET::::- 1958: \"The equations of gas dynamics\", in \"Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics\" v. 3, Princeton University Press, .\n", "Section::::Monographs.\n", "BULLET::::- 1954:\n", "BULLET::::- 1957:\n", "BULLET::::- 2007:\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Aeronautics\n", "BULLET::::- Engineering cybernetics\n", "BULLET::::- Jet Propulsion Laboratory\n", "BULLET::::- Theodore von Kármán\n", "BULLET::::- Ye Qisun\n", "BULLET::::- Guo Yonghuai\n", "BULLET::::- Hsue-Chu Tsien\n", "BULLET::::- McCarthyism\n", "BULLET::::- People's Liberation Army Rocket Force\n", "BULLET::::- Dongfeng (missile)\n", "BULLET::::- Chinese space program\n", "BULLET::::- Long March (rocket family)\n", "BULLET::::- Chinese nuclear program\n", "BULLET::::- Project 596\n", "BULLET::::- Test No. 6\n", "BULLET::::- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (formerly known as the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of Defense)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- O'Donnell, Franklin (2002). JPL 101. California Institute of Technology. JPL 400-1048.\n", "BULLET::::- Harvey, Brian (2004). \"China's Space Program: From Conception to Manned Spaceflight\". Springer-Verlag. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- China, Encyclopedia Astronautica\n", "BULLET::::- CNN.com timeline of China space program\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Hsue-Shen Tsien" ] }, "description": "Chinese rocket scientist", "enwikiquote_title": "Qian Xuesen", "wikidata_id": "Q333500", "wikidata_label": "Qian Xuesen", "wikipedia_title": "Qian Xuesen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Paul Weller\n", "John William \"Paul\" Weller Jr (born 25 May 1958) is an English singer-songwriter and musician. Weller achieved fame with the punk rock/new wave/mod revival band The Jam. He had further success with the blue-eyed soul music of The Style Council (1983–1989), before establishing himself as a solo artist in 1991.\n", "Despite widespread critical recognition as a singer, lyricist, and guitarist, Weller has remained a national, rather than international, star and much of his songwriting is rooted in British culture. He is also the principal figure of the 1970s and 1980s mod revival, and is often referred to as \"The Modfather\".\n", "\"The Daily Telegraph\" said of Weller: \"Apart from David Bowie, it's hard to think of any British solo artist who's had as varied, long-lasting and determinedly forward-looking a career.\" The BBC described Weller in 2007 as \"one of the most revered music writers and performers of the past 30 years\". In 2012, he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life. He has received four Brit Awards, winning the award for Best British Male twice, and the 2006 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music.\n", "Section::::Early life (1958–1975).\n", "Weller was born on 25 May 1958 in Woking, Surrey, England, to John and Ann Weller (née Craddock). Although born John William Weller, he became known as Paul by his parents.\n", "His father worked as a taxi driver and a builder and his mother was a part-time cleaner. Weller started his education at Maybury County First School in 1963. His love of music began with The Beatles, then The Who and Small Faces. By the time Weller was eleven and moving up to Sheerwater County Secondary school, music was the biggest part of his life, and he had started playing the guitar.\n", "Weller's musical vocation was confirmed after seeing Status Quo in concert in 1972.\n", "He formed the first incarnation of The Jam in the same year, playing bass guitar with his best friends Steve Brookes (lead guitar) and Dave Waller (rhythm guitar). Weller's father, acting as their manager, began booking the band into local working men's clubs. Joined by Rick Buckler on drums, and with Bruce Foxton soon replacing Waller on rhythm guitar, the four-piece band began to forge a local reputation, playing a mixture of Beatles covers and a number of compositions written by Weller and Brookes. Brookes left the band in 1976, and Weller and Foxton decided they would swap guitar roles, with Weller now the guitarist.\n", "Section::::The Jam (1976–1982).\n", "The Jam emerged at the same time as punk rock bands such as The Clash, The Damned, and the Sex Pistols. However, they better fit the mold of the new wave bands who came later; and, being from just outside London rather than the city itself, they were never really part of the tightly-knit punk clique. Nonetheless, The Clash emerged as one of the leading early advocates of the band, and were sufficiently impressed to take them along as the support on their \"White Riot\" tour of 1977.\n", "The Jam's first single, \"In the City\" took them into the UK Top 40 in May 1977. Although every subsequent single had a placing within the Top 40, it was not until the band released the political \"The Eton Rifles\" that they would break into the Top 10, hitting the No. 3 spot in November 1979. The increasing popularity of their blend of Weller's barbed lyrics with pop melodies eventually led to their first number one single, \"Going Underground\", in March 1980.\n", "\"I like them a lot,\" remarked Peter Gabriel, who enlisted Weller to play on his third album. \"They're one of the new groups who have written the best songs. They're really very good.\"\n", "They became the first band since the Beatles to perform both sides of the same single (\"Town Called Malice\" and \"Precious\") on one edition of \"Top of the Pops\" - Oasis would later repeat this feat in 1996 (\"Don't Look Back In Anger\" and \"Cum On Feel the Noize\"). The Jam even had two singles, \"That's Entertainment\" and \"Just Who Is the 5 O'Clock Hero?\", reach No. 21 and No. 8 respectively in the UK singles chart despite not even being released as singles in the UK – they got there purely on the strength of the huge number of people buying import sales of the German and Dutch single releases. The Jam still hold the record for the best-selling import-only singles in the UK charts.\n", "As the band's popularity increased, however, Weller became restless and wanted to explore a more soulful, melodic style of music with a broader instrumentation, and in consequence in 1982 he announced that The Jam would disband at the end of that year. The action came as a surprise to Foxton and Buckler who both felt that the band was still a creative formation with scope to develop further professionally, but Weller was determined to end the band and move on. Their final single, \"Beat Surrender\", became their fourth UK chart topper, going straight to No. 1 in its first week. Their farewell concerts at Wembley Arena were multiple sell-outs; their final concert took place at the Brighton Centre on 11 December 1982.\n", "Section::::The Style Council (1983–1989).\n", "At the beginning of 1983, Weller teamed up with keyboard player Mick Talbot to form a new group called The Style Council. Weller brought in Steve White to play drums, as well as singer Dee C. Lee, Weller’s girlfriend of 6 years. She also had previously been a backing singer with Wham!\n", "Free of the limited musical styles he felt imposed by The Jam, under the collective of The Style Council Weller was able to experiment with a wide range of music, from pop and jazz to Soul/R&B, house and folk-styled ballads. The band was at the vanguard of a jazz/pop revival that would continue with the emergence of bands like Matt Bianco, Sade, and Everything but the Girl, whose members Tracey Thorn and Ben Watt contributed vocals and guitar to the 1984 The Style Council song \"Paris Match\".\n", "Many of The Style Council's early singles performed well in the charts, and Weller would also experience his first success in North America, when \"My Ever Changing Moods\" and \"You're The Best Thing\" entered the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In Australia they were far more successful than The Jam, reaching the top of the charts in 1984 with \"Shout to the Top\".\n", "Weller appeared on 1984's Band Aid record \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" and was called upon to mime the absent Bono's lyrics on \"Top of the Pops\". The Style Council were the second act to appear in the British half of Live Aid at Wembley Stadium in 1985.\n", "In December 1984, Weller put together his own charity ensemble called The Council Collective to make a record, \"Soul Deep\", to raise money for striking miners, and the family of David Wilkie. The record featured The Style Council plus a number of other performers, notably Jimmy Ruffin and Junior Giscombe. In spite of the song's political content, it still picked up BBC Radio 1 airplay and was performed on \"Top of the Pops\", which led to the incongruous sight of lyrics such as \"We can't afford to let the government win / It means death to the trade unions\" being mimed amid the show's flashing lights and party atmosphere.\n", "As the 1980s wore on, The Style Council's popularity in the UK began to slide, with the band achieving only one top ten single after 1985. The Style Council's death knell was sounded in 1989 when their record company refused to release their fifth and final studio album, the house-influenced \"\". With the rejection of this effort, Weller announced that The Style Council had split, and although the final album did have a limited vinyl run, it was not until the 1998 retrospective CD box set \"The Complete Adventures of The Style Council\" that the album would be widely available.\n", "Section::::Solo career.\n", "Section::::Solo career.:Early solo career (1990–1995).\n", "In 1989, Weller found himself without a band and without a recording deal for the first time since he was 17. After taking time off throughout 1990, he returned to the road in 1991, touring as \"The Paul Weller Movement\" with long-term drummer and friend Steve White, Paul Francis (session bassist from The James Taylor Quartet) . After a slow start playing small clubs with a mixture of Jam/Style Council classics as well as showcasing new material such as \"Into Tomorrow\", by the time of the release of his 1992 LP, \"Paul Weller\", he had begun to re-establish himself as a leading British singer-songwriter. This self-titled album saw a return to a more jazz-guitar-focused sound, featuring samples and a funk influence with shades of the Style Council sound. The album also featured a new producer, Brendan Lynch. Tracks such as \"Here's a New Thing\" and \"That Spiritual Feeling\" were marketed among the emerging acid jazz scene.\n", "Buoyed by the positive commercial and critical success of his first solo album, Weller returned to the studio in 1993 with a renewed confidence. Accompanied by Steve White, guitarist Steve Cradock and bassist Damon Minchella, the result of these sessions was the triumphant Mercury Music Prize-nominated \"Wild Wood\", which included \"Sunflower\".\n", "His 1995 album \"Stanley Road\" took him back to the top of the British charts for the first time in a decade, and went on to become the best-selling album of his career. The album, named after the street in Woking where he had grown up, marked a return to the more guitar-based style of his earlier days. The album's major single, \"The Changingman\", was also a big hit, taking Weller to No. 7 in the UK singles charts. Another single, the ballad \"You Do Something To Me\", was his second consecutive Top 10 single and reached No. 9 in the UK.\n", "Weller found himself heavily associated with the emerging Britpop movement that gave rise to such bands as Oasis, Pulp and Blur. Noel Gallagher (of Oasis) is credited as guest guitarist on the \"Stanley Road\" album track \"I Walk on Gilded Splinters\". Weller also returned the favour, appearing as a guest guitarist and backing vocalist on Oasis' hit song \"Champagne Supernova\".\n", "Section::::Solo career.:The Modfather (1996–2007).\n", "\"Heavy Soul\", the follow-up to the million-selling \"Stanley Road\", saw Weller twist his sound again. The album was more raw than its predecessor; Weller was now frequently playing live in the studio in as few takes as possible. The first single \"Peacock Suit\" reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart, and the album reached No. 2. Success in the charts also came from compilations: \"Best Of\" albums by The Jam and The Style Council charted, and in 1998 his own solo collection \"Modern Classics\" was a substantial success.\n", "In 2000, while living in Send, Surrey, he released his fifth solo studio album, \"Heliocentric\". Once again finding himself without a record contract, Weller's \"Days of Speed\" worldwide tour provided him with the opportunity to view his works as one back catalogue, giving rise to a second successful live album in 2001. \"Days of Speed\" contained live acoustic versions from the world tour of the same name, including some of his best-known songs from his solo career and the back catalogues of his The Jam and The Style Council days.\n", "There were rumours at the time that \"Heliocentric\" would be Weller's final studio effort, but these proved unfounded when he released the No. 1 hit album \"Illumination\" in September 2002. Co-produced by Noonday Underground's Simon Dine, it was preceded by yet another top 10 hit single \"It's Written in the Stars\". Weller also appears on the 2002 Noonday Underground album called \"Surface Noise\", singing on the track \"I'll Walk Right On\".\n", "In 2002, Weller collaborated with Terry Callier on the single \"Brother to Brother\", which featured on Callier's album \"Speak Your Peace\". In 2003, Weller teamed up with electronic rock duo Death in Vegas on a cover of Gene Clark's \"So You Say You Lost Your Baby\", which featured on their \"Scorpio Rising\" album.\n", "In 2004, Weller released an album of covers entitled \"Studio 150\". It debuted at No. 2 in the UK charts and included Bob Dylan's \"All Along the Watchtower\" as well as covers of songs by Gil Scott-Heron, Rose Royce and Gordon Lightfoot, amongst others.\n", "Weller's 2005 album \"As Is Now\" featured the singles \"From The Floorboards Up\", \"Come On/Let's Go\" and \"Here's The Good News\". The album was well-received, though critics noted that he was not moving his music forward stylistically, and it became his lowest-charting album since his 1992 debut.\n", "In February 2006 it was announced that Weller would be the latest recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BRIT Awards. Despite a tendency to shun such occasions, Weller accepted the award in person, and performed four songs at the ceremony, including The Jam's classic \"Town Called Malice\". In June 2006, another double live album titled \"Catch-Flame!\", featuring songs from both his solo work and his career with The Jam and The Style Council, was released. In late 2006, the album \"Hit Parade\" was released, which collected all the singles released by The Jam, The Style Council and Weller during his solo career. Two versions of this album were released: a single disc with a selection from each stage of his career, and a four-disc limited edition, which included every single released and came with a 64-page booklet. Weller was offered appointment as a Commander of the Order of British Empire in the 2006 birthday honours, but rejected the offer.\n", "In 2007 Weller was guest vocalist on the album issue by the folk musical project The Imagined Village.\n", "Section::::Solo career.:Critical success (2008–present).\n", "The double album \"22 Dreams\" was released on 2 June 2008, with \"Echoes Round The Sun\" as the lead single. Weller had parted company with his existing band before the recording this album, replacing everyone except guitarist Steve Cradock with Andy Lewis on bass, Andy Crofts of The Moons on keys and Steve Pilgrim of The Stands on drums. This album saw Weller move in a more experimental direction, taking in a wide variety of influences including jazz, folk and tango as well as the pop-soul more associated with his Style Council days. Weller also featured on two songs from The Moons' album \"Life on Earth\", playing piano on \"Wondering\" and lead guitar on \"Last Night on Earth\".\n", "Weller was the surprise recipient of the 2009 BRIT award for \"Best Male Solo Artist\", which resulted in controversy when it was discovered that a suspiciously high number of bets had been placed for Weller to win the award, for which James Morrison was T4's favourite. It was reported that the bookmakers had lost £100,000 in the event, and that as a result would not be taking bets for the awards in the future.\n", "In 2009, Weller guested on Dot Allison's 2009 album, \"Room 7½\", co-writing \"Love's Got Me Crazy\". November and December also saw him on tour, playing shows across the country.\n", "On 24 February 2010, Weller received the Godlike Genius Award at the NME Awards. His 2010 album, \"Wake Up the Nation\", was released in April to critical acclaim, and was subsequently nominated for the Mercury Music Prize. The album also marked his first collaboration with The Jam's bassist Bruce Foxton in 28 years. In May 2010, Weller was presented with the Ivor Novello Lifetime Achievement award, saying \"I've enjoyed the last 33 years I've been writing songs and hopefully, with God's good grace, I'll do some more.\"\n", "On 8 November 2012, Weller announced that he would release the \"Dragonfly\" EP on 17 December 2012, a limited edition vinyl run of 3000 copies. On 22 November 2011, Weller announced his eleventh studio album \"Sonik Kicks\", which was released on 19 March 2012.\n", "Weller provided vocals on The Moons' 2012 single \"Something Soon\". In December 2012, Weller headlined the Crisis charity gig at the Hammersmith Apollo, where he performed with Emeli Sande, Miles Kane and Bradley Wiggins. On 23 March 2013, Paul Weller played drums on stage with Damon Albarn, Noel Gallagher and Graham Coxon, playing the Blur track \"Tender\". This was played as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust concerts curated by Noel Gallagher.\n", "In 2014, Weller wrote \"Let Me In\" for Olly Murs's fourth album \"Never Been Better\".\n", "In May 2015, Weller revealed dates for a West Coast Tour of the USA to promote the \"Saturn's Pattern\" album. The tour was scheduled to run from 9 June to 9 October.\n", "In January 2017 he made a cameo appearance in \"The Final Problem\", the final episode of series four of the BBC TV series \"Sherlock\".\n", "On 1/17/19 Weller announced the March 8, 2019 audio and video release of Other Aspects, Live At The Royal Festival Hall. It's the 2nd of two shows and was recorded in October of 2018 at London’s prestigious Royal Festival Hall with an orchestra. \n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Soon after the formation of The Style Council, Weller and Dee C. Lee, The Style Council's backing singer, began a romantic relationship. The couple married in 1987 and divorced in 1998. They have two children, Leah and Nathaniel (Natt), who is also a working musician and once appeared on stage with his father at Hammersmith Apollo at age 12.\n", "Weller has another daughter, Dylan, by a short-lived relationship with make-up artist, Lucy Halperin.\n", "Weller became involved with Samantha Stock whilst he was recording at the Manor studio, later having two children together.\n", "In October 2008, Stock and Weller broke up and Weller moved in with Hannah Andrews, a backing singer on his \"22 Dreams\" album, who has also toured with his band. They married in September 2010 on the Italian island of Capri. The couple have twin boys, John Paul and Bowie, who were born on 14 January 2012. The couple also have a daughter, Nova, who was born on 8 July 2017.\n", "In 2014, Weller won £10,000 in damages from Associated Newspapers after \"plainly voyeuristic\" photographs of his family out shopping were published on \"MailOnline\".\n", "On 24 April 2009, John Weller, Paul Weller's father and long-time manager since the days of The Jam, died from pneumonia at the age of 77.\n", "Section::::Solo discography.\n", "Studio albums\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paul Weller\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wild Wood\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stanley Road\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heavy Soul\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heliocentric\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Illumination\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Studio 150\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"As Is Now\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"22 Dreams\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wake Up the Nation\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sonik Kicks\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saturns Pattern\" (2015)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Kind Revolution\" (2017)\n", "BULLET::::- \"True Meanings\" (2018)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English singer-songwriter, Musician", "enwikiquote_title": "Paul Weller (singer)", "wikidata_id": "Q371986", "wikidata_label": "Paul Weller", "wikipedia_title": "Paul Weller" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Martin Yan\n", "Martin Yan (, Zhen Wenda; born 22 December 1948) is a Chinese-American chef and food writer. He has hosted his award-winning PBS-TV cooking show \"Yan Can Cook\" since 1982.\n", "Section::::Early years and education.\n", "With ancestral roots in Taishan, Guangdong, China, Yan was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, to a restaurateur father and a grocer mother. Yan began to cook at the age of 12. He moved to Hong Kong when he was 13, and later attended the Munsang College in Kowloon City. During this time in Munsang College, he worked at his uncle's Chinese restaurant and learned about the traditional method of Chinese barbecue there. He received a diploma from the Overseas Institute of Cookery of Hong Kong and later left for Canada for continued study. Ten years after his arrival in North America, Yan received a Master of Science degree in food science from University of California, Davis, in 1975.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Yan began teaching Chinese cooking for a college extension program and appearing on a Canadian talk show from Calgary in 1978 (on CFAC-TV, now CICT-DT). He has hosted over 1,500 episodes of the PBS cooking show \"Yan Can Cook\" since 1982. His shows have been broadcast in over 50 countries. He currently hosts \"Martin Yan – Quick & Easy\". He also hosts \"Martin Yan's Chinatowns\", where he tours Chinatowns around the globe as well as \"Martin Yan's Hidden China.\"\n", "Yan has opened a chain of Yan Can Restaurants and founded the Yan Can International Cooking School in the San Francisco Bay Area. He has written over two dozen cookbooks. The American Culinary Federation has designated him a Master Chef.\n", "Yan is one of the lead actors of the Hong Kong film \"Rice Rhapsody\" (海南雞飯, 2005).\n", "In 2007 he supported and endorsed the establishment of the World Association of Master Chefs. \n", "He has appeared as a guest judge on several episodes of \"Iron Chef America\" and appeared on the cartoon talk show \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\". He also appeared as a guest judge on the Season 10 finale of \"Top Chef\" as well as a Season 11 episode of \"Hell's Kitchen\".\n", "He is not related to Chinese Canadian chef Stephen Yan of the CBC Television series \"Wok with Yan\", though Martin was an employee and had worked for Stephen Yan in the 1980s as demonstrator for Stephen's products.\n", "Section::::Television appearances.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yan Can Cook\" (1982— ) – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christine Cushing Live\" – Guest\n", "BULLET::::- \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\" (1996) – Guest\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Hong Kong\" (2005–2007) – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan – Quick & Easy\" – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Chinatowns\" – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's China\" (2008) – host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Iron Chef America\" (2011) – Judge\n", "BULLET::::- \"Food Court\" (2011) Hong Kong Cable TV – Tutor / Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Iron Chef Vietnam\" (2012) – Guest Judge\n", "BULLET::::- \"Top Chef\" (2013) – Guest Judge\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hell's Kitchen\" (2013) – Guest Judge\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan: Taste of Vietnam\" (2013) – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Back to Basics\" (2013) – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan: Taste of Malaysia\" (2015) – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rick Stein's Road to Mexico - Episode 1' ' (2017) - Guest\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Asian Favorites\" (2018— ) - Host\n", "Section::::Cookbooks.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chinese Recipes\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Joy of Wokking\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Yan Can Cook Book\" (1981, reprinted 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Everybody's Wokking\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Well-Seasoned Wok\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Feast: The Best of Yan Can Cook\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chinese Cooking for Dummies\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Asian Favorites\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Quick and Easy\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Chinatowns\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Culinary Journey Through China\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Asia\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan’s China\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Entertainment At-Home\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan the Chinese Chef\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Invitation to Chinese Cooking\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Yan's Feast\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Wok for All Seasons, 1988\"\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- An honorary Doctorate of Culinary Arts by Johnson & Wales University\n", "BULLET::::- A Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for best cooking show\n", "BULLET::::- A 1996 James Beard Award for Best TV Food Journalism\n", "BULLET::::- A 1994 James Beard Award for Best TV Cooking Show\n", "BULLET::::- The Antonin Careme Award by the Chef's Association of the Pacific Coast\n", "BULLET::::- The Courvoisier Leadership Award by Courvoisier\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 Picnic Day (UC Davis) parade marshal\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Chinese American cuisine\n", "BULLET::::- Cantonese cuisine\n", "BULLET::::- Food science\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n", "BULLET::::- Martin Yan's PBS home page\n", "BULLET::::- 1st Person – Martin Yan\n", "BULLET::::- Rice Rhapsody\n", "BULLET::::- Articles by Martin Yan on Chefs\n", "BULLET::::- Video of Martin Yan in discussion with Jennifer 8 Lee at the Asia Society, 26 March 2009\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Chinese-born American chef and the host of the US cooking show Yan Can Cook.", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q848770", "wikidata_label": "Martin Yan", "wikipedia_title": "Martin Yan" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Emperor Huan of Han\n", "Emperor Huan of Han (; 132 – 25 January 168) was the 27th emperor of the Han Dynasty after he was enthroned by the Empress Dowager and her brother Liang Ji on 1 August 146. He was a great-grandson of Emperor Zhang.\n", "After Emperor Zhi was poisoned to death by the powerful official Liang Ji in 146, Liang Ji persuaded his sister, the regent Empress Dowager Liang to make the 14-year-old Liu Zhi, the Marquess of Liwu, who was betrothed to their sister Liang Nüying (梁女瑩), emperor. As the years went by, Emperor Huan, offended by Liang Ji's autocratic and violent nature, became determined to eliminate the Liang family with the help of eunuchs. Emperor Huan succeeded in removing Liang Ji in 159 but this only caused an increase in the influence of these eunuchs over all aspects of the government. Corruption during this period had reached a boiling point. In 166, university students rose up in protest against the government and called on Emperor Huan to eliminate all corrupt officials. Instead of listening, Emperor Huan ordered the arrest of all students involved. Emperor Huan has largely been viewed as an emperor who might have had some intelligence but lacked wisdom in governing his empire; and his reign contributed greatly to the downfall of the Eastern Han Dynasty.\n", "\"Hou Hanshu\" (\"History of the Later Han\") recounts that one Roman envoy (perhaps sent by emperor Marcus Aurelius) reached the Chinese capital Luoyang in 166 and was greeted by Emperor Huan.\n", "Emperor Huan died in 168 after reigning for 22 years; he was 36. He was succeeded by Emperor Ling of Han.\n", "Section::::Family background and ascension.\n", "Liu Zhi was born in 132, to Liu Yi (劉翼), the Marquess of Liwu, and his concubine Yan Ming (匽明).\n", "Liu Yi was the son of Liu Kai (劉開) the Prince of Hejian (and therefore a grandson of Emperor Zhang), and he had initially been made the Prince of Pingyuan as the heir of his cousin Liu Sheng (劉勝) by Empress Dowager Deng Sui, the regent for Emperor An, who was impressed with his abilities. That led to rumors that Empress Deng was looking to replace Emperor An, Prince Yi's cousin, with Prince Yi. After Empress Dowager Deng died in 121, Emperor An, bearing a grudge against Prince Yi, demoted him to the rank of Marquess of Duxiang and exiled him to his father's principality. During the reign of Emperor Shun, Prince Kai requested that he be allowed to give Liwu County, part of his principality, to his son, and Emperor Shun permitted it. Marquess Yi thus became the Marquess of Liwu.\n", "By 146, Liu Zhi had inherited his father's title and was betrothed to Liang Nüying, the younger sister of the regent Empress Dowager Liang Na and her violent and corrupt brother, Grand Marshal Liang Ji. That year, Liang Ji, bearing a grudge against the eight-year-old Emperor Zhi for calling him an \"arrogant general,\" murdered the young emperor by poison. The officials largely favored Emperor Zhi's first cousin Liu Suan (劉蒜) the Prince of Qinghe, who was described as a solemn and proper man. Prince Suan's age was not given in history, though he appeared to be an adult by this time. However, Liang Ji was hesitant to yield authority to an able emperor. Because Marquess Zhi was betrothed to his sister and relatively young, Liang Ji felt that he could control him and insisted on making him emperor. Marquess Zhi took the throne later that year as Emperor Huan.\n", "Section::::Early reign: under Liang Ji's shadow.\n", "After Emperor Huan's ascension at age 14, Empress Dowager Liang continued to serve as regent. However, her brother Liang Ji came to take on more and more control, even more than the empress dowager. Emperor Huan posthumously honored his grandfather and father as emperors but, because the empress dowager was regent, did not honor his mother Yan Ming as an empress dowager; rather, she was given the title of an imperial consort. His father's wife, Lady Ma, was belatedly honored as an imperial consort as well in 148. In 147, he married Empress Dowager Liang and Liang Ji's sister Liang Nüying, making her empress. It appeared that, while the Liangs were in control, Emperor Huan was not a complete puppet. Instead, as a sign of bad things to come, he trusted eunuchs in his decision-making.\n", "That same year, Liang Ji, in conjunction with the eunuchs Tang Heng (唐衡) and Zuo Guan (左悺), but with Emperor Huan's clear approval, falsely accused the honest officials Li Gu (李固) and Du Qiao (杜喬) of conspiring to overthrow Emperor Huan and replace him with Prince Suan. Li and Du were executed, while Prince Suan was demoted to marquess status and committed suicide.\n", "In 150, Empress Dowager Liang announced that she was retiring and returning imperial authority to Emperor Huan. Later that year, she died. Emperor Huan then honored his mother as an empress dowager. However, without his sister to curb his power, Liang Ji came to be even more powerful than before. His violence and corruption increased and he stamped out all dissent with threats of death. He even threw his humble and peace-loving brother Liang Buyi (梁不疑) out of the government.\n", "In 152, Empress Dowager Yan died. Because Emperor Huan had inherited the throne through a collateral line, he was not permitted by customs to be the mourner. Instead, his brother Liu Shi (劉石) the Prince of Pingyuan served as chief mourner.\n", "In 153, the first major public confrontation between an official and a powerful eunuch occurred—foreshadowing many to come. Zhu Mu (朱穆), the governor of Ji Province (modern central and northern Hebei) had found out that the father of the powerful eunuch Zhao Zhong (趙忠) had been improperly buried in a jade vest, an honor that was reserved to imperial princes. He ordered an investigation: Zhao's father was exhumed and the jade vest was stripped away, an act that angered Zhao and Emperor Huan. Zhu was not only removed from his post but was sentenced to hard labor.\n", "Section::::Coup d'etat against Liang Ji.\n", "As the years went by, Emperor Huan became increasingly disgruntled at Liang Ji's control of the government and was also angered by Empress Liang's behavior. Because of her position as Empress Dowager Liang and Liang Ji's sister, Empress Liang was wasteful in her luxurious living, far exceeding any past empress, and was exceedingly jealous. She did not have a son and, because she did not want any other imperial consorts to have sons, she would find some way to murder pregnant consorts. Emperor Huan did not dare to react to her due to Liang Ji's power, but rarely had sexual relations with her. In 159, angry and depressed that she had lost her husband's favor, Empress Liang died.\n", "This death started a chain of events that led to Liang Ji's downfall later that year. Liang, in order to continue to control Emperor Huan, had adopted his wife's beautiful cousin (the stepdaughter of her uncle Liang Ji (梁紀—note different characters despite the same pronunciation)), Deng Mengnü (鄧猛女), as his own daughter, changing her family name to Liang. He and Sun gave Liang Mengnü to Emperor Huan as an imperial consort. After Empress Liang's death, they hoped that she would eventually be made empress. To completely control her, Liang Ji planned to have her mother, Lady Xuan (宣), killed: he sent assassins against her but the assassination was foiled by the powerful eunuch Yuan She (袁赦), a neighbor of Lady Xuan.\n", "Lady Xuan reported the assassination attempt to Emperor Huan, who was greatly angered. He entered into a conspiracy with eunuchs Tang Heng, Zuo Guan, Dan Chao (單超), Xu Huang (徐璜), and Ju Yuan (具瑗) to overthrow Liang—sealing the oath by biting open Dan's arm and swearing by his blood. Liang Ji had some suspicions about what Emperor Huan and the eunuchs were up to, and began an investigation. The five eunuchs quickly reacted. They had Emperor Huan openly announce that he was taking back power from Liang Ji and mobilized the imperial guards to defend the palace against a counterattack by Liang. They surrounded Liang's house and forced him to surrender. Liang and Sun were unable to respond and committed suicide. The entire Liang and Sun clans (except for Liang Ji's brothers Li Buyi and Liang Meng [梁蒙], who had previously already died) were arrested and slaughtered. A large number of officials were executed or deposed for close association with Liang—so many that the government was almost unable to function for some time. Liang and Sun's properties were confiscated by the imperial treasury, which allowed the taxes to be reduced by 50% for one year. The people greatly celebrated Liang Ji's death. \n", "Section::::Late reign: empowerment of the eunuchs.\n", "After Liang Ji's death, Emperor Huan made Liang Mengnü empress. However, he disliked her family name and therefore ordered her to take the family name Bo (薄). He later found out that her original family name was actually Deng, and therefore had her family name restored.\n", "The people had great expectations for Emperor Huan's administration after the death of Liang Ji. However, having been unable to overthrow Liang Ji without the five eunuchs' help, Emperor Huan greatly rewarded them, making them and several other eunuchs who participated in the coup d'état marquesses and further giving them governmental posts that conferred tremendous power. Further, the five eunuch-marquesses openly engaged in massive corruption and became extremely wealthy with Emperor Huan's approval. A song written about the four remaining eunuch-marquesses following Dan's death described them in this way:\n", "Emperor Huan himself was also corrupt and unwilling to accept any criticism. In 159, when the honest county magistrate Li Yun (李雲) submitted a petition urging him to curb the power of the eunuchs, Emperor Huan was deeply offended that he included the phrase, \"Is the emperor turning blind?\" and, despite intercessions by a number of officials and even some fairly-minded eunuchs, had Li and his friend Du Zhong (杜眾) both executed.\n", "In 161, apparently in reaction to spending due to renewed Qiang rebellions and new agrarian revolts, Emperor Huan issued an edict offering minor offices for sale—including imperial guard officer positions. This practice set a bad precedent and would become even more prevalent and problematic under Emperor Huan's successor, Emperor Ling. While Emperor Huan actually was able to find competent generals to suppress the rebellions or to persuade the rebels to surrender, the rampant corruption came to cause new rebellions as soon as the old ones are quelled.\n", "In 165, perhaps finally fed up with the eunuchs' excess, Emperor Huan demoted Ju, the only eunuch remaining of the original five. Several other corrupt eunuchs were also demoted or deposed. However, soon thereafter, the eunuchs' powers were restored again. For the rest of Emperor Huan's reign, there would be a cycle of rise and fall of power of the eunuchs after conflicts with officials, but inexorably the eunuchs would return, becoming more powerful than before.\n", "Later that year, apparently tired of Empress Deng and sick of her disputes with a favorite consort of his, Consort Guo, Emperor Huan deposed and imprisoned her. She died in anger, and several of her family members were executed. He wanted to make another consort, Tian Sheng (田聖) empress, but officials opposed this on the basis that she was of lowly birth. They recommended that he make Consort Dou Miao (竇妙), the daughter of Dou Wu (竇武), a Confucian scholar and a descendant of Dou Rong (竇融), who had contributed much to the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, empress. Even though he did not favor Consort Dou, Emperor Huan gave in to pressure and made her empress.\n", "In 166, a major public confrontation between university students and eunuchs evolved into a major incident. The governor of the capital province (modern western Henan and central Shaanxi), Li Ying, had arrested and executed a fortuneteller named Zhang Cheng (張成), who had had his son kill a man, having predicted that a general pardon was coming. Li was arrested and 200 some university students signed a petition requesting his release. This further angered Emperor Huan, who had the students arrested. Only after about a year and Dou Wu's intercession were Li and the university students released, but all of them had their citizenship rights stripped. This incident was later known as the first Disaster of Partisan Prohibition.\n", "In 168, Emperor Huan died without a son. Empress Dou, jealous of how he favored Consort Tian, had her immediately put to death. She conducted a survey among the members of the imperial clan and decided on the 11-year-old Liu Hong (劉宏), the Marquess of Jieduting, who then ascended the throne as Emperor Ling.\n", "Section::::Era names.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jianhe\" (建和 py. jiàn hé) 147–149\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heping\" (和平 py. hé píng) 150\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yuanjia\" (元嘉 py. yuán jiā) 151–153\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yongxing\" (永興 py. yŏng xīng) 153–154\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yongshou\" (永壽 py. yŏng shòu) 155–158\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yanxi\" (延熹 py. yán xī) 158–167\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yongkang\" (永康 py. yŏng kāng) 167\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "BULLET::::- Parents:\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Yi, Emperor Xiaochong (; d. 140), a son of Liu Kai, the sixth son of Liu Da\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Xiaochong, of the Yan clan (; d. 152), personal name Ming ()\n", "BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Yixian, of the Liang clan (; d. 159), personal name Nüying ()\n", "BULLET::::- Empress, of the Deng clan (; d. 165), personal name Mengnü ()\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Huansi, of the Dou clan of Fufeng (; d. 172), personal name Miao ()\n", "BULLET::::- Unknown\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Yang'an (), personal name Hua (), first daughter\n", "BULLET::::- Married Fu Wan, Marquis Buqi (; d. 209)\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Yingyin (), personal name Jian (), second daughter\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Yangdi (), personal name Xiu (), third daughter\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Han Huandi", "Weizong", "Liu Zhi", "Xiaohuan", "Huan Di" ] }, "description": "emperor of the Han Dynasty", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7297", "wikidata_label": "Emperor Huan of Han", "wikipedia_title": "Emperor Huan of Han" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Diane Ablonczy\n", "Diane Ablonczy ( ; born May 6, 1949) is a former Canadian Member of Parliament who served in the House of Commons of Canada. Ablonczy represented Calgary ridings from 1993 to 2015, sitting first with the Reform Party of Canada, then with the Canadian Alliance and finally with the Conservative Party of Canada. She served as the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (Americas and Consular Affairs) from January 4, 2011 to July 15, 2013. She was previously appointed Minister of State (Seniors) on January 19, 2010. She held the position of Minister of State (Small Business and Tourism) from October 30, 2008, Secretary of State (Small Business and Tourism) from August 14, 2007, and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance from February 2006. Previously, Ablonczy served as Chief Opposition Critic for Citizenship and Immigration, Health, and Human Resources Development.\n", "Ablonczy was first elected to the House of Commons in 1993 as the Reform Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Calgary North. In the riding redistribution of 1996 the riding of Calgary North ceased to exist and Ablonczy was re-elected as MP for Calgary—Nose Hill in 1997 (Reform Party), 2000 (Canadian Alliance), 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2011 (Conservative Party). On July 4, 2013, Ablonczy announced she would not seek re-election in the 2015 federal election.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Diane Ablonczy (maiden name Broadway) was born in 1949 in Peoria, Illinois, United States, as the oldest of six children. A year later the family moved to Three Hills, Alberta, and Ablonczy grew up in a variety of places in rural Alberta. In 1967 she graduated from high school in Lac La Biche. In 1973 she received her Education degree from the University of Calgary and subsequently taught English, creative writing and other subjects.\n", "She married Tom Ablonczy, a well site engineer and refugee of the 1956 Hungarian revolution. They had one daughter. They ran a barley-growing operation, and in 1980 Diane earned her Law degree from the University of Calgary. The family moved to Calgary where she had her own general law practice from 1981–1991. She was widowed in 1984, and is now married to Ron Sauer. She has one daughter, four stepchildren and eight grandchildren.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Ablonczy's first political involvement was in 1982, when she briefly belonged to the Western Canada Concept party, but left to join the Provincial Rights Association (PRA) a few months later. Since the PRA was formed too late to gain official political party status, she ran as an independent candidate in Calgary-Mountain View in the 1982 Alberta provincial election.\n", "In early 1987, Ablonczy joined the Reform Association of Canada, and later that year became a founding member of the Reform Party of Canada. She was elected as the first Party Chairman, and served two terms in this role. As Chair she was active in developing the Party's organization, administration and communications structure, acting as a senior Party spokesperson and encouraging growth of the Party's membership. In 1991, she set aside her law practice and went on staff for the Party as a special assistant to Reform Party Leader Preston Manning, with responsibility for Party communications and strategic planning.\n", "In the 1993 federal election, Ablonczy was elected to Parliament as the Reform Party candidate for the federal riding of Calgary North. In the following years she continued to participate in Party affairs as a member of the Reform Party Strategy Committee. She also was a member of the Reform Party Expansion Committee, and she chaired the Reform Party Task Force on the Reform of Social Programs.\n", "In 1998 and 1999, Ablonczy promoted the United Alternative process to create a new federal political party on the political right. As co-chair of the UA policy committee, she took part in developing a comprehensive draft policy document and guiding it through a series of public consultations across the country. The resulting Declaration of Policy was approved as official Party Policy by members at the Founding Convention of the Canadian Alliance on March 25, 2000. The Reform Party was dissolved, and the Canadian Alliance created. Ablonczy was re-elected under the new party's banner in the 2000 federal election.\n", "In December 2001, Ablonczy entered the 2002 Canadian Alliance leadership contest on a platform of promoting \"a process to combine the Canadian Alliance, the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and other interested partners into an effective, unified opposition party before the next election.\" She placed third with 3.8% of the vote. In late 2003, the Progressive Conservative Party merged with the Canadian Alliance to create the new Conservative Party of Canada.\n", "On November 18, 2002, Ablonczy posed a question in the House of Commons concerning the government's system of \"screening and security checks\" as related to Maher Arar, a dual Canadian and Syrian citizen who had recently been deported from the United States to Syria as a terror suspect. Based on newly released information Ablonczy asked what the government \"is doing to protect Canadian security\" and why \"the U.S. could uncover this man's background so quickly\" when the Canadian government failed to find what she described as \"his al-Qaeda links\". Ablonczy also criticized the Chrétien government for \"chastising the U.S. for sending Arar back to Syria where he is also a citizen\". Arar was imprisoned for over a year in Syria, and was repeatedly tortured by Syrian authorities. The RCMP later confirmed that Arar has no ties to any terrorist organizations.\n", "On July 6, 2009, Conservative Member of Parliament Brad Trost indicated that several Conservative parliamentarians were surprised by Ablonczy's decision to provide funding for the Toronto Pride Week Festival. Ablonczy later lost authority over such funding projects to another cabinet minister, and some in the Canadian media have interpreted Trost's comments as suggesting that she was demoted for her decision. This was denied by government spokesman Darren Cunningham, as reported in the national media.\n", "In a cabinet shuffle on January 19, 2010, Diane Ablonczy changed portfolios to become the Minister of State for Seniors. The move was widely seen as a demotion in response to her decision to provide funding to the Toronto Pride Week Festival; a move which resulted in backlash among some of her supporters.\n", "On January 4, 2011 she received a promotion to Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (Americas and Consular Affairs).\n", "On July 4, 2013, Ablonczy announced her retirement from parliament at the next election.\n", "In 2015, Ablonczy opposed amendments to Bill C-51 proposed by the Green Party that called for consideration for \"rule of law\" and \"principles of fundamental justice\", by using air quotes when saying those two legal principles and because \"action would be pretty much at a stalemate.\"\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:35th Parliament (1993–1997).\n", "Diane Ablonczy was first elected to the House of Commons on October 25, 1993. She won as candidate for the Reform Party in Calgary North, with a 52.5% majority. The Reform Party catapulted from 1 to 52 seats. Ablonczy served in the following positions:\n", "BULLET::::- Whip for the Reform Caucus (elected by her colleagues and the first woman of any party to hold that position.)\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Reform Caucus Committee on Immigration.\n", "BULLET::::- Reform Party Critic for Human Resources Development\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Standing Committee on Human Resources Development.\n", "BULLET::::- Deputy Critic for Justice\n", "BULLET::::- Critic for Atlantic Issues\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs.\n", "From 1995-1997, she hosted a Calgary Cable bi-weekly live, phone-in TV show called Dial Your MP, which provided Calgarians with an opportunity to ask questions on a variety of federal government issues.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:36th Parliament (1997–2000).\n", "On June 2, 1997, after a riding redistribution in 1996 in which Calgary North was dissolved, Ablonczy was re-elected as the MP for Calgary—Nose Hill, with a 51.5% majority. The Reform Party won 60 seats and became the Official Opposition. Ablonczy served in the following positions:\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Reform Party Shadow Cabinet\n", "BULLET::::- Chief Official Opposition Critic for Human Resources Development.\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Standing Committee on Human Resources Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:37th Parliament (2000–2004).\n", "On November 27, 2000, Ablonczy was re-elected as the Calgary-Nose Hill MP for the Canadian Alliance, this time with a 60.1% majority. The Alliance won 66 seats and became Official Opposition. Ablonczy served in the following positions:\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Canadian Alliance Shadow Cabinet\n", "BULLET::::- Chief Official Opposition Critic for Health\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Standing Committee on Health. In the spring of 2001, she embarked on a self-financed fact-finding mission to study health care systems in France, Sweden and the Netherlands. She resigned her Critic position on December 17, 2001 to become a candidate in the Canadian Alliance Leadership Election.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Opposition Critic for Citizenship and Immigration.\n", "BULLET::::- Vice Chair of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration\n", "BULLET::::- Associate Member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts that investigated the sponsorship scandal.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:38th Parliament (2004–2006).\n", "On June 28, 2004, Ablonczy was once more elected as the MP for Calgary-Nose Hill, this time for the new Conservative Party. She won with an increased majority of 64.4%. The Conservative Party won 99 seats, making it the Official Opposition. Ablonczy held the following positions:\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Conservative Party Shadow Cabinet\n", "BULLET::::- Chief Official Opposition Critic for Citizenship & Immigration.\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration.\n", "In 2005, she chaired a series of National Consultations on Canada's Immigration System and developed the Conservative Party's immigration policies.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:39th Parliament (2006–2008).\n", "On January 23, 2006, Ablonczy was re-elected with an increased vote percentage of 68.5%. The Conservatives won 124 seats and formed a minority Conservative government. In the first 18 months of the Harper government Ablonczy served in the following positions:\n", "BULLET::::- Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance.\n", "BULLET::::- Canadian Representative at Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development meetings\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Standing Committee on Finance.\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the historic all-Party Ad Hoc Committee to Review a Nominee for the Supreme Court of Canada that interviewed Supreme Court Nominee Judge Marshall Rothstein on February 27, 2006, televised live on national news channels.\n", "In August 2007, Ablonczy was named to the Federal Cabinet as junior Minister holding the following positions:\n", "BULLET::::- Secretary of State responsible for Small Business & Tourism.\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Cabinet Operations Committee\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Cabinet Committee for Economic Growth and Long Term Prosperity.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:40th Parliament (2008–2011).\n", "On October 14, 2008, Ablonczy was re-elected with her largest majority ever: 69.6%. The Conservatives won a second minority government with 143 seats. On October 30, 2008, Diane Ablonczy was sworn into Cabinet as Minister of State for Small Business & Tourism in the second Harper government. She served in the following Cabinet Committees:\n", "BULLET::::- Treasury Board Submissions\n", "BULLET::::- Economic Growth and Long Term Prosperity\n", "BULLET::::- Environment and Energy Security.\n", "Ablonczy oversaw the development and implementation of the following important Ministry initiatives:\n", "BULLET::::- Paper Burden Reduction. On March 20, 2009, Ablonczy announced that the federal government had reached its goal of reducing the paperwork required of Canadian small businesses by 20 percent.\n", "BULLET::::- BizPal, an online tool to simplify the permit application process for entrepreneurs, was expanded to a rapidly increasing number of governments\n", "BULLET::::- Small Business Internship Program – a program designated to help small business by supplying the salaries of student interns to work in their offices.\n", "BULLET::::- The Marquee Tourism Events Program – announced in Budget 2009 as a $100 million economic stimulus initiative for tourism. In time for the summer tourist season the MTEP provided funding for a few dozen large and well-established festivals across Canada to help them deliver world-class programs and draw bigger crowds.\n", "BULLET::::- Development of a National Tourism Strategy to guide future investments and to bring greater coherence to federal activities in support of tourism.\n", "In the cabinet shuffle of January 19, 2010, Diane Ablonczy changed portfolios and became the Minister of State for Seniors.\n", "Bill C-40, An Act to establish National Seniors Day, introduced by Minister of State Ablonczy, received Royal Assent on November 18, 2010. Through this legislation, October 1 will now be recognized as National Seniors Day.\n", "During 2010 Ablonczy continued to serve as Member of the Treasury Board, and also was Vice Chair of the Cabinet Committee on Social Affairs.\n", "On January 4, 2011, Ablonczy was appointed Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and the position was expanded to include responsibility for the Americas and Consular Affairs. She became a member of the Cabinet Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defense, and continued to be a member of the Treasury Board.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:41st Parliament (2011–2015).\n", "The May 2, 2011 election saw Ablonczy re-elected with 70.2% of the vote. The Conservatives formed a majority government with 166 seats, representing all provinces and the North. Ablonczy was re-appointed Minister of State of Foreign Affairs (Americas and Consular Affairs) in the new cabinet announced on May 18, 2011.\n", "During her tenure as Minister of State of Foreign Affairs (Americas and Consular Affairs) she visited all but three of the 35 Americas countries, representing the Canadian government on a variety of occasions, such as:\n", "BULLET::::- Attended the inauguration of President Medina of the Dominican Republic\n", "BULLET::::- Attended the General Assembly of the Organization of American States in Bolivia\n", "BULLET::::- Accompanied the Governor General of Canada on his Official visit to Brazil, Trinidad & Tobago and Barbados\n", "BULLET::::- Attended the Summit of the Americas with Prime Minister Harper in Cartagena, Colombia\n", "BULLET::::- Participated in a Round table at the Organization of American States with ambassadors to the OAS representing countries from the Americas\n", "BULLET::::- Worked with consular officials to promote safe travel habits of Canadians travelling abroad\n", "In addition to her Cabinet position she served in the following Cabinet Committees:\n", "BULLET::::- Legislative Committee on Bill C-18\n", "BULLET::::- Foreign Affairs and Defense\n", "BULLET::::- Public Safety and National Security\n", "BULLET::::- Government Operations and Estimates\n", "BULLET::::- Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development\n", "On July 4, 2013, Ablonczy announced she would not seek re-election in the 2015 federal election, confirming the decision in the House of Commons on May 28, 2015.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Diane Ablonczy MP official site\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jessica Alba\n", "Jessica Marie Alba (; born April 28, 1981) is an American actress and businesswoman. She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in \"Camp Nowhere\" and \"The Secret World of Alex Mack\" (1994), but rose to prominence at 19, as the lead actress of the television series \"Dark Angel\" (2000–2002), for which she received a Golden Globe nomination.\n", "Her big screen breakthrough came in \"Honey\" (2003). She soon established herself as a Hollywood actress, and has starred in numerous box office hits throughout her career, including \"Fantastic Four\" (2005), \"\" (2007), \"Good Luck Chuck\" (2007), \"The Eye\" (2008), \"Valentine's Day\" (2010), \"Little Fockers\" (2010), and \"\" (2016). She is a frequent collaborator of director Robert Rodriguez, having starred in \"Sin City\" (2005), \"Machete\" (2010), \"\" (2011), \"Machete Kills\" (2013), and \"\" (2014).\n", "Alba co-founded The Honest Company, a consumer goods company that sells baby, personal and household products. Magazines including \"Men's Health\", \"Vanity Fair\" and \"FHM\" have included her on their lists of the world's most beautiful women.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Alba was born in Pomona, California, to Catherine Louisa (née Jensen) and Mark David Alba. Her mother has Danish, Welsh, German, English, and French ancestry, while her paternal grandparents, who were born in California, were both the children of Mexican immigrants. She has a younger brother, Joshua. Her third cousin, once removed, is writer Gustavo Arellano. Her father's Air Force career took the family to Biloxi, Mississippi, and Del Rio, Texas, before settling back in Claremont, California, when she was nine years old. Alba has described her family as being a \"very conservative family – a traditional, Catholic, Latin American family\" and herself as very liberal; she says she had identified herself as a \"feminist\" as early as age five.\n", "Alba's early life was marked by a multitude of physical maladies. During childhood, she suffered from partially collapsed lungs twice, had pneumonia four to five times a year, as well as a ruptured appendix and a tonsillar cyst. She has also had asthma since she was a child. Alba became isolated from other children at school, because she was in the hospital so often due to her illnesses that no one knew her well enough to befriend her. She has said that her family's frequent moving also contributed to her isolation from her peers. Alba graduated from Claremont High School at age 16, and she subsequently attended the Atlantic Theater Company.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:1992–1999: Beginnings.\n", "Alba expressed an interest in acting from the age of five. In 1992, the 11-year-old Alba persuaded her mother to take her to an acting competition in Beverly Hills, where the grand prize was free acting classes. Alba won the grand prize, and took her first acting lessons. An agent signed Alba nine months later. Her first appearance on film was a small role in the 1994 feature \"Camp Nowhere\" as Gail. She was originally hired for two weeks but her role turned into a two-month job when one of the prominent actresses dropped out.\n", "Alba appeared in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J. C. Penney as a child. She was later featured in several independent films. She branched out into television in 1994 with a recurring role as the vain Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series \"The Secret World of Alex Mack\". She then performed the role of Maya in the first two seasons of the television series \"Flipper\". Under the tutelage of her lifeguard mother, Alba learned to swim before she could walk, and she was a PADI-certified scuba diver, skills which were put to use on the show, which was filmed in Australia.\n", "In 1998, she appeared as Melissa Hauer in a first-season episode of the Steven Bochco crime-drama \"Brooklyn South\", as Leanne in two episodes of \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", and as Layla in an episode of \"\". In 1999, she appeared in the Randy Quaid comedy feature \"P.U.N.K.S.\". After Alba graduated from high school, she studied acting with William H. Macy and his wife, Felicity Huffman, at the Atlantic Theater Company, which was developed by Macy and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and film director, David Mamet. Alba rose to greater prominence in Hollywood in 1999 after appearing as a member of a snobby high school clique tormenting an insecure copy editor in the romantic comedy \"Never Been Kissed\", opposite Drew Barrymore, and as the female lead in the little-seen, now cult classic, comedy horror film \"Idle Hands\", alongside Devon Sawa.\n", "Section::::Career.:2000–2006: Worldwide recognition.\n", "Her big break came when James Cameron picked Alba from a pool of over one thousand candidates for the role of the genetically engineered super-soldier, Max Guevara, on the FOX sci-fi television series \"Dark Angel\". The series ran for two seasons until 2002 and earned Alba critical acclaim, a Golden Globe nomination, the Teen Choice Award for Choice Actress, and Saturn Award for Best Actress. Her role has been cited as a feminist character and is considered a symbol of female empowerment. Writing for the University of Melbourne, Bronwen Auty considered Max to be the \"archetypal modern feminist hero —a young woman empowered to use her body actively to achieve goals\", citing Max's refusal to use firearms and instead using martial arts and knowledge as weapons as contributing to this status. In 2004, Max was ranked at number 17 in \"TV Guide\"s list of the \"25 Greatest Sci-Fi Legends\". Her role in \"Dark Angel\" led to significant parts in films, she had her big screen breakthrough in 2003, when she starred as an aspiring dancer-choreographer in \"Honey\". Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus was: \"An attractive Jessica Alba and energetic dance numbers provide some lift to this corny and formulaic movie\". Budgeted at US18 million, the film, nevertheless, made US$62.2 million.\n", "Alba next played exotic dancer Nancy Callahan, as part of a long ensemble cast, in the neo-noir crime anthology film \"Sin City\" (2005), written, produced, and directed by Robert Rodriguez and Frank Miller. It is based on Miller's graphic novel of the same name. She had not heard about the novel prior to her involvement with the film, but was eager to work with Rodriguez. The film was a critical darling and grossed US$158.8 million. She received a MTV Movie Award for Sexiest Performance.\n", "Alba portrayed the Marvel Comics character Invisible Woman in \"Fantastic Four\" (also 2005), alongside Ioan Gruffudd, Chris Evans, Michael Chiklis, and Julian McMahon. \"The Guardian\", in its review for the film, noted: \"Feminists and non-feminists alike must absorb the \"Fantastic Four\"'s most troubling paradox: having been admitted to the story on the grounds of her beauty, [Alba's] superpower is to be invisible\". The film was a commercial success despite negative reviews, grossing US$333.5 million worldwide. At the 2006 MTV Movie Awards, she earned nominations for Best Hero and Best On-Screen Team. Her last 2005 film was the thriller \"Into the Blue\", in which Alba portrayed, opposite Paul Walker, one half of a couple who find themselves in trouble with a drug lord after they come upon the illicit cargo of a sunken airplane. The film saw moderate box office returns, with a US$44.4 million worldwide gross. She hosted the 2006 MTV Movie Awards and performed sketches spoofing the movies \"King Kong\", \"\", and \"The Da Vinci Code\".\n", "Section::::Career.:2007–2010: Romantic comedies.\n", "Alba reprised her role in \"\", released in June 2007. According to Alba, Tim Story's direction during an emotional scene almost made her quit acting. \"[He told me] 'It looks too real. It looks too painful. Can you be prettier when you cry? Cry pretty, Jessica.' He was like, 'Don't do that thing with your face. Just make it flat. We can CGI the tears in.'\" According to Alba, this experience filled her with self-doubt: \"And then it all got me thinking: Am I not good enough? Are my instincts and my emotions not good enough? Do people hate them so much that they don't want me to be a person? Am I not allowed to be a person in my work? And so I just said, 'Fuck it. I don't care about this business anymore.'\" The film grossed US$290 million globally.\n", "In \"Good Luck Chuck\" (also 2007), Alba portrayed the love interest of a womanizer dentist. She posed for one of the \"Good Luck Chuck\"s theatrical posters parodying the well-known \"Rolling Stone\" cover photographed by Annie Leibovitz featuring John Lennon and Yoko Ono in similar poses. While the film was heavily panned by critics, it made almost US$60 million upon its release. Her third starring vehicle in 2007 was the psychological thriller \"Awake\", portraying the girlfriend of a billionaire man who is about to have a heart transplant. Reviews were lukewarm, but Roger Ebert praised her performance, and budgeted at around US$8 million, the film made US$32.7 million. In 2007, she also made an uncredited appearance as herself in the comedy \"Knocked Up\", and starred as a mistress in one segment of the independent anthology film \"The Ten\". She earned two Razzie Award nominations for Worst Actress and Worst Screen Couple, for all of her 2007 leading roles.\n", "In February 2008, she hosted the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Science and Technical Awards. Alba made her acting transition to the horror genre in the film \"The Eye\", a remake of the Hong Kong original, in which she obtained the role of a successful classical violinist who receives an eye transplant that allows her to see into the supernatural world. Though the film was not well received by critics, her performance itself received mixed reviews. She garnered a Teen Choice for Choice Movie Actress: Horror–Thriller and a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress (shared with \"The Love Guru\"). In 2008, she also played a salesgirl in the independent romantic comedy \"Meet Bill\", alongside Logan Lerman and Elizabeth Banks, and starred in the comedy \"The Love Guru\", as a woman who inherits the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team, opposite Mike Myers and Justin Timberlake. Mick LaSalle, of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", noting that she was \"prominently\" in the film, felt that she \"finally seems relaxed on camera\". \"The Love Guru\" was a critical and commercial flop.\n", "While Alba did not have any film release in 2009, five high-profile films released throughout 2010 featured her in significant roles. Her first role in the year was that of a prostitute in \"The Killer Inside Me\", an adaptation of the book of the same name, opposite Kate Hudson and Casey Affleck, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival to polarized reactions from critics. Her next film was the romantic comedy \"Valentine's Day\", in which she played the girlfriend of a florist as part of a long ensemble cast consisting of Jessica Biel, Bradley Cooper, Taylor Lautner and Julia Roberts, among others. Despite negative reviews, the film was a commercial success, with a worldwide gross of US$216.5 million. In the action film \"Machete\", Alba reunited with director Robert Rodriguez, taking on the role of an immigration officer torn between enforcing the law and doing what is popular in the eyes of her family. \"Machete\" made over US$44 million globally.\n", "The drama \"An Invisible Sign of My Own\", which Alba filmed in late 2008, premiered at the Hamptons Film Festival. In it, she portrayed a painfully withdrawn young woman. Her last 2010 film was the comedy \"Little Fockers\", in which she played an extrovert drug representative, reuniting with Robert De Niro, who was also in \"Machete\". Despite negative reviews from critics, the film grossed over US$310 million worldwide. For all her 2010 roles, she received a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.\n", "Section::::Career.:2011–present: Action and independent films.\n", "In 2011, Alba worked for the third time with Robert Rodriguez in the film \"\", portraying a retired spy who is called back into action. To bond with her new stepchildren, she invites them along. The film paled at the box office in comparison to the previous films in the franchise, but was still a moderate succcess, taking in US$85 million around the globe. Alba next appeared with Adam Scott, Richard Jenkins, Jane Lynch, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, and Catherine O'Hara in the comedy \"A.C.O.D.\" (2013), portraying what the \"Washington Post\" described as a \"fellow child of divorce\", with whom Scott's character \"almost cheats on\" her girlfriend. \"ScreenRant\" critic Ben Kendrick wrote: \"[Winstead] and [Alba] also deliver in their contributions – though both of their characters are mainly designed to be mirrors for Carter to examine his own life and choices.\" \"A.C.O.D.\" received a limited theatrical run in North America. In 2013, Alba also made her voice acting debut in the moderately successful animated film \"Escape from Planet Earth\".\n", "Alba worked once again with director Rodriguez for two film sequels. She reprised her role of an Immigration Officer, in an uncredited cameo appearance, in \"Machete Kills\" (2013), which flopped with critics and audiences, and her much larger role of stripper Nancy Callahan, seeking to avenge her late protector, in \"\", which was released in August 2014, on 2D and 3D. Unlike the first film, \"A Dame to Kill For\" was a commercial failure, grossing US$39 million against its US$65 million production budget, and received mixed reviews from film critics. \"Variety\" felt it was a \"late, limp attempt to turn Alba's character from an exploited figure into an empowered one\". She next took on the roles of a cabaret show performer in the dramedy \"Dear Eleanor\" (2014), the athletic girlfriend of a successful and well-respected English professor in the romantic comedy \"Some Kind of Beautiful\" (2014), a receptionist at a limo company in the thriller \"Stretch\" (also 2014), an arms dealer in the crime comedy \"Barely Lethal\" (2015), and that of a documentary filmmaker in the horror film \"The Veil\" (2016); all films were released for limited theatrical runs and VOD.\n", "In the action film \"\" (2016), alongside Jason Statham, Alba played the girlfriend of a retired hitman. She did Krav Maga to get into shape for the film, and was drawn to the strength her character exhibited, remarking: \"I think for these types of movies you don't often get to see the female romantic lead kind of kick butt. I mean, it's usually she's being saved by the guy, and so it's nice that I got to come to the table with a toughness, and a real heart\". The film made US$125.7 million worldwide.\n", "Section::::Other endeavors.\n", "Section::::Other endeavors.:The Honest Company.\n", "In January 2012, Alba and business partner Christopher Gavigan launched The Honest Company, a collection of household goods, diapers, and body care products. The company was valued at US$1 billion . In 2015, it was estimated that Alba owned 15 to 20 percent of the company. In early 2013, Alba released her book, \"The Honest Life,\" based on her experiences creating a natural, non-toxic life for her family. The book became a \"New York Times\" Best Seller.\n", "In October 2015, Alba launched a collection of skin care and beauty products called Honest Beauty.\n", "Section::::Other endeavors.:Charity and politics.\n", "Alba posed for a bondage-themed print advertising campaign by Declare Yourself, a campaign encouraging voter registration among youth for the 2008 United States presidential election. The ads, photographed by Mark Liddell, feature Alba wrapped in and gagged with black tape, and drew national media attention. Alba said of doing the advertisements that \"it didn't freak me out at all.\" Alba also said, \"I think it is important for young people to be aware of the need we have in this country to get them more active politically...People respond to things that are shocking.\" \n", "Alba endorsed and supported Democratic presidential hopeful Barack Obama during the 2008 primary season. She also endorsed Hillary Clinton's campaign for president.\n", "In June 2009, while filming \"The Killer Inside Me\" in Oklahoma City, Alba was involved in a controversy with residents when she pasted posters of sharks around town. Alba said that she was trying to bring attention to the diminishing population of great white sharks. Media outlets speculated that Alba would be pursued and charged with vandalism. On June 16, 2009, Oklahoma City police said that they would not pursue criminal charges against Alba, because none of the property owners wanted to pursue it. Alba apologized in a statement to \"People\" magazine and said that she regretted her actions. She later donated an undisclosed amount of money (over US$500) to the United Way, whose billboard she had obscured with one of the shark posters.\n", "In 2011, Alba participated in a two-day lobbying effort in Washington D.C. in support of the Safe Chemicals Act, a revision of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976. Alba returned to Capitol Hill in 2015 to lobby lawmakers as they once again debated a replacement for the 1976 Substances Control Act. She has also been a strong supporter of gay rights and on June 27, 2013, she expressed her delight with the Supreme Court's decision to strike down DOMA on her Twitter account. She tweeted \"#equality #love\".\n", "Alba's charity work has included participation with Clothes Off Our Back, Habitat for Humanity, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Project HOME, RADD, Revlon Run/Walk for Women, SOS Children's Villages, Soles4Souls, Step Up and Baby2Baby. Alba is an ambassador for the 1Goal movement to provide education to children in Africa. She has also served as a Baby2Baby \"angel\" ambassador, donating and helping to distribute items such as diapers and clothing to families in Los Angeles.\n", "In 2015, Alba and The Honest Company sponsored a laboratory at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. The lab was announced to be a specialized room designed to keep out dust and particles, where a team of epidemiologists would research links between household chemicals and autism.\n", "Section::::Public image.\n", "Jessica Alba has received attention for her looks over the years and has been included in several publications' lists of the most attractive celebrities of the time. Alba was included in Maxim Magazine's Hot 100 list multiple times from 2001-2014. On this she has said, \"I have to go to certain lengths to use sexuality to my advantage, while guiding people to thinking the way I want them to.\"\n", "In 2002, Alba was voted as the fifth Sexiest Female Star in a Hollywood.com poll. In 2005, she was named as one of \"People\" Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People, and also appeared later in the magazine's 100 Most Beautiful list in 2007. Alba has also been named as part of \"FHM\"'s Sexiest Women lists.\n", "Alba was named among Playboy's \"25 Sexiest Celebrities\" in 2006 and appeared on the cover of the magazine that year. Alba was involved in litigation against \"Playboy\" for its use of her image on this cover (from a promotional shot for \"Into the Blue\") without her consent, which she contends gave the appearance that she was featured in the issue in a \"nude pictorial\". However, she later dropped the lawsuit after receiving a personal apology from \"Playboy\" owner Hugh Hefner, who agreed to make donations to two charities that Alba has supported. Also in 2006, readers of AskMen.com voted Alba No. 1 on \"99 Most Desirable Women\".\" In 2007, Alba was ranked No.4 on Empire Magazine's \"100 Sexiest Movie Stars\". Both GQ and In Style had Alba on their June 2008 covers. Alba appeared in the 2009 Campari calendar which featured photos of her posing. Campari printed 9,999 copies of the calendar. In 2011, she was named one of the \"100 Hottest Women of All-Time\" by Men's Health, and in 2012 \"People\" named her one of year's \"Most Beautiful at Every Age\".\n", "In 2010, reports surfaced that a 21-year-old Chinese girl was seeking plastic surgery to resemble Alba in order to win back an ex-boyfriend; the star spoke out against the perceived need to change one's appearance for love.\n", "Alba has commented on her fears of being typecast as a sex kitten based on the bulk of parts offered to her. In an interview, Alba said she wanted to be taken seriously as an actress but believed she needed to do movies that she would otherwise not be interested in to build her career, stating that eventually she hoped to be more selective in her film projects.\n", "Alba has been quoted saying she will not do nudity for a role. She was given the option to appear nude in \"Sin City\" by the film's directors, Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez, but declined the offer, saying, \"I don't do nudity. I just don't. Maybe that makes me a bad actress. Maybe I won't get hired in some things. But I have too much anxiety\". She remarked of a \"GQ\" shoot in which she was scantily clad, \"They didn't want me to wear the granny panties, but I said, 'If I'm gonna be topless I need to wear granny panties.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Alba was raised as a Catholic throughout her teenage years, but left the church because she felt she was being judged for her appearance, explaining:\n", "Older men would hit on me, and my youth pastor said it was because I was wearing provocative clothing, when I wasn't. It just made me feel like if I was in any way desirable to the opposite sex that it was my fault, and it made me ashamed of my body and being a woman.\n", "Alba also had objections to the church's condemnations of premarital sex and homosexuality, and what she saw as a lack of strong female role models in the Bible, explaining \"I thought it was a nice guide, but it certainly wasn't how I was going to live my life.\" Her \"religious devotion [began] to wane\" at the age of 15 when she guest-starred as a teenager with gonorrhea in the throat in a 1996 episode of the television series \"Chicago Hope\". Her friends at church reacted negatively to her role, making her lose faith in the church. However, she has stated that she still holds her belief in God despite leaving the church.\n", "While filming \"Dark Angel\" in January 2000, Alba began a three-year relationship with her co-star Michael Weatherly. Weatherly proposed to Alba on her twentieth birthday, which she accepted. In August 2003, Alba and Weatherly announced that they had ended their relationship. In July 2007, Alba spoke out about the breakup, saying \"I don't know [why I got engaged]. I was a virgin. He was 12 years older than me. I thought he knew better. My parents weren't happy. They're really religious. They believe God wouldn't allow the Bible to be written if it wasn't what they are supposed to believe. I'm completely different.\"\n", "Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming \"Fantastic Four\" in 2004. The pair were married in Los Angeles in May 2008. They have three children: daughters born in June 2008, and August 2011, and a son born in December 2017. The first pictures of her eldest daughter which appear in the July 2008 issue of \"OK!\" magazine were reportedly paid US$1.5 million.\n", "In 2014, Alba appeared in Henry Louis Gates's genealogy series \"Finding Your Roots\", where her lineage was traced back to the ancient Maya civilization. The show's research indicated that the surname Alba did not come from a Spanish man, since her father's direct paternal line (Y-DNA) was Haplogroup Q-L54, Indigenous in origin. Her father's matrilineal line (mtDNA) showed Sephardi Jewish roots, and DNA testing revealed that lawyer Alan Dershowitz is a genetic relative of hers. Jessica's global admixture was 72.7% European, 22.5% East Asian and Native American, 2% Sub-Saharan African, 0.3% Middle Eastern and North African, 0.1% South Asian, and 2.4% \"No Match\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jessica Marie Alba" ] }, "description": "American model, free-diver and businesswoman; TV and film actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q44077", "wikidata_label": "Jessica Alba", "wikipedia_title": "Jessica Alba" }

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H. Asper School of Business", "James Richardson International Airport", "Edvard Munch", "The Scream", "Elections Canada", "Elections Manitoba", "How'd They Vote?: Reg Alcock's voting history and quotes", "Reg Alcock Tributes" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Reg Alcock\n", "Reginald B. Alcock, (April 16, 1948 – October 14, 2011) was a Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Winnipeg South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 2006 and was a cabinet minister in the government of Prime Minister Paul Martin. Alcock was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Alcock was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Simon Fraser University and a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University. He was the director of Manitoba Child and Family Services from 1983 to 1985 and in this capacity spearheaded an effort to rewrite the province's child protection legislation. As a result of his efforts, Manitoba became the first province in Canada to introduce official protocols to deal with instances of child sex abuse. Alcock has also been active with the Harvard Policy Group, which studies the effects of Information Technology on the public sector. He began his political career at the provincial level, working as an organizer for the Manitoba Liberal Party in the early 1980s.\n", "Alcock was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the Winnipeg division of Osborne in the 1988 provincial election, in which the Manitoba Liberal Party rose from one seat to twenty under the leadership of Sharon Carstairs. He later worked as campaign manager for high-profile Liberal incumbent Lloyd Axworthy in the 1988 federal election. Alcock served as official opposition house leader and finance critic and was re-elected in the 1990 provincial election despite a shift against his party. He endorsed Jean Chrétien's bid to lead the federal Liberal Party in 1990, and declared his own intention to enter federal politics in 1992.\n", "Alcock won the Liberal nomination for Winnipeg South in early 1993, defeating rival candidate Linda Asper by only five votes on the third ballot of what proved to be a divisive contest. He won a convincing victory over incumbent Progressive Conservative incumbent Dorothy Dobbie in the 1993 federal election and entered parliament as a government backbencher.\n", "Section::::Government backbencher.\n", "Alcock soon developed a reputation as one of the most technologically savvy members of parliament. In 1994, he became the first MP to electronically coordinate his parliamentary office from his riding instead of relying on permanent staff in Ottawa. At around the same time, he became the first Canadian MP to host an official website. He was appointed to the standing committee on foreign affairs and international trade in 1995, and was named chair of the standing committee on transport in 1997.\n", "The Chrétien government called a new federal election in the summer of 1997, only three-and-a-half years into its five-year mandate. The election timing was controversial in Manitoba, as it coincided with significant flooding from the Red River into Winnipeg. Alcock, along with other Manitoba Liberal MPs, requested a delay until the flooding was under control. When Chrétien called the election anyway, Alcock transformed his campaign office into a volunteer relief centre. He was personally involved in sandbagging and evacuation efforts and did not actively campaign in the first period of the election. He was nonetheless returned by a significant margin. From 1998 to 2000, he served as parliamentary secretary to the President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs. In 1998, he brought forward a private member's bill to overturn Louis Riel's conviction for high treason and recognize him as a Father of Confederation.\n", "There were frequent rumours that Alcock would be appointed to the Chrétien cabinet, but he was passed over on more than one occasion. His professional relationship with Chrétien deteriorated after 2000, and in 2002 he became the primary Manitoba organizer for Paul Martin's bid to replace Chrétien as party leader. In the same year, he became one of the first Liberal MPs to openly call for Chrétien's resignation. Alcock increased his public profile in 2003, after chairing a committee which forced privacy commissioner George Radwanski to resign from office after revelations of lax spending habits.\n", "Section::::Cabinet minister.\n", "When Paul Martin became Prime Minister of Canada on December 12, 2003, he appointed Alcock to cabinet as President of the Treasury Board, Minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat Board, and political minister responsible for Manitoba. He was also named to the government's priorities and planning committee, described as the \"inner circle\" of cabinet, and was appointed chair of a cabinet committee that conducted a comprehensive review of government spending.\n", "Section::::Cabinet minister.:Policy.\n", "As president of the Treasury Board, Alcock was responsible for overseeing the Canadian civil service and the spending details of government agencies. He also played a leading role in coordinating the Martin government's response to the federal sponsorship scandal, in which some public monies were misappropriated by bureaucrats and advertising agents in Quebec with ties to the Liberal Party. Alcock announced a new appointment process for crown corporation executives in 2004, and the following year he issued a new policy of management control for government agencies. He argued that these reforms would prevent similar scandals from occurring in the future. One of his more notable initiatives was the establishment of a Chief Audit Executive for each government department and agency.\n", "In total, Alcock brought forward 158 separate reforms for the public service in late 2005, and promised that another eighty would follow. Critics considered this to be excessive and some suggested that Alcock was micro-managing his department.\n", "Alcock also released a comprehensive proposal for reforming Canada's regulatory system in March 2005. He argued that his reforms would reduce delays for patent drug approval and avoid the duplication of existing foreign research without compromising safety standards. Critics of the plan suggested that it could jeopardize Canadian sovereignty and lead to the adoption of American regulatory standards.\n", "In February 2004, the \"National Post\" identified Alcock as a leading cabinet supporter of private-public partnerships.\n", "Section::::Cabinet minister.:Other.\n", "In early 2005, Alcock publicly criticized his government's position against the legalization of marijuana, saying, \"If we actually wanted to break the back of organized crime, we would be better off to control it. When you have these things underground, what you end up fuelling is organized crime.\"\n", "Section::::2006 election.\n", "Alcock was unexpectedly defeated in the 2006 federal election, losing to Conservative Rod Bruinooge by just 111 votes in Winnipeg South. He took personal responsibility for the loss and acknowledged that he did not spend enough time campaigning in his own riding. Alcock also said that being the government's point man for the sponsorship scandal did not help his electoral prospects, though he ultimately defended his government's actions.\n", "One of Alcock's final acts in office was to approve a payment of up to $40,000 to assist Jean Pelletier with legal fees in a court challenge against the Gomery Commission. Representatives of other parties criticized this payment, saying that the government should only cover legal costs for working civil servants. Pelletier's lawyer argued that it followed a long-standing government policy for high-ranking functionaries in judicial proceedings.\n", "Section::::Out of parliament.\n", "In March 2006, Alcock announced that he would support Belinda Stronach if she entered the contest to succeed Paul Martin as Liberal leader. Stronach announced in early April that she would not be a candidate. Several of members of Alcock's political organization later worked for Ken Dryden's campaign, and Alcock himself endorsed Dryden at the leadership convention. Dryden dropped off after the second ballot and endorsed Bob Rae and then eventual winner Stéphane Dion.\n", "In January 2007, Alcock was appointed to the faculty of the University of Manitoba as an executive in residence at the I. H. Asper School of Business. He was also appointed as a Research Affiliate with the Leadership Network at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Alcock died on October 14, 2011, after suffering an apparent heart attack at James Richardson International Airport in Winnipeg. He was 63 years old.\n", "Section::::Trivia.\n", "BULLET::::- In September 2005, Alcock donated an original painting entitled, \"The view from my seat in the House of Commons, May 19, 6:10 p.m.\", to a charity auction in Winnipeg. The work, a parody of Edvard Munch's The Scream, depicted Alcock's impression of the opposition Conservative caucus moments after the Liberals won a crucial confidence vote that could have forced early elections. Alcock acknowledged that the painting was mostly traced. It sold for $2,200.\n", "BULLET::::- Alcock suffered weight-related health problems during his political career. Facing the prospect of severe diabetes, he reduced his weight from 430 pounds to 295 pounds in the mid-2000s.\n", "Section::::Electoral record.\n", "All electoral information is taken from Elections Canada and Elections Manitoba. Italicized expenditures refer to submitted totals, and are presented when the final reviewed totals are not available.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- How'd They Vote?: Reg Alcock's voting history and quotes\n", "BULLET::::- Reg Alcock Tributes\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Reginald B. Alcock" ] }, "description": "Canadian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7307723", "wikidata_label": "Reg Alcock", "wikipedia_title": "Reg Alcock" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Emperor Ling of Han\n", "Emperor Ling of Han (156 – 13 May 189), personal name Liu Hong, was the 12th emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. Born the son of a lesser marquis who descended directly from Emperor Zhang (the third Eastern Han emperor), Liu Hong was chosen to be emperor in 168 around age 12 after the death of his predecessor, Emperor Huan, who had no son to succeed him. He reigned for about 21 years until his death in 189.\n", "Emperor Ling's reign saw another repetition of corrupt eunuchs dominating the Han central government, as was the case during his predecessor's reign. Zhang Rang, the leader of the eunuch faction, managed to dominate the political scene after defeating a faction led by Empress Dowager Dou's father, Dou Wu, and the Confucian scholar-official Chen Fan in 168. After reaching adulthood, Emperor Ling was not interested in state affairs and preferred to indulge in women and a decadent lifestyle. At the same time, corrupt officials in the Han government levied heavy taxes on the peasants. He exacerbated the situation by introducing a practice of selling political offices for money; this practice severely damaged the Han civil service system and led to widespread corruption. Mounting grievances against the Han government led to the outbreak of the peasant-led Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184.\n", "Emperor Ling's reign left the Eastern Han dynasty weak and on the verge of collapse. After his death, the Han Empire disintegrated in chaos for the subsequent decades as various regional warlords fought for power and dominance. (See End of the Han dynasty.) The Han dynasty ended in 220 when Emperor Ling's son, Emperor Xian, abdicated his throne – an event leading to the start of the Three Kingdoms period in China.\n", "Section::::Family background and accession to the throne.\n", "Liu Hong was a hereditary marquis – the Marquis of Jiedu Village (解瀆亭侯). In the Han dynasty, a village marquis's marquisate usually comprised only one village or, in rarer cases, two or three villages. He was the third person in his family to hold this title; his father Liu Chang (劉萇) and grandfather Liu Shu (劉淑) were also formerly Marquis of Jiedu Village. His great-grandfather, Liu Kai (劉開), the Prince of Hejian (河間王), was the sixth son of Emperor Zhang, the third emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. His mother, Lady Dong, was Liu Chang's formal spouse.\n", "When Emperor Huan died in 168 without a son to succeed him, his empress, Empress Dou, became empress dowager, and she examined the genealogy of the imperial clan to choose a candidate to be the next emperor. For reasons unknown, her assistant Liu Shu (劉儵) recommended Liu Hong, the Marquis of Jiedu Village. After consulting with her father Dou Wu and the Confucian scholar-official Chen Fan, Empress Dowager Dou installed a 12-year-old Liu Hong on the throne, and continued ruling on his behalf as regent. The newly enthroned Emperor Ling bestowed posthumous titles on his grandfather, father and grandmother, honouring them as emperors and an empress respectively. His mother, Lady Dong, did not become empress dowager and instead received the title of an Honoured Lady.\n", "Section::::Early reign.\n", "Dou Wu and Chen Fan, who became the most important officials in the central government, sought to purge the eunuch faction. Later in 168, they even proposed to exterminate all the powerful eunuchs, a proposal that Empress Dowager Dou rejected. However, word of the plot was leaked, and the eunuchs, after kidnapping the empress dowager and taking the young emperor into custody (after persuading him that it was for his own protection) arrested and executed Chen Fan. Dou Wu resisted but was eventually defeated and forced to commit suicide. The Dou clan was slaughtered. The powerful eunuchs, led by Cao Jie (曹節) and Wang Fu (王甫), became the most powerful individuals in the central government.\n", "After the destruction of the Dou clan, in 169, Emperor Ling promoted his mother to the position of empress dowager, though he continued honouring Empress Dowager Dou, now under house arrest, as empress dowager as well. Members of the Dong clan began to enter government, but did not have substantial influence. Later that year, the eunuchs persuaded Emperor Ling that the \"partisans\" (i.e., Confucian officials and those who supported them) were plotting against him, and a large number of partisans were arrested and killed; the others had their civil liberties stripped completely, in an event historically known as the second Disaster of Partisan Prohibitions.\n", "Empress Dowager Dou died in 172. Despite suggestions by eunuchs to have her only buried as an imperial consort and not be honoured as Emperor Huan's wife, Emperor Ling had her buried with full honours befitting an empress dowager in Emperor Huan's mausoleum. In the aftermaths of her death, a vandal wrote on the palace gate: \"All that is under the heaven is in upheaval. Cao and Wang murdered the empress dowager. The key officials only know how to be officials and had nothing faithful to say.\"\n", "The angry eunuchs ordered an investigation which led to over 1,000 arrests, but nothing conclusive was found. In that year, the eunuchs also falsely accused Emperor Huan's brother, Liu Kui (劉悝), the Prince of Bohai, of treason and forced him to commit suicide. The members of his entire household, including his wife, concubines, children, assistants and principality officials, were all rounded up and executed. As the Han government became more corrupt, the people received heavier tax burdens. As Emperor Ling grew older, he not only took no remedial action, but continued to tolerate the eunuchs' corruption for the most part. A major defeat of the Han army by the Xianbei tribes in 177 further drained the imperial treasury.\n", "In 178, Emperor Ling's wife Empress Song, whom he made empress in 171 but did not favour, fell victim to the eunuchs' treachery. Her aunt, Lady Song, was Liu Kui's wife, so the eunuchs were worried that she would seek vengeance on them. Thus, by collaborating with other imperial consorts who wanted to replace the empress, the eunuchs falsely accused Empress Song of using witchcraft to curse Emperor Ling. The emperor believed them and deposed the empress, who was imprisoned and died in despair. Her father, Song Feng (宋酆), and the rest of her family were exterminated.\n", "Section::::Middle reign.\n", "In 178, Emperor Ling introduced the practice of selling political offices for money – a practice which severely damaged the Han civil service system and led to widespread corruption. The people who paid for these positions perpetuated corruption upon taking office. That was exactly what Emperor Ling had in mind: he allowed the officials to pay by instalments after taking office if they could not afford the initial amount.\n", "In 180, Emperor Ling instated Lady He as the new empress and appointed her brother, He Jin, as a key official in his government. (According to legends, she managed to enter Emperor Ling's imperial harem because her family bribed the eunuchs in charge of selecting women for the emperor.) She received the position of empress because she bore Emperor Ling a son, Liu Bian; the emperor had other sons but they died prematurely before Liu Bian's birth.\n", "During these years, Emperor Ling became interested in building imperial gardens so he ordered the commandery and principality officials throughout the Han Empire to pay their tributes to him directly, so he could use the money to finance his construction projects. This, in turn, created pressures on the officials to resort to corrupt practices so they could extract a larger tribute from their jurisdictions for the emperor. In spite of all his flaws, Emperor Ling occasionally heeded good advice from his subjects but was not consistent in doing so. His subjects often found it frustrating to try to convince him on policy issues because he only listened to them when he wanted to.\n", "Section::::The Yellow Turban Rebellion.\n", "Sometime before 183, a major Taoist rebel movement had started in Ji Province (present-day central Hebei) – the Taiping Sect (太平教), led by Zhang Jiao, who claimed he had magical powers to heal the sick. By 183, his teachings and followers had spread to eight provinces – Ji Province, Qing Province (present-day central and eastern Shandong), Xu Province (present-day northern Jiangsu and Anhui), You Province (present-day northern Hebei, Liaoning, Beijing and Tianjin), Jing Province (present-day Hubei and Hunan), Yang Province (present-day southern Jiangsu and Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang), Yan Province (present-day western Shandong), and Yu Province (present-day central and eastern Henan). Several key imperial officials became concerned about Zhang Jiao's hold over his followers, and suggested that the Taiping Sect be disbanded. Emperor Ling did not listen to them.\n", "Zhang Jiao had in fact planned a rebellion. He commissioned 36 military commanders, set up a shadow government, and wrote a declaration: \"The blue heaven is dead. The yellow heaven will come into being. The year will be \"jiazi\". The world would be blessed.\" (Under the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle calendar method, 184 would be the first year of the cycle, known as \"jiazi\".) Zhang Jiao had his supporters write \"jiazi\" in large characters with white talc everywhere they could – including on the doors of government offices in the imperial capital and other cities. One of Zhang Jiao's followers, Ma Yuanyi (馬元義), plotted with two eunuchs to start an uprising inside the palace.\n", "Early in 184, this plot was discovered, and Ma Yuanyi was immediately arrested and executed. Emperor Ling ordered that Taiping Sect members be arrested and executed, and Zhang Jiao immediately declared a rebellion. Every member of the rebellion wore a yellow turban or headscarf as their symbol – and therefore the rebellion became known for it. Within a month, Zhang Jiao controlled large areas of territory. Under suggestion by the eunuch Lü Qiang (呂強), who was sympathetic to the partisans, Emperor Ling pardoned the partisans to ward off the possibility they would join the Yellow Turbans. (Lü Qiang himself became a victim, however, when the other eunuchs, in retaliation, falsely accused him of wanting to depose the emperor, and he committed suicide later that year.)\n", "Emperor Ling sent out a number of military commanders against the Yellow Turbans, and in these campaigns several of them distinguished themselves –\n", "including Huangfu Song, Cao Cao, Fu Xie (傅燮), Zhu Jun, Lu Zhi, and Dong Zhuo. A key military development with great implications later was that the Yellow Turbans fought mainly with troops deployed from the battle-tested Liang Province (涼州; present-day Gansu) who had been accustomed to suppressing rebellions by the Qiang tribes. In late 184, Zhang Jiao was killed, and while the rest of the Yellow Turbans were not defeated immediately, they gradually dissipated by the following year. Because of the Liang Province forces' contributions to the campaign, they began to be feared and began to look down on troops from all other provinces. During and in the aftermaths of the Yellow Turban Rebellion, many people from other provinces, in order to ward off pillaging by Yellow Turbans or governmental forces, also organised themselves into military groups, and a good number resisted government forces, and even after the Yellow Turbans were defeated, the central government's control of the provinces was no longer what it used to be.\n", "Section::::Late reign.\n", "Even after the Yellow Turban Rebellion was suppressed, Emperor Ling did not change his wasteful and corrupt ways. He continued to levy heavy taxes and continued to sell offices. As a result, other agrarian and military rebellions multiplied. In 185, when a fire broke out in the southern part of the imperial palace, the Ten Attendants suggested to Emperor Ling to levy a tax of ten maces from every \"mu\" of farmland to raise funds for rebuilding the palace. Emperor Ling then ordered the officials in Taiyuan (太原), Hedong (河東) and Didao (狄道) commanderies to transport wood and patterned rocks to Luoyang (the imperial capital) as construction materials. When the shipments reached the palace, the eunuchs who received them scolded the labourers for delivering materials of poor quality, and insisted on paying them far below market prices – to as low as a tenth of the market price. They then resold the materials to other eunuchs, who refused to buy. Over time, the accumulated piles of wood started decaying. The construction works were thus delayed for years. In order to please Emperor Ling, some regional officials levied heavier taxes and forced the people to produce greater quantities of construction materials – this led to greater resentment from the common people.\n", "Emperor Ling appointed cavalry officers to serve as his messengers whenever he issued orders for things to be delivered to Luoyang. These officers, known as \"zhongshi\" (中使; \"central emissaries\"), abused their power by forcing the regional officials, who were afraid of them, to give them bribes. The appointment of officials below the position of Inspector (刺史) was decided by the amount of money they could pay to fund the army and palace construction. Before assuming office, these officials had to undergo an assessment to determine their \"value\". Some who could not afford the required amount committed suicide, while others who refused to take up their appointments were forced into accepting.\n", "Around the time, there was one Sima Zhi (司馬直), who had been newly appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Julu Commandery (鉅鹿郡). As he had a reputation for being an honest official, he was required to pay less – three million maces. Upon receiving the order, he lamented, \"I should be like a parent to the common people, but I have been forced to exploit them to satisfy (the Emperor's) needs. I can't bear to do this.\" He attempted to resign, claiming that he was ill, but his request was denied. When he reached Meng Ford (孟津) near Luoyang, he wrote a memorial to point out all the problems with the government and cite historical examples to warn the emperor. He then committed suicide by consuming poison. After reading Sima Zhi's memorial, Emperor Ling temporarily stopped collecting funds for rebuilding the palace, but quickly resumed his construction projects later. He built a hall within the western gardens and filled it with treasures and silk taken from the agriculture department. He also visited his birthplace in Hejian Commandery, where he acquired land and used it to build mansions and towers. As Emperor Ling came from a relatively poor background as a lesser marquis, he had a strong desire to accumulate as much personal wealth as possible – especially after he saw that his predecessor, Emperor Huan, did not leave behind a large family fortune for him. He drew his wealth not just from the imperial treasuries, but also from the low-ranking eunuchs who attended to him.\n", "Emperor Ling often said, \"Regular Attendant Zhang (Rang) is my father, Regular Attendant Zhao (Zhong) is my mother.\" As the eunuchs were highly trusted and favoured by Emperor Ling, they behaved lawlessly and abused their power. They even built lavish mansions for themselves in the same design as the imperial palace. When Emperor Ling once visited Yong'anhou Platform (永安侯臺), a high viewing platform, the eunuchs were worried that he would see their mansions and become suspicious. Thus, they told him, \"Your Majesty shouldn't put yourself on higher ground. If you do so, the people will scatter.\" The emperor believed them and stopped visiting high towers and viewing platforms.\n", "In 186, Emperor Ling tasked the eunuchs Song Dian (宋典) and Bi Lan (畢嵐) with overseeing new construction projects, including a new palace hall, four large bronze statues, four giant bronze bells and water-spouting animal sculptures, among others. He also ordered coins to be minted and widely circulated. Many people perceived this to be a display of the emperor's extravagance, and pointed to signs showing that the coins will eventually scatter everywhere. This turned out to be true when chaos broke out in Luoyang after Emperor Ling's death. Emperor Ling appointed Zhao Zhong as \"General of Chariots of Cavalry\" (車騎將軍) but removed him from office after some 100 days.\n", "In 188, under the suggestions of Liu Yan, Emperor Ling greatly increased the political and military power of the provincial governors and selected key officials to serve as provincial governors.\n", "In 189, as Emperor Ling became critically ill, a succession issue came into being. Emperor Ling had two surviving sons – Liu Bian, the son of Empress He, and Liu Xie, the son of Consort Wang. Because Emperor Ling had, earlier in his life, frequently lost sons in childhood, he later believed that his sons needed to be raised outside the palace by foster parents. Therefore, when Liu Bian was born, he was entrusted to Shi Zimiao (史子眇), a Taoist, and referred to \"Marquis Shi.\" Later, when Liu Xie was born, he was raised by Emperor Ling's mother, Empress Dowager Dong, and was known as \"Marquis Dong.\" Liu Bian was born of the empress and was older, but Emperor Ling viewed his behaviour as being insufficiently solemn and therefore considered making Liu Xie crown prince, but hesitated and could not decide.\n", "When Emperor Ling died later that year, a powerful eunuch whom he trusted, Jian Shuo, wanted to first kill Empress He's brother, General-in-Chief He Jin, and then make Liu Xie emperor, and therefore set up a trap at a meeting he was to have with He Jin. He Jin found out, and peremptorily declared Liu Bian emperor.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "BULLET::::- Parents:\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Chang, Emperor Xiaoren (), a grandson of Liu Kai, the sixth son of Liu Da\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Xiaoren, of the Dong clan (; d. 189)\n", "BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:\n", "BULLET::::- Empress, of the Song clan (; d. 178)\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Lingsi, of the He clan (; d. 189)\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Bian, Prince Huai of Hongnong (; 176–190), first son\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Linghuai, of the Wang clan (; d. 181), personal name Rong ()\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Xie, Emperor Xiaoxian (; 181–234), second son\n", "BULLET::::- Unknown\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Wannian (), first daughter\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Han dynasty, Xin dynasty and Shu Han\n", "BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). \"Book of the Later Han\" (\"Houhanshu\").\n", "BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). \"Zizhi Tongjian\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Liu Hong", "Xiaoling", "Ling Di" ] }, "description": "emperor of the Han Dynasty", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7299", "wikidata_label": "Emperor Ling of Han", "wikipedia_title": "Emperor Ling of Han" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jack Black\n", "Thomas Jacob \"Jack\" Black (born August 28, 1969), also known as \"J.B.\", \"Jables\", or \"Jablinski\", is an American actor, comedian, musician, songwriter, and media personality. His acting career has been extensive, starring primarily in comedy films. Black is known for his roles in \"High Fidelity\" (2000), \"Shallow Hal\" (2001), \"School of Rock\" (2003), \"King Kong\" (2005), \"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny\" (2006), \"The Holiday\" (2006), the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise (2008–2016), \"Tropic Thunder\" (2008), \"Gulliver's Travels\" (2010), \"Bernie\" (2011), \"Goosebumps\" (2015), and \"\" (2017). He has been nominated for two Golden Globe Awards. Black is the lead vocalist of the Grammy Award-winning comedic rock duo Tenacious D which he formed in 1994 with friend Kyle Gass. They have released the albums \"Tenacious D\", \"The Pick of Destiny\", \"Rize of the Fenix\", and \"Post-Apocalypto\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Thomas Jacob Black was born in Santa Monica, California, and raised in Hermosa Beach, California, the son of satellite engineers Thomas William Black and Judith Love Cohen, who worked on the Hubble Space Telescope and was also a writer. He has three older half-siblings through his mother; scientist Neil Siegel, Howard Siegel, and Rachel Siegel. His mother was born Jewish, while his father converted to Judaism. Black was raised Jewish, attending Hebrew school and having a bar mitzvah.\n", "Black's parents divorced when he was 10; Black moved to Culver City with his father and frequently visited his mother's home. As a child, Black appeared in a commercial for the Activision game \"Pitfall!\" in 1982. \n", "For high school, Black's parents enrolled him at the Poseidon School, a private secondary school designed specifically for students struggling in the traditional school system. Black also attended the Crossroads School, where he excelled in drama. He later attended UCLA but dropped out during his sophomore year to pursue a career in entertainment. Fellow UCLA student, Tim Robbins, later cast Black in \"Bob Roberts\". In 1995 and 1996, Black gained recurring roles in the HBO sketch comedy series, \"Mr. Show\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early roles.\n", "In 1982, Black first acted in a television commercial at age 13 for the video game \"Pitfall!.\" In 1987, Black joined the Actors' Gang, a theater troupe founded by UCLA students including Tim Robbins, and he appeared in a variety of stage productions. Black's adult career began with small roles on prime time television, including \"Life Goes On\", \"Northern Exposure\", \"Mr. Show\", \"Picket Fences\", \"The Golden Palace,\" and \"The X-Files\". Black appeared in the unaired TV pilot \"Heat Vision and Jack\", directed by Ben Stiller, in which he played an ex-astronaut pursued by actor Ron Silver. He was accompanied by his friend who had merged with a motorcycle, voiced by Owen Wilson.\n", "After Robbins cast him in Bob Roberts, Black began appearing in small film roles such as \"Airborne\" (1993), \"Demolition Man\", \"Waterworld\", \"The Fan\", \"The Cable Guy\", \"Mars Attacks!\", \"Dead Man Walking\", \"The Jackal\", \"Crossworlds\", \"Enemy of the State\", and others. He had a small role in \"True Romance\" as a security guard, but the scene was deleted.\n", "Section::::Career.:Leading roles.\n", "In 2000, Black co-starred in the film \"High Fidelity\" as a wild employee in John Cusack's character's record store, a role he considers his breakout. He soon gained leading roles in films such as \"Shallow Hal\", \"Nacho Libre\", \"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\", \"Year One\", and \"Gulliver's Travels\". He received particular praise for his starring role in the well-received \"School of Rock\", earning critical acclaim and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy.\n", "He starred in one of his few dramatic roles as the obsessed filmmaker Carl Denham in Peter Jackson's 2005 remake of \"King Kong\", a performance he based on Orson Welles. He voiced the title role in \"Kung Fu Panda\", which grossed on its opening day, June 6, 2008, as well as \"Kung Fu Panda 2\" and \"Kung Fu Panda 3\"; this is his favorite role and he praises the tutoring of co-star and two-time Academy Award winner Dustin Hoffman. His next film, \"The Big Year\", a competitive birdwatching comedy co-starring Owen Wilson, Steve Martin, and JoBeth Williams, was released in October 2011.\n", "Jack garnered a second Golden Globe Award nomination, this time in the category Best Actor in a Comedy, for his 2011 starring role in Richard Linklater's black comedy, \"Bernie\", as real-life murderer Bernie Tiede, a funeral director in a small East Texas town, who befriends and eventually murders a rich widow, played by Shirley MacLaine. Black's subdued portrayal, authentic East Texas accent, and musical talent – he sings several gospel hymns as well as \"Seventy-six Trombones\" – had Roger Ebert describing Black's work as \"one of the performances of the year.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Later television roles.\n", "In 2004, Black guest-starred in the first episode of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim show \"Tom Goes to the Mayor\". He appeared in the post-Super Bowl episode of \"The Office\" along with Cloris Leachman and Jessica Alba in a fake movie within the show. In 2010, Black made a guest appearance on \"Community\" and also guest-starred on Nickelodeon's TV show \"iCarly\" in an episode titled, \"iStart a Fan War\".\n", "Black has appeared numerous times on the \"untelevised TV network\" short film festival Channel 101, created by Dan Harmon and Rob Schrab, starring in the shows \"Computerman\", \"Timebelt\", and \"Laserfart\". He also provided an introduction for the unaired sketch comedy \"Awesometown\", donning a Colonial-era military uniform. In the introduction, he claims to be George Washington and takes credit for the accomplishments of other American Presidents such as Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln.\n", "Section::::Career.:Hosting work and appearances.\n", "Black took part in the \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" celebrity edition along with Denis Leary, Jimmy Kimmel, and others and was handed the prize of in October 2001. On December 14, he hosted the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards. Black has hosted the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and \"Acceptable.TV\". He presented the tribute to rock legends Led Zeppelin when the band were named as 2012 recipients of Kennedy Center Honors. In 2016, Black joined the climate change documentary show Years of Living Dangerously as one of its celebrity correspondents. In 2018, Black appeared in the music video for Gorillaz song \"Humility\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Voice acting.\n", "In addition to \"Kung Fu Panda\", Black has voice acted on other occasions, including \"Husbands and Knives\" from \"The Simpsons\" which aired November 18, 2007, portraying Milo, the friendly owner of the rival comic book store. He provided the voice of the main character, roadie Eddie Riggs, in the heavy metal-themed action-adventure video game \"Brütal Legend\". In 2009, at the Spike Video Game Awards, he earned the Best Voice award for the voice of Eddie Riggs in \"Brütal Legend\". In April 2009, Black starred in an episode of \"Yo Gabba Gabba!\", in which he vocalized children songs, such as \"It's Not Fun to Get Lost\", \"Friends\", and \"The Goodbye Song\".\n", "Black voiced Darth Vader in Bad Lip Reading's parodies of the \"Star Wars\" original trilogy on YouTube. In 2015, Black played a fictional version of real-life author R. L. Stine for \"Goosebumps\", and provided the voices of two of Stine's creations, Slappy the Dummy and The Invisible Boy. He reprised the Stine role in the film's 2018 sequel, \"\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Music career.\n", "Black is the lead singer and guitarist for the comedy rock/hard rock band Tenacious D. Along with Kyle Gass, they have released four albums, a self-titled debut, \"The Pick of Destiny\", \"Rize of the Fenix\", and \"Post-Apocalypto\". One of their songs from their album \"The Pick of Destiny\", titled \"The Metal\", was used in the music video games \"\" and \"Brütal Legend\". \"Rock Your Socks\" from the album \"Tenacious D\" was played in the music video game \"Rock Band Unplugged\" as well, and \"Master Exploder\" from \"The Pick Of Destiny\" went on to be used in music video games \"Guitar Hero Van Halen\", \"Rock Band 2\", and \"Brütal Legend\" along with their song \"Tribute\" from \"Tenacious D\". \"Master Exploder\" and \"The Metal\" featured in the comedy film \"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\". The film, directed by Tenacious D veteran Liam Lynch, featured recurring characters from Black's comedy such as Lee the super-fan and the Sasquatch. Several celebrities had roles in the film; actor Tim Robbins cameos as does Dave Grohl as Satan. Ben Stiller also makes an appearance as a worker at a Guitar Center, also having a role in the music video for \"Tribute\".\n", "Tenacious D helped the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation to raise awareness of these diseases and funds for the organization in Los Angeles on December 20, 2001, and in San Diego, California on June 16, 2007. Tenacious D can be seen performing in the 90s-era Pauly Shore film \"Bio-Dome\" where the duo is performing its song \"The Five Needs\" at a \"Save the Environment\" party. Black was also a guest star on an episode of \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" entitled \"Ellen the Musical\", alongside Broadway star Kristin Chenoweth and teenage singer-actress Olivia Olson. On the show, besides singing, he discussed his then-upcoming film \"Nacho Libre\" with the host.\n", "In 2000, Jack Black (along with Kyle Gass) provided backing vocals to punk rock band The Vandals' song \"Fourteen\", which appears on their album \"Look What I Almost Stepped In...\". Black has also appeared on Dave Grohl's \"Probot\" album, providing vocals for the hidden song \"I Am The Warlock\", and Lynch's \"Fake Songs\" album, providing vocals for the song \"Rock and Roll Whore\". Black performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's \"Let's Get It On\" in the last sequence of \"High Fidelity\". He lent his musical abilities to the Queens of the Stone Age song \"Burn the Witch\" with rhythmic stomps and claps, some performed with his eyes closed. He also provided vocals for two tracks on the 2006 album \"Death by Sexy\" by Eagles of Death Metal and on The Lonely Island's track \"Sax Man\" from the album \"Incredibad\".\n", "Black also recorded a duet on Meat Loaf's album \"Hang Cool Teddy Bear\", on the song \"Like a Rose\". Meat Loaf also played Black's father in the \"Pick of Destiny\" movie.\n", "Black has appeared in music videos of Beck's \"Sexx Laws\"; Foo Fighters' \"Learn To Fly\", \"Low\", and \"The One\"; The Eagles of Death Metal's \"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)\"; Sum 41's \"Things I Want\"; Dio's \"Push\"; Weezer's \"Photograph\"; The Mooney Suzuki's \"In a Young Man's Mind\"; and \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's \"Tacky\". In October 2010, Tenacious D appeared at BlizzCon 2010, a convention hosted by the game designers, Blizzard Entertainment. In 2012, Jack Black joined up with other celebrities to record \"Book People Unite\", a song sponsored by the Library of Congress, and RIF.\n", "Black did guest vocals and appears on the Dethklok soundtrack album \"The Doomstar Requiem\". He sings the parts for Dethklok's original band manager as well as a blogger.\n", "Black, as a member of Tenacious D, won the award for Best Metal Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards. The award was won for the song \"The Last in Line\", a cover of the song of the same name by Dio that appeared on the tribute album \"This Is Your Life\".\n", "Section::::Career.:YouTube channel.\n", "On December 21, 2018, Black created a YouTube channel, \"Jablinski Games\", which currently has over 4 million subscribers and 51 million views. On July 21, 2019, Black took part in a Minecraft stream with popular YouTuber PewDiePie in order to raise money for the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), due to the suicide of Etika in June 2019. After two days of streaming they raised $30,479 with the stream being broadcast live on both YouTube and on the streaming platform DLive. \n", "Section::::Career.:Awards & Nominations.\n", "On September 18, 2018, Black was inducted into Hollywood's Walk of Fame.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "As a boy, Black was a Cub Scout.\n", "At the age of 14, he struggled with cocaine addiction, saying, \"I was having a lot of troubles with cocaine... I was hanging out with some pretty rough characters. I was scared to go to school because one of them wanted to kill me. I wanted to get out of there.\"\n", "Black's 31-year-old brother, Howard, died of AIDS in 1989.\n", "In January 2006, Black became engaged to Tanya Haden, daughter of jazz bassist Charlie Haden. Both attended Crossroads School and, after graduation, met again 15 years later at a friend's birthday party. They married on March 14, 2006, in Big Sur, California. Black's first son, Samuel Jason, was born on June 10, 2006, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. On May 23, 2008, Black and his wife had their second son, Thomas David. Although an atheist, Black identifies as a nominal Jew and fatherhood influenced his decision to raise his children in the Jewish faith. He has since started going to a synagogue with them.\n", "Black endorsed Barack Obama's re-election campaign in 2012. In 2015, Black visited Kampala in Uganda, Africa as part of Comic Relief USA's Red Nose Day.\n", "Black is an outspoken critic of President Donald Trump. On the day of Trump's inauguration, he and Tenacious D bandmate Kyle Gass performed the protest song \"The Government Totally Sucks\". Black said to the audience beforehand, \"We haven't played [this song] for years, because it just never felt appropriate - But now, we're happy to unleash the beast. The government totally sucks.\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Thomas Jacob Black", "Thomas Black", "JB", "Jables", "Jablinski" ] }, "description": "American actor, comedian, musician, music producer and youtuber.", "enwikiquote_title": "Jack Black", "wikidata_id": "Q483907", "wikidata_label": "Jack Black", "wikipedia_title": "Jack Black" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Margaret Trudeau\n", "Margaret Joan Trudeau (\"née\" Sinclair, formerly Kemper; born September 10, 1948) is a Canadian author, actress, photographer, former television talk show hostess, and social advocate for people with bipolar disorder, which she is diagnosed with. She is the former wife of Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada; they divorced in 1984, during his final months in office. She is the mother of Justin Trudeau, who has been the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada since 2015; the journalist and author Alexandre \"Sacha\" Trudeau; and the deceased Michel Trudeau. She is the first woman in Canadian history to have been both the wife of a prime minister and the mother of a prime minister.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Trudeau was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the daughter of Scottish-born James \"Jimmy\" Sinclair, a former Liberal member of the Parliament of Canada and Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and Doris Kathleen (Bernard) Sinclair. Her grandmother, Rose Edith (Ivens) Bernard, with whom Trudeau had an especially-close relationship, lived in Roberts Creek, British Columbia, in later life, and was from Virden, Manitoba. Her grandfather, Thomas Kirkpatrick Bernard, was born in Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia, and immigrated in 1906 at age 15 with his family to Penticton, British Columbia, eventually working as a payroll clerk for Canadian Pacific Railway.\n", "The Bernards were the descendants of colonists in Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, including Francis James Bernard, a London, England-born Anglo-Irishman whose great-grandfather, Arthur Bernard, was a member of the Irish House of Commons for Bandonbridge, and brother of Francis Bernard, Solicitor-General for Ireland, and ancestor of the Earls of Bandon. Francis James Bernard was the founder of the Singapore Police Force in 1819, \"The Singapore Chronicle\", the first newspaper in Singapore, was established with Bernard as owner, publisher, and editor in 1824 and he opened up Katong, now a densely populated-residential enclave, the first to cultivate a coconut estate there in 1823. Bernard married Margaret Trudeau's 3rd great-grandmother, Esther Farquhar, in 1818, the eldest daughter of Scotsman William Farquhar, a colonial leader in the founding of modern Singapore, by Farquhar's first wife, Antoinette \"Nonio\" Clement, daughter of a French father and an ethnic Malaccan mother.\n", "Another great-grandmother, Cornelia Louisa Intveld, married in 1822 to Royal Navy officer and merchant, William Purvis, from Dalgety Bay, Scotland, and a first cousin of American abolitionist Robert Purvis; a noted fine soprano and a beauty of her era. Upon glimpsing her across the auditorium at the opera in London, England, British King William IV sent his equerry to invite her to his box. After she refused, the King sent the equerry back just to ask her name. Intveld was born in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia, where her father, who came from humble beginnings in Hellevoetsluis, South Holland, rose up through the Dutch East India Company to become the Dutch Resident of Padang. Her maternal grandmother was an Ono Niha \"ranee\" (a term covering every rank from chieftain's daughter to princess) married a prominent Dutch colonial official and merchant. Acclaimed British harpsichordist, Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, and Hawaiian settler, Edward William Purvis, according to popular belief, was the namesake of the ukulele, are Margaret Trudeau's first cousins, three times-removed. Trudeau explored her mother's family's roots in Singapore during an episode of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\".\n", "Trudeau's family moved to a large house in Rockcliffe Park, Ontario, in 1952 after her father was appointed to the Cabinet, and she attended Rockcliffe Park government school although they returned to North Vancouver after he lost his re-election bid in 1958. She attended Hamilton Junior Secondary School and Delbrook Senior Secondary School in North Vancouver. Trudeau graduated in 1969 from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology.\n", "Section::::Marriage to Pierre Trudeau.\n", "As an 18-year-old vacationing in Tahiti with her family, she met Pierre Trudeau, who was then Minister of Justice. Sinclair did not recognize him, and she, in fact, thought little of their encounter, but Trudeau was captivated by the carefree \"flower child\", nearly-thirty years younger than he, and began to pursue her.\n", "Pierre Trudeau was a bachelor before he became Prime Minister in 1968. They kept their romance private, so Canada was shocked after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation led its morning radio broadcast about Prime Minister Trudeau honeymooning at Alta Lake, British Columbia, at the foot of Whistler Blackcomb Ski Resort the day after a surprise wedding in North Vancouver, British Columbia, on March 4, 1971. Although she previously-accompanied Pierre Trudeau in public a year before to ice skate and dance at an event at Rideau Hall, official residence of Canada's Governor General, 'it' was a complete secret except to immediate-family members and close friends that she was in a romantic relationship, then in a six-month engagement to the Prime Minister.\n", "As Pierre Trudeau was a Catholic, she converted to Roman Catholicism for their marriage. She would, in later life, study Buddhism although she now considers herself an Anglican. Asked about her role in a marriage to the prime minister, Trudeau said, \"I want to be more than a rose in my husband's lapel.\"\n", "In 1971, the Trudeaus took a second honeymoon in the Caribbean to Barbados and an unidentified nearby-island then Tobago, then to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (including both Bequia and St. Vincent) with Pierre taking a side-trip to Trinidad while Margaret stayed in Tobago.\n", "After Pierre Trudeau's government's near defeat in 1972 where Margaret herself was very-uninvolved in the campaign, she decided to become much more active for the 1974 federal election. At a rally in Vancouver, she told a crowd of 2,000 her husband taught her \"a lot about loving.\" The remark was wildly-mocked and dismissed in public during the campaign by members of the press gallery as well as by her husband's main-political rivals Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leader Robert Stanfield and New Democratic Party leader David Lewis. Liberal party organizers considered her a top campaign asset, and sent her off alone to help local candidates in hotly contested ridings while critics noted, the wives of Stanfield and Lewis were on the campaign trail, they rarely spoke and stood behind their husbands at events. Political observers also found Pierre Trudeau noticeably more relaxed at events while Margaret came along. Initially, she brought her 6-month-old son Sasha on the trail with her, and one veteran reporter said, \"It's the first campaign plane for the first thing off is a crib and a diaper bag.\" Later, she left her sons with her parents in North Vancouver while campaigning. Asked at the time if she thought her campaigning was helping Pierre Trudeau pick up votes, she replied, \"I won't know until July 8th. But 52 per cent of the voters in this country are women...an awful lot ...\" Her husband's party returned to a majority-government.\n", "Trudeau had difficulty adjusting to her new position.\"From the day I became Mrs. Pierre Elliott Trudeau,\" she writes in her memoirs, \"a glass panel was gently-lowered into place around me, like a patient in a mental hospital no longer considered able to make decisions and cannot be exposed to a harsh light.\" The couple had three children: Justin (born December 25, 1971), Alexandre (Sacha) (born December 25, 1973), and Michel (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998).\n", "Although the couple initially appeared to have a very close and loving relationship, the marriage soon began to fall apart. Trudeau resented her husband's constant work-related absences, and was forced to raise her three young sons largely by herself. Beyond the normal extensive publicity her high-profile position brought, in a few instances, she headlined. Trudeau smuggled drugs in the prime minister's luggage, made scantily-clad appearances at Studio 54, and tore apart a quilt made by Canadian conceptual artist Joyce Wieland on the wall in the prime-minister's official residence in Ottawa because it celebrated \"reason over passion\". (Her husband's personal motto was \"Reason before passion\".)\n", "Over time, the marriage disintegrated to the point, as recounted in her book, Trudeau had an affair with US Senator Ted Kennedy. She was also associated with members of the Rolling Stones, including Ronnie Wood and, according to Keith Richards's autobiography, \"Life\", Mick Jagger.\n", "She separated from her husband in 1977, and became a much-talked-about jet-setter. She gave many \"tell-all\" interviews to Canadian and American magazines, and appeared in two motion pictures. Pierre Trudeau won custody of the children and did not pay any spousal support. Trudeau had a difficult time earning a living after her marriage. She wrote the book \"Beyond Reason\" about her marriage.\n", "On the eve of the 1979 election, in which Pierre Trudeau's party lost the majority of seats in the House of Commons, she was seen dancing at Studio 54 nightclub in New York City. A photo of her at the disco was featured on many front pages across Canada.\n", "Section::::Divorce and second marriage.\n", "Trudeau filed at the Ontario Supreme Court for a no-fault divorce on November 16, 1983 one which was finalized on April 2, 1984. On April 18, 1984, in the chambers of Judge Hugh Poulin, with her three sons attending, she married in a civil ceremony Ottawa real-estate developer Fried Kemper, with whom she had two children: son Kyle (born 1984); and daughter Alicia (born 1988).\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "In November 1998, the Trudeaus' youngest son, Michel, an avid outdoorsman, was killed when an avalanche swept him to the bottom of British Columbia's Kokanee Lake. The loss of her son was devastating for Trudeau, and she suffered another major depressive episode that led to her second divorce.\n", "When Pierre Trudeau died in 2000, Margaret was at his bedside with their surviving sons Justin and Alexandre. Speaking in 2010 about her marriage to Trudeau she said: \"Just because our marriage ended didn't mean the love stopped.\"\n", "On October 19, 2015, her eldest son, Justin Trudeau, led the Liberal Party to a majority government, becoming the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada. During the campaign, she was involved, but avoided campaigning in public as the Harper campaign's main attack line against Justin was \"Just Not Ready\" and feared they would suggest her son was \"so unready he needs his mummy.\"\n", "Section::::Work, advocacy and writing.\n", "From 2002 to 2017, Trudeau was the honorary president of WaterAid Canada, an Ottawa-based organization dedicated to helping the poorest communities in developing countries build sustainable water supply and sanitation services. In 2014, she visited Mali as an ambassador of WaterAid Canada.\n", "On May 5, 2006, Trudeau announced she has bipolar disorder. Since then, she advocated for reducing the social-stigma of mental illness—bipolar disorder in particular—with speaking engagements across North America. In May 2019, she presented the one-woman-show \"Certain Woman of an Age\" in Chicago as part of the city's \"Wellness Week\". She is an honorary patron of the Canadian Mental Health Association. In July 2019, she attended an opening ceremony of WE College in Narok County (Kenya) with the Former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell, The First Lady Margaret Kenyatta and Craig Kielburger, a co-founder of WE Charity organization.\n", "In 2010, she authored \"Changing My Mind\", a book about her personal experience with bipolar disorder.\n", "Section::::Award.\n", "In 2013, she received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Western Ontario in recognition of her work to combat mental illness.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Trudeau, Margaret (1979), \"Beyond Reason\", Grosset & Dunlap,\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "While still married to Pierre Trudeau, Margaret Trudeau had a brief acting career, appearing in two Canadian-produced films:\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Ange Gardien\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kings and Desperate Men\" (1981)\n", "Section::::Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Morning Magazine\" (1981-1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Margaret\" (1983-1984)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Spouses of the Prime Ministers of Canada\n", "BULLET::::- Patty Duke\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Maggie Trudeau fights to end mental illness stigma\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Margaret Joan Trudeau Kemper" ] }, "description": "ex-wife of the late Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau", "enwikiquote_title": "Margaret Trudeau", "wikidata_id": "Q3290526", "wikidata_label": "Margaret Trudeau", "wikipedia_title": "Margaret Trudeau" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Petty\n", "Sir William Petty FRS (26 May 1623, in Romsey – 16 December 1687) was an English economist, physician, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth in Ireland. He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers. He also remained a significant figure under King Charles II and King James II, as did many others who had served Cromwell.\n", "Petty was briefly a Member of the Parliament of England and was also a scientist, inventor, and merchant, and was a charter member of the Royal Society. It is for his theories on economics and his methods of \"political arithmetic\" that he is best remembered, however, and to him is attributed the philosophy of \"laissez-faire\" in relation to government activity. He was knighted in 1661. He was the great-grandfather of Prime Minister William Petty Fitzmaurice, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and 1st Marquess of Lansdowne.\n", "Section::::Life and influences.\n", "Petty was born and buried in Romsey, and was a friend of Samuel Pepys. He became a founder member of The Royal Society.\n", "Petty is best known for economic history and statistical writings, before Adam Smith. Of particular interest were his forays into statistical analysis. Petty's work in political arithmetic, along with the work of John Graunt, laid the foundation for modern census techniques. Moreover, this work in statistical analysis, when further expanded by writers like Josiah Child documented some of the first expositions of modern insurance. Vernon Louis Parrington notes him as an early expositor of the labour theory of value as discussed in \"Treatise of Taxes\" in 1692.\n", "In 1858 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, one of Petty's descendants, erected a memorial and likeness of Petty in Romsey Abbey. The text on it reads: \"A true patriot and a sound philosopher who, by his powerful intellect, his scientific works and indefatigable industry, became a benefactor to his family and an ornament to his country\". A monumental slab on the floor of the south choir aisle of the Abbey reads \"HERE LAYES SIR WILLIAM PETY\".\n", "Section::::Life and influences.:Early life.\n", "Petty's father and grandfather were clothiers. He was a precocious and intelligent youngster and in 1637 became a cabin boy, but was set ashore in Normandy after breaking his leg on board. After this setback, he applied in Latin to study with the Jesuits in Caen, supporting himself by teaching English. After a year, he returned to England, and had by now a thorough knowledge of Latin, Greek, French, mathematics, and astronomy.\n", "After an uneventful period in the Navy, Petty left to study in Holland in 1643, where he developed an interest in anatomy. Through an English professor in Amsterdam, he became the personal secretary to Hobbes allowing him contact with Descartes, Gassendi and Mersenne. In 1646, he returned to England and, after developing a double-writing instrument with little success in sales, he studied medicine at Oxford University. He befriended Hartlib and Boyle, and he became a member of the Oxford Philosophical Club.\n", "Section::::Life and influences.:Academic and surveyor.\n", "By 1651, Petty was an anatomy instructor at Brasenose College, Oxford, as deputy to Thomas Clayton the younger. He was also Gresham Professor of Music in London.\n", "In 1652, he left on a leave of absence and travelled with Oliver Cromwell's army in Ireland, as physician-general. His opposition to conventional universities, being committed to 'new science' as inspired by Francis Bacon and imparted by his afore-mentioned acquaintances, perhaps pushed him from Oxford. He was pulled to Ireland perhaps by sense of ambition and desire for wealth and power. His breadth of interests was such that he successfully secured the contract for charting Ireland in 1654, so that those who had lent funds to Cromwell's army might be repaid in land – a means of ensuring the army was self-financing. This enormous task he completed in 1656 and became known as the Down Survey, later published (1685) as \"Hiberniae Delineatio\". As his reward, he acquired approximately in Kenmare, in southwest Ireland, and £9,000. This personal gain to Petty led to persistent court cases on charges of bribery and breach of trust, until his death.\n", "Back in England, as a Cromwellian supporter, he ran successfully for Parliament in 1659 for West Looe.\n", "Section::::Life and influences.:Natural philosopher.\n", "Despite his political allegiances, Petty was well-treated at the Restoration in 1660, although he lost some of his Irish lands. Charles II at their first meeting brushed aside Petty's apologies for his past support for Cromwell, \"seeming to regard them as needless\", and discussed his experiments into the mechanics of shipping instead. \n", "In 1661 he was elected MP for Inistioge in the Parliament of Ireland. In 1662, he was admitted a charter member of the Royal Society of the same year. This year also saw him write his first work on economics, his \"Treatise of Taxes and Contributions\". Petty counted among his many scientific interests naval architecture: he had become convinced of the superiority of double-hulled boats, although they were not always successful; the \"Experiment\" reached Porto in 1664, but sank on the way back.\n", "Section::::Life and influences.:Ireland and later life.\n", "Petty was knighted in 1661 by Charles II and returned to Ireland in 1666, where he remained for most of the next twenty years.\n", "The events that took him from Oxford to Ireland marked a shift from medicine and the physical sciences to the social sciences, and Petty lost all his Oxford offices. The social sciences became the area that he studied for the rest of his life. His primary interest became Ireland's prosperity and his works describe that country and propose many remedies for its then backward condition. He helped found the Dublin Society in 1682. Returning ultimately to London in 1685, he died in 1687.\n", "He regarded his life in bittersweet terms. He had risen from humble origins to mix with the intellectual elite and was by 35 a considerably wealthy man and leading member of the \"progressive sciences\". Nonetheless, he was insecure about his land holdings and his ambitions of obtaining important political posts remained frustrated. Perhaps he expected the astronomical rise he experienced in his early years to continue throughout his life. Contemporaries described him, nonetheless, as humorous, good-natured and rational.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "William Petty married Elizabeth Waller in 1667. She was a daughter of the regicide Sir Hardress Waller (whose life was spared after the Restoration) and Elizabeth Dowdall. She had been previously married to Sir Maurice Fenton, who died in 1664. She was given the title Baroness Shelburne for life. They had three surviving children:\n", "BULLET::::- Charles Petty, 1st Baron Shelburne\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne\n", "BULLET::::- Anne, who married Thomas Fitzmaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry.\n", "Neither Charles nor Henry had male issue and the Shelburne title passed to Anne's son John Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne, who took his mother's surname, and whose descendants hold the title Marquis of Lansdowne. Her grandson William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, praised her as a woman of strong character and intelligence, the only person who could manage her bad-tempered and tyrannical husband.\n", "Section::::Economic works and theories: overview.\n", "Two men crucially influenced Petty's economic theories. The first was Thomas Hobbes, for whom Petty acted as personal secretary. According to Hobbes, theory should set out the rational requirements for \"civil peace and material plenty\". As Hobbes had centred on peace, Petty chose prosperity.\n", "The influence of Francis Bacon was also profound. Bacon, and indeed Hobbes, held the conviction that mathematics and the senses must be the basis of all rational sciences. This passion for accuracy led Petty to famously declare that his form of science would only use measurable phenomena and would seek quantitative precision, rather than rely on comparatives or superlatives, yielding a new subject that he named \"political arithmetic\". Petty thus carved a niche for himself as the first dedicated economic scientist, amidst the merchant-pamphleteers, such as Thomas Mun or Josiah Child, and philosopher-scientists occasionally discussing economics, such as John Locke.\n", "He was indeed writing before the true development of political economy. As such, many of his claims for precision are of imperfect quality. Nonetheless, Petty wrote three main works on economics, \"Treatise of Taxes and Contributions\" (written in 1662), \"Verbum Sapienti\" (1665) and \"Quantulumcunque Concerning Money\" (1682). These works, which received great attention in the 1690s, show his theories on major areas of what would later become economics. What follows is an analysis of his most important theories, those on fiscal contributions, national wealth, the money supply and circulation velocity, value, the interest rate, international trade and government investment.\n", "Many of his economic writings were collected by Charles Henry Hull in 1899 in \"The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty\".\n", "Hull, in his scholarly article 'Petty's Place in the History of Economic Theory' (1900) proposed a division of the economic writings of Petty in three (or four) groups:\n", "BULLET::::- the first group, written when Petty had returned to London after finishing his \"Down Survey\" in Ireland, consists mainly of \"A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions\" (written and first published 1662) and \"Verbum Sapienti\" (written 1665, printed 1691). These texts relate to the discussions about fiscal issues, following the Restoration and the expenses of the first Dutch war.\n", "BULLET::::- the second group holds \"The Political Anatomy of Ireland\" and \"Political Arithmetick.\" These texts were written some ten years later in Ireland. As Hull writes, the \"direct impulse to their writing came from Dr. Edward Chamberlayne's \"Present State of England\", published 1669\".\n", "BULLET::::- Again ten years later the third group of pamphlets was written, that were contributions to the dispute whether London were a larger city than Paris, and that are titled the \"Essays in Political Arithmetick\" by Hull. This group of pamphlets had a close relation to John Graunt's \"Observations upon the Bills of Mortality of London.\"\n", "BULLET::::- The \"Quantulumcunque concerning Money\" (written in 1682, and printed 1695, and perhaps in 1682), can probably be considered as belonging to a group of its own.\n", "The division given here was still used by scholars at the end of the twentieth century.\n", "Section::::Fiscal contributions.\n", "Fiscal contributions were of prime concern to policymakers in the 17th century, as they have remained ever since, for the wise country would not spend above its revenues. By Petty's time, England was engaged in war with Holland, and in the first three chapters of \"Treatise of Taxes and Contributions\", Petty sought to establish principles of taxation and public expenditure, to which the monarch could adhere, when deciding how to raise money for the war. Petty lists six kinds of public charge, namely defence, governance, the \"pastorage of men's souls\", education, the maintenance of \"impotents of all sorts\" and infrastructure, or \"things of universal good\". He then discusses general and particular causes of changes in these charges. He thinks that there is great scope for reduction of the first four public charges, and recommends increased spending on care for the elderly, sick, orphans, etc., as well as the government employment of \"supernumeraries\".\n", "On the issue of raising taxes, Petty was a definite proponent of consumption taxes. He recommended that in general taxes should be just sufficient to meet the various types of public charges that he listed. They should also be horizontally equitable, regular and proportionate. He condemned poll taxes as very unequal and excise on beer as taxing the poor excessively. He recommended a much higher quality of statistical information, to raise taxes more fairly. Imports should be taxed, but only in such a way that would put them on a level playing field with domestic produce. A vital aspect of economies at this time was that they were transforming from barter economies to money economies. Linked to this, and aware of the scarcity of money, Petty recommends that taxes be payable in forms other than gold or silver, which he estimated to be less than 1% of national wealth. To him, too much importance was placed on money, \"which is to the whole effect of the Kingdom… not [even] one to 100\".\n", "Section::::National income accounting.\n", "In making the above estimate, Petty introduced in the first two chapters of \"Verbum Sapienti\" the first rigorous assessments of national income and wealth. To him, it was all too obvious that a country's wealth lay in more than just gold and silver. He worked off an estimation that the average personal income was £6 13s 4d per annum, with a population of six million, meaning that national income would be £40m. Petty's theory produced estimates, some more reliable than others, for the various components of national income, including land, ships, personal estates and housing. He then distinguished between the stocks (£250m) and the flows yielding from them (£15m). The discrepancy between these flows and his estimate for national income (£40m) leads Petty to postulate that the other £25m is the yield from what must be £417m of labour stock, the \"value of the people\". This gave a total wealth for England in the 1660s of £667m.\n", "Section::::Statistician.\n", "Petty's only statistical technique is the use of simple averages. He would not be a statistician by today's standards but during his time a statistician was merely one that employed the use of quantitative data. Because obtaining census data was difficult, if not impossible, especially for Ireland, he applied methods of estimation. The way in which he would estimate the population would be to start with estimating the population of London. He would do this by either estimating it by exports or by deaths. His method of using exports is by considering that a 30 percent increase in exports corresponds to a similar proportionate increase in population. The way he would use deaths would be by multiplying the number of deaths by 30 – estimating that one out of thirty people die each year. To obtain the population of all of England he would multiply the population of London by 8. Such a simple use of estimation could have easily have been abused and Petty was accused more than once of doctoring the figures for the Crown. (Henry Spiegel)\n", "Section::::Money supply and the velocity of its circulation.\n", "This figure for the stock of wealth was contrasted with a money supply in gold and silver of only £6m. Petty believed that there was a certain amount of money that a nation needed to drive its trade. Hence it was possible to have too little money circulating in an economy, which would mean that people would have to rely on barter. It would also be possible for there to be too much money in an economy. But the topical question was, as he asks in chapter 3 of \"Verbum Sapienti\", would £6m be enough to drive a nation's trade, especially if the King wanted to raise additional funds for the war with Holland?\n", "The answer for Petty lay in the velocity of money's circulation. Anticipating the quantity theory of money often said to be initiated by John Locke, whereby economic output (\"Y\") times price level (\"p\") = money supply (\"MS\") times velocity of circulation (\"v\"), Petty stated that if economic output was to be increased for a given money supply and price level, 'revolutions' must occur in smaller circles (i.e. velocity of circulation must be higher). This could be done through the establishment of a bank. He explicitly stated in \"Verbum Sapienti\" \"nor is money wanting to answer all the ends of a well policed state, notwithstanding the great decreases thereof which have happened within these Twenty years\" and that higher velocity is the answer. He also mentions that there is nothing unique about gold and silver in fulfilling the functions of money and that money is the means to an end, not the end itself:\n", "Nor were it hard to substitute in the place of Money [gold and silver] (were a comptency of it wanting) what should be equivalent unto it. For Money is but the Fat of the Body-Politick, whereof too much doth often hinder its agility, as too little makes it sick... so doth Money in the State quicken its Action, feeds from abroad in the time of Dearth at home.'\n", "What is striking about these passages is his intellectual rigour, which put him far ahead of the mercantilist writers of earlier in the century. The use of biological analogies to illustrate his point, a trend continued by the physiocrats in France early in the 18th century, was also unusual.\n", "Section::::Theory of value.\n", "On value, Petty continued the debate begun by Aristotle, and chose to develop an input-based theory of value: \"all things ought to be valued by two natural Denominations, which is Land and Labour\" (p. 44). Both of these would be prime sources of taxable income. Like Richard Cantillon after him, he sought to devise some equation or par between the \"mother and father\" of output, land and labour, and to express value accordingly. He still included general productivity, one's \"art and industry\". He applied his theory of value to rent. The natural rent of a land was the excess of what a labourer produces on it in a year over what he ate himself and traded for necessities. It was therefore the profit above the various costs related to the factors involved in production.\n", "Section::::The interest rate.\n", "The natural rate of rent is related to his theories on usury. At the time, many religious writers still condemned the charging of interest as sinful. Petty also involved himself in the debate on usury and interest rates, regarding the phenomenon as a reward for forbearance on the part of the lender. Incorporating his theories of value, he asserted that, with perfect security, the rate of interest should equal the rent for land that the principal could have bought – again, a precocious insight into what would later become general equilibrium findings. Where security was more \"casual\", the return should be greater – a return for risk. Having established the justification for usury itself, that of forbearance, he then shows his Hobbesian qualities, arguing against any government regulation of the interest rate, pointing to the \"vanity and fruitlessness of making civil positive laws against the laws of nature\".\n", "Section::::\"Laissez-faire\" governance.\n", "This is one of the major themes of Petty's writings, summed up by his use of the phrase \"vadere sicut vult\", whence we get \"laissez-faire\". As mentioned earlier, the motif of medicine was also useful to Petty, and he warned against over-interference by the government in the economy, seeing it as analogous to a physician tampering excessively with his patient. He applied this to monopolies, controls on the exportation of money and on the trade of commodities. They were, to him, vain and harmful to a nation. He recognised the price effects of monopolies, citing the French king's salt monopoly as an example. In another work, \"Political Arithmetic\", Petty also recognised the importance of economies of scale. He described the phenomenon of the division of labour, asserting that a good is both of better quality and cheaper, if many work on it. Petty said that the gain is greater \"as the manufacture itself is greater\".\n", "Section::::Foreign exchange and control of trade.\n", "On the efflux of specie, Petty thought it vain to try to control it, and dangerous, as it would leave the merchants to decide what goods a nation buys with the smaller amount of money. He noted in \"Quantulumcunque concerning money\" that countries plentiful in gold have no such laws restricting specie. On exports in general, he regarded prescriptions, such as recent Acts of Parliament forbidding the export of wool and yarn, as \"burthensome\". Further restrictions \"would do us twice as much harm as the losse of our said Trade\" (p. 59), albeit with a concession that he is no expert in the study of the wool trade.\n", "On prohibiting imports, for example from Holland, such restrictions did little other than drive up prices, and were only useful if imports vastly exceeded exports. Petty saw far more use in going to Holland and learning whatever skills they have than trying to resist nature. Epitomizing his viewpoint, he thought it preferable to sell cloth for \"debauching\" foreign wines, rather than leave the clothiers unemployed.\n", "Section::::Full employment.\n", "The goal of full employment was of most importance to Petty, having recognised that labour was one of the major sources of wealth for individuals and \"the greatest Wealth and Strength of the Kingdom\". In this vein, he extended the cloth-wine argument above, arguing that it is better to employ men and burn their product or to engage in extravagant public works projects, than to have indolent \"supernumeraries\" in an economy – hence his famous example of relocating Stonehenge across the plains of Salisbury. This section, giving a few (of the many) government interventions that Sir William Petty supported, clearly contradicts the false claim above that Sir William Petty supported Laissez Faire - i.e. that he was a noninterventionist in terms of government policy.\n", "Section::::Division of labour.\n", "In his Political Arithmetick, Petty made a practical study of the division of labour, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards. Classically the workers in a shipyard would build ships as units, finishing one before starting another. But the Dutch had it organised with several teams each doing the same tasks for successive ships. People with a particular task to do must have discovered new methods that were only later observed and justified by writers on political economy.\n", "Petty also applied the principle to his survey of Ireland. His breakthrough was to divide up the work so that large parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training.\n", "Section::::Urban society.\n", "Petty projected the growth of the city of London and supposed that it might swallow the rest of England – not so far from what actually happened:\n", "Now, if the city double its people in 40 years, and the present number be 670,000, and if the whole territory be 7,400,000, and double in 360 years, as aforesaid, then by the underwritten table it appears that A.D. 1840 the people of the city will be 10,718,880, and those of the whole country but 10,917,389, which is but inconsiderably more. Wherefore it is certain and necessary that the growth of the city must stop before the said year 1840, and will be at its utmost height in the next preceding period, A.D. 1800, when the number of the city will be eight times its present number, 5,359,000. And when (besides the said number) there will be 4,466,000 to perform the tillage, pasturage, and other rural works necessary to be done without the said city.\n", "He imagined a future in which \"the city of London is seven times bigger than now, and that the inhabitants of it are 4,690,000 people, and that in all the other cities, ports, towns, and villages, there are but 2,710,000 more.\" He expected this some time round 1800, extrapolating existing trends. Long before Malthus, he noticed the potential of human population to increase. But he also saw no reason why such a society should not be prosperous.\n", "Section::::Summary and legacy.\n", "The above shows the contribution Petty made to theoretical issues that have dominated the later subject of economics ever since. He covered such a wide range of topics according to his political arithmetic method, i.e. like modern economists, he set out to prove his claims by finding data and statistics, rather than relying on anecdotal evidence. He wrote rigorously, but also with concision and humour. The issues that Petty thought about and wrote are major topics that have plagued the minds of economic theorists ever since.\n", "He influenced not only immediate successors such as Richard Cantillon but also some of the greatest minds in economics, including Adam Smith, Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes. With Adam Smith, he shared a world view that believed in a harmonious natural world. The parallels in their canons of taxation epitomise their joint belief in natural liberty and equality. They both saw the benefits of specialisation and the division of labour. Furthermore, Smith and Petty developed labour theories of value, as did David Ricardo, Henry George, and Karl Marx in the 19th century.\n", "Smith said nothing about Petty in \"The Wealth of Nations\". In his published writings, there is nothing apart for a reference in a letter to Lord Shelburne, one of Petty's aristocratic descendants. Petty continued to exercise influence. Karl Marx thought, as did Petty, that the total effort put in by the aggregate of ordinary workers represented a far greater contribution to the economy than contemporary ideas recognised. This belief led Petty to conclude in his estimates that labour ranked as the greatest source of wealth in the kingdom. By contrast Marx's conclusions were that surplus labour was the source of all profit, and that the labourer was alienated from his surplus and thus from society. Marx's high esteem of Adam Smith is mirrored in his consideration of Petty's analysis, as witnessed by countless quotations in his major work \"Das Kapital\". John Maynard Keynes also wrote at a time of mass discord, as unemployment was rampant and economies stagnant during the 1930s. He showed how governments could manage aggregate demand to stimulate output and employment, much as Petty had done with simpler examples in the 17th century. Petty's simple £100-through-100-hands multiplier was refined by Keynes and incorporated into his model.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- 1647: \"The Advice to Hartlib\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1648: \"A Declaration Concerning the newly invented Art of Double Writing\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1659: \"Proceedings between Sankey and Petty\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1660: \"Reflections upon Ireland\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1662: \"A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions\" (later editions: 1667, 1679, 1685, etc.)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Political Arithmetic\" posthum. (approx. 1676, pub. 1690)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Verbum Sapienti\" posthum. (1664, pub. 1691)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Political Anatomy of Ireland\" posthum. (1672, pub. 1691)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Quantulumcunque Concerning Money\" (\"something, be it ever so small, about money\") posthum. (1682, pub. 1695)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Essay Concerning the Multiplication of Mankind\". (1682)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Gross domestic product\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Aspromourgos, Tony (1988) \"The life of William Petty in relation to his economics\" in \"History of Political Economy 20\": 337–356.\n", "BULLET::::- Hutchison, Terence (1988). \"Petty on Policy, Theory and Method,\" in \"Before Adam Smith: the Emergence of Political Economy 1662–1776\". Basil Blackwell.\n", "BULLET::::- Routh, Guy (1989) \"The Origin of Economic Ideas\". London: Macmillan.\n", "BULLET::::- Strathern, Paul (2001) - \"Dr Strangelove's Game : a brief history of economic genius\". London : Hamish Hamilton.\n", "BULLET::::- (especially section 'Petty's Natural Price', p. 61 - 68)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Archive for the History of Economic Thought: \"William Petty\"\n", "BULLET::::- Political Arithmetick (3rd Edition, 1690\n", "BULLET::::- Petty FitzMaurice (Lansdowne) family tree\n", "BULLET::::- National Portrait Gallery has five portraits of Sir William Petty: Search the collection\n", "BULLET::::- Critique of \"A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions\"\n", "BULLET::::- Kenmare Journal – A Bridge to the Past.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Sir William Petty", "Petty, William" ] }, "description": "English scientist, philosopher, statistician and economist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q278699", "wikidata_label": "William Petty", "wikipedia_title": "William Petty" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Emperor Xian of Han\n", "Emperor Xian of Han (2 April 181 – 21 April 234), personal name Liu Xie, courtesy name Bohe, was the 14th and last emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220.\n", "Liu Xie was a son of Liu Hong (Emperor Ling) and was a younger half-brother of his predecessor, Liu Bian (Emperor Shao). In 189, at the age of eight, he became emperor after the warlord Dong Zhuo, who had seized control of the Han central government, deposed Emperor Shao and replaced him with Liu Xie. The newly enthroned Liu Xie, historically known as Emperor Xian, was in fact a puppet ruler under Dong Zhuo's control. In 190, when a coalition of regional warlords launched a punitive campaign against Dong Zhuo in the name of freeing Emperor Xian, Dong Zhuo ordered the destruction of the imperial capital, Luoyang, and forcefully relocated the imperial capital along with its residents to Chang'an. After Dong Zhuo's assassination in 192, Emperor Xian fell under the control of Li Jue and Guo Si, two former subordinates of Dong Zhuo. The various regional warlords formally acknowledged Emperor Xian's legitimacy but never took action to save him from being held hostage.\n", "In 195, Emperor Xian managed to escape from Chang'an and return to the ruins of Luoyang during a feud between Li Jue (Han dynasty) and Guo Si, where he soon became stranded. A year later, the warlord Cao Cao led his forces into Luoyang, received Emperor Xian, took him under his protection, and escorted him to Xu, where the new imperial capital was established. Although Cao Cao paid nominal allegiance to Emperor Xian, he was actually the \"de facto\" head of the central government. He skillfully used Emperor Xian as a \"trump card\" to bolster his legitimacy when he attacked and eliminated rival warlords in his quest to reunify the Han Empire under the central government's rule. Cao Cao's success seemed inevitable until the winter of 208–209, when he lost the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs against the southern warlords Sun Quan and Liu Bei. The battle paved the way for the subsequent emergence of the Three Kingdoms later of Wei, Shu and Wu.\n", "In late 220, some months after Cao Cao's death, Cao Cao's successor, Cao Pi, forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him. He then established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the new emperor – an event marking the formal end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. The dethroned Emperor Xian received the noble title Duke of Shanyang (山陽公) from Cao Pi and spent the rest of his life in comfort and enjoyed preferential treatment. He died on 21 April 234, about 14 years after the fall of the Han dynasty.\n", "Section::::Family background.\n", "Liu Xie was born in 181 to Emperor Ling and his Consort Wang. During her pregnancy, Consort Wang, fearful of Emperor Ling's Empress He, had taken drugs that were intended to induce an abortion, but was not successful in her attempt. Soon after she gave birth to Liu Xie, the jealous Empress He poisoned her by putting poison in her food. Emperor Ling was enraged and wanted to depose her, but the eunuchs pleaded on her behalf, and she was not deposed. Liu Xie was raised personally by Emperor Ling's mother Empress Dowager Dong and known by the circumspect title \"Marquis Dong\". (This is due to superstition; Emperor Ling had lost a number of sons previously, and therefore both Liu Xie and his elder brother Liu Bian were known by such titles; Liu Bian, having been raised by Shi Zimiao (史子眇), was known as \"Marquis Shi\"). Liu Bian was born of the empress and was older, but Emperor Ling viewed his behaviour as being insufficiently solemn and therefore considered appointing Liu Xie as his crown prince, but hesitated and could not decide.\n", "When Emperor Ling died in 189, an influential eunuch official whom he trusted, Jian Shuo, wanted to first kill Empress He's brother, General-in-Chief He Jin, and then install Liu Xie on the throne, and therefore set up a trap at a meeting he was to have with He Jin. He Jin found out, and preemptively declared Liu Bian the new emperor. Later that year, Emperor Shao granted Liu Xie the title \"Prince of Bohai\" (渤海王) and later changed his title to \"Prince of Chenliu\" (陳留王).\n", "Section::::Accession to the throne and collapse of the Han dynasty.\n", "Section::::Accession to the throne and collapse of the Han dynasty.:Rise of Dong Zhuo.\n", "After Liu Bian became emperor, He Jin became the most powerful official in the imperial court, and he and his advisor Yuan Shao quickly entered into a conspiracy to exterminate the eunuchs. They were, however, rebuffed by Empress Dowager He, and they hatched the plan to secretly order a number of warlords to advance on the capital Luoyang to force Empress Dowager He to agree to their demands. One of these warlords was Dong Zhuo, who saw this as an opportunity to control the central government.\n", "He Jin's plan was discovered by the eunuchs, who laid a trap for him and killed him. Yuan Shao then led his forces into the palace and killed the majority of the eunuchs. The remaining eunuchs initially took the young emperor and Liu Xie hostage, but were eventually forced to commit suicide when the battle turned against them. When Dong Zhuo then arrived on scene, he, impressed with his own power and unimpressed with the nervous Emperor Shao, forced the young emperor to yield the throne to Liu Xie (partly because he was raised by Empress Dowager Dong who, while not related to Dong Zhuo, was therefore respected by Dong Zhuo), who then ascended the throne as Emperor Xian. Dong Zhuo then murdered Empress Dowager He and the former Emperor Shao, and became firmly in control of the political scene.\n", "Section::::Accession to the throne and collapse of the Han dynasty.:Forced relocation west and the death of Dong Zhuo.\n", "In the spring of 190, a number of local officials, loosely forming a coalition led by Yuan Shao, quickly rose up against Dong Zhuo. Even though they still feared Dong Zhuo's military power and did not directly advance on Luoyang, Dong Zhuo was also fearful of their collective strength, and therefore determined to move the capital west to the old Han capital Chang'an, closer to his power base in Liang Province (涼州; covering present-day Gansu). On 9 April 190, he forced Emperor Xian to relocate to Chang'an and set fire to Luoyang, leaving it largely in ruins.\n", "After the revolting coalition collapsed, a number of officials, led by Wang Yun and Lü Bu, assassinated Dong on 22 May 192. For a while, it appeared that the Han regime might return to normal, as Wang Yun quickly established relatively friendly relations with the local officials resisting Dong but by this time acting more as local warlords. However, due to Wang Yun's failure to pacify Dong Zhuo's former subordinates, they rose in revolt and killed Wang.\n", "Section::::Accession to the throne and collapse of the Han dynasty.:Return to Luoyang's ruins.\n", "Dong Zhuo's former subordinates, led by Li Jue and Guo Si, took Emperor Xian and the imperial court under their control. However, Li Jue and Guo Si did not have serious ambitions, and their incompetence in governance furthered the breakdown of the Han Empire into warlord regimes. In 195, Li Jue and Guo Si had a major fallout, and Li took Emperor Xian hostage while Guo took the officials hostage as they battled. Later in the year, after peace talks between Li Jue and Guo Si, they agreed to allow Emperor Xian to return to Luoyang, but as soon as Emperor Xian departed Chang'an, they regretted their decision and chased him with their troops. While they were never able to capture him, Emperor Xian's court was rendered poor and unable to fend for itself, and once it returned to Luoyang, it lacked even the basic essentials of life. Many officials starved to death. At this time, Yuan Shao's strategist Ju Shou suggested that he welcome Emperor Xian to his base in Ji Province so that he could effectively be in control of the central government, but the other strategists Guo Tu and Chunyu Qiong opposed — under the faulty logic that if he did, he would have to yield to Emperor Xian on key decisions. Yuan Shao listened to Guo Tu and Chunyu Qiong and never again considered welcoming Emperor Xian.\n", "Section::::Accession to the throne and collapse of the Han dynasty.:Tight control by Cao Cao.\n", "What Yuan Shao would not do, Cao Cao did. Cao Cao was at this time a relatively minor warlord, as the governor of Yan Province (covering present-day western Shandong and eastern Henan), with his headquarters at Xu (present-day Xuchang, Henan). He saw the strategic advantage in having the emperor under his control and protection, and in 196 he marched west to Luoyang and, after securing an agreement with Emperor Xian's generals Dong Cheng and Yang Feng, convincing them of his loyalty, he entered Luoyang and technically shared power with Dong and Yang, but was in fact in command.\n", "Unlike the situation with Dong Zhuo, though, Cao Cao knew how to assuage the other generals and nobles, and while he gave them little power, he made sure that they remained honoured, so minimal opposition against him developed at the imperial court. He then moved the capital to Xu to affirm his control over the central government, and when Yang Feng opposed him, he defeated Yang and was able to move the capital.\n", "Cao Cao then began to issue imperial edicts in Emperor Xian's name — including a harshly-worded edict condemning Yuan Shao for taking over nearby provinces — even though it still bestowed Yuan with the highly honorific post of Grand Commandant. Cao Cao and Emperor Xian maintained a superficially cordial relationship, but this did not prevent two major confrontations involving Cao and other court officials.\n", "In early 199, as Cao Cao was facing a major military confrontation against Yuan Shao, Dong Cheng claimed to have received a secret edict issued by Emperor Xian (hidden in a belt), and he entered into a conspiracy with Liu Bei, Zhong Ji (种輯) and Wang Fu (王服) to assassinate Cao Cao. Late in 199, Liu Bei started a rebellion and waited for Dong Cheng to act in the capital, but in 200, Dong's conspiracy was discovered, and he, along with Zhong Ji and Wang Fu, were killed. Liu Bei was later defeated by Cao Cao and forced to flee to Yuan Shao's territory. Dong Cheng's daughter, an imperial consort, was pregnant, and Emperor Xian personally tried to intercede for her, but Cao Cao had her executed anyway.\n", "Emperor Xian's empress, Fu Shou, angry and fearful about how Consort Dong died, wrote her father, Fu Wan (伏完), a letter accusing Cao Cao of cruelty, and implicitly asking her father to start a new conspiracy against Cao. Fu Wan was fearful of Cao Cao and never acted on the letter, in 214, her letter was discovered. Cao Cao was extremely angry and forced Emperor Xian to have Empress Fu deposed. Emperor Xian was hesitant, and Cao Cao sent his soldiers into the palace to put pressure on the emperor. Empress Fu hid inside the walls, but was finally discovered and dragged out. As she was led away, she cried out to Emperor Xian for him to save her life, but his only response was that he could not even know what would happen to him. She was killed, along with her two sons and family. Cao Cao soon forced Emperor Xian to instate his daughter Cao Jie, then an imperial consort, as the new empress.\n", "Section::::Abdication and death.\n", "Cao Cao died on 15 March 220. His son and successor, Cao Pi, soon forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in favour of himself, ending the Han dynasty. Cao Pi established a new state known as Cao Wei (sometimes known inaccurately as the Kingdom of Wei), and he granted Emperor Xian a noble title – Duke of Shanyang (山陽公). The former Emperor Xian died in 234 and was buried with honours befitting an emperor, using Han ceremonies, and the then emperor of Wei, Cao Rui, was one of the mourners. As Emperor Xian's crown prince was already dead, his grandson Liu Kang (劉康) inherited his dukedom, which lasted for 75 more years and two more dukes, Liu Jin (劉瑾) and Liu Qiu (劉秋), until the line was exterminated by invading Xiongnu tribes in about 309, during the Jin dynasty. This practice of an emperor conferring hereditary nobility on his predecessor, from whom he usurped the throne, was known as \"er wang san ke\" (二王三恪).\n", "Section::::Era names.\n", "BULLET::::- 189: \"Yonghan\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- 190–193: \"Chuping\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- 194–195: \"Xingping\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- 196–220: \"Jian'an\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- 220: \"Yankang\" ()\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "BULLET::::- Parents:\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Hong, Emperor Xiaoling (; 156–189)\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Linghuai, of the Wang clan (; d. 181), personal name Rong ()\n", "BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:\n", "BULLET::::- Empress, of the Fu clan (; d. 214), personal name Shou ()\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Feng, Prince Nanyang (; d. 200)\n", "BULLET::::- Two sons\n", "BULLET::::- Empress Xianmu, of the Cao clan (; 195–260), personal name Jie ()\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Changle (), personal name Man ()\n", "BULLET::::- Unknown\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Xi, Prince Jiyin ()\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Yi, Prince Shanyang ()\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Mao, Prince Jibei ()\n", "BULLET::::- Liu Dun, Prince Donghai ()\n", "BULLET::::- First daughter\n", "BULLET::::- Married Cao Pi (187–226)\n", "BULLET::::- Second daughter\n", "BULLET::::- Married Cao Pi (187–226)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Han dynasty, Xin dynasty and Shu Han\n", "BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). \"Records of the Three Kingdoms\" (\"Sanguozhi\").\n", "BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). \"Book of the Later Han\" (\"Houhanshu\").\n", "BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). \"Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms\" (\"Sanguozhi zhu\").\n", "BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). \"Zizhi Tongjian\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Min Di", "Xian Di", "Liu Xie", "Liu Xie(2)" ] }, "description": "last emperor of the Han Dynasty", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7316", "wikidata_label": "Emperor Xian of Han", "wikipedia_title": "Emperor Xian of Han" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carlos Mesa\n", "Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert (born August 12, 1953) is a Bolivian historian and presidential candidate for this upcoming 2019 election in Bolivia. He was vice president of Bolivia from August 2002 to October 2003 and then became president, holding office from October 17, 2003 until his resignation on March 9, 2005. Mesa previously had been a television journalist. His widespread recognition prompted the MNR candidate Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada to pick him as running mate in the 2002 Bolivian presidential elections. The winning ticket of Sánchez-Mesa took possession on August 6, 2002. As vice president, Mesa quickly was put into a difficult situation when a wave of protests and strikes shut down Bolivia in a bitter dispute known as the Bolivian Gas War. The demonstrations eventually forced Sánchez de Lozada to resign, leaving Mesa as president.\n", "Mesa is currently a Bolivian spokesman in the Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean case in the International Court of Justice. He is also a member of Washington D.C.-based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue.\n", "Mesa, a vocal critic of Evo Morales' presidency, announced his candidacy for Bolivia's 2019 presidential elections as part of the Revolutionary Leftist Front (FRI) party on October 6, 2018 (with Gustavo Pedraza as his running mate).\n", "Section::::Presidency (2003-2005).\n", "Eight months after assuming office, Mesa found himself, like President Sanchez de Lozada, under the same extreme internal and external political pressures over the use of Bolivia's 1.5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves, estimated to be worth billions of dollars (USD).\n", "After a resurgence of Gas protests in 2005 on March 6, 2005, after weeks of new street protests from organizations accusing Mesa of bowing to U.S. corporate interests, Mesa offered his resignation to congress. The congress rejected the presidential resignation. On June 6, 2005, the president offered his final resignation, which was unanimously accepted by the congress. In June 9, 2005, the congress swore in Eduardo Rodríguez, the chief justice of the Supreme Court, as interim president. \n", "As vice president, Carlos Mesa also was the leader of the Bolivian congress.\n", "Before politics, Mesa was a historian and journalist in radio, television and newspapers. He is a member of the Bolivian History Academy, and co-wrote with his parents an exhaustive compendium of Bolivian history from the pre-Hispanic period to the close of the millennium.\n", "In September 2003, he addressed the UN General Assembly, where he warned:\n", "Democracy is in danger in Bolivia as the result of legitimate pressures from the poor. We cannot generate economic growth and well-being for a few and then expect that the large majorities that are excluded will watch silently and patiently. We poor countries demand that our products be admitted into the markets of rich countries in adequate conditions. \n", "As the gas conflict escalated, Mesa ended discontent with the government's heavy-handed repression of the protests, which would leave over 60 people dead during September and October 2003. He did not resign, but he did withdraw his support for Sánchez de Lozada five days before the latter's resignation, saying: \"I cannot continue to support the situation we are living through.\" It also placed him at the center of extreme political pressures from both internal Bolivian and external foreign interests regarding the use of Bolivia's rates and the property of the gas reserves for the Bolivian state. In addition, in January 2004, he announced that his government would hold a series of rallies around the country and at its embassies abroad, demanding that Chile return to Bolivia a stretch of seacoast that the country lost in 1879 after the end of the War of the Pacific. Chile has traditionally refused to negotiate on the issue, but Mesa nonetheless made this policy a central point of his administration seeking the popular support he lacked.\n", "Following protests, he tendered his resignation to congress on March 6, 2005; however, the legislators voted almost unanimously the next day to reject his offer. Still, domestic tensions between the poor and rural eastern highlands and the wealthier cities and oil-rich south continued to rise. Weeks of escalating street demonstrations and widening disorder reached a peak in June 2005 as tens of thousands of protesters marched into La Paz. Aware of his growing inability to control or influence events without resorting to violence, Mesa tendered his resignation to congress. This time, congress unanimously accepted his offer. The presidents of the two national legislative chambers at that point abdicated their constitutional powers in favor of Eduardo Rodríguez, the chief justice of the Supreme Court and new president of Bolivia. He was charged with the duty of swiftly organizing national elections, which led to the massive victory of MAS candidate Evo Morales in December 2005. Later, Evo Morales's government accused Carlos Mesa for economic damages to the country interests.\n", "Section::::Presidency (2003-2005).:Bolivian spokesman before the ICJ.\n", "Leaving behind previous animosity, Morales agreed with Mesa that the latter would be the Bolivian spokesman in the ongoing case against Chile presented to the International Court of Justice.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cine boliviano, del realizador al crítico\" (co-author, 1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"El cine boliviano según Luis Espinal\" (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manual de historia de Bolivia\" (co-author, 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La aventura del cine boliviano 1952-1985\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Un debate entre gitanos\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"De cerca, una década de conversaciones en democracia\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La epopeya del fútbol boliviano\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Territorios de libertad\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Historia de Bolivia\" (co-author, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"El vano de la vida incansable\" (co-author, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La espada en la palabra\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Vicepresidente ¿la sombra del poder?\" (co-author, 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Presidencia sitiada: memorias de mi gobierno\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Un gobierno de ciudadanos\" (editor, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Many documentaries made for television, including the series \"Bolivia Siglo XX\", a contemporary history of Bolivia consisting of 36 documentaries, each about an hour long, made in conjunction with Mario Espinoza and produced by Ximena Valdivia.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official web site of the president of Bolivia\n", "BULLET::::- Bolivian president plans resignation, CNN, 6 June 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Spectre of Civil War for Bolivia – Financial Times\n", "BULLET::::- Bolivia on a Tight Rope – DissidentVoice.org (background information)\n", "BULLET::::- The Carlos Mesa's referendum, 2004 (video, Spanish)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of presidents of Bolivia\n", "BULLET::::- History of Bolivia\n", "BULLET::::- Politics of Bolivia\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert", "Carlos Mesa Gisbert" ] }, "description": "Bolivian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q312668", "wikidata_label": "Carlos Mesa", "wikipedia_title": "Carlos Mesa" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Zhang Liang (Western Han)\n", "Zhang Liang ( 3rd century BC – 186 BC), courtesy name Zifang, was a strategist and statesman who lived in the early Western Han dynasty. He is also known as one of the \"Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty\" (漢初三傑), along with Han Xin(韓信) and Xiao He. Zhang Liang contributed greatly to the establishment of the Han dynasty. After his death, he was honoured with the posthumous title \"Marquis Wencheng\" by Emperor Qianshao.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Zhang Liang was born in Xinzheng (新鄭; present-day Zhengzhou, Henan), the capital of the Hán state(韓國), while his ancestral home was in Chengfu (城父; present-day Chengfu Town, Bozhou, Anhui). He descended from an aristocrat family in Hán. His grandfather served three generations of the Hán rulers as chancellors while his father served two generations. Zhang Liang missed the opportunity to inherit his family's legacy as the Hán state was annexed by the Qin state in 230 BC as part of Qin's wars of unification.\n", "Section::::Becoming a Fugitive.\n", "Section::::Becoming a Fugitive.:Assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang.\n", "To avenge the fall of his native state, Zhang Liang dedicated his efforts to hiring assassins to kill the Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang. He spent his entire family fortune and failed to give his deceased younger brother a proper funeral. He managed to find a man with great physical strength to help him, and had an iron hammer weighing 120 ancient catties (roughly 160 lbs. or 72 kg) forged for the strongman. In 218 BC, Zhang Liang heard that Qin Shi Huang was going to Yangwu County (east of present-day Yuanyang County, Henan) as part of his inspection tour, and was due to pass by Bolangsha during the journey.\n", "Zhang Liang and the strongman lay in ambush at Bolangsha and waited for the emperor's convoy to approach. They saw that all the carriages that passed by were pulled by four horses and believed that the most decorated one in the middle was the emperor's carriage. The strongman hurled the hammer towards it and the heavy projectile crushed the carriage, killing its occupant. Zhang Liang fled from the scene during the ensuing chaos. Qin Shi Huang was actually not in that carriage and survived the assassination attempt, after which he ordered the arrest of Zhang Liang. Zhang Liang eluded the dragnet for ten days by using fake identities and becoming a fugitive.\n", "Section::::Becoming a Fugitive.:Meeting Huang Shigong.\n", "As a wanted man by the government, Zhang Liang travelled to Xiapi and stayed there for some time, using fake identities to evade the authorities. One day, Zhang Liang took a stroll at Yishui Bridge and met an old man there. The man walked towards Zhang Liang and chucked his shoe down the bridge on purpose, after which he yelled at Zhang, \"Hey boy, go down and fetch me my shoe!\" Zhang Liang was astonished and unhappy but obeyed silently. The old man then lifted his foot and ordered Zhang Liang to put on the shoe for him. Zhang Liang was furious but he controlled his temper and meekly obliged. The man did not show any sign of gratitude and walked away laughing.\n", "The old man came back after walking a distance and praised Zhang Liang, \"This child can be taught!\" and asked Zhang Liang to meet him at the bridge again at dawn five days later. Zhang Liang was confused but agreed. Five days later, Zhang Liang rushed to the bridge at the stroke of dawn but the old man was already waiting for him there. The old man chided him, \"How can you be late for a meeting with an elderly man? Come back again five days later!\" Zhang Liang tried his best to be punctual the second time but the old man still arrived earlier than him, and he was scorned by the old man once more and told to return again five days later. The third time, Zhang Liang went to the bridge at midnight and waited until the old man appeared. This time, the old man was impressed with Zhang Liang's fortitude and humility, that he presented Zhang with a book, saying, \"You can become the tutor of a ruler after reading this book. Within ten years, the world will become chaotic. You can then use your knowledge from this book to bring peace and prosperity to the empire. Meet me again 13 years later. I'm the yellow rock at the foot of Mount Gucheng.\"\n", "The old man was Huang Shigong (黃石公; lit. \"Yellow Rock Old Man\") . The book was titled \"The Art of War by Taigong\" (太公兵法) and believed to be the \"Six Secret Teachings\" by Jiang Ziya, while some called it \"Three Strategies of Huang Shigong\". In legend, Zhang Liang returned to the indicated site 13 years later and did see a yellow rock there. He built a shrine to worship the rock and the rock was buried with him after his death.\n", "Section::::Rebelling against the Qin dynasty.\n", "In 209 BC, during the reign of Qin Er Shi, several uprisings erupted throughout China to overthrow the Qin dynasty. Many of these rebel forces claimed to be restoring the former states that were annexed by Qin two decades ago. Zhang Liang rallied about 100 men to start a rebellion as well, but his force was too weak, so he led his followers to join Jing Ju, a pretender to the throne of the former Chu state. He met Liu Bang during his journey and was impressed with Liu's charisma that he changed his decision and joined Liu instead. Zhang Liang became a temporary advisor to Liu Bang and followed Liu to join Xiang Liang's rebel force.\n", "The following year, Xiang Liang installed Mi Xin as King Huai II of Chu after eliminating Jing Ju. Zhang Liang's main goal was to reestablish his native state of Hán, so he managed to persuade Xiang Liang to do the same for the Hán state. Han Cheng, a descendant of the royal family of Hán, was enthroned as King of Hán, while Zhang Liang was appointed as the Hán's chancellor. Han Cheng's armies attempted to capture Qin cities that were formerly Hán territories but did not achieve much success and engaged in guerrilla warfare for about a year. Later that year, Xiang Liang was killed in action at the Battle of Dingtao and King Huai II put Xiang Yu (Xiang Liang's nephew) and Liu Bang each in charge of an army to attack Qin, promising that whoever entered Guanzhong (heartland of Qin) first would be conferred the title of \"King of Guanzhong\".\n", "In 207 BC, the combined forces of Liu Bang and Han Cheng conquered Yangzhai (present-day Yuzhou City, Henan), the former capital of the Hán state. Han Cheng stayed behind to defend Yangzhai, while Zhang Liang served as a temporary advisor to Liu Bang. Zhang Liang contributed to Liu Bang's eventual victory in the race to Guanzhong for the strategies he proposed. For example, at the battle of Yao Pass, Zhang Liang suggested tricking the Qin commander into surrendering by bribing him with gifts. Liu Bang wanted to accept the surrendered Qin troops into his army but Zhang Liang cautioned him, saying that some of the troops were unwilling to surrender even though their commander agreed. That night, Liu Bang's forces caught the Qin army off guard and scored a major victory. In another incident, Zhang Liang warned Liu Bang against making a detour at Wancheng, because they would be at risk of being surrounded by the enemy if Liu did so.\n", "Section::::Chu–Han Contention.\n", "Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Feast at Hong Gate.\n", "Upon entering the Epang Palace in Xianyang (the Qin capital), Liu Bang was strongly tempted by the riches it housed and wanted to stay there forever. Zhang Liang reminded Liu Bang about overindulgence in sensual pleasures and Liu ordered his men to seal the treasures and move to Bashang to wait for Xiang Yu and the other rebel forces to arrive. During this period of time, Liu Bang heeded Zhang Liang's advice and governed Guanzhong with benevolence, restoring peace and stability, and forbidding his men from pillaging the cities and harming the common people.\n", "In 206 BC, Xiang Yu's army arrived at Hangu Pass (eastern gateway to Guanzhong) and Liu ordered his men to prevent Xiang's forces from entering Guanzhong. Xiang Yu was furious when he learnt that Liu Bang had beat him in the race to Guanzhong, and he wanted to kill Liu after being instigated by Fan Zeng and a defector from Liu's side, Cao Wushang. Xiang Yu's uncle, Xiang Bo, was an old friend of Zhang Liang and he secretly warned Zhang that Xiang Yu was planning to attack Liu Bang. Liu Bang was shocked and fearful when he heard that, as his forces were too weak to counter Xiang Yu. Zhang Liang advised Liu Bang to attend the Feast at Hong Gate hosted by Xiang Yu, to put Xiang off guard and dismiss Xiang's suspicions that Liu was intending to oppose him. With help from Xiang Bo, Liu Bang managed to survive the dangerous banquet and Xiang Yu dismissed the idea of killing Liu. However, Fan Zeng was dissatisfied and he asked Xiang Yu's cousin Xiang Zhuang to pretend to perform a sword dance and use the opportunity to kill Liu Bang. Xiang Bo intervened again and saved Liu Bang's life.\n", "Meanwhile, Zhang Liang left the tent to find Fan Kuai to save Liu Bang. Following Zhang Liang's instructions, Fan Kuai burst in and openly chided Xiang Yu, making a speech about Liu Bang's accomplishments and affirming that Liu had no intention of opposing Xiang Yu. Liu Bang left the banquet later on the pretext of going to the latrine and was received by Xiahou Ying, who had been waiting nearby on Zhang Liang's instruction. Zhang Liang remained behind to hold Xiang Yu's attention while Liu Bang escaped. Before leaving, Zhang Liang presented Xiang Yu and Fan Zeng with a pair of jade pieces.\n", "Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Eighteen Kingdoms.\n", "Xiang Yu split the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms later, granting the land of Guanzhong to three surrendered Qin generals, even though Guanzhong was rightfully Liu Bang's, according to King Huai II's earlier promise. Liu Bang was relocated to the remote Bashu region (in present-day Sichuan) instead and granted the title of \"King of Han\". Han Cheng retained his rulership as King of Hán and Zhang Liang was moved from Liu Bang's side back to Hán to continue serving as chancellor. Before parting ways, Liu Bang presented Zhang Liang with some gold and pearls, all of which Zhang gave to Xiang Bo. Zhang Liang also urged Liu Bang to destroy the gallery roads leading to Bashu during the journey to Hanzhong, in order to reduce Xiang Yu's suspicions that Liu was planning to return and challenge him.\n", "Although Han Cheng was the king of Hán, Xiang Yu did not permit him to govern his kingdom and forced him to accompany him back to his Western Chu's capital of Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Han Cheng was demoted to \"Marquis of Rang\" later and killed on Xiang Yu's orders. Xiang Yu seized Han Cheng's kingdom and made his subordinate Zheng Chang the new King of Hán. Zhang Liang was still the chancellor of Hán under the new arrangement but he was aware of his precarious position, and cognisant of how Xiang Yu had destroyed his hope of restoring the Hán state. Zhang Liang fled from Hán later and returned to join Liu Bang in the winter of 206 BC. Liu Bang conferred on Zhang Liang the title of \"Marquis of Chengxin\" and Zhang became a permanent advisor to Liu from that time.\n", "Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Conquest of the Three Qin and Battle of Pengcheng.\n", "Starting in 206 BC, after Liu Bang's forces conquered the Three Qins, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu engaged in a four-year-long power struggle for supremacy over China, historically known as the Chu–Han Contention. In 205 BC, Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at the Battle of Pengcheng and he retreated to Xiayi. Zhang Liang proposed a strategy to Liu Bang to counter Xiang Yu, known as the \"Xiayi Plan\" (下邑之謀). Liu Bang followed Zhang Liang's advice: he sent Xiao He to persuade Ying Bu to join him; contacted Peng Yue and allied with him; and allowed Han Xin to lead part of his army to attack other territories on the northern front.\n", "In 204 BC, Liu Bang was trapped by Xiang Yu in Xingyang and both sides reached a stalemate. Li Yiji suggested to Liu Bang to recreate the former states of the Warring States period and install the descendants of their royal families on their respective thrones. This plan was intended to help Liu Bang gain the support of the vassal states' rulers, who would help him in the war against Xiang Yu. However, Zhang Liang disapproved of the plan as he felt that the states were more likely to support Western Chu instead as Chu was superior to Han in terms of military might. Liu Bang realised the problem and immediately dismissed Li Yiji's plan.\n", "In 203 BC, after his victory at the Battle of Wei River, Han Xin conquered the Qi kingdom and sent a messenger to Liu Bang, requesting that Liu appoint him as the acting King of Qi. Liu was still trapped at Xingyang then and he was furious after hearing the request because he was expecting Han Xin to come to his aid. Zhang Liang reminded Liu Bang that if he refused to approve Han Xin's request, Han might be discontented and declare independence from Liu, putting them in a dangerous situation. Liu Bang reluctantly agreed and sent Zhang Liang to pass the king's seal to Han Xin. Zhang Liang met Han Xin and succeeded in reaffirming Han's loyalty to Liu Bang.\n", "Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Battle of Gaixia.\n", "By late 203 BC, Zhang Liang saw that the tide had turned in favour of Liu Bang, as Xiang Yu had been surrounded on three sides. Together with Chen Ping, Zhang Liang suggested to Liu Bang to renounce the Treaty of Hong Canal and use the opportunity to eliminate Western Chu. However, at the Battle of Guling, Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu because the expected reinforcements from Han Xin and Peng Yue did not arrive. Zhang Liang explained to Liu Bang that Han Xin and Peng Yue did not mobilise their troops because they did not have their fiefs yet, even though they had received their titles of vassal kings. Liu Bang followed Zhang Liang's advice and granted lands to Han Xin and Peng Yue. Two months later, as Zhang Liang predicted, Han Xin and Peng Yue arrived with their armies and formed a coordinated attack on Western Chu together with Liu Bang's force, defeating Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia in 202 BC.\n", "Section::::In service during the Han dynasty.\n", "In 202 BC, after his victory over Xiang Yu, Liu Bang ascended the throne and became historically known as \"Emperor Gaozu of Han\". Following the establishment of the Han dynasty, Zhang Liang remained as a key advisor to Gaozu even though he did not receive any formal appointment as a government minister. Together with Lou Jing, Zhang Liang later suggested for Gaozu to build his capital in Chang'an instead of Luoyang, as Chang'an was in a more strategic position than Luoyang (fertile land and surrounded by natural defences such as mountain passes). Once, Gaozu noticed that some of his subjects were having a secret discussion and he asked for Zhang Liang's opinion. Zhang Liang told Gaozu that they were plotting a rebellion and Gaozu was shocked. Zhang Liang proceeded to ask Gaozu whom of all his subjects he hated the most. Gaozu mentioned Yong Chi, who had rebelled against him before but surrendered later. Zhang Liang then suggested to Gaozu to grant Yong Chi a noble title, because if the others saw that Gaozu was able to forgive Yong Chi, they would be at ease and would not think of rebelling.\n", "Subsequently, Zhang Liang retired from state affairs and practised Taoism. In late 201 BC, Gaozu rewarded his subjects who contributed to the dynasty's founding and he conferred the title of \"Marquis of Liu\" on Zhang Liang. In 196 BC, Gaozu left to suppress a rebellion by Ying Bu, and requested Zhang Liang to come out of retirement to assist the crown prince, Liu Ying, in governing the home territories. After returning from the campaign, Gaozu wanted to replace Liu Ying with Liu Ruyi, the Prince of Zhao. Zhang Liang opposed Gaozu's decision but Gaozu ignored him so Zhang feigned illness and retired again. When approached by Empress Lü Zhi to help Liu Ying retain his position, Zhang Liang recommended the \"Four Haos of Mount Shang\" (商山四皓) to help Liu Ying, and the four men succeeded in convincing Gaozu to keep Liu Ying as the crown prince. Zhang Liang remained in retirement until his death in 186 BC.\n", "Section::::Death and burial place.\n", "Little is known about Zhang Liang's later life, hence his final resting place has been a mystery throughout history.\n", "A Zhang Liang Tomb stands at 6 km southwest of present-day Lankao County, Henan. According to legend, during the Lü Clan Disturbance, Zhang Liang moved to Mount Baiyun at the southwest of Donghun County (present-day Lankao County, Henan), and was buried there after his death. A Zhang Liang Temple used to stand beside the tomb, but it was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.\n", "Another Zhang Liang Tomb stands at south of Weishan County, Shandong. The stone tablet in front of the grave bearing Zhang Liang's name was erected in 1737 during the Qing dynasty. A Zhang Liang Shrine also used to stand east of the tomb, but it was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.\n", "However, some believed that Zhang Liang's tomb was in present-day Pei County, Xuzhou. According to the 7th-century gazetteer \"Kuodi Zhi\", Zhang Liang's tomb was 65 \"li\" east of Pei County, near Liucheng, where a Zhang Liang Temple was also located.\n", "According to \"Xianshizhi\" (仙釋志) and \"Lingmuzhi\" (陵墓志), Zhang Liang's tomb was at Mount Qingyan in Hunan.\n", "Section::::Modern references.\n", "An article in \"Xianzhuan Shiyi\" (仙傳拾遺) tells the story of how Zhang Liang became an immortal. Zhang Liang practised some of the book's teachings and attained some magical powers. Zhang Liang was buried at Dragon Head Plains (龍首原) after his death. In legend, Zhang Liang's tomb was raided when the Red Brows Army revolted, and the robbers saw a yellow stone pillow inside his tomb. The pillow transformed swiftly and flew away like a shooting star, and nothing else was found in the tomb, not even Zhang Liang's body. Zhang Liang became an immortal and served Laozi as an assistant. Zhang Liang's grandson, Zhang Daoling, became an immortal, too, and he went with his grandfather to meet the Queen Mother of the West on Mount Kunlun.\n", "Zhang Liang's encounter with Huang Shigong had also become one of the classic Chinese folk tales about humility for later generations to learn from.\n", "Zhang Liang is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI\" by Koei. He has higher intelligence stats than all these characters, except for Jiang Ziya. Zhang Liang is also a playable character of the \"Wizard\" class in the action RPG \"Prince of Qin\".\n", "He also appears as a character in the animation series \"The Legend of Qin\".\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Sima Qian. \"Records of the Grand Historian\", Volume 55.\n", "BULLET::::- Ban Gu et al. \"Book of Han\", Volume 40.\n", "BULLET::::- Sima Guang. \"Zizhi Tongjian\", volumes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Chinese statesman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q701326", "wikidata_label": "Zhang Liang", "wikipedia_title": "Zhang Liang (Western Han)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bruce Greenwood\n", "Stuart Bruce Greenwood (born August 12, 1956) is a Canadian actor and producer. He is known for his role as the American president John F. Kennedy in \"Thirteen Days\" and as Captain Christopher Pike in J. J. Abrams's \"Star Trek\" reboot series. In television, Greenwood starred as Gil Garcetti in \"\", and has appeared in \"Mad Men\", \"St. Elsewhere\", \"Knots Landing\", and \"John from Cincinnati\". He currently stars as Dr. Randolph Bell in the medical drama \"The Resident\".\n", "He has appeared in supporting roles in such films as \"\", \"\", \"Hollywood Homicide\", \"Double Jeopardy\", \"Déjà Vu\", \"I, Robot\", \"Dinner for Schmucks\", \"Capote\", \"The Post\" and as the motion-capture alien dubbed \"Cooper\" in \"Super 8\". Greenwood is also a voice actor; his voice roles include Chiron in the Canadian animated series \"Class of the Titans\" and Bruce Wayne / Batman in \"\", \"Young Justice\" and \"\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Greenwood is known in the United States for his appearances in \"Star Trek\"; \"I, Robot\"; \"Double Jeopardy\"; \"The Core\"; \"Thirteen Days\", (in which he played president John F. Kennedy); \"Capote\", (in which he played Jack Dunphy, Truman Capote's lover); \"Eight Below\", (in which he played Professor Davis McClaren); and \"Firehouse Dog\". He is also known for his role in the video game \"\" as the voice of Overlord.\n", "He had prominent roles in the award-winning Atom Egoyan films \"Exotica\", \"The Sweet Hereafter\", and \"Ararat\". He appeared in the 1980s teen cult film \"The Malibu Bikini Shop\" and starred in \"\". He played a role in \"The World's Fastest Indian\" and also featured in the Bob Dylan biographical film \"I'm Not There\". He appeared in \"Dinner for Schmucks\" as the cruel executive who hosts a dinner for \"idiots\".\n", "On television, Greenwood had roles on \"St. Elsewhere\" (Dr. Seth Griffin, 1986–88), \"Knots Landing\" (Pierce Lawton, 1991–92), and a starring role in the UPN series \"Nowhere Man\" (Thomas Veil, 1995–96). He also guest starred on the popular Canadian show \"Road to Avonlea\" for one episode. He won a Gemini Award for this role as \"Best Guest Performance in a Series by an Actor\".\n", "On June 10, 2007, HBO's \"John from Cincinnati\" premiered, starring Greenwood. Greenwood also appears as the President of the United States in \"\". He played the Beach Boys drummer, Dennis Wilson, in \"Summer Dreams: Story of the Beach Boys\". In 2009, he worked with Australian director Bruce Beresford, playing the part of Ben Stevenson (artistic director of Houston Ballet), in the critically acclaimed film \"Mao's Last Dancer\". Greenwood voiced Bruce Wayne / Batman in the animated film \"\" and in \"Young Justice\".\n", "Greenwood played the lead role in the horror thriller \"Cell 213\". He is the lead for the Steven Spielberg produced 2012 ABC series \"The River\" and reprised his role as Admiral Christopher Pike for J. J. Abrams' \"Star Trek Into Darkness\".\n", "In 2015, Greenwood had a recurring role in the last season of \"Mad Men\" as Richard Burghoff, a romantic interest for Joan Harris (Christina Hendricks).\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Stuart Bruce Greenwood was born in Noranda, Quebec, the son of Mary Sylvia (née Ledingham), a nurse who worked in an extended care unit, and Hugh John Greenwood, a Vancouver-born geophysicist and professor who taught at Princeton University. He is married to Susan Devlin and lives in British Columbia.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mark Hatfield\n", "Mark Odom Hatfield (July 12, 1922 – August 7, 2011) was an American politician and educator from the state of Oregon. A Republican, he served for 30 years as a United States Senator from Oregon, and also as chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee. A native Oregonian, he served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater during World War II after graduating from Willamette University. After the war he earned a graduate degree from Stanford University before returning to Oregon and Willamette as a professor.\n", "While still teaching, Hatfield served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. He won election to the Oregon Secretary of State's office at the age of 34 and two years later was elected as the 29th Governor of Oregon. He was the youngest person to ever serve in either of those offices, and served two terms as governor before election to the United States Senate. In the Senate he served for 30 years, and now holds the record for longest tenure of any Senator from Oregon. At the time of his retirement, he was 7th most senior Senator as well as second most senior Republican. In 1968, he was considered a candidate to be Richard Nixon's running mate for the Republican Party presidential ticket.\n", "Hatfield served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations on two different occasions. With this role, he was able to direct funding to Oregon and research-related projects. Several Oregon institutions, buildings and facilities are named in his honor, including the Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse in Portland, the Mark O. Hatfield Library at Willamette University (his alma mater), the Hatfield Government Center light-rail station in Hillsboro, the Mark O. Hatfield School of Government in the College of Urban and Public Affairs at Portland State University, and the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport. Outside of Oregon, a research center at the National Institutes of Health is also named in his honor for his support of medical research while in the Senate. Hatfield died in Portland on August 7, 2011, after a long illness.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hatfield was born in Dallas, Oregon, on July 12, 1922, the only son of Dovie E. (Odom) Hatfield, a schoolteacher, and Charles Dolen Hatfield, a blacksmith for the Southern Pacific Railroad. Hatfield's father was from California and his mother from Tennessee. When he was five years old, his maternal grandmother took over the household while his mother, Dovie attended Oregon State College (now Oregon State University) and graduated with a teaching degree after four years. Dovie taught school in Dallas for two years before the family moved to Salem, where she taught junior high school.\n", "Encouraged by his mother, Hatfield's first experience with politics came at the age of 10, when he campaigned in his neighborhood for President Herbert Hoover's 1932 re-election campaign. In the late 1930s Hatfield worked as a tour guide at the new Oregon State Capitol Building in Salem, using his key to enter the governor's office, where he sat in the governor's chair.\n", "On June 10, 1940, the 17-year-old Hatfield, driving his mother's car, struck and killed a pedestrian, Alice Marie Lane, as she crossed the street. Hatfield was not held criminally liable for the crash, but was found civilly liable to the family. The case made its way to the Oregon Supreme Court in 1943, with the court affirming the trial court's decision.\n", "Hatfield graduated from Salem High School (now North Salem High School) in 1940 and then enrolled at Willamette University, also in Salem. While attending Willamette, Hatfield became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega and Kappa Gamma Rho, which he later helped become a chapter of Beta Theta Pi. (In 1964, Hatfield was elected to the National position of Third Vice President of Alpha Phi Omega). In college he also worked part-time for then Oregon Secretary of State Earl Snell, where he learned how to build a political base by sending out messages to potential voters after reading about life changes posted in newspapers, such as deaths and graduations. He also sketched out a political career path beginning with the state legislature and culminating in a spot in the United States Senate, with a blank for any position beyond the Senate. Hatfield graduated from Willamette in 1943 with a Bachelor of Arts degree after three years at the school. While at the school he lost his only election, for student body president.\n", "Hatfield joined the U.S. Navy after graduation, taking part in the World War II battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa as a landing craft officer where he witnessed the carnage of the war. A lieutenant, he also witnessed the effects of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, as one of the first Americans to see the ruins of the city (later, as Senator, Hatfield opposed arms proliferation and the Vietnam War). After Japan, he served in French Indochina, where he witnessed firsthand the wealth divide between the peasant Vietnamese and the colonial French bourgeoisie. After his discharge, he spent one year at Willamette's law school, but decided politics or teaching better suited him.\n", "Hatfield then enrolled at Stanford University, where he obtained a master's degree in political science in 1948. He returned to Salem and Willamette after Stanford and began working as an assistant professor in political science. During his tenure as professor, he built a political base by sending out messages and speaking at any public forum where he could get an invitation.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Mark Hatfield's career in public office spanned five decades as he held office in both the legislative and executive branches of Oregon's state government, including two terms as governor. On the national stage he became the longest serving U.S. Senator from Oregon and a candidate for the Republican Vice Presidential nomination in 1968. In the U.S. Senate he would twice serve as chairman of the Appropriations Committee, and twice be investigated for possible ethics violations.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Oregon.\n", "In 1950 while teaching political science and serving as dean of students at Willamette, Hatfield began his political career by winning election to the Oregon House of Representatives as a Republican. He defeated six others for the seat at a time when state assembly elections were still determined by county-wide votes. He served for two terms representing Marion County and Salem in the lower chamber of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. At the time he was the youngest legislator in Oregon and still lived at his parents' home. Hatfield would teach early-morning classes and then walk across the street to the Capitol to legislate.\n", "In 1952 he won re-election to his seat in the Oregon House. He also received national attention for his early support for coaxing Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for President of the United States as a Republican. This earned him a spot as a delegate at the Republican National Convention that year.\n", "While in college he saw firsthand the discrimination against African Americans in Salem when he was tasked by his fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega, after a dinner with driving their guest, black artist Paul Robeson back to Portland, as African Americans were prohibited from staying in hotels in Salem. In 1953, he introduced and passed legislation in the House that prohibited discrimination based on race in public accommodations before federal legislation and court decisions did so on a national level. In 1954, Hatfield ran and won a seat in the Oregon State Senate representing Marion County. While in the legislature, he continued to apply the grassroots strategy he learned from Earl Snell, but expanded it to cover the entire state to increase his political base.\n", "After serving in the state senate, he became the youngest secretary of state in Oregon history after winning election in 1956 at age 34. Hatfield defeated fellow state senator Monroe Sweetland for the office, receiving 51.3% of the vote in the November general election. He took office on January 7, 1957, and remained until he resigned on January 12, 1959.\n", "For his first run for Governor of Oregon in 1958, the Republican Party opposed his candidacy going into the primary election. The large political base he had cultivated allowed him to win the party's primary despite the party's opposition. In the primary he defeated Oregon State Treasurer Sig Unander for the Republican nomination. In July 1958, after the primary election, Hatfield married Antoinette Kuzmanich, a counselor at Portland State College (now Portland State University). The marriage during the campaign drew some attention as the Catholic Kuzmanich converted to Hatfield's Baptist religion. They had four children: Elizabeth, Mark Jr., Theresa and Charles (\"Visko\"). He continued his campaign for the governor's office after the wedding, but avoided most public appearances with fellow Republican candidates for office and did not mention them during his campaign, despite requests by other Republicans for joint appearances.\n", "In the November general election Hatfield faced Democratic incumbent Robert D. Holmes. In the final days of the campaign U.S. Senator Wayne Morse, a Democrat, implied Hatfield lied in his trial regarding the deadly car accident when he was 17. This tactic backfired as the press denounced the comments, as did Holmes and other Democrats. Hatfield defeated Holmes, winning 55.3% of the vote in the election. That same election saw the Democratic Party gain a majority in both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since 1878. Holmes' defeat was attributed in part to the image and charisma portrayed by Hatfield and in part due to the campaign issues such as the declining economy, increased taxation, capital punishment, labor, and education. After the election, Holmes attempted to appoint David O'Hara as Secretary of State to replace Hatfield, who would have to resign to become governor. Hatfield appointed Howell Appling, Jr. to the office, and O'Hara challenged the appointment in state court. The Oregon Supreme Court ruled in favor of Hatfield on the constitutional issue, with the appointment of Appling confirmed. He was the youngest governor in the history of Oregon at that point in time at the age of 36.\n", "In 1962 Hatfield had been considered a possible candidate to run against Morse for his Senate seat, but Hatfield instead ran for re-election. He faced Oregon Attorney General Robert Y. Thornton in the general election, winning with 345,497 votes to Thorton's 265,359. He became the state's first two-term governor in the 20th century when he was re-elected in 1962, and later became only the second governor up to that point in the state's history to serve two full-terms.\n", "Hatfield gave the keynote speech at the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco that nominated Barry Goldwater and served as temporary chairman of the party during the convention. He advocated a moderate approach for the party and opposed the extreme conservatism associated with Goldwater and his supporters. He also was the only governor to vote against a resolution by the National Governors' Conference supporting the Johnson Administration's policy on the Vietnam War, as Hatfield opposed the war, but pledged \"unqualified and complete support\" for the troops. He preferred the use of economic sanctions to end the war.\n", "Hatfield was a popular Governor who supported Oregon's traditional industries of timber and agriculture, but felt that in the postwar era expansion of industry and funding for transportation and education needed to be priorities. While governor he worked to begin the diversification of the state's economy, such as recruiting industrial development and holding trade missions. As part of the initiative, he helped to found the Oregon Graduate Center in what is now the Silicon Forest in Washington County in 1963. A graduate level school in the Portland area (Portland State was still a college with no graduate programs at this time) was seen by business leaders as essential to attracting new industries and by Tektronix as needed to retain highly skilled workers. In lieu of the standard portrait for former governors, Hatfield is represented by a marble bust at the Oregon State Capitol.\n", "Section::::Political career.:National.\n", "Limited to two terms as governor, Hatfield announced his candidacy in the 1966 U.S. Senate election for the seat vacated by the retiring Maurine Neuberger. During the Vietnam War, and during an election year, he was the only person to vote against a resolution by a governors' conference that expressed support for the U.S. involvement in the war in 1966. At that time the war was supported by 75 percent of the public, and was also supported by Hatfield's opponent in the November election. He won the primary election with 178,782 votes compared to a combined 56,760 votes for three opponents. Hatfield then defeated Democratic Congressman Robert Duncan in the election. In order to finish his term as governor, which ended on January 9, 1967, he delayed taking his oath of office in the Senate until January 10 instead of the usual January 3.\n", "Hatfield's re-election victory for governor in 1962 and successful Senate campaign in 1966 made him something of a national figure. In 1968, Hatfield was on Richard Nixon's short list for vice president, and received the strong backing of his friend, the Rev. Billy Graham. Hatfield was considered too liberal by many conservatives and Southern moderates, and Nixon chose the more centrist Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew. Hatfield would later find himself at odds with Nixon over Vietnam and other issues, including a threat by Hatfield to reduce funding for the White House's legal department in 1973 during the Watergate Scandal, after Nixon had failed to use funds appropriated for renovating dams on the Columbia River.\n", "As a senator Hatfield took positions that made him hard to classify politically. In the Summer of 1969, he had told Murray Rothbard that he had \"committed himself to the cause of libertarianism.\" Rothbard remarked concerning Hatfield, \"obviously his voting record is not particularly libertarian—it's very good on foreign policy and the draft, but it's not too great on other things\", adding that \"in the abstract, at least, he is very favorable to libertarianism.\" Hatfield was pro-life on the issues of abortion and the death penalty, though as governor he chose not to commute the sentence of a convicted murderer and allowed that execution to go forward. As a prominent evangelical Christian, he opposed government-sponsored school prayer and supported civil rights for minorities.\n", "In 1970, with Senator George McGovern (D-South Dakota), he co-sponsored the McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, which called for a complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. In 1973 he explained to the Eugene Register-Guard his \"Neighborhood Government Act\" which he repeatedly introduced in congress. It would have permitted Americans to divert their personal federal tax money from Washington to their local community. He explained that his long-term goal was to have all social services provided at the neighborhood level.\n", "In 1981, Hatfield served as the chairman of the Congressional Joint Committee on Presidential Inaugurations, overseeing the first inauguration of Ronald Reagan in January of that year.\n", "On December 2, 1981, Hatfield was one of four senators to vote against an amendment to President Reagan's MX missiles proposal that would divert the silo system by $334 million as well as earmark further research for other methods that would allow giant missiles to be based. The vote was seen as a rebuff of the Reagan administration.\n", "In the 1980s, Hatfield co-sponsored nuclear freeze legislation with Senator Edward M. Kennedy, as well as co-authoring a book on the topic. He also advocated for the closure of the N-Reactor at the Hanford Nuclear Site in the 1980s, though he was a supporter of nuclear fusion programs. The N-Reactor was used for producing weapons grade plutonium while producing electricity.\n", "Hatfield frequently broke with his party on issues of national defense and foreign policy in support for non-interventionism, such as military spending and the ban on travel to Cuba, while often siding with them on environmental and conservation issues. Senator Hatfield supported increased logging on federal lands. He was the lone Republican to vote against the 1981 fiscal year's appropriations bill for the Department of Defense. He was rated as the sixth most respected senator in a 1987 survey by fellow senators. In 1991, Hatfield voted against authorizing military action against Iraq in the Gulf War, one of only two members of his party to do so in the Senate.\n", "Section::::Political career.:National.:Scandal and rebukes.\n", "Hatfield was sometimes referred to as \"Saint Mark\". In 1984, columnist Jack Anderson revealed that Mrs. Hatfield, a realtor, had been paid $55,000 in fees by Greek arms dealer Basil Tsakos. Tsakos had been lobbying Hatfield, then Appropriations Chairman, for funding for a $6 billion trans-African pipeline. One year after his death, in 2011, it was revealed that the $55,000 Tsakos paid had actually been given to his wife Antoinette Hatfield to win the senator's support for construction of a trans-Africa oil pipeline. In 1984, the Hatfields apologized and donated the money to a Portland hospital.\n", "In 1991, it was also revealed that Hatfield had failed to report a number of expensive gifts from the president of the University of South Carolina, James B. Holderman. Again, he apologized. But the Senate's Ethics Committee rebuked Hatfield for the latter act.\n", "Hatfield received another rebuke from the Senate after the Ethics Committee investigated two gifts that he had received in the form of forgiven loans from a former congressman and a California businessman.\n", "His final re-election campaign came in 1990 against businessman Harry Lonsdale. Lonsdale aggressively went after Hatfield with television attack ads that attacked Hatfield as out of touch on issues such as abortion and timber management and accused the incumbent of being too closely allied with special interest groups in Washington. Lonsdale's tactics moved him even with, and then ahead of Hatfield in some polls. Hatfield, who had typically stayed above the fray of negative campaigning, was forced to respond in kind with attack ads of his own. He raised $1 million in a single month after trailing Lonsdale in the polls before the November election. He defeated the Democrat with 590,095 (53.7 percent) votes to 507,743 (46.2 percent) votes.\n", "In 1993, he became the longest-serving senator from Oregon, surpassing the record of 9,726 days in office previously held by Charles McNary. In 1995, Hatfield was the only Republican in the Senate to vote against the proposed balanced budget amendment, and was the deciding vote that prevented the passage of the bill. In 1996 the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, a group he served on previously, granted him their Distinguished Service Award.\n", "Hatfield retired in 1996, having never lost an election in 46 years and 11 campaigns as an elected official. During his tenure he gained billions of dollars in the form of federal appropriations for projects in Oregon. This included funding for transportation projects, environmental protection of wilderness areas and scenic rivers, research facilities, and health care facilities.\n", "Section::::Later years and legacy.\n", "After retiring from political office, he returned to Oregon and teaching, joining the faculty of George Fox University in Newberg, Oregon. In 2006, he was named the Herbert Hoover Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Politics at the school. Additionally, he taught at the Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University, which is named in his honor, and lectured at Willamette University and Lewis & Clark College while living in Portland.\n", "In July 1999, Hatfield and his wife were passengers on a tour bus when a car collided with the bus. They received only minor injuries, but the experience led them to advocate for seat belts to be required on buses.\n", "Numerous buildings, organizations, awards, and outdoor areas have been named in honor of Hatfield. These include:\n", "BULLET::::- The Mark O. Hatfield Library at Willamette University\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield Marine Science Center at Oregon State University\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University\n", "BULLET::::- The Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield Research Center at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)\n", "BULLET::::- The Mark O. Hatfield Wilderness\n", "BULLET::::- Mark O. Hatfield Institute for International Understanding at Southwestern Oregon Community College\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield Government Center station at the western terminus of the MAX Blue Line light rail in Hillsboro\n", "BULLET::::- Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse in Portland\n", "BULLET::::- The Mark Hatfield trailhead at the western end of the Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail in the Columbia River Gorge;\n", "BULLET::::- The Mark Hatfield Award for clinical research in Alzheimer's disease\n", "BULLET::::- The Mark O. Hatfield Leadership Award presented by the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities\n", "BULLET::::- The Mark O. Hatfield Distinguished Historians Forum, speaker series presented by the Oregon Historical Society.\n", "Work is underway to start a Mark O. Hatfield Memorial Trail in the Columbia River Gorge, a 60-mile trail through much of the Mark O. Hatfield Wilderness area.\n", "From February 2000 to May 2008 Hatfield served on the board of directors for Oregon Health & Science University. His papers and book collection are stored in the Willamette University Archives and Special Collections, inside the Mark O. Hatfield Library. Senator Hatfield merited his own chapter in Tom Brokaw's \"The Greatest Generation\".\n", "In 2014, a 90-minute documentary about Hatfield's Life and Career called \"The Gentleman of the Senate: Oregon's Mark Hatfield\" was released.\n", "Hatfield was admitted to the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research hospital at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland in November 2010 for observation after his health began to decline. Mark Hatfield died at a care facility in Portland on August 7, 2011, after several years of illness. A specific cause of death was not immediately given.\n", "Section::::Works authored.\n", "A selection of items Hatfield authored or contributed to:\n", "Section::::Works authored.:Author.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Not Quite So Simple\" (1968),\n", "BULLET::::- \"Conflict and Conscience\" (1971),\n", "BULLET::::- \"Between a Rock and a Hard Place\" (1976),\n", "BULLET::::- \"Against the Grain: Reflections of a Rebel Republican\" (2000),\n", "Section::::Works authored.:Contributor.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amnesty?: The Unsettled Question of Vietnam\" (1973),\n", "BULLET::::- \"Social Power and Political Freedom\" (1980), (introduction)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Freeze! How You Can Help Prevent Nuclear War\" (1982), (with Edward Kennedy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Real Christianity\" (1982), (introduction)\n", "BULLET::::- \"What About the Russians: A Christian Approach to US-Soviet Conflict\" (1984),\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vice Presidents of the United States: 1789–1993\" (1997), (editor)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of federal political scandals in the United States\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield tribute page from Willamette University\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield Records from the Oregon State Archives\n", "BULLET::::- Notable Oregonians: Mark O. Hatfield from the Oregon Blue Book\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield voting record from the \"Washington Post\"\n", "BULLET::::- Hatfield retrospective from George Fox University\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician, former governor of Oregon", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q879921", "wikidata_label": "Mark Hatfield", "wikipedia_title": "Mark Hatfield" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Silvia Muñoz\n", "Silvia Muñoz Escudé (born September 18, 1979 in Terrassa, Catalonia) is a field hockey midfield and forward player from Spain. She represented her native country at three consecutive Olympic Games: 2000, 2004 and 2008. Muñoz captained the Spanish national team that finished fourth at the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup in Madrid, where she missed the Bronze Medal Game against Argentina due to injury.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Spanish Olympic Committee\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Spanish field hockey player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4892687", "wikidata_label": "Silvia Muñoz", "wikipedia_title": "Silvia Muñoz" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Antonio Margarito\n", "Antonio \"Tony\" Margarito Montiel (born March 18, 1978) is a Mexican American professional boxer. He has held multiple welterweight world championships, including the WBO title from 2002 to 2007, the IBF title in 2008, and the WBA (Super) title from 2008 to 2009. He has also challenged three times for a light middleweight world title between 2004 and 2011. Nicknamed \"El Tornado de Tijuana\" (\"The Tijuana Tornado\"), Margarito is known for his aggressive pressure fighting style and exceptionally durable chin.\n", "In 2009, just before his fight with Shane Mosley, Margarito was involved in an incident where he was caught with illegal hand wraps containing gypsum (calcium sulfate) which, when combined with moisture, forms plaster of Paris. His signature stoppage victory over Miguel Cotto in 2008 was subsequently called into question. Following consecutive losses to Manny Pacquiao (a fight in which Margarito sustained severe eye damage) and a rematch against Cotto, Margarito retired from boxing in 2012 but returned in 2016.\n", "Section::::Early life and amateur career.\n", "Margarito was born in Torrance, California. From the age of two he grew up in Tijuana, Mexico, where he and his brother spent a lot of time in a neighborhood boxing gym.\n", "He compiled a record of 18-3 in his relatively brief amateur career, indicating that he may have turned pro quickly due to financial concerns (which he himself confirmed on his personal television segment on HBO: \"Ring Life: Antonio Margarito\").\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Welterweight.\n", "Margarito made his debut at the age of 15, beating Jose Trujillo in Tijuana by decision. On April 25 he achieved his first knockout, defeating Victor Angulo in the second round. On October 17 he suffered his first defeat, a six-round decision to Victor Lozoya. Over the next six bouts, he went 4–2. Following that, his financial situation dramatically improved (which is what he was trying to achieve early on in his career) and from there he went 28–2–1, with notable wins over Alfred Ankamah, Juan Soberanes, future World Middleweight Champion Sergio Gabriel Martinez, Buck Smith, David Kamau and Frankie Randall, a former World Light Welterweight Champion who became the first man to beat Julio César Chávez in 91 fights.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:First world title fight.\n", "On July 21, 2001, he got his first world title try against southpaw Daniel Santos for the WBO Welterweight title at Bayamón, Puerto Rico's Rubén Rodríguez Coliseum. The fight had to be stopped in the first round as a consequence of a clash of heads that opened deep gashes on both fighters and sent them both to a nearby hospital. Because the fight had not gone at least four rounds, a technical decision could not be awarded. The bout was declared a \"no contest\" and Santos retained the belt.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:WBO welterweight champion.\n", "Santos then vacated the WBO title to go up in weight and pursue the WBO Light Middleweight Championship and Margarito was assigned to fight Antonio Díaz for the vacant title in front of an HBO Boxing audience. On March 16, 2002, Margarito crowned himself world champion, beating Diaz by knockout in round ten. He defended that crown with a decision in twelve over Danny Perez Ramírez and a knockout in two over former WBA title holder Andrew Lewis. Lewis was a southpaw and a hard puncher, but had been exposed as having a weak chin, while Margarito proved that he has a world class chin. He publicly asked for a unification bout with then WBC and WBA Champion Ricardo Mayorga.\n", "At this point, Margarito considered going up in weight to try to lure Fernando Vargas, Oscar De La Hoya or Shane Mosley into a lucrative fight, or Santos into a rematch at the light middleweight division. On October 17, 2003, Margarito made his light middleweight division debut with a two-round knockout win over Maurice Brantley in Phoenix, Arizona.\n", "On January 31, 2004, back in the welterweight division, he retained his title with a second-round knockout of Canada's previously undefeated Hercules Kyvelos.\n", "Margarito faced Daniel Santos in a rematch on September 11 of the same year at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan for Santos' WBO Light Middleweight title. The rematch also ended because of a headbutt, but this time, as the fight had already reached the four rounds mark needed for fights like these to be decided by judges, Margarito lost by a split ten round technical decision. He was down on two scorecards when the fight was stopped.\n", "On April 23, 2005, Margarito retained his WBO welterweight title against another Puerto Rican, undefeated world class puncher Kermit Cintron, dropping him four times on his way to a fifth-round knockout (this fight was televised by ESPN Pay-Per-View Boxing). This was regarded as one of his best wins.\n", "After almost a ten-month layoff, Margarito returned to the boxing ring on February 18, 2006, retaining his title with a first-round knockout of Jaime Manuel Gomez, who had lasted eleven rounds with Mosley for the IBF Lightweight title eight and a half years before.\n", "On December 2, 2006, Margarito defeated future champion Joshua Clottey by a twelve-round unanimous decision. Margarito set a Compubox all-time record of 1675 total punches thrown in a twelve-round bout. In the aftermath of the fight, it was revealed that Margarito had injured his ankle a week before the fight, but went on to fight regardless of the injury.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Losing and regaining the WBO welterweight title.\n", "On July 14, 2007, Margarito lost a 12-round unanimous decision to undefeated challenger Paul Williams, losing his WBO belt. After the bout, Margarito heavily disputed the decision, claiming that he had landed the most meaningful punches. Williams, however, landed the most punches (outhitting Margarito by almost a 2–1 ratio and throwing an average of over 100 punches per round) according to compubox.\n", "On April 12, 2008, Margarito engaged in a rematch with Cintron, who had won the IBF Welterweight title belt following his loss to Margarito in 2005. In the early rounds, Cintron struck Margarito with several flush power shots to the head, but Margarito remained unhurt and continued to execute a game plan of continuously moving forward and pressuring Cintron. In the sixth round, Margarito landed a liver shot, knocking Cintron out and taking the IBF title. As the referee counted Cintron out, HBO cameras captured Margarito from a neutral corner, gesturing upward with his arms and urging Cintron to get up so that the two men could continue fighting.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Margarito vs. Cotto.\n", "Following his successful rematch with Cintron, the IBF ordered him to fight a mandatory defense against the organization's number-one contender, Joshua Clottey, whom Margarito had previously defeated in 2006. Rather than agreeing to a rematch with Clottey, Margarito vacated the IBF title and agreed to a fight with undefeated WBA Welterweight Champion Miguel Cotto of Puerto Rico. The Cotto-Margarito match took place on July 26, 2008, in Las Vegas, Nevada.\n", "Margarito won in the 11th round via technical knockout. Margarito had lost almost all the early rounds, but he came back with relentless pace, eventually winning in the 11th round, in which was one of the best fights of the year. At the time of the stoppage, Margarito was ahead by two rounds on two judges' scorecards, with one judge having it even. Prior to his fight with Shane Mosley, Margarito had a record of 37 wins, 5 losses and 1 no contest, with 27 wins by knockout.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Margarito vs. Mosley.\n", "Margarito fought Shane Mosley on January 24, 2009 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California to defend his WBA title and for the vacant Lineal Welterweight Championship of \"Lineal Champs\" and \"Cyber Boxing Zone (CBZ)\". \"The Ring\" did not recognize this bout for its vacant Welterweight Championship despite the fact it pitted \"The Ring\" #1 ranked welterweight, Antonio Margarito, vs. \"The Ring\" #3 ranked welterweight, Shane Mosley. Coming in the bout, Margarito had just stopped the previous \"The Ring\" #1 ranked welterweight and current \"The Ring\" #2 ranked welterweight, Miguel Cotto. In the fight, Margarito was battered and outclassed by Mosley and lost the fight and his WBA title by 9th-round technical knockout.\n", "After the knockout loss, Margarito said he was weight-drained during the fight, and was also suffering from dehydration and back problems.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Margarito vs. Mosley.:Tampered handwraps controversy.\n", "Controversy erupted before the fight when Mosley's trainer, Naazim Richardson, observed that Margarito had a pasty white substance in his handwraps. One doctor described this material as plaster hidden in the wrapped hands of Margarito, leading to accusations that he may have been trying to cheat. At Richardson's insistence, California State Inspector Dean Lohuis called for Margarito's hands to be rewrapped. According to Judd Burstein, the attorney for Mosley, Margarito had wet pads in the wrapping. Mosley's doctor, Robert Olvera, likened the material to the type of plaster used to make casts. Burstein said he seized the pad removed from the wrapping and another pad found in Margarito's dressing room. Both were placed in a sealed box that was given to Lohuis for further study. The California Department of Justice laboratory later confirmed the substance to be similar in nature to plaster of Paris.\n", "In late January, the California State Athletic Commission suspended Margarito and his trainer, Javier Capetillo, pending investigation. At the hearing, Margarito claimed he did not know what was in the wraps, while Capetillo admitted to making \"a big mistake\" by placing the wrong inserts into Margarito's hand wraps. The commission voted unanimously to revoke Margarito and Capetillo's licenses for at least one year. While it found Margarito did not know about the gloves, it took the line that as head of the team, he was responsible for Capetillo's actions. \n", "The commission officially stated that Margarito did not know of the substance in his gloves but as the \"captain of his ship\" as stated by the same commission, he was responsible for it, thus the upheld suspension.\n", "Since state boxing commissions generally honor suspensions imposed in other states, this action effectively banned Margarito from boxing in the United States.\n", "In November 2009, it emerged that red stains on the hand wraps Margarito used in the Cotto fight were similar to the stains on the inserts seized before the Mosley fight. This has raised suspicions that Margarito's gloves were loaded for that fight and possibly others as well.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Margarito vs. Garcia.\n", "Margarito was scheduled to return to the ring on March 13, 2010 against Carson Jones, pending his relicensing, on the Pacquiao-Clottey undercard. But for reasons unspecified, promoter Top Rank announced he would not return.\n", "Margarito expressed interest in fighting Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao if the latter's bout with Floyd Mayweather did not materialize.\n", "His comeback fight was postponed until May 8 and was held at Aguascalientes, Mexico, where he faced light middleweight contender Roberto García (21–2). Margarito won a ten-round unanimous decision over Garcia to capture the vacant WBC International Light Middleweight title. The judges’ score cards were 99–89, 100–88 and 99–90, all in favor of Margarito.\n", "Margarito knocked Garcia down in the first round, the first time Garcia was knocked down in his boxing career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Margarito vs. Pacquiao.\n", "On July 23, 2010, Bob Arum announced that Margarito would face Manny Pacquiao for the WBC Light Middleweight championship that was vacated by current Middleweight champion Sergio Gabriel Martinez. The fight took place on Saturday, November 13, 2010 in Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, as Margarito got a boxing license in Texas, United States. In his camp for this fight, Margarito had four southpaw sparring partners who are; Karim Martínez, Cleotis Pendarvis, number one mandatory for the WBA Light Middleweight title, Austin Trout, and U.S. Olympic silver medalist Ricardo Williams. Margarito had a 17-pound weight advantage (weighing 165 to Pacquiao's 148), a 5.5 inch height advantage, and a six-inch reach advantage. Margarito was dominated by Pacquiao and took a savage, brutal, relentless beating for 12 rounds, and suffered bad eye damage in this fight. On the fourth episode of HBO reality show 24/7, it was observed that one week before the fight, Margarito weighed in at 154 lbs with the fight scheduled at a catchweight of 150 lbs. The fight wound up being a unanimous decision loss for Margarito, with the judges' scorecards being 120–108, 119–109, and 118–108. Margarito was taken to the hospital directly after the fight where it was discovered that his left orbital bone had been fractured. Surgery had to be postponed to two days later as his face was too swollen to operate on.\n", "Five weeks before the fight, Margarito and boxer Brandon Rios were interviewed by Elie Seckbach and the video taken showed both of them (Margarito and Rios) mocking Manny Pacquiao's trainer Freddie Roach who has Parkinson's disease. On the Thursday before the fight, Margarito publicly apologized to Roach and to everyone suffering from Parkinson's.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Margarito vs. Cotto II.\n", "On December 3, 2011, Margarito was defeated by Miguel Cotto via TKO by doctor stoppage in the 10th round. The fight was stopped at the start of the 10th round because of the condition of Margarito's right eye, which was swelled shut. This was the same eye that was badly damaged in his previous fight with Manny Pacquiao and the one that almost kept the New York State Athletic Commission from granting him his boxing license because of the special procedure that was performed on it in 2010. Margarito retired following this fight.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Comeback.\n", "Margarito came out of retirement in 2016, winning two bouts that year. He faced Carson Jones on September 2, 2017, winning a slugfest by seventh-round technical decision after a cut opened up on Margarito's eye in the early rounds.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Margarito resides in Los Angeles, California, with his wife Lorena, whom he married after his first marriage to his childhood sweetheart Michelle, whom he married in 1999, came to an end.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Notable boxing families\n", "BULLET::::- List of welterweight boxing champions\n", "BULLET::::- List of WBA champions\n", "BULLET::::- List of IBF champions\n", "BULLET::::- List of WBO champions\n", "BULLET::::- List of Mexican boxing world champions\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Antonio Margarito profile at About.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "\"The Tijuana Tornado\"", "Antonio Margarito Montiel" ] }, "description": "Mexican boxer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q603225", "wikidata_label": "Antonio Margarrito", "wikipedia_title": "Antonio Margarito" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Scotti Hill\n", "Scotti Hill (born Scott Lawrence Mulvehill on May 31, 1964, in Manhasset, New York), is one of the guitarists in the band Skid Row.\n", "He was also in the band Ozone Monday with singer Shawn McCabe, current Skid Row members guitarist Dave \"The Snake\" Sabo and bassist Rachel Bolan, and former Skid Row drummer Rob Affuso.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1370996", "wikidata_label": "Scotti Hill", "wikipedia_title": "Scotti Hill" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł\n", "Princess Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł () (27 February 1667 – 25 March 1695) was a magnate Princess of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and an active reformer. \n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł was born in Königsberg in the Duchy of Prussia. A member of the Radziwiłł family, she was the last agnatic-line member of the most prominent Calvinists of Lithuania, and a descendant of the Gediminids and Jagiellons. Radziwiłł inherited Dubingiai, Slutsk and many other lands from her father Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł. Her mother was an heiress in her own right and brought much wealth including the duchies of Kėdainiai and Biržai. Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł's death in Brieg in 1695 marks the end of the Biržai-Dubingiai Radziwiłł family line. She was the last Radziwiłł to own Biržai Castle and Dubingiai Castle with their lands.\n", "Her father, Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł was the son of Janusz Radziwill (1579–1620) and Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, and along with his cousin (and future father-in-law) Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–55) played a dramatic and treacherous role in The Deluge, or Swedish invasion of Poland. Following the Swedish retreat and Polish resurgence, Bogusław Radziwiłł chose exile in Brandenburg-Prussia, with his mother's family. His wife and Ludwika Karolina's mother, Anna Maria Radziwiłł, the only child and heiress of Janusz Radziwiłł died shortly after giving birth to Ludwika Karolina. Bogusław followed less than two years later, leaving the infant Radziwiłł orphaned and very wealthy. Her guardianship was entrusted to her father's cousin and host (and her future father-in-law) Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.\n", "Radziwiłł spent most of her life in Berlin and Königsberg, but paid much attention to her lands in the grand duchy. Like her father, she funded the printing of books in the Lithuanian language, and supported education and Calvinist parishes. She established scholarships for Lithuanian students of theology in the universities of Königsberg, Frankfurt (Oder), and Berlin. Radziwiłł financed the issue of the catechism and primer in the Lithuanian language, \"Pradzia pamoksla del mazu Weykialu…\", which was printed in Königsberg in 1680. It was the second primer intended for schools following the Catechism by Martynas Mažvydas.\n", "Radziwiłł was sued by King John III Sobieski for the alleged breach of the prenuptial agreement with his son, Jakub Ludwik Sobieski, with the intention to seize her estates. The case was lost, since it was proven that the agreement was falsified; its conclusion date was later than Radziwiłł's actual marriage date.\n", "Radziwiłł first married Margrave Louis of Brandenburg (1666-1687), the youngest son of Frederick William the Great Elector and Princess Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau, at Königsberg Castle on 7 January 1681 at the age of thirteen. She gave the lordships of Serrey and Tauroggen in Lithuania to the margrave shortly before his death in 1687. The properties passed to the Brandenburg electors of the House of Hohenzollern despite the protests of John Sobieski as king of Poland. Following her second marriage into the Sulzbach branch of the House of Wittelsbach, the Elector Palatine also claimed the two properties in right of his wife. The dispute was not resolved until a compromise was signed in 1741 between the Sulzbachs and the King of Prussia in 1741, by which the Hohenzollerns kept the lands in question but recognized the rights of Count Palatine Charles Theodore of Sulzbach to succeed to the throne of the Palatinate when its line of Wittelsbachs died out.\n", "After Louis's untimely early death, Radziwiłł married Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine. Her heirs were born of this second marriage. Of their four children, only the youngest daughter, Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg survived childhood. Her descendants include Kings of Bavaria and a number of other royal and princely families, including Duchess Amalie in Bavaria, who married Duke Wilhelm Karl of Urach, who, after Lithuania was declared independent in 1918, would be invited by the Council of Lithuania to be King Mindaugas II of Lithuania, and was mother of the latter's children and descendants.\n", "Section::::Marriages and Issue.\n", "BULLET::::- On January 7, 1681, Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł married Margrave Louis of Brandenburg. He died suddenly the morning of April 7, 1687 amid rumors of poison. This marriage was childless.\n", "BULLET::::- Radziwiłł remarried in Berlin on August 10, 1688 to the future Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine, brother-in-law of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. The couple had four children, of whom only one survived childhood.\n", "BULLET::::1. Leopoldine Eleonore Josephine (b. Brieg, 27 December 1689 - d. 8 March 1693).\n", "BULLET::::2. Maria Anna (b. 7 December 1690 - d. 1692).\n", "BULLET::::3. Elisabeth Auguste Sophie (b. Brieg, 17 March 1693 - d. Mannheim, 30 January 1728), married on 1717 to her kinsman, the Count Palatine Johann Karl of Sulzbach.\n", "BULLET::::4. a son (b. and d. Brieg, 22 March 1695).\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Bogusław Radziwiłł (1979) \"Autobiografia\". Warsaw. .\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Polish-Lithuanian noble", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q274353", "wikidata_label": "Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł", "wikipedia_title": "Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Reid (New Zealand musician)\n", "James Reid (born 25 May 1974) is a New Zealand singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and video producer, best known as the lead singer in the band The Feelers.\n", "Reid is regarded as one of New Zealand's most successful songwriters and rock musicians, having formed The Feelers in 1992, which went on to sell more albums than any other New Zealand band to date. Reid was also a producer for the band, and is an experienced video producer.\n", "In November 2013, Reid released his first solo album, entitled \"Saint\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Reid was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, on 25 May 1974. With distant Scottish and Portuguese heritage, he has four siblings; two older sisters and two older brothers. Coming from a talented family, his older brother Donald Reid is also an accomplished musical artist. He developed an interest in music as early as four years old, learning to play his first song, \"Rhinestone Cowboy\".\n", "Reid was sent to a religious boarding school as a child, attending church daily and joining the choir. As a teenager he attended Christ's College, then went on to study fine art and film at the University of Canterbury.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Reid is currently living in Auckland, New Zealand.\n", "He describes his vocal range as tenor.\n", "Section::::Influences.\n", "Reid has listed several bands and musicians as influences in his music, including The Beatles, Cat Stevens, NIN, David Bowie, and Soundgarden. He considers his favourite genres to be \"pop, rock, indie, and country\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:The Feelers (1992–present).\n", "Reid formed The Feelers in 1992 with guitarist and drummer Hamish Gee. The band released their first album, \"Supersystem\", in 1998, and went on to release four more by 2011.\n", "Reid's musical career has led to five number one albums on the NZ Music Charts, as well as eight music awards with The Feelers, including winning Songwriter of the Year in the 1999 New Zealand Music Awards.\n", "Section::::Career.:Broken Records.\n", "Since the mid-2000s, Reid has spearheaded Broken Records, an Auckland-based label that works with New Zealand rock bands, including The Valves. This is not to be confused with the Christian label of the same name, which closed in the early 1990s.\n", "Section::::Career.:Solo career.\n", "In 2013, Reid released his first solo album, entitled \"Saint\". The album was notably different from his work with The Feelers, featuring a more delicate acoustic sound. It was released on 22 November on iTunes.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rawi Hage\n", "Rawi Hage (Rāwī Ḥāj) () (born 1964) is a Lebanese-Canadian writer and photographer based in Canada.\n", "Section::::Writing.\n", "Hage has published journalism and fiction in several Canadian and American magazines, and in the \"PEN America Journal\". His debut novel, \"De Niro's Game\" (2006), won the 2008 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, and was shortlisted for the 2006 Scotiabank Giller Prize and the 2006 Governor General's Award for English fiction. Commenting on their selection, the IMPAC judges remarked that \"its originality, its power, its lyricism, as well as its humane appeal all mark \"De Niro's Game\" as the work of a major literary talent and make Rawi Hage a truly deserving winner.\" \"De Niro's Game\" was also awarded two Quebec awards, the Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction and the McAuslan First Book Prize. De Niro's Game was translated into Arabic by Ruhi Tu'mah in 2008 as مصائر الغبار \n", "His second novel, \"Cockroach\", was published in 2008 and was also shortlisted for the Giller Prize, the Governor General's Award and the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize. He was the winner of the Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction in 2008 and 2012 for his books \"Cockroach\" and \"Carnival\", respectively.\n", "In August 2013, he was named Vancouver Public Library's ninth writer in residence.\n", "He is the common-law partner of novelist Madeleine Thien.\n", "His 2018 novel \"Beirut Hellfire Society\" was named as a longlisted nominee for the Giller Prize, and a shortlisted finalist for both the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize and the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"De Niro's Game\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cockroach\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carnival\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beirut Hellfire Society\" (2018)\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winner of the Hugh MacLennan Prize for fiction\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winner of the McAuslan First Book Prize\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winner of IMPAC Dublin Literary Award\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winner of the Quebec Booksellers' Prize\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winner of Le Combat des livres\" (2009)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rafael Celestino Benítez\n", "Rear Admiral Rafael Celestino Benítez (March 9, 1917 – March 6, 1999) was a highly decorated American submarine commander who led the rescue effort of the crew members of the during the Cold War. After retiring from the navy, he was Pan American World Airways' vice president for Latin America. He taught international law for 16 years at the University of Miami School of Law, and served as associate dean, interim dean and director and founder of the foreign graduate law program. While there, he founded the comparative law LL.M. program, the inter-American law LL.M. program, and the \"Inter-American Law Review\". After his death, the university established a scholarship in his memory to benefit a foreign attorney who is enrolled in one of the Law School's LL.M. programs.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Benítez was born in Juncos, Puerto Rico, where he received his primary and secondary education. After he finished high school, he was accepted in the United States Naval Academy by appointment of the Honorable Santiago Iglesias, Puerto Rico's Resident Commissioner. He graduated from the academy in 1939 and was assigned to submarine duty.\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "During World War II, Benítez saw action aboard the submarines USS \"Dace\" (SS-247) and USS \"Grenadier\" (SS-210) and on various occasions weathered depth charge attacks. For his actions, he was awarded the Silver Star twice and the Bronze Star Medal.\n", "He served as commanding officer (with the rank of lieutenant commander) of the submarine USS Halibut (SS-232) from February 15, 1945 to May 19, 1945. The Halibut was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the halibut, a large species of flatfish. She was launched on December 3, 1941, and commissioned on April 10, 1942. The \"Halibut\" had an impressive war record, which included sinking 12 Japanese ships, but was damaged beyond reasonable repair on her tenth and final war patrol, which ended on December 1, 1944. Benítez's only mission as commander of the \"Halibut\" was to bring her from San Francisco to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where she was decommissioned on July 18, 1945.\n", "Section::::Post war.\n", "On January 29, 1946, Lieutenant Commander Benítez was given command of the . Benítez, inspired by his father who was a judge, attended Georgetown Law School and earned his law degree in June 1949.\n", "Section::::\"Cochino\" incident.\n", "During the latter part of 1949, early in the Cold War Era, Benítez was given the command of the submarine USS \"Cochino\". On August 12, 1949, the \"Cochino\", along with the USS \"Tusk\", departed from the harbor of Portsmouth, England. Both diesel submarines were reported to be on a cold-water training mission. However, according to \"\", the submarines – equipped with snorkels that allowed them to spend long periods underwater, largely invisible to an enemy, and with electronic gear designed to detect far-off radio signals – were part of an American intelligence operation.\n", "The mission of the \"Cochino\" and \"Tusk\" was to eavesdrop on communications that revealed the testing of submarine-launched Soviet missiles that might soon carry nuclear warheads. This was the first American undersea spy mission of the cold war.\n", "On August 25, one the \"Cochino\"'s 4,000-pound batteries caught fire, emitting hydrogen gas and smoke. Unable to receive any help from the \"Tusk\", Commander Benítez directed the firefighting. He ordered the \"Cochino\" to surface and had dozens of crew members lash themselves to the deck rails with ropes while others fought the blaze. Benítez tried to save his ship and at the same time save his men from the toxic gases. He realized that the winds were about to tear the ropes and ordered his men to form a pyramid on the ship's open bridge, which was designed to hold seven men.\n", "The \"Cochino\" suffered two casualties, Lt. Cmdr. Richard M. Wright, who survived despite the fact that he was severely burned, and Robert Philo, a civilian sonar expert, who attempted to reach the \"Tusk\" on a raft to report on the conditions of the \"Cochino\", but was knocked overboard along with 11 of the \"Tusk\"'s crew members. As a result, Philo and six of the \"Tusk\"s crew perished.\n", "The ocean waters became calmer during the night and the \"Tusk\" was able to approach the \"Cochino\". All of the crew, with the exception of Commander Benítez, boarded the \"Tusk\". Finally, the crew members of the \"Tusk\" convinced Benítez to board the \"Tusk\", which he did two minutes before the \"Cochino\" sank off the coast of Norway.\n", "Section::::Aftermath of the \"Cochino\" incident.\n", "According to the \"New York Times\" of April 5, 1997, \"On September 20, 1949, the Soviet publication \"Red Fleet\" said the \"Cochino\" had been \"not far from Murmansk\" and suggested that it had been seeking military information. On September 23, President Harry S. Truman, confirming fears that had led to Commander Benitez's mission, announced that the Soviet Union had detonated its first nuclear device\".\n", "Section::::Late career.\n", "In 1952, Benítez was named chief of the United States naval mission to Cuba, a position which he held until 1954. In 1955, Benítez was given the command of the destroyer . The \"Waldron\" resumed normal operations along the East Coast and in the West Indies under his command after having completed a circumnavigation of the globe.\n", "Section::::Post-Navy career.\n", "Benítez retired from the Navy in 1959 and was promoted to the rank of rear admiral as he had been decorated for heroism in combat.\n", "He became Pan American World Airways' vice president for Latin America. He taught international law and was associate dean at the University of Miami Law School and dean of the university's graduate school of international studies. During his years at University of Miami Law School, Benítez founded the Graduate Program for Foreign Lawyers, now known as the LL.M. Program in Comparative Law. He also inaugurated the \"\"Lawyer of the Americas\"\" (the predecessor of the Inter-American Law Review) and started the Masters Program in Inter-American Law for U.S. Lawyers.\n", "In 1978, he served as a board member of the US Foundation of the University of the Valley of Guatemala, located in Delaware. Benítez was also the author of \"Anchors\" (), a compilation of ethical and practical maxims, published on August 1996. On March 15, 2000, the University of Miami School of Law launched a Rafael C. Benítez Scholarship Fund to support the studies of foreign graduate students.\n", "Benítez resided in Easton, Maryland, with his wife and three children, a son and two daughters. On March 6, 1999, he died at the Memorial Hospital located in Easton. He was buried with full military honors at Oxford Cemetery in Talbot County, Maryland.\n", "Section::::Awards and recognitions.\n", "Among Rear Admiral Benítez's decorations and medals were the following:\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy\n", "BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans\n", "BULLET::::- Puerto Ricans in World War II\n", "BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican military personnel\n", "BULLET::::- Hispanics in the United States Navy\n", "BULLET::::- Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own\"; by : Greg Boudonck; ;\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Rafael Celestino Benitez" ] }, "description": "United States admiral", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7282074", "wikidata_label": "Rafael Celestino Benítez", "wikipedia_title": "Rafael Celestino Benítez" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rocío Ybarra\n", "Rocío Ybarra Solaun (born December 26, 1984 in Bilbao, Vizcaya) is a field hockey defender from Spain, who represented her native country at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. She was a member of the Spanish national team that finished fourth at the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup in Madrid under the guidance of coach Pablo Usoz.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Spanish Olympic Committee\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Rocio Ybarra" ] }, "description": "Spanish field hockey player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7356085", "wikidata_label": "Rocío Ybarra", "wikipedia_title": "Rocío Ybarra" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vincent Lam\n", "Vincent Lam (born September 5, 1974) is a Canadian writer and medical doctor.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Born in London, Ontario and raised in Ottawa, Lam's parents came to Canada from the Chinese expatriate community in Vietnam. He attended St. Pius X High School and did his medical training at the University of Toronto, graduating in 1999.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Lam worked as an emergency physician at Toronto East General Hospital and has done international air evacuation work and expedition medicine on Arctic and Antarctic ships.. He is currently working as an addictions physician at Coderix Medical Clinic.\n", "Section::::Career.:Writing career.\n", "Lam's first book \"Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures\" is based on his experiences in medical school. \"Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures\" won the 2006 Scotiabank Giller Prize, Canada's most prestigious literary award, on November 7, 2006. \"Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures\" was also a finalist for The Story Prize in 2008. His second book, the Flu Pandemic and You, which was co-authored by Dr Colin Lee, was published in 2008.\n", "Following Lam's Giller win, Shaftesbury Films announced that it had reached a deal to adapt \"Bloodletting\" into a television series, which debuted in January 2010 on HBO Canada.\n", "Lam published a biography of Canadian politician Tommy Douglas, as part of Penguin Canada's \"Extraordinary Canadians\" series of historical biographies.\n", "His first novel, \"The Headmaster's Wager\", was published in 2012 by Doubleday Canada and has been shortlisted for the 2012 Governor General's Literary Award.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Lam currently lives with his wife and 3 children in Toronto.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Flu Pandemic and You\", co-written with Colin Lee with a foreword by Margaret Atwood (2006, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures\" (2006, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Extraordinary Canadians: Tommy Douglas\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Headmaster's Wager\" (2012)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yun Humyong\n", "Yun Hu-myong (This is the author's preferred Romanization per LTI Korea) (born January 17, 1946) is a South Korean writer who has published poetry, novels, and essays.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "Yun was born in the city of Gangneung in Gangwon, South Korea, under the name Yun Sang-gyu. He received his bachelor's degree in Philosophy from Yonsei University.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Although he is one of the major Korean writers of the 80s, Yun's fiction maintains some distance from the dominant trend in Korean fiction of 1980s—the concern with realism as an effective literary tool in rendering contemporary social situations. Instead, what supports Yun's fictional world are individual desire and the power of fantasy. The archetypal situation in Yun's works is that of a man suffering from a sense of ontological lack; deadened by routines of daily life, he immerses himself in fantasy or travel in order to secure what life in the real world has denied him—meaning of existence and genuine engagement with another human being. Often this search hinges on the protagonist's ardent yearning for a woman. The fantasy cannot last, but it is the ceaseless movement away from the vulgar reality that has the potential to resurrect the self from existential insecurity, loneliness, or despair. Such romantic individualism is heightened by the sensitive, lyrical style of writing that reflects Yun's poetic sensibilities.\n", "Yun's novels deal with the relationship between fantasy and reality in individuals' lives. In a similar fashion, his poetry deals with the connection between the profound and the mundane.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Expert Archer\", poetry, (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don Juan's Love\", novel, (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resurrecting Birds\", novel, (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"There Is No Ape\", novel, (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Stars\", novel, (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"You, My Bad Darling\", essays, (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Generation Without Promise\", novel, (약속없는 세대)\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "His poems were awarded the Kyonghyang Shinmun Literature prize in 1967, Then in 1979, he was awarded the Hankook Ilbo Literary Award for his short stories in 1979. In the 1980s he received several awards for his fiction. In 1995 he was awarded the Yi Sang Literary Prize for White Boat.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "South Korean writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q626079", "wikidata_label": "Yun Hu-myong", "wikipedia_title": "Yun Humyong" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Libuše Šafránková\n", "Libuše Šafránková (born 7 June 1953 in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech actress. Her husband is actor Josef Abrhám. \n", "Her breakthrough was the title role in the 1972 film \"Three Nuts for Cinderella\", which is considered a Christmas film classic in many parts of Europe. In the 1970s and 1980s, she played leading roles in a large number of fairy-tale films. She received the Czech Lion Award as best actress in a film in 1996 and then in 2008 she received the prize \"Hvězda mého srdce\" (Star of My Heart), awarded by Czech Television.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Babička\" (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Nuts for Cinderella\" (Tři oříšky pro Popelku) (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Přijela k nám pouť\" (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"How to Drown Dr. M. or the End of Water Spirits in Bohemia\" (Jak utopit doktora Mráčka aneb Konec vodníků v Čechách) (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Brother Has a Cute Brother\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paleta lásky\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Day That Shook the World\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Little Mermaid\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Splynutí duší\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brácha za všechny peníze\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prince and the Evening Star\" (Princ a Vecernice) (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Run Waiter Run!\" (Vrchní, prchni!) (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Křtiny\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Third Prince\" (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Salt Prince\" (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Svatební cesta do Jiljí\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping\" (Jára Cimrman ležící, spící) (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Snowdrop Festival\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Sweet Little Village\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zuřivý reportér\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Člověk proti zkáze\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Elementary School\" (Obecná škola) (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Beggar's Opera (1991 film)\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Necklace (1992 film)\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Královský život otroka\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nesmrtelná teta\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kolya\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wonderful Years That Sucked\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"All My Loved Ones\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Which Side Eden\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elixir a Halibela\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Četnické humoresky\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fišpánská Jablíčka\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Micimutr\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Don Juans\" (2013)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Libuše Šafránková (Lidové noviny)\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Libuše Šafránková (Mladá fronta DNES)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Patricia Day\n", "Patricia Day is the upright bassist and lead singer for the Danish rockabilly/psychobilly band HorrorPops.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Patricia Day was born in Copenhagen, Denmark.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Bands.\n", "Patricia Day began her musical career performing with the Danish punk rock band Peanut Pump Gun. She met Nekromantix singer and bassist, Kim Nekroman, at the 1996 POPKOMM festival in Cologne, Germany, when Peanut Pump Gun opened for his group. Despite both belonging to the subculture scene of Copenhagen, Denmark, the two had never met before, but they became friends over their mutual interest in alternative music. The two would eventually marry. The two both loved Blondie, Depeche Mode and Siouxsie and the Banshees, as well as Surf, Ska, and Punk.\n", "Section::::Career.:Founding of Horrorpops.\n", "Patricia Day would later marry Nekroman. The two formed a band in 1996 called Horrorpops. Day is the lead singer and also plays upright bass. Day and Nekroman decided to form a band where they could experiment with many genres outside of their normal bands, and decided to start by switching instruments. Nekroman taught Day how to play an upright bass, while she taught him how to play guitar. The two began auditioning for a drummer, with Nekromantix guitarist Peter Sandorff even being a possible choice. They eventually chose Niedermeier to drum, a friend of Day's and a member of the band Strawberry Slaughterhouse, and officially started HorrorPops in 1998. After touring for a while as a trio, the band recruited Niedermeier's old bandmate, Caz the Clash, as a second guitarist.\n", "Section::::Career.:2000-2003: Demo tape and signing.\n", "In 2000, Day recruited two friends, Mille and Kamilla Vanilla, co-workers at the body piercing shop she worked at to act as go-go dancers for the band's live show. The group also recorded a 7-song demo for use in a press kit, but it was somehow leaked to the public, and resulted in two of the group's singles, \"Ghouls\" and \"Psychobitches outta Hell\" becoming club hits in Denmark. The group spent the next few years touring Europe, until 2003, when they began recording 6 more demo tracks. During this time, Caz the Clash became a father and left the band to focus on parenting. He was replaced by another Strawberry Slaughterhouse member, Karsten. Hellcat Records, Tim Armstrong's record label, decided to sign HorrorPops based on their demos. The band was able to release a vinyl single in September 2003, and began a U.S. headlining tour.\n", "HorrorPops ventured out on their first US tour as headliner for the \"Aloha from hell tour\" with 9 shows across California and Arizona. This also brought the first US interview to HorrorPops which happened to be with Vogue. With the band always finding humor in things and wanting to please 'the moms', HorrorPops ended up with a trendy and very funny article in Vogue. Later same year the band got a great preview of their upcoming show with Rancid in LA weekly and a show with Rancid and Tiger Army at the Wiltern, LA. This show brought HorrorPops out to a lot of new people.\n", "Section::::Career.:2004: Hell Yeah.\n", "Hell Yeah! was released February 10, 2004; the interest in the band grew and when they did their release show at Amoeba Records, it was packed, to the surprise of everyone in HorrorPops. HorrorPops was then supposed to follow up with a grand U.S. tour, but got stuck in immigration paperwork and had to cancel the whole tour. The Offspring was just about to head out on their month-long European tour, and with a three-day warning HorrorPops got offered the chance to join them as main support. Horrorpops played every night for audiences numbering between 5000 and 16000 people, and then continued with their own -month headline tour in Europe. Shortly after the European tour ended, Horrorpops returned to the states to play Jimmy Kimmel Live and a few California shows, but realizing the work that lay ahead and how time-consuming the band had become, Mille had to leave the band to go back to school. Mille got replaced by another good friend of the band, Naomi, who was quickly renamed NoNo.\n", "HorrorPops started touring the US, first on the \"Punks vs Psychos\" tour, then as main support for Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards and then back to Europe for another tour. The band toured continuously in 2004 and the band enjoyed it. The Horrorpops also played in a movie called \"The Punk Rock Halocust\". Later, Karsten had to leave the band; he met the love of his life and wanted to spend time with her, which was hard to do with the band's tour schedule. HorrorPops played around 110 shows in 2004 and went back to Los Angeles to start work on their second album. They played one last show for the year in West Hollywood to announce their new guitar player.\n", "Section::::Career.:2005-2008: Bring it On and Kiss Kiss Kill Kill.\n", "The band soon relocated from Denmark to Los Angeles, California. The band's second album, \"Bring It On!\", was released on September 13, 2005 and featured their new rhythm guitarist, Geoff Kresge. The HorrorPops spent most of 2006 touring Canada, Asia, Europe, and the States, including a Warped Tour stint. Kresge left the group before the band's next album, bringing the group back to three members.\n", "Their third album, released on February 5, 2008, is called \"Kiss Kiss Kill Kill\". The band began a North American tour around the time the album was released. They began the tour with an electric show in San Luis Obispo, CA, USA where they have a fairly loyal following, and are currently touring with two bands from Los Angeles, CA. Their opening bands include Rocket, which is an all-girl band, and The Pink Spiders, a pop punk band. They are on Vans Warped Tour all summer. After the release of their 3rd album, \"Kiss Kiss Kill Kill\", their fan base increased.\n", "Section::::'Barbie doll' controversy.\n", "On 23 December 2010, Day filed a lawsuit in an Indianapolis federal court against the Hard Rock casino, charging infringement of the right of publicity and false endorsement. In her lawsuit, the HorrorPops singer claims Hard Rock and Mattel have been selling a Barbie doll in her image without her authorization.\n", "Mattel and Hard Rock have released a series of rock ‘n’ roll-themed Barbies, featuring pioneering female musicians such as Debbie Harry of Blondie, Joan Jett or Cyndi Lauper. In the lawsuit it is alleged that another doll, called the “Hard Rock Café Barbie Doll\" or the “Rockabilly Barbie,” is made in the image of the HorrorPops lead singer but without direct acknowledgement of nor permission by Patricia Day.\n", "Section::::Playing style and gear.\n", "On tour, Day plays custom-created upright basses made for her by Nekroman. These basses weigh approximately half of what a normal bass does, have thinner bodies, and slimmer necks because her hands are much smaller than the average upright bass player. The smaller instruments are also easier to transport on tour. Like many psychobilly upright bass players, Day plays with a \"slap\" style, slapping the strings against the fingerboard simultaneously with playing her bass lines to create a percussive, rhythmic effect. Many psychobilly and rockabilly bassists who slap use non-steel strings, as steel strings are too hard on the hands. Day uses nylon bass strings and a Gallien-Krueger 1001RB head and 4X10 cabs to push out her sound while on tour. Her trademark is her heavily decorated white double bass, hand-painted by tattoo artist Baby Lou Tattoo.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- BassPlayer.com's Interview with Patricia Day - (10/2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Epitaph Records - HorrorPops Profile\n", "BULLET::::- HellCat Records - HorrorPops Profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Cory Quirino\n", "Socorro Alicia \"Cory\" Rastrollo Quirino (born August 11, 1953) is a Filipino television host, author and beauty pageant titleholder. She is currently the president and national director of Mutya ng Pilipinas. She is also a former licensee and national director of Miss World Philippines and Mister World Philippines. She is also a council member of one of the branch offices of the Philippine Red Cross. She is also the president of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption (VACC) from February 2018, replacing Dante Jimenez who was appointed as the head of the newly-formed Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Quirino is the third child of Tomas Quirino/Tomas \"Tommy\" Quirino and Conchita Rastrollo. She is also the granddaughter of Philippine president Elpidio Quirino. She is married to Ramon Cruz, Jr.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "Quirino graduated from Philippine Women's University in Quezon City, with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Quirino began her broadcasting career in the 1980s when she hosted the late-night talk show \"Oh No, It's Johnny!\" for the Philippine TV network RPN (Radio Philippines Network) (now CNN Philippines). Eventually, she hosted her own show \"Citiline\", a weekly travel and fitness show that aired on Studio 23 (now ABS-CBN Sports+Action), a subsidiary of the ABS-CBN network.\n", "During an out-of-town shoot for Citiline, Cory Quirino and her entourage were abducted by bandits. This incident was chronicled in her book \"Waiting for the Light\" as well as the movie \"The Cory Quirino Kidnap: INBI Files\", which starred award-winning actors, Ara Mina and Alessandra de Rossi. Citiline was eventually re-titled as \"The Good Life with Cory Quirino.\"\n", "Aside from \"Waiting for the Light\", Cory Quirino wrote a series of best-seller books titled \"Forever Young\", which feature beauty and health tips as well as her own workout programs.\n", "She also made a fitness video titled \"Cory Quirino’s Celebrity Workout for Beginners\".\n", "Quirino hosts the Sunday morning television program \"The Good Life with Cory Quirino\" and the radio show \"Ma-Beauty Po Naman\". She writes a weekly health and fitness column, \"Inside Out\", for the Philippine Daily Inquirer's newspaper and website.\n", "As a beauty and wellness guru, she maintains a store called \"Cory Quirino World of Wellness\" in Greenhills Shopping Center, a well-known shopping landmark, located in San Juan, Metro Manila. She was inducted as a Celebrity Inductee at the Eastwood City Walk Of Fame Philippines 2014 for contributing her hosting job on TV & also endorsing.\n", "Section::::Charity work.\n", "Quirino is currently a member of the board of trustees and overall chair of \"Alay sa PGH\" fund-drive of the Philippine General Hospital Medical Foundation As national director for Miss World in the Philippines, she intends to do more charity work.\n", "On April 17, 2013, she was also elected and inducted as one of the new council members of the Philippine Red Cross - Rizal Chapter - Muntinlupa Branch. She has committed her full support in helping raise more funds for the various humanitarian activities of the Philippine Red Cross.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of kidnappings\n", "Section::::Credits.\n", "Section::::Credits.:Television shows.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oh No, It's Johnny!\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Citiline\" (1994–1999) Aired on ABS-CBN, (1999–2003) Aired on Studio 23, and (2003–2006) Aired on ABS-CBN Tacloban\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cory Quirino Show\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Good Life with Cory Quirino\" (2005–present)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Celebrity Duets Season 2\" (2008) - Contestant\n", "BULLET::::- \"Organique TV\" (2015–present) Aired on Light Network\n", "Section::::Credits.:Print.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Waiting For The Light\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Forever Young: Cory Quirino's Guide to Beauty & Fitness\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Forever Young: Cory Quirino's Guide to Beauty and Wellness\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"My ABCs of Beauty and Wellness\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inside Out\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kabataan Habambuhay: Ang Gabay ni Cory Quirino tungo sa Kagandahan at Kalusugan\" ()\n", "Section::::Credits.:Radio.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ma-Beauty Po Naman\" (2004–present)\n", "Section::::Credits.:Movies.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cory Quirino Kidnap: NBI Files\" (2003)\n", "Section::::Credits.:Video.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cory Quirino's Celebrity Workout for Beginners\" (1998)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yun Heunggil\n", "Yun Heunggil (born 14 December 1942) is a South Korean novelist known for his treatment of conflicts between the individual and society. He received his degree in Korean literature from Wonkwang University in 1973. In 1977 he won the Korean Literature Writers Award.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Yun Heunggil was born 14 December 1942 in Jeongeup, Jeollanam-do in Korea. He graduated from Jeonju Teachers School and Wonkwang University. Originally a schoolteacher, he has made a living as a writer since 1976, while also teaching at the university level.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Yun's career can be divided into three phases. In the first phase, with often partly autobiographical works written during the early 1970s, Yun uses a young male narrator to depict a gloomy existence in which the family is threatened by internal or external troubles. Works of these periods include \"The Rainy Spell\" and \"The Lamb\".\n", "In a later phase, his novels shifted focus to depict life under the authoritarian Park Chunghee regime, in which the primary tensions are between personal conscience and material well-being, which was proposed by Park Chunghee. In 1977, he entered into the third stage with the publication of \"The Man Who Was Left as Nine Pairs of Shoes\", in which the characters actively resist the forces oppressing them.\n", "Yun currently works as a professor of creative writing at Hanseo University, Seosan.\n", "Section::::Works in translation.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rainy Spell and other Korean Stories\" (중단편 소설선 장마) - a Collection\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rainy Spell\" (Jimoondang Edition)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Was Left as Nine Pairs of Shoes\" in Land of Exile Contemporary Korean Fiction\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Was Left as Nine Pairs of Shoes\" (Bilingual edition) Asia Press\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House of Twilight\" (1989) London: Readers International ()\n", "Section::::Works in Korean (partial).\n", "Short story collections\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House of Twilight\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Was Left as Nine Pairs of Shoes\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rainy Spell\" (1980),\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Dreamer’s Fortress\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heaven or Angel?\" (2003)\n", "Novels\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sea of Revelation\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Armband\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mother\" (1990)\n", "Linked Short Story Collection\n", "BULLET::::- \"Way to Soradan\" (2003).\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 4th Korean Literature Writer Award for \"The Man Who Was Left as Nine Pairs of Shoes\" in 1977\n", "BULLET::::- 5th Hankook Ilbo Literary Award (previously called the Korean Creative Literature Award) for the novella \"A Dreamer’s Fortress\" in 1983\n", "BULLET::::- 28th (1983) Contemporary Literature (Hyundae Munhak) Award for \"Armband\"\n", "BULLET::::- 6th Twenty-first Century Literature Award for \"Forest Fire\" in 2000\n", "BULLET::::- 12th Daesan Literary Award for the linked collection \"The Way to Soradan\" in 2004.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Korean novelists\n", "BULLET::::- Korean literature\n", "BULLET::::- Contemporary culture of South Korea\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Review of The Man Who Was Left as Nine Pairs of Shoes\" at KTLIT\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marcel Koller\n", "Marcel Koller (born 11 November 1960) is a former Swiss football player and current manager who manages FC Basel.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Born in Zürich, Koller played his entire career for Swiss club Grasshoppers Zürich. In these 24 years he won seven Swiss championships and five Swiss cups. Koller was capped 56 times for the Swiss national team, scoring 3 goals. He was part of the Swiss squad at Euro 1996.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:In Switzerland.\n", "Koller's career as coach started at the Swiss club FC Wil in the 1997–98 season. He led his club to a promotion place in the Swiss Challenge League. In January 1999 he went to FC St. Gallen in the Swiss Super League. One year later the club won its first championship for almost 100 years. Also on European level FC St. Gallen would celebrate successes: in the UEFA Cup the Swiss side would eliminate English top club FC Chelsea. Koller was voted Swiss manager of the year 2000.\n", "On 9 January 2002, he went to his old love, Grasshoppers Zürich. Koller won his second championship as a coach in the 2003 Season. After failing to qualify for the Champions League (against AEK 1–0/1–3) and a losing streak in the league he resigned on 3 October 2003.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:1. FC Köln.\n", "The next step in his career was a move to German Bundesliga. Koller's first station in Germany was 1. FC Köln.\n", "However, this spell was not a very successful and took only seven months. Koller took the club in a desperate position and could not improve the results. In his term the club only won four matches and relegated eventually to 2. Bundesliga. During this period he gave young talents the opportunity to debut on the highest level. The most prominent example is German international Lukas Podolski. 1. FC Köln ended at last position. Koller was sacked after the season ended.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:VfL Bochum.\n", "From 23 May 2005 on Marcel Koller was coach of German side VfL Bochum. The club was relegated into the Second Bundesliga the season before and its coach Peter Neururer was sacked as a result. Koller got the challenge to lead the club directly back to the highest level. Already five matches before the end of the season VfL Bochum was sure of its return to the Bundesliga.\n", "The goal of season 2006–07 was to stay in the Bundesliga. VfL Bochum did not start very well and many supporters demanded the dismissal of the coach. But the board kept faith in the coach and Koller's contract was even extended in that difficult period. VfL Bochum bought a few new players in the winter break and started a winning streak. Highlights were two memorable home victories against arch rivals Borussia Dortmund (2–0) and FC Schalke 04. (2–1). Bochum even had a winning streak of four away victories in a row at the end of the season, a new club record. Already two rounds for the end of the season VfL Bochum was sure of survival in the Bundesliga. Eventually the club finished at the 8th place, the third best season for Bochum ever.\n", "The VfL Bochum lost three important players in the summer break 2007 so that most observers were rather skeptical about the club in the coming season. But the club played a solid season and ended, without too much relegation troubles, in the midfield. However, at the beginning of the season 2008–09 Koller defined 45 points as target. Surprisingly Bochum did not have to sell key players and could even afford some relatively spectacular transfers. With the return of former key players Paul Freier and Vahid Hashemian, and the purchase of the talents Daniel Fernandes and Austrian international Christian Fuchs Koller called his team the best team he had at Bochum ever. Nevertheless, the club came into relegation troubles and could save itself rather late in the season. At the end Bochum finished 14th in that season. Again many supporters asked during the season for the dismissal of the coach. Especially the release of crowd pleaser Tomasz Zdebel in the winter break caused many frictions with the fans.\n", "Due to the relatively poor results in the season before, Koller started under great pressure in the 2009–10 season. With only four points out of the first six matches VfL Bochum started again rather disappointing and the public pressure grew continuously. After a 2–3 home defeat by FSV Mainz more than two thousand supporters gathered at the stadium to demand his dismissal. As a reaction one day later, at 20 September 2009 Koller was sacked as head coach of VfL Bochum.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:Austria national team.\n", "On 4 October 2011, Koller was appointed as the new manager of the Austrian national team. Koller officially started on 1 November 2011. He was in charge of Austria when it reached the final phase of a European championship for the first time by the qualifying groups (the only previous participation at a final phase being in 2008 as co-hosts). In 2016 the national team reached its highest position ever (10th) in the FIFA World Rankings.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Basel\n", "BULLET::::- Swiss Cup: 2018–19\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ann Little\n", "Ann Little (born Mary Brooks, February 7, 1891 – May 21, 1984) was an American film actress whose career was most prolific during the silent film era of the early 1910s through the early 1920s. Today, most of her films are lost, with only twelve known to survive.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Born on a ranch near the town of Mount Shasta, California, Little first appeared in a traveling stock theater group after graduating high school. After briefly relocating to San Francisco in the early 1910s, she made the transition to films; first appearing in one-reel Western shorts with actor and director Broncho Billy Anderson. Her first film appearance was in the 1911 release \"The Indian Maiden's Lesson\" as a Native American named 'Red Feather'. Little subsequently appeared as Native American characters in many of her earliest films.\n", "By 1912, Little appeared regularly in Thomas H. Ince directed Western-themed serials, often as an \"Indian princess\" and usually with Francis Ford, Grace Cunard, Olive Tell, Jack Conway, Ethel Grandin, early American child actress Mildred Harris and notable early cowboy star Art Acord for Essanay Studios. Between 1911 and 1914, Little was in approximately sixty shorts, the overwhelming majority of them Westerns, including many serials that ran in installments. Her other notable co-stars at this time included Harold Lockwood, Jane Wolfe, William Worthington, Tom Chatterton, and actor/director Frank Borzage.\n", "Although possibly best recalled for her appearances in Westerns, Ann Little showed versatility as an actress by appearing in a number of well received roles in other dramatic genres and even comedies. Most notably among her dramatic roles was the early American cinematic Civil War serials directed by William J. Bauman and Thomas Ince. Another notable film was the 1914 Ruth Ann Baldwin penned and Allan Dwan adapted epic \"Damon and Pythias\", which had thousands of extras. While signed under contract to Universal Studios, she made nearly six serials, most of them Western-themed one and two-reel dramas.\n", "By 1917, Little signed to Paramount Pictures and was often paired with the highly successful actor Wallace Reid in a number of popular dramas and comedies. Although she was allegedly tired of being typecast in Western serials, she starred opposite cowboy actor Jack Hoxie in the popular 1919 serial \"Lightning Bryce\". By the early 1920s however, Little only took dramatic roles outside the Western genre. Her notable films in this period include the World War I drama \"The Firefly of France\" (1918), the race-car adventure films \"The Roaring Road\" (1919) and \"Excuse My Dust\" (1920) with Wallace Reid, \"The Cradle of Courage\" with William S. Hart and the crime-drama \"The Greatest Menace\" (1923) opposite Wilfred Lucas.\n", "Section::::Later years.\n", "While still at the peak of her public popularity in the early 1920s, Little retired from the motion picture industry. In her later years she managed the Chateau Marmont on the Sunset Strip but rarely spoke of her years in acting. \n", "Ann Little died at age 93, in Los Angeles, and was interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Custer's Last Fight\" (1912)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Invaders\" (1912)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Paymaster's Son\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Battle of Gettysburg\" (1913) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"Called Back\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Black Box\" (1915) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nan of Music Mountain\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Silent Master\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rimrock Jones\" (1918) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House of Silence\" (1918) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"Believe Me, Xantippe\" (1918) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man from Funeral Range\" (1918) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Firefly of France\" (1918) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Squaw Man\" (1918) *lost film, only last reel exists\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Roaring Road\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Told in the Hills\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lightning Bryce\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Excuse My Dust\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cradle of Courage\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Blue Fox\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nan of the North\" (1922) *lost film\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chain Lightning\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Eagle's Talons\" (1923) *lost film\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ann Little at Silent Era People\n", "BULLET::::- Ann Little at \"The New York Times Movies\"\n", "BULLET::::- Ann Little at American Film Institute\n", "BULLET::::- Ann Little - Found a Grave\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ederson (footballer, born January 1986)\n", "Ederson Honorato Campos (born 13 January 1986) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Early career.\n", "Ederson began his footballing career playing on the streets of São Paulo. When he was 15, he joined Brazilian second tier club RS Futebol. After a year of obscurity, Ederson joined top division side Juventude, who, at the time, was managed by Ricardo Gomes, who would go on manage top French clubs Bordeaux and Monaco. Ederson flourished at Juventude. His performances earned him a call up to the Brazil under-17 team, whom he helped win the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in Finland.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Move to Europe.\n", "Like most Brazilian footballers, Ederson's ideal destination was Europe, where he believed he could further his development. In January 2005, Ederson agreed to join French club OGC Nice, initially as a loan, after being approached by then-Nice manager Gernot Rohr who scouted the player through videotapes. He made his league debut on 5 February 2005 in a match against Metz coming on as a substitute in the 72nd minute. On just his third appearance with the club, he scored his first goal in the 66th minute with an extroadinary shot from almost 45 meters out against nearby rivals Monaco. The goal turned out to the game winner as Nice won the match 2–1.\n", "The following season, Ederson was handed the number 10 shirt, but was limited to mostly substitute appearances. He still managed to score two goals in 20 appearances. The 2006–07 season effectively brought Ederson into the limelight as he made a career-high 30 appearances and scored 6 goals, including a game winning penalty in the 90th minute against Marseille and a brace against Bordeaux, though Nice finished in 16th position. Still, his dazzling performances caught the eye of several big clubs, notably Real Madrid, Manchester United, Juventus, and Lazio, to name a few.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Final season at Nice and Lyon.\n", "Ederson's final season at Nice was his best starting all 36 matches he appeared in and scored 7 goals. In January 2008, Ederson and Nice agreed to a move to French champions Olympique Lyonnais for a fee of €14 million with Nice likely to receive another €1 million based on incentives. He allegedly snubbed European heavyweights Manchester United and Real Madrid, according to Lyon chairman Jean-Michel Aulas. As per the agreement, Ederson was allowed to finished the 2007–08 season with Nice scoring his 6th and 7th goal on the last two match days of the season.\n", "He officially joined Lyon in June 2008 along with Nice teammate Hugo Lloris. Considered a perfect replacement for the aging Juninho, he was given the number 7 shirt and made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 3–0 victory over Toulouse coming on as a substitute in the 74th minute. He scored his first goal for Lyon with a penalty kick against Le Havre on 20 September 2008. It was the only goal of the match. In January 2009, he scored in back to back matches against Lorient with another penalty kick and Grenoble. He appeared in all eight of Lyon's UEFA Champions League matches and has been one of Lyon's more consistent players despite playing the majority of matches in the unfamiliar winger position, whilst at Nice, he operated mainly as an attacking midfielder.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Move to Lazio.\n", "On 2 July 2012, Ederson joined Serie A side Lazio on a five-year contract.\n", "Ederson has had an interrupted preseason with a few minor injuries but has managed to score two goals in 5 appearances for the biancocelesti.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Move to Flamengo.\n", "On 21 July 2015, Ederson joined Brazilian Série A club Flamengo.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "As mentioned, Ederson was a part of the Brazil under-17 team that won the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Cup. On 26 July 2010, he was called up for the first time to the senior team to participate in the team's August 2010 friendly against the United States. Prior to representing Brazil, Ederson was also eligible to appear for France under residency rules. He earned his first cap in a friendly game against the United States but unfortunately after a couple of minutes he got injured and was replaced immediately by Carlos Eduardo.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Brazil U-17\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2003\n", "BULLET::::- Lazio\n", "BULLET::::- Coppa Italia: 2012–13\n", "BULLET::::- Flamengo\n", "BULLET::::- Campeonato Carioca: 2017\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ederson Official Web Site\n", "BULLET::::- Profile on Sky Sports\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Victoria Shaw (actress)\n", "Victoria Shaw (25 May 1935 – 17 August 1988) was an Australian actress.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Shaw was born Jeanette Ann Lavina Mary Elizabeth Elphick in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Her parents were Captain and Mrs. Francis W. Elphick. She lived in Croydon, New South Wales, and attended a convent school.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Shaw worked in an insurance office for six months before she went to the Dally-Watkins Agency, where she studied modelling with June Dally-Watkins before making her Australian screen debut opposite Chips Rafferty in \"The Phantom Stockman\" (1953). Bob Hope spotted her while touring Australia and urged her to try her luck in Hollywood, where in 1955, she signed a contract with Columbia Pictures.\n", "She played opposite Tyrone Power in \"The Eddy Duchin Story\" (1956), her United States film debut. Her subsequent films included \"The Crimson Kimono\" and \"Edge of Eternity\" (both 1959), \"Because They're Young\" and \"I Aim at the Stars\" (both 1960), \"Alvarez Kelly\" (1966) and \"Westworld\" (1973). She also made appearances in TV shows including guest-starring in 1964 as Barbara Talbot in the first-season episode 12, \"Soldiers Sometimes Kill\", and in 1966 as Pati Conboy \"the Danzig Lady\" in the second-season episode 29, \"Siren Voices\" of \"12 O-Clock High\". She also appeared in ABC's \"General Hospital\", and \"Charlie's Angels\" and NBC's \"Ironside\" with Raymond Burr.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Shaw married actor Roger Smith in North Hollywood, California, on July 28, 1956. After their divorce in 1965, Smith had joint custody of their three children, Tracey Leone (born 1957), Jordan F. (born 1958), and Dallas E. (born 1961). She married producer Elliott Alexander in 1966. They also divorced.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On August 17, 1988, Shaw died in Hornsby Hospital in Sydney at the age of 53 from emphysema.\n", "Section::::Recognition.\n", "Shaw was named Australia's Model of the Year in 1951. The next year, she was named Photographer's Model of the Year.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Silvia Bonastre\n", "Silvia Bonastre Peremateu (born November 29, 1981 in Terrassa, Catalonia) is a field hockey midfield player from Spain, who represented her native country at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece and at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She was also a member of the Spanish national team that finished fourth at the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup in Madrid, under the guidance of head coach Pablo Usoz. Her sister, Berta Bonastre, still plays for the National Team.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Spanish Olympic Committee\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Spanish field hockey player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4890517", "wikidata_label": "Silvia Bonastre", "wikipedia_title": "Silvia Bonastre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kimberley Cooper\n", "Kimberley Cooper (born 24 April 1980 in Sydney New South Wales), is an Australian television actress.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In her early years Kimberley studied ballet for 12 years winning awards for jazz, tap and classical ballet . Her initial introduction to acting was with the Twelfth Night Theatre Group for children.\n", "Cooper starred in the Australian Soap Opera - \"Home and Away\", from 1998 until 2002, then a small stint in 2011. She played the character of Gypsy Smith (née Nash) in the show. Cooper won the Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent on Australian television in 1999 and the Best Aussie Actress for The Inside Soap Awards, UK, 2000.\n", "In 2002, she was a contestant on \"Celebrity Big Brother\".\n", "Kimberley left \"Home and Away\" prior to the expiration of her contract. In 2006 Cooper resurfaced in New York City, performing in an Australian production of \"The Boys\" to American audiences. Reviews cited the production as average but Kim's performance was praised .\n", "Section::::Return to Home and Away.\n", "Kimberley returned to \"Home and Away\" on 9 September 2011 and departed on 13 October 2011.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6409822", "wikidata_label": "Kimberley Cooper", "wikipedia_title": "Kimberley Cooper" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edward Maunde Thompson\n", "Sir Edward Maunde Thompson (4 May 1840 – 14 September 1929) was a British palaeographer and Principal Librarian and first Director of the British Museum. He is also noted for his study of William Shakespeare's handwriting in the manuscript of the play \"Sir Thomas More\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Thompson was born in Jamaica, where his father, Edward Thompson, was Custos of Clarendon, Jamaica. His mother was Eliza Hayhurst Poole, also of Clarendon. He was educated at Rugby and at University College of Oxford University. In 1864, he married Georgiana Susanna McKenzie from an old Scots-Jamaican family. They had one daughter and three sons.\n", "He served as Director and Principal Librarian of the British Museum from 1888 to 1909. He set high standards for the staff of the museum, and worked hard to improve the accessibility of the collections to the public. He secured premises at Hendon to house the museum's newspaper collection.\n", "He was a founding member of the British Academy in 1901, and served as its second President (1907–09). He was knighted in 1895. He received honorary degrees from Oxford, Durham, St. Andrews and Manchester Universities, and was an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford.\n", "The photographic facsimile of Codex Alexandrinus was issued under his supervision in 1879 and 1880.\n", "In 1916, he published his palaeographic study of the three-page addition to the manuscript of \"Sir Thomas More,\" arguing that the three pages in \"Hand D\" were in Shakespeare's autograph. In 1923, he contributed to the definitive study \"Shakespeare's Hand in the Play of Sir Thomas More,\" with Alfred W. Pollard, W. W. Greg, John Dover Wilson, and R. W. Chambers.\n", "He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"English illuminated manuscripts\" (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1895)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography\", Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Facsimiles of Ancient Manuscripts,\" London: Oxford University Press, 1913–30.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shakespeare's Handwriting: A Study,\" Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shakespeare's Handwriting: A Study by Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, G.C.B.\" Clarendon: Oxford UP, 1916.\n", "BULLET::::- Thompson's Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography at the Internet Archive\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Paoletta Magoni\n", "Paoletta Magoni (born 14 September 1964 in Selvino) is an Italian former alpine skier.\n", "At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, she won the slalom event in front of Perrine Pelen and Ursula Konzett. She also won a bronze medal in slalom at the Alpine World Ski Championships 1985 in Bormio.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "alpine skier", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q175006", "wikidata_label": "Paoletta Magoni", "wikipedia_title": "Paoletta Magoni" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bernhard Russi\n", "Bernhard Russi (born 20 August 1948) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Switzerland. Born in Andermatt in the canton of Uri, he is an Olympic, World Cup, and World champion in the downhill event.\n", "Section::::Racing career.\n", "Russi made his World Cup debut at age 19 in January 1968 at a giant slalom in Adelboden. After two races in 1968 and six in 1969, he joined the World Cup circuit full-time in December 1969. But he (being an unknown ski racer at that time) also was a stuntman in principal filming for »On Her Majesty’s Secret Service« which were made in the Switzerland but he became injured with a fracture of one cervical vertebra. After an injury lay-off he was able (for the first time after a long while) to compete in the Downhill Race at Val d'Isère on December 14, 1969, becoming 14th, and he could gain World Cup Points at first by recording his first World Cup top ten finish (tenth in the Downhill on January 10 at the Lauberhorn downhill in Wengen). But not before achieving a fourth place in the Downhill at Garmisch-Partenkirchen (on February 1) he was qualified as a Swiss Team Racer at the 1970 World Championships, and won his first event, the downhill at the ahead of Karl Cordin of Austria and Australian Malcolm Milne. It was a race with fresh snow, he was the 15th racer - a good number for such conditions. He did win with a hand fracture which he did suffer a week before in a practice race, therefore he did race that actual run with pain. But to be able to win there was another method necessary: His coach (Mr. Paul Berlinger) did scrap off skiwax directly before the start, Russi did race without skiwax. Because the result of the World Championships 1970 (here) at Val Gardena did count as a World Cup race too, his win also was a World Cup Race victory. \n", "Two years later at the 1972 Olympics in Sapporo, Japan, he won the gold medal in the same discipline on Mt. Eniwa. Countryman Roland Collombin secured the silver and a Swiss \"double victory.\" Russi won the World Cup season title in downhill in 1971 and 1972. Anew, he was awarded as \"Swiss sportsman of the Year\", also he was awarded with the \"Skieur d’Or\" (\"Best World Ski Racer of the Year\") und the \"Étoile d’Or\" (\"The Star in Gold\").\n", "At the 1976 Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, Russi nearly retained his Olympic title with a very fast time in the downhill at Patscherkofel, but took the silver medal. He finished 0.33 seconds behind Franz Klammer of Austria, who started 15th, the last of the top seeds. To date (2014) no men's Olympic champion in the downhill has successfully defended his title.\n", "Like in 1974, he couldn't achieve a good result in the 1978 World Championships, when he finished 14th in the Downhill. As a result of this he retired from international competition a few days later (he did announce his prompt retirement on February 2, 1978) with 10 World Cup victories, 28 podiums, and 52 top ten finishes. In addition to his two downhill titles in 1971 and 1972, Russi was second in 1973 and third in 1976 and 1977. His best finish in the overall standings was fifth, achieved three times in 1971, 1972, and 1977\n", "From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics also served as the world championships for alpine skiing. During the early seasons of the World Cup, the Olympics (1968) and world championships (1970) were included in the World Cup season standings; these major competitions were excluded beginning with the 1971 season.\n", "Section::::After racing.\n", "Russi currently serves as the chairman of the FIS Alpine Committee and is a FIS technical advisor for downhill course design. Beginning with the 1988 Winter Olympics, Russi has been noted as the designer of the downhill courses for the Olympics, and also he did design such courses for the FIS Alpine Skiing World Championships. The \"Rattlesnake\"-course at Vail in 1989 was a \"formidable challenge\" to him. Another famous course was the \"Face de Bellevarde\" at Val-d’Isère (1992 Winter Olympics), and he was the construction supervisor at the downhill course \"Rosa Chutor\" at Krasnaja Poljana (2014 Winter Olympics). This stemmed from dissatisfaction with the courses at the 1980 and 1984 games; since Russi took over, there have been few complaints.\n", "He also serves as a commentator for alpine ski racing on Swiss television. - He also is an advertiser for Japanese car Subaru and for several Swiss companies. After the end of his marriage to Michèle Rubi (a three-times Swiss Skiing Champion in 1970) he married Mari Bergström from Sweden. He has a son by his first wife and a daughter by his second wife.\n", "Section::::World Cup results.\n", "Section::::World Cup results.:Race podiums.\n", "BULLET::::- 10 wins – (9 DH, 1 GS)\n", "BULLET::::- 28 podiums – (27 DH, 1 GS)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- – \"\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kathy Kreiner\n", "Katharine Kreiner-Phillips (born May 4, 1957) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Canada. She won the giant slalom at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. First out of the gate on Friday the 13th, Kreiner prevented double gold medalist Rosi Mittermaier from sweeping the women's alpine events, as Mittermaier won the silver medal.\n", "It was Canada's only gold medal in Innsbruck.\n", "Born in Timmins, Ontario, Kreiner was an alpine racing prodigy in Canada, the youngest of six children of Margaret (Peggy) and Harold O. Kreiner (1920–1999), a Timmins physician and her coach until she made the national team. He was the team doctor for the Canadian alpine ski team for the 1966 World Championships in Portillo, Chile, and the Canadian Olympic team for the winter games in 1968 in Grenoble, France.\n", "Kreiner made the national 'B' team at age 13 for a year, and was promoted to the 'A' team in the summer of 1971. She had her first World Cup top ten result in mid-January 1972, a sixth place in a downhill at Grindelwald, Switzerland. Three weeks later, Kreiner placed 14th in the slalom at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan. She made her first World Cup podium in 1973 at Alyeska in Alaska in giant slalom, and gained her first and only World Cup victory at age 16 in 1974 at Pfronten, West Germany. Kreiner raced 10 seasons on the World Cup circuit and finished with 1 victory, 7 podiums, and 46 top tens. After her Olympic victory, she was named the Canadian Female Athlete of the Year in 1976.\n", "From 1948 to 1980, the Winter Olympics also served as the World Championships for alpine skiing, making the Olympic champion the concurrent world champion. Kreiner was immediately inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame at age 18. She was also inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.\n", "Kreiner's Olympic win in 1976 surprised even her; she had shipped home most of her items from Innsbruck and had to borrow a uniform for the medal ceremony. Her older sister Laurie was also a World Cup racer and two-time Olympian; she had the 28th starting position (of 43) and had tears of joy for Kathy while still in the starting gate and finished 27th. Laurie had just missed an Olympic medal in 1972 with a fourth place in the giant slalom.\n", "At the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, Kreiner finished fifth in the downhill and ninth in the giant slalom, held at Whiteface Mountain. During her final season in 1981, Kreiner ascended her only World Cup podium in downhill, and raced independent of the Canadian national team. Her sixth and final podium in giant slalom came nearly four years earlier at Sun Valley in March 1977.\n", "Kreiner married Dave Phillips, a former freestyle skier with the Canadian national team. As of 2010, she remains the only Olympic gold medalist from Timmins.\n", "Section::::World Cup results.\n", "Section::::World Cup results.:Race podiums.\n", "BULLET::::- 1 win (1 GS)\n", "BULLET::::- 7 podiums (1 DH, 6 GS)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Kathy Kreiner World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation\n", "BULLET::::- Canada's Sports Hall of Fame – Kathy Kreiner\n", "BULLET::::- Canadian Ski Hall of Fame – Kathy Kreiner\n", "BULLET::::- Timmins Ski Racers\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ngarmpun Vejjajiva\n", "Ngarmpun Vejjajiva (, , born January 27, 1963 in London) is a Thai novelist and translator. She was the recipient of the S.E.A. Write Award for Thailand in 2006 for her first novel, \"The Happiness of Kati\". A wheelchair user, she has had cerebral palsy since birth and finds comfort in immersing herself in the imaginary world of reading and writing. As is customary for Thais, she has a short nickname, thus many people know her as \"Jane\". Ngarmpun is the sister of Thailand's former Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Born as Jane Vejjajiva in England, where her parents were completing their medical studies, she returned to Thailand at age 3 and grew up in Bangkok. She graduated with first class honors with gold medal from Thammasat University with a bachelor of arts degree in French literature. She then studied French, Italian and English at the Translators and Interpreters School in Brussels.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Career.\n", "She started her career as translator in a magazine publisher in 1988 before setting up her own company, publishing and editing a children's magazine until 1995. She is now managing director of a copyright agency, Silkroad Publishers Agency.\n", "She also works as freelance translator, with her works including \"Seta\" by Alessandro Baricco, \"Le moine et le philosophe\" by Jean-François Revel and Mathieu Ricard and \"The Trumpet of the Swan\" by E.B. White. Other translations include J.K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\", Kate Dicamillo's \"The Tale of Desperaux\" and Emmanuel Dongala's \"Les Petits Enfants Naissent Aussi des Etoiles\" (\"Little Children Are Also Born From Stars\").\n", "Section::::Biography.:Novels.\n", "Her first novel, \"The Happiness of Kati\" (ความสุขของกะทิ), came about during a rare one-month break from her translation work. Always wanting to write a novel, but never having the time, Ngarmpun was inspired one day while working in the kitchen with a spatula and frying pan, which served as the beginnings of characters for the children's story. \"The Happiness of Kati\" is about a young Thai girl mourning the death of her mother yet also enjoying life in a small Thai village on the banks of the Chao Phraya River, living with her grandmother and cousins.\n", "The book was published by Praew Books, an imprint of Amarin Printing and Publishing, and has been translated into English, German, Japanese, French and Catalan.\n", "Although generally well received, \"The Happiness of Kati\" has received some criticism for its simplistic and bourgeois portrayal of Thai rural life.\n", "A sequel, entitled \"The Happiness of Kati: Chasing the Moon\" (ความสุขของกะทิ ตอน ตามหาพระจันทร์) was published in Thai in 2006.\n", "Aside from her novels, Ngarmpun has also written short stories for magazines.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 - Chevalier Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 - S.E.A. Write Award\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- S.E.A. Write Awards press release, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Vichitsorasatra, Lisnaree. September 7, 2006. \"Kati's happiness wins through\", \"The Nation\" (retrieved October 10, 2006).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Abhisit Vejjajiva\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jane Vejjajiva", "งามพรรณ เวชชาชีวะ", "Ngamphan Wetchachiwa" ] }, "description": "Thai writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4923120", "wikidata_label": "Ngarmpun Vejjajiva", "wikipedia_title": "Ngarmpun Vejjajiva" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bobby Davison\n", "Robert Davison (born 17 July 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in South Shields he began his career with Huddersfield Town before spending time at Halifax Town, Derby County (twice), Leeds United, Sheffield United (twice), Leicester City, Rotherham United and Hull City. After he retired from playing he spent time on the coaching staff of a number of clubs, including brief spells as manager of Guiseley and Ferencváros, and is currently youth team coach at Crystal Palace and assistant manager to Noel Blake's England national under-19 football team.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Davison started his career at Huddersfield Town making only two appearances between 1980 and 1981. He moved on to Halifax Town on 1 August 1981 and holds a good record 29 goals in 63 appearances. This caught the eye of Derby County and between 1982 and 1987 he made 206 appearances scoring 83 goals, contributing towards their promotion to the Second Division in 1986 and the First Division a year later. He played a total of 206 league games for the Rams, scoring 83 goals and became a Derby legend.\n", "Much to Derby fans' disappointment he was sold for £350,000 to a rebuilding Leeds United squad, managed by Billy Bremner, in November 1987.\n", "Howard Wilkinson succeeded Bremner as Leeds managed in September 1988 and in the subsequent push for promotion Bobby became a cult hero for Leeds due to a high work rate and general rapport with the crowd. His scoring record of 35 times in 110 games is a good one for Leeds at that time. He helped them seal a return to the top flight as they sealed the Second Division title on the last day of the 1989–90 season by beating AFC Bournemouth 1–0 at Dean Court.\n", "However, Davison lost his first team place for the 1990–91 season following the arrival of Lee Chapman, who was established as a top goalscorer. He played just five times in the 1990–91 First Division campaign and scored once as Leeds finished fourth. He managed just two league appearances in the 1991–92 campaign, which Leeds ended as champions. He was loaned back to Derby County (who suffered Second Division playoff disappointment in 1991–92) that season, scoring an impressive eight goals in just 10 league games, but the permanent return to the Baseball Ground never happened.\n", "In 1992, he was released to Leicester City. After helping Leicester come close to achieving promotion to the Premier League, he found himself out of favour with the club, so joined Sheffield United in 1993. Again, after coming close to achieving promotion, he found himself out of favour and spent the rest of his career playing bit-part appearances with Rotherham United and Hull City where he retired in the 1995–96 season.\n", "Section::::Coaching career.\n", "In February 1998, Davison was appointed player-manager at Guiseley, he offered his resignation in October 2000 after a string of poor results left them dicing with relegation. Davison was Assistant Manager to Colin Todd at Bradford City for three years, he left the club in June 2007 when Stuart McCall brought in Wayne Jacobs. He also had short a short spell coaching Sheffield United.\n", "On 20 February 2008, when Sheffield United announced their takeover of Ferencváros, they also announced the appointment of Davison as an advisory coach to the Hungarian side. On 16 April 2008, after the removal of János Csank, Davison became Ferencváros's new head coach. His first game in charge was a 1–0 victory against Bõcs KSC, and the team went on to win promotion the next season by 17 points.\n", "On 30 October 2009, Ferencváros replaced the dismissed Davison with Craig Short.\n", "In November 2010, Davison joined his former club Leeds United as youth team coach.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Tradescant the Elder\n", "John Tradescant the Elder (; c. 1570s – 15–16 April 1638), father of John Tradescant the Younger, was an English naturalist, gardener, collector and traveller, probably born in Suffolk, England. He began his career as head gardener to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury at Hatfield House, who initiated Tradescant in travelling by sending him to the Low Countries for fruit trees in 1610/11. He was kept on by Robert's son William, to produce gardens at the family's London house, Salisbury House. He then designed gardens on the site of St Augustine's Abbey for Edward Lord Wotton in 1615-23.\n", "Later, Tradescant was gardener to the royal favourite George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, remodelling his gardens at New Hall, Essex and at Burley-on-the-Hill. John Tradescant travelled to the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery in Arctic Russia in 1618 (his own account of the expedition survives in his collection), to the Levant and to Algiers during an expedition against the Barbary pirates in 1620, returned to the Low Countries on Buckingham's behalf in 1624, and finally went to Paris and (as an engineer for the ill-fated siege of La Rochelle) the Ile de Rhé with Buckingham. After Buckingham's assassination in 1628, he was then engaged in 1630 by King Charles I to be Keeper of his Majesty's Gardens, Vines, and Silkworms at his queen's minor palace, Oatlands Palace in Surrey.\n", "On all his trips he collected seeds and bulbs everywhere and assembled a collection of curiosities of natural history and ethnography which he housed in a large house, \"The Ark\", in Lambeth, London. The Ark was the prototypical \"Cabinet of Curiosity\", a collection of rare and strange objects, that became the first museum open to the public in England, the Musaeum Tradescantianum. He also gathered specimens through American colonists, including his personal friend John Smith, who bequeathed Tradescant a quarter of his library. From their botanical garden in Lambeth, on the south bank of the Thames, he and his son, John, introduced many plants into English gardens that have become part of the modern gardener's repertory. A genus of flowering plants (\"Tradescantia\") is named to honour him. Tradescant Road, off South Lambeth Road in Vauxhall, marks the former boundary of the Tradescant estate.\n", "The Tradescant collection, which was added to significantly by Tradescant's son, John Tradescant the Younger, was later given to the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole. It was combined with an older University collection to become the Ashmolean Museum, which opened in 1683. \n", "He was buried in the churchyard of St-Mary-at-Lambeth, as was his son; the churchyard is now established as the Garden Museum.\n", "He is the subject of the novel \"Earthly Joys\" by Philippa Gregory.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Edward Lhuyd - curator of the Ashmolean Museum\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Tradescant Collection at the Ashmolean Museum\n", "BULLET::::- Vauxhall Society\n", "BULLET::::- Botany\n", "BULLET::::- A Chilham garden designed by him\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John, the elder Tradescant", "John Tradescant the Elder", "John, I Tradescant", "John Tradescant I", "John Tradescant" ] }, "description": "English botanist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1375506", "wikidata_label": "John Tradescant the elder", "wikipedia_title": "John Tradescant the Elder" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nick Smith (footballer, born 1988)\n", "Nicholas Smith (born 12 June 1988) is an Australian rules footballer, playing with the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL).\n", "Smith was educated at Scotch College, Melbourne (where he captained Cyril Rioli), and then played with the Oakleigh Chargers. He represented Vic Metro in the under-18 national championships before being picked as a rookie in the 2007 Rookie Draft at number 15.\n", "He made his AFL senior debut in round 5, 2008 against Geelong after being promoted off the Rookie List earlier in the season. Playing a further senior game against Hawthorn kicking his first senior AFL goal during the match. He was elevated to the Sydney Swans senior list full-time at the end of the 2008. In 2009, he continued to add to his game tally by playing the last 11 matches of the season and was re-signed for a further two years.\n", "In 2010, Smith returned to the senior side playing in the back pocket and as a midfield tagger. He played on some of the best players in the competition and often managed to severely limit their influence. Those players included Luke Hodge, Dan Giansiracusa, Mark Le Cras, Steve Johnson, Stephen Hill, Eddie Betts and Luke Power.\n", "Smith's 2011 season was another consistent showing. He played mostly as a small defender and continued to play on the most dangerous players in the league. His year was rewarded with 6th place in the 2011 Bob Skilton Medal.\n", "Smith was rewarded for his hard work with a spot in the 2014 All Australian team.\n", "His father Mal played one game for St Kilda in 1982.\n", "As of the end of the 2018 AFL season, Smith has played the most AFL games of any player without polling a single Brownlow Medal vote.\n", "Smith's 2019 season was beset by injury. It was feared that he may not play again.\n", "Section::::Statistics.\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2008\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2009\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2010\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2011\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2012\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2013\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2014\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2015\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2016\n", "! colspan=3| Career\n", "! 220\n", "! 90\n", "! 76\n", "! 1298\n", "! 1097\n", "! 2395\n", "! 578\n", "! 519\n", "! 0.1\n", "! 0.1\n", "! 7.8\n", "! 6.6\n", "! 14.3\n", "! 3.5\n", "! 3.1\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nicholas Smith" ] }, "description": "Australian rules footballer (born 1988)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7027947", "wikidata_label": "Nick Smith", "wikipedia_title": "Nick Smith (footballer, born 1988)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Tradescant the Younger\n", "John Tradescant the Younger (; 4 August 1608 – 22 April 1662), son of John Tradescant the Elder, was a botanist and gardener, born in Meopham, Kent, and educated at The King's School, Canterbury. Like his father, who collected specimens and rarities on his many trips abroad, he undertook collecting expeditions to Virginia between 1628 and 1637 (and possibly two more trips by 1662, though Potter and other authors doubt this). Among the seeds he brought back, to introduce to English gardens were great American trees, including magnolias, bald cypress and tulip tree, and garden plants such as phlox and asters. \n", "John Tradescant the Younger added his American acquisitions to the family's cabinet of curiosities, known as The Ark. These included the ceremonial cloak of Chief Powhatan, an important Native American relic. South Lambeth Road in Vauxhall was one of the boundaries of the Tradescant estate, where the collection was kept and Tradescant Road was laid out after the estate was built on in the late 1800s and named after the family.\n", "When his father died, he succeeded as head gardener to Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, making gardens at the Queen's House, Greenwich, designed by Inigo Jones, from 1638 to 1642, when the queen fled the Civil War. He published the contents of his father's celebrated collection as \"Musaeum Tradescantianum\"—books, coins, weapons, costumes, taxidermy, and other curiosities—dedicating the first edition to the Royal College of Physicians (with whom he was negotiating for the transfer of his botanic garden), and the second edition to the recently restored Charles II. Tradescant bequeathed his library and museum to (or some say it was swindled from him by) Elias Ashmole (1617–1692), whose name it bears as the core of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford where the Tradescant collections remain largely intact.\n", "He was buried beside his father in the churchyard of St-Mary-at-Lambeth which is now established as the Garden Museum.\n", "He is the subject of the novel \"Virgin Earth\" by Philippa Gregory, sequel to \"Earthly Joys\" about his father.\n", "The standard author abbreviation Trad. is applied to species he described.\n", "Section::::Marriages and issue.\n", "BULLET::::1. Jane Hurte, died 1634\n", "BULLET::::1. John, died age 19\n", "BULLET::::2. Frances, married Alexander Norman\n", "BULLET::::2. Ester (Hester) Pooks\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Prudence Leith-Ross, \"The John Tradescants: Gardeners to the Rose and Lily Queen\", 1984. .\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur MacGregor (Editor), \"Tradescant's Rarities: Essays on the Foundation of the Ashmolean Museum\", 1983. .\n", "BULLET::::- Jennifer Potter, \"Strange Blooms: The Curious Lives and Adventures of the John Tradescants\", 2006.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Tradescant Collection at the Ashmolean Museum\n", "BULLET::::- Vauxhall Society\n", "BULLET::::- Death of Hester Tradescant The story of Ashmole's obsession and the mysterious death of Hester Tradescant, widow of the younger John, told in the style of a modern newspaper article.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John II Tradescant", "John Tradescant", "John, the Younger Tradescant", "John Tradescant II", "John, II Tradescant", "John, the younger Tradescant", "Trad." ] }, "description": "British botnaist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1701960", "wikidata_label": "John Tradescant the Younger", "wikipedia_title": "John Tradescant the Younger" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andrea Mead Lawrence\n", "Andrea Mead Lawrence (April 19, 1932 – March 30, 2009) was an American alpine ski racer. She competed in three Winter Olympics (and two world championships) and was the first American alpine skier to win two Olympic gold medals.\n", "Section::::Skiing career.\n", "Mead was born in Rutland County, Vermont, to an alpine skiing family that owned and operated the Pico Peak ski area. At age 14 she made the national team, and at age 15 competed in the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, where she placed eighth in the slalom, and sixth at the 1950 World Championships in Aspen.\n", "At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, she was selected as captain of the U.S. women's team at age 19. She won both the slalom and the giant slalom events. She succeeded Gretchen Fraser, who had won gold in the slalom in 1948, as the top American woman ski racer. She also competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics, placing fourth in the giant slalom. Between the 1952 and 1956 Olympics, she gave birth to three children, and was inducted into the National Ski Hall of Fame in 1958 and carried the torch at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California, passed it to America gold medalist speed skater Ken Henry, who circled the ice rink then ascended the Tribune of Honor and ignited the Olympic flame.\n", "Section::::Life after ski racing.\n", "After fighting against development at Mammoth Mountain ski area, she was elected as a Mono County supervisor in 1982, and served for 16 years.\n", "In 2003, she founded the Andrea Lawrence Institute for Mountains and Rivers, a non-profit organization committed to conservation, specifically in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains. A resident of the area for over 40 years, she was also a long-time advocate for the preservation of Mono Lake and other environmental concerns.\n", "On April 29, 2010 U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer and U.S. Representative Howard P. \"Buck\" McKeon announced legislation to rename Peak 12,240 in Mono County \"Mt. Andrea Lawrence,\" in memory of Lawrence.\n", "On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed into law the Mt. Andrea Lawrence Designation Act of 2011, naming peak 12,240 near Donahue Pass on the John Muir Trail, \"Mt. Andrea Lawrence\".\n", "Lawrence is a member of the Vermont Sports Hall of Fame, inducted in the first class of 2012.\n", "On November 8, 2013, two Vermont non-profit organizations opened a new multi-use adaptive sports and youth skiing center at Andrea Mead Lawrence's home mountain of Pico Peak, Vermont. The Andrea Mead Lawrence Lodge at Pico will serve as the permanent home and base camp for the non-profit missions of Vermont Adaptive Ski and Sports and the Pico Ski Education Foundation.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Family.\n", "Mead married fellow U.S. Ski Team member David Lawrence in Switzerland in March 1951. They moved to a ranch in Parshall, Colorado in 1954 and then to Aspen in the 1960s, where she became a member of the town's planning board. The couple separated and divorced in 1967. With five young children and little money, she moved her family in 1968 to Mammoth Lakes, California, near Mammoth Mountain. Her nephew is current Wyoming Governor Matt Mead.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Death.\n", "Lawrence was diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma in 2000, from which she died on March 30, 2009, several weeks before her 77th birthday.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- National Ski Hall of Fame – Andrea Mead Lawrence – inducted 1958\n", "BULLET::::- TIME.com – cover of TIME magazine – 21-Jan-1952\n", "BULLET::::- article – \"She Skis for Fun\"\n", "BULLET::::- Skiing History.org – Andrea Mead Lawrence\n", "BULLET::::- Vermont Ski Museum.org – Andrea Mead Lawrence\n", "BULLET::::- alimar.org – Andrea Lawrence Institute for Mountains and Rivers\n", "BULLET::::- Nevasport.com – Andrea Mead Biography and photos\n", "BULLET::::- Bio of Andrea Mead Lawrence at Andrea Lawrence Institute for Mountains and Rivers\n", "BULLET::::- Vermont Sports Hall of Fame Bio\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peter Lee (chess player)\n", "Peter Nicholas Lee (born 21 November 1943) is an English chess player who won the British Chess Championship in 1965. Born in London and educated at Exeter College, Oxford, he represented Oxford University in the Varsity chess matches of 1963, 1964, 1965, and 1966, and represented England in the Chess Olympiads of 1966, 1968, and 1970.\n", "Later, he turned to contract bridge, at which he has also been highly successful. He has won the English Bridge Union's National Pairs title four times, the first time in 2003, and has also been a member of the team that won the Gold Cup, the premier teams event in Britain, in 2003 and 2011. This makes him the only person who has won British championships in both chess and bridge.\n", "As a consultant in medical statistics and epidemiology, he has also published over 200 papers, many on the effects of tobacco on health.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Paul M. Lally\n", "Paul M. Lally is a television producer, writer, and director.\n", "Lally directed over 100 episodes of \"Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood\"\n", "His PBS screenwriting credits include \"Alias Jimmy Valentine\", an O. Henry adapted screenplay for \"American Playhouse\", and episodic writing for \"Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood\". His commercial screenplay credits include \"Little Red Riding Hood\" and \"Hansel and Gretel\" for Walt Disney Productions.\n", "He was host and narrator of four public television storytelling series; \"Gather 'Round, Teletales, Gentle Giant\" and A Fairy Tale Comforter for Children.\"\n", "His PBS executive producing credits include \"Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito\", an Italian how-to cooking series broadcast nationwide on PBS stations.\n", "He wrote and directed \"Golden: The Hobey Baker Story\"\n", "He narrated American music composer's Ward Dilmore's \"The Nightingale\" and \"The Snow Queen,\" as performed by the ballet troupe \"Petit Papillon,\" under the direction of Patricia Walker.\n", "His novels include the alternate military history trilogies, RISE AGAIN, and AMERIKA. Also RIDE THE TITANIC, BAR HARBOR GOLD, and SILK\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American television director, producer and writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7152120", "wikidata_label": "Paul M. Lally", "wikipedia_title": "Paul M. Lally" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Davide Bombana\n", "Davide Bombana (born in 1958 in Milan, Italy) is an Italian choreographer. He studied ballet at the Ballet School of La Scala and graduated in 1977. His debut that year, with the La Scala Ballet was in the title role of Béjart's \"The Firebird\". He was promoted to soloist and then principal dancer, performing ballets by Maurice Béjart, Glen Tetley, Rudolf Nureyev, Jerome Robbins, George Balanchine and L. Falco.\n", "He furthered his balletic career at the Pennsylvania Ballet in Philadelphia, the Scottish Ballet in Glasgow, and the London Festival Ballet in London. He also later guested in La Scala's production of John Cranko's \"Romeo and Juliet\" and Roland Petit's \"Proust\", and has worked at the Bayerisches Staatsballett in Munich as a principal dancer from 1986-1991 (and as a choreographer from 1991–1998).\n", "In Munich, Bombana's first choreographic world premières took place and included: \"Sonata\", \"Parabel\", \"Quatour pour la fin du temps\", \"Okanagon\", \"Woyzeck Fragmente\" inspired by Büchner, \"Schönberg opus 4\" and the two full length ballets \"Luigi Nono Project\" and \"Ein Traumspiel\" inspired by Strindberg.\n", "In 1998, Bombana was appointed director of the company Maggio Danza in Florence where he restaged \"Woyzeck Fragmente\" and \"Schönberg opus 4\" and created the full length ballet \"Teorema\" inspired by Pasolini.\n", "Bombana has worked with various ballet companies as a guest choreographer and has either choreographed or restaged \"Aus der Ferne\" (Ballet du Rhin France, Queensland Ballet, Australia), the full length \"Penthesilea\" (Maggio Danza Florence), \"Woyzeck Fragmente\" (Ballet du Rhin France, Zaragoza Ballet Spain, in Florence and Basel), \"Beyond Skin\" (Ballet du Rhin, France, Zaragoza Ballet, Spain), \"Petite Suite En Noir\" (Paris Conservatory, John Cranko School, Stuttgart), the full length ballet \"Lolita\" (Grand Ballet de Génève), \"La septième lune\" (Paris Opera Ballet), \"Kunst der Fuge\" (Ballet du Rhin Moulhouse), \"Tenebrae\" (Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe), the full length \"Cinderella\" (Aalto Ballett Theater Essen), \"Carmen\" (Ballet du Capitole Toulouse), \"Century Rolls\" (Bayerisches Staatsballett München) and \"Harpsichord Concerto\" (New York Choreographic Institute - New York City Ballet), New York, U.S.A). He has also been a member of the jury for the International Prix Benois de la Danse.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian ballet dancer and choreographer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3019080", "wikidata_label": "Davide Bombana", "wikipedia_title": "Davide Bombana" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Cedric Drewe\n", "Sir Cedric Drewe (26 May 1896 – 21 January 1971) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was the son of Julius Drewe, the English businessman, retailer, and entrepreneur.\n", "At the 1924 general election, he was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for South Molton in Devon, defeating the long-serving Liberal MP, George Lambert, who had held the seat since 1891. Lambert regained the seat at the next contest, the 1929 general election, and went on to represent South Molton until he retired from the Commons at the 1945 general election.\n", "Drewe returned to Parliament two years later, at the 1931 general election, for the Honiton constituency. He held the seat until he retired from Parliament at the 1955 general election.\n", "He never held ministerial office, but was a Conservative whip for many years, and in Winston Churchill's 1951-55 government, he was the government's deputy chief whip, with the formal title of Treasurer of the Household.\n", "Drewe was appointed into the Royal Victorian Order, as a Knight Commander, by Queen Elizabeth II, on 1 June 1953.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jimmie Crutchfield\n", "John \"Jimmie\" William Crutchfield (March 25, 1910 – April 1, 1993) was a professional baseball outfielder in Negro league baseball from 1930 to 1945.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Crutchfield began his career with the Birmingham Black Barons in 1930 but the following year moved to the Indianapolis ABC's. When the team ran into financial difficulties, he left to play with the Pittsburgh Crawfords, where he remained for the next five years. Teamed with Ted Page and Cool Papa Bell, they formed what is considered the best outfield in the Negro Leagues. During this time, his performance earned him three appearances in the East-West All-Star game. In the 1935 game, Crutchfield made an astonishing catch when he chased down a long drive and leapt in the air, catching the ball in his bare hand. In 1941 he was named an All-Star again, this time as a member of the Chicago American Giants.\n", "Crutchfield served in the military during World War II from 1943 to 1944. After his baseball career was over, he went to work for the United States Postal Service.\n", "Crutchfield died in Chicago in 1993 and was interred in the nearby Burr Oak Cemetery, Alsip, Illinois, buried in an unmarked grave until 2004 when Peoria, Illinois anesthesiologist Jeremy Krock contacted members of the Society for American Baseball Research to try to get a proper headstone on the grave of Crutchfield, who originally comes from the same town as Krock. This launched the Negro Leagues Baseball Grave Marker Project of which Dr. Krock still works with today.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Negro League Baseball Player's Association\n", "BULLET::::- Find a Grave Bio\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William H. Gray III\n", "William Herbert Gray III (August 20, 1941 – July 1, 2013) was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who represented from 1979 to 1991. He also served as chairman of the House Committee on the Budget from 1985 to 1989 and House Majority Whip from 1989 to 1991. He resigned from Congress in September of that year to become president and chief executive officer of the United Negro College Fund, a position he held until 2004.\n", "As an African American, he was the fourth-highest-ranking member of the House at the time of his resignation and a minister in Philadelphia. He was co-founder of the government lobbying and advisory firm, Gray Loeffler LLC, headquartered in Washington D.C.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Gray was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, but grew up in St. Augustine, Florida, where his father was president of Florida Normal and Industrial Institute (later renamed Florida Memorial University), and later in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he graduated from Simon Gratz High School. He attended Franklin & Marshall College, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1963. He went on to obtain a master's in divinity from Drew Theological Seminary in 1966 and a master's in theology from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1970. Gray received a L.H.D. from Bates College in 1994.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1972, Gray succeeded his father as the senior minister at Bright Hope Baptist Church in Philadelphia. He was elected as a Democrat to represent Philadelphia in the United States House of Representatives in 1978. He represented Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district in the House of Representatives from 1978 until his resignation on September 11, 1991. He was the first African-American to chair the House Budget Committee and also the first to serve as the Majority Whip (1989–1991). As chairman of the Committee on Budget, Gray introduced H.R. 1460, an anti-Apartheid bill that prohibited loans and new investment in South Africa and enforced sanctions on imports and exports with South Africa. This bill was an instrumental precursor to the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 (H.R. 4868).\n", "Gray resigned unexpectedly from Congress in 1991 to serve as president of the United Negro College Fund from 1991 to 2004. The move was considered surprising and prompted speculation that it may have been connected with an investigation into alleged campaign finance violations by the Gray team. A Pennsylvania Senate seat had been left vacant when Senator John Heinz was killed in a plane crash. Major-party candidates were chosen by the party committees because it was too late for a primary. The speculation was that Attorney General Dick Thornburgh struck a deal with Gray, who not only had been the subject of an investigation into campaign finance irregularities but also a grand jury investigation into his church's financial dealings. It was reported that Gray agreed not run in the special election and in return Thornburgh would drop the investigations. Thornburgh resigned as Attorney General and went on to run himself, but lost in an upset to Democrat Harris Wofford. Gray did not run. He resigned from Congress two months earlier, in order to take the job as President of the United Negro College Fund and the Justice Department never brought charges against him.\n", "Gray served as a special adviser to the President and Secretary of State for Haitian affairs in 1994. He was named to the PoliticsPA list of \"Pennsylvania's Top Political Activists.\"\n", "Outside politics he was also a businessman who has been a director at Dell from 2000. Gray was a director of J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., Prudential Financial Inc., Rockwell International Corporation, Visteon Corporation and Pfizer. He retired from Bright Hope Baptist Church in 2007 and was succeeded by Kevin R. Johnson.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Gray was married to the former Andrea Dash; they have three sons, William IV, Justin and Andrew. Gray was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Gray died on July 1, 2013, in London, while attending the Wimbledon tennis tournament with his son Andrew. Gray's death came suddenly and no cause of death has been given. He was 71.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "In 1997 he received the Four Freedom Award for the Freedom of Worship.\n", "In 2014 President Barack Obama signed U.S. House resolution 4838 directing Amtrak to rename Philadelphia's 30th Street Station to William H. Gray III 30th Street Station.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of African-American United States Representatives\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bio with picture from the National Council of Churches\n", "BULLET::::- William Gray - Forbes Profile\n", "BULLET::::- Dell Profile\n", "BULLET::::- Pew foster care\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3511361", "wikidata_label": "William H. Gray", "wikipedia_title": "William H. Gray III" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Seth Carlo Chandler\n", "Seth Carlo Chandler, Jr. (September 16, 1846 – December 31, 1913) was an American astronomer.\n", "He was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Seth Carlo and Mary (née Cheever) Chandler. During his last year in high school he performed mathematical computations for Benjamin Peirce, of the Harvard College Observatory.\n", "After graduating, he became the assistant of Benjamin A. Gould. Gould was director of the Longitude Department of the U.S. Coast Survey program, a geodetic survey program. When Gould left to become director of the national observatory in Argentina, Chandler also left and became an actuary. However, he continued to work in astronomy as an amateur affiliated with Harvard College Observatory. \n", "Chandler is best remembered for his research on what is today known as the Chandler wobble. His research on this spanned nearly three decades.\n", "Chandler also made contributions to other areas of astronomy, including variable stars. He independently co-discovered the nova T Coronae Borealis, improved the estimate of the constant of aberration, and computed the orbital parameters of asteroids and comets.\n", "Chandler was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1896 and the James Craig Watson Medal in 1894. \n", "The crater Chandler on the Moon is named after him.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Latitude, How American Astronomers Solved the Mystery of Variation\" by Bill Carter and Merri Sue Carter, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD., 2002.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography (National Academy of Sciences)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Seth Carlo Chandler, Jr" ] }, "description": "American astronomer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q548985", "wikidata_label": "Seth Carlo Chandler", "wikipedia_title": "Seth Carlo Chandler" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Erik Sandin\n", "Erik Sandin (born July 29, 1966), is an American musician and the drummer of the\n", "punk rock band NOFX, and former member of punk rock band Caustic Cause. He was a founding member of NOFX when they formed in Hollywood, California, in 1983.\n", "Two years after forming NOFX, he moved to Santa Barbara leaving the band. In just one year without Sandin, the band had already gone through two drummers (Scott Sellers and Scott Aldahl) and in 1986 the band talked Sandin into rejoining NOFX.\n", "He has been NOFX's permanent drummer since his return in 1986, and played drums on every NOFX full-length album and EP released, including the 2007 live album They've Actually Gotten Worse Live!. The band Dogpiss featured a song about him called \"Erik Sandin's Stand In\" on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Short Music for Short People.\n", "Before the recording of \"White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean\", NOFX frontman Fat Mike gave Sandin an ultimatum. He had to quit heroin or be replaced. After realizing that NOFX was the most important thing in his life and with assistance of Brett Gurewitz and Lynn Strait, Sandin entered rehab at The Ranch in Desert Hot Springs, California for treatment of heroin addiction. Sandin has not used the drug since. As it can be seen on Backstage Passport, he conducts a more sober and \"clean\" life than his bandmates, often going back to the hotel after a show instead of hanging out with the rest of the band.\n", "Section::::Aliases.\n", "BULLET::::- Erik Ghint (Arrogant) - \"White Trash, Two Heebs And A Bean\"\n", "BULLET::::- Erik Shun (Erection) - \"S&M Airlines\"\n", "BULLET::::- Groggy Nodbeggar - \"Ribbed\"\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Telmeth (Crystal meth)\n", "BULLET::::- Herb Reath Stinks (Her breath stinks) - \"Punk in Drublic\"\n", "BULLET::::- Seymour Butts (See more butts) - \"The Longest Line\" EP\n", "BULLET::::- Smelly - \"So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes\", \"The War on Errorism\", \"Coaster\"\n", "Section::::Albums with NOFX.\n", "BULLET::::- 1988 \"Liberal Animation\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1989 \"S&M Airlines\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1991 \"Ribbed\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1992 \"The Longest Line\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1992 \"Maximum Rocknroll\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1992 \"White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 \"Punk in Drublic\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 \"I Heard They Suck Live!!\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 \"Heavy Petting Zoo\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 \"So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 \"The Decline\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 \"Pump Up the Valuum\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 \"45 or 46 Songs That Weren't Good Enough To Go On Our Other Records\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 \"The War on Errorism\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 \"Wolves in Wolves' Clothing\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 \"They've Actually Gotten Worse Live!\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 \"Coaster\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 \"Cokie the Clown\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 \"NOFX\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 \"Self Entitled\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 \"First Ditch Effort\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American drummer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q589944", "wikidata_label": "Erik Sandin", "wikipedia_title": "Erik Sandin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wayne MacVeagh\n", "Isaac Wayne MacVeagh (April 19, 1833January 11, 1917) was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat. He served as the 36th Attorney General of the United States under the administrations of Presidents James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "MacVeagh was born in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, on April 19, 1833, the son of Major John MacVeagh and Margaret (\"née\" Lincoln) MacVeagh. His brother, Franklin MacVeagh, was a banker and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury under President William Howard Taft.\n", "He attended Yale University, where he was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter), and graduated tenth in his class in 1853. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, and was the District Attorney of Chester County, Pennsylvania, from 1859 through 1864. During the American Civil War he joined the emergency militia of Pennsylvania that was organized against the threat of Confederate invasion in 1862 and 1863. He raised an independent cavalry company and later served in the 29th Emergency Militia Regiment, reaching the rank of major.\n", "He became a leader in the Republican Party and was the prominent opponent of his father-in-law, Simon Cameron, in the fight within the party in 1871. MacVeagh was the Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in 1870 through 1871, and was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1872 and 1873.\n", "In 1875, MacVeagh co-founded the Philadelphia-based law firm known today as Dechert LLP. He also served as Chairman of the MacVeagh Commission, sent in 1877 by President Rutherford B. Hayes to Louisiana, which secured the settlement of the contest between two existing state governments and thus made possible the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the state.\n", "MacVeagh served as the 36th Attorney General in 1881 under President James A. Garfield. He resigned after President Garfield's assassination. Chester Arthur was to be 21st President and MacVeagh served as a cabinet member.\n", "In 1892, he supported Grover Cleveland, the Democratic nominee for the presidency, and from 1893 to 1897 he served as Ambassador to Italy. He returned to the Republican Party in 1896. In 1903, he was an chief counsel of the United States before the Hague tribunal in the case regarding the claims of Germany, Britain and Italy against the republic of Venezuela.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "MacVeagh married Letitia Miner Lewis, in 1856. They had one son, Charles MacVeagh (June 6, 1860 – December 4, 1931), who became the Ambassador to Japan.\n", "In 1866, after his first wife's death, he married the former Virginia Rolette Cameron, a daughter of U.S. Secretary of War Simon Cameron.\n", "MacVeagh died in Washington, D.C., on January 11, 1917. He was buried at the Church of the Redeemer Cemetery in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The MacVeagh Family Papers, including papers, notes, newspaper clippings and correspondence spanning much of Wayne MacVeagh's life, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.\n", "BULLET::::- https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15611773\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sophia Palaiologina\n", "Zoe Palaiologina (), who later changed her name to Sophia Palaiologina (; ca. 1440/49 – 7 April 1503), was a Byzantine princess, member of the Imperial Palaiologos family, Grand Princess of Moscow as the second wife of Grand Prince Ivan III. Through her eldest son Vasili III, she was also the grandmother of Ivan the Terrible, the first Tsar of All Russia.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Zoe's father was Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of Morea and younger brother of the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos. Her mother was Catherine, the only legitimate daughter and heiress of Centurione II Zaccaria, the last independent Prince of Achaea and Baron of Arcadia.\n", "The marriage between Thomas Palaiologos and Catherine Zaccaria produced four children: Helena, later wife of Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia; Zoe; Andreas; and Manuel.\n", "Section::::In Italy.\n", "The fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 was a turning point in Zoe's fate. Seven years later, in 1460, the Ottoman army attacked Morea and quickly breached the \"Hexamilion wall\" across the Isthmus of Corinth, which was too long to be effectively manned and defended by Thomas' forces. Thomas and his family escaped to Corfu, and, then to Rome, where (already recognized as the legitimate heir to the Byzantine Empire by the Pope) he made a ceremonial entrance as Byzantine Emperor on 7 March 1461. Catherine, who remained in Corfu with her children, died there on 16 August 1462.\n", "Zoe and her brothers remained in Petriti, a fishing port on the southeast coast of Corfu, near the byzantine Gardiki Castle, until 1465, when their dying father recalled them to Rome. Thomas Palaiologos died on 12 May 1465.\n", "Adopted by the Papacy after her father's death together with her brothers, her Greek name Zoe was changed to Sophia. Born into the Orthodox religion, it's possible that she was raised as a Catholic in Rome. She spent the next years in the court of Pope Sixtus IV.\n", "The care of the Imperial children was assigned to a famous scientist, Greek Cardinal Basilios Bessarion. Surviving letters of the Cardinal show the Pope followed the evolution and welfare of Sophia and her brothers: they received the amount of 3,600 crowns (in payments of 200 crowns per month for their clothes, horses and servants, and an additional 100 crowns for the maintenance of a modest household, which included a doctor, a Latin teacher, a Greek teacher, a translator, and one or two priests).\n", "After the death of Thomas Palaeologus, his eldest son Andreas became the \"de jure\" Byzantine Emperor but sold his rights to several European monarchs and finally died in poverty. During the reign of Bayezid II, Manuel returned to Constantinople (now Istanbul) and remained at the mercy of the Sultan; according to some sources, he converted to Islam, raised a family and served in the Turkish Navy.\n", "In 1466 the Venetian Republic invited King James II of Cyprus to ask for the hand of Sophia in marriage, but he refused. Around 1467, Pope Paul II offered Sophia's hand to a Prince Caracciolo. They were solemnly betrothed, but the marriage never took place.\n", "Section::::Marriage.\n", "Maria of Tver, the first wife of Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow, died in 1467. This marriage only produced a son, Ivan the Young, born in 1458.\n", "The marriage between Sophia and Ivan III was proposed by Pope Paul II in 1469, probably with the hope of strengthening the influence of the Catholic Church in Russia, or the unification of the Orthodox and Catholic as was stipulated in the Council of Florence. Ivan III's motives for pursuing this union were probably connected with the status and rights of the Greek princess over Constantinople. The idea of this marriage perhaps was born in the mind of Cardinal Bessarion.\n", "The negotiations lasted for three years. Russian chronicles related the events as follows: \n", "BULLET::::- On 11 February 1469 a delegation led by Cardinal Bessarion arrived in Moscow with the formal proposal of marriage between Sophia and the Grand Prince. Ivan III consulted his mother Maria of Borovsk, the Metropolitan Philip and his boyars, and received a positive decision.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1469 Ivan Fryazin (\"Gian-Battista della Volpe\") was sent to the Roman court to make the proper negotiations for the match. According to the chronicles, he was sent back to Moscow with a portrait of the princess, who \"caused an extreme surprise in the court\" (This portrait wasn't preserved, which is very unfortunate, because surely it was painted by one of the painters at the papal service at that time, like Pietro Perugino, Melozzo da Forlì or Pedro Berruguete). The Pope received the Russian Ambassador with great honors.\n", "BULLET::::- On 16 January 1472 Fryazin was sent again to Rome, this time with the purpose to bring the bride of his master. He arrived there on 23 May.\n", "BULLET::::- On 1 June 1472 at St. Peter's Basilica the marriage was performed by proxy; representing Grand Prince Ivan III was Fryazin. Among the guests in the ceremony was Clarice Orsini (wife of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of Florence) and Queen Catherine of Bosnia. As a dowry, Sophia received the amount of 6,000 ducats.\n", "BULLET::::- On 24 June 1472 Sophia and Fryazin, with a grand entourage, left Rome. The bride was accompanied by Cardinal Bessarion, who could probably act as an agent in the Moscow court. Legend says that a part of Sophia's dowry were books that became the basis of the famous library of Ivan the Terrible. Their travel itinerary was as follows: to the north of Italy through Germany to the port of Lübeck, where they arrived on September 1. The voyage across the Baltic Sea took 11 days. The ship landed in Reval (now Tallinn) in October 1472 where she continued the trip for Dorpat (now Tartu), Pskov (where she was officially celebrated — it was noticed that she thanked the public herself for the celebrations) and Novgorod. On 12 November 1472 Sophia finally arrived in Moscow.\n", "Even while traveling to Russian lands, it became apparent that the Vatican's plans to make Sophia represent Catholicism failed, as was soon demonstrated when immediately after her wedding she returned to the faith of her ancestors. Papal Legate Anthony was unable to enter Moscow, carrying in front of him the Latin cross (\"Korsun cross\").\n", "The formal wedding between Ivan III and Sophia took place at the Dormition Cathedral in Moscow on 12 November 1472. The ceremony was performed by Metropolitan Philip, although other sources state that this was done by Hosea, Abbot of Kolomna.\n", "Special mansions and gardens were built for her in Moscow, but in 1493 they were burned, and during the fire much of the treasure of the Grand Princess was lost. In 1472, she was affected by the formal tributary gesture by which her spouse greeted the Mongolian representatives, and is believed to have convinced him to abandon the tributary relationship to the Mongols, which was completed in 1480.\n", "Sophia was apparently not obliged to follow the custom of traditional isolation which was expected of other Russian noble and royal women at the time; it is noted that she was not confined to the women's quarters, but greeted foreign representatives from Europe similarly to the queens of Western Europe.\n", "Before the invasion of Akhmad in 1480, Sophia, her children, household and treasury were sent firstly to Dmitrov and then on to Belozersk; in the case that Akhmad would finally take Moscow, she was advised to flee farther north to the sea. These precautions led Vissarion, Bishop of Rostov, to warn the Grand Duke that the excessive attachment to his wife and children would be his destruction.\n", "The family returned to Moscow only in the winter. The Venetian ambassador Ambrogio Contarini says that in 1476 he had an audience with the Grand Duchess, who received him politely and kindly, and respectfully asked about the Doge.\n", "There is a legend associated with the birth of Sophia's eldest son, the future Vasily III: that during one of her pious trips to Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, the Grand Princess had a vision of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, who \"\"presented her the long-waited son between his arms.\"\"\n", "Section::::Marriage.:Dynastic problems and rivalry.\n", "Over time, the second marriage of the Grand Prince was one of the main sources of tension in the court, thanks to the \"shrewd\" character of the new Grand Princess, and for the increased rumours that her husband let himself be directed by her suggestions. It's thought that Sophia introduced grand Byzantine ceremonies and meticulous court etiquette into the Kremlin, the idea of Moscow as a Third Rome evidently pleasing her.\n", "Soon, two parties emerged into the court nobility, one of which supported the heir to the throne, Ivan the Young, and the other siding with Sophia. In 1476 the Venetian Ambrogio Contarini noted that the heir to the throne had lost the favor of his father, thanks to the intrigues of the Despina (title given to Sophia after her father); however, if any tension existed between father and son, this didn't exclude him from his rights, as from 1477 Ivan the Young was officially referred to as the co-ruler of Ivan III.\n", "In subsequent years,the princely family increased significantly: between 1474 and 1490 the Grand Princess gave birth to eleven children, five sons and six daughters.\n", "Another source of tension in the Russian court appeared in January 1483, when Ivan the Young married. His wife was Ilincu, daughter of Stephen III the Great, Prince of Moldavia, who after her marriage took the name of Elena. The new wife of the heir soon became involved in court intrigues, especially when on 10 October 1483 she gave birth to a son, Dmitry. After the annexation of Tver in 1485, Ivan the Young was appointed Grand Prince of this domain by his father; thus, during all the 1480s Ivan's position as the rightful heir was quite secure.\n", "The position of Sophia's supporters was less secure at that time. In particular, the Grand Princess was unable to obtain government posts for her relatives: her brother Andreas departed from Moscow with nothing, and her niece Maria (wife of Vasily Mikhailovich, Hereditary Prince of Verey-Belozersky) was forced to flee to Lithuania with her husband, an event which further undermined Sophia's position at court. According to sources, Sophia arranged the marriage of her niece with Prince Vasily in 1480, and in 1483 she gave some jewelry which belonged to Ivan III's first wife. When Ivan the Young asked for these jewels (he wanted to give them to his wife Elena as a gift), he discovered them missing; outraged, he ordered a search. Prince Vasily didn't wait for the expected punishment to be carried out against him, instead fleeing to Lithuania with his wife. One direct consequence of this episode was that Prince Michael of Verey-Belozersky, Vasily's father, bequeathed his domains to the Grand Prince after his death, effectively disinheriting his son. Only in 1493 was Sophia able to obtain a pardon for her niece and her husband, but for unknown reasons they never returned.\n", "By 1490, new circumstances were coming into play. Ivan the Young became ill with gout. Sophia then wrote to a Venetian doctor called Leon, who arrogantly promised Ivan III he could cure the heir to the throne. Nevertheless, all efforts were fruitless, and on 7 March 1490 Ivan the Young died. The doctor was executed, and in Moscow, rumors about Sophia began, alleging she poisoned the heir; according to Andrey Kurbsky, who wrote about these events almost 100 years later, these rumors were indisputable facts. Modern historians, however, consider the hypothesis that Sophia poisoned Ivan the Young as unverifiable due to lack of sources.\n", "In 1497, Sophia and her eldest son Vasili were allegedly involved in a plot to kill Prince Dmitry, son of Ivan the Young. Both were disgraced and probably banished from court.\n", "On 4 February 1498 at the Dormition Cathedral in an atmosphere of great splendor, Prince Dmitry was crowned Grand Prince and co-ruler with his grandfather. Sophia and her son Vasili were not invited to the coronation; only in mid-1499 were they restored to favor and allowed to return to court.\n", "On 11 April 1502 the dynastic struggle came to an end. According to chronicles, Ivan III suddenly changed his mind and imprisoned both Grand Prince Dmitry and his mother Elena, placing them under house arrest surrounded by guards. Three days later, on 14 April Vasili was crowned the new Grand Prince and co-ruler; soon Dmitry and his mother were transferred from house arrest to prison. Thus the winner of the dynastic conflict was Vasili. The downfall of Dmitry and Elena also determined the fate of the Moscow-Novgorod Reformation movement in the Orthodox Church: a council in 1503 finally defeated it, and many prominent and progressive leaders of this movement were executed. Elena of Moldavia died in prison on 18 January 1505. Her son Dmitry died a few years later on 14 February 1509, either by hunger and cold, or, as others claim, suffocated by orders of his uncle.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "The triumph of her son was the last important event in Sophia's life. She died on 7 April 1503, two years before her husband (who died on 27 October 1505).\n", "She was buried in a massive white stone sarcophagus in the crypt of the Ascension Convent in the Kremlin next to the grave of Maria of Tver, the first wife of Ivan III. On the lid of the sarcophagus with a sharp instrument was scratched the word \"Sophia\".\n", "The Ascension Convent was destroyed in 1929, and the remains of Sophia, as well as other royal women, were transferred to the underground chamber in the southern extension of the Cathedral of the Archangel.\n", "Section::::Issue.\n", "BULLET::::- Elena (18 April 14749 May 1476).\n", "BULLET::::- Feodosia (May 1475young).\n", "BULLET::::- Elena (19 May 147620 January 1513), married Alexander Jagiellon, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.\n", "BULLET::::- Vasili (26 March 14793 December 1533), became \"Grand Prince of Moscow\".\n", "BULLET::::- Yuri (23 March 14803 August 1536), \"Prince of Dmitrov\", died of starvation in prison.\n", "BULLET::::- Dmitri (6 October 148114 February 1521), \"Prince of Uglich\".\n", "BULLET::::- Eudokia (February 14838 February 1513), married Khudakul, Kazan Tsar of the Tartars (baptized as Peter).\n", "BULLET::::- Elena (8 April 1484young).\n", "BULLET::::- Feodosia (29 May 148519 February 1501), married Vasili, Prince of Kholm.\n", "BULLET::::- Simeon (21 March 148726 June 1518), \"Prince of Kaluga\", fled to Lithuania after being accused of treason.\n", "BULLET::::- Andrei (5 August 149011 December 1537), \"Prince of Staritza\", killed in prison.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Софья (Зоя) Палеолог at Xpoнoc: Всемирная история в интернете\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie\n", "Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie (12 March 16474 August 1727) was a French soldier and general.\n", "Victor-Maurice de Broglie was born in the De Broglie house, a noble family originally from Piedmont. He was the son of François-Marie, comte de Broglie and Angelique de Vassal, Countess of Favria. After the death of his father he inherited the countships of Revel and de Broglie, the marquisate of Senonches and also received the Government of La Bassee, near Lille.\n", "He served under Condé, Turenne, and other commanders of the age of Louis XIV in the Franco-Dutch War and other conflicts.\n", "He was named \"maréchal de camp\" in 1676, lieutenant-general in 1688, and finally marshal of France in 1724, just three years before his death.\n", "He had three sons, one of whom predeceased him. The second son, Charles-Guillaume, marquis de Broglie, was his heir, while the third son, François-Marie, a general and a marshal of France like his father, became the first duc de Broglie.\n" ] }

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7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 16, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20 ], "start": [ 0, 42, 46, 51, 259, 436, 161, 212, 394, 474, 499, 304, 427, 448, 526, 619, 17, 38, 101, 177, 230, 345, 498, 537, 45, 107, 331, 33, 84, 107, 153, 177, 252, 318, 471, 49, 123, 220, 429, 16, 45, 164, 236, 346, 378, 439, 36, 56, 74, 81, 133, 142, 151 ], "text": [ "The Hon.", "SC", "OCC", "TC", "Prime Minister", "International Criminal Court", "People's National Movement", "Anthony Lucky", "Basdeo Panday", "Leader of the Opposition", "Patrick Manning", "Bachelor of Laws", "called to the bar", "Inner Temple", "St. John's College, Oxford", "Barrister-at-Law", "Patricia Rawlins", "People's National Movement", "West Indies Federation", "Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago", "member of parliament", "Black Power Revolution", "Democratic Labour Party", "1971 General Elections", "Democratic Action Congress", "1976 General Elections", "Tobago House of Assembly", "United Labour 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{ "paragraph": [ "A. N. R. Robinson\n", "The Hon. Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson SC, OCC, TC (16 December 1926 – 9 April 2014; known as A. N. R. or \"Ray\" Robinson), was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime Minister, serving in that capacity from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991. He is internationally recognized for his proposal that eventually led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.\n", "Robinson was the first active politician to be elected to the Presidency, and was the first presidential candidate who was not elected unopposed (the Opposition People's National Movement (PNM) nominated Justice Anthony Lucky as its candidate for President). President Robinson sparked controversy in his term in office when he refused to appoint certain Senators recommended by Prime Minister Basdeo Panday following the elections in 2000 and in 2001 when he appointed the Leader of the Opposition Patrick Manning to the position of Prime Minister after a tied election.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Robinson was born in Tobago in 1926 to James and Isabella Robinson. He was educated at Castara Methodist School (where his father served as head master) and Bishop's High School where he obtained a Higher School Certificate with distinction in Latin and competed for an Island Scholarship. He obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree from London University as an external student. In 1951 he left for the United Kingdom where he was called to the bar at Inner Temple and obtained a degree in philosophy, politics and economics from St. John's College, Oxford. Robinson returned to Trinidad and Tobago where he practised as a Barrister-at-Law.\n", "Robinson married Patricia Rawlins and had two children, David and Ann-Margaret.\n", "Section::::Political life.\n", "Robinson was a founding member of the People's National Movement and served in the parliament of the West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1960. In 1961 he was elected to the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago where he served as member of parliament for Tobago. He was the country's first Minister of Finance (from 1961 to 1967). Following the Black Power Revolution in 1970, Robinson resigned from the PNM and formed the Action Committee of Dedicated Citizens (ACDC) which joined forced with the Democratic Labour Party to contest the 1971 General Elections; Robinson and the DLP ended up boycotting the elections in protest over the use of voting machines.\n", "After the 1971 election, the ACDC became the Democratic Action Congress which won both Tobago seats in the 1976 General Elections. As leader as the DAC, Robinson worked for internal self-government for Tobago, culminating in the passage of the Tobago House of Assembly Act in 1980. Robinson resigned from Parliament to contest the Tobago House of Assembly elections, and became the Chairman of the Assembly following victory by the DLP. He had also proposed the idea of the International Court.\n", "In 1981 Robinson allied with the United Labour Front (ULF), under the leadership of Basdeo Panday, and the Tapia House Movement, under the leadership of Lloyd Best, to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction. It entered into an alliance with the Organisation for National Reconstruction, under the leadership of Karl Hudson-Phillips, to successfully fight the 1983 Trinidad and Tobago local elections. Building on this victory the four parties combined to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR).\n", "ANR Robinson went on to become Prime Minister through the National Alliance For Reconstruction. However, shortly after assuming the Prime Ministership. He dismissed Mr. Basdeo Panday, Mr. John Humphrey, and Mr Kelvin Ramnath from Cabinet. However, Robinson subsequently lost the 1991 elections. \n", "He rejoined the UNC Administration as a coalition member representing the NAR. Mr Panday later offered to nominate him to become the next Head of State, i.e. the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.\n", "Robinson was instrumental in the creation of the International Criminal Court(ICC). In 1989, he asked Benjamin Ferencz and Robert Kurt Woetzel to assist in drafting a proposal for the UN General Assembly to ask the UN's International Law Commission to study the possibility of creating the ICC. The resolution was presented on behalf of Trinidad and Tobago at the UN General Assembly in June 1989, leading to the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in July 1998 and creation of the ICC in July 1, 2002.\n", "Section::::Political life.:Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt.\n", "During the 1990 \"coup d'état\" attempt by the Jamaat al Muslimeen, Robinson and much of his cabinet were held hostage for six days by gunmen under the leadership of Yasin Abu Bakr. When instructed to order the army to stop firing on the Red House, where they were held hostage, Robinson instead instructed them to \"attack with full force,\" an action which led to him getting beaten by his captors. He was also shot in his leg.\n", "Section::::Illness and death.\n", "Robinson suffered from a number of ailments including a stroke and prostate complications and was hospitalised at the St Clair Medical Hospital after he complained of feeling unwell. Following an illness of several months, he died at St Clair Medical Centre at about 6:00 am on 9 April 2014. The death was confirmed by National Security Minister Gary Griffith, who added that a state funeral was being planned. In reaction, Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar said that he was \"one of our nation's outstanding sons...but the legacy he leaves behind shall surely live on to inspire today's and tomorrow's generations.\"\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "In May 2011 for his great service to this country, the airport in Tobago was renamed the (Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport|A. N. R. Robinson International Airport), replacing the name 'Crown Point International Airport'.\n", "In November 2011, A. N. R. Robinson was the recipient of Tobago's highest award, the Tobago Medal of Honour.\n", "During the investiture of President Thomas Boni Yayi of Benin as a titled Yoruba chieftain on 20 December 2008, the reigning Ooni of Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Olubuse II, referred to President Robinson and his wife as previous recipients of the same royal honour.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- A. N. R. Robinson's government biography\n", "BULLET::::- Notice of death\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson", "Arthur N. R. Robinon", "Ray Robinson" ] }, "description": "former President and Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q634551", "wikidata_label": "A. N. R. Robinson", "wikipedia_title": "A. N. R. Robinson" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Libert H. Boeynaems\n", "Libert H. Boeynaems, formally Libert Hubert John Louis Boeynaems, SS.CC., (August 18, 1857 – May 13, 1926), was the fourth vicar apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands — now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.\n", "He was born in Antwerp, Belgium, the son of John and Leopoldina (Van Opstal) Boeynaems. He was educated at the Jesuit college of Antwerp and the Seminary at Mechelen and finished his scholasticate at the University of Leuven. Boeynaems was ordained to the priesthood as a member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on September 11, 1881.\n", "As part of his missionary work, Boeynaems sailed to the Kingdom of Hawai‘i arriving in Honolulu on November 29, 1881, to become a pastor (in January 1882) to the fledgeling Catholic community of native Hawaiians on the island of Kaua‘i in the district encompassing Līhu‘e to Hanalei. He later ministered to those on Kaua‘i in the district encompassing Līhu‘e to Mana. During his first few years in Honolulu, Boeynaems was a witness to the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, proclamation of the Republic of Hawai‘i and establishment of the United States Territory of Hawai‘i. In 1895 he was transferred to Wailuku, Maui. \n", "In December, 1902, the Holy See appointed him Pro-Vicar. On April 8, 1903, he was appointed Vicar Apostolic and was subsequently consecrated titular Bishop of Zeugma in Syria by Archbishop Montgomery in Saint Mary's Cathedral in San Francisco on July 25, 1903. On April 11, 1915, Msgr. Boeynaems consecrated Saint Agnes-in-the-Palms at Kaka‘ako, a former Protestant church at the intersection of Kawaiahao and Kamani streets in Honolulu, to serve the growing population of Portuguese and native Hawaiians in the Kaka‘ako district. After his death, he was buried at the Honolulu Catholic Cemetery in downtown Honolulu near Thomas Square at the intersection of Ward Avenue and King Street.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Louis Désiré Maigret\n", "Louis Désiré Maigret, SS.CC., (September 14, 1804 – June 11, 1882), served as the first vicar apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands; now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. Born in Saint-Pierre-de-Maillé (France), Maigret was ordained to the priesthood as a member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on September 23, 1828 at the age of 24. As part of his missionary work, Father Maigret sailed to the Kingdom of Hawaii to l.p. build its Catholic community of native Hawaiians.\n", "The diocese sent him as a missionary to Pohnpei in Micronesia in December 1837 on the schooner \"Notre Dame de Paix\". He was the first missionary they had seen. In his company were \"several Mangarevans and Tahitians,\" some of whom remained on Pohnpei and left descendants. He departed on 29 July 1838 for Valparaiso after seven unsuccessful months.\n", "When the Vicar Apostolic of Oriental Oceania, Msgr. Etienne Jerome Rouchouze, SS.CC., was lost at sea on board the ill-fated \"Marie Joseph\" in early 1843, the Holy See appointed Father Maigret as the first vicar apostolic of the Sandwich Islands on September 11, 1846 at the age of 42. He was officially ordained as a bishop of the titular see of Arathia (Arad) on November 28, 1847 at the age of 43. As bishop Maigret oversaw the construction of what would become his most lasting legacy, the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.\n", "After his death, Maigret was entombed in the crypt below the sanctuary.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Stephen Alencastre\n", "Bishop Stephen Peter Alencastre, SS.CC. (born Estêvão Pedro de Alencastre; November 3, 1876 – November 9, 1940), was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the fifth and last Vicar Apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands (now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu). He was also an apparent titular bishop of Arabissus.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born on the island of Porto Santo in the Madeira Islands of Portugal and brought to Hawai‘i as an infant, Alencastre later returned to Europe to finish his seminary studies in Belgium. He was ordained to the priesthood on April 5, 1902, at the age of 25, as a member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary and returned to serve the people of Hawai‘i.\n", "Section::::Episcopacy.\n", "When the Vicar Apostolic, Libert H. Boeynaems, SS.CC., fell ill, Alencastre was appointed by Pope Pius XI as coadjutor Vicar Apostolic, with the right of succession, on April 29, 1924. On August 24 of that year, he was consecrated Titular Bishop of Arabissus at the age of 47.\n", "Upon the death of Boeynaems on May 13, 1926, Alencastre automatically succeeded him as Vicar Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. He was the first bishop in Hawai‘i to have been raised in the Hawaiian Islands.\n", "Alencastre's personal mission included continuing to expand the number of schools and parish churches in the Islands (and to renovate the existing ones) and to build a seminary to form vowed religious locally to the priesthood. This came to fruition with the building of St. Stephen's Seminary, named in honor of the Bishop's own patron saint, which is still operational. The bishop was also partly responsible for the increase in the variety of religious orders in Hawai‘i, inviting such groups as the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet to help spread of Catholicism in the Hawaiian Islands.\n", "Section::::Episcopacy.:Episcopal arms.\n", "A window in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu depicts his episcopal coat-of-arms, as well as a portrayal of a blessing being bestowed upon him by Pope Pius XI. His episcopal motto was \"\"Opportet illum regnare\"\" (\"He [Christ] must reign\"), derived from a phrase in 1 Corinthians 15: 24-26.\n", "Bishop Alencastre was the first to include in his episcopal arms the \"pūlo‘ulo‘u\" (\"kapu\" sticks)—traditional weapons of the Hawaiian people, and the colours of the Hawaiian flag. In keeping with the traditions of ecclesiastical heraldry, he utilized the green \"galero\", a hat reserved for bishops and cardinals, at the top of his arms.\n", "Section::::Death and legacy.\n", "Alencastre died in 1940 on a boat \"en route\" to Hawai‘i from Los Angeles, California—six days after his 64th birthday. He was subsequently interred at the Honolulu Catholic Cemetery in downtown Honolulu.\n", "Following his death, he was posthumously awarded the honor of \"Officer of the Order of the Crown\" by King Leopold III of Belgium, while a street in Honolulu bears his surname.\n", "After continuing and completing much of the work begun by Alencastre and his Sacred Hearts predecessors, the mission area of the Hawaiian Islands was elevated to the status of the Diocese of Honolulu by Pope Pius XII a few months following his death. The history of the Catholic Sacred Hearts mission in the Hawaiian Islands was documented by one of the congregation's priests and later compiled and published in a book called \"Pioneers of the Faith\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Stephen Peter Alencastre" ] }, "description": "Portuguese-American Catholic bishop in Hawaii", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7608567", "wikidata_label": "Stephen Alencastre", "wikipedia_title": "Stephen Alencastre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Machiko Hasegawa\n", ", January 30, 1920 – May 27, 1992, in Taku, Saga Prefecture) was one of the first female manga artists.\n", "She started her own comic strip, \"Sazae-san\", in 1946. It reached national circulation \"via\" the \"Asahi Shimbun\" in 1949, and ran daily until Hasegawa decided to retire in February 1974. All of her comics were printed in Japan in digest comics; by the mid-1990s, Hasegawa's estate had sold over 60 million copies in Japan alone.\n", "Section::::Life & Career.\n", "Machiko Hasegawa was born January 30th, 1920 in Taku, Kyushu. When she was 15, her father passed away and the family moved to Tokyo, where she took up drawing cartoons. She successfully published several in magazines and newspapers, such as \"Sazae-san\" (サザエさん, 1946-1974), \"Ijiwaru Baa-san\" (いじわるばあさん - Granny Mischief, 1966), \"Apron Oba-san\" (エプロンおばさん - Aunt Apron, 1983), and a few that only ran for a short while. Her comics were the first to follow a consistent four-panel layout, which later became the standard.\n", "Hasegawa never married, instead living with her older sister Mariko. Both were art collectors, and their collection is housed in the Hasegawa Machiko Art Museum. The two started the Shimaisha Publishing Company, through which 20 million paperback copies of her comics have been published. Hasegawa died of heart failure on May 27, 1992, at the age of 72. Towards the end of her life she stopped appearing in public and on television, and her death was kept a secret for 35 days after her private funeral as requested in her will.\n", "Section::::Sazae-san.\n", "Sazae-san (\"Sazae\" 栄螺 - \"Turbo cornutus\") was a popular postwar comic strip depicting the life of Sazae-san, a fictional Japanese housewife.\n", "Her comic strip was turned into a dramatic radio series in 1955 and a weekly animated series in 1969, which is still running as of 2019.\n", "Hasegawa was involved in a court case with a bus company's unapproved use of \"Sazae-san\" and its characters in promotional images, as well as the name of the business, \"Sazae-san Tours\". As a result of this case, new copyright laws were established that extended protection for fictional characters as individual identities, not just within their series of origin.\n", "Selected comics were translated into English, under the title \"The Wonderful World of Sazae-san\".\n", "She received Order of the Precious Crown fourth class in 1990, and the People's Honor Award in 1992.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hasegawa Machiko Art Museum\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Matiko Hasegawa" ] }, "description": "Japanese manga artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q265148", "wikidata_label": "Machiko Hasegawa", "wikipedia_title": "Machiko Hasegawa" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gulstan Ropert\n", "Gulstan Ropert, SS.CC., (August 30, 1839 - January 4, 1903) of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary served as the third vicar apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of the Hawaiian Islands — now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu, from 1892 to 1903. Born in France at Kerfago, St. Gildas de Rhuys, Morbihan, in Brittany, he was baptized as François. François Ropert entered the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary at age 20 and took the name Gulstan. He was ordained to the priesthood on May 26, 1866, at the age of 26. He was sent to the Kingdom of Hawai‘i to assist the Vicariate, arriving in Honolulu on June 9, 1868. He was in charge of the Hamakua district on the island of Hawai‘i until October 2, 1883, when he was assigned to the Wailuku mission. He left Wailuku for Honolulu in 1891 having been appointed Vice-Provincial.\n", "Section::::Elevation to the Episcopate.\n", "After Msgr. Koeckemann's death on February 22, 1892, Father Ropert earnestly begged his superiors not to be nominated as Vicar Apostolic. Superior General Father Bosquet ignored Father Ropert's request and appointed him as Provincial on April 22, 1892, and recommended that he be a candidate for the office of Vicar Apostolic left vacant by the death of Msgr. Koeckemann. Having received the bull of his nomination to lead the Hawaiian Islands on June 3, 1892, Father Ropert embarked for San Francisco where he was consecrated in Saint Mary's Cathedral as a bishop of the titular see of Panopolis on September 25 at the age of 53 by Archbishop Patrick William Riordan, assisted by Bishop Lawrence Scanlan of Salt Lake City and Bishop Francisco Mora y Borrell of Monterey-Los Angeles. Msgr. Ropert adopted an episcopal coat of arms of azure, containing a Saint Anna of Auray, accompanied by the letters A.M. (standing for \"Ave Maria\") in silver with his motto being \"Tuus sum ego, salvum me fac\" (from Psalm 118: 94, meaning, \"I am yours, save me\"). During his episcopate, Msgr. Ropert witnessed the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893 and the continuing migration of workers for the Hawaiian sugar industry. He built a new residence for the clergy in Honolulu, a wooden two-story building, flanked on all sides, except the rear, by a veranda. Subsequently. the old adobe house was torn down and on its site was placed a statue of \"Nôtre Dame de la Paix\" (Our Lady of Peace), which he blessed on December 24, 1893, the sixty-second anniversary of the first expulsion from the Hawaiian Islands of the first prefect apostolic, Msgr. Alexis Bachelot.\n", "Section::::Secret Societies and Establishment of Catholic Young Men's Institute.\n", "Msgr. Ropert's peace-loving nature made him hesitate in enforcing in his vicariate the condemnation by the Holy Office of the secret societies of the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Sons of Temperance on June 24, 1894. The documents of the Holy See were addressed to the Catholic Bishops of the United States and his wish not to disturb the Catholics of his jurisdiction who were members of the condemned organizations inclined him to the opinion (confirmed by Archbishop Riordan of San Francisco) that the prosciption was limited to the United States. On the advice of the Superior General of the Picpus Fathers, Msgr. Ropert later published the Roman decree and extended the Holy See's condemnation of the secret societies to include the Hawaiian Islands. To better counteract membership in these societies, Msgr. Ropert supported the establishment of three councils of the Young Men's Institute.\n", "Section::::Brother Infirmarians at the Kalaupapa Settlement.\n", "Prior to his first \"ad limina\" visit to Rome in 1895, Msgr. Ropert appointed Father Cornelius Limburg as his pro-Vicar. He then left for France in the company of Father Hubert Stappers and a Portuguese youth, Peter Alencastre (later Bishop Stephen Alencastre) who was to begin his studies for the priesthood at Louvain in Belgium. During his voyage, Msgr. Ropert showed his devotion to the priests of his jurisdiction by paying a visit to each one's family - which caused him to journey through France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. He returned to Honolulu on November 16, 1895 accompanied by Father Pamphile deVeuster, the brother of the late Father Damien, one choir brother and four lay brothers, all destined for the Kalaupapa Settlement. According to arrangements made with the Board of Health, the brothers were given the care of the Bishop's Home for Boys in Kalaupapa. Father Pamphile followed in his brother's footsteps, but being an elderly, scholarly man at the time of his arrival, he could not get accustomed to the surroundings and returned to Belgium on August 25, 1897.\n", "Section::::Catholic Education in the Vicariate.\n", "Msgr. Ropert's continuing concern for Catholic education of his flock led him to erect a girls' school in Hilo entrusted to the Franciscan sisters; in Honolulu he also established a free school for boys (St. Francis School) in connection with St. Louis College (September 1893). He also provided a new concrete schoolhouse for the Sisters of the Sacred Hearts (1901). During Msgr. Ropert's episcopate, the Treaty of Paris in 1898 effectively ended the Spanish–American War, with the loss of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. This seminal event would lay the groundwork for the migration of workers for the sugar industry in Hawai‘i from the vestiges of the Spanish empire in the predominantly Roman Catholic Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam.\n", "Section::::Father Wendelin Moeller and the Board of Health.\n", "On December 4, 1901, Pilipo Mikila and Kalani, left the Kalaupapa Hansen's Disease Settlement in violation of the regulations of the Board of Health. The local police captain, believing that they had been stealing sheep, arrested them on their return to Kalaupapa and put them in jail. Kalani made a confession and was put in a light airy cell. Mikila denied guilt and as a punishment, was put in a cell with no outside window, comparatively dark and poorly ventilated. Until March 12, 1902, he was not arraigned on any charge and no written accusation was made against him. He was in an advanced state of Hansen's disease when arrested and grew even worse during his detainment. On the aforementioned date, he was taken home by the members of a society to which he belonged. He died six days later. He had no proper care before leaving the jail, and no medical attention. Complaints were made about this heartless and illegal treatment to the Attorney-General and after an investigation, C. W. Reynolds, the superintendent of the settlement, and Dr. Oliver, the local physician were discharged for official neglect. It was a surprise to the public that at the same meeting of the Board of Health where these actions were taken, it was similarly resolved that \"the harmony and interests of the leper settlement would be promoted by the removal of Father Wendelin Moeller (the priest in charge of Kalaupapa since Father Damien's death) and that the Right Reverend Gulstan, Bishop of Panopolis, be requested to remove him forthwith and appoint some other priest to fill the vacancy made thereby.\" Msgr. Ropert subsequently informed the Board he would comply with their resolution when formal written charges against Father Wendelin had been served and proven. The Board refused to file charges, but informed the Msgr. Ropert that Father Wendelin's permit to remain at the settlement would be revoked as of June 10, 1902. It was later disclosed that Superintendent Reynolds had filed complaints with the Board accusing Father Wendelin of interfering with his management; Father Wendelin admitted having preached, not against the Board of Health, but against the shameful immorality of concubinage and adultery at the settlement, and the performance of public work to be done on Sunday without any urgent necessity. After considerable public outrage at the actions of the Board of Health by the Home Rule Party, the various Catholic societies, the Portuguese societies, the Protestant Ministerial Union, the Board of Health resolved \"out of respect for the Bishop and in appreciation of the charitable objects of the Catholic mission at the settlement, this request (by Msgr. Ropert to retain Father Wendelin in view of his long and faithful services at the Kalaupapa Settlement) be granted on the distinct understanding that Father Wendelin attend strictly to his clerical duties in the future...\" Father Wendelin, appreciative of Msgr. Ropert's efforts opined that he could not \"strictly adhere to his clerical duties\" without preaching against immorality and the breaking of the Sabbath, and requested that Msgr. Ropert relieve him of his charge. On September 23, 1902, Msgr. Ropert granted Father Wendelin's request and replaced him with Father Maximin André, head of the Hilo mission.\n", "Section::::Final years.\n", "Msgr. Ropert engaged in extensive pastoral visitation notwithstanding the pain caused by a stomach cancer he endured since September 1898. In summer of 1902, he made a trip to San Francisco and lower California partly for business and partly for the benefit of his declining health. He returned, no better, and succumbed to his illness on January 4, 1903. He was buried in the Honolulu Catholic Cemetery at 839A South King Street, in downtown Honolulu.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gediminas Vagnorius\n", "Gediminas Vagnorius (born 10 June 1957) is a Lithuanian politician and signatory of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. He served as the Prime Minister of Lithuania, heading the government between 1991 and 1992, and again from 1996 until 1999.\n", "After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, its temporary currency, the \"Lithuanian talonas\", was popularly known as \"vagnorkė\" or \"vagnorėlis\" after Vagnorius' name.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Elections 2000 - Gediminas Vagnorius. Seimas (Parliament) of Lithuania.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Herman Koeckemann\n", "Herman Koeckemann, formally Bernard Hermann Koeckemann, SS.CC., (Ostbevern, January 10, 1828 - Honolulu, February 22, 1892), served as the second vicar apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands — now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu — from 1881 to 1892.\n", "Born in Ostbevern, Westphalia, Germany, he was baptized as Bernard. At the age of 14, his father, a farmer, sent him to the Gymnasium of Münster. Koeckemann was an excellent student and excelled in classical studies. During his seven years of college, his progress in Latin, Greek, Hebrew and French and in philosophy and science was so well marked that at the graduation, his examiners dispensed with the oral examination as superfluous.\n", "Believing himself called to religious life, he went to Leuven and entered the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. After a novitiate of eighteen months, he was admitted to religious profession on April 11, 1851, taking the name Herman. After three years of theologate, he was sent by his superiors to the Kingdom of Hawaii for work as a missionary. He arrived in Honolulu on November 13, 1854 and was subsequently ordained to the priesthood as a member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on May 31, 1862 at the age of 34.\n", "Koeckemann served as pastor to the fledgling Catholic community of native Hawaiians. When Msgr. Louis Maigret fell ill, Father Koeckemann was appointed coadjutor vicar apostolic to fulfill some of the bishop's regular duties. On August 21, 1881, Father Koeckemann was ordained at Saint Mary's Cathedral in San Francisco, California, as a bishop of the titular see of Olba at the age of 53, with a papal mandate to serve as coadjutor Vicar Apostolic with right of succession.\n", "Upon Msgr. Maigret's death, Msgr. Koeckemann succeeded as vicar apostolic on June 11, 1882. During his episcopate, the massive migration of Portuguese workers for the sugarcane plantations from Madeira Islands and the Azores began. With the subsequent increase in population from these migrations, Msgr. Koeckemann made Catholic education a priority of the Vicariate and built many schools. He died in 1892 and was buried at the Honolulu Catholic Cemetery in downtown Honolulu.\n", "Section::::Order of Kalākaua.\n", "King David Kalākaua bestowed on Herman the honor \"Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Kalākaua\" in 1881.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Eric Schlosser\n", "Eric Matthew Schlosser (born August 17, 1959) is an American journalist and author known for his investigative journalism, such as in his books \"Fast Food Nation\" (2001), \"Reefer Madness\" (2003), and \"\" (2013).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Schlosser was born in New York City, New York; he spent his childhood there and in Los Angeles, California. His parents are Judith (née Gassner) and Herbert Schlosser, a former Wall Street lawyer who turned to broadcasting later in his career, eventually becoming the President of NBC in 1974 and later becoming the vice president of RCA.\n", "Schlosser studied American History at Princeton University and earned a graduate degree in British Imperial History from Oxford. He tried playwriting, writing two plays, \"Americans\" (1985) and \"We the People\" (2007). He is married to Shauna Redford, daughter of actor Robert Redford.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Journalism and books.\n", "Schlosser started his career as a journalist with \"The Atlantic Monthly\" in Boston, Massachusetts. He quickly gained recognition for his investigative pieces, earning two awards within two years of joining the staff: he won the National Magazine Award for his reporting in his two-part series \"Reefer Madness\" and \"Marijuana and the Law\" (\"The Atlantic Monthly\", August and September, 1994), and he won the Sidney Hillman Foundation award for his article \"In the Strawberry Fields\" (\"The Atlantic Monthly\", November 19, 1995).\n", "Schlosser wrote \"Fast Food Nation\" (2001), an exposé on the unsanitary and discriminatory practices of the fast food industry. \"Fast Food Nation\" evolved from a two-part article in \"Rolling Stone\". Schlosser helped adapt his book into a 2006 film directed by Richard Linklater. The film opened November 19, 2006. \"Chew On This\" (2006), co-written with Charles Wilson, is an adaptation of the book for younger readers. \"Fortune\" called \"Fast Food Nation\" the \"Best Business Book of the Year\" in 2001.\n", "His 2003 book \"Reefer Madness\" discusses the history and current trade of marijuana, the use of migrant workers in California strawberry fields, and the American pornography industry and its history. William F. Buckley gave \"Reefer Madness\" a favorable review, as did \"BusinessWeek\".\n", "Schlosser's book \"\" was published in September 2013. It focuses on the 1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion, a non-nuclear explosion of a Titan II missile near Damascus, AR. \"The New Yorker\"s Louis Menand called it \"excellent\" and \"hair-raising\" and said that \"\"Command and Control\" is how nonfiction should be written.\" It was a finalist for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for History.\n", "He has been working on a book on the American prison system, which has been nearly 10 years in the making.\n", "Section::::Films.\n", "Schlosser appeared in an interview for the DVD of Morgan Spurlock's \"Super Size Me\", having a one-on-one discussion with the filmmaker about the fast-food industry. He did not appear in the film itself. He was interviewed by Franny Armstrong in 2005 and is a feature interviewee in her film \"McLibel\". He co-produced \"Food, Inc.\" (2008), with Robert Kenner.\n", "Schlosser also served as co-executive producer on the 2007 film \"There Will Be Blood\". In 2014, he was an executive producer of the farmworker documentary \"Food Chains,\" a credit he shared with Eva Longoria. They both won a James Beard Foundation Award for their roles. Schlosser also shared a director credit for the multimedia installation entitled \"the bomb\", an experimental film about nuclear weaponry coupled with a live score by The Acid.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ubben Lecture at DePauw University/a\n", "BULLET::::- Eric Schlosser at Steven Barclay Agency\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Shirley Verrett\n", "Shirley Verrett (May 31, 1931 – November 5, 2010) was an African-American operatic mezzo-soprano who successfully transitioned into soprano roles, i.e. soprano sfogato. Verrett enjoyed great fame from the late 1960s through the 1990s, particularly well known for singing the works of Verdi and Donizetti.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Born into an African-American family of devout Seventh-day Adventists in New Orleans, Louisiana, Verrett was raised in Los Angeles, California. She sang in church and showed early musical abilities, but initially a singing career was frowned upon by her family. Later Verrett went on to study with Anna Fitziu and with Marion Szekely Freschl at the Juilliard School in New York. In 1961 she won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "In 1957, Verrett made her operatic debut in Britten's \"The Rape of Lucretia\". In 1958, she made her New York City Opera debut as Irina in Kurt Weill's \"Lost in the Stars\". In 1959, she made her European debut in Cologne, Germany in Dmitri Nabokov's \"Rasputins Tod\". In 1962, she received critical acclaim for her Carmen in Spoleto, and repeated the role at the Bolshoi Theatre in 1963, and at the NY City Opera in 1964 (opposite Richard Cassilly and Norman Treigle). Verrett first appeared at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1966 as Ulrica in \"Un ballo in maschera\".\n", "She appeared in the first concert ever televised from Lincoln Center in 1962, and also appeared that year in the first of the Leonard Bernstein \"Young People's Concerts\" ever televised from that venue, in what is now Avery Fisher Hall.\n", "She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 1968, with \"Carmen\", and at La Scala in 1969 in \"Samson and Dalila\". Verrett's mezzo roles included Cassandra and Didon (Berlioz's \"Les Troyens\")-including the Met premiere, when she sang both roles in the same performance, Verdi's Ulrica, Amneris, Eboli, Azucena, Saint-Saëns' Dalila, Donizetti's Elisabetta I in \"Maria Stuarda\", Leonora in \"La favorita\", Christoph Willibald Gluck's Orpheus, and Rossini's Neocles (\"L'assedio di Corinto\") and Sinaide in Moïse. Many of these roles were recorded, either professionally or privately.\n", "Beginning in the late 1970s she began to tackle soprano roles, including Selika in \"L'Africaine\", Judith in Bartók's \"Bluebeard's Castle\", Lady Macbeth \"Macbeth\", Madame Lidoine in Poulenc's \"Dialogues of the Carmelites\" (Met1977), Tosca, Norma (from Boston 1976 till Messina 1989), Aida (Boston 1980 and 1989), Desdemona (\"Otello\") (1981), Leonore (\"Fidelio\") (Met 1983), Iphigénie (1984–85), Alceste (1985), Médée (Cherubini) (1986).. Her Tosca was televised by PBS on \"Live from the Met\" in December 1978, just six days before Christmas. She sang the role opposite the Cavaradossi of Luciano Pavarotti.\n", "In 1990, Verrett sang Dido in \"Les Troyens\" at the inauguration of the Opéra Bastille in Paris, and added a new role at her repertoire: Santuzza in \"Cavalleria rusticana\" in Sienna. In 1994, she made her Broadway debut in the Tony Award-winning revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Carousel\" at Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theater, playing Nettie Fowler.\n", "In 1996 Verrett joined the faculty of the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance as a Professor of Voice and the James Earl Jones University Professor of Music. The preceding year at the National Opera Association Gala Banquet and Concert honoring Mattiwilda Dobbs, Todd Duncan, Camilla Williams and Robert McFerrin, Verrett said: \"\"I'm always so happy when I can speak to young people because I remember those who were kind to me that didn't need to be. The first reason I came tonight was for the honorees because I needed to say this. The second reason I came was for you, the youth. These great people here were the trailblazers for me. I hope in my own way I did something to help your generation, and that you will help the next. This is the way it's supposed to be. You just keep passing that baton on!\"\"\n", "Section::::Autobiography.\n", "In 2003, Shirley Verrett published a memoir, \"I Never Walked Alone\" (), in which she spoke frankly about the racism she encountered as a black person in the American classical music world. When the conductor Leopold Stokowski invited her to sing with the Houston Symphony in the early 1960s, he had to rescind his invitation when the orchestra board refused to accept a black soloist. Stokowski later made amends by giving her a prestigious date with the much better known Philadelphia Orchestra.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Verrett married twice, first in 1951, to James Carter, and then, in 1963 to the artist Lou LoMonaco. She was survived by LoMonaco and their adopted daughter Francesca and their granddaughter. \n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Verrett died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, aged 79, on November 5, 2010, from heart failure following an undisclosed illness.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Shirley Verrett's website\n", "BULLET::::- University of Michigan faculty page\n", "BULLET::::- Discography (Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings)\n", "BULLET::::- An appreciation\n", "BULLET::::- Highlights from Verrett's discography with analysis and discussion by F. Paul Driscoll\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Theodore Newton Vail\n", "Theodore Newton Vail (July 16, 1845 – April 16, 1920) was president of American Telephone & Telegraph between 1885 and 1889, and again from 1907 to 1919. Vail saw telephone service as a public utility and moved to consolidate telephone networks under the Bell system. In 1913 he oversaw the Kingsbury Commitment that led to a more open system for connection.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life and career.\n", "Theodore was born on July 16, 1845 in Malvern, Ohio, and he was educated in Morristown, New Jersey. At first he studied medicine with his uncle. He also studied telegraphy. Success in the latter led him to go to New York, where he became manager of a local telegraphy office.\n", "He then joined the staff of a superintendent of United States Telegraph which ultimately became Western Union.\n", "He went west with his father in 1866 to farm. In the fall of 1868, he was made operator and afterward agent at Pine Bluffs, Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad. Pine Bluffs was at that time the principal supply point for wood for The Union Pacific, which had not then been completed.\n", "In the Spring of 1869, Vail was appointed clerk of the railway mail service between Omaha and Ogden. His success in getting the mail through during the snow blockage of 1870, came to the attention of upper management.\n", "He was promoted to the Chicago and Iowa City railway post office, an important distribution point at the time. When the railway post office was established on The Union Pacific, Vail was promoted to head clerk.\n", "In March, 1873, Vail was assigned to duty in the office of the General Superintendent of Railway Mail Service, Washington, D.C. There he exercised special oversight of distribution of the mails, and justified to Congress the compensation the railways received for carrying the mail. In June, 1874, he was appointed Assistant Superintendent of Railway Mail Service. In 1875, he became Assistant General Superintendent.\n", "In February, 1876, Vail was appointed General Superintendent after his boss retired. He had reached the highest grade attainable in this branch of the Federal government. He was the youngest officer in the Railway Mail Service, both in years and terms of service. When this final appointment was made by the Postmaster General, the latter said that his only objection to Vail was his youth.\n", "As General Superintendent, Vail helped put postal employees under the general civil service laws. He established the system of six months' probationary appointments, which were subsequently adopted by all agencies.\n", "Section::::Biography.:American Bell and AT&T.\n", "The American Bell Telephone Co. had been organized by Gardiner G. Hubbard, father in law of Alexander Graham Bell. As a lawyer and lobbyist, Hubbard had opposed the Post Office Department before Congress on various issues.\n", "Hubbard was impressed with Vail and offered him the position of general manager of the American Bell Telephone Company in 1878. Vail defended the Bell patents successfully from challenges from Western Union and others. He introduced the use of copper wire in telephone and telegraph lines.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Personal life.\n", "Theodore Newton Vail was a first cousin to Alfred Vail instrumental in developing the first telegraph.\n", "In August 1869, Vail married Emma Righter (November 6, 18?? – February 3, 1905), of Newark, New Jersey. They had one son, Davis Righter Vail (July 18, 1870 – December 20, 1906), who died after a 10-day bout with typhoid fever in 1906.\n", "He first visited Vermont in 1883. This led to his eventual purchase of a farm in Lyndon, Vermont, Speedwell Farms, site of conferences which culminated in the creation of American Telephone & Telegraph.\n", "He was a member of the Union League Club of New York and the Algonquin Club of Boston and the Jekyll Island Club.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Later years and death.\n", "In 1888, Vail retired, temporarily as it turned out, and devoted his time to travel and adventure in South America, and promoting the use of the telephone abroad.\n", "He died on April 16, 1920.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "In his historical review of AT&T, John Brooks explained Vail’s contribution to enlightened corporate policy:\n", "Section::::Other accomplishments.\n", "Vail founded the Vermont School of Agriculture in 1910 in Lyndon, Vermont. This was subsequently merged into a preparatory school, Lyndon Institute.\n", "He acquired the scientific book collection of George Edward Dering in 1911 and presented it to the library of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Vail Collection covers topics including \"electricity, magnetism, lighter-than-air travel, animal magnetism\" and others.\n", "Vail co-founded Junior Achievement in 1919.\n", "Section::::Namesakes.\n", "BULLET::::- Vail Campus, Lyndon Institute, Lyndon, Vermont.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yermak Timofeyevich\n", "Yermak Timofeyevich (; born between 1532 and 1542 – August 5 or 6, 1585) was a Cossack ataman and is today a hero in Russian folklore and myths. In the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible Yermak started the Russian conquest of Siberia.\n", "Russians' fur-trade interests fueled their desire to expand east into Siberia. The Tatar khanate of Kazan was established as the best entryway into Siberia. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible's modernized army toppled the khanate. After the takeover of Kazan, the tsar looked to the powerful and affluent Stroganov merchant family to spearhead the eastward expansion. In the late 1570s, the Stroganovs recruited Cossack fighters to invade Asia on behalf of the tsar. These Cossacks elected Yermak as the leader of their armed forces, and in 1582 Yermak set out with an army of 840 to attack the Khanate of Sibir. One of Yermak Timofeyevich's best leaders was named Alex.\n", "On October 26, 1582, Yermak and his soldiers overthrew Kuchum Khan's Tatar empire at Qashliq in a battle that marked the \"conquest of Siberia\". Yermak remained in Siberia and continued his struggle against the Tatars until 1584, when a raid organized by Kuchum Khan ambushed and killed him and his party.\n", "The specifics of Yermak's life, such as his appearance, background, and dates of events, remain points of controversy for historians because the texts that document his life are not reliable. However, his life and conquests had a profound influence on Siberian relations, sparking Russian interest in the region and establishing the Tsardom of Russia as an aggressive imperial power east of the Urals.\n", "Section::::Authenticity.\n", "There is less information about Yermak than most other notable explorers and historical figures. Much of what we know about Yermak is derived from folklore and legend. There are no contemporary descriptions of Yermak and all portraits are merely estimations. One of the Siberian chronicles, the Remezov Chronicle, written more than one hundred years after Yermak's death describes him as “flat-faced, black of beard with curly hair, of medium stature and thick-set and broad-shouldered,” but even this detailed account is not reliable because the narrator had never seen Yermak.\n", "In addition to his physical features' being unknown, the details of Yermak's life and the circumstances leading up to his excursion into Siberia are obscure. Russian writer Valentin Rasputin laments the lack of information that we have about Yermak considering the vast scope of his contributions to Russian society. Our knowledge of Yermak's upbringing and voyages pales in comparison to that of other renowned explorers such as Christopher Columbus. Historians encounter serious difficulties when attempting to piece together the specifics of Yermak's life and exploits because the two key, primary sources about Yermak may be biased or inaccurate. These sources are the Stroganov Chronicle, another one of the Siberian chronicles, and the \"Sinodik\". The Stroganov Chronicle was commissioned by the Stroganov family itself, therefore it exaggerates the family's involvement in the conquest of Siberia. The Sinodik is an account of Yermak's campaign written forty years after his death by the archbishop of Tobolsk, Cyprian (Kipriyan). The text was formed based on oral tradition and memories of his expedition but almost certainly was affected by the archbishop's desire to canonize Yermak. The combination of forgotten details over time and the embellishment or omission of facts in order for Yermak to be accepted as a saint suggests that the \"Sinodik\" could be erroneous. Though Cyprian failed to canonize Yermak, he made an effort to immortalize the warrior, who he considered being the \"Grand Inquisitor\" of Siberia.\n", "These documents, along with the various others that chronicle Yermak's expeditions, are filled with contradictions that make the truth about Yermak's life difficult to discern. While the sources that exist on Yermak are fallible, those accounts, along with folklore and legend, are all that historians have to base their knowledge on; therefore, they are widely accepted and considered to reflect the truth.\n", "Yermak is typically described as brutal, cunning, and daring. He also liked describing himself as \"we\" instead of \"I\". However, these descriptions may be attributable to the stereotypical characteristics of a Cossack. According to Rasputin, \"\"Cossack\" [in Russian \"kazak\"] is a Tatar word that translates as daredevil, bold spirit, someone who has severed ties with his social class.\" In official documents, Cossacks were referred to as \"vagabonds, thieves, robbers, deserters, and runaway peasants.\" The Cossack group emerged before the existence of Russia and is first mentioned by a Byzantine Emperor in the 3rd century. Though Cossack settlements had leaders (\"atamans\") and laws, the settlers did not report to the tsar or any other khanate. Only after the 16th century were Cossacks subjected to close relation with the Russian tsar. Yermak, the embodiment of Cossack freewill, bravery, and brutality, grew famous for his exploits on the Volga.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Ancestry.\n", "The Don Cossack warrior Yermak Timofeyevich was born by the Chusovaya River on the eastern fringes of the Muscovite lands. The only information about Yermak's upbringing comes from a source called the Cherepanov Chronicle. This chronicle, compiled by a Tobolsk coachman in 1760 - long after Yermak's death - was never published in full, but in 1894 the historian Aleksandr Alekseyevich Dmitrieyev concluded that it probably represents a copy or paraphrase of an authentic 17th-century document. According to the section of the chronicle entitled \"On Yermak, and where he was born\", Yermak's grandfather, Afonasiy Grigor'yevich Alenin, came from Suzdal, north-east of Moscow. To escape poverty, he moved south to Vladimir where he became a coachman in the Murom forests. In the Murom forests, the voyevoda arrested him for driving unscrupulous passengers - robbers who had hired him. Afonasiy's son (Yermak's father) Timofey relocated to the Stroganov lands on the Chusovaya in order to make money. There speculation locates the birthplace of Vasiliy Timofeyevich Alenin, later known as \"Yermak\".\n", "Section::::Early life.:Occupation.\n", "Yermak worked in the Stroganovs' river fleet as a porter and a sailor transporting salt along the Kama and the Volga rivers. Growing tired of his work, he assembled a gang, left his employment, and moved to the Don region to become a river pirate. Among his fellow Cossack bandits, he acquired the nickname Yermak.\n", "Prior to his conquest of Siberia, Yermak's combat experience consisted of leading a Cossack detachment for the tsar in the Livonian War of 1558-83 and plundering merchant ships. Based on legends and folk songs, for years, Yermak had been involved in robbing and plundering on the Volga with the hetman Ivan Kolzo and four other Cossack leaders. Historian Valerie Kivelson refers to Yermak's group as “his gang of thugs.” Like many other Cossacks, Yermak's gang was involved in the “thieves” trade [\"“vorovskim” remeslom\"]. It was typical of Cossacks to engage in piracy on the Sea of Azov or the Caspian Sea and to rob various envoys and Russian or Persian merchants. Though a bandit, Yermak earned a reputation as an eminent and loyal Russian fighter. Through his experience fighting in the Livonian War, he learned war tactics and excelled beyond the other hetmans in skill.\n", "Section::::Conquest background.\n", "In the late 1500s, prior to Yermak's expeditions, the Russians attempted to push eastward into Siberia in search of furs. Under Ivan the Great, the Russians entered northwest Siberia but “to approach Siberia from that direction proved too arduous and difficult, even in the best of times.” The Russians decided that taking a southern route through the Tatar khanate of Kazan would allow them to penetrate Siberia more easily, but Kazan would need to be overthrown first. Ivan the Terrible's first foreign objective upon rising to power was to take Kazan. Ivan the Terrible's modernized army proved successful at the beginning of October 1552 and Ivan proceeded to open up the east to enterprising Russian individuals, such as the Stroganovs. Anika Stroganov used the former khanate of Kazan as an entryway into Siberia and established a private empire on the southwest corner of Siberia.\n", "Following the Russian conquest under Ivan the Terrible, the Tatar khanate of Kazan became the Russian province of Perm. Ivan the Terrible had tremendous trust in the entrepreneurial prowess of the Stroganov family and granted them the province of Perm as a financial investment which would be sure to benefit Russia in the future. The tsar also gave the Stroganovs permission to expand into the territory along the Tobol and Irtysh Rivers which belonged to the Muslim leader Kuchum Khan. The Stroganovs proceeded to launch expeditions eastward into non-Russian territories. They pushed into the khanate of Sibir, the sister state of the former khanate of Kazan, because it maintained control over Siberia's fur in the west.\n", "During the time of the Russian conquest of Kazan in the 1540s and 1550s, Sibir had been undergoing conflicts of its own with rival clans. The khanate was on the precarious ground until the rise of Kuchum Khan, a descendant of the famed Chingis Khan, in the 1560s. Kuchum Khan built up allies among his neighbors and the Crimean Tatars in order to thwart the Stroganovs’ expansion across the Urals. In July 1572, Kuchum launched his first raid on Stroganov settlements, which resulted in almost one hundred deaths. In 1573, the Tatar army expanded and changed leadership. Kuchum's nephew, Mahmet-kul, assumed control of the Tatar army. The Stroganovs realized that they could no longer expect their settlers to remain in the lands around Perm if they only fought a defensive battle. The tsar granted the Stroganov family permission to invade Asia. However, the tsar soon changed his mind and told the Stroganovs to retract from Siberia, fearing that Russia did not have the resources or manpower to topple Kuchum Khan's empire.\n", "The Stroganovs decided to ignore the tsar's orders and, in the late 1570s, Anika Stroganov's grandsons Nikita and Maksim recruited Cossack fighters to wage war on their behalf. They elected the Cossack chieftain Yermak Timofeyevich as the leader of the Cossack brigades. According to the Stroganov Chronicle, on April 6, 1579, after hearing of Yermak's and his comrades’ “daring and bravery,” the Stroganovs sent a letter to the men asking them to come to their ancestral estates in Chusovaya and summoning them to fight against the Tatars in the name of the tsar. Since Yermak had been the most illustrious of the recruits, he became the captain (ataman) of the “conquest of Siberia.” However, there remains the question as to whether Yermak, in fact, decided to fight the war of his own accord without being pursued by the Stroganovs. This question arose due to the discrepancy between the narratives of the Stroganov Chronicle and a different Siberian chronicle, the Yespiov Chronicle. The Stroganov Chronicle portrays the family as the motivating force behind Yermak's campaign while the Yesipov Chronicle fails even to mention the family. Perhaps the Stroganovs told the story in a way that would inspire the Russian people to feel just as indebted to them as to Yermak for the conquest of Siberia. Siberian historians are divided on the matter, some believing that the Stroganovs were behind Yermak's campaign and others believing that they played no part in it.\n", "Section::::Conquest of Siberia.\n", "Yermak was officially enlisted by the Stroganovs in the spring of 1582. His quest was “to take de facto possession of the country along the Tobol and the Irtysh, which was already de jure in the Stroganovs’ possession under the Tsar's charter of 1574.” The Stroganovs’ ultimate goal was to open up a southern passageway to Mangaseya to access its furs. The Khanate of Sibir blocked the road from the Urals to Mangaseya. After overthrowing the khanate, the intended final destination of Yermak's five thousand mile journey was the Bering Strait. Yermak led a small army of 840 men, made up of 540 of his own followers and three hundred supplied by the Stroganovs. His army was composed of “Russians, Tatars, Lithuanians, and Germans.” The Lithuanians and Germans of the crew came from the Lithuanian front. Nikita and Maksim Stroganov spent twenty thousand rubles of their riches to outfit the army with the best weapons available. This was especially to the advantage of the Russian detachment because their Tatar opponents did not have industrial weapons. According to Russian history specialist W. Bruce Lincoln, the Tatars’ “bows, arrows, and spears” went up against Yermak's team's “matchlock muskets, sabers, pikes, and several small cannons.” However, according to the Russian author Yuri Semyonov, “Yermak had no cannon, and only a small number of his men carried firearms. The Cossacks had not a single horse, while Kuchum and his men were mounted. His cavalry could move quickly in any direction, while the Cossacks were tied to their rafts, which were laden with all their supplies.”\n", "Yermak first embarked on his journey through Siberia from a frontier fort in Perm on the Chusovaya River on September 1, 1582, though other sources claim that he may have started his campaign in 1579 or 1581. When navigating down rivers, the crew used high-sided boats that originated in Russia. Throughout their journey, they encountered violent opposition from Kuchum Khan's native allies but the high sides of their boats acted as shields. When crossing the Urals, the Cossacks had to carry their possessions on their backs because they did not have horses. After two months, Yermak's army had finally crossed the Urals. They followed the river Tura and found themselves at the outskirts of Kuchum Khan's empire. Soon they reached the kingdom's capital city of Qashliq. On October 23, 1582, Yermak's army fought the Battle of Chuvash Cape, which initiated three days of fighting against Kuchum's nephew, Mehmet-kul, and the Tatar army. Yermak's infantry blocked the Tatar charge with mass musket fire, which wounded Mahmet-kul and prevented the Tatars from scoring a single Russian casualty. Yermak succeeded in capturing Qashliq and the battle came to mark the “conquest of Siberia.” The Stroganov Chronicle provides an account of Kuchum Khan's reaction to the attack on Qashliq and Yermak's success:\n", "Khan Kuchyum, seeing his ruin and the loss of his kingdom and riches, said to all his men with bitter lamentation: ‘O murzas and princes, let us flee without delaying…The Stroganovs sent men of the common people against me from their forts to avenge on me the evil I had inflicted; they sent the atamans and Cossacks, Yermak and his comrades, with not many of their men. He came upon us, defeated us and did us such great harm.’\n", "While Yermak had succeeded in taking Qashliq, the battle had reduced his Cossack force to 500 men. Yermak also now faced a supply problem. While the army had found treasures such as fur, silk, and gold in the Tatar city, no food or provisions had been left behind. The inhabitants had also fled the city, preventing their enlistment for aid. However, four days after Yermak claimed Qashliq the people returned, and Yermak soon befriended the Ostyak people. The Ostyaks would formally declare their allegiance to Yermak on October 30, complementing their pledge by delivering offerings of food to the city. \n", "Yermak used the Ostyak tributes to feed his band of Cossacks throughout the winter. However, these supplies proved to be insufficient, and the Cossacks soon ventured into the wilderness to fish and hunt. The Cossacks’ task was not without trouble, as although Yermak had defeated the Tatars they continued to harass the Cossacks, preventing Yermak from establishing complete control over the region. The Tatars struck a decisive blow on December 20, when a Cossack party of twenty men were discovered and slain. Upon their failure to return, Yermak left the city to investigate, eventually finding that Mahmet-kul had recovered from their earlier battle and was responsible for the Cossacks’ murder. Yermak then entered into battle with Mahmet-kul and his forces, defeating him once again.\n", "The defeat of Mahmet-kul provided a brief respite to the Cossacks. However, in April 1583, he returned to the region. In an unfortunate twist of fate, Mahmet-kul was quickly ambushed and captured by a small party of Cossacks, whose numbers ranged from as little as 10 to as many as 50. A few days after his capture, Mahmet-kul sent a messenger to Kuchum stating that he was alive and in good health. He also requested that the Khan cease attacks on the Cossacks and those bringing tribute to Yermak. Yermak, taking advantage of this lull in hostilities, set out down the Irtysh and Ob to complete his subjugation of the local tribal princes. He soon encountered the Ostyak prince Demian, who had fortified himself in a fortress on the banks of the Irtysh with 2,000 loyal fighters. It is reported to have taken Yermak and his men considerable time to break through their defenses due to Demian's possession of a gilded idol. Yermak's forces eventually prevailed; however, upon entering the fort, no idol was found. After dispersing a group of priests and warriors by brandishing their firearms, Yermak determined to subdue the most influential Ostyak prince of the region, Samar, who had joined forces with eight other princes. Yermak, noting that Samar had failed to place guards around his encampment, launched a surprise attack, killing Samar and disbanding his forces. Yermak was then able to secure tribute from the eight other princes. After this conquest, he continued down the river, succeeding in capturing the key Ostyak town of Nazym. Yermak's friend, Ataman Nikita Pan, and several Cossacks lost their lives in the battle. Yermak then directed his forces down the river Ob, conquering several small forts. After reaching a point at which the river broadened to a point of three or four versts, Yermak halted the expedition and returned his forces to Qashliq.\n", "Upon returning to Qashliq, Yermak decided to inform the Stroganovs and the tsar of his conquests. While his reasons for this are unclear, experts believe that, in addition to wishing to clear his name of earlier misdeeds, Yermak also desperately needed supplies. To his end, he sent his trusted lieutenant Ivan Kolzo with fifty men, two letters (one each for the Stroganovs and Ivan the Terrible), and a large assortment of furs for the tsar. The exact amount sent to the tsar is disputed, as descriptions range from 2,500 to 5,000 to sixty sacks of furs. Kozo's arrival at the Stroganovs was well-timed, as Maksim Stroganov had just received a letter from Ivan denouncing Yermak and threatening him and his followers with death. Kolzo, bearing news of Kuchum's defeat, Mahmet-kul's capture, and the subjugation of Tatar lands, was thus well received by a relieved Maksim. Maksim provided Kolzo with lodging, food, and money before sending him on his way.\n", "Kolzo, upon reaching Moscow, was granted an audience with Ivan despite having a Muscovite bounty on his head. To the detriment of Moscow's interests, the Livonian War had just been ended and Ivan had begun receiving reports of local tribesman conducting raids in Perm, putting him in a foul mood. Upon reading the news born by Kolzo concerning the extension of his dominion, Ivan became overjoyed, immediately pardoning the Cossacks and proclaiming Yermak to be a hero of the first degree. The triumphant atmosphere extended across the city, as church bells were tolled throughout Moscow to glorify Yermak. Ivan then had many gifts prepared for Yermak, including his personal fur mantle, a goblet, two suits of armor emblazoned with bronze double-headed eagles, and money. Ivan also commanded that a band of \"streltsy\" be sent to reinforce Yermak. Reports differ on whether 300 or 500 men were sent. The Stroganovs were also ordered to support this group with an additional fifty men upon their arrival in Perm. Yermak was bestowed the title “Prince of Siberia” by Ivan, who also commanded that Mahmet-kul be sent to Moscow.\n", "Upon returning to Qashliq, Kolzo informed Yermak of the tsar's command that Mahmet-kul be delivered to him. Yermak, aware that doing so would eliminate Kuchum's only motive for peace, nonetheless obeyed the tsar and arranged for his transport. Unsurprisingly, Kuchum's forces began to increase the frequency of their raids. Yermak now found himself in a predicament, as a long winter had prevented the gathering of supplies and tributes and the tsar's reinforcements had not yet arrived. Under orders from the tsar, the Stroganovs had contributed fifty cavalries to the reinforcement party. However, the horses had slowed the party to a crawl across the Siberia landscape, and they did not even cross the Urals until the spring of 1584.\n", "In September 1583, a call for help from a Tatar leader named Karacha was delivered to Yermak begging for assistance against the Nogai Tatars. Yermak, wary of Karacha but nonetheless disposed to help, deployed Kolzo with a force of 40 Cossacks. Karacha, however, was not to be trusted, as Kolzo and his men walked into an ambush and were all killed. Now without Kolzo, Yermak was left with a little more than 300 men. Sensing Yermak's waning power, the tribes previously under his control revolted, and Qashliq soon came under siege by a collective army of Tatars, Voguls, and Ostyaks. Cleverly, they encircled the city with a line of wagons, both preventing passage to and from the city while protecting the attackers from the Russians’ firearms. Yermak, despite having limited supplies, was able to endure the blockade for three months. However, the Cossacks could not last forever, and on the cloudy night of June 12, 1584, Yermak decided to act. Stealthily penetrating the line of wagons, Yermak's men were able to surprise the gathered forces in their sleep, killing a large number. As Karacha's forces had been caught completely unaware, Yermak was able to recover a substantial amount of provisions from the barricade. Karacha, having failed in his mission, was punished by Kuchum, who sentenced Karacha's two sons to death. Karacha, fueled by the loss of his sons, regrouped the native tribes and returned to assault Yermak the next day. Karacha's forces, however, were soundly defeated, as the Cossacks were able to kill one hundred men with only two dozen deaths of their own.\n", "Defeated and disgraced, Karacha fled south to the steppes of the Ishim, where Kuchum waited. Freed from confinement, Yermak turned to the offensive, conquering many towns and forts to the east of Qashliq and extending the tsar's dominion. Having already regained the loyalty of the revolting tribes, Yermak continued sailing up the Irtysh throughout the summer of 1584 to subdue tribes and demand tribute. Although he attempted to search for Karacha, Yermak was ultimately unsuccessful in this venture. Also, while Yermak had succeeded in regaining the loyalty of the tribes, his men were now almost completely out of gunpowder. To make matters worse, while his reinforcements arrived, they did so utterly exhausted and depleted by scurvy. Indeed, many of the men, including their commanding officer, had not survived the journey. Thus, in addition to facing the problem of escalating hostilities, their food shortage was magnified by the arrival of more men. Eventually, it is reported the situation grew dire enough that Yermak's men turned to cannibalism, eating the bodies of the deceased.\n", "Section::::Yermak’s death.\n", "The precise details of Yermak's death are lost to history, but legend has preserved multiple variations of the account. With the onset and worsening of the food shortage, Yermak's people had now entered a time of famine. Kuchum, knowing this, set a trap. The most common account is that Kuchum purposely leaked information to Yermak, in which it was claimed that Bukharan merchants from Central Asia, traveling with large amounts of food, were being prevented from moving by Kuchum's men. In August 1584, Yermak set out with a band of men to free the traders. Finding the reports to be false, Yermak ordered a return to Qashliq. Whether because of an ongoing storm or because the men were tired from rowing upstream, Yermak's force stopped on a small island formed by two branches of the Irtysh and set up camp on the night of August 4–5, 1584. Convinced that the river offered protection, Yermak's men fell asleep with no guard. Kuchum, however, had been following Yermak's party and was lying in wait. Kuchum's forces forded the river around midnight; their approach was hidden by the loudness of the storm and the dark of night. Kuchum's Tatars were upon Yermak's men so quickly that they could not use either their guns or weapons, and a slaughter ensued. In the ensuing chaos, it is reported that all but three men on the Russian side were killed, including Yermak. Legend has it that after fighting through the invaders and being wounded in the arm by a knife, Yermak, finding that their boats had been washed away in the storm, attempted to cross the river. Due to the weight of the armor gifted to him by the Tsar, Yermak sank to the bottom and drowned. At least one survivor, unburdened by such heavy armor, was able to flee across the river and return to Qashliq with news of Yermak's death.\n", "Yermak's body was borne down the river, where seven days later it is said to have been found by a Tatar fisherman named Yanish. Easily recognizable by the eagle on his armor, Yermak's corpse was stripped and hung on a frame made out of six poles, where for six weeks archers used his body for target practice. However, it is said that animals did not feed on him and his body produced no odor and that the corpse caused fear and nightmares in the people. Heeding these omens, the Tatars buried him as a hero, killing thirty oxen in his name. His prized armor was eventually distributed among the Tatar chiefs.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Upon receiving news of Yermak's death, the Cossacks became immediately demoralized. The original band of men had dwindled to 150 fighters, and command now fell to Glukhoff, the leader of the initial group of reinforcements that the tsar had delivered to Yermak. The Cossacks soon decided to abandon Qashliq and to retreat to Russia. Before traveling a great distance, they ran into a group of one hundred reinforcements that had been sent as additional strength from the tsar. With this upturn in fortune, Yermak's band resolved to return to Qashliq and refortify their position in accordance with the tsar's will. The fast-acting and perceptive Tatars, however, had been informed of the group's flight and had retaken the city almost immediately, preventing any peaceful reoccupation of their former stronghold. Although the Tatar position appeared strong, they were no longer led by Kuchum, who had lost his power, and were thus not as stable as before. Furthermore, another three hundred reinforcements from the tsar soon arrived to join the Russians. Led by Tchulkoff, this new force provided a significant boost in fighting strength to the party. Despite the tumultuous state of the Tatar leadership and their newly received recruits, however, the Russians did not pursue another attempt on Qashliq. Instead, in a culmination of the events immediately following Yermak's fatal plunge, they founded a new settlement in 1587 on the site of what would become Tobolsk, a comfortable twelve miles from Qashliq. Although the Tatars quickly began raids against their familiar foe, after a short period they ceased, leaving the Russians to their new town.\n", "Yermak's heroic endeavors in the Russian East laid the groundwork for future Russian expansion and settlement. Soon after Yermak and his initial band set out for Siberia, merchants and peasants followed in their wake, hoping to harness some of the fur riches that abounded in the land. This trend grew exponentially after Yermak's death, as his legend spread through the domain rapidly and, with it, the news of a land rich in furs and vulnerable to Russian influence. Colonization attempts soon followed, as Tyumen, the first known town after Yermak's death, was founded in 1586. The settling of this territory facilitated the establishment and development of Siberian agriculture. Most of these farmers were, in fact, soldiers, who grew their own sustenance out of necessity.\n", "Yermak had set a precedent of Cossack involvement in Siberian expansion, and the exploration and conquests of these men were responsible for many of the additions to the Russian empire in the east. After the initial return of the Cossacks shortly after Yermak's death, an ambitious project of fortification began under the direction of Boris Godunov. Its achievements, including the extension of protection for Russians in the region, would drive even greater numbers of entrepreneurs to Siberia. In 1590, Tobolsk received a significant boost in prominence as it was dubbed the principal city and administrative center of the region. The fur trade also continued to grow, aided by the Cossacks, who in 1593 established the trading center of Berezof on the Ob River at the sixty-fourth latitude. The practice of collecting tributes of fur from the natives continued to spread, and in the 17th century such furs made up 25-33 percent of the income to the tsar's treasury. Thus, as soon as fifteen years after Yermak's death, the basin of the Ob River had truly become a region of Russian influence. Even so, the Russians did not rest on their laurels, and the attitude and pace of expansion pioneered by Yermak continued well into the 17th century. Indeed, within the first half of the century the fort of Yeniseysk was established in 1619, the city of Yakutsk founded in 1632, and the important feat of reaching the Sea of Okhotsk on the Pacific coast in 1639. Throughout these campaigns, Yermak's influence was undeniable, as the pace he had established for achievement in his relatively short time in Siberia heralded a new age of Russian pioneering.\n", "Yermak's life and conquests had a significant impact on Russian policy towards Siberia and the colonization attempts that followed this shift. Prior to Yermak's agreement with the Strogonovs, the Russian attitude towards the Siberian expanse had been one preoccupied primarily with defense, not aggression. The top priority was the repelling of the Tatar hordes, and, as shown by Ivan's letter to the Strogonovs, the central government rarely involved itself unless the tribes succeeded in entering Russian territory. This, of course, changed with Yermak, whose triumphs showed that the Tatars could be put on the defensive and that Russia could now establish itself as an aggressive power in the East. Yermak also changed the involvement of the tsar in Siberian affairs. In reaching out to the tsar for assistance, Yermak gained the support of the government; indeed, it was reinforcements from the tsar that solidified the Russian presence in the region immediately after Yermak's death. This newfound commitment and involvement in the area is best summarized by Ivan's acceptance of the title bestowed upon him by Yermak: “Tsar of Sibir.” Yermak's pioneering further enabled this system to exist because it depended on the success he achieved in gaining tribute from conquered peoples. Much like Yermak, future troops were sent with the understanding that it would be necessary to supplement their base payment with treasures and tributes gained from conquest. Without this system in place, it is unlikely such an arrangement would have come to fruition.\n", "Future explorers would also take notice of Yermak's strategy in approaching the Siberian lands, which, unlike those in many other colonization attempts, already had an established imperial power. However, Yermak wisely recognized that Kuchum's territories were not unified. Yermak noted that many of these peoples were nothing more than vassals and that they were quite diverse in terms of race, language, and religion. Unlike Kuchum and his Mohammedan Tatars, many of these groups were pagan. Due to the sum of these differences, many simply paid tribute to avoid trouble, and it mattered little to whom the tribute was paid. Yermak's unique strength was thus in recognizing the bigger picture and playing it to his advantage, first identifying and then executing quick, efficient ways to establish influence in the region.\n", "The actions of Yermak also redefined the meaning of the word Cossack. While it is uncertain whether Yermak's group was related in any way to the Yaik or Ural Cossacks, it is known that their company was previously outlawed by the Russian government. However, in sending his letter and his trusted lieutenant Ivan Kolzo to Ivan the Terrible, Yermak transformed the image of the Cossack overnight from a bandit to a soldier recognized by the Tsar of Moscow. Now, Yermak's Cossacks had effectively been incorporated into the military system and were able to receive support from the tsar. This new arrangement also acted as a sort of pressure-relief valve for the Cossacks, who had a history of being troublesome on the Russian frontier. In sending as many of them as possible further east into unconquered lands, the burgeoning and extremely profitable lands on the borders of Russian territory were given respite. Yermak's call for aid thus spawned a new type of Cossack which, by virtue of its link to the government, would enjoy significant favor from future Russian rulers. Despite this new shift in orientation, it is worth noting that the Cossack name remained in place in Siberia and that soldiers sent as reinforcements often adopted this title. Furthermore, this realignment was not without criticism, however, and some saw Yermak as a traitor to the Cossack name. Such detractors saw Yermak's death as punishment for turning away from the Cossack code and becoming a pawn of the tsar. Fittingly, then, it was his armor, the very symbol of the tsar, that dragged him down to his fate.\n", "Relics of Yermak also continued to command significant power and prestige years after his death. In particular, the search for his armor affected at least one element of Siberian relations. Decades after Yermak's death, a Mongol leader who had assisted the Russian government approached the voyevoda of Tobolsk and asked for his assistance in obtaining an item in the Tatar's possession, believed to be Yermak's armor. The reason he approached the voyevoda was that he had previously been denied a trade by the Tatars after offering them ten slave families and a thousand sheep. The Tatars, despite being convinced that the armor had divine properties, agreed to the sale upon the involvement of the voyevoda. Soon after, the Mongol, convinced of the power of Yermak's armor, refused to service the Russian government because he no longer feared their might.\n", "Section::::Commemoration.\n", " The Russian people pay tribute to the legend of Yermak in a variety of ways. \n", "Multiple statues and monuments have been erected in his honor throughout Russia. \n", "V. A. Beklemishev began his construction project for a monument dedicated to Yermak in 1903 in the Cathedral Square of Novocherkassk, the capital of the Don Cossack country. On the monument Yermak is shown holding his regimental banner in his left hand and the ceremonial cap of his rival Kuchum Khan in his right hand. The back of the monument reads: “To the Don Cossack Ataman Ermak Timofeyevich, the Siberia conqueror from the grateful posterity. In honor of Don Cossack Army 300th Anniversary. He passed away in Irtysh waves on August 5, 1584.” Some believe that Yermak was born in the village of Kachalinskaya on the Don. Though this region has long claimed Yermak to be one of its own, there is no evidence that he was born there or ever visited.\n", "There is also a statue of Yermak at Tobolsk and one in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg designed by M. M. Antolkol’skiy.\n", "Two icebreakers have been named after Yermak. The first, built in Newcastle, England, in 1898, was one of the first major vessels of that type ever built and the second, which entered the service in 1974, was the first of an impressive new type of ship.\n", "In commemoration of Yermak, there is a town named after him on the upper Irtysh. Similarly, a mountain in the Perm Region made up of three cliff stacks is called the Yermak Stone after Yermak. Legend has it that Yermak and his brigade passed one of the harsh Siberian winters on the cliff side.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Yermak is an important heroic figure in Russian history, depicted in film, literature, poetry, song, and paintings.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Film.\n", "Yermak makes an appearance in the 1947 film \"Tale of the Siberian Land\" (\"Skazanie o zemle sibirskoi\") directed by Ivan Pyryev. The movie tells the story of a pianist named Andrei who moves to Siberia to work at a paper-processing plant after being wounded in World War II and losing his faith in music. Once in Siberia, Andrei reunites with a female singer with whom he had been in love in Moscow. When nothing comes of their second encounter, he heads far north in Siberia and becomes so enamored with the might of Soviet construction projects that he composes a choral symphony entitled the ‘Tale of Siberian Land.’ Andrei is then reunited with his beloved who finds him in the depths of Siberia. The two travel to Moscow where Andrei's symphony is performed in the Conservatory. The symphony tells his life story while presenting the “mysterious, wild, silver grey” landscape of Siberia to the audience. In displaying the “extreme might of the land,” he conveys “the extreme heroism of the Russian and Soviet conquest of Siberia.” The symphony introduces Yermak as a mighty figure who “made his way through the fog and mist to do battle with Siberia.” The film then begins a visual montage which traces Russian history and the representation of the Russian landscape over time. Yermak is shown as a “pantomime hero” leading his forces into battle. Simon Franklin and Emma Widdis describe that “here, the director taps into the folk imagination and the landscape that he evokes is plainly the landscape of the epic. As the battle ends, the natural world itself expresses the majesty of Yermak’s achievement. Fire turns into lightning, and then the rain begins: the conquest of the elements is complete, as nature bows down in the face of Russian strength, and Siberia is conquered.” The montage then shifts to show the landscape as softer, flatter, and gentler. Andrei proceeds to describe the process through which Yermak's descendants continued to dominate Siberia. Ultimately, Yermak is portrayed as the hero who launched the conquest that shaped the whole of Russia.\n", "In 1996, directors Vladimir Krasnopolsky and Valeri Uskov produced the film \"Yermak\", a historical drama about the conquest of Siberia which starred Viktor Stepanov, Irina Alfyorova, and Nikita Dzhigurda.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yermak, the Conqueror of Siberia\" (1899) - by Leo Tolstoy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yermak, the Conqueror\" (1930) - a novel by Pyotr Nikolayevich Krassnoff\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gulyai-Volga\" (1930) - a novel by Artem Vesely\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cossacks\" (1969) - by Philip Longworth, a historical account of the Cossack experience in Russia which provides portraits of famous Cossack leaders Yermak, Bogdan Khmelnitski, and Stepan Razin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yermak's Campaign in Siberia\" (1974) - translated from Russian by Tatiana Minorsky and David Wileman and edited, with an introduction and notes, by Terence Armstrong\n", "BULLET::::- In addition to his nonfiction portrayals in the books listed above, Yermak and his expeditions of conquest are mentioned in \"The Zombie Survival Guide\" by Max Brooks, as well as being featured in its accompanying tie-in comic \"\", wherein an expeditionary party of Yermak seizes a Siberian settlement of an unknown Asiatic tribe, engaging in slaughter and cannabalism, before themselves succumbing to a revived, apparently zombified woman whom they had dug up, leaving only one survivor.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Folk songs and poetry.\n", "There are many folk songs and much poetry about Yermak which contribute to our vision of the hero. By tracing the transformation of folk songs and poetry about Yermak since his death, it is possible to see how his status as a legendary figure has evolved over time.\n", "Over 150 songs about Yermak's exploits have been collected and spread throughout all of Russia since the 18th century. As many as 35 of these songs have been collected in a text by V. Th. Miller entitled “Historical Songs of the Russian People of the XVI-XVII Centuries.” One song describes how “Yermak’s men kill the Muscovite ambassador to Persia named as Semen Konstantinovich Karamyshev” while others speak of Yermak's acts of piracy and pillaging with his Cossack brigade. Though most folk songs are not entirely consistent with the historical accounts of Yermak's life, there are many similarities and much overlap among the different songs. There are often several versions of the same song that share certain details but differ on others.\n", "I. I. Dmitriyev (1760–1837) wrote the dramatic poem “Yermak” and K. P. Ryleyev (1795–1826) in 1821 wrote a poem entitled “The death of Yermak.”\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Paintings.\n", "BULLET::::- “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak” (1895) by Vasily Surikov, located in the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg\n", "BULLET::::- various paintings by Semyon Remezov in the Remezov Chronicle\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Icebreaker Yermak\n", "BULLET::::- History of Siberia\n", "BULLET::::- Exploration of Siberia\n", "BULLET::::- Exploration of Asia\n", "BULLET::::- Russian conquest of Siberia\n", "BULLET::::- Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir\n", "Section::::References.\n", "\"This article incorporates text from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia\"\n", "BULLET::::- Armstrong, Terence E. \"Yermak's Campaign in Siberia: A Selection of Documents\". London: Hakluyt Society, 1975.\n", "BULLET::::- Baikalov, Anatole V.. \"The Conquest and Colonisation of Siberia.\" The Slavonic and East European Review 10, no. 30 (1932): 557-571.\n", "BULLET::::- Bisher, Jamie. White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian. London: Frank Cass, 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- Cresson, W. P.. The Cossacks: Their History and Country. New York: Brentano's, 1919.\n", "BULLET::::- Czaplicka, Miss, and Leslie Urquhart. \"The Future of Siberia: Discussion.\" The Geographical Journal 51, no. 3 (1918): 159-164.\n", "BULLET::::- Feodoroff, Nicholas V. \"Soviet Communists and Russian History: A Frame in Time\". Commack, NY: Nova Science, 1997.\n", "BULLET::::- Franklin, Simon, and Emma Widdis. \"National Identity in Russian Culture: An Introduction\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- Haywood, A. J.. Siberia: A Cultural History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- Howe, Sonia E.. Some Russian Heroes, Saints and Sinners, Legendary and Historical. London: Williams and Norgate, 1916.\n", "BULLET::::- Kerner, Robert Joseph. The Russian Eastward Movement: Some Observations on its Historical Significance. Berkeley: Pacific Historical Review, 1948.\n", "BULLET::::- Kivelson, Valerie A. \"Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia\". Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Landers, Brian. Empires Apart: A History of American and Russian Imperialism. New York: Pegasus Books :, 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- Lincoln, W. Bruce. \"The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians\". New York: Random House, 1994.\n", "BULLET::::- Longworth, Philip. \"The Cossacks\". New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.\n", "BULLET::::- Manning, Clarence Augustus. \"Yermak Timofeyevich in Russian Folk Poetry.\" \"Journal of the American Oriental Society\" 43 (1923): 206-215. https://www.jstor.org/stable/593339 (accessed January 13, 2012).\n", "BULLET::::- March, G. Patrick. Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monument to the legendary Cossack Ermak - Sights.\" The Official Website of the City of Novocherkassk. http://www.novochgrad.ru/en/sights/id/1873.html (accessed January 14, 2012).\n", "BULLET::::- Naumov, I. V., and David Norman Collins. The History of Siberia. London: Routledge, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Perkhavko, Valery. \"Soft Gold.\" Science in Russia 4 (2008): 50-56.\n", "BULLET::::- Rasputin, Valentin. \"Siberia, Siberia\". Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1996.\n", "BULLET::::- Semyenov, Yuri. \"The Conquest of Siberia\". Ed. E. W. Dickes. London: G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1944.\n", "BULLET::::- Stites, Richard. \"Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900\". Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print.\n", "BULLET::::- Wright, G. Frederick. Asiatic Russia. New York: McClure, Phillips & co., 1902.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yermak (1996) - IMDb.\" The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0126894/ (accessed January 17, 2012).\n" ] }

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Nimitz", "Hatazō Adachi", "Battle of Driniumor River", "XI Corps (United States)", "Charles P. Hall", "Tadji, Papua New Guinea", "Ultra", "Charles A. Willoughby", "Tomoyuki Yamashita", "2nd Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army)", "Manila", "Eighth United States Army", "Flying column", "Omar Bradley", "Operation Downfall", "Kyushu", "Surrender of Japan", "Kyoto", "Shikoku", "Distinguished Service Cross (United States)", "Oak leaf cluster", "Occupation of Japan", "San Antonio", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "George Edward Brett", "Macmillan Inc.", "Conduct unbecoming", "Military Air Transport Service", "Federal Prison Camp, Alderson", "United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces", "Kinsella v. Krueger", "Reid v. Covert", "Supreme Court of the United States", "Glaucoma", "Sciatica", "Hernia", "Pneumonia", "Valley Forge, Pennsylvania", "Arlington National Cemetery", "Time (magazine)", "Operational level of war", "William Manchester" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Walter Krueger\n", "Walter Krueger (26 January 1881 – 20 August 1967) was an American soldier and general officer in the first half of the 20th century. He is best known for his command of the Sixth United States Army in the South West Pacific Area during World War II. He rose from the rank of private to general in the United States Army.\n", "Born in Flatow, West Prussia, Krueger emigrated to the United States as a boy. He enlisted for service in the Spanish–American War and served in Cuba, and then re-enlisted for service in the Philippine–American War. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1901. In 1914 he was posted to the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. His regiment was mobilized on 23 June 1916 and served along the Mexican border. After the United States commenced hostilities with Germany in April 1917, Krueger was assigned to the 84th Infantry Division as its Assistant Chief of Staff G-3 (Operations), and then its chief of staff. In February 1918, he was sent to Langres to attend the American Expeditionary Force General Staff School, and in October 1918, he became chief of staff of the Tank Corps.\n", "Between the wars, Krueger served in a number of command and staff positions, and attended the Naval War College at his own request. In 1941, he assumed command of the Third Army, which he led in the Louisiana Maneuvers. He expected, in view of his age, to spend the war at home training troops, but in 1943 he was sent to General Douglas MacArthur's Southwest Pacific Area as commander of the Sixth Army and Alamo Force, which he led in a series of victorious campaigns against the Japanese. As an army commander, Krueger had to grapple with the problems imposed by vast distances, inhospitable terrain, unfavorable climate, and an indefatigable and dangerous enemy. He had to balance MacArthur's need to speed up the tempo of operations in order to win campaigns with the more cautious approach of subordinates who often found themselves confronted by unexpectedly large numbers of Japanese troops. In the Battle of Luzon in 1945, his largest, longest and last battle, he was finally able to maneuver his army as he had in 1941 against a Japanese army under Tomoyuki Yamashita.\n", "Krueger retired to San Antonio, Texas, where he bought a house and wrote \"From Down Under to Nippon\", an account of his campaigns in the Southwest Pacific. His retirement was marred by family tragedies. His son James was dismissed from the army in 1947 for conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman. His wife's health deteriorated, and she died of cancer in 1956. His daughter Dorothy stabbed her husband to death in 1952. She was sentenced to life imprisonment by a court-martial, but was freed by the Supreme Court in 1957.\n", "Section::::Education and early life.\n", "Walter Krueger was born in Flatow, West Prussia, then part of the German Empire, but now part of Poland. He was the son of Julius Krüger, a Prussian landowner who had served as an officer in the Franco-Prussian War, and his wife, Anna, formerly Hasse. Following Julius's death, Anna and her three children emigrated to the United States to be near her uncle in St. Louis, Missouri. Walter was then eight years old. In St. Louis, Anna married Emil Carl Schmidt, a Lutheran minister. The family subsequently settled in Madison, Indiana. Krueger was educated at the Upper Seminary School in Madison, and the Cincinnati Technical High School in Cincinnati, Ohio. As a teenager, he wanted to become a naval officer, but when his mother objected he decided to become a blacksmith instead.\n", "Section::::Early military service.\n", "On 17 June 1898, Krueger, along with many of his fellow high-school students, enlisted for service in the Spanish–American War with the 2nd United States Volunteer Infantry. He reached Santiago de Cuba a few weeks after the Battle of San Juan Hill, and spent eight months there on occupation duties, rising to the rank of sergeant. Mustered out of the volunteers in February 1899, he returned home to Ohio, planning to become a civil engineer.\n", "However, many of his comrades were re-enlisting for service in the Philippine–American War and in June 1899 Krueger re-enlisted as a private in M Company of the 12th Infantry. Soon he was on his way to fight Emilio Aguinaldo's \"Insurrectos\" as part of Major General Arthur MacArthur, Jr.'s 2nd Division of the Eighth Army Corps. He took part in the advance from Angeles City to Tarlac City, Aguinaldo's capital. But Aguinaldo had fled, and the 12th Infantry pursued him vainly all the way through Luzon's central plain to Dagupan City. While serving in an infantry unit in the Philippines, he was promoted to sergeant. On 1 July 1901, he was commissioned a second lieutenant and posted to the 30th Infantry on Marinduque.\n", "Krueger returned to the United States with the 30th Infantry in December 1903. The regiment moved to Fort Crook, Nebraska. In September 1904, he married Grace Aileen Norvell, whom he had met in the Philippines. They had three children: James Norvell, born on 29 July 1905; Walter Jr., born on 25 April 1910; and Dorothy Jane, who was born on 24 January 1913. Both James and Walter Jr. attended the United States Military Academy, James graduating with the class of 1926, and Walter Jr. with the class of 1931. Dorothy married an army officer, Aubrey D. Smith, of the class of 1930.\n", "In 1904, Krueger attended and graduated from the Infantry-Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This was followed by the Command and General Staff College in 1907. He then joined the 23rd Infantry at Fort Ontario, New York. After a second tour in the Philippines, he returned to the United States in June 1909, and was assigned to Department of Languages at Fort Leavenworth as an instructor in Spanish, French and German, which he could speak fluently. He also taught National Guard officers at Camp Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, and Pine Camp, New York. He published translations of several German military texts, most notably William Balck's \"Tactics\". The book attracted the attention of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Major General Leonard Wood, and was widely read.\n", "Section::::World War I.\n", "With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Krueger was offered a post as an observer with the German Army but was forced to turn it down due to familial commitments. Instead, he was posted to the 10th Infantry of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. The regiment was mobilized on 23 June 1916 and served along the Mexican border for five months as part of the Mexican Punitive Expedition under Major General John J. Pershing, although no National Guard units fought Mexican troops. The unit was mustered out in October 1916. Afterwards, Krueger remained with the National Guard. He trained units, and helped establish a school for officers at the University of Pennsylvania. In an article in the \"Infantry Journal\", he called for a large, national, conscript army similar to those of European countries, arguing that this would be in accord with America's democratic values.\n", "After the United States commenced hostilities against Germany in April 1917, Krueger was assigned to the 84th Infantry Division at Camp Zachary Taylor as its Assistant Chief of Staff G-3 (Operations). He became its chief of staff, with the rank of major as of 5 August 1917. In February 1918, he was sent to Langres, France, to attend the American Expeditionary Force General Staff School. All officers from divisions that were not under orders for France were ordered to return home in May 1918, but Krueger stayed on as G-3 of the 26th Infantry Division. The French Army requested that Krueger be sent home due to his German origin, and Krueger was re-posted to the 84th Division, but he soon returned to France, as the 84th Division embarked for France in August 1918. In October, he became chief of staff of the Tank Corps. After the Armistice with Germany ended the fighting in November 1918, he became assistant chief of staff of VI and IV Corps on occupation duty, advancing to the rank of temporary colonel. For his service in the war, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal in 1919.\n", "Section::::Interwar years.\n", "With the end of the war, Krueger returned to the United States on 22 June 1919 and was initially posted to the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia. In 1920, he assumed command of the 55th Infantry Regiment at Camp Funston, Kansas. He reverted to his permanent rank of captain on 30 June 1920 but was promoted to the permanent rank of major the next day. He attended the Army War College, graduating in 1921, and remaining for a year as an instructor, where he taught such classes as the \"Art of Command\". He paid a four-month visit to Germany in 1922 as part of the War College's Historical Section, during which he examined documents related to World War I in the German War Archives. These informed his lectures on the war, and he argued that much of the German Army's effectiveness was attributable to its system of decentralized command. Krueger urged that American commanders in the field should be given wider latitude in carrying out their orders.\n", "From 1922 to 1925, Krueger served in the War Plans Division of the War Department General Staff in Washington, DC. Krueger worked on the United States color-coded war plans, particularly War Plan Green, for another war with Mexico, and War Plan Blue, for another civil war in the United States. He traveled to the Panama Canal Zone in January 1923 to report on the state of the defenses there. After he returned, he was assigned to the Joint Army and Navy Planning Committee, an organ of the Joint Army and Navy Board responsible for coordinating war plans between the two services. While with the Joint Planning Committee, he worked on War Plan Orange, the plan for a war with Japan, and War Plan Tan, for a war with Cuba. Krueger considered the problems of inter-service cooperation. At his own request, he attended the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1925 and 1926. He continued to ruminate on the nature of command. \"Doctrine\", he wrote, \"knits all the parts of the military force together in intellectual bonds.\"\n", "Krueger came to feel that the prospects for promotion in the infantry were very poor, and in 1927 he tried to transfer to the United States Army Air Corps. He attended the Air Corps Primary Flying School at Brooks Field, Texas, but suffered an attack of neuritis in his right arm, and his flight instructor, Lieutenant Claire Lee Chennault, failed him. In December 1927, he was offered a position as an instructor at the Naval War College, where he taught classes on World War I, and on joint operations.\n", "In June 1932, Krueger became commander of the 6th Infantry Regiment at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, where he was promoted to colonel again on 1 August 1932. Now aged 51, he became resigned to retiring as a colonel, but in 1934 he returned to the War Plans Division, becoming chief of the division in May 1936, and was promoted to temporary brigadier general in October 1936. In September 1938, Krueger went to Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, as commander of the 16th Infantry Brigade. He was promoted to temporary major general in February 1939, when he became commander of the 2nd Infantry Division at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. The 2nd Infantry Division was at the time being used as a test of the US Army's new triangular division concept. As a result, Krueger made a series of suggestions as to how the organization could be improved. He became interested in the possibilities of mechanization and fast-paced modern warfare, which were tested in maneuvers with his division. His troops called themselves the \"Blitzkruegers\".\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Training in the United States.\n", "Krueger became commander of IX Corps on 31 January 1940. This corps was created to control units of the Third Army engaged in large scale maneuvers in 1940, in which Krueger's IX Corps conducted a series of mock battles against Walter Short's IV Corps. On 27 June, Krueger became commander of the VIII Corps. On 16 May 1941, he was promoted to lieutenant general, in command of the Third Army. He also became commander of the Southern Defense Command on 16 July 1941. Krueger asked for—and got—Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhower assigned to him as his chief of staff.\n", "The Louisiana Maneuvers pitted Krueger's Third Army against Lieutenant General Ben Lear's Second Army. The maneuvers were a test ground for doctrine and equipment, and gave senior commanders experience in maneuvering their formations. In the first phase, Krueger quickly proved himself to be the more modern general. He responded adroitly to a changed battle situation by re-orienting his front from northeast to northwest, and was able to inflict a series of reverses on Lear's forces. In the second phase, Krueger had a superior force, and had to advance on Shreveport, Louisiana. Lear's forces conducted a stubborn withdrawal, demolishing bridges in order to slow Krueger down. Krueger responded by sending Major General George S. Patton, Jr.'s 2nd Armored Division on a wide flanking maneuver through Texas. Afterwards, Eisenhower became the head of the War Plans Division, and was replaced by Colonel Alfred M. Gruenther. After he too was transferred, Krueger replaced him with Colonel George B. Honnen.\n", "Krueger wrote to a friend that \n", "Section::::World War II.:Sixth Army.\n", "It therefore came as a surprise when Krueger was informed that a theater commander had requested his services. General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), said that he was \"especially anxious to have Krueger due to my long and intimate association with him\". This too came as a surprise to Krueger; while the two men had known each other for forty years, and Krueger had been chief of the War Plans Division when MacArthur was chief of staff, the two had never been close.\n", "The War Department approved Krueger's transfer to SWPA, but did not approve MacArthur's request for Third Army headquarters. There were only three American divisions in SWPA: the 32nd Infantry Division at Rockhampton, Queensland, the 41st Infantry Division in the Buna area in Papua, and the 1st Marine Division in Melbourne, Victoria. The 1st Cavalry Division and the 24th Infantry Division were scheduled to arrive in 1943, and other divisions would follow in 1944, but for the time being there were much fewer troops than an army would normally control. The War Department therefore saw no need for a full strength army headquarters. Instead, Krueger had to make do with him a skeleton staff of a new Sixth Army, which was activated in January 1943, with less than half the establishment strength of an army headquarters.\n", "Krueger took with him several key members of the Third Army staff, including Brigadier General George Honnen as chief of staff, Colonel George H. Decker as deputy chief of staff, Colonel George S. Price as assistant chief of staff, G-1 (Personnel), Colonel Horton V. White as assistant chief of staff, G-2 (intelligence), Clyde Eddleman as assistant chief of staff, G-3 (operations) and Colonel Kenneth Pierce as assistant chief of staff, G-4 (supply). Honnen had health problems, and spent much of April, May and June 1943 in hospital before being ordered home on 18 June. He was replaced by Brigadier General Edwin D. Patrick, who had served on the staff of Admiral William F. Halsey in the South Pacific Area. Patrick did not get along smoothly with Krueger or the rest of the Sixth Army staff, and in May 1944 Patrick was appointed to command the 158th Regimental Combat Team, and Decker became chief of staff.\n", "Command in the Southwest Pacific Area was complicated. Instead of operations being conducted by the Sixth Army, its headquarters was used for what became Alamo Force. As a task force, Alamo Force came directly under MacArthur, rather than under the Allied Land Forces. Krueger noted that \"the inherent difficulties faced by my dual headquarters in planning and administration were aggravated by the command setup, which was a novel one to say the least.\" Because Alamo Force was a purely operational entity, administration was handled by the United States Army Forces in the Far East. Although there was only one army staff, Alamo Force was in New Guinea while the main body of Sixth Army headquarters was in Brisbane until February 1944, when the two were finally brought together. They still had a dual role as Alamo Force and Sixth Army until September, when Alamo Force was discontinued and the Sixth Army became directly responsible for operations.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Bismarck Archipelago.\n", "The geographical, engineering and logistical difficulties of conducting operations in SWPA were driven home by Alamo Force's first operation, Operation Chronicle, the occupation of Woodlark and Kiriwina Islands in June 1943. Despite the fact that the operation was unopposed by the Japanese, it was subject to delays. Krueger visited Kiriwina, where road work and airbase development were held up by heavy rains, on 11 July. He was dissatisfied with the rate of progress and relieved the task force commander. The arrival of additional engineers sped up the base development effort, and No. 79 Squadron RAAF commenced operations from Kiriwina on 18 August.\n", "He was also concerned by reports of the invasion of Kiska in the Aleutian Islands in August 1943, in which a large Allied force invaded an island that had already been evacuated by the Japanese. If this could happen, it was also possible that a force might attack where the Japanese were unexpectedly strong. Different levels of command sometimes came up with widely varying estimates of Japanese strength because they used different methods to estimate it.\n", "An attempt to obtain information for Operation Dexterity, the attack on New Britain, with a joint Army-Navy reconnaissance team raised issues of inter-service cooperation. The Navy was mainly interested in gathering hydrographic data rather than information on the state of the Japanese defenders. Because of a breakdown in communications, the PT boat that was supposed to collect the team was unable to rendezvous with it, and the team had to spend eleven more days on the island. Finally, the Navy tried to prevent the Army commander from briefing Alamo Force headquarters on what had occurred.\n", "Krueger decided that he needed to have his own strategic reconnaissance capability. In November 1943, he formed the Alamo Scouts as a special unit for reconnaissance and raiding. An Alamo Scout Training Center for volunteers was established on Fergusson Island, not far from Alamo Force's headquarters on Goodenough Island, under the command of Colonel Frederick W. Bradshaw, whom Krueger had first encountered during the Louisiana maneuvers. The top graduates of the six-week training course were assigned to the Alamo Scouts; the other graduates were returned to their units where they could be used for similar work. By the end of the war, Alamo Scouts teams had conducted 106 missions.\n", "In what became a standard procedure in SWPA, MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) nominated the objectives, set the target date, and allocated the troops to the operation, leaving Alamo Force to work out the details. MacArthur was not inflexible, however, and allowed Krueger to alter the staging areas, and postpone the operation by a month. Krueger's concerns about the possibility of high casualties in securing the Gasmata area, and doubts as to whether the area was suitable for airbase development, led to it being dropped as a target. Arawe was substituted, and the size of the whole operation was scaled back. Krueger hoped to observe the 1st Marine Division's landing at Cape Gloucester in December 1943, but was unable to do so until the planning for the January 1944 landing at Saidor was complete. He crossed the Dampier Strait in a PT boat in stormy weather. PBY Catalinas sent to bring him back were unable to land, and he had to return on the destroyer .\n", "Krueger accepted reports of a Japanese counterattack at Saidor, and sent reinforcements in response, but the attack did not eventuate. Because the 32nd Infantry Division was required for the upcoming Hansa Bay operation, he was initially reluctant to authorize it to block the trails behind the American beachhead. When he finally did so, it was too late. The retreating Japanese made good their escape, thereby defeating the whole purpose of the operation. The next operation, the Admiralty Islands campaign in February 1944, played out differently. Based on Fifth Air Force reports that the islands were unoccupied, MacArthur accelerated his timetable and ordered an immediate reconnaissance in force of the islands. Krueger sent in the Alamo Scouts, who confirmed that the islands were still well-defended.\n", "Krueger did what he could to accelerate the movement of units of Major General Innis P. Swift's 1st Cavalry Division to the Admiralty Islands in response to urgent pleas from Brigadier General William C. Chase, who managed to defeat the numerically superior Japanese forces. Krueger was unimpressed with Chase. \"His task\", Krueger wrote to Swift, \"was undoubtedly a difficult one, but did not, in my judgment, warrant the nervousness apparent in some of his despatches. This, and his failure to obey repeated positive orders to furnish detailed information of his situation and his losses, his closing his radio station during long periods, and his evident ignorance that reinforcements could not reach him by the times he demanded, were not calculated to inspire confidence.\"\n", "Section::::World War II.:New Guinea Campaign.\n", "Over the next few months, the tempo of operations increased, forcing the Sixth Army to plan and execute multiple operations simultaneously. Operations Reckless and Persecution in April 1944 together comprised the largest operation yet in SWPA, with the 24th and 41st Infantry Divisions of Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger's I Corps landing at Tanahmerah and Humboldt bays near Hollandia, while the 163rd Regimental Combat Team landed at Aitape. Eichelberger was Krueger's most senior subordinate, but when he did not meet Krueger's expectation, Krueger let him know in no uncertain terms. \"In my more than 40 years as an officer\", Krueger told one of his staff, \"I have never raised my voice to an enlisted man, but a corps commander should know better.\"\n", "Krueger visited the beachhead with MacArthur and Eichelberger on the first day. After inspecting the beachhead, they went to the for ice cream sodas, whereupon MacArthur suggested, in view of the victory at Hollandia, they could accelerate the campaign timetable by moving on to Wakde-Sarmi immediately. Krueger was willing to consider the idea, although he had already ordered the troops designated for Wakde-Sarmi, the 32nd Infantry Division, to reinforce the position at Aitape, where he expected a major Japanese counterattack. Eichelberger was vehemently opposed, and the matter was dropped.\n", "Krueger moved his headquarters to Hollandia in May 1944. The swampy area with its restricted anchorages proved unsuitable for a major airbase complex, although fighter strips were constructed, and it was developed as a staging area. MacArthur was compelled to press on with the Wakde-Sarmi project lest his troops become stranded without adequate air cover. A shortage of shipping meant that the operation had to be carried out by the troops in the Hollandia area, so Krueger nominated the 163rd Regimental Combat Team for Wakde, while the rest of the 41st Infantry Division captured Sarmi. However, with only days to go, doubts surfaced about the viability of construction in the Sarmi area, and Biak was substituted. In view of the difficulties involved in changing plans, and moving the troops around, MacArthur agreed to postpone both operations, Wakde until 17 May and Biak to 27 May.\n", "As a result, Alamo Force became involved in desperate fighting on three different fronts simultaneously. The landing at Wakde was opposed by nearly twice as many Japanese troops than had been expected. When Krueger discovered that the Japanese were massing for an assault on the American position, he ordered a pre-emptive attack. \"Krueger\", wrote Edward Drea, \"was too good a soldier to stand pat and wait for a Japanese attack.\" Official historian Robert Ross Smith noted that \"This decision, based upon the scanty, incomplete information concerning Japanese strength and dispositions available to General Krueger at the time, was destined to precipitate a protracted and bitter fight.\" However, even if Krueger had known the true size of the Japanese force, he might still, under the circumstances, have taken the same approach.\n", "The estimates of the number of Japanese troops on Biak were out by a similar margin, resulting in heavy casualties. In the Battle of Biak, stubborn Japanese resistance halted the 41st Infantry Division, and forced its commander, Major General Horace H. Fuller, to appeal to Krueger for reinforcements. In response, Krueger sent the 163rd Regimental Combat Team from Wakde. MacArthur soon grew impatient, as he needed the airstrips on Biak to support Admiral Chester Nimitz's Invasion of Saipan. Nimitz's operation ultimately drew Japanese attention away from Biak. MacArthur put pressure on Krueger for results, and Krueger in turn put pressure on Fuller. Krueger decided that Fuller had too many responsibilities as both task force commander and division commander, and decided to supersede him by sending Eichelberger to take over the task force. Fuller then submitted his resignation. Eichelberger's chief of staff, Brigadier General Clovis Byers, offered to have Decker intercept and destroy the resignation before Krueger saw it, but Fuller decided against this. The battle raged for nearly a month. Afterwards, Krueger demanded an explanation from Eichelberger as to why he had allowed Fuller to quit.\n", "Meanwhile, Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi attacked Alamo Force's position at Aitape in the Battle of Driniumor River. Krueger called for an energetic defense, but the cautious commander of XI Corps, Major General Charles P. Hall, retained nine battalions around the airbase at Tadji. This left Brigadier General Clarence A. Martin without the resources to implement Krueger's strategy, and he conducted a fighting withdrawal instead. Krueger travelled to Aitape where Hall presented him a counterattack plan, which he approved. By August, the fighting had ended and Adachi had been defeated.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Philippines Campaign.\n", "MacArthur accelerated his timetable yet again in September 1944, and brought forward the planned invasion of Leyte to October 1944. That this was the worst time of the year for campaigning on Leyte was not overlooked. Typhoons and heavy rains hampered the efforts to construct and rehabilitate airbases, and without them, large numbers of aircraft could not operate from Leyte. This meant not only that few air strikes could be flown in support of the Sixth Army, but that the Allied Air Forces could not prevent the Japanese from reinforcing Leyte. An additional five Japanese divisions and two mixed brigades were sent to Leyte, and the battle became one of grinding attrition. Able to view his troops in action more often than hitherto, Krueger found much to criticize. He noted that tanks were employed poorly, that the infantry were not aggressive enough, and saw poor sanitation and meals as a sign that officers were not taking adequate care of their men. Krueger's generalship has also been questioned, with Ronald Spector criticizing \"Krueger's disastrous decision to delay the push into the mountains west of Carigara in favor of beach defense.\" Krueger based his cautious appreciation of the situation on various intelligence sources rather than relying solely on Ultra.\n", "In January 1945, the Sixth Army embarked on its largest, longest and last campaign, the invasion of Luzon. Krueger intended to make \"maximum utilization of America's materiel and industrial superiority\". Once again, intelligence estimates of Japanese strength were questionable. MacArthur's intelligence officer, Brigadier General Charles A. Willoughby, basing his estimates on Ultra, believed that there were about 172,000 Japanese troops on Luzon. Krueger's intelligence officer, Colonel Horton V. White, reckoned that there were 234,000. MacArthur did not believe there were anywhere near that number. In fact, General Tomoyuki Yamashita had 287,000 troops on Luzon. For the first time since Louisiana in 1941, Krueger was able to maneuver his army as a single body instead of having elements employed on multiple battles on scattered islands. He regarded Yamashita's employment of armor as poor. Instead of using the 2nd Armored Division for a decisive counterattack against the vulnerable flank, Yamashita frittered away its strength in piecemeal efforts.\n", "As the campaign unfolded, Krueger was pressured by MacArthur to capture Manila. He sent messages reporting what he saw was a lack of drive among the troops, and even moved his theater headquarters forward of Krueger's. MacArthur tried to exploit Krueger's rivalry with Eichelberger by allowing the latter's Eighth Army to conduct its own drive on Manila from the south. Krueger eventually sent a flying column from the 1st Cavalry Division, but MacArthur's expectation that the Japanese would not defend Manila was proven incorrect. Weeks of ferocious fighting were required to capture the city.\n", "Krueger was promoted to general on 5 March 1945. MacArthur recommended Krueger for the rank, even as he clashed with him over the drive on Manila, and rated Krueger's generalship higher than that of Patton or Omar Bradley. Krueger's campaign on Luzon continued until 30 June 1945, when he handed over responsibility to Eichelberger in order to prepare for Operation Olympic, the invasion of Kyushu.\n", "This proved unnecessary when Japan surrendered, and in September 1945 the Sixth Army took up occupation duty in Japan. Krueger established his headquarters in Kyoto, and assumed responsibility for Kyushu, Shikoku and southern Honshu. The Sixth Army remained in Japan until it handed over its occupation responsibilities to the Eighth Army on 31 December 1945. It was deactivated on 25 January 1946, and Krueger retired in July. For his service as commander of the Sixth Army in World War II, Krueger was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal, and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. He was awarded a second oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for his part in the Occupation of Japan.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Krueger retired to San Antonio, Texas, where, in February 1946, he bought a house for the first time. Because of a large income tax bill left over from the war, he was unable to buy it outright and so some of his friends established the Krueger Fund Committee, which paid for much of the house. In retirement, Krueger was involved in a number of charity and community organizations, including the United Service Organization, the Red Cross, and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, and he served as director of civil defense for San Antonio and Bexar County.\n", "Colonel Horton White, Krueger's former intelligence officer, approached him with an offer from George Edward Brett of Macmillan to publish his memoirs. Krueger did not wish to write an autobiography, which he felt was \"invariably apt to be an apologia\", but was willing to write up an account of the Sixth Army's exploits. He commenced work in 1947, but the project proceeded slowly. The result was \"From Down Under to Nippon: The Story of the 6th Army In World War II\", which was published in 1953. Historians were disappointed with the book, as it recounted what was known from the Sixth Army's reports, but provided little insight into the reasons why operations were conducted the way they were. Krueger kept in contact with his wartime colleagues. He was proud of the subsequent accomplishments of members of his wartime staff, and traveled to New York each year to celebrate MacArthur's birthday with MacArthur and other former senior commanders of the Southwest Pacific Area. He lectured at Army Schools and civic organizations, offering opinions on subjects such as the value of training, the benefit of universal military service, and the need for a unified defense establishment.\n", "Section::::Later life.:Kinsella v. Krueger.\n", "Krueger's retirement was marred by family tragedies. His son James was dismissed from the army in 1947 for conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman after a drunken incident. Grace's health deteriorated, and she suffered from heart disease and high blood pressure. She was diagnosed with cancer in 1955, and died on 13 May 1956. Most dramatically, on 3 October 1952, a lonely and depressed Dorothy fatally stabbed her husband, Colonel Aubrey D. Smith, with a hunting knife while he slept in their Army quarters in Japan. Dorothy, who felt that her husband now regarded her no more than \"a clinging handicap to his professional career\", had turned to alcohol and drugs.\n", "By six votes to three, a U.S. Army court-martial found Dorothy guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced her \"to be confined at hard labor for the rest of her natural life\". A unanimous verdict of guilty would have made the death sentence mandatory. She was flown back to the United States in a Military Air Transport Service plane and was imprisoned at the Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, in West Virginia. The United States Court of Military Appeals rejected an appeal filed by Krueger's lawyers that argued that Dorothy was not sane at the time of the incident, and that the testimony that the court-martial had heard to the contrary was military rather than medical.\n", "However, in 1955, in a similar case involving another woman, Mrs. Clarice B. Covert, who had killed her husband in England with an axe, Federal District Court Judge Edward A. Tamm ruled that civilians who accompany military forces overseas could not be imprisoned by military courts. The two cases, \"Kinsella v. Krueger\" and \"Reid v. Covert\", went to the US Supreme Court, which affirmed that military trials of civilians were indeed constitutional, only to reverse itself a year later in a review of the decisions. Dorothy was released, and went to live with Krueger in San Antonio.\n", "When his old friend Fay Babson wrote a letter in 1960 complaining about not being promoted before retirement, Krueger replied that:\n", "Section::::Death and legacy.\n", "Krueger's health began to decline in the late 1950s. He developed glaucoma in his right eye, and sciatica in his left hip. In 1960, he had a hernia operation, followed by kidney surgery in 1963. Nonetheless, he continued to attend MacArthur's birthday in New York. He died from pneumonia at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, on 20 August 1967, and was buried in Section 30 of Arlington National Cemetery, among a number of family members. His papers are in the Cushing Memorial Library at Texas A&M University.\n", "Although Krueger led a large force in operations over a large area for over two years, appearing on the cover of Time magazine on 20 January 1945, and Krueger Middle School was named after him in San Antonio, Texas, in 1962, he never became a well-known figure like MacArthur. Krueger's forte was what is today termed the operational level of war, transforming MacArthur's strategic vision into reality. Krueger has usually been characterised as \"an overly cautious commander who impeded MacArthur's fast-paced strategy.\" William Manchester speculated that \"the General knew his plodding subordinate was a useful counterweight to his own bravura\", and Edward Drea noted that at the Battle of the Drinumor, Krueger's actions were \"entirely out of keeping with his otherwise methodical and plodding generalship\". MacArthur wrote:\n", "Section::::References.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American soldier and general officer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1362101", "wikidata_label": "Walter Krueger", "wikipedia_title": "Walter Krueger" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yoshitoshi ABe\n", "He is a colleague and friend of Chiaki J. Konaka, with whom he collaborated on the series \"Serial Experiments Lain\" and \"Texhnolyze\". He usually uses the Romaji form of his name instead of the kanji, with the \"B\" in \"ABe\" capitalized, as a reminder of his early works, for which he used the pen name \"AB\".\n", "Abe Yoshitoshi first began his career as a teen in Tokyo who was first recognized as a graffiti artist, who regularly got into legal problems with his art. His concepts for all his later works are said to be inspired by this time of his life and has projected a dark theme into his anime character designs.\n", "He is known to be a fairly tech-savvy manga artist, drawing a sketch with just his finger and an application on an iPad. He released self-published \"dōjinshi\" on digital support bypassing the traditional print publishers with \"Pochiyama at the Pharmacy\" in 2008 aimed at iPhone and iPod Touch and \"I am an Alien, I have a Question\" in 2010 for Kindle.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "On November 11, 2011, ABe married artist Sasaki Yukari, his manga assistant since 2010. Their daughter was born on September 21, 2012.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Section::::Works.:Anime.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Serial Experiments Lain\" (1998) (character design)\n", "BULLET::::- \"NieA 7\" (2000) (character design, scenario)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei\" (2002) (most of the production elements, particularly original story, character design and scenario)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Texhnolyze\" (2003) (character design)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Welcome to the N.H.K.\" (2006) (illustrations for the original novel)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2018) (character design)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Despera\" (TBA) (character design)\n", "Section::::Works.:Music.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love Song\" (2005) (cover art and booklet illustrations)\n", "Section::::Works.:Video games.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wachenröder\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Phenomeno\" (2012)\n", "Section::::Works.:Printed works.\n", "BULLET::::- Dōjinshi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Furumachi\" (August, 1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shooting Star\" (December, 1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"White Rain\" (July, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sui-Rin\" (August, 1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charcoal Feather Federation\" (Haibane Renmei) (December, 1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"T.Prevue Version 0.9\" (August, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Faces\" (December, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"K.S.M.E\" (July, 2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sketches\" (December, 2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"NieA Under 7\" - Under (August, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - The Haibanes of Old Home\" (Ch.1) (August, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - The Haibanes of Old Home\" (Ch.2) (December, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - Haibane Lifestyle Diary\" (August, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - The Haibanes of Old Home\" (Extra) (December, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ryuu Tai\" (July, 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Not Found\" (December, 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - Kyakuhonshuu - Volume 1\" (August, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - Kyakuhonshuu - Volume 2\" (December, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - Kyakuhonshuu - Volume 3\" (December, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miscellaneous\" (December, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"GRID.\" (August, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - Kyakuhonshuu - Volume 4\" (December, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - Kyakuhonshuu - Volume 5\" (December, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yakkyoku no Pochiyamasan\" (December, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - Kyakuhonshuu - Volume 6\" (August, 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yakkyoku no Pochiyamasan 2.0\" (August, 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yakkyoku no Pochiyamasan 3.0\" (August 19, 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"f.p.o. (Fixed Point Observation)\" (August 17, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ryuhshika\" (August 17, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yakkyoku no Pochiyamasan 4.0\" (December 30, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Artbooks\n", "BULLET::::- \"Serial Experiments Lain - An Omnipresence in the Wired\" (May, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Visual Experiments Lain\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Essence\" (May, 2001) *Released in the US*\n", "BULLET::::- \"NieA Under 7 - Scrap\" (July, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haibane Renmei - In the Town of Guri, in the Garden of Charcoal Feathers\" (December, 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"yoshitoshi ABe lain illustrations - ab# rebuild an omnipresence in the wired\" (Japan: December 2005; US: April 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gaisokyu\" (August, 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- Manga\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ame no Furu Basho\" (debut) \"Afternoon\" (April 1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"NieA Under 7\" (Vol. 1) (June, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"NieA Under 7\" (Vol. 2) (August, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"All You Need Is Kill\" (December, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ryushika Ryushika\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- Contributions\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mutekei Fire - Tarame Paradise Doujins\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mutekei Fire - Great Pictorial Guide of Uki-Uki in the World Doujins\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mutekei Fire - Tokimeki Shitsumon Bako Doujins\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Flat\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Rule - Fa Documenta 003\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 01\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 02\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 03\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 04\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 05\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 06\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 07\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 08\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 09\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Range Murata - Robot - Volume 10\" with \"U.C.O.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Foo Swee Chin - Muzz Doujins 1-2\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Akai Kiba (Red Fang) - Volumes 1-4\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hell Girl, episode 13 - sketches and wallpaint\"\n", "BULLET::::- Cover Illustrations\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kami no Keifu Novels 1-3\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Welcome to the N.H.K.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Negative Happy Chainsaw Edge\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chojin Keikaku\" (bunko edition only)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Slip Manga Collection\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"All You Need is Kill\"\n", "BULLET::::- Misc.\n", "BULLET::::- \"AB Note\" yoshitoshi ABe Sketchbook (GoFa 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"GoFa Portfolio Collection A\" 20 A4 Prints (sold by GoFa at AX2003 - 100 made)\n", "BULLET::::- \"GoFa Portfolio Collection B\" 20 A4 Prints (Sold by GoFa at AX2003 - 100 made)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kaira\" Wani Magazine Comics Special (July, 2008)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- ABe oekaki on drawr.net\n", "BULLET::::- Yoshitoshi ABe manga, anime at Media Arts Database\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano\n", "Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano (18 October 1824 – 18 April 1905), was a Spanish realist author, diplomat, and politician.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "He was born at Cabra, in the province of Córdoba, and was educated at Málaga and at the University of Granada, where he took his degree in law, and then entered upon a diplomatic career (1847). Over the next five decades, Valera filled a number of positions in a variety of places. He accompanied the Spanish Ambassador to Naples. Afterwards, he was a member of the Spanish legations at Lisbon (1850), Rio de Janeiro (1851–53), Dresden and St. Petersburg (1854–57). He wrote about the latter mission in \"Cartas desde Rusia\", poking \"gentle fun\" at his fellow diplomat, Mauricio Álvarez de las Asturias Bohorques y Guiráldez, the third Duke of Gor. After his return to Madrid, he became one of the editors of the liberal journal \"El Contemporáneo\" (1859), and was appointed Minister to Frankfurt (1865). After the revolution of 1868 he was appointed Assistant Secretary of State and (1871) Director of Public Instruction. During the reign of Alphonso XII he was Minister to Lisbon (1881–83), Washington (1883–86), and Brussels (1886–88), and in 1893-95 Ambassador to Vienna. He was elected to the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1900.\n", "Throughout his diplomatic and political activity he produced works which rank among the highest that his country's literature contains. For purity of diction and beauty of style Valera has never been surpassed in Spain. \"Pepita Jiménez\", which appeared as a serial in 1874, is probably his best known work; it has since been translated into many languages. It depicts the gradual realization by a young seminarian of the empty vanity of his vocation, culminating in a shattering denouement. Other novels are ' (1875), ' (1877), ', and ' (1879). All of the foregoing novels were written around the time when he abandoned his political activities. He was also a supporter of Iberian Federalism.\n", "Section::::Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Valera, \"Obras Completas\" (Madrid, 1905 et seq., 43 volumes to 1916)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Valera, \"The Illusions of Doctor Faustino\", translated by Robert M. Fedorchek. The Catholic University of America Press (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Valera, \"Juanita la Larga\", translated by Robert M. Fedorchek. The Catholic University of America (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Ferdinand Brunetière, \"La casuistique dans le roman de Juan Valera\", in his series \"Histoire et littérature\", volume i (Paris, 1884)\n", "BULLET::::- Emilia Pardo Bazán, \"Retratos y apuntes literaros,\" in \"Obras completas\", volume xxxii (Madrid, 1891 et seq.)\n", "BULLET::::- Conde de Casa Valencia, \"Necrologia de ... D. J. V.\" (Madrid, 1905)\n", "BULLET::::- Conde de las Navas, \"Don Juan Valera\" (Madrid, 1905)\n", "BULLET::::- J. D. Fitz-Gerald, \"Juan Valera,\" in \"The Bookman\", volume xxi (New York, 1905)\n", "BULLET::::- Karimi, Kian-Harald (2007): Jenseits von altem Gott und ‘Neuem Menschen’. Präsenz und Entzug des Göttlichen im Diskurs der spanischen Restaurationsepoche. Frankf./M.: Vervuert.\n", "BULLET::::- F. Vézinet, \"Les maitres du roman aspagnol contemporain\" (Paris, 1907)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Jean de la Vallée Poussin\n", "Charles-Jean Étienne Gustave Nicolas, baron de la Vallée Poussin (14 August 1866 – 2 March 1962) was a Belgian mathematician. He is best known for proving the prime number theorem.\n", "The king of Belgium ennobled him with the title of baron.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "De la Vallée Poussin was born in Leuven, Belgium. He studied mathematics at the Catholic University of Leuven under his uncle Louis-Philippe Gilbert, after he had earned his bachelor's degree in engineering. De la Vallée Poussin was encouraged to study for a doctorate in physics and mathematics, and in 1891, at the age of just 25, he became an assistant professor in mathematical analysis.\n", "De la Vallée Poussin became a professor at the same university (as was his father, Charles Louis de la Vallée Poussin, who taught mineralogy and geology) in 1892. De la Vallée Poussin was awarded with Gilbert's chair when Gilbert died. While he was a professor there, de la Vallée Poussin carried out research in mathematical analysis and the theory of numbers, and in 1905 was awarded the Decennial Prize for Pure Mathematics 1894–1903. He was awarded this prize a second time in 1924 for his work during 1914–23.\n", "In 1898, de la Vallée Poussin was appointed as the correspondent to the Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences, and he became a Member of the Academy in 1908. In 1923, he became the President of the Division of Sciences.\n", "In August 1914, de la Vallée Poussin escaped from Leuven at the time of its destruction by the invading German Army of World War I, and he was invited to teach at Harvard University in the United States. He accepted this invitation. In 1918, de la Vallée Poussin returned to Europe to accept professorships in Paris at the Collège de France and at the Sorbonne.\n", "After the war was over, de la Vallée Poussin returned to Belgium, The International Union of Mathematicians was created, and he was invited to become its President. Between 1918 and 1925, de la Vallée Poussin traveled extensively, lecturing in Geneva, Strasbourg, and Madrid. and then in the United States where he gave lectures at the Universities of Chicago, California, Pennsylvania, and Brown University, Yale University, Princeton University, Columbia University, and the Rice Institute of Houston.\n", "He was awarded the \"Prix Poncelet\" for 1916. De la Vallée Poussin was given the titles of Doctor Honoris Causa of the Universities of Paris, Toronto, Strasbourg, and Oslo, an Associate of the Institute of France, and a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Nazionale dei Lincei, Madrid, Naples, Boston. He was awarded the title of Baron by King Albert 1 of the Belgians in 1928.\n", "In 1961, de la Vallée Poussin fractured his shoulder, and this accident and its complications led to his death in Watermael-Boitsfort, near Brussels, Belgium, a few months later.\n", "A student of his, Georges Lemaître, was the first to propose the Big Bang theory of the formation of the Universe.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Although his first mathematical interests were in analysis, he became suddenly famous as he proved the prime number theorem independently of his coeval Jacques Hadamard in 1896.\n", "Afterwards, he found interest in approximation theory. He defined, for any continuous function \"f\" on the standard interval formula_1, the sums\n", "where\n", "and\n", "are the vectors of the dual basis with respect to the basis of Chebyshev polynomials (defined as\n", "Note that the formula is also valid with formula_6 being the Fourier sum of a formula_7-periodic function formula_8 such that\n", "Finally, the de la Vallée Poussin sums can be evaluated in terms of the so-called Fejér sums (say formula_10)\n", "The kernel is bounded (formula_12) and obeys the property\n", "Later, he worked on potential theory and complex analysis.\n", "He also published a counterexample to Alfred Kempe's false proof of the four color theorem. The Poussin graph, the graph he used for this counterexample, is named after him.\n", "Section::::\"Cours d’analyse\".\n", "The textbooks of his mathematical analysis course have been a reference for a long time and had some international influence.\n", "The second edition (1909-1912) is remarkable for its introduction of the Lebesgue integral. It was in 1912, “the only textbook on analysis containing both Lebesgue integral and its application to Fourier series, and a general theory of approximation of functions by polynomials”.\n", "The third edition (1914) introduced the now classical definition of differentiabilily due to Otto Stolz. The second volume of this third edition was burnt in the fire of Louvain during the German invasion.\n", "The further editions were much more conservative, returning essentially to the first edition. Starting from the eight edition, Fernand Simonart took over the revision and the publication of the \"Cours d’analyse.\"\n", "Section::::Selected publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Œuvres\", vol. 1 (Biography and number theory), 2000 (eds. Mawhin, Butzer, Vetro), vols. 2 to 4 planned\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cours d´Analyse\", 2 vols., 1903, 1906 (7th edition 1938), Reprint of the 2nd edition 1912, 1914 by Jacques Gabay, (deals only with real analysis). Online:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cours d'analyse infinitésimale, Tome I\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cours d'analyse infinitésimale, Tome II\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Integrals de Lebesgue, fonctions d´ensemble, classes de Baire\", 2nd edition 1934, Reprint by Jacques Gabay,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le potentiel logarithmique, balayage et representation conforme\", Paris, Löwen 1949\n", "BULLET::::- \"Recherches analytiques de la théorie des nombres premiers\", Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles vol. 20 B, 1896, pp. 183–256, 281–352, 363–397, vol. 21 B, pp. 351–368 (prime number theorem)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sur la fonction Zeta de Riemann et le nombre des nombres premiers inferieur a une limite donnée\", Mémoires couronnés de l Academie de Belgique, vol.59, 1899, pp. 1–74\n", "BULLET::::- \"Leçons sur l'approximation des fonctions d'une variable réelle\" Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1919, 1952\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- La Vallée-Poussin\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biographie Universelle, by Didot.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Charles-Jean Étienne Gustave Nicolas de la Vallée Poussin", "Charles-Jean de la Vallee-Poussin", "Charles-Jean Etienne Gustave Nicolas de la Vallee Poussin" ] }, "description": "Belgian mathematician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q982518", "wikidata_label": "Charles-Jean de la Vallée Poussin", "wikipedia_title": "Charles Jean de la Vallée Poussin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Antonio Pacinotti\n", "Antonio Pacinotti (17 June 1841 – 24 March 1912) was an Italian physicist, who was Professor of Physics at the University of Pisa.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Pacinotti was born in Pisa, where he also died. He was the son of Luigi Pacinotti and Caterina Catanti, attended the \"istituto arcivescovile Santa Caterina\", and took part in the second war of Italian independence as \"sergente volontario\". He was a student of Carlo Matteucci and graduated in mathematics at Pisa under Riccardo Felici. He was appointed as assistant to the astronomer Giovanni Battista Donati in 1862, professor at the technological institute of Bologna in 1864, professor of physics at the University of Cagliari in 1873, and, finally, successor to his father in 1881 in the chair of technological physics at the University of Pisa. Among his students was Augusto Righi.\n", "Pacinotti died in Pisa.\n", "Section::::Scientific studies and invention of the dynamo.\n", "He is best known for inventing an improved form of direct-current electrical generator, or dynamo, which he built in 1860 and described in a paper published in \"Il Nuovo Cimento\" of 1865. It used a ring armature around which was wrapped a coil of wire, to produce a smoother current than that available from previous types of dynamo. He found that the device could also be used as an electric motor.\n", "In July 1862, Pacinotti was one of several independent discoverers of the comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle.\n", "Lungarno Pacinotti, an embankment of the Arno River in Pisa, is named after him.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Anthology of Italian Physics, entry for Antonio Pacinotti, from the website of the University of Pavia\n", "BULLET::::- La prima macchina dinamo-motore di Antonio Pacinotti\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frank Friday Fletcher\n", "Frank Friday Fletcher (November 23, 1855 – November 28, 1928) was a United States Navy admiral who served in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was awarded the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions as commander of navy forces at the Battle of Veracruz, Mexico. The , the most produced class of United States Navy destroyers, was named after him. He was also the uncle of Frank Jack Fletcher, another U.S. Navy Admiral who also received the Medal of Honor for actions at Veracruz, and who commanded U.S. naval forces at the battles of Coral Sea and Midway during the Second World War.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Fletcher was born on November 23, 1855, in Oskaloosa, Iowa. He was the uncle of World War II Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1875 and spent the next year as a midshipman on . Promoted to ensign in July 1876, he had sea duty on the sloops of war , , and before participating in 's voyage around the world in 1878–1881. Fletcher advanced to the rank of master (later lieutenant, junior grade) in April 1882 and was next assigned to the Hydrographic Office in Washington, D.C. In July 1884, he reported to for service in European waters. After ordnance training in late 1887, he had five years' duty at the Bureau of Ordnance, during which time he was promoted to lieutenant and made notable contributions to gun mechanism design and shipboard navigation.\n", "From 1892 to 1895, Fletcher commanded the navy's first torpedo boat, , based at the Torpedo Station in Newport, Rhode Island, and developed the navy's first torpedo warfare doctrine. He then served in the battleship before returning to the Newport Torpedo Station in October 1896. After a brief tour as Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance in the spring of 1898, Lieutenant Fletcher became commanding officer of the converted yacht . From October 1898 to July 1901 he commanded the surveying ship and, in March 1899, was promoted to lieutenant commander.\n", "In the fall of 1901, Fletcher returned to ordnance duty and was closely involved with torpedo warfare. A year later he became Chief of Staff of the Asiatic Fleet and later in 1905 assumed command of the cruiser . Fletcher attended the Naval War College courses in both 1907 and 1908 and in 1908 was assigned to the navy's General Board during the next year. That same year, he became a member of the District of Columbia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.\n", "He was promoted to captain in May 1908 and from November of that year to March 1910 he commanded the battleship . In the spring of 1910, Fletcher became the Secretary of the Navy's Aide for Material. While in that post, he reached the rank of rear admiral. From 1912 to 1914, he commanded battleship divisions of the Atlantic Fleet. In April 1914, Fletcher led U.S. Navy forces during the landings at Vera Cruz, Mexico, receiving the Medal of Honor for his \"distinguished conduct in battle\".\n", "In September 1914, Fletcher began two years as the Atlantic Fleet's Commander in Chief, and was elevated to the rank of admiral in March 1915, the senior of the first three officers to hold the new four-star positions. He was a member of the General Board, the Joint Army and Navy Board and the War Industries Board in 1916–1919, and was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for \"meritorious service\" during World War I. He was also awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his work as the navy representative on the War Industries Board.\n", "Admiral Fletcher retired on November 23, 1919, with the rank of rear admiral (as was customary at that time), and subsequently served as an official advisor on contemporary defense issues. Fletcher died on November 28, 1928, in New York City. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "The destroyer was named for Fletcher and was the most numerous class of destroyers produced during World War II, with 175 completed, and one of the most successful designs of the war. The lead ship in the class, , was in commission from 1942 to 1969.\n", "Section::::Medal of Honor citation.\n", "Rank and organization: Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. Born: November 23, 1855, Oskaloosa, Iowa. Accredited to: Iowa. G.O. No.: 177, December 4, 1915.\n", "Citation:\n", "For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and 22 April 1914. Under fire, Rear Adm. Fletcher was eminent and conspicuous in the performance of his duties; was senior officer present at Vera Cruz, and the landing and the operations of the landing force were carried out under his orders and directions. In connection with these operations, he was at times on shore and under fire.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Medal of Honor\n", "BULLET::::- Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Navy)\n", "BULLET::::- Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)\n", "BULLET::::- Spanish Campaign Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Mexican Service Medal\n", "BULLET::::- World War I Victory Medal\n", "Section::::Dates of rank.\n", "BULLET::::- Midshipman: June 18, 1870\n", "BULLET::::- Passed Midshipman: June 21, 1875\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Frank F. Fletcher" ] }, "description": "United States Navy Medal of Honor recipient", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1003513", "wikidata_label": "Frank Friday Fletcher", "wikipedia_title": "Frank Friday Fletcher" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jeremy Greenstock\n", "Sir Jeremy Quentin Greenstock, GCMG (born 27 July 1943) is a retired British diplomat, active from 1969 to 2004.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Greenstock was born in Harrow on the Hill, north-west London, the son of Ruth Margaret (née Logan) and John Wilfrid Greenstock. He was educated at Harrow School and at Worcester College, Oxford. He was an assistant master at Eton College from 1966 to 1969. Greenstock joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1969 and served until 2004. He served in the British embassies in Washington, D.C., Paris, Dubai and Saudi Arabia.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:United Nations work.\n", "Greenstock was the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations for five years, from 1998 to July 2003 where he attended over 150 meetings of the United Nations Security Council. From October 2001 to April 2003, he was Chairman of the Security Council's Counter-Terrorism Committee.\n", "In 2003 he acted as the head of a Security Council mission to West Africa to assess the UN activities there, including the work of UNAMSIL.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Iraq and aftermath.\n", "In September 2003, Greenstock was appointed the UK's Special Representative for Iraq, where he worked alongside Paul Bremer within the Coalition Provisional Authority.\n", "Greenstock left his position in Baghdad in March 2004, on a timing agreed with the UK government.\n", "Greenstock wrote a book about his role in the Iraq war that was expected to be released in autumn 2005, but was withdrawn from publication at the request of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Greenstock appeared on the Charlie Rose talk show on 14 May 2008 and explained some of the contents of his book. During the interview he stated categorically that British and American leaders had known since 1998 that Iraq under Saddam Hussein had no nuclear weapon capabilities or programs.\n", "On 27 November and 15 December 2009, Greenstock gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry regarding his time as ambassador to the United Nations.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Post retirement.\n", "Since leaving the diplomatic service, Sir Jeremy has held numerous positions. He was the Director of the Ditchley Foundation until August 2010 and a Special Adviser to BP plc from July 2004 to June 2010. Currently he is the Chairman of the United Nations Association of the UK, as well as the Chairman of Gatehouse Advisory Partners and of Lambert Energy Advisory Ltd. He is an advisor to the International Rescue Committee-UK and to the NGO Forward Thinking, and a non-executive director of De La Rue plc.\n", "From 2007 until 2019 he was King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George, the order's herald.\n", "\"Iraq: The Cost of War\" – Greenstock's diary of events leading up to, during, and after the Iraq War, which was banned from publication in 2005 after an intervention by then Foreign Secretary Jack Straw – was published in 2016.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Sir Jeremy Greenstock's Biography on the United Nations Association of the UK website\n", "BULLET::::- UNA-UK website\n", "BULLET::::- Greenstock statement in full, \"BBC\", 17 March 2003\n", "BULLET::::- Coalition 'misanalysed' Iraq mood, \"BBC\", 26 March 2004\n", "BULLET::::- Iraq 2004: What went wrong, \"BBC\", 1 January 2005\n", "BULLET::::- No 10 blocks envoy's book on Iraq, \"The Guardian\", 17 July 2005\n", "BULLET::::- FO accused of censoring insider book on Iraq war, \"The Guardian\", 18 July 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Ex-Blair envoy gives Iraq warning, \"BBC\", 23 September 2005\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lajos Batthyány\n", "Count Lajos Batthyány de Németújvár (pronunciation: ['lɒjɔʃ 'bɒc:a:ɲi dɛ ne:mɛtu:jva:r]; 10 February 1807 – 6 October 1849) was the first Prime Minister of Hungary. He was born in Pozsony (modern-day Bratislava) on 10 February 1807, and was executed by firing squad in Pest on 6 October 1849, the same day as the 13 Martyrs of Arad.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "His father was Count József Sándor Batthyány (1777–1812), his mother Borbála Skerlecz (1779-1834). At an early age, he moved to Vienna with his mother and his brother after his parents' divorce. Batthyány had a private tutor, but his mother sent him to a boarding school and Batthyány rarely saw his mother again.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early years.\n", "At the age of 16 Batthyány finished his studies at boarding school and attended the Academy in Zágráb (now University of Zagreb, Croatia). In 1826 he took a tour of duty in Italy for four years, where he was promoted to lieutenant and got his law degree.\n", "In 1830 he became a hereditary peer in the Upper House in Hungary and took his seat in the Parliament, but at this time Battyhány was not a politician by nature.\n", "In December 1834 he married Antónia Zichy (daughter of Károly Zichy and Antónia Batthyány). Their children were: Amália Batthyány (1837–1922), Ilona Batthyány (1842–1929) and Elemér Batthyány (1847–1932). Batthyány's friend said that Antónia (his wife) encouraged him to take on larger responsibilities in politics.\n", "Section::::Career.:Batthyány, the Reform politician.\n", "Batthyány became more involved after the 1839–1840 diet in Pozsony and was the Leader of the Opposition. He drew up a reform plan for them. Batthyány advised employing stenographers to record verbatim the proceedings of the Upper House starting in 1840.\n", "Batthyány agreed with István Széchenyi's views on economics and politics. At the beginning of the 1830s Batthyány was one of the people who promoted horse breeding in Hungary. Later they expanded into other animal breeding and established the Association of Hungarian Economy. Batthyány, following Széchenyi, supported breeding silkworms: he planted more than 50,000 mulberry trees on his farm to cultivate them. The Vas shire county and the Economics Association of Szombathely were founded with Batthyány's help.\n", "At the start he agreed with Széchenyi that the new noblemen and aristocrats had to lead the new reform movement, but Batthyány's views were much closer to that of the nobility. Because of this Batthyány tried to bite his tongue when dealing with Széchenyi and Lajos Kossuth. From 1843 onward he started to work with Kossuth.\n", "In the 1843–1844 parliament Batthyány was the Leader of the Opposition for the entire parliament, and criticised the Habsburg Monarchy's internal affairs and foreign policy.\n", "After the dissolution of parliament Batthyány moved to Pest and in 1845 he was elected as the chairman of the Central Election Office. He had an important role in the other economic associations and set up the (roughly: \"Defence society\" ). On 15 March 1847 an amalgamation of the Hungarian Leftist movements (the Maverick Party) was founded and Batthyány became its first President.\n", "Batthyány supported Kossuth both morally and financially. Kossuth became the representative for in the 1847 diet. After this Batthyány was the Leader of the Opposition in the Upper House while Kossuth had the same role in the Lower House.\n", "Section::::Career.:The Batthyány Government.\n", "Batthyány was part of the delegation to the Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. They insisted Hungary's government be supreme in its territory. On 17 March 1848 the Emperor assented and Batthyány created the first Hungarian Diet. On 23 March 1848, as head of government, Batthyány commended his administration to the Diet.\n", "The first task of the new government was to work out the revolution's policies. After these were agreed, the government began to take action on 11 April 1848. At that time the internal affairs and foreign policy of Hungary were unstable, and Batthyány faced many problems. His first and most important act was to organise the armed forces and the local government. He insisted that the Austrian army, when in Hungary, would come under Hungarian law, and this was conceded by the Austrian Empire. He tried to repatriate conscripted soldiers to Hungary. He established the Organisation of Militiamen, whose job was to ensure internal security. In May 1848 he started to organise the independent Hungarian Revolutionary Army and recruited men into it. Batthyány took control of the Organisation of Militiamen until Lázár Mészáros returned. At the same time, he was Minister of War.\n", "Batthyány was a very capable leader, but he was in the middle of a clash between the Austrian monarchy and the Hungarian separatists. He was devoted to the constitutional monarchy and aimed to uphold the constitution, but the Emperor was dissatisfied with his work. On 29 August, with the assent of parliament, Batthyány and Ferenc Deák went to the Emperor to ask him to order the Serbs to capitulate and to stop Jelačić, who was planning to attack Hungary. At the same time, Batthyány made Jelačić the offer that Croatia - as part of the lands of the Hungarian Crown -, could separate from it peacefully. Batthyány's efforts were unsuccessful: even though the Emperor formally relieved Jelačić of his duties, in practice Jelačić and his army invaded Hungary on 11 September 1848.\n", "So Batthyány and his government resigned, except for Kossuth, Szemere, and Mészáros. Later, at the request of Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary, Batthyány became Prime Minister again. On 13 September Batthyány announced a rebellion and requested that the Palatine lead it. However the Palatine, under orders from the Emperor, resigned his position and left Hungary.\n", "The Emperor did not recognise the new government on 25 September. He also invalidated Batthyány's leadership and nominated Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg as the leader of the Hungarian army. But Lamberg was assassinated by the rebels in Pest on 28 September. Meanwhile, Batthyány travelled to Vienna again to seek a compromise with the Emperor.\n", "Batthyány was successful in his hurried efforts to organize the Hungarian Revolutionary Army: the new army defeated the Croatians on 29 September at the Battle of Pákozd.\n", "Batthyány realised that he could not compromise with the Emperor, so on 2 October he resigned again and nominated Miklós Vay as his successor. At the same time, Batthyány resigned his seat in parliament.\n", "Section::::Career.:Resignation.\n", "As an ordinary soldier, Batthyány joined József Vidos' army, and fought against general Kuzman Todorović, but on 11 October 1848 he fell off his horse and broke his arm.\n", "After Batthyány recovered he was again elected as a politician. Batthyány didn't want the Parliament to move to Debrecen. Because of his proposal the Parliament sent a delegation (including Batthyány himself) to General Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz to meet with him as the Parliament wanted to know Windisch-Grätz's purpose. But the general didn't want to meet with Batthyány, only with the other members of the delegation.\n", "On 8 January 1849 Batthyány went back to Pest, where he was captured at the Károly Palace and imprisoned in the Budai barracks. When the Hungarian army was nearer Pest, Batthyány was taken away to Pozsony, Ljubljana and Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). The Hungarians tried to rescue him many times, but Batthyány asked them not to. Batthyány insisted that his actions were legitimate and that the court had no jurisdiction.\n", "Section::::Execution.\n", "On 16 August 1849 in Olmütz the Military Court sent Batthyány to his fate. At first they wanted to confiscate his possessions and give him a prison sentence, but under pressure from Prince Schwarzenberg and the Austrian Empire they instead sentenced Batthyány to death.\n", "The Hungarians carried Batthyány to Pest, because they hoped that Haynau (in the name of the Emperor) would give him mercy, but Haynau sentenced him to hang. In her last visit, Batthyány's wife smuggled a small sword into the prison. Batthyány tried to commit suicide by cutting his jugular veins, but he failed in the attempt. Because of the scars on his neck, the court changed the sentence to execution by firing squad.\n", "On the evening of 6 October Batthyány was drugged and because of this he walked to the New Building. He had lost much blood because of his suicide attempt so that two people had to escort him. He was relieved to see that there were no gallows. Johan Kempen, the commander of the military district in Pest and Buda knew that it was impossible to execute Batthyány by firing squad in his drugged state, but he sought no delay, so decided to shoot him in the head. Batthyány knelt in front of the firing squad and shouted: (\"Long live my country! Come on, huntsmen!\").\n", "Batthyány's funeral was in the city centre, in the vault of the Greyfriars Church. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, in 1870 his remains were moved to the newly built mausoleum in the Kerepesi Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Batthyány's parliamentary speeches are preserved in contemporary diaries and political newspapers. His essay on cultivating sugar beet was printed in the periodical in 1842.\n", "Section::::Monuments.\n", "BULLET::::- Batthyány's Mausoleum in the Kerepesi Cemetery (Budapest, Hungary), built by Albert Schickedanz at the request of the town of Székesfehérvár\n", "BULLET::::- Batthyány's portrait by Miklós Barabás\n", "BULLET::::- Batthyány Örökmécses (roughly, \"monument\") in Budapest\n", "BULLET::::- Batthyány Square and Batthyány Street in Budapest. In 2008 a statue of Batthyány was erected on Batthyány Square.\n", "BULLET::::- The Batthyány Lajos Trust (founded in 1991)\n", "BULLET::::- The Batthyány Association's medallion issued in 1994, designed by László Szlávics, Jr.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Batthyany Family\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Darin Zanyar\n", "Darin Zanyar (born 2 June 1987), better known simply as Darin, is a Swedish singer and songwriter from Stockholm. He is one of Sweden's best-selling artists, with seven number one music albums.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early life.\n", "Darin was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to Kurdish parents Shwan and Ashti, who are from Iraq. He grew up in a musical family and began singing at an early age, citing Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder and Whitney Houston as some of his biggest inspirations. He started writing and recording songs at the age of 14 after being discovered by a music producer in school after a performance.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2004–2005: Breakthrough, ”The Anthem”, ”Darin”.\n", "Darin became nationally famous in 2004 when he participated in the first season of the Swedish ”Idol” at the age of 16. He quickly became one of the favorite contestants in the show and was the only one to receive 78% of the public votes at the semi-final. He ended up as the runner-up and was signed by SonyBMG the day after the finale.\n", "In February 2005 his debut album \"The Anthem\" was released. The album enjoyed much success entering the Swedish Album Charts at number 1 and eventually being certified gold by the IFPI. His first single Money For Nothing was written by Robyn and went straight to No. 1 on both the single chart and the radio chart. In 2005 Darin was the most exposed person in the media in the country. They often wrote about his hysterical fans and referred to him as ”The perfect popstar”.\n", "Later the same year Darin released his second self-titled album \"Darin\" which became Darin's second chart topping album and also the first to be released outside of Sweden, being released in Finland. This second album had greater success than \"The Anthem\", being certified platinum by the IFPI. It was a different sound to Darin's debut album, he worked more with RedOne on this album, writing together the platinum selling \"Step Up\", this single, when released in September 2005 spent a total of 26 weeks on Sverigetopplistan, the Swedish Singles Chart and was also the first single to be released in Finland. The album also included the singles \"Who's That Girl\" and \"Want Ya!\" which was the most played music video on MTV Nordics in 2006.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2006: NRJ Awards, \"Break the News\".\n", "In 2006 Darin won a Swedish grammis for song of the year, \"Rockbjörnen\" for best male artist, 2 European NRJ Awards, Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards and also went out on his own first big tour called Step Up to the Party Tour. Later the same year he released his first DVD \"Tour Videos Interview\" which was mainly a concert DVD from the tour.\n", "In November 2006, Darin released his third album \"Break the News\". The album went straight to number 1 on the Swedish Album Charts and was certified gold the first day. This album included the singles \"Perfect\", \"Everything But the Girl\", \"Desire\" and \"Insanity\", two of which were digital-only releases. On this album Darin worked with some of the biggest producers in the world including Max Martin.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2007–2009: Europe, \"Flashback\".\n", "Following his success in Sweden, Darin signed a new recording contract with EMI Germany to release singles in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In August 2007, Darin's single \"Insanity\" was released in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and was a big hit in big parts of Europe. The same year English singer Leona Lewis did a cover of Darins song ”Homeless” on her debut album. Covers of his songs were also made by artists and bands in other countries like Germany, Japan, Israel and Italy.\n", "In 2008, Darin started work on his fourth album \"Flashback\", working again with RedOne. The album was released in December 2008 and charted at number 10 in Sweden, Darin's first album not to reach number 1 in the country. The album included the number 1 platinum selling single \"Breathing Your Love\" a duet with American singer Kat DeLuna, ”Runaway” and \"What If\", a song which was released in collaboration with \"Friends\", a Swedish anti-bullying charity. In October 2009 Darin performed a cover of Coldplay's \"Viva la Vida\" on Idol. The song was not meant to be released as a single at first, but after it was it reached the number one position on both the singles chart and the radio chart, which made it more successful than Coldplay’s original in Sweden.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2010: Melodifestivalen, \"Lovekiller\".\n", "In November 2009, it was announced that Darin would be participating in Melodifestivalen, the Swedish show which determines the country's entry to the Eurovision Song Contest. Darin entered with the mid-tempo ballad \"You're Out of My Life\" written by Tony Nilsson and Henrik Janson. Darin performed 7th in Heat 3 of the contest and eventually progressed to the final. Darin took part in the Melodifestivalen final at Globe Arena in Stockholm. He ended up in 4th place with a total of 117 points receiving two sets of 12 points from the Greek and Russian juries.\n", "In June 2010 Universal Music Sweden announced that on 18 August 2010 Darin would soon be releasing his single \"Lovekiller\" and an as yet untitled fifth studio album, his first with Universal Music and would feature the two previous singles \"Viva la Vida\" and \"You're Out of My Life\".\n", "Darin began a 17 date Summer Tour in Sweden in June 2010 starting in Karlshamn.\n", "The album \"Lovekiller\" was released in August 2010. The album included the singles Viva la Vida, You're Out of My Life, \"Can't Stop Love”, ”Microphone and \"Lovekiller\". The album was certified gold the first week and was No. 1 on the Swedish album chart.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2012: \"Så mycket bättre\", Chart record.\n", "In February 2012 Darin released his first single \"Nobody Knows\" which was the first single from his upcoming album \"Exit\".\n", "In October 2012 Swedish television network TV4 aired the first episode of the third season of \"Så mycket bättre\" featuring Darin, a reality TV show in which each artist attempts to do their own version of another artists well-known songs, with each person getting an episode featuring all of their songs being performed by the other musicians. Darin performed six songs in the show: \"Stockholm\", \"En Apa Som Liknar Dig\", \"I Can't Get You Off My Mind\", \"Astrologen\", \"Magdalena\" and \"Seven Days a Week\". He broke the Swedish singles chart record and had 6 top 10 songs on iTunes at the same time and kept dominating that and many other chart lists for a long time.\n", "In November 2012 during an interview for the Swedish NRJ Radio channel, Darin stated that the album would hopefully get released at the end of January 2013. It would contain 11–12 songs and it would be a mixture of pop, RnB and club music. On 21 November 2012 Sony Music Sweden released a collection of Darin's songs from his 4 albums released by Sony. \"Det bästa av\" \"(The Best Of)\" features 16 tracks, some singles and some albums tracks.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2013: \"Exit\".\n", "In the beginning of 2013 Darin released his new album \"Exit\" which went straight to number one on the Swedish album chart and became his fifth number one album. For this album Darin spent one to two months in the US working with worldwide known producers and songwriters such as Jim Beanz, The Jackie Boyz, Victoria \"Lady V\" Horn. The album included \"Nobody Knows\", \"Playing With Fire\", \"Check You Out\" and \"Before I Pass Out\" which was featured by rapper Lil Jon.\n", "In 2013 a new single entitled \"So Yours\" was released in Europe due to a performance as the interval act during the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö that was seen by approximately 108 million viewers worldwide. The theme of the interval act was \"Swedish Pop Voices\". In March 2013 Darin announced via Twitter that he was in Los Angeles to record a music video for the international single.\n", "During the fall Darin travelled to the Philippines to film the documentary \"En resa för livet\" together with SOS Children's Villages and three other artists Eagle-Eye Cherry, Sophie Zelmani and Uno Svenningsson to bring attention to the poverty in the country and also try to gain and collect as many sponsors as possible for the children in the children’s villages. Darin and Eagle-Eye Cherry also wrote and sang the lead song \"Dream Away\" for the documentary that was aired on TV4 in Sweden. All the revenues went to SOS Children's Villages.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2014–present: \"Fjärilar i Magen\", Dex Music.\n", "In 2014 the Swedish TV-show \"Idol\" where Darin had his breakthrough ten years earlier celebrated him by giving one of the finales a Darin theme, where the contestants got to sing his songs picked by himself.\n", "During the fall he also started writing new songs in Swedish for the first time. He got inspired by recording a tribute song to Ted Gärdestad in the Atlantis-studio in Stockholm, where ABBA also recorded most of their albums and he wanted to record the same way they did.\n", "In March 2015 Darin released his first single \"Ta mig tillbaka\" from his upcoming Swedish album \"Fjärilar i Magen\". It was the first time he recorded a song with only acoustic instruments, which gave the production a different sound to what he had before. The lyrics was an autobiographical story about his childhood and growing up in the 1990s. The single went 4x platinum and was the most streamed song in Swedish that year.\n", "The album \"Fjärilar i Magen\" was released in September by Darin's own record company Dex Music and became his sixth number one album in Sweden.\n", "In 2015 Darin was signed by Sony Music for all the Asian countries, including the Middle East for his previous English album \"Exit\". Both albums were with Darin touring in the Nordic countries, on sold out concerts.\n", "Section::::Other information.\n", "BULLET::::- As well as being a successful performer, Darin is also an established songwriter. In 2009, \"Love Struck\", a song co-written by Darin and David Jassy, became the first official single for the American boyband V Factory.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2007, Leona Lewis covered Darin's ballad \"Homeless\" for her debut album \"Spirit\".\n", "BULLET::::- In 2009, Darin had performed the song Se på mej at Melodifestivalen 2009 as an interval act.\n", "BULLET::::- In June 2010 Darin was asked by Swedish broadcaster SVT to record a specially written song \"Can't Stop Love\" for the Royal Wedding of Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2010, the song \"Foolish\" originally recorded for the album Lovekiller and written by Darin with Tony Nilson was recorded by Shayne Ward for his album \"Obsession\".\n", "BULLET::::- Darin wrote the Idol 2011 winner song All This Way for eventual winner Amanda Fondell.\n", "BULLET::::- Darin wrote a song called \"Turn It Up\", originally on the track list for \"Lovekiller\", but gave it to the British girl group, A Girl Called Alice.\n", "BULLET::::- Darin co-wrote the song \"Under The Radar\" with Tony Nilsson and Teddy Sky. It was the first single for the artist Qpid.\n", "BULLET::::- In October 2011, it was announced that Darin is involved in writing a new song for Swedish artist Eddie Razaz, titled \"Let Me In\".\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Anthem\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Darin\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Break the News\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flashback\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lovekiller\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Exit\" (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fjärilar i magen\" (2015)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tvillingen\" (2017)\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "Darin has won several awards throughout his career, including:\n", "BULLET::::- A Grammis in 2006, Rockbjörn (Rock bear award)\n", "BULLET::::- Nickelodeon Kids Choice Award\n", "BULLET::::- The Voice 06 Award in Sweden\n", "BULLET::::- NRJ Award for Best Nordic song in Finland\n", "BULLET::::- Kurd of the Year award in 2005\n", "BULLET::::- QX Artist of the year 2013\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Darin official website\n", "BULLET::::- Official Darin Zanyar blog\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Darin" ] }, "description": "Swedish singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q212649", "wikidata_label": "Darin Zanyar", "wikipedia_title": "Darin Zanyar" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hélder Postiga\n", "Hélder Manuel Marques Postiga (; born 2 August 1982) is a Portuguese retired professional footballer who played as a striker.\n", "After beginning at Porto, where he won eight items of silverware along the way, he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 195 games and 54 goals over 11 seasons, with that club, Sporting and Rio Ave. He also played in six foreign countries, most notably in Spain where he totalled 27 goals in 99 La Liga matches for three teams.\n", "A Portuguese international since 2003, Postiga represented the country in two World Cups and three European Championships, helping the nation reach the final at Euro 2004.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Porto.\n", "Born in Vila do Conde, Postiga began his career at nearby Varzim SC. In 1995, he joined FC Porto's youth teams and continued to progress until he reached the reserve squad. At the time, coach Octávio Machado picked him for the first team on some occasions and the player performed well.\n", "After José Mourinho was hired as Porto manager, Postiga became a first-team regular. The 20-year-old scored 19 times in 2002–03 playing alongside Derlei, as Porto won the treble. This included 13 in a victorious league campaign as well as five in an eventual conquest of the UEFA Cup, although he missed the final due to suspension. Following his successful season, he made his senior international debut for Portugal.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tottenham.\n", "After the treble-winning season in 2003, Postiga moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for £6.25 million (€9 million), a fee that could have risen to £8.36 million (€12 million). He signed a five-year contract, with manager Glenn Hoddle remarking \"He is a player who will add definite striking quality to our squad and is a young player of proven ability. I'm sure our supporters will enjoy watching him over the coming seasons.\"\n", "Postiga made his debut on 16 August in a 0–1 defeat at Birmingham City, starting but being replaced by fellow new signing Bobby Zamora after 57 minutes. His first goal came on 3 December, the second of a 3–1 home win over Manchester City which put his team into the quarter-finals of the League Cup, while his only goal in 19 league games contributed to a 2–1 success against Liverpool on 17 January 2004, also at White Hart Lane.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Porto return.\n", "Postiga then returned to Porto in a deal that sent Pedro Mendes to Tottenham in exchange, with the striker being valued at €7.5 million. New coach Víctor Fernández included him in the team for the 2004–05 campaign, but he had another disappointing season; however, following José Couceiro's appointment as manager, he managed to score three goals before the end of the season.\n", "In 2005, after a promising pre-season, Postiga was demoted to the club's B-team, because new coach Co Adriaanse was not happy with his performances. In January of the following year, trying to confirm his position in the Portuguese team for the 2006 World Cup, he moved, on loan, to AS Saint-Étienne, where he netted two Ligue 1 goals against FC Metz and Le Mans Union Club 72, both resulting in 1–0 away victories.\n", "Postiga then returned to Porto for 2006–07 where, due to the managerial changes at the club, he found himself back in the first team. A regular starter in the beginning, he nonetheless fell out of favour towards the end of the season, losing his place to Brazilian Adriano though he still managed to score ten league goals; in his two spells, he appeared in 164 games all competitions comprised and netted 64 times.\n", "In mid-January 2008, after having again fallen out of favour, Postiga moved to Panathinaikos F.C. for a six-month loan period. His first goal for the club came in the Athens derby against AEK Athens FC, in which he equalised (1–1).\n", "Section::::Club career.:Sporting.\n", "On 1 June 2008, it was announced that Postiga had made a shock move to Portuguese rivals Sporting CP, signing a three-year contract for a reported transfer fee of €2.5 million, with the Lisbon side acquiring 50% of the player's rights. On 1 September he scored his first official goal for his new club, the only in a victory at S.C. Braga.\n", "Postiga's second season as a \"Lion\" was disastrous, both collectively – Sporting finished fourth – and individually (he failed to score in any official competition until 19 April 2010, when he netted the 2–1 home winner against Vitória de Setúbal after just one minute on the pitch); although he began as a starter, he soon lost his job to youth graduate Carlos Saleiro.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Zaragoza.\n", "On 31 August 2011, the very last day of the summer transfer window, Postiga left Sporting, signing for Real Zaragoza in La Liga for €1 million. At the Spanish side, he reunited with countrymen Fernando Meira and Rúben Micael.\n", "After three disallowed goals in as many matches, Postiga opened his scoring account for Zaragoza on 16 October 2011, netting twice in a 2–0 home win against Real Sociedad – this included a bicycle kick in the 11th minute of the game. He finished the season as club top scorer, in an eventual narrow escape from relegation.\n", "On 10 November 2012, Postiga scored a brace to help the Aragonese to a 5–3 defeat of ten-men Deportivo de La Coruña. He netted a career-best 14 goals during the campaign, but his team was relegated.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Valencia.\n", "On 8 August 2013, Postiga joined Valencia CF for a fee of £2.6 million, replacing Tottenham-bound Roberto Soldado. On 1 September, in only the third match of the season, he netted twice late into the first half of the game against FC Barcelona at the Mestalla Stadium, but in an eventual 2–3 home loss.\n", "Postiga was loaned to S.S. Lazio for the remainder of the campaign on 30 January 2014, with the option of a permanent move afterwards. He made his debut in Serie A on 26 March, playing 20 minutes in a 0–2 away loss to Genoa CFC.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Deportivo.\n", "On 1 September 2014, Postiga terminated his link with the \"Che\", and subsequently signed a one-year deal with fellow league team Deportivo. He made his debut with his new club two weeks later, featuring the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 win at SD Eibar. His first goal for the Galicians came in his fifth match on 31 October: coming on at half time for Luis Fariña, he scored a consolation in a 1–2 home loss to Getafe CF. A week later, he was sent off in the 29th minute of a goalless draw at Córdoba CF, earning a second yellow card for a reaction when fouled by Íñigo López.\n", "Postiga spent the better part of the season injured, as \"Depor\" went on to narrowly avoid relegation.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Atlético Kolkata.\n", "On 29 July 2015, Postiga signed as the marquee player of Indian Super League franchise Atlético de Kolkata; at 32, he was the youngest such player in the competition, and was deemed by the management to be less injury-prone than his predecessor Luis García. He made his debut on 3 October in the opening game of the season, scoring twice in a 3–2 win at Chennaiyin FC but leaving the game with an injury; he made no further appearances, as his team went on to be eliminated by precisely that opponent in the play-off semi-finals.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Rio Ave.\n", "On 1 February 2016, Postiga returned to his homeland, signing for top flight team Rio Ave F.C. until the end of the season. In his second match, 26 days later, he opened a 2–1 win at Boavista FC; it was his 50th goal in the division.\n", "On 14 May 2016, in the last matchday, Postiga scored the winning goal as his team won 2–1 at C.F. União, qualifying themselves for the Europa League and relegating the opponents.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Atlético return.\n", "On 12 August 2016, Postiga returned to Atlético Kolkata as their marquee player. Early in his second match of the season, away to Kerala Blasters FC on 5 October, he suffered another long-term injury; the club's ownership admitted that due to such concerns they had wanted a different figurehead.\n", "Postiga returned to the team as they went on to win the championship, although he was substituted in the final.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Postiga made his debut for the Portugal national team on 12 February 2003 in a friendly match with Italy, where he came on as a substitute for Tiago Mendes in the 70th minute – this game was also Luiz Felipe Scolari's first as manager. He was handed his first start on 10 June in a 4–0 win over Bolivia, where he scored his first two international goals.\n", "Even though he had arguably a poor year with Tottenham, Postiga was selected for UEFA Euro 2004. In the tournament he managed to save his team from defeat against England during the quarter-finals, netting an 83rd-minute equaliser to level the score at 1–1 as Portugal would prevail in the penalty shootout 6–5 after a 2–2 draw. He converted his attempt with a \"Panenka-style\" shot, but did not feature in the final, lost 0–1 to outsiders Greece.\n", "Postiga was subsequently summoned for the 2006 FIFA World Cup side, starting against Mexico in a 2–1 win at the end of the group stage. In the quarter-finals, after replacing captain Luís Figo, he again scored to eliminate England on penalties, as the nation eventually finished fourth.\n", "In Euro 2008, Postiga was also mainly used from the bench. In the quarter-finals against Germany, he scored a late goal by heading in a cross from fellow substitute Nani, although Portugal lost 2–3.\n", "After more than two years of absence from the national team setup, Postiga was called up for two Euro 2012 qualifiers against Denmark and Iceland, in October 2010. On 12 October, against the latter, he netted in a 3–1 away win; on 17 November, he put two past world champions Spain in a 4–0 friendly win in Lisbon.\n", "On 4 June 2011, Postiga scored the only goal in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Norway played at Estádio da Luz, which made him the tenth highest scorer in Portugal's history. He added two on 15 November of that year, in a 6–2 play-off second leg win over Bosnia and Herzegovina which secured a place in the competition.\n", "Selected by Paulo Bento to the finals in Poland and Ukraine as first-choice striker, he netted in the second group stage against Denmark, scoring the second in an eventual 3–2 win. He injured his right thigh in the first half of the national side's 1–0 quarter-final victory over the Czech Republic, which also forced him out of the next match and the rest of the tournament.\n", "Postiga scored six goals in the qualification campaign for the 2014 World Cup. At the finals, he started the second game against the United States after an injury to Hugo Almeida in the opener, but was himself substituted following 16 minutes due to injury as Portugal were eliminated in the group stage.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Postiga's younger brother, José, is also a footballer and a forward. He played youth football at Sporting.\n", "His father's cousin, Armindo, died in a fishing shipwreck off Figueira da Foz in August 2015.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.:International goals.\n", "\"Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first.\"\n", "! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Club.\n", "Porto\n", "BULLET::::- Primeira Liga: 2002–03, 2006–07\n", "BULLET::::- Taça de Portugal: 2002–03\n", "BULLET::::- Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2004\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA Cup: 2002–03\n", "BULLET::::- Intercontinental Cup: 2004\n", "Sporting\n", "BULLET::::- Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2008\n", "Atlético Kolkata\n", "BULLET::::- Indian Super League: 2016\n", "Section::::Honours.:International.\n", "Portugal\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA European Championship: Runner-up 2004\n", "Section::::Honours.:Orders.\n", "BULLET::::- Medal of Merit, Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "David Carnegie (explorer)\n", "The Hon. David Wynford Carnegie (23 March 1871 – 27 November 1900) was an explorer and gold prospector in Western Australia. In 1896 he led an expedition from Coolgardie through the Gibson and Great Sandy Deserts to Halls Creek, and then back again.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "David Carnegie was born in London on 23 March 1871, the youngest child of James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk. He was educated at Charterhouse in Godalming, Surrey but dropped out without graduating, and was thereafter educated by a private tutor. He later entered the Royal Indian Engineering College, but again dropped out without completing the course. In 1892, he travelled to Ceylon to work on a tea plantation. Finding it boring, he quit after a few weeks, and set sail for Australia with his friend Lord Percy Douglas.\n", "Section::::Gold prospecting.\n", "On arriving in Albany, Western Australia in September 1892, Carnegie and Douglas learned of Arthur Bayley's discovery of gold at Coolgardie, and immediately decided to leave the ship and join the gold rush. Together, they prospected around Coolgardie for a number of months, with little success. Eventually, Douglas left the field to raise finances in order for them to continue prospecting. Carnegie continued prospecting, joining the rush to Kalgoorlie after Paddy Hannan's discovery of gold there. He had little success, and by the middle of 1893 he was destitute. Unable to make a living as a prospector, he took a job at the \"Bayley's Reward\" mine in Coolgardie.\n", "Late in 1893, Douglas was appointed a director of a new mining exploration company, thus securing finances for Carnegie's prospecting. In March 1894, Carnegie commenced his first prospecting expedition, in the company of a prospector and camel handler named Gus Luck. The pair initially explored the Hampton Plains immediately east of Kalgoorlie, but finding it extremely dry, they travelled instead to Queen Victoria Spring, about east of Kalgoorlie. From there they travelled north through unknown country to Mount Shenton, about north east of the present-day town of Laverton. After prospecting around Mount Margaret and Mount Ida, they returned to Coolgardie, having been away for ninety days and having travelled about . They had found little evidence of gold, and nothing worth claiming a lease on.\n", "In November 1894, Carnegie set out on his second prospecting expedition, this time in the company of two prospectors: an American named Jim Conley and an Irish-Victorian named Paddy Egan. The party initially travelled north, but hearing rumours of promising country near Lake Roe, they turned to the south east. After meeting no success around Lake Roe, they returned to the north, again exploring around Mount Margaret and Mount Ida. Early in February, after failing to locate a pool at Erlistoun, the party sought water in a granite outcrop near Lake Darlot, about east of the present-day town of Leinster. There, they had the good fortune to stumble upon the scene of a rich new find, before news of the find had reached Coolgardie. Having beaten the rush, Carnegie was able to discover and lay claim to a high quality reef. After working the reef for a period, the company sold the mine, and Carnegie received a substantial sum.\n", "Carnegie formed a syndicate with some friends, into which he deposited his camels, then returned to England to visit his family. Finding that his family were disappointed and embarrassed by his lack of an education and career, he returned to Australia determined\n", "While he was away, his syndicate had pegged another mine, and shortly after his return it also was sold.\n", "Section::::Exploration.\n", "Carnegie invested his profits from the two mines in preparations for his major expedition; he proposed to travel almost from Coolgardie to Halls Creek. Much of the area through which he intended to travel was unexplored and unmapped, and Carnegie hoped to find good pastoral or gold-bearing land, and to make a name for himself as an explorer.\n", "Carnegie's party consisted of five men and nine camels. His travelling companions were the prospectors Charles Stansmore and Godfrey Massie, bushman Joe Breaden, and Breaden's Aboriginal companion Warri. The party left Coolgardie on 9 July 1896. They travelled north to Menzies, then north east. On 23 July they entered largely unexplored country, and were immediately affected by the extreme scarcity of water. By 9 August they were desperately short of water; that day they came upon a native, who they captured and forced to show where water was located. The supply they were led to was an underground spring in a hidden cave, which Carnegie named Empress Spring after Queen Victoria. The party realised they could never have found this on their own. This became the pattern for the remainder of the expedition: whenever short of water, the party tracked down and captured natives, and tried to force them to lead the expedition to water.\n", "Leaving the spring, the expedition continued north. Throughout August, September and October, the party passed through the desert country of the Gibson and Great Sandy Deserts. At first, the terrain was largely flat, and consisted almost entirely of spinifex and sand (hence the name \"Spinifex and Sand\" for Carnegie's published account of the expedition). Later, the flatness of the land was broken up by regular sandridges, running in an east-west direction. Since the party was travelling in a northerly direction, they had to cross these sandridges at right angles, and this made travel even more difficult. Carnegie later wrote of the land\n", "Carnegie managed to bring the party almost entirely through the desert without loss. However, on 2 November, with their journey nearing completion, a number of Carnegie's camels ate poisonous plants, and three died. Four weeks later, with the party only from the Derby–Halls Creek road, Stansmore slipped while crossing a ridge, and dropped his gun. When the gun hit the ground, the cartridge exploded, and Stansmore was shot through the heart. He died instantly, and was buried nearby by his companions. The remaining members of the party reached Halls Creek four days later, after a journey of 149 days and .\n", "On arriving at Halls Creek, the party were informed that two members of the Calvert Exploring Expedition were missing in the desert. The Calvert expedition had taken a path roughly parallel to the Carnegie expedition, but about further west. Carnegie offered to join the search for the missing men, but despite his familiarity with the search area, he was not sent out immediately, being instead put on standby in Halls Creek. He formulated a search plan, and purchased three horses in anticipation of joining the search, but to the party's great frustration they remained on standby for nearly fifteen weeks. Eventually, it became obvious that the missing men must have perished, and Carnegie retracted his offer of help.\n", "Carnegie's expedition was originally intended to terminate at Halls Creek, but since they had found no gold-bearing or pastoral land, the party decided to continue exploring, by returning to Coolgardie by a more easterly overland route. The party left Halls Creek on 22 March 1897, heading east then southeast, before eventually turning south. At first the going was easier than the trip north: water and game were easily found; the natives they encountered were friendly; and the camels' loads had been lightened, enabling them to carry a large supply of water. Later, the party experienced similar hardships to their northerly trip, scarcity of water being the main problem. Although they were able to carry plenty of water with them, this advantage was largely cancelled out by the presence of horses in the party, horses needing regular and generous watering. They arrived back in Coolgardie late in August 1897, having again found no land of interest to prospector or pastoralist.\n", "Shortly after the completion of his expedition, Carnegie sold his assets and sailed for England. In England, he wrote and published a book on his experiences in Western Australia, entitled \"Spinifex and Sand\". He also gave a brief lecture tour, and was awarded a medal by the Royal Geographical Society. However he was keen to resume exploring, and he expressed interest in joining an expedition from Cape Town to Cairo before eventually deciding against it. He also sought funding to lead an expedition to map the country between Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in northern Kenya and the Nile, but was unsuccessful.\n", "Eventually Carnegie accepted a position as Assistant Resident of the Middle Niger in the Protectorate of Nigeria. He sailed for Africa in December 1899, and took up his job in late January 1900. In November 1900, Carnegie was sent to apprehend a fugitive named Gana. While searching the village of Tawari in the early hours of the morning of 27 November 1900, he was shot in the thigh with a poison arrow. He died fifteen minutes later. He was just 29 years old.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Carnegie (disambiguation)\n", "Section::::Notes.\n", "BULLET::::1. from a letter to his sister, quoted in Peasley (1995).\n", "BULLET::::2. from Carnegie (1898).\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Carnegie, David W. (1898). . London: C. Arthur Pearson. Republished in 1989 by Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, Western Australia. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Letter from Carnegie to William Tietkens (at Flinders University Library)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johan Kjeldahl\n", "Johan Gustav Christoffer Thorsager Kjeldahl ( 16 August 1849 – 18 July 1900), was a Danish chemist who developed a method for determining the amount of nitrogen in certain organic compounds using a laboratory technique which was named the Kjeldahl method after him.\n", "Section::::Professional life.\n", "Kjeldahl worked in Copenhagen at the Carlsberg Laboratory, associated with Carlsberg Brewery, where he was head of the \"Chemistry department\" from 1876 to 1900.\n", "He was given the job to determine the amount of protein in the grain used in the malt industry. Less protein meant more beer. Kjeldahl found the answer was in developing a technique to determine nitrogen with accuracy but existing methods in analytical chemistry related to proteins and biochemistry at the time were far from accurate.\n", "Section::::Professional life.:Kjeldahl method.\n", "In order to solve the problem of determining accurate nitrogen content in a sample, Kjeldahl developed a method which involves a two-step reaction: a distillation and a back titration. He found that ammonium salts can be produced by the reaction between organic compounds and sulfuric acid; this step is a digestion. Ammonium salts produced from this step were collected and, in a second process, reacted with lye. The ammonia produced in this step was distilled and dissolved in a standardized solution of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. Finally, this solution was back titrated with caustic soda to indirectly measure nitrogen.\n", "During the 1880s, Kjeldahl used potassium sulfate to raise the boiling point of the acid and mercury as a catalyst to speed the decomposition. For the back titration process of the released ammonia, he used boric acid buffer solution.\n", "On 7 March 1883, Kjeldahl presented his method at the Danish Chemical Society.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Johan Kjeldahl died on 18 July 1900 in Tisvildeleje, Denmark at the age of 50.\n", "His laboratory technique for nitrogen and protein analysis is still the universally accepted method for this analysis. Although other methods claim to be faster and more efficient, none can cope with the variety of sizes or conditions of samples than Johan Kjeldahl's original method. Kjeldahl equipment is used extensively all over the world.\n", "Section::::Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- Jessen-Hansen, H. (1932) Johan Kjeldahl, pp. 169–172 in: Meisen, V. Prominent Danish Scientists through the Ages. University Library of Copenhagen 450th Anniversary. Levin & Munksgaard, Copenhagen.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andreas Paolo Perger\n", "Andreas Paolo Perger (born 1970 in Munich, Germany) is a contemporary Austrian guitarist, improviser, and composer of German-Polish and Austrian-Italian descent. His music, autobiographical in nature, draws from variety of traditional and contemporary influences, such as contemporary jazz, new music, improvised music, and electronic music. Perger uses a variable and open concept of guitar playing, improvising, and composing. He plays the 5.1 Surround Guitar and the classical concert guitar.\n", "Section::::Musical style.\n", "His music balances narrative and abstract moments with their relationships to the composed and/or improvised overall texture. Some works are made of, or include, interactive and/or room-related elements (Cinema Series, Orchestra Series). Inspired by the spatial choral work of Johann Sebastian Bach at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig and the spatial orchestral work \"Prometeo\" of Luigi Nono, he developed an extended instrument and an improvising and composing method for his multi-perspective spatial idea of guitar and ensemble music.\n", "His playing style is adapted from classical guitar, using a classical right-hand technique to express complex harmonic structures and quick jazz-inspired melodic lines while sustaining impulsive strumming in the manner of the Spanish rasgueado, a typical colour in flamenco, and enhanced with playing techniques between tone and noise. He also uses hand symbols, the electronic sounds of the guitar amplifier, and various materials like wood, metal, and paper.\n", "Perger's music ranges from pieces for classical or electric guitar, duo works for guitar and cello, string quartets, jazz rock trios and quartets, to room-related interactive group improvisations and compositions for video, electronics and guitar, based on lo-fi electronic sounds and found footage material, reflecting the guitar in a contemporary new media context. His composing technique emphasizes improvisation. He also works with modular playing, improvising, and composing concepts (Concert for 5.1 surround guitar, relief, gravure).\n", "Section::::Improvisation, composition, installation.\n", " The relation between improvisation and composition, adapted for guitar and ensembles is a main issue in the music of Perger.\n", "Together with the relation between sound and its spatial and social context (installation, social sculpture), it forms the framework condition for the open and variable musical concept, aiming to integrate various subjective musical positions in consistent musical works combining focused musical imagination with open-process oriented thinking.\n", "The two sketches at the side give an insight in tonal and structural organization of the improvised compositions. An interactive layer is already included in the score of the \"Work for Orchestra 1\". Process, realization, and documentation eventually form the complete finished work adding a relevant amount of intuition and not calculated spontaneity.\n", "Section::::5.1 surround guitar, sound art.\n", "] His instrument, an electric concert guitar, is the result of several years of development in cooperation with Stevens Custom Guitars and Huber Amps. Though similar in size to a classical concert guitar, it is made to sound like a warm electric guitar, but with a broader spectrum of harmonics at higher frequencies. It also offers the option to create real 5.1 surround sound opening up the guitar towards sound art and installation emphasizing the spatial and sculptural aspects of sound.\n", "It enables sending each of its six strings to one separate channel of an amplifier, and further to six separate loudspeakers in a room. It is played with finger technique on medium steel strings and sounds like an electric guitar. The instrument was built in 1998. It was presented at the Frankfurt Music Fair in 1999. The first radio live transmission (surround stereo), and the first surround live concert took place in Munich in 2002. After several more years of technical and musical development, the Huber preamplification was added in 2007. Surround guitar concerts in Vienna 2007, Prague 2008, Munich, Hamburg, Münster, Lüneburg, Meaford, Ontario (Canada), and Berlin 2009, followed.\n", "The solo guitar album \"Relief\", recorded 2011 at \"Studio am Fernsehturm\" in Berlin, represents ten improvised compositions on the instrument in CD quality. The title refers to the acoustic relief arising while listening to the music with stereo headphones.\n", "Section::::Concert guitar, concert improvisation, composition.\n", "] The classical concert guitar has always fascinated Perger. Because of its specialization as a concert instrument for the interpretation of compositions, it is a challenge for concert improvisation. Beside his interpretations of classical music and his own compositions for concert guitar he continuously followed the idea of getting a more open and less categorized musical experience than usually associated with the traditional instrument. Therefore, he integrated improvisation into his music and playing technique of the interpretation-oriented instrument and developed a personal sound vocabulary. A last step in this process was the adaption of his module-based improvising and composing method completed on the 5.1 surround guitar.\n", "\"Gravure/Gravure\", improvised compositions for concert guitar are performed regularly weekly at the \"Zionskirche\" Berlin since July 2014. The outstanding sound of the room from August Orth supports the interactive aspect of the music. During the concerts of several hours in length always new situationally inspired composition variants develop on the base of the over the time slowly changing source material. The compositions originating from the concert improvisations reflect the instrument in a pluralistic multilayered way and enfold a wide dynamic and tonal pulse in the acoustics of the church. On 2017.08.10 the berlin daily newspaper B.Z. wrote in the category \"Classical\": „The austrian concert guitarist Andreas Paolo Perger proves his great talent for improvisation.“ A concert-excerpt is to be heard in the movie \"Beyond Words\" by Urszula Antoniak. The compositions are published by the classical music publishing house Edition Margaux.\n", "Section::::Groups and ensembles.\n", "] From 1993 to 1999 Perger played and recorded modern jazz orientated guitar music with his own groups, the Andreas Perger trio and quartet. CDs like \"Heart Pop and Ethnomorphocology\" arose. The late saxophonist Monty Waters was featured on the CD \"Happiness is a Warm Gun\" and joined the band a few times for live concerts. With the saxophonist Johannes Enders he played some duo concerts.\n", "Starting from his work with the concert guitar, he played solo concerts with his improvisations and compositions for the electric guitar. In this context he played one of his compositions together with the \"Leipziger Streichquartett\" at the Bach Night at Zeche Zollverein in Essen, Germany, where he was invited to perform his solo pieces and improvisations. Another collaboration in this context took place with classical cellist Adrian Brendel. Concerts with contemporary improvisers such as Franz Hautzinger, Sebastiano Tramontana, Christofer Varner, the ICI Ensemble, and Tobias Delius followed.\n", "Section::::Works for Orchestra 1–9.\n", " \"Work for Orchestra 1 – An interactive work genesis\" was premiered at St. Johannes-Evangelist-Church in Berlin in June 2013. The lineup consisted of Klaus Janek (db, e), Antonis Anissegos (e-p), Biliana Voutchkova (vl), Hilary Jeffery (trb), Alessandra Eramo (voc, e), Andreas Paolo Perger (e-gtr, c), Hannes Lingens (dr), Audrey Chen (vc, voc, e), Sabine Vogel (fl), Tobias Delius (ts), Roy Carroll (e), and Elena Kakaliagou (frh). The concert video was directed by Carlos Bustamante and premiered at the Arsenal Cinema Berlin in December 2013. It is the first work of a series of nine, that will be completed during the next years.\n", "\"Work for Orchestra 2 – An interactive work genesis\" was premiered at St. Johannes-Evangelist-Church in Berlin in June 2015. The lineup consisted of Biliana Voutchkova (vl), Klaus Janek (db, e), Antonis Anissegos (e-p), Hilary Jeffery (trb), Michael Thieke (clar), Alessandra Eramo (voc, e), Andreas Paolo Perger (e-gtr, c), Yorgos Dimitriadis (dr), Audrey Chen (vc, voc, e), Sabine Vogel (fl), Gunnar Geisse (laptop-gtr), Elena Kakaliagou (frh), Almut Kühne (voc), Chris Dahlgren (viola da gamba), Katrin Mickiewicz (vla). The playing figures were made by Edouard Steinhauer. Alexander di Vasos drew the music during the concert. The concert video was directed by Carlos Bustamante.\n", "\"Work for Orchestra 3 – An interactive work genesis\" was premiered on the 2017.05.26 at St. Elisabeth-Church in Berlin on the occasion of \"36. Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag\". An expert jury awarded twenty-two works of known artists and musicians to be presented as regional cultural program. The cultur newspaper \"Zeig Dich\" of the Kirchentag writes a.o. \"The guitarist, improviser, and composer Andreas Paolo Perger mirrors the baroque union of interpretation, improvisation, and composition on contemporary forms. At the same time the recourse on duct and verve of the romantic brings contemporary sound-microscopy and sound-spontaneity in moving narrative correlations.\"\n", "The lineup consisted of Andreas Paolo Perger (e-gtr, c), Alessandra Eramo (voc, e), Audrey Chen (vc, voc), Biliana Voutchkova (vl), Chris Dahlgren (viola da gamba), Elena Kakaliagou (frh), Emilio Gordoa (vib), Hilary Jeffery (trb), Matthias Bauer (db), Magda Mayas (p), Michael Thieke (clar), Mia Zabelka (e-vl), Paul Schwingenschlögl (tpt), Robin Hayward (tba), Roy Carroll (e), Sabine Vogel (fl). Works of the artists Jörg Laue, Antonio Panetta, and Bernd Aury were shown in the direct environment of the concert. The film recording for the concert video was directed by Carlos Bustamante. The sound recording by Christian Bader.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born as Austrian in Munich, Andreas Paolo Perger grew up there and in Bolzano/Bozen. After receiving piano lessons at the age of three, he got classical guitar lessons from age seven and jazz guitar lessons from age eleven. Writing songs and forming bands was the only thing he did between age eleven and age seventeen. At a local music school, he learned classical guitar and electric guitar besides music theory and band workshops. He started to give guitar lessons, played in several bands and did solo performances with improvisations on the classical guitar.\n", "From age twenty, he studied jazz guitar at the Berklee College, Boston. After that, he studied five years classical guitar with Prof. Barbara Probst-Polášek, master student of Andrés Segovia, at the Munich Conservatory. In these years he additionally studied jazz guitar on his own and went to master classes and lessons with John Scofield, John McLaughlin, Joe Pass, and Mike Stern. Probst-Polášek helped him adapt his jazz-related compositions to the instrument, encouraging him to write a concert for guitar and string quartet, which later was recorded as a studio project with the musicians of the Modern String Quartet. He also studied with Leo Brouwer during an improvisation master class at the Music Academy Marktoberdorf. The music for the CD \"Big City\", a solo album with original compositions for the electric guitar, was written during a work in residence in New York in 1996. After its publishing in 1999 it was reviewed as \"highly recommendable\". Studies with Evan Parker, Frederic Rzewski and the late Wolfgang Stryi during an Ensemble Modern academy master class helped him to combine and balance improvisation and composition. Additionally he did free studies of video art and electronic music.\n", "His experience with room-related compositions finally led to his form of contemporary guitar and guitar music, which is identified by bringing together the sound of the electric guitar and the diversity of timbres of the classical guitar, while using vintage electronic with its warm and dynamic sound of the vacuum tube to open up an additional spatial layer. His work could be described as rooted in tradition and inspired by contemporary musical concepts, which also gets obvious in his music for the classical concert guitar.\n", "In 1997 he was awarded \"Newcomer of the Year\" of the German newspaper \"Süddeutsche Zeitung\". He also works as studio guitarist for cinema and television and did soundtracks for art-videos.\n", "Section::::Concerts.\n", "Andreas Paolo Perger performed his music in Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Poland, and Canada at numerous venues and festivals for classical music, experimental music, contemporary jazz, and in the context of contemporary art and sound art. Performances of his music occurred a.o. at the Musicacademy in Wroclaw, Poland, the Transart in Bolzano, Italy, the Bach Night at Zeche Zollverein in Essen, Germany, the Tonspur_live in Vienna, the international festival \"Jazz an der Donau\", Germany, the 4th Electric Eclectics Festival, Canada, and the Institut Intermédií in Prague, Czech Republic.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::1. Relief (2011) Artist Edition\n", "BULLET::::2. \"Österreich oond dee Velt in 1938\" Lindo Records (2008/ Sampler \"Projekt 8\")\n", "BULLET::::3. Ethnomorphocology (2000) Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::4. Big City (1999) Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::5. Heart Pop (1999) Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::6. Standards (1998) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::7. Visions in Multitrack (1998) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::8. Liebe in den Zeiten der Cola/ Love in the age of cola (1998) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::9. Spielt Werke von/ Plays works of Bach, Giuliani, Torroba, Martin (1996) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::10. Konzert für Gitarre und Streichquartett – Kompositionen für Konzertgitarre/ Concert for guitar and string quartet – Compositions for concert guitar (1996) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::11. Seelenmann/ Soul Man (1996) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::12. Happiness is a warm gun (1996) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "BULLET::::13. Frühe Bänder/ Early Tapes (1996) Academica/ Fenn Music\n", "Section::::Videos.\n", "BULLET::::1. Documentary concert video \"Work for Orchestra 2 – An interactive work genesis\" by Carlos Bustamante, Berlin 2015 (50min)\n", "BULLET::::2. Documentary concert video \"Work for Orchestra 1 – An interactive work genesis\" by Carlos Bustamante, Berlin 2013 (70min)\n", "BULLET::::3. Europäische Originale/ European Originals – Rome/ London/ Paris/ Vienna 2005, (4 x 50min)\n", "BULLET::::4. Isarufer im Herbst/ Isar-bank in autumn (2003, 50min)\n", "BULLET::::5. Dynamic Video 1–10 (2002, 50min)\n", "Section::::Music and video formats on this page.\n", "If your computer is not already prepared for playing .ogg and .ogv files, please follow the instruction for downloading the corresponding plug in here: Help! (Also visible beside the media files above)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Archived\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William E. Caswell\n", "William Edward Caswell (June 22, 1947 – September 11, 2001) was a physicist who died during the September 11 attacks, as a passenger aboard American Airlines Flight 77, which was crashed into the Pentagon. Caswell did work in quantum gauge theory, most notably, his 1972 calculation of the beta function to two-loop accuracy. His pioneering work in the days of FORTRAN and punch cards demonstrated the potential of computer algebra.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "William Edward Caswell was born on June 22, 1947 in Boston, Massachusetts, the eldest of six children. He lived most of his life in Silver Spring, Maryland.\n", "In high school he became a scholar. He attended the University of Maryland and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in three years. He then attended graduate school at Princeton University, majoring in physics. His work at Princeton was delayed when he was drafted into the Army during the Vietnam War, where he came to admire the drill sergeant to whom he was assigned for basic training. When Caswell resumed his studies at Princeton, he chose to work in elementary particle theory. He received his Ph.D. in Physics in January 1975, and subsequently did postdoctoral work at Stanford University and Brown University.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "With his thesis advisor Curtis Callan, Caswell embarked on an ambitious program for the summation of Feynman loops in order to calculate elementary particle properties. His thesis, published in 1974, was groundbreaking work that encouraged and shaped future research. To quote his obituary in \"Physics Today\": \"Today the interpretation of many experiments in high-energy physics requires multiloop quantum chromodynamics calculations, and Bill's result is a prime ingredient in every such calculation. It is also a critical ingredient in calculating the running of the coupling constants of the Standard Model's supersymmetric extensions, calculations that are interpreted these days as evidence for both grand unification and low-energy supersymmetry. Thus Bill's work is also crucial to our thinking about physics beyond the Standard Model.\"\n", "Caswell did work in quantum gauge theory. His graduate career coincided with the synthesis of gauge symmetry and renormalization group ideas, in which he himself made several pioneering contributions, the highpoint of which was his 1972 calculation of the beta function to two-loop accuracy. According to \"Physics Today\", this effort \"required unusual courage and determination, since the calculation simultaneously features all the notorious subtleties of gauge invariance, overlapping divergences, and renormalization.\"\n", "In the age of punchcards, FORTRAN and paper output, Caswell felt that pure hand calculation was excruciating to perform and impractical to check. Looking into the then-uncharted world of machine symbolic calculation, he adapted Tony Hearn's REDUCE program in order to graph out calculations. Today his work is utilized in the multiloop quantum chromodynamics calculations that are used in high-energy physics experiments.\n", "Caswell and Peter Lepage did significant work in 1978 to develop new and powerful tools for dealing with bound states such as positronium and charmonium.\n", "In 1983, Caswell left academic work for the Naval Surface Weapons Center, first at White Oak, Maryland, formerly the Naval Ordnance Laboratory.\n", "Section::::Death and legacy.\n", "Caswell was on American Airlines Flight 77 which was crashed into the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. He is survived by his parents, four sisters, wife and daughter.\n", "At the National 9/11 Memorial, Caswell is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-70.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary in Physics Today\n", "BULLET::::- Washington Post\n", "BULLET::::- Caswell's thesis work, 1974\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andy Connell\n", "Andrew John \"Andy\" Connell (born 26 July 1961) is an English musician and composer. Along with Corinne Drewery, he is part of the duo that makes up Swing Out Sister.\n", "Born in Manchester, England, Connell played in the Manchester post-punk band The Immediates, before joining new wave funk pioneers, A Certain Ratio. He was also a member of the Manchester-based jazz/pop band Kalima who were signed to Factory Records, whilst he was also a member of A Certain Ratio. A few years later he teamed up with former Magazine drummer Martin Jackson and Greg Wilson (DJ), and they released an inventive electronic album called \"UK Electro\" in 1984.\n", "Swing Out Sister began in earnest in 1985, when Connell and Jackson teamed up with Corinne Drewery. Since the band's establishment, he has been the main composer and arranger for Swing Out Sister's music, including the UK and US top ten hit, \"Breakout\".\n", "Apart from his work with Swing Out Sister, Connell has produced and arranged music for other artists, and recently he wrote the musical score for a short film called \"The Knickerman\", directed by Sonja Phillips. He also contributed to Quando Quango's album, \"Pigs & Battleships\"..\n", "Most recently, Connell and Drewery have been promoting their latest album, \"Beautiful Mess\".\n", "An avid Manchester City fan, Connell is an occasional contributor to The Man City Show Podcast alongside Nigel Rothband and Rob Behrens.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Andy Connell's Internet radio station on LIVE365.com\n", "BULLET::::- Official Swing Out Sister Website\n", "BULLET::::- Swing Out Sister - The Swinging Website\n", "BULLET::::- The UK Electro Story\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4760541", "wikidata_label": "Andy Connell", "wikipedia_title": "Andy Connell" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Corinne Drewery\n", "Corinne Drewery (born 21 September 1959 in Nottingham, England) is an English singer-songwriter and fashion designer, best known for being the lead vocalist of the band Swing Out Sister.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Drewery grew up in Nottingham and the Lincolnshire village of Authorpe and went to South Reston Primary School, then Monks' Dyke High School and King Edward VI Grammar School in nearby Louth, then Lincoln College. She grew up on the classic pop standards, since her father played in a band which was regular support to big stars like Tom Jones and Sandie Shaw. She was strongly influenced by Northern soul, visiting performances at the Winter Gardens in Cleethorpes, and referred to Northern soul tracks during an extensive interview on BBC Radio Nottingham. Her mother, Elaine Drewery, is the founder of Hedgehog Care in Authorpe.\n", "Section::::Music.\n", "Drewery moved to London after leaving school in 1976 to study fashion at the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and eventually became a fashion designer. But she also sang for short periods with bands such as Working Week.\n", "She first met Andy Connell and Martin Jackson in 1984 and together they formed Swing Out Sister. In 1986-87 the group achieved chart success on both sides of the Atlantic with \"Breakout\". This became the band's signature song and was by far their most successful hit.\n", "Apart from singing the lead vocals in the band, Drewery is the band's lyricist, and participates in the composing of the songs with her musical partner Connell.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Swing Out Sister Website\n", "BULLET::::- Swing Out Sister – the Swinging Website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5170583", "wikidata_label": "Corinne Drewery", "wikipedia_title": "Corinne Drewery" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yanka Kupala\n", "Yanka Kupala (also spelled Jánka Kupála or Janka Kupała, ; – June 28, 1942) – was the pen name of Iván Daminíkavich Lutsévich (\"Ivan Daminikavič Łucevič\", ), a Belarusian poet and writer. Kupala is considered one of the greatest Belarusian-language writers of the 20th century.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Kupala was born on July 7, 1882 in Viazynka, a folwark settlement near Maladzyechna. His family was noble, although both of Kupala's parents were employed as tenant farmers at the folwark. Kupala was thus essentially born into a landless peasant class. Kupala received a traditional Belarusian education, completing his studies in 1898. Following the death of his father in 1902, Kupala worked a variety of short-term jobs, including as a tutor, a shop assistant, and a record keeper.\n", "Kupala's first serious literary attempt was \"Ziarno\", a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904 under the pseudonym \"K-a.\" His first Belarusian-language work (\"Мая доля\") was dated July 15, 1904. Kupala's first published poem, \"Мужык\" (\"Peasant\"), was published approximately a year later, appearing in Belarusian in the Russophone Belarusian newspaper \"Severo-Zapadnyi Krai\" (\"Northwestern Krai\") on May 11, 1905. A number of subsequent poems by Kupala appeared in the Belarusian-language newspaper \"Nasha Niva\" from 1906 to 1907.\n", "Section::::Biography.:In Vilnius and St. Petersburg.\n", "Kupala moved to Vilnius in 1908, where he continued with his career as a poet. The same year the first published collection of his poems, \"Жалейка\" (\"The Little Flute\") brought on the ire of the czarist government, which ordered the book confiscated as an anti-government publication. The order for Kupala's arrest was revoked in 1909, but a second printing was again confiscated, this time by the local authorities in Vilnius. Kupala ceased working for the \"Nasha Niva\" in order to avoid ruining the reputation of the newspaper.\n", "Kupala left for Saint Petersburg in 1909. The subsequent year saw the publication of several works, including the poem \"Адвечная песьня\" (\"Eternal Song\"), which appeared as a book in St. Petersburg in July 1910. \"Сон на кургане\" (\"Dream on a Barrow\")– completed in August 1910 –symbolised the poor state of Kupala's Belarusian homeland. Kupala left St. Petersburg and returned to Vilnius in 1913. Among those influencing Kupala in the 1910s was Maxim Gorky.\n", "Section::::Biography.:During the Soviet period.\n", "Kupala's writing changed to an optimistic tone following the Great October Revolution of 1917. Among Kupala's numerous translations into the Belarusian language were the internationalist-Marxist anthem \"The Internationale\" and an ancient epic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign (translated in 1921). Nevertheless, Kupala maintained his connections with the anti-Soviet oriented nationalist emigres of the Belarusian People's Republic, who exhorted that he join them in exile in Czechoslovakia during a trip abroad in 1927. At home, the newly established authorities considered him with some distrust–at times, criticism of Kupala in the press mounted insofar as Kupala's activities were regarded as too oriented around nationalism. This period stopped once Kupala printed a public letter of apology in the 1930s.\n", "Kupala was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1941 for the poetry collection \"Ад сэрца\" (\"From the Heart\"). With the Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany in 1941, because of being very ill he moved to Moscow and then to Tatarstan. Even from there he wrote poems supporting the Belarusian partisans fighting against Nazi Germany. He died in Moscow in 1942, aged 59, having fallen down the stairwell in Hotel Moskva. \n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Kupala became recognised as a symbol of culture of Belarus during the Soviet era. A museum, organised in Minsk through the efforts of his widow in 1945, is the leading literary museum in Belarus. Hrodna State University was named after Yanka Kupala. There is also a park named after him with a monument to the poet, a theatre and a metro station (Kupalaŭskaja) named after him in Minsk.\n", "At the Arrow Park in Monroe, New York there is a monument of Yanka Kupala that was created by Belarusian sculptor Anatoly Anikeichik and architect Sergey Botkovsky. Since 1973 it is presented to the American Side. A monument to Kupala is placed on a square in the city of Ashdod in Israel.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Janka Kupala's sonnets translated by Vera Rich\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Ivan Daminikavich Lutsevich", "Janka Kupala", "Janka Kupała", "Ivan Lucevič", "Ivan Łucevič" ] }, "description": "Belarusian writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q377", "wikidata_label": "Yanka Kupala", "wikipedia_title": "Yanka Kupala" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Roosevelt\n", "Robert Barnhill Roosevelt, also known as Robert Barnwell Roosevelt (August 7, 1829 – June 14, 1906), was a sportsman, author, and politician who served as a United States Representative from New York (1871–1873) and as Minister to the Hague (1888–1889). He was also a member of the Roosevelt family and an uncle of US President Theodore Roosevelt. \n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Robert Roosevelt was born in New York City to businessman Cornelius Van Schaack \"C.V.S.\" Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill. He had three elder brothers, Silas, James, and Cornelius Jr., and two younger brothers, Theodore and William. He was an uncle of President Theodore \"T.R.\" Roosevelt, Jr. and great-uncle of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack, Jr., he was a descendant of the Dutch American Schuyler family.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Roosevelt studied law and was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1850. He commenced practice in New York City. During the Civil War he was an active Democrat, and a founder of the Allotment Commission and the Loyal National League.\n", "His first experience in politics was in the organization of the Citizens' Association at the time of the Tweed Ring administration in New York city. For several years, he edited the organ of the Citizens' Association, the \"New York Citizen,\" at first with Charles G. Halpine, and after Halpine's death by himself. He was a founder of the Committee of Seventy, and first vice-president of the Reform Club.\n", "Roosevelt was elected as a Democrat to the 42nd Congress (March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873). Although the pressure of anti-Tammany Democratic organizations forced Tammany Hall to approve his nomination, he denounced its measures, and did much to contribute to the breaking up of the latter organization.\n", "Roosevelt served as trustee representing the city of New York for the New York and Brooklyn Bridge from 1879 to 1882. He was instrumental in establishing paid fire and health departments in New York City. He was a member of the Board of Aldermen of New York City.\n", "He was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as Minister to The Hague, serving from August 10, 1888 to May 17, 1889. He was treasurer of the Democratic National Committee in 1892.\n", "Section::::Career.:Conservation.\n", "Roosevelt was an early angler and conservationist. He organized several clubs to restrain the indiscriminate slaughter of game. He is credited with influencing his nephew, Theodore Roosevelt, to become a conservationist. He founded the New York State Fishery Commission in 1867, and was appointed one of the three fish commissioners. He served as fish commissioner for 20 years, 1868–1888, without a salary. The reports of the commission were prepared chiefly by him, and led to the appointment of similar commissions in other states.\n", "For many years, he served as president of the Fish Culture Association, of an association for the protection of game, of the New York Sportsman's Club, and of the International Association for the Protection of Game. He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. As a member of the U.S. Congress, he originated the bill to create the United States Fish Commission.\n", "Section::::Career.:Writer.\n", "Roosevelt was a popular author and a friend of writers such as Oscar Wilde. He sometimes wrote under the pseudonym \"Barnwell\" or \"Ira Zell\". He edited \"Political Works of Charles G. Halpine\", supplying a memoir (1869).\n", "Robert's nephew Theodore Jr. credited him with being the first to scribe the \"Br'er Rabbit\" stories (which had been passed down orally by slaves), \"publishing them in \"Harper's\", where they fell flat. This was a good many years before a genius arose who, in 'Uncle Remus,' made the stories immortal.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Roosevelt was first married to Elizabeth Ellis (1829–1887), a descendant of the Livingston family who was the daughter of John French Ellis (1794–1853) and Eliza Glen Thorn (1796–1855). Together, they were the parents of:\n", "BULLET::::- Margaret Barnhill Roosevelt (1851–1927), who married Augustus Van Horne Kimberly (1845–1927) in 1889.\n", "BULLET::::- John Ellis Roosevelt (1853–1939), who in 1879 married Nannie Mitchell Vance (1860–1912), daughter of Hon. Samuel B. H. Vance, at the recently built St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, Fifth Avenue and 48th Street, in New York City. Vance, who was active in New York State Republican politics, was a manufacturer who served as Acting Mayor of New York City for the month of December 1874.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Barnhill Roosevelt Jr. (1866-1929) He purchased the Meadowcroft property at Sayville, New York in 1873 and it was later developed by his son as the John Ellis Roosevelt Estate. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.\n", "After the death of his first wife, he married his mistress, Irish immigrant Marion Theresa \"Minnie\" O'Shea (1849-1902). Although his children with Minnie were his biological children, they had been born prior to his wedding to Minnie and were known as his stepchildren. They had been listed as having a father named \"Robert Francis Fortescue\", and maintained the Fortescue name throughout their lives. Together with Minnie, he was the father of:\n", "BULLET::::- Kenyon Fortescue (1871–1939), who became an attorney and did not marry.\n", "BULLET::::- Major Granville Roland \"Rolly\" Fortescue (1875–1952), who married Grace Hubbard Bell (1883–1979), niece of Alexander Graham Bell.\n", "BULLET::::- Maude Fortescue (1880-1961), who married Ernest William Sutton Pickhardt in 1900 and moved to London. Pickhardt was the son of Manhattan millionaire Ernest W. Pickhardt and the brother of Baroness Irene von Colberg. They divorced before Pickhardt's suicide in 1909. In 1945, she married Brigadier General Richard L. A. Pennington.\n", "Roosevelt died in Sayville, Suffolk County, N.Y., on June 14, 1906 while his nephew was serving as President of the United States. His remains were interred in Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn. His large estate was left to his family,\n", "Section::::Published works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Superior Fishing; or The Striped Bass, Trout, Black Bass and Bluefish of the Northern States.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Game Fish of the Northern States and British Provinces.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Game Birds of the North\" (1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Superior Fishing\" (1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Florida and the Game Water Birds\" (1868)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Five Acres Too Much\", a satire provoked by Edmund Morris's \"Ten Acres Enough\" (1869)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Progressive Petticoats\", a satire on female physicians (1871)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q655660", "wikidata_label": "Robert Roosevelt", "wikipedia_title": "Robert Roosevelt" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Eugen Sandow\n", "Eugen Sandow (born Friedrich Wilhelm Müller; 2 April 1867 – 14 October 1925) was a German bodybuilder and showman. Born in Königsberg, Sandow became interested in bodybuilding at the age of ten during a visit to Italy. After a spell in the circus, Sandow studied under strongman Louis Durlacher in the late 1880s. On Durlacher's recommendation, he began entering strongman competitions, performing in matches against leading figures in the sport such as Charles Sampson, Frank Bienkowski, and Henry McCann. In 1901 he organised what is believed to be the world's first major body building competition. Set in London's Royal Albert Hall, Sandow judged the event alongside author Arthur Conan Doyle and athlete/sculptor Charles Lawes-Wittewronge.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Sandow was born to a Jewish family in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad), on 2 April 1867. His father was a German and his mother was of Russian descent. Although his parents were born Jewish, the family were Lutherans and wanted him to become a Lutheran minister. He left Prussia in 1885 to avoid military service and traveled throughout Europe, becoming a circus athlete and adopting Eugen Sandow as his stage name, adapting and Germanizing his Russian mother's maiden name, Sandov.\n", "In Brussels he visited the gym of a fellow strongman, Ludwig Durlacher, better known under his stage name \"Professor Attila\". Durlacher recognized Sandow's potential, mentored him, and in 1889 encouraged him to travel to London and take part in a strongmen competition. Sandow handily beat the reigning champion and won instant fame and recognition for his strength. This launched him on his career as an athletic superstar. Soon he was receiving requests from all over Britain for performances. For the next four years, Sandow refined his technique and crafted it into popular entertainment with posing and incredible feats of strength.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Florenz Ziegfeld wanted to display Sandow at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, but Ziegfeld knew that Maurice Grau had Sandow under a contract. Grau wanted $1,000 a week. Ziegfeld could not guarantee that much but agreed to pay 10 percent of the gross receipts.\n", "Ziegfeld found that the audience was more fascinated by Sandow's bulging muscles than by the amount of weight he was lifting, so Ziegfeld had Sandow move in poses which he dubbed \"muscle display performances\" ... and the legendary strongman added these displays in addition to performing his feats of strength with barbells. He added chain-around-the-chest breaking and other colorful displays to Sandow's routine, and Sandow quickly became Ziegfeld's first star.\n", "In 1894, Sandow was featured in a [[Sandow (film)|short film series]] by the [[Edison Studios]]. The film was of only part of his act and featured him flexing his muscles rather than performing any feats of physical strength.\n", "While the content of the film reflected the audience's focus on his appearance, it made use of the unique capacities of the new medium. Film theorists have attributed the appeal being the striking image of a detailed image moving in synchrony, much like the example of the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]]' \"[[Repas de bébé]]\" where audiences were reportedly more impressed by the movement of trees swaying in the background than the events taking place in the foreground. In 1894, Sandow also appeared in a short [[Kinetoscope]] film that became the part of the first commercial motion picture exhibition in history.\n", "[[File:\"A New Sandow Pose (VIII)\", Eugen Sandow Wellcome L0035270 - restoration.jpg|thumb|left|upright|\"A New Sandow Pose (VIII)\" from \"[[Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture]]\" (1902)]]\n", "In April of that same year Sandow gave one of his \"muscle display performances\" at the 1894 California Mid-Winter International Exposition in Golden Gate Park at the \"Vienna Prater\" Theater.\n", "While he was on tour in the United States, Sandow made a brief return to England to marry Blanche Brooks, a girl from [[Manchester]]. However, due to stress and ill health he returned permanently to recuperate.\n", "He was soon back on his feet, and opened the first of his Institutes of Physical Culture, where he taught methods of exercise, dietary habits and weight training. His ideas on physical fitness were novel at the time and had a tremendous impact. The Sandow Institute was an early gymnasium that was open to the public for exercise. In 1898 he also founded a monthly periodical, originally titled \"Physical Culture\" and subsequently renamed \"[[Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture]]\" that was dedicated to all aspects of physical culture. This was accompanied by a series of books published between 1897 and 1904 – the last of which coined the term 'bodybuilding' in the title (as \"body-building\").\n", "He worked hard at improving exercise equipment, and had invented various devices such as rubber strands for stretching and spring-grip dumbbells to exercise the wrists. In 1900 [[William Bankier]] wrote \"Ideal Physical Culture\" in which he challenged Sandow to a contest in weightlifting, wrestling, running and jumping. When Sandow did not accept his challenge Bankier called him a coward, a charlatan and a liar.\n", "In 1901, Sandow organized the world's first major bodybuilding competition in London's [[Royal Albert Hall]]. The venue was so full that people were turned away from the door. The three judges presiding over the contest were Sir [[Charles Bennett Lawes|Charles Lawes]] the sculptor, Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] the author, and Sandow himself.\n", "In 1906, he was able to buy the lease of 161 (formerly 61) [[Holland Park Avenue]], thanks to a generous gift from an Indian businessman, [[Dhunjibhoy Bomanji|Sir Dhunjibhoy Bomanji]], whose health had improved dramatically after he had adopted Sandow's regime. This grand four-storey end-of-terrace house – which was named Dhunjibhoy House after his benefactor – was his home for 19 years.\n", "He travelled around the world on tours to countries as varied as South Africa, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand. At his own expense, from 1909 he provided training for would-be recruits to the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]], to bring them up to entrance fitness standards, and did the same for volunteers for active service in [[World War I]].\n", "He was even designated special instructor in physical culture to King [[George V]], who had followed his teachings, in 1911.\n", "Section::::The Grecian Ideal.\n", "[[File:Falk, Benjamin J. (1853-1925) - Eugen Sandow (1867-1925)- 1894-cropped.jpg| thumb |Sandow models the statue \"[[The Dying Gaul]]\", illustrating his Grecian Ideal.]]\n", "Sandow's resemblance to the physiques found on classical [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek]] and [[Classical sculpture|Roman sculpture]] was no accident, as he measured the statues in museums and helped to develop \"The Grecian Ideal\" as a formula for the \"perfect physique\". Sandow built his physique to the exact proportions of his Grecian Ideal, and is considered the father of modern bodybuilding, as one of the first athletes to intentionally develop his musculature to predetermined dimensions. In his books \"Strength and How to Obtain It\" and \"Sandow's System of Physical Training\", Sandow laid out specific prescriptions of weights and repetitions in order to achieve his ideal proportions.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "[[File:Falk, Benjamin J. (1853-1925) - Eugen Sandow (1867-1925) - 1894 - 5.jpg|thumb|upright|In 1894]]\n", "Sandow married Blanche Brooks in 1896. They had two daughters, Helen and Lorraine.\n", "Section::::Influence on yoga.\n", "Sandow was acclaimed on his 1905 visit to India, at which time he was already a \"cultural hero\" in the country at a time of strong nationalistic feeling. The scholar [[Joseph Alter]] suggests that Sandow was the person who had the most influence on modern [[yoga as exercise]], which absorbed a variety of exercise routines from [[physical culture]] in the early 20th century.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Sandow died at his home in [[Kensington]], London, on 14 October 1925 of what newspapers announced as a [[brain hemorrhage]] at age 58. It was allegedly brought on after straining himself, without assistance, to lift his car out of a ditch after a road accident two or three years earlier. However, without an [[autopsy]], his death was certified as due to [[aortic aneurysm]].\n", "[[File:EugenSandowgravestone.jpg|thumb|upright|Sandow's grave at [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], in 2012]]\n", "Sandow was buried in an unmarked grave in [[Putney Vale Cemetery]] at the request of his wife, Blanche. He was unfaithful to his wife later in marriage, and she refused to mark his grave. In 2002, a gravestone and black marble plaque was added by Sandow admirer and author Thomas Manly. The inscription (in gold letters) read \"Eugen Sandow, 1867–1925, the Father of Bodybuilding\". In 2008, the grave was purchased by Chris Davies, Sandow's great-grandson. Manly's items were replaced for the anniversary of Sandow's birth that year and a new monument, a one-and-a-half-ton natural pink sandstone monolith, was put in its place. The stone, simply inscribed \"SANDOW 1867-1925\", is a reference to the ancient Greek funerary monuments called [[stele]]s.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "[[File:The Sandow Trocadero Vaudevilles, Sandow lifting the human dumbell, 1894.jpg|thumb|left|1894 poster for the Sandow Trocadero Vaudevilles, produced by [[Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.|F. Ziegfeld Jr.]] in one of his first productions]]\n", "Sandow was befriended by [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]], [[Thomas Edison]], [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] and classical pianist [[Martinus Sieveking]]. He was portrayed by the actor [[Nat Pendleton]] in the Academy Award-winning [[film]] \"[[The Great Ziegfeld]]\" (1936).\n", "As recognition of his contribution to the sport of bodybuilding, a bronze statue of Sandow sculpted by [[Frederick Pomeroy]] has been presented to the winner of the [[Mr. Olympia]] contest, a major professional bodybuilding competition sponsored by the [[International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness|International Federation of Bodybuilders]], since 1977. This statue is simply known as \"The Sandow\".\n", "In 2013, Eugen Sandow was portrayed by the Canadian bodybuilder Dave Simard in the film \"[[Louis Cyr (film)|Louis Cyr]]\".\n", "Sandows (London) cold brew coffee is named after him.\n", "[[English Heritage]] put up a [[blue plaque]] on his house at 161 Holland Park Avenue in west London in 2009; it describes him as a \"Body-Builder and Promoter of Physical Culture\".\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sandow's System of Physical Training\" (1894)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sandow on Physical Training\" (1894)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strength and how to Obtain It\" (1897)\n", "BULLET::::- \"[[Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture]]\" (1898–1907)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Body-Building\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strength and Health\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Construction and Reconstruction of the Human Body\" (1907) [with a foreword by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life is Movement\" (1919)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- [[List of male professional bodybuilders]]\n", "BULLET::::- [[List of female professional bodybuilders]]\n", "BULLET::::- [[Strongman (strength athlete)]]\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Chapman, David, \"Eugen Sandow and the Birth of Bodybuilding\", \"[[Hardgainer (magazine)|Hardgainer]]\" (May 1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Waller, David, \"The Perfect Man: The Muscular Life and Times of Eugen Sandow, Victorian Strongman\" (Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- Barford, Vanessa and Lucy Townsend, \"Eugen Sandow: The man with the perfect body\", BBC News Magazine, 19 October 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Tate, Don, \"Strong As Sandow: How Eugen Sandow Became The Strongest Man On Earth\", Charlesbridge Publishing, September 2017\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Eugen Sandow & The Golden Age of Iron Men\n", "BULLET::::- His workout with video demonstrations\n", "BULLET::::- Eugene Sandow in several famous poses: 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10.\n", "BULLET::::- victorianstrongman.com\n", "[[Category:1867 births]]\n", "[[Category:1925 deaths]]\n", "[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]\n", "[[Category:Bodybuilding]]\n", "[[Category:Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery]]\n", "[[Category:German bodybuilders]]\n", "[[Category:German Lutherans]]\n", "[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]\n", "[[Category:German strength athletes]]\n", "[[Category:Music hall performers]]\n", "[[Category:People from Königsberg]]\n", "[[Category:People from the Province of Prussia]]\n", "[[Category:Professional bodybuilders]]\n", "[[Category:Vaudeville performers]]\n", "[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]\n", "[[Category:Strength training writers]]\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Evgraf Fedorov\n", "Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov (, – 21 May 1919) was a Russian mathematician, crystallographer and mineralogist.\n", "Fedorov was born in the Russian city of Orenburg. His father was a topographical engineer. The family later moved to Saint Petersburg. From the age of fifteen, he was deeply interested in the theory of polytopes, which later became his main research interest. He was a distinguished graduate of the Gorny Institute, which he joined at the age of 26.\n", "He contributed to the identification of conditions under which a group of Euclidean motions must have a translational subgroup whose vectors span the Euclidean space. His best-known result is his 1891 derivation of the 230 symmetry space groups which now serve as the mathematical basis of structural analysis. He also proved that there are only 17 possible wallpaper groups which can tile a Euclidean plane. This was then proved independently by George Pólya in 1924. The proof that the list of wallpaper groups was complete only came after the much harder case of space groups had been settled. In 1895, he became a professor of geology at the Moscow Agricultural Institute (now the Timiryazev Academy). Fedorov died from pneumonia in 1919 during the Russian Civil War in Petrograd, RSFSR.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- His first book, \"Basics of Polytopes\", was finished in 1879 and published in 1885. It offers a classification of polytopes and derives Fedorov polytopes, congruent polytopes that can completely fill space.\n", "BULLET::::- He wrote the classic \"The Symmetry of Regular Systems of Figures\" in 1891, which contained the first cataloging of the 230 space groups. The same year the equivalent results were presented by German mathematician Schönflies. Fedorov and Schönflies had been intensively discussing the subject during their work, so the results can be somehow considered as joint ones, though Schönflies noted Fedorov's priority for some major ideas.\n", "BULLET::::- He published his classic work \"The Theodolite Method in Mineralogy and Petrography\" in 1893.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Group theory\n", "BULLET::::- List of Russian material scientists\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Fedorov session 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- Fedorov session 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- Fedorov session 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Small universal stage after Federow for mineralogical microscopy, Berlin approx. 1900\n", "BULLET::::- Universal stage after Federow for mineralogical microscopy, Berlin approx. 1925\n", "BULLET::::- Large microscope after Brandão-Leiß with integrated universal stage after Fedorow, Berlin approx. 1925\n", "BULLET::::- Brief Biography\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Russian mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q726827", "wikidata_label": "Yevgraf Fyodorov", "wikipedia_title": "Evgraf Fedorov" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nancy Wyman\n", "Nancy S. Wyman (born April 21, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician who was the 88th lieutenant governor of Connecticut, from 2011 to 2019. She was state comptroller of Connecticut from 1995 to 2011, and was the first woman elected to that office since it was created in 1786. She currently serves as the Chairwoman of the Connecticut Democratic Party.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Wyman was born to a Jewish family and grew up in Brooklyn, New York, where her father worked as an accountant and supplemented his income by delivering the \"New York Daily News\". She earned an associate degree in radiological technology from Long Island College Hospital.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Wyman began her career in public service as vice chairperson of the Tolland Board of Education. She served in this post for four years, but was on the board serving in other roles for five additional years. In 1986, she was elected as the State Representative from the 53rd district of Connecticut, serving in this capacity from 1987–1995.\n", "Section::::Comptroller (1995–2011).\n", "In 1994, Wyman became State Comptroller upon defeating Republican Gene Gavin, a Certified Public Accountant. She succeeded William E. Curry Jr., who did not run for re-election in order to run for governor.\n", "As comptroller, Wyman was the chief fiscal guardian for the State of Connecticut. She oversaw the state health plan for 200,000 state employees, retirees, and their dependents.\n", "Despite the high popularity of Connecticut's last two Republican governors, Wyman has easily won re-election. In 1998 she was challenged by Republican State Representative Christopher R. Scalzo. In 2002, 28-year-old West Haven Republican Justice of the Peace and City Commissioner Steven Mullins presented an easy challenge to Wyman.\n", "Mullins, a real estate manager by profession, was chosen by then-Governor John G. Rowland to challenge Wyman the week of the state Republican Convention. He is the only African-American nominee for state comptroller, Democrat or Republican, in Connecticut history.\n", "After being endorsed by three of Connecticut's major newspapers, seven term Groton Republican State Senator Cathy Cook lost to Wyman in 2006.\n", "Section::::Lieutenant Governor (2011–2019).\n", "Democratic candidate for Governor Dan Malloy chose Wyman to be his running mate in the 2010 gubernatorial race. After defeating primary opponent Mary Glassman on August 10, 2010, Wyman became the official 2010 Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Malloy and Wyman won a narrow general election.\n", "Wyman was sworn-in on January 5, 2011, succeeding Republican Michael Fedele. She was succeeded by former Secretary of State Susan Bysiewicz on January 9, 2019.\n", "Section::::Political advocacy.\n", "In 2006, Wyman co-chaired Joe Courtney's campaign for United States Congress against incumbent U.S. Representative Rob Simmons in Connecticut's second Congressional District. Courtney defeated Simmons by a narrow margin.\n", "Section::::Issues.\n", "Wyman is liberal when it comes to social issues. In March 2007, she testified at a public hearing of the State Legislative Judiciary Committee in support of Bill #7395 – \"An Act Concerning Marriage Equality.\" In her opening statement before the committee, she stated, \"To violate the rights of a few is to violate the rights of all.\" The bill supports same-sex marriage rights in Connecticut. In 2008, same-sex marriage became legal in Connecticut by court order.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Wyman is married to Tolland Democratic Registrar of Voters R. Michael Wyman. They have lived in Tolland since 1973.\n", "Section::::Electoral history.\n", "*Wyman was also nominated on the A Connecticut Party line.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of female lieutenant governors in the United States\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official site of Lieutenant Governor Nancy Wyman\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gerald Henderson Jr.\n", "Jerome McKinley \"Gerald\" Henderson Jr. (born December 9, 1987) is an American former professional basketball player who played eight seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils. He was drafted with the 12th overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Charlotte Bobcats.\n", "Section::::High school career.\n", "Henderson attended high school at Episcopal Academy in Merion, Pennsylvania, where he teamed up with future UNC basketball player Wayne Ellington. He also lettered and earned all-conference honors in golf as a freshman and scratch golfer, and was two-time league champion in the high jump and triple jump in track and field. Henderson was ranked as the 18th-best high school senior by The Recruiting Services Consensus Index.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "After seeing limited playing time off the bench during his freshman year, Henderson moved into the starting lineup as a sophomore and averaged 12.7 points per game. During his junior year, Henderson led the team in scoring 16.5 points per game on the way to a First-Team All-ACC award and ACC tournament championship. Duke earned a 2nd seed in the NCAA tournament.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets (2009–2015).\n", "Henderson decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 2009 NBA draft where he was drafted 12th overall by the Charlotte Bobcats. On July 8, 2009, Henderson signed a multi-year deal with the Bobcats.\n", "On October 29, 2010, Bobcats picked up the third-year option on Henderson's contract.\n", "The 2011–12 season would be something of a breakout year for Henderson with the Bobcats. Despite finishing with the worst record in the history of the NBA, Henderson proved to be an effective scorer and was one of the lone bright spots on the team. Henderson saw career numbers in minutes per game (33.3), field goal percentage (45.9%), rebounds per game (4.1), assists per game (2.3), and points per game (15.1). He would prove to be the main offensive weapon for the Bobcats, particularly late in the season.\n", "On March 12, 2013, Henderson had a career high in points scored in a win over the Boston Celtics when he scored 35 points. He matched that total against the New York Knicks on March 29, 2013.\n", "On June 28, 2013, the Bobcats extended a qualifying offer to Henderson, thus making him a restricted free agent. On July 30, 2013, the team officially re-signed Henderson.\n", "On January 8, 2015, Henderson scored a season-high 31 points to help the Hornets win the fourth straight game with a 103-95 victory over the Toronto Raptors.\n", "On June 17, 2015, Henderson exercised his player option with the Hornets for the 2015–16 season.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Portland Trail Blazers (2015–2016).\n", "On June 24, 2015, Henderson was traded, along with Noah Vonleh, to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Nicolas Batum.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia 76ers (2016–2017).\n", "On July 9, 2016, Henderson signed with the Philadelphia 76ers. On June 30, 2017, he was waived by the 76ers.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Career-ending injuries.\n", "On August 2, 2017, Henderson opted to undergo an operation on his troublesome hip and missed the entire 2017–18 NBA season to fully recover. During the 2018 off-season, Henderson attempted to make a comeback to the NBA after undergoing a third surgical procedure on his hip. He worked out for teams in September 2018, but tore his Achilles tendon during a pickup game in Golden State. In January 2019, he joined the Charlotte Hornets' broadcast team at Fox Sports Southeast for the second half of the 2018–19 season. On April 30, 2019, he officially retired from the NBA.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Henderson is the son of former NBA player Gerald Henderson.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 high school boys basketball All-Americans\n", "BULLET::::- List of second-generation National Basketball Association players\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Gerald McKinley Henderson Jr.", "Jerome McKinley Henderson Jr.", "Jerome McKinley \"Gerald\" Henderson Jr." ] }, "description": "American basketball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1244957", "wikidata_label": "Gerald Henderson, Jr.", "wikipedia_title": "Gerald Henderson Jr." }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nicolás Goldbart\n", "Nicolás Goldbart is an Argentine director and film editor.\n", "He wrote and directed the movie Phase 7. Some of the films he's edited have been critically well received: \"El Bonaerense\" (2002), \"El Custodio\" (2006), and others.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mundo Grúa\" (1999) aka \"Crane World\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bonanza (En vías de extinción)\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Modelo 73\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Naikor, la estación de servicio\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Descanso\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Bonaerense\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kill\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hoy y mañana\" (2003) aka \"Today and Tomorrow\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Fondo del Mar\" (2003) aka \"The Bottom of the Sea\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Familia Rodante\" (2004) aka \"Rolling Family\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2004) aka \"More Than the World\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sofacama\" (2006) aka \"Sofabed\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Custodio\" (2006) aka \"The Minder\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fase 7\" (2011) aka \"Phase 7\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nicolas Goldbart" ] }, "description": "Argentine film editor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q9049991", "wikidata_label": "Nicolás Goldbart", "wikipedia_title": "Nicolás Goldbart" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Philipp Blom\n", "Philipp Blom (born 1970) is a historian, novelist, journalist and translator. He was born in Hamburg, Germany, grew up in Detmold, and studied in Vienna and Oxford. He holds a DPhil in Modern History from Oxford University. After living and working in London, Paris and Vienna he now lives in Los Angeles with his wife Veronica Buckley.\n", "His historical works include \"To Have and To Hold\", a history of collectors and collecting, and \"Encyclopédie\" (US edition: \"Enlightening the World\"), a history of the \"Encyclopaedia\" by Diderot and d'Alembert that sparked the Enlightenment in France. In \"The Vertigo Years\", Blom argues that the break with the past that is often associated with the trauma of World War I actually had its roots in the years before the war from 1900-1914. Blom followed this with \"Fracture: Life and Culture in the West, 1918-1938\", a cultural history of the interwar years.\n", "Blom has published two novels: \"The Simmons Papers\" and \"Luxor\" (in German).\n", "He has also published a guide to Austrian wines, \"The Wines of Austria\", and an English translation of Geert Mak's \"Amsterdam\" (1999) (Blom has a Dutch mother and speaks the language as well).\n", "As a journalist, Blom has written for the \"Times Literary Supplement\", \"The Financial Times\", \"The Independent\", \"The Guardian\", and the \"Sunday Telegraph\" in Britain, for various German-language publications (\"Neue Zürcher Zeitung\", \"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung\", \"Die Zeit\", \"Süddeutsche Zeitung\", \"Financial Times Deutschland\", \"Berliner Zeitung\", \"Der Standard\", \"Die Tageszeitung\"), and for \"Vrij Nederland\" in the Netherlands, as well as for other magazines and journals, the BBC, and German radio stations. He currently hosts a live cultural programme, \"Von Tag zu Tag\", on station Ö1 on Austrian National Radio.\n", "Recently, Blom has written the libretto for an opera, \"Soliman\", a project with the composer Joost van Kerkhooven, and has provided translations for stage productions (\"The Producers\" for the Établissement Ronacher, and \"La Colombe\" for the Schönbrunn Theatre, Vienna).\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- In English\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Simmons Papers\", London : Faber and Faber, 1995,\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wines of Austria\", London : Faber and Faber, 2000,\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Have and to Hold: An intimate History of Collectors and Collecting\", Woodstock, NY : Overlook Press, 2003,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book That Changed the Course of History\", New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005,\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900-1914\", New York : Basic Books, 2008,\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Wicked Company: The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment\", New York : Basic Books, 2010,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fracture: Life and Culture in the West, 1918-1938\", 2015\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nature's Mutiny: How the Little Ice Age of the Long Seventeenth Century Transformed the West and Shaped the Present\", New York: Liveright Publishing, 2019,\n", "BULLET::::- In other languages\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die Simmons Papiere\", Berlin, Berlin Verlag, 1997,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Une histoire intime des collectionneurs\", Paris: Payot, 2010,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Der taumelnde Kontinent\", Europa 1900-1914, München: Hanser, 2009,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Encyclopédie: El triunfo de la razón en tiempos irracionales\", Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama, 2007,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Böse Philosophen ein Salon in Paris und das vergessene Erbe der Aufklärung\", München, Hanser, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Das vernünftige Ungeheuer: Diderot, d'Alembert, de Jaucourt und die Grosse Enzyklopädie\", Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn, 2005,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sammelwunder, Sammelwahn: Szenen aus der Geschichte einer Leidenschaft\", Frankfurt am Main, Eichborn, 2004,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Luxor\", Köln, Tisch 7, 2006,\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Philipp Blom's website\n", "BULLET::::- Reviews of \"To Have and To Hold\"\n", "BULLET::::- Review of \"Encyclopedie\", \"The Telegraph\", 8 August 2004\n", "BULLET::::- Review of \"The Vertigo Years\", \"The Guardian\" 13 September 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Link to Station Ö1 on Austrian National Radio\n", "BULLET::::- Philipp Blom at A M Heath & Co Literary Agents\n", "BULLET::::- On The Edge Adam Kirsch review of \"The Vertigo Years\" from \"The New York Review of Books\"\n", "BULLET::::- Review of \"Wicked Company\" in www.theglobaldispatches.com\n", "BULLET::::- Stories in which we believe, market, religion, science; lecture in Groningen (November 2012)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Garrett P. Serviss\n", "Garrett Putnam Serviss (March 24, 1851 – May 25, 1929) was an American astronomer, popularizer of astronomy, and early science fiction writer. Serviss was born in upstate New York and majored in science at Cornell University. He took a law degree at Columbia University but never worked as an attorney. Instead, in 1876 he joined the staff of \"The New York Sun\" newspaper, working as a journalist until 1892 under editor Charles Dana.\n", "Serviss showed a talent for explaining scientific details in a way that made them clear to the ordinary reader, leading Andrew Carnegie to invite him to deliver \"The Urania Lectures\" in 1894 on astronomy, cosmology, geology, and related matters. With Carnegie's financial backing, these lectures were illustrated with magic lantern slides and other effects to show eclipses, presumed lunar landscapes, and much else. Serviss toured the United States for over two years delivering these lectures, then settled down to become a popular speaker in the New York area. He also wrote a syndicated newspaper column devoted to astronomy and other sciences and wrote frequently for the leading magazines of the day.\n", "Serviss' favorite topic was astronomy, and of the fifteen books he wrote, eight are devoted to it. He unquestionably was more widely read by the public on that topic than anyone prior to his time. He worked with Max and Dave Fleischer on \"The Einstein Theory of Relativity\" (1923), a short silent film released in connection with one of Serviss' books. He also wrote six works of fiction in his lifetime, all of which would today be classified as science fiction. Five of these were novels, and one was a short story.\n", "In his private life, Serviss was an enthusiastic mountain climber. He described his reaching the summit of the Matterhorn at the age of 43 as part of an effort \"to get as far away from terrestrial gravity as possible.\" His son was the Olympic high jumper Garrett Serviss.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Scientific Popularizations\n", "BULLET::::- \"Astronomy Through an Opera Glass\", 1888\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pleasures of the Telescope\", 1901\n", "BULLET::::- \"Other Worlds: Their Nature, Possibilities and Habitability in the Light of the Latest Discoveries\", 1901\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Moon\", 1907\n", "BULLET::::- \"Astronomy With The Naked Eye\", 1908\n", "BULLET::::- \"Curiosities of the Sky\", 1909\n", "BULLET::::- \"Round the Year with the Stars\", 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Astronomy in a Nutshell\", 1912\n", "BULLET::::- Science Fiction\n", "BULLET::::- \"Edison's Conquest of Mars\", 1898 novel (written on commission from \"The Boston Post\" as a sequel to \"Fighters from Mars\", an un-authorized and heavily altered version of H. G. Wells' \"The War of the Worlds\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Moon Metal\", 1900 (short story)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Columbus of Space\", 1909 novel (dedicated to people who read Jules Verne and written in his style; first published in \"All-Story Weekly\" magazine in 1909; republished by G. W. Dilligham in 1974, by Hyperion Press)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sky Pirate\", 1909 novel (published in serialized form; published in book form by Pulpville Press, 2018)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Second Deluge\", 1911 novel\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Moon Maiden\", 1915 novel\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Aeneas Coffey\n", "Aeneas Coffey (1780–1839) was an Irish inventor and distiller.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Coffey was born in 1780. According to some sources he was born in Ireland most likely in Co. Dublin or Co. Wicklow. Some references refer to his birth in Calais, France, in 1780 to Irish parents. Coffey was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and entered the excise service around 1799–1800 as a gauger. He married Susanna Logie in 1808, and they had three sons over the next eight years: Aeneas, William and Philip.\n", "Section::::Customs and excise officer.\n", "According to British customs and excise records, Coffey was a remarkable man with widespread interests and multiple talents who rose quickly through the excise service ranks. He was appointed sub-commissioner of Inland Excise and Taxes for the district of Drogheda in 1813. He was appointed Surveyor of Excise for Clonmel and Wicklow in 1815. In 1816 he was promoted to the same post at Cork. By 1818 he was Acting Inspector General of Excise for the whole of Ireland and within two years was promoted to Inspector General of Excise in Dublin, Ireland.\n", "He was a strong, determined upholder of the law, but aware of its shortcomings. He survived many nasty skirmishes with illegal distillers and smugglers, particularly in County Donegal in Ulster and in the west of Ireland, where moonshining was most rife. On several occasions he proposed to the government simple, pragmatic solutions to rules and regulations which had hampered legal distillers. Not all of his ideas were accepted. Between 1820 and 1824 he submitted reports and gave evidence to Parliamentary Commissions of Inquiry on many aspects of distilling, including formalising the different spellings of Irish whiskey and Scotch whisky. His 1822 report was solidly backed by the Irish distillers. He believed in making it viable to distill legally, and illegal distilling might largely disappear.\n", "He assisted the government in the drafting of the 1823 Excise Act which made it easier to distill legally. It sanctioned the distilling of whiskey in return for a licence fee of £10, and a set payment per gallon of proof spirit. It also provided for the appointment of a single Board of Excise, under Treasury control, for the whole of the United Kingdom, replacing the separate excise boards for England, Scotland and Ireland. The 1823 Excise Act also provided for not more than four assistant commissioners of excise to transact current business in Scotland and Ireland, under the control of the board in London.\n", "Aeneas Coffey resigned from government excise service at his own request in 1824.\n", "Section::::Inventor.\n", "Between his Dublin education and his work as an excise officer, Aeneas Coffey had ample opportunity to observe the design and workings of whiskey stills, as Ireland was the world's leading producer of whiskey in the 19th century, and Dublin was at the centre of that global industry. This was how Coffey became familiar with a design differing from the traditional copper pot alembic still commonly used in Ireland, the continuous, or column, still. First patented by a Cork County distillery in 1822, the column still remained a relatively inefficient piece of equipment, although it pointed the way towards a cheaper and more productive way to distill alcohol. It was that last point that captured Coffey's imagination. He made his own modifications to existing column still designs, so as to allow a greater portion of the vapours to re-circulate into the still instead of moving into the receiver with the spirit. The result was more efficient, producing a lighter spirit at higher alcohol content. Coffey patented his design in 1830, and it became the basis for every column still used ever since.\n", "His column still became widely popular in Scotland and the rest of the world outside Ireland, where it is known as the \"Coffey still\" or \"Patent Still\". Early Coffey stills produced spirits of about 60% or somewhat higher alcohol by volume concentration but still offered its operators outstanding advantages; its fuel costs were low, its output high (2000 gallons a day of pure alcohol was a good average, it needed less maintenance and cleaning than pot stills and because the still was steam-heated, there was no risk whatsoever of scorching, saving labour costs and distillation down time. Modern versions of the Coffey still can achieve much higher alcohol concentrations, approaching 95.6% alcohol. As alcohol forms an azeotrope with water at this concentration, it is impossible to achieve higher purity alcohol by distillation alone. The Irish distilling industry generally did not take up the Coffey still, but big urban distilleries in Scotland took it on for scotch, and in England it was taken on by the gin distilleries.\n", "Section::::Distiller.\n", "On his retirement from service, Aeneas Coffey went into the Irish distilling business. For a short time he ran the Dodder Bank Distillery, Dublin and Dock Distillery in Grand Canal Street, Dublin, before setting up on his own as Aeneas Coffey Whiskey Company in 1830. The development of the Coffey still made distillation of his own whiskey much more economical.\n", "Section::::Later years.\n", "Nothing is known of the final years and last resting place of Aeneas Coffey. His eldest son, also called Aeneas Coffey, emigrated to South Africa and managed a distillery. Aeneas Coffey junior married but his wife died childless. He returned to England and spent his final years near London.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "It is impossible to overestimate Aeneas Coffey's importance in the history of distilling. Analogies between industries are hard to make, but one can safely call him the 'Henry Ford of distilling', the 'father of Irish whiskey' or the 'man who put the 'e' into whiskey'. Just as Ford came from Irish stock but made his name, fame and fortune in America, so Aeneas Coffey was an Irishman whose invention changed the world.\n", "Aeneas Coffey's contribution to the mechanisation of alcohol production is immense and his invention can be found today in almost every country on earth.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Ó Cobhthaigh – Gaelic-Irish surname now generally Anglicised as Coffey or Coffee\n", "BULLET::::- List of inventions named after people\n", "BULLET::::- List of alumni of the University of Dublin\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Howard Wyeth\n", "Howard Pyle Wyeth (April 22, 1944 – March 27, 1996), also known as Howie Wyeth, was an American drummer and pianist. Wyeth is remembered for work with the saxophonist James Moody, the rockabilly singer Robert Gordon, the electric guitarist Link Wray, the rhythm and blues singer Don Covay, and the folk singer Christine Lavin. Best known as a drummer for Bob Dylan, he was a member of the Wyeth family of American artists.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Wyeth was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. His mother Caroline Pyle, Howard Pyle’s niece, was interested in the Wyeth family, flirted with some of them, and married Nathaniel C. Wyeth. He had four brothers, John, David, N. Convers, and Andrew, and one sister, Melinda who died very young. A fifth brother (the oldest), Newell died with his grandfather in 1945 when their car stalled on a railroad crossing near their home and they were struck by a milk train. Wyeth married once, to Rona Morrow, and later divorced. Catherine Wheeler was his partner for seventeen years, from his mid-thirties on.\n", "The Wyeths are a family of visual artists and, earlier, illustrators who lived and worked together in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. Including the Hurds and the McCoys, at least eleven artists are among the family and in-laws. Wyeth was the namesake of his great-uncle Howard Pyle (1853–1911), the artist and illustrator for \"Harper's Weekly\" and the author of \"The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood\" and four volumes of children's stories about King Arthur. His grandfather N. C. Wyeth was a student of Howard Pyle and a prominent illustrator of children's books for Charles Scribner's Sons. His grandmother Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle was an illustrator of children for \"The Saturday Evening Post\" who married Walter Pyle, Howard's younger brother. He was the nephew of the painters Andrew Wyeth, Henriette Wyeth and Carolyn Wyeth.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Wyeth was the son of music lovers—his father enjoyed playing ragtime. He learned drums by age 4 and soon on a piano could repeat songs he had heard. He attended the Wilmington Friends School where his music teacher helped him decide to be a musician. Fats Waller was Wyeth's greatest influence, leading him to learn stride piano and music theory. He studied percussion with Alan Abel of the Philadelphia Orchestra, and received a bachelor's in music at Syracuse University in 1966.\n", "Wyeth played at various times in the bands the Dogs and the Worms after moving to New York City in 1969. In 1972 on a solo album by John Herald co-produced by Bob Neuwirth for Paramount, Wyeth played with Amos Garret, Steven Soles, Ned Albright and Rob Stoner.\n", "Section::::\"Desire\".\n", "Stoner brought Wyeth to drum on \"Desire\" in July 1975, a decision that satisfied Dylan who said, \"Your drummer sounds great, it sounds great.\" The songs were co-written with Jacques Levy, and the personnel were Dylan (vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano), Vinnie Bell (bouzouki), Scarlet Rivera (violin), Dom Cortese (accordion), Stoner (bass, background vocals), Wyeth (drums), Luther Rix (congas), and Emmylou Harris, Ronee Blakley and Soles (background vocals). In September 1975, a few months before the album release in January, Dylan, with Rivera on violin, Stoner on bass and Wyeth on drums, performed \"Hurricane\", \"Oh, Sister\" and \"Simple Twist of Fate\" for the PBS tribute to John Hammond recorded at the WTTW television studios in Chicago.\n", "The group found themselves with a Billboard No. 1 pop album, the last Dylan effort to reach that mark for thirty years until 2006 when he released \"Modern Times\". Robert Christgau who distrusted the project thought the song \"Joey\" was \"deceitful bathos,\" and Dave Marsh called \"Joey\" \"elitist sophistry\" and \"contemptible,\" but \"Rolling Stone\" counted \"Desire\" the 174th greatest album of all time. \"Desire\" eventually reached RIAA multi-platinum, selling over two million copies before its re-release in 2003.\n", "The project is remembered for its \"loose and swirling\" sound and the songs \"Hurricane\", \"Isis\", \"One More Cup of Coffee (Valley Below)\", \"Oh, Sister\", \"Black Diamond Bay\" and \"Sara\". Sony credited Wyeth as an accompanist with an \"uncannily sympathetic ear.\" Larry Sloman called his drumming \"ethereal.\" \"Billboard\" said Stoner and Wyeth were one of the strongest rhythm sections in music.\n", "Section::::Rolling Thunder Revue.\n", "Dylan, Levy and Neuwirth conceived the Rolling Thunder Revue in New York in 1975. The revue toured the United States during the end of 1975 and first half of 1976, and at two of those shows recorded the live album \"Hard Rain\" released in 1976. They are the musical performers in the \"Hard Rain\" documentary by TVTV shown on NBC in 1976, and in the film Renaldo and Clara released in 1978. About one hundred people traveled including supporting personnel. The recording artists were Dylan and Joan Baez (vocal & guitar), Blakley (vocal), Gary Burke (drums), T-Bone Burnett (guitar), David Mansfield (steel-guitar, mandolin, violin, dobro), Roger McGuinn (guitar, vocal), Neuwirth (guitar, vocal), Rivera (violin), Rix (drums, percussion, congas), Mick Ronson (guitar), Soles (guitar, vocal), Stoner (bass) and Wyeth (piano, drums).\n", "Joni Mitchell, who flew in to sing for one show, nearly left, but when she told Wyeth goodbye, he was hurt, \"And I suddenly realized, more than anybody Wyeth's reaction was so heartfelt, his expression of it was so open. Like it's just his soul is so beautiful. And I stayed.\"\n", "Isaac Hayes, Richie Havens, Carlos Santana, Ringo Starr, Stephen Stills and Stevie Wonder joined the band, who named themselves Guam, for a show in Houston. With bad acoustics and the Astrodome only half full it was a \"monumental flop.\" According to Wyeth the newcomers brought their own bands, \"They weren't doing it the way we'd been doing it. We lost the whole togetherness thing.\"\n", "In pouring rain, the \"Hard Rain\" recordings for television and most of the live album were made outdoors at Colorado State University's Hughes Stadium in 1976 at Fort Collins, Colorado. The show was \"triumphant\" and well received, one reviewer calling \"Idiot Wind\" the \"most passionate and emotional live performance\" Dylan had ever made. Stoner said, \"everybody is playing and singing for their lives, and that is the spirit that you hear on that record.\" Due to low ticket sales, the Rolling Thunder Revue ended two days later in Salt Lake, Wyeth's final concert with Dylan and this band.\n", "Section::::Later years.\n", "McGuinn loved the tour and turned to the studio with Mansfield, Ronson, Stoner and Wyeth to record \"Cardiff Rose\". Burke, Burnett, McGuinn, Ronson, Soles and Wyeth are among the cast of thirty five musicians who recorded \"Lasso from El Paso\" for Kinky Friedman who was a guest artist in the revue. Sony continues to release Dylan's music so the Rolling Thunder Revue artists are credited long after they disbanded. Their work is in \"Masterpieces\" (1978), \"The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961-1991\" (1991), \"Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3\" (1994), \"Best of Bob Dylan\" (1997), \"\" (2002), and \"Desire\" (remastered 2003).\n", "Wyeth recorded four albums with Gordon, as well as albums with Don McLean, Leslie West and Moody. He is the drummer on Lavin's \"Attainable Love\" released by Philo in 1990 and the pianist on \"Warmer Days\", a song written by John Popper on the 1990 A&M album \"Blues Traveler\". Later he led his own groups on piano, playing ragtime, blues and early jazz.\n", "\"Chadds Ford Getaway\" was Wyeth's one solo recording of ragtime and stride piano. It was remastered by Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound and released as a two-CD set in 2003 by Stand Clear Music. Among the fifteen medleys are lesser-known works alongside \"Ain't Misbehavin'\", made famous by Fats Waller, and Scott Joplin's \"Maple Leaf Rag\".\n", "Mansfield and Wyeth played on Chris Harford's Elektra album \"Be Headed\" in 1992 with a host of others. After Wyeth's death, Harford released a piano instrumental \"Ode to Howie Wyeth\".\n", "Also that year, Wyeth played drums on Fishermen's Stew's 7\" single release of \"Small Life, Hollow Roads, and Fairy Tales\" b/w \"Fine\" released on Berlin's Twang! Records in 1993.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Wyeth died of cardiac arrest at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan on March 27, 1996. He was 51.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5921302", "wikidata_label": "Howard Wyeth", "wikipedia_title": "Howard Wyeth" }