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denkwrdigerundn38weidgoog_33	German-PD	Public Domain	Derfelbe wurde, nad altem Herfommen, in folgender Weile aus⸗ geführt : : Bei der Strophe: Nimm den Becher, Wackrer Zecher, Baterlänb’fchen Trankes voll! Nimm ben Schläger in die Linke, Bohr ihn durch ben Hut und trinke Auf bes VBaterlandes Wohlt nahmen die Präfivivenden die Schläger in bie Linfe und fließen an, Die Uebrigen erhaben fich, ſtießen mit ihrem Gegenüber an, und e6 wurde alsdann gefungen : Seht ihn blinken Sn der Linken Diefen Schläger, nie entweiht! Ich durchbohr' den Hut und ſchwoͤre, Halten will ih ſtets auf Ehre, Stets ein braver Burſche fein! Bei den Worten: „Ich duschbohr’ den Hut!“ durchbohrten bie Präfivirenden die Mügen der Gegenüberfiehenden. Nachdem bie 768 Sonn, Mützen durchſtochen waren, fpielte die Duff eine andere Melo⸗ die, die Präfidirenden bededien der Reihe nach rüdwärts gehend jedesmal bei den Worten: „So nimm ihn hin !” das Haupt der Gegenüberfiehenden. Darauf legten fie die Schläger gefrenzt auf die Mügen und reichten die Rechte dem, ber fie bevedt hatte, fo daß die Hände und die Schläger kreuzweiſe über einander lagen. Und man hörte fein angeriffenes altes Haus dazwiſchen fingen : Ä Herrſcher über bie Philiſter, Komm, vernidt’ „bie Pumpregifter, Daß ich von bier reifen kann.“ Hierauf folgte das Lied: „O alte Burſchenherrlichkeit!“ und ber officielle Schlußfalamander. Diefes Lied, das in ben meiflen Herzen bald frohe, bald wehmütbige Erinnerungen wach rief und auch bei dem allgemeinen Sommers großen Anflang fand, mag bier folgen: 2 O alte Burſchenherrlichkeit, Da ſchreibt mit finfterm Angeſicht Wohin bift bu verſchwunden ? Der Eine Relationen, Nie kehrſt bu wieder, golbne. Zeit, Der Audre feufzt bei'm Unterricht, So frob, fo ungebunbden ! Und ber macht ecenfionen, Vergeben fpähe ich umher, Der ſchilt die fünb’ge Seele aus, SH finde beine Spur nicht mehr. Unb ber flidt ihr verfal('ned Haus, O jerum, jarum, jerum \| O jerum, jarum, etc. Qualis mutatio rerum \| Allein das rechte Burfchenherz Den Burfchenbut bebedit der Staub, Kann nimmermehr erlalten; Es ſank ber Flaus in Trümmer, Im Ernfle wird, wie bier im Scherz, Der Schläger warb bed Noftes Raub, Der rechte Sinn field walten; Erblichen ift fein Schimmer, Die alte Schale nur if fem, Verflungen ber Gommersgefang, Geblieben iſt uns doch ber Kern, Verhallt Rapier⸗ und Sporenklang. Und ben laßt feſt uns halten! O jerum, jarum, etc. O jerum, jarum, etc. Wo find fie, bie vom breiten Stein Drum, Freunde! reichet euch bie Hand, Nicht wanften und nicht wichen, Damit es fi erneue Die ohne Moos bei Scherz und Wein Der alten Freundſchaft heil'ges Band, Den Herrn der Erde glichen ? Das alte Band ber Treue. Sie zogen mit gefenftem Blid Klingt an und hebt die Gläſer hoch, In das Philifterland zurüd, Die alten Burſchen leben noch, O jerum, jarum, etc. Noch lebt bie alte Treuel — Ö jerum, jarum, etc. Die neut Ünibersität, 769 Aber ‚Hiermit Töfte fih auch ber Commers in allgemeine Heiterkeit auf. Der gute Wein, von ber Mofel direct bezogen, das Wieberfehen, das Begrüßen der zahlreichen Freunde ıc. widerftrebten dem firengen Comment, und es gelang dem Präfiden« ten nicht, die Ordnung aufrechtzuerhalten oder gar fie wiederhers zuſtellen. Diefer Commers war von den „alten Herrn”, die in Bonn wohnten und überhaupt einmal irgendwo einem Corps angehört Hatten, arrangirt worden. Der SeniorensEonyent der 6 Bonner Corps hatte fih auf erfolgte Einladung dem Commers angefchloffen. . Das Fer verlief im fhönflen Frieden, und ein Jeder verließ daſſelbe in freudig erhöhter Stimmung. Ueberhaupt iR anerlennend zu erwähnen, daß alle Beftlichfeiten in größter Eintracht der in den verfchiedenften Farben geſchmückten Corps und Verbindungsſtudenten verlief; auch die Ankündigung eines rheiniſchen Juriften, ber fein graues Haupt ben Gefahren eines legten Jubelduells ausjegen wollte, fand nur als Scherz viels fahen Anklang, aber feine Realifirung. Hiernach if die Mits theilung irgend einer rheiniſchen Zeitung, als habe ein trierifcher Landgerichtsaffeffor einen Jubelſchmiß davongetragen, zu berichtigen. \| Das Geläute der Soden. und Böllerfchüffe verfündeten in ber Frühe des 2. Auguſt den Anbruch des erſten Feſttages, und wurde bie eigentlihe Jubelfeier Morgens 8 Upr in der fehlich geſchmückten Münferfiche durch ein folennes, von dem Herrn Erzbiſchof von Köln celebrirtes Pontificalamt begonnen ; der Herr Weihbiſchof wohnte demfelben in Ornat bei, der Dompropfl Münden war Affitent, die Domherren Halm und Kleinheidt Ehrendiakonen. Nah dem Evangelium hielt der erfie Univerfitäte« prediger Prof, Roth die Predigt. Nach Beendigung berfelben. richtete dee Herr Erzbifchof eine furze, herzliche Aurede an die Berfammlung, worin er die Wichtigkeit der Wiffenfhaft für das Reben, das Verhältniß der Univerſitäten zur Kirche und die Bes drutung der Bonner Univerfität für die Erzdiöcefe beſprach. Nach Beendigung des Hochamts ſtimmte der Herr Erzbifchof das Tes deum an. Der Gottesdienft für die evangelifchen Feſtgenoſſen begann um 9 Uhr in der evangelifchen Kirche ; Herr Conſiſtorial⸗ Rath Brofeffor Dr. Kraft hielt die Fefipredigt, an welche ſich ein Nhein, Antiquarind 3. Abth. 14. Bb. 49 770 Sonn. von Heren Conſiſtorial⸗Rath, Profeſſor Dr. Range verfaßtes all- gemeines Dankgebet anfchloß. An den Gottesdienſt reihte fih um 14 Uhr der Empfang ber zu dem Jubelfeſte gefandten Deputationen, welde fih zum Theil Schon Abends vorher in der Wohnung bes Rectors der Univerfität, Profeſſors von Sybel, zu einer vorläufigen Befprechung eingefunden hatten. Diefer Empfang fand im Senatsſaale der Univerfität Statt, in weldem für den Recior ain eigenes, blau drapirtes Ratheber angebracht war. Schon vor. der bes ſtimmten Stunde des Empfanges hatten fih diejenigen, welchen Zutritt zu dem feierlichen Acte gewährt worden war, im Senats⸗ ſaale eingefunden und einen Theil deſſelben gefühlt, während die verfchiebenen- Mitglieder der Depuiationen in den Borgemädern fih in leichter Unterhaltung bewegten. Zur feflgefegten Zeit ers fehlen nunmehr der Recior der Univerfität in feiner mit Gold» ſtickerei verzierten Scharlachrobe 5 ihm voraus fchritten zwei Unis verfitätgsPebelle in langen, ſchwarzen Gewändern, die filbernen Scepter im Arme tragend. Dem Herrn Rector folgten die Bers treter der vier Facultäten, gleichfalls in Amrstracht : zuerſt bie theologische Farultät in ganz ſchwarzen Roben, dann bie Juriſten in ſchwarzen Roben mit violetten Auffchlägen, die Mediciner mit feuerrotpen und bie Philofophen mit Iilafarbenen Auffchlägen. Hieran reihten ſich ‘Die verſchiedenen Deputationen, zum Theil in reisher Gala-Uniform, und fteflten fi, während der Rector feinen Sig einnahm und bie beiden Pedelle zu feiner Rechten und Linken Doro fißten, im Halbfreife vor demfelben auf. Der Rector ers öffnete hierauf ven feierlichen Act durch eine Anſprache, welche etwa folgendermaßen lautete: „Indem ich meine Freude aus⸗ drüde über das zahlreiche Erſcheinen der Deputationen zu dem heute beginnenden Jubilaͤum dev Rheiniſchen Friedrich⸗Wilhelms⸗Uni⸗ verſität, heiße ich Sie, verehrte Feſtgenoſſen, herzlich willkommen. Wir feiern ein Feſt der Erinnerung und Hoffnung; nur wer feiner Vergangenheit freudig gebenfen darf, iſt einer bedeutenden Zukunft würdig. So gedenten wir alfo vor Allem des eruſten, einfichtigen, wohlwollenden Fürften, bes erhabenen Grünberg dies fer Univerfität, des in Bott ruhenden Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IIL Bie neue Mnibersität. 771 Er hat diefe Univerfität ins Leben gerufen auf rheinifchem Boden, ein Werk des preußifhen Staates zum Dienfe des beutfchen Geiſtes. Sie fol demnach die charakteriſtiſchen Tugenden des preußifchen Staates: Arbeitskraft und Ordnungsfinn, eniwideln, jo daß das Auge des Auslandes auch in den folgenden Zeiten auf ihr, als auf einem Ausfluffe des deutſchen Wefens, ruhen fönne. Daß Sie, verehrte Feſtgenoſſen, dieſes unfer Streben durch ihre heutige Gegenwart anerkennen, das iſt ber rechte Schmud, das ift-für und das wahre Kleinod des Feed, das wirb für und eine unvergängliche Erinnerung fein. Noch einmal heiße ih Sie im Namen ber Rheinischen Friedrich⸗ Wilhelms⸗Univerſität willfommen !“ Die Reihe der Glückwuͤnſchenden eröffnete: der Minifter ber geiſtlichen 20. Angelegenheiten, Hr. von Muͤhler, der etwa Fol⸗ geudes ſprach: Er hoffe, dag ber Geiſt, ber ſeit 80 Jahren hier gewirkt, auch fernerhin wirken und gedeihen möge, und gedachte fodann der großen Reihe von Todten, welche ber hiefigen Unis verfität einft angehört und ihr zur Zierde gereicht haͤtlen; ein fchönerer Ehrenkranz als. derjenige des. großen Geiſtes diefer Heimgegangenen fet der Hochſchule nicht zu bieten. Die Hoffnung zum Fünftigen Fortgedeihen diefer Hochfchule müſſe man auf die Gnade Gottes und auf das preußifhe Konigshaus gründen ; im Bertrauen auf diefe Burgſchaften moͤge die Hochſchule in eine neue Aera eintreten, noch recht oft bie erhabene Feier begehen und reiche Epren.gewinnen. Herr Rector von Spbel dankte und ers widerte etwa Folgendes: Er wiſſe, wie Alles von der göttlichen Kraft komme; unter ihrem Schug und dem Scuße des hohen Königshaufes wolle ſich die Hochſchule bemühen,. den von ihr ges hegten Erwartungen nachzukommen. Die Univerfität fei unmit telbar nad der Zurüderoberung aus ber Fremdherrſchaft ent- fanden, und dies fei das fchönfte Band’, das zwifchen ihr und dem preußifchen Herrfcherhaufe hätte geknüpft werden können, Die Hochſchule fei ſtolz, der Aufgabe zu dienen, die Stärke des Staates auf die Bildung bes Geiſtes zu gründen, In diefem Sinne möge fie fortarbeiten, im Sinne für Recht und Wiffen- Schaft, Anhänglichleit an das Herrfcherhaus und deutfche Sitte. 49 * 172 Yo. Es folgten bie andern Deputationen in dee nacdhbezeichneten Reihenfolge: Die Akademie zu Poppelsborf, bie verfchiebenen deutſchen Yiniverfitäten, die Afademie der Wiflenichaften zu Ber- lin, die Stubirenden ber Philologie zu Bonn, das Provinzials Schulcollegium zu Coblenz, vertreten durch die Geheimräthe Landfermann und Lucas, die zugleich folgende Adreſſe überreichten : „Ein halbes Jahrhundert iſt vorübergegangen , feit der in Gott ruhende König in der Rheinifchen Friedrich⸗ Wilhelms⸗Univerſität eine Hochſchule fchuf, wie fie in ſolchem Umfange und. in folder Univerfalität wiffenfchaftliher Aufgaben unfere wefllichen Lande noch nie befeflen harten. Deuticher Geiſt und deutſche Wiffen- fchaft follten nach der Abficht des erlauchten Gründers in ben glorreih wieder gewonnenen Landen wieder eine Stätie treuer und fräftiger Pflege finden und von diefem Mittelpunkt aus weit bin fegnend fi verbreiten. Und nun iR Deutichland fünfzig Jahre hindurch freudig Zeuge geweien, wie bie Rheinijche Unis verfität. Durch ihre Arbeit dem hohen Zwed ihrer Stiftung nach⸗ gefommen if. Auch uns, dem Rheinifhen Provinzial-Schuls Collegium find aus dieſer Arbeit veiche Früchte erwachſen ! Den LehrsAnftalten, deren Pflege und anvertraut if, bat die Univer- fität Bonn für alle Zweige böhern Unterrichts zahlreiche Lehrer audgebilbet und fo mit immer fleigendem Erfolge dem Mangel an wirklich befähigten Schulmänuern gefleuert,, ‚den die Lehr⸗ anftalten der weſtlichen Provinzen vor fünfzig Jahren bei ihrer Wiederherfiellung aus Tangem Berfall oder ihrer Neugründung fo fchmerzlich zu empfinden hatten. Und der Wirffamfeit Diefer Anftalten und ihrer Lehrer einen feften Boden der Werthſchätzung und Anerfennung in der Bevölkerung diefer Provinzen wieder zu bereiten, hat fünfzig Jahre hindurdy die Anregung mächtig bei» getragen, welche auf alle Gebiete geifiigen Lebens von der Rhei⸗ nifchen Univerſität ausfirömten. So bliden denn, wie fo viele von allen Seiten, auch wir mit danfbarer Freude auf den Ent- fhlug und die That des Königlichen Gründers und auf die fünfs zigfährige Arbeit ber Rheinifchen Friedrich⸗Wilhelms⸗Univerſität zurüd und bringen Ihr zu Ihrem Jubelfeſte den wärmſten Wunſch bar, daß Sie unter Gottes Segen durch lauge Jahrhunderte ie neue Wnibersität, 773 in frifcher junger Kraft fortwirfe- und als eine flarfe Geiſtes⸗ wacht am Rhein unerfchüttert beſtehe. Coblenz, den 1. Auguſt 1868. Hieran ſchloß fich der Ober-Bürgermeifter der Stadt Bonn, deſſen feurige und von DBegeifterung getragene Rede deshalb wörtlich hier folge, weil fie ein fprechendes Zeugniß des guten Einvernehmens zwifchen der Univerfität und den Bürgern ber Fefiſtadt ablegt, deren Gefinnung fie getreu wieberfpiegelt : „Wenn die Anweſenheit fo zahlreiher und in vielfacdher Be⸗ ziebung hervorragender Zeugen bei bem heutigen Fee in er- freulicher Weife bekundet, wie die hohe Bedeutung beffelben in den weiteften reifen verfianden und anerfannt wird, fo fühlen fih gewiß vor Allem bie Vertreter der Gemeinde gedrungen, ihre aufrichtigfte Theilnahme auszufprechen, in deren Mauern die Alma mater Rhenana das erſte halbe Säculum erlebt bat. 172 Jonn. Es folgten die andern Deputationen in der nachbezeichneten Reihenfolge: Die Akademie zu Poppelsdorf, die verſchiedenen deutſchen Univerſitaͤten, die Akademie der Wiſſenſchaften zu Ber⸗ lin, die Studirenden ber Philologie zu Bonn, das Provinzial⸗ Schulcollegium zu Coblenz, vertreten durch die Geheimräthe Lanbfermann und Lucas, die zugleich folgende Adreſſe überreichten : „Ein halbes Jahrhundert it vorübergegangen , feit der in Gott ruhende König in der Rheinischen Friedrich⸗ Wilhelms⸗Univerſität eine Hochſchule ſchuf, wie fie in ſolchem Umfange und. in folder Univerſalität wiffenfchaftlicher Aufgaben unfere weſtlichen Lande noch nie befeffen harten. Deutfcher Geiſt und beutfche Wiflens haft follten nach der Abficht des erlauchten Gründers in ben glorreich wieder gewonnenen Landen wieder eine Stätte treuer und fräftiger Pflege finden und von diefem Mittelpunkt aus weit- bin fegnend ſich verbreiten. Und nun ift Deutfchland fünfzig Jahre hindurch freudig Zeuge geweien, wie bie Rheiniſche Unis verfität. Durch ihre Arbeit dem hohen Zwed ihrer Stiftung nach⸗ gefommen if. Auch und, dem Rheiniſchen Provinzial⸗Schul⸗ Collegium find aus diefer Arbeit reiche Früchte erwacfen! Den LehrsAnflalten, deren Pflege und anvertraut ift, hat die Univer⸗ ſität Bonn für alle Zweige böhern Unterrichts zahlreiche Lehrer ausgebildet und fo mit immer fleigendem Erfolge dem Mangel an wirklich befähigten Echulmännern geflenert,, ‚den die Lehr⸗ anfalten der weftlihen Provinzen vor fünfzig Jahren bei ihrer Wiederherfiellung aus Tangem Berfall oder ihrer Neugründung fo fchmerzlich zu empfinden hatten. Und der Wirkfamfeit dieſer Anftaiten und ihrer Lehrer einen feften Boden der Werthſchaͤtzung und Anerfennung in der Bendlferung dieſer Provinzen wieder zu bereiten, bar fünfzig Fahre hindurch Die Anregung mächtig beis getragen, welche auf alle Gebiete geiftigen Tebens von der Rhei⸗ nifchen Univerſität ausftrömten. So bliden benn, wie fo viele von allen Seiten, auch wir mit danfbarer Freude auf den Ent- flug und die That des Königlichen Gründer und auf bie fünfs zigfährige Arbeit bev Rheiniſchen Friedrich Wilhelme-Univerfität zurüd und bringen Ihr zu Ihrem Qubelfefte den wärmften Wunſch bar, daß Sie unter Gotted Segen durch lauge Jahrhunderte Dir neue Unibersität. 773 in friſcher junger Kraft fortwirfe- und als eine flarfe Geiſtes⸗ wacht am Rhein unerfchüttert beſtehe. Coblenz, den 1. Auguft 1868. Hieran ſchloß füh der ObersBürgermeifter der Stadt Bonn, defien feurige und von Begeifterung getragene Rede deshalb wörtlich bier folge, weil fie ein fprechendes Zeugniß des guten Einvernehmens zwifhen ber Univerfität und den Bürgern der Feftſtadt ablegt, deren Gefinnung fie getreu wieberfpiegelt : „Wenn die Anmwefenheit fo zahlreicher und in vielfadher Bes ziehung hervorragender Zeugen bei bem ‚heutigen Feſte in er: freuficher Weife bekundet, wie die hohe Bedeutung beffelben in den weiteſten Kreifen verflanden und anerkannt wird, fo fühlen fih gewiß vor Allem die Vertreter ber Gemeinde gebrungen, ihre aufrichtigfte Theilnahme audzufprehen, in deren Mauern bie Alma mater Rhenana das erjte halbe Säculum erlebt bat. 1774 Bonn. Was am Ende bes vorigen Jahrhunderts der Teste ber beutfchen Fürften diefes rheinifchen Landes erdacht und ausgeführt hatte, bie Srünbung einer Univerfität in Bonn, das zerflörte in wenigen Zagen bie eiferne Fremdherrſchaft. Der Weisheit aber des ers fien Könige aus dem Haufe Hohenzollern , der die Rheinlande mit der Krone Preußen vereinigte, war e6 vorbehalten, an ber Stätte, wo einft die Römer ihre Lager aufgefchlagen, eine neue See zu errichten, die mit friedlichen Waffen die Herrfihaft deuts fhen Geiftes und deutſcher Wiſſenſchaft in den Brenzmarfen bes Baterlandes gründen und behaupten’ follte. Und wo fonnte dafür eine paflendere Stelle gefunden werben, als hier, an dem .Ufer des Rheines, des fhönften Stromes der Welt, an bem ehrwür⸗ digen Herde aller deutſchen Eultur. Nicht umfonf rief daher der erfie Hector der neuen Hochſchule der deutſchen Jugend zu: t »In- troite, juvenes, invitat vos Rhenus pater, salutant jugis cae- ruleis septem montes, totaque almoenissima et saluberrima regio !«: Bald’ verfammelten ſich hier zahlreich nicht allein die Söhne der nahen Rheinlande, auch aus den weiteſten Gauen des deutſchen Vaterlandes eilten ſie freudig herbei, um aus der friſch ſprudelnden Duelle der Wiſſenſchaft Weisheit und Bildung zu fhöpfen. War es Ahnung- der großen deutſchen Zukunft unferes preußifchen Vaterlandes, oder war es Vorliebe für die neue Schöpfung , daß fo viele Fönigliche Söhne unferes neuen Herrſcherhauſes an der rheiniſchen Hochſchule ihre Bildung voll⸗ endeten, baß fie hier mit ber lebhaften und. frifchen Empfäng- Tichfeit der Jugend echtes und unverfälichtes deutſches Volksleben mitfühlen und mitleben lernten? Der königliche Prinz, der bes rufen if, einf die Krone feiner Väter zu tragen, er hat hier das alte Frankenland erfannt und liebgewonnen, deffen Beftg einſt den nächſten Anfpruch auf die deutſche Kaiſerkrone gegeben hat. — Mit aufrihtigem Danke fehen daher heute die Vertreter dieſer Stadt auf den. Zeitraum zuräd, beffen Vollendung wir feiern. Wer jeut das ſchoͤne Bonn in ungeahnter Blüthe und frifchem Wachsthume fehaut, dem wird es fchwer fallen, in diefem. freund» lichen Bilde die ernfien Züge wieberzuerfennen, die eine vorüber gehende Fremdherrſchaft ihm aufgedrüdt. Der feurige Geiſt der Die neue Ünibersität. 773 Wiffenfchaft hat die alten Mauern, die unfere Stadt beengten, geiprengt und das Gras vertilgt, das in ben verödeten Straßen wuchs. Das beicheidene Haus bes beutichen Sängers, dem wir am Rhein ein Standbild von Erz errichtet haben, ſteht nicht mehr einſam ald Grenzmarke der Gemeinde da, es if ringe umgeben von einem reichen Kranze von ſchoͤnen Häufern, Billen und Bärs ten, bie das hohe Ufer des Rheines fhmüden. An allen Enden der Stadt wachfen neue Straßen empor , und in unmittelbarer friedlicher Nähe erheben fih neue Tempel der verfchiebenen chriſt⸗ lichen Bekenntniſſe zum Lobe und zur Ehre Gottes. Das alles baufen wir zum größten Theile der Blüthe unferer Univerfität, die wir mit den wärmflen und innigflen Wünfchen in den neuen Zeitabfchnitt ihres fernern fegensvollen Wirkens begleiten. Mö- gen die Zuneigung unferer Landesherren und bie Liebe der deut⸗ ſchen Jugend ihr auch ferner in demfelben Maße erhalten bleiben wie bisher, damit das fchöne Bonn auch noch in fpäten Tagen fommender Geſchlechter in immer ungetrübtem Glanze erfirahle als die Metropole bes geiftigen Lebens am Rheine, — Zur daus renden Erinnerung an die heutige Feier und um ein Zeugniß zu geben von der hohen Bedeutung, welde für die Stadt Bonn darin liegt, ber ‚Sig diefer Hochſchule zu fein, haben die Stadt⸗ verorbneten auf meinen Antrag die Gründung einer Stubienflif- tung befchloffen, die fährtich in zwei Theilen von fe fünfzig Tha⸗ fern nach dem freien Ermeflen der Univerfitäts-Behörden zur Berwendung fonmen ſoll. Geftatten mir Ew. Magnificenz, bie Urkunde diefer Stiftung hiermit ergebenft zu überreichen und bas mit den Ausdruck der aufrichtigften Glückwünſche zu verbinden, Die wir Ew. Magnificenz und dem hohen Senate ber RhHeinifchen Sriedrih-Wilhelms-Univerfität zu deren Jubelfeſte dankbar und hochachtungsvoll barbieten.” An diefe Rede des Herrn ObersBürgermeifters fchloffen fi noch die Begrüßungen des Landrathes des Kreifes Bonn, des Eommandeurs des in Bonn garnifonirenden 7. (Königs⸗) Huſa⸗ ren⸗Regiments, bes Berghauptmannd Braſſert im Namen des Handelsminiflers und des ObersBergamtes und bes Herrn Öbers Bürgermeiſters Bachem von Eöln im Namen der anwefenden 776 Bonn. Bertreter rheiniſcher Städte. Lepterer fprah: „Mit dem Ges fühle freubiger Dankbarfeit begrüßen die anweſenden Bertreter der. rheiniſchen Städte, in deren Namen ich zu Sprechen die Ehre habe, das: Jubelfeſt Der Alma Rhenana. Der Dauf wird gewedt durch das Andenfen König Friedrich Wilhelms ILL, welcher, kaum dag er die Fahne der Hohenzollern in der Rheinprovinz befeftigt hatte, die Nothwendigfeit erkannte, daß an Deutſchlands fhöuften Strome eine Pflanzflätte deutscher Cultur und deutfher Wiſſen⸗ ſchaft gegräuder werde.. Die Freude entipringt aus der geſchicht⸗ lichen Thatſache, daß der Bau, zu welchem Friedrich Wilhelm III den Grund legte, prächtig emporgeftiiegen if, und daß die Korps phäen der Wiffenfchaft, mit welchen Er ihn ausftatiete, bis auf den heutigen Tag Erben zurüdgelafien haben, welche den Ruhm und den Glanz der Univerfität ungefchwäct zu erhalten verfichen. Deshalb bat fih in unfern Städten eine Lebendige Theilnahme für die Hohe Auſtalt ausgeſprochen, aus deren wiſſenſchaftlichem Born ihre Söhne zu fhöpfen Gelegenheit haben. Diefe Theil« nahme bat fich vielfach ſchon durch bie That bewährt, und id freue mich, fie insbefondere für die Stadt Eöln heute hier kund⸗ geben zu können. Hochherzige Bürger derfelben Haben ſich mit der ſtaͤdtiſchen Vertretung vereinigt, um mit den’ Zinfen eines Capitals von 6700 Thlr., einfaließlih von 3000 Thir. aus fläbtifchen Mitteln, zwei unvermögende Coͤlner Söhne zu unterflägen, die fich dem Studium ber Mathematik und der Naturwiffenfchaften widmen werden. . Außerdem hat Herr Joſeph Mahlberg zu Eöln der Stadt ein Capital von 6000 Thlr. überwiefen, aus deffen Zinfen ein unvermögender Eölner die Koften feiner Studien in Geſchichte und Philologie ober in Naturwiffenfchaften auf der Univerfität zu Bonn zwei Semefter hindurch beftreiten fol, während ihm für bie übrige dreijährige Studienzeit die Wahl der Bildungsanfalt frei ſtehen foll. Die Stadtverorpneten-Berfammlung, welder die Berwaltung biefer Stipendien übertragen worden, hat biefe angenommen ; ich beebre mich, die Ausfertigung ihrer Beſchlüſſe zu überreichen mit der Bitte, fie in dem Univerſitäts⸗Archive niederiegen zu laſſen.“ Den Glückwunſch des Bereins der Alterthumsfreunde am Rhein brachte der wärdige Senior ber Univerfität und zeitige Die ncne Unibersität. 777 Präſident dieſer fchönen, Treffliches leiſtenden Geſellſchaft, Pro⸗ feſſor Dr. Nöggerath mit humoriſtiſchem Anklange bar, fo eine erheiternde Abwechslung in den Ernſt der Etunde bringend, Ihm, der ja auch in Bonn den. 10. Det, 1788 geboren ward, feien einige Worte geweiht. Raum hatte Nöggerath durch Pris vatunterricht und den Beſuch der Stadiſchule die erſte Grundlage des Wiffens gelegt, als durch Berzug feiner Eltern nad Cöln ihm bie dortige höhere Centralſchule fih öffnete. An dieſer Iehrten Wallraf, Kramp, Fr. Schlegel, Haas u. A. Geſchichte, Mathematif, Aeſthetik, Philofophie, Phyſik und Chemie, Botanifıc. Lelder waren Geologie und Mineralogie ausgeſchloſſen, und gerade zu diefen Studien war Noͤggeruths Sinn gerichtet. Ein früherer Lehrer nämlich hatte ihm, dem etwa 8— ſOjährigen Schüler, eine Heine Mineraliens und Petrefarten-Sammlung vermadt und das durch eine befondere Vorliebe für ſolche Gegenflände in ihm ent⸗ widelt. Stets wurden die nahen Berge aufgefuht und durchs ftöbert und. jeder Groſchen für größere Exrcurfionen erfpart. Auf der Centralſchule fanden feine mineralogifhen Kenntniffe fchon Anerkennung: feine Lehrer Wallraf, Kramp ꝛc. fragten ihn um Rath, handelte ed ſich um mineralogifhe Dinge; ja er hielt feinen Mitſchülern Bortefungen über dieſes Fach, welche felbfl von Altern Männern befuht wurden. So bildete ex fi allein in einer Wiffenfchaft aus, die bes ernflen Studiums, des wahren Wiſſens fo viel erfordert, Im J. 1811 legte Nöggerath bei der damaligen darmftädtifhen Hoffammer das bergmännifche Staats⸗ examen ab ; fein Eraminator war ber Profeffor der Mineralogie bei der alten Bonner Univerfität, Arndts, beffen Stelle Nöggerath heute noch bei der neuen bekleidet. Gleich darauf begründete er im Intereſſe feined Vaters die Maunhütte bei dem Braunkohlen⸗ lager zu Friesdorf bei Bonn, welche viele Jahre in reicher Pros duction geftanden hat, jegt aber an eine andere Stelle verlegt ift, weil die erſte Lagerflätte gänzlich abgebauet. Im 3. 1814 trat er unter der Verwaltung der alliirten Mächte in den Staats bienft als Bergeommiffar ded Durthes und Nieder-Maas-Departes ments mit dem Wopufig in Lüttich. Später, als ihm die Berg⸗ werfösBerwaltung des Roer⸗ und Rhein und Mofel» Departe: 778 Bonn. ments übertragen worden, wohnte er in Aachen. Bei der Grün⸗ dung des rheinifhen Dberbergamts zu Bonn im 3. 1816 wurde er Mitglied deſſelben, und zwei Tage nad) jener der Univerfität Bonn. (20. Oct. 1818) erhielt er ſchon die Ernennung als Pro« feflor der Mineralogie und ber Bergwerkswiſſenſchaften bei ber felben. Die Doppelftielung im practiſchen Bergweſen und als Mann der Wiffenfchaft entfprach. gang feinem Drange zu einer erfolgreichen Thaͤtigkeit, und biefe entwidelte ex denn aud in erfreufichftem Maße. Er trug vielfeitig bazu bei, bag das Berg» werksweſen in Rheinland» Weftphafen, welches zur Zeit noch in feiner erfien Kindheit lag, zu dem gegenwärtigen Flor gelangte. Lag ihm doch auch ſtets bie Reitung.der Ausbildung der Bergeleven und Referendarien ob und erwarb er fid in dieſer Stellung nicht nur erhebliche Verdienſte, fondern auch die Liebe und Achtung der jungen Männer. Und diefer waren nicht wenige: vielleicht bie Hälfte ‚aller Staatsbeamten im Bergwerksdienfke Preußens hatten Noͤggerath als Lehrer oder wurden von ihm in ben ver- ſchiedenen Stabien ihrer Laufbahn eraminirt. Als daher Nöggeratf im 3. 1864 fein 50fähriges Dienftfubiläum feierte, war ein prachtvoller filberner Pokal das Ehrengefchen!, weiches ihm diefe feine danfbaren Schüler darbrachten. Gleichzeitig. wurde ihm von feinen zahlreichen Freunden , insbefondere den Induſtriellen der Provinz, eine koſtbare filberne Bafe mit einem finnigen Debi» eationss Album überreicht, wie es ihm denn überhaupt an diefem ferlichen.Tage an veihen Beweifen allgemeiner Liebe und Ber ehrung nicht fehlte. Ein Gleiches wiederholte fih, ale Noͤgherath am 14. Nov. 1868 fein 50jähriges Doctorfubiläum beging. Er erhielt von der Univerfität Marburg das erneuerte Doctordiplom honoris causa nebſt einer befondern Gratulationsfchrift des Pros feffore Hefiel, im Auftrage der philofophifchen Facultät von bie- fem Fachgenoſſen gefchrieben, worin feine Berdienfle als Lehrer, als Gründer ber prachtvollen Mineralienfammlung der Univerfität Bonn, ale Mitglied bes rheinifchen Dberbergamts und ald Schrifts fteller gebührend hervorgehoben werben. Bon den zahlreichen Behörden, Corporationen und Bereinen, welche dem Jubilar an biefem Tage ihre Blüdwünfche darbrachten, find zu nennen Rector Die neue Ünibersität, 779 und Senat und die philofophifche Facultät der Bonner Univerfität, die dafige StabtverorbnetensBerfammlung, das Oberbergamt, die Kreisftände, der naturhiftorifche Verein für Rheinland Weftphalen, die Niederrheinifhe Geſellſchaft für Natur⸗ und Heilkunde, ber Berein von Altertbumsfrennden, die k. ruffifche naturhiforifche Geſellſchaft in Moskau n. ſ. w. Der naturbiftorifche Verein für Rheinland» Wefphalen Hatte zur Ehre des Jubilare fein von Profeſſor Mücke in Düffeldorf vortrefflih gemaltes Lebensgroßes Bild angefauft, um ihm einen Plag in dem Bereinsfale anzu⸗ weifen. Mittags fand bei dem Rector, Geh. Zuflizrath Bluhme, ein Banler zu Ehren des Gefeierten Statt, Außerdem legten bie zahlreichen privaten Begrüßungen von Mitgliedern ber Univerfität und andern Sreunden, fowie bie im Laufe des Tages eingelaufenen Briefe und Telegramme einen neuen Beweis dafür ab, einer wie außerordentlich großen Berehrung der liebenswürbige, noch in voller Thatkraft wirfende Greis fi) Aberall erfreut. Denn weit über die Rheinlande hinaus ift ber Oberberg. vinzialsandtages , fowie denn auch Nöggerath für ben Kreis Bonn als Deputirter, für die Stadi Bonn ald Stadtverorbneter feit einer Reihe von Jahren wirkt und ſchafft. Gott erhalte ihn noch lange in dieſem feinem Schaffen und Wirken! Wenn bier die Jubel Adreffe der ärztlichen Bereine ber Rheinprovinz folgt, fo gefchieht Dies aus alter Anhänglichfeit an den Stand ; fie fauiete: „Die ärztlichen Bereine der Rheinlande erfennen es als eine heilige Pflicht, auch ihrerieits den Gefühlen bes Danfes und der Berehrung für die rheinifche Hochſchule an dem heutigen hohen und fefllihen Tage des fünfzigfährigen Bes ſtehens und Wirfens berfelben einen bleibenden Ausdrud zu vers leihen. Bedarf doch fein Zweig menfchlicder Thätigfeit einer innigern Durddringung des Handelns und Wirkens mit ber fortfchreitenden wiſſenſchaftlichen Forſchung, tritt doch nirgendwo bie Roihwendigfeit eines ſteten Wechſelverlehrs zwifhen Wiſſen⸗ fhaft und Leben unabweidlicher,, unmittelbarer hervor, ale im Stande der practifchen Aerzte. Je mehr den ärztlichen Vereinen diefe Bermittlung als der höchſte Zielpunft ihres Strebens zum Dewußtfein gefommen if, deſto erfreuter haben fie das gleiche Gefühl auf Seiten der Vertreter ber Wiffenfchaft begrüßt, welches biefelben durch thätige Theilnahme an ihrem Wirken befundet haben. Für Biele von und iſt diefer Tag ein Tag der ernſten Weihe; denn ihre Erinnerungen knüpfen fih an Dahingefchiedene an, deren Wirken ber Geſchichte gehört. Aber aud fie nehmen an der reinen Freude der Uebrigen, welche ihren Lehrern unmit⸗ telbar die Gefühle ihres Herzend darlegen können, um fo bereits williger Theil, als fie erfennen,, dag auch jegt noch ber Geiſt beutfcher Gründlichfeit und Gediegenheit, deutfcher Hingebung und Begeiflerung für die ebelften Endziele menſchlichen Strebene fort und fort bewährte Pfleger gefunden hat. Und fo ſteigt im dankbarer Erinnerung an die Bergangenpheit, in freudiger Aner⸗ fennung der Gegenwart aus der Mitte ber ärztlichen Vereine, welche die verfchiedenften Altersftufen in fich begreifen und vers fhmelzen,, der boffnungsvolle Wunſch für die Zufuuft empor, daß in ihr der Geil walten möge bis in die entſernteſten Zeiten, da fich erfüllen möge der hohe Gedanke, welcher nach ſchwerer Die neue Anibersitäl, 781 Zeit harter Prüfung den bochherzigen Stifter der Univerfität durchdrang und zu deren Gründung veranlaßte, der Gedanke, dag fie an der Wehmarf des beutfchen Baterlanbes fei eine Pflanzflätte deutſchen Geiftes, die in lebensfräftiger, ſelbſtſtaͤndiger Gatfaltung alle fremden Elemente gleichen Strebens willig ans erkennt, jede aufgebrungene Herrfchaft berfelben mit Kraft ab» wehrt unb nieberhäft. Die Bonner Univerfität wird, wie feit fünfzig Jahren, noch Jahrhunderte hindurch Trägerin des wiffen- ſchaftlichen Fortſchritts und Bildnerin vieler Scharen von Züngern fein, welche ihren Ruhm in alle Welt verbreiten und durch treue Pflichterfüllung Zeugniß ablegen von dem begeifternden Einfluß ihrer Lehre und ihres Beifpiels. Im diefer freudigen Zuverficht unterzeichnet im Namen ber ärztlichen Vereine der Rheinproving das Gentralorgan berfelben.” \| Die Deputirten, welche im Namen der deutichen Univer⸗ fitäten ihre Glüchkwünſche darbrachten unb dabei zum Theil in maleriſcher alterthämlicher Amtstracht erfchienen, aud mitunter reich ausgeflattete Abreffen überreichten, waren zuerſt der geitige Rector der Univerfilit Münden, Profeffor Dr. Windſcheid, ein geborner Düffelborfer und früherer Docent an der Bonner Hoch⸗ ſchule. Er fagte u. A: Die Bonner Hochſchule fei zwar noch jung und Doch nie jung gewefen, fie fei viehnehr ausgewachfen geboren und habe ihren Ehrenplag fletö behauptet, Ihre Wirk⸗ famtfeit fei in den weitejten Kreifen befannt. Die deutfchen Unis verfitäten feien ein einziger Körpers jebes Glied fühle des ans dern Gliedes Leid und Schmerzen. Die deutfhen Hochſchulen feien es, welde die geiſtige Zukunft ber Nation zu begründen, die deutfche Einheit des beutichen Geiſtes und Geſchlechts zu erziehen hätten ; das Trennente fei zu vergeffen und das Gemein, fame zu erfaffen, um ein einiges Volk zu werben. In biefem Sinne bringe er ber biefigen Hocfchule die Glückwünſche ber deutfchen Univerfitäten, deren Bertreter nun einzeln vortraten und. ihre Widmungeu mieberlegten. Dann folgten die Profefs foren: Weierfirag (Alademie ber Wiſſenſchaften zu Berlin), Bifcher, Kießlig, Hagenbach (Bafel), Dorner, Hoffmann (Berlin), Schaffter, Gelpfe (Bern), Nöpel, Elvenid (Breslau), Wagner, 780 Bonn, vinzialsRandtages , fowie benn. auch Nöggerath für ben Kreis Bonn als Deputirter, für die Stabi Bonn ald Stadtverorbneter feit einer Reihe von Jahren wirft und ſchafft. Gott erhalte ihn noch lange in dieſem feinem Schaffen und Wirken! Wenn hier die Jubel⸗-Adreſſe der ärztlichen Bereine ber Rheinprovinz folgt, fo gefchieht dies aus alter Anhänglichfeit an ben Stand ; fie Tauiete: „Die ärztlihen Bereine der Rheinlande erfennen es als eine heilige Pflicht, auch ihrerieits den Gefühlen bes Danfes und der Berehrung für die rheiniſche Hochſchule an dem heutigen hohen und feſtlichen Tage bes fünfzigfährigen Bes ſtehens und Wirkens derfelben einen bleibenden Ausdruck zu vers leihen. Bedarf doc fein Zweig menfchlicher Thätigfeit einer innigern Durchdringung des Handelns und Wirfens mit ber fortfchreitenden wiſſenſchaftlichen Forſchung, tritt doch nirgendwo bie Roihwendigfeit eines fteten Wechſelverlehrs zwiſchen Wiſſen⸗ fhaft und Leben unabweislicher,, unmittelbarer hervor, ale im Stande der practifchen Aerzte. Je mehr den ärztlichen Vereinen diefe Bermittlung als der höchfte Zielpunft ihres Strebens zum Bewußtſein gekommen iſt, deſto erfreuter haben fie das gleiche Gefühl auf Seiten der Vertreter der Wiſſenſchaft begrüßt, welches dieſelben durch thätige Theilnapme an ihrem Wirken befundet haben. Für Biele von ung iſt biefer Tag ein Tag der ernfen Weihe; denn ihre Erinnerungen knüpfen fih an Dahingeſchiedene an, deren Wirken der Geſchichte gehört. Aber auch fie nehmen an ber reinen Freude der Llebrigen, welche ihren Lehrern unmits telbar die Gefühle ihres Herzens darlegen fünnen, um fo bereits williger Theil, als fie erkennen, dag auch jegt noch ber Geiſ beutfcher Gründlichkeit und Gediegenheit, deutfcher Hingebung und Begeiflerung für die edelften Endziele menſchlichen Strebeng fort und fort bewährte Pfleger gefunden hat. Und fo fleigt in dankbarer Erinnerung an die Vergangenheit, in freudiger Aner⸗ fennung der Gegenwart aus ber Mitte der ärztlichen Bercine, welche die verſchiedenſten Altersftufen in fi begreifen und vers ſchmelzen, der boffnungsvole Wunſch für die Zukunft empor, dag in ihr ber Geiſt walten möge bis in bie entfernteflen Zeiten, daß ſich erfüllen möge der hohe Gedanke, welcher nad fchiwerer Die nene Unibersitäl, 781 Zeit harter Prüfung den hochherzigen Stifter der Univerfität durdrang und zu deren Gründung veranlaßie, der Gedanfe, dag fie an ber Weſtmark bes beutfchen Baterlanbes fei eine Pflanzflätte deutfchen Geiftes, die in lebenskräftiger, ſelbſtſtaͤndiger Gatfaltung alle fremden Elemente gleichen Strebens willig an« erkennt, jede aufgebrungene Herrſchaft derfelben mit Kyaft abs wehrt unb nieberbält. Die Bonner Univerfität wird, wie feit fünfzig Jahren, noch Sahrhunderte hindurch Trägerin des wiffen- ſchaftlichen Foriſchritts und Bildnerin vieler Scharen von Züngern fein, welche ihren Ruhm in alle Welt verbreiten und durch treue Pflichterfüllung Zeugniß ablegen von dem begeifternden Einfluß ihrer Lehre und ihres Beifpiels. In diefer freudigen Zuverſicht unterzeichnet im Namen ber ärztlichen Bereine der Rheinproving dag Gentralorgan berjelben.” \| Die Deputitten, welde im Namen der deutſchen Univer⸗ fitäten ihre Glückwünſche barbrachten unb dabei zum Theil in malerifcher alterthümlicher Amtstracht erfchienen , auch mitunter reich ausgeſtattete Abreffen überreichten, waren zuerſt der zeitige Rector der Univerſilät Münden, Profeffor Dr. Windfiyeib, ein geboruer Düffelborfer und früherer Docent an der Bonner Hoch⸗ fhule. Er fagte u. A: Die Bonner Hochſchule fei zwar noch jung und doch nie jung geweſen, fie fei vielmehr ausgewachfen geboren und habe ihren Eprenplag fletd behauptet. Leo Meyer (Dorpat), Hegel (Erlangen), Bunde (Freiburg), Bullers, Ihering, Lutterbeck (Biegen), A. Ritſchl, Henle (Goͤt⸗ tingen), Rollktt, A. Wolf (Graz), Voigt, Budge (Greifswald), Schlotnnanun, Anſchuͤtz (Halle), Zeller (Heidelberg) , Dieſtel (Jena), Julg (Innsbruck), Lipſius, Ribbeck (Kiel), Luther, Sommer (Königsberg), Overbeck (Leipzig), Naſſe, L. Schmidt (Marburg), Windſcheid (Munchen), Schulte (Prag), Karſtens (Roſtock), Römer (Tübingen), Urlichs (Würzburg), Burfan (Zürich), Kappenberg (Alademie zu Münfer), Vogel (evang.⸗ theol. Faculiät zu Wien), Beckmann, Thiel (Lyceum zu Brauns⸗ berg), Kapſer (phil. theol. Lehranſtalt zu. Paderborn) und Isler (Lyceum zu Hamburg). Die Abgeordneten der Univerſität Kiel überreichten ein gedrucktes Gratulations⸗Diptom, in welchem bes ſonders hervorgehoben ward, daß brei berühmte Bonner Pros fefforen »nostri non minus quam vegtri fuerunt«: Rarl Fried, Heinrich; Niebuhr und Dahimann, Es folgten nod bie Glück⸗ wänfhe und Adreſſen, deren überhaupt einige zwanzig waren, ber Berireter ber Satholifchen-Geiflicpfeit durch die Herren Doms propfl Münden, Domdehant Baudri und Stiftspropft Schlünfes, von denen der Erfigenannte bie Anrede hielt ;.der. Bertreter ber evangeliihen Geiftlichkeit, in deren Namen der Synodalpräfes Albert ſprach; der Mitglieder des archävlogifhen Seminars u, a. m. Die Reden der Deputirten und Behörden wurden von dem Rector theils einzeln, theild gruppenweife beantwortet, Derfelbe erwähnte dann noch der fhönen Schenkung, welde der Kürf von Neuwied mit der Bibliothef feines Großoheims, des Prinzen Mar von Wied, gemacht, in höchft anerfennender Weife, verlas zum Schluß noch eine von der Univerfität Pifa telegraphifch ein» gelaufene Begrüßungs⸗Depeſche und ſchloß hierauf gegen halb 1 Uhr den feierlichen Act. Die Breslauer Univerfität. hat fi bei dieſer Gelegenheit befonders hervorgethan; fie befigt aber auch nicht weniger als 5 ordentliche Profeſſoren, welche früher der Bonner Schule angehörten, nämlich Elvenich, Reinkens, Römer, Herg und Reifferfcheid. Der Rector Röpell und Bros feffor Elvenich erſchienen als Deputirte Breslau's und überreich⸗ ten folgende Adreſſe in lateiniſcher Sprache: „Alle preußiſchen Die nme Unibersiläl, 183 Untverfltäten haben in der erfien Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderis ihr hundert⸗ oder fünfzigfähriges Stiftungsfeft entweder zum erfienmal gefeiert ober dieſe eier bereits wiederholt. Zu biefen treten heute Sie hinzu, ald die Züngflen zwar, aber nicht als bie Letzten. Ihre Univerfität wurde gegründet, nachdem Friedrich Wilhelm M, dem wir ald unferm Vater, Beförberer und Bes ſchützer fiets ein dankbares und aufrichtiges Andenken erhalten werden, bie Univerfität zu Berlin ind Leben gerufen, die zw Dreslau erneuert und erweitert und die Halliihe mit der Wit⸗ tenbergifchen vereint hatte, Diefer erhabene Kür hatte es waͤh⸗ rend jener traurigen Zeit, ba ein übermüthiger Feind uns unter jocht hielt, wohl erkannt, daß. das Baterland nur dann erhalten werben koͤnnte, wenn alle Kräfte des Geiftes angefpannt, wenn Fünfte und Wiffenfchaften gehoben, wenn die Sitten gebildet und bie jugend zu erhabenen und edlen Zielen angefeuert und bingeführt würde, Und auch als‘ der Friede fiegreih erkämpft und das Reich vergrößert. war, glaubte er, feinen neuen Unter⸗ thanen feinen größern Dienft erweifen zu können, als wenn er in den weſtlichen Provinzen feines Landes eine Pflanzfätte und gleichfam eine fee Burg der Wiffenfchaft erfiehen liege. Ein äußert glücklicher Erfolg Trönte des Fürften Mugen Borfag : Männer, wie Niebuhr, Schlegel, Arndt, Dahlmann, um nur einige ſchon dahingefchiedene aus ber großen Zahl jener leuch⸗ tenden Geſtirne der Wiflenfchaften zu nennen, haben Ihre Unis verfität nicht nur durch ihren Glanz erhellt, fondern den Ruhm derfelben auch über die ganze Erbe verbreitet. Durch die ganze Zeit des Beſtehens Ihrer Univerfität entfprach bie Zahl und das Anfehen der Studirenden ber Berühmtheit der afademifchen Lehe zer ; glaubten doch felbft unfer Kronprinz und deffen Better Se, $. Bereint mit diefen und vielleiht auch in Gegenwart unfered erhabenen Königs kommen nun heute glüdwünfchend zu Ihnen die höchſten Beamten des Staats, die Ihre Univerfität ſtets mit dem größten und gerechteſten Wohlwollen behandelt haben ; bies 164 - Bom. fen ſchließen ſich die Gefandten der vaterländifhen Hochſchulen an, ſowie die große Zahl aller Derjenigen, die durch zehn Luſtra hindurch die Segnungen des Unterrichts Ihrer Univerfität ge- noffen haben, Der Theilnahme an einem fo erhabenen und frohen Feſte fonuten wir ung auch nicht entziehen, wir, die mit Ihnen burch die Bande des gemeinfamen Baterlandes und der gemein⸗ famen Wiſſenſchaft eben fo fehr vereint find wie dadurch, daß faft au derſelben Zeit derſelbe Furſi Ihre gänzlich zerſtörte Hoch⸗ ſchule wieder ins Leben rief und der unſerigen ein neues Leben ſpendete. Da wir deshalb ſo freundlich von Ihnen zur Theil⸗ nahme an Ihrer Feier eingeladen wurden, ſenden wir Ihnen unfere Collegen, Richard NRöpefl, den derzeitigen Rector unſerer Univerfität, und Peter Joſeph Elvenich, der vor einem halben Jahrhundert Ihrer Hochſchule Zögling war und dann als Docent und außerordentlicher Profeffor an derfelben wirkte, damit die felben den Gefühlen, die ung befeelen, Ihnen gegenüber Aus⸗ druck verleihen! Leben Sie nun wohl und beginnen und volls enden Sie den zweiten Theil des erfien Jahrhunderts der, Rhe- nana unier glüdlihen und frohen Auſpicien.“ Diefer Adreſſe folgte eine Abhandlung des Profeſſors Herg, betitelt: »Ramen- torum Gellianorum (I—V) mantissa,« in welcher ber Berfaffer, fih direct an feche ihm befreundbete Gelehrte wendend, nämlich an die Bhilologen Welder, Jahn, Bernays und Ufener, fowie an den Hiftorifer Schäfer und den Mediciner Rühle, allerhand Fragen, welde fid) auf Gellius beziehen, in einer Weife erörtert, in der er auf den eigenthümlichen Standpunkt und die wiffen« ſchaftliche Richtung ber Angeredeten in geiftreicher Manier Bezug nimmt. Profeſſor Reifferſcheid hat für Die Jubelfeier eine kleine Schrift des jüngſt verfiorbenen Gymnaſialdirectors Schopen zu Bonn, des erfien Bonnenfer Doctore, welde bisher ungedruckt war und das Verhältniß des Donatus zum Terenz behandelt, herausgegeben und recenfirt. Geh. Reg.⸗Rath, Profeffor Elvenich endlich hat eine Judelfchrift unter dem Titel: „Die Deweife für das Dafein Gottes nach Gartefius” erfcpeinen laſſen. Der Mittag wurde an verfchiedenen Orten in mehr oder minder feflliher Stimmung zugebract; namentlich bewährte der Die none Unibersitä. 785 Gaſthof zum „Stern” feinen alten Ruf, Etwa 200 Perfonen, meift auswärtige Profefforen mit Boͤnniſchen untermifcht, binirten in Godesberg: Die gemüthliche Seite des Feſtes erreichte ihren Eulminationspunft am Abend, wo das von ber Stadt Bonn zu Ehren der Univerfitit und ihrer Bäfte veranflaltete Gartenfeſt im Kley’fchen Garten und in. den wit ihm in Berbindung geſetzten ‚Anlagen des Alten Zolles ‚ohne Störung, unter „ungeheurer Heiterkeit“, der bekannten „Rebensregel“ ber „Burſchen“, verlief. Die Bläfer klangen, der Wein, ber ewig treue Gefährte bes Frohſiuns, erhöhte die Stimmung, und die Stunden verraufchten in einem Gefühl, welchem nichts fehlte, als bie Ewigfeit feine® Dauer, um bie armen Menfchenkinder vollkommen glücklich zu machen. Der Ort für diefen Theil der Zeffeier und die Aus⸗ ſchmückung der Anlagen war aber auch wie gefchaffen zur Er⸗ wedung gerade ſolchen mit Innigfeit verbundenen Frohſinns. Unten der majehätifch dapinfließende Strom, drüben bie herrliche Landfchaft, etwas welter wach Süden, wo ber Rhein feinen Lauf durch eine anmuthige Biegung unterbricht, die. fieben Berge — fhon der Anblid allein macht das Herz weit und empfänglich und gern geneigt, dem Dichter Recht zu geben, wenn er fingt: „Gluͤcklich fürwahr iR das Leben am Rhein!“ Aber der hier ‚wirfende natürliche Zauber war dem betreffenden Feſtcomité, an deffen Spige der Oberbürgermeifter Kaufmann und als techniſcher Leiter der Stabtbaumeifler Thomann fanden, nicht genügend, auch die Kunft mußte mit einbrechender Dunkelheit ihre Wirk⸗ famfeit entfalten, um das Ganze in einem noch ſchönern Lichte erfcheinen zu Taffen. Und fo prangte denn das Plateau des alten Zolls in Gasbeleuchtung, während in ben dunkler gehaltenen Baumgruppen bunte Lampions angebracht waren. Die Rafen- flächen waren mit auf Stäben ruhenden Lampions gefhmüdt, fo daß zwifchen den andern natärlihen Blumen gewiffermaßen neue aus irgend einem Fabellande emporgewachſen zu fein ſchie⸗ nen; außerdem waren bie Flächen mit Illuminationslämpchen eingefaßt und Namendzäge aus ſolchen ſowie allerlei anmuthig verfchlungene Feuerlinien auf dem Raſen gebildet. Gegen biefe wunberfchöne Beleuchtung, über welche nur Eine. Stimme der Rhein. Antiquarins, 3. Abth. 14.86. 50 786 Boun. Bewunderung herrſchte, ſtach das dunkle, dichte Laub der Baume um fo reizender ab, und wenn man, vom Plateau bes alten Zolls herabiwandelnd „ in dem dunkeln, nur durch wenige Lampions ‚ erleuchteten Laubgange verweilte und ben Blick bis zu bem Ende ber Anlagen des alten Zolls ſchweifen ließ, ſo hatte man einen Anblid, welcher ganz einzig in feiner Art war. Das bite Laub der Bäume hinderte auch den Bollmond, eine flörende Con⸗ eurzenz in der Beleuchtung zu entfalten, und fo mußte ber alie Wolkenträumer fi damit begnügen, hin und wieber verftohlene Blide durch die Zweige zu thun und fi die Herrlichkeit einmal Uunzufcpauen. Dagegen konnte es ihm nicht benommen werben, fein volles Silberlicht über den Strom auszugießen und hier eine zweite Beleuchtung zu entfalten, welde, wenn auch. noch fo oft gefeben, die Seele immer wieder mit ihrem Zauber erfüllt. ‚Hinter dem, reih mit Quirlanden umgebenen Standhilde Pre alten Arndt, zu -beffen beiden Seiten große Loberzweige and Gasflammen angebraght waren, fpielte das Trompeter⸗Corps ber in Deus garnifonicenden Küraffiere munter auf, während in den Onrtenanlagen des Hotels die Muſik des Garde⸗Grenadier⸗ Regiments „Königin Augufla” bas Ihrige that. Ein trand« parentes Wappen der Stadt Bonn und: ein preußifches Wappen mit der über demſelben angebrachten deutfchen Kaiſerkrone In ben nordbeutfchen Karben bildete den übrigen leuchtenden Schmuck des alten Zolld. Weberhaupt war das Arrangement diefes Garten⸗ feites über alle Beſchreibung fhönz auch Vocalmuſik trug zur eier des Abends das Ihrige bei, indem bie beiden Bonner Gefangvereine unter der abwechlelnden Leitung ihrer Dirigenten vier Lieder fangen. Dann aber wurden auch noch Fieber von. allen Anmwefenden gemeinſchaftlich gefungen, und Profeffor Sim⸗ rock, der altbewährte rheinifhe Sänger, hatte ben Liedern drei Gedichte beigegeben,, welche die Feſtgenoſſen als finnige. Babe eines poetifchen Gemüths gewiß freundlich aufgenommen haben. Einen erbebenden Moment des Heftes bildete die um 8 Uhr erfolgte Ankunft Sr. Königt. Hoheit bes. Kronprinzen, welcher das ftille Zagbihlog Reinhardtsbrunn verlaffen hatte, um einer Beier beizumohnen, welche der Univerſität gift, zu deren eifrigen Die neue Ünidersität, \| 787 Beſuchern er felb gehörte. Der Kronprinz, welder einen oſ⸗ ficiellen Empfang nicht gewünfcht hatte, wurbe am Bahnhof von bem Rector und Senat der Untverfität, fowie von ben Spigeh der Behörden empfangen, fuhr fobann nach dem Hotel Kley und wurde bei feiner Ankunft mit lautem „Hursah I” begrüßt, wäh⸗ send die Muſik die preußifche Nationalhymne auffpielte, Raketen emporfchoffen und der Garten in bengalifcher Beleuchtung prangte. Auf feinem ſpätern Rundgang durch bie Bartenanlagen begleiteten Se. Königl. Hoheit Herr Befeler, Eurator der Univerfität, der Dberbürgermeifter der Stadt Bonn, ber Herr Landrath von Sanbt, Mitglieder des flädtifchen Feſt⸗Comite's, fowie Mitglieder feines Gefolges. Ueberall,. wo der Kronprinz erfihien, wollte das Hoch gar Fein Ende nehmen. Schr ſinnig war das von dem Feſt⸗ EomitE getroffene Arrangement, daß der Kronprinz in der für ‚ihn bereit gehaltenen, reich mit Lorberbäumen und Blumen ges fhmüdten Glashalle während bes Soupers nicht von Kellnern bedient wurde, fondern zehn Söhne Hiefiger Gaftwirthe. dieſes Ehrenamt übernommen hatten. - Bon biefen jungen Leuten trugen acht das Berdienfifreuz des lebten großen Kriegs von 1866, während zwei mit der Rettungsmedaille gefchinädt waren, Während dieſer Feſtlichkeiten in den Gartenanlagen des Hotels Kley und auf dem alten Zoll fand gleichzeitig ein Volks⸗ ſeſt auf der zwiſchen dem Hofgarten und dem. Anatomiegebäube gelegenen Raſenfläche Statt. Der große Raum war entiprechenb geſchmudt und gleichfalls reich illuminirt. Ein Muſikcorps ſpielte in einem in der Mitte des Raumes eigens errichteten, reich de⸗ corirten Zelte. Um Mitternacht zogen die Feſtiheilnehmer, von Muſikcorps begleitet, durch den Hofgatten, an dem bengaliſch beleuchteten Muünſter und deſſen Platz mit der Beethoven⸗Slatue vorüber zum Markt, wo jetzt auch das Rathhaus in bengaliſchem Feuer ſtrahlte. Nach Abfingung eines Liedes loöſte der Feſtzug ſich auf. Die Männerchöre hatten folgende Lieder vorgetragen: „Bundeslied“ von Arndt; „Abfchied vom Wald” von Mendels⸗ ſohn; „In Wald” von Herbed, was doch wohl dem „Abfchied” von demfelden. hätte vorausgeben müflen, und „Die Wacht am Rhein“ von Wilhelm.
http://www.theworldsbestever.com/2008/12/12/hipster-strip-mall/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	hipster strip mall Space15Twenty is an Urban Outfitters upscale downtown shopping strip. Recently it has welcomed Alife and just about everything else hip and trendy. “It was created so that Urban Outfitters could collaborate with those creative brands they found interesting and inspiring.” Here we have some images of the new store. Via MashKulture.
p4revuedesdeuxm1850pariuoft_66	French-PD-diverse	Public Domain	Etrangers au milieu de leur patrie conquise, oubliés de la civilisation qui les a dépassés, ils sentent très bien leur infériorité; mais en même temps ils gardent au cœur quelque rancune contre ceux qui les ont opprimés autrefois. Soixante-sept années de conquête n'ont pu les ré concilier entièrement avec le gouvernement de la joyeuse Angleterre. et les démagogues de l'état du Maine le savent bien. Après tout, ce ne sont rien moins que des conspirateurs; la défiance naturelle aux gens 986 REVUE DES DEUX HOKDES. pauvres et délaissés n'exclut point en eux la franchise et la douceur du caractère. Le Nouveau-Brunswick, on le voit, peut être considéré dans son ensemble comme un océan de forêts. Le terrain en est presque tou jours plat, coupé de lacs et de rivières, présentant alternativement des lieux bas et marécageux et des plaines propres à la culture. La truite abonde dans les ruisseaux, le saumon remonte les fleuves jus que dans l'intérieur du pays. Partout le pêcheur a des chances de faire un excellent repas; le chasseur aussi trouve de quoi exercer son adresse. Dans les plaines erre le caribou, — renne américain, — aux bois larges et puissans, noble animal qu'on a quelquefois dressé à conduire des traîneaux; dans les endroits plus fourrés se cachent le grand cerf et le chevreuil si rapide qu'on l'aperçoit à peine quand il bondit par-dessus les buissons. L'Acadie renferme les animaux à four rure qui fréquentent les parties les plus froides du Haut-Canada, la martre, les renards de toutes nuances et le castor, réfugié sur les rives de la Miramichi, où il construit en paix son petit phalanstère. Le climat du Nouveau-Brunswick est très froid en hiver et très chaud en été. Pendant le mois de juillet, le thermomètre s'élève dans les bois à 80 degrés Farenheit. Pendant le mois de janvier, le chasseur doit se revêtir d'un costume à peu près semblable à celui qu'on porte sur les bords de la baie d'Hudson; la baie de Fundy charrie des glaces, et ce qui augmente la difficulté de la navigation dans ces parages, ce sont d'épais brouillards, auxquels succèdent tout à coup des ouragans de neige. Les bouleaux, les ormes, les tilleuls ne se couvrent pas de feuilles avant la fin de mai; il n'y a donc point de printemps ! Au plus fort de l'été, de iolens orages rafraîchissent subitement la tempéra ture, au point que sur les lieux élevés les petits lacs se revêtent d'une fine couche de glace. Jusqu'ici le Nouveau-Brunswick produit peu de céréales; les exportations annuelles, qu'on peut estimer à 30 millions de fnmcs, consistent en bois, fourrures, peaux sèches, poisson et viande salée. Ces simples productions naissent du sol et de la mer; l'indus trie n'y entre pour rien : aussi les colons, pauvres fermiers, chasseurs ou bûcherons, tirent-ils de la mère-patrie fort peu d'articles manu facturés. L'Angleterre, qui cherche dans ses colonies des débouchés pour ses fabricjues, a donc grand intérêt à ce que le pays encore in culte se peuple d'habitans et surtout d'habitans aisés. Pour attirer des émigrans sur ce sol couvert de forêts, le meilleur moyen serait do tracer une route qui traversât le Ncw-Brunswick depuis la Nouvelle Ecosse jusqu'au Canada. Le long de cette grande voie de communica tion, des villages se bâtiraient, l'agriculteur trouverait des marchés où échanger ses denrées contre les objets de première nécessité; peu à peu le commerce naîtrait sur toute la ligne, et l'Américain de l'étal L'AMÉRIQUE ANGLAISE. 987 du Maine n'opposerait plus ses fertiles vallées aux âpres solitudes de la vieille Acadie. Cette route aurait de plus l'avantage de relier Ha lifax, le principal port de guerre que la Grande-Bretagne possède dans ces régions, avec Québec, sa plus importante place forte. En 1844, le gouvernement anglais fit faire le tracé de ce chemin , qui , dans l'es prit des ingénieurs employés à ce grand travail, devait être une route stratégique {military road). III. — LE BAS-CANADA. — QUÉBEC. Quoique la division du Canada en deux provinces ait été abolie en 1840 par un décret du gouvernement britannique, ce vaste pays se compose cependant de deux régions bien distinctes, celle de l'ouest, que bordent les grands lacs, et celle de l'est, qu'arrose le Saint-Lau rent. Cette dernière constitue ce qu'on appelait le Bas-Canada, Lower Canada. C'est sans contredit l'une des contrées les plus pittoresques et les plus variées que l'on puisse rencontrer, et cette beauté d'aspect qui la distingue, elle la doit au Saint-Laurent, qui, par son étendue, par le nombre et l'importance de ses affluens, rivahse avec les plus grandes rivières de l'Amérique. On est convenu de faire commencer le Saint-Laurent à l'extrémité orientale de l'Ontario; depuis ce point jusqu'à l'île d'Anticosti, où il tombe dans le golfe qui porte son nom. il forme un canal gigantesque long de deux cent vingt-cinq lieues, chargé de déverser à la mer la masse entière des eaux qui s'épanchent des lacs de l'intérieur. Il se jette franchement dans l'Atlantique par 088 REVLE DES DEIJX MONDES. une seule embouchure si grande, (ju'il serait difficile de préciser le lieu où disparaissent ses derniers flots. A vingt-cinq lieues au-dessus do rîle d'Anticosti, il n'a pas moins de six lieues de largeur, et sa pro fondeur est de deux cents pieds. En hiver, quand toute la contrée som meille sous une épaisse couche de neige, le Saint-Laurent cesse d'être navigable. Là où il coule plus lentement, la glace le couvre et joint ses deux rives par un pont solide. Dans sa partie inférieure, il charrie <le gros glaçons que le flux de l'Océan repousse avec violence, qui se heurtent tumultueusement, s'agglomèrent et se séparent, jus(ju'à ce (}ue les vents d'ouest les chassent au large et les dispersent. En été, il déroule aux rayons d'un soleil ardent ses ondes vertes et impétueuses. Les barques, les radeaux, les bateaux à vapeur, les navires et les pi rogues qui le sillonnent de toutes parts répandent la vie et le mou vement d'une extrémité à l'autre du Bas-Canada. C'est un fleuve à deux tètes, un canal à deux embouchures : à l'ouest, il s'ouvre sur des mers intérieures; à l'est, il se décharge dans l'Océan par un golfe d'une am pleur imposante. Les navires partis d'Europe se montrent à l'embouchure du Saint Laurent vers la fin de mai; il gèle encore, mais déjà les buissons verdissent, et le bouleau laisse apercevoir ses premiers bourgeons. Sur la rive gauche, du côté du Labrador, la nature est âpre et sau vage; on dirait qu'il y a entre cette côte et celle du Canada, noQ pas la largeur d'un grand fleuve , mais un océan tout entier. La cul ture a fait peu de progrès dans cette partie des colonies anglaises; les villages y sont rares. Une population de lumberers (bûcherons) habite les forêts de l'intérieur. Sur la rive droite du Saint-Laurent au con traire, dans l'espace compris entre Gaspé, (\|ui marque la pointe ex trême du continent, la rivière Point-Jean et Saint-Lévi, en face de Québec, sont répandus en grand nombre les anciens colons français, œux que les Anglais désignent par le nom de french colonists. Leur quartier-général est le comté actuel de la Rivière-du-Loup. Plus civilisés à tous égards que leurs comyjatriotes les Acadiens du Nouveau-Bruns wick, ils représentent la vraie race canadienne liançaise, les premiei"» occupans, — après les Indiens, — de cette partie du continent améri cain. Ils parlent un vieux français peu élégant; leur prononciation épaisse, dénuée d'accentuation , ne n^ssemble pas mal à celle des Bas Normands. En causant avec eux, on s'aperçoit bien vite qu'ils ont été séparés de nous avant répo(\|ue où tout le monde en France s'est mis à écrire et à discuter. Leurs maisons, construites en bois, renferment peu de mobilier : une table massive, des chaises, (jnehiuefois un tapis grossier. Le poêle de fonte en est le principal ornement; placé dans la cloison (jui divise la cabane en deux chambres, il la chaulîe sur tous les points et sert à cuire le dîner pendant l'hiver. Durant l'été, le i.'améuîqie anglaise. 980 foyer se transporte dehors, sous un hangar, la chaleur devenant si forte dans cette saison, qu'on a hien plus besoin d'air (juc de feu. La belle saison est , pour les Canadiens des bords du Saint-Laurent , celle des grands et dui^s travaux; ils n'ont que six mois pour labourer le?; terres et faire la récolte. En général, leurs exploitations ne sont pas des fermes-modèles; cependant, depuis un demi-siècle, ils ont fait des progrès en agronomie; on ne les voit plus, comme autrefois. jeter dans le Saint-Laurent le fumier de leure élables; ils ont appris a améliorer leurs terres au moyen des engrais. Deux causes contribuè rent long-temps à les maintenir dans une ignorance qui contrastait avec riiabileté des nouveaux colons : la richesse du sol d'abord. — car on cite des champs, sur le bord du fleuve, qui ont produit vingt ré coltes consécutives sans s'épuiser, — et le régime ft^^dal sous lequel leurs ancêtres vivaient au jour le jour. Ils tenaient leurs terres de sei gneurs à qui le gouvernement de Quélîec en avait fait la cession; la rente quils payaient à titre de redevance consistait en quelque chose comme une douzaine de francs, — deux pièces de six livres, — un ou deux boisseaux de farine et une paire de î)oulets. Était-il l>esoin (ju'ils travaillassent beaucoup pour acquitter le prix de leurs fermes? Plus tard, (juand cet ordre de choses cessa d'exister, le père de famille prit l'habitude de partager son héritage avec ses enfans à mesure (ju'ils se mariaient; ceux-ci restaient donc réunis sur un petit espace, suivant avec une aveugle routine les crremens de leurs devanciers et s'appau vrissant de plus en plus. Depuis novembre jusqu'en mai , le paysan du comté de la Rivière du-Loup doit renoncer à manier la bêche. Retiré dans sa maison de bois, dont il est à la fois l'architecte et le constructeur, il tisse les gros sières étoffes de laine qui l'abritent contre le froid, ou bien, s'exerçant au métier de charpentier et de charron, il va dans la forêt abattre les arbres dont il tirera les pièces de lx)is qu'il lui faut pour réparer son toit, remettre une quille à son canot ou une jante à la roue de sa char rette. L'ennui pourrait le saisir durant les longues goirées de dé cembre; il va rendre visite à ses voisins et les convie autour du grand I)oêle : les pipes s'allument, et l'on cause. Quand un nombre suffisant d'amis s(î trouve rassemblé dans une de ces cases hospitalières cachées sous les sapins et enveloppées de neiges, les femmes cessent leurs tra vaux d'aiguille. Le violon. — l'instrument favori des créoles, — ré sonne tout à coup, et la danse commence. Les paysannes canadiennes jwrtent le court jupon de nos campagnes, aux couleurs voyantes, la robe d'indienne à fleurs, le large chapeau de paille; le froid les con traint parfois à endosser le gros paletot de laine grise qui est le vête ment des hommes. Ceux-ci n'ont de remarquable que le bonnet de laine, rouge ou bleu, à toulTe épaisse et tombante, dont ils se coiffent en toute saison. Un long séjour m Amérique a fait perdre au créole ca 990 REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. nadien les vives couleurs de sa carnation; son teint a pris une nuance de <^vh fonce, ses cheveux noirs tombent à plat sur ses tempes comme ceux de l'Indien. Vous ne reconnaissez point en lui le type européen, encore moins le type gaulois. Abordez-le, et vous trouvez un homme aux formes polies, au caractère doux, courtois, affable, un peu timide même. Sir James Alexander, qui semble avoir étudié avec intérêt les french colonists, fait en maints endroits de son livre sur l'Acadie l'é loge de ces braves colons. « Ce sont, dit-il quelque part, des gens con tons de leur sort et d'un commerce agréable, quand ils ne sont point exaltés par de turbulens démagogues [when restless démagogues do not excite them). » Les démagogues dont parle l'écrivain anglais n'ont ja mais hanté les clubs de Paris aux mauvais jours de 18i8; ce sont tout simplement les avocats exaltés de Québec et de Montréal et leurs alliés, les annexionistcs des États-Unis, qui ont horreur de tout gouverne ment monarchique, et cherchent à réveiller les rancunes des habitans français contre le joug britannique. A mesure qu'on remonte vers Québec, le Saint-Lam-ent se resserre; les hautes collines qui le bordent, vues de plus près, paraissent des montagnes. 11 y a une harmonie parfaite entre l'élévation des rives du fleuve, sa largeur et la profondeur de ses eaux. En avançant toujours, on remarque deux rochers qui se rapprochent, — cap Diamant et Point Levi, — et forment un demi-cercle elliptique au fond duquel le Saint Laurent semble se perdre. Voilà un de ces points désignés par la na ture pour être l'emplacement d'une grande ville, le premier depuis la mer où une forteresse puisse dominer le cours du grand fleuve; là s'élève Québec. Les Français, on le sait, ont toujours choisi avec un tact infini la position de leurs établissemens d'outre-mer; que n'ont ils su les garder !... Québec a cela de charmant, que sa vue rappelle les vieilles cités d'Europe plantées, comme des nids d'aigles, sur des rocs escarpés, souvenir qu'on ne trouve point ailleurs en Amérique. Sa muel Champlain, ingénieur-géographe du roi de France, en jeta les fondemens l'an 1608. La ville basse ne renferme que des quais de bois , des magasins , des ship's stores, des chantiers et des tîivernes : c'est le quartier marin. Il faut gravir le cap Diamant, élevé de trois cents pieds au-dessus du fleuve, pour trouver la vraie ville française et anglaise, catholique et protestante, la cité bourgeoise et la place de guerre. Que de monumens divers, (\|ui diffèrent par leur architecture et leur destination : deux cathédrales, l'une catholicjue romaine, l'autre anglicane, des chapelles pour les sectaires, un hôtel-Dieu et un hùpilal militaire, un couvent d'ursulines et un couvent de jésuites tranformé en caserne, une bourse, une banque, un théâtre, un séminaire, une prison, et, par-dessus cette masse d'édifices qui répondent aux besoins et aux croyances de deux st>ciétés juxta-posées, le fort, ultima ratio! Les casemates de la citadelle, déclarée imprenable, jHîUvent abriter L AMÉRIQUE ANGLAISE. 991 cinq mille hommes; l'arseiial renferme des armes pour c^nt mille sol dats. Ces constructions sont modernes. Le vieux château de Saint-Louis, qui servait de résidence aux gouverneurs, a été détruit, en 1831, par un incendie; on en a déblayé les ruines, et ce grand espace, converti en esplanade, est devenu le rendez-vous des promeneui^ de Québec. De cette terrasse, l'on domine tout le bassin du Saint-Laurent, pressé à droite par une berge escarpée, borné à gauche par une chaîne de petites montagnes arrondies, au pied desquelles se déroule une im mense plaine. Dans le port, toutes les flottes de l'Angleterre se range raient à l'aise. Pendant la belle saison, des centaines de navires s'y rassemblent; le chant des matelots retentit tout le jour au fond de cet hémicycle creusé, comme un entonnoir, dans le roc vif, et monte Acrs la haute ville en joyeuse clameur. Penchez-vous sur cette belle nappe d'eau et étudiez le mouvement de la rade : un trois-màts s'avanc(^ poussé par la brise. Une foule compacte fourmille sur le pont; il y a là tout un monde : des femmes et des enfans en haillons, des vieillards fatigués, des paysans robustes en culotte courte, en veste de panne. Tout cela débarque; des meubles, des ustensiles de ménage, des ber ceaux, des charrues, s'entassent sur le quai. Ce sont des Irlandais qui viennent chercher fortune en Amérique. Ils lèvent les yeux vers les deux caps qui se dressent au-dessus de leui^ tètes, et semblent se de mander par où ils pénétreront jusqu'aux terres incultes qui les atten dent. D'autres navires moins grands traversent le port, et continuent leur route vei^ Montréal; pour mieux couper le courant, ils s'amarrent côte à côte, enverguent leurs bonnettes et filent gaiement sur ces eaux calmes, où la tempête ne les surprendra plus. Çà et là mugissent dé normes steamers aux bannières déployées, véritables hôtels où cent voyageurs mangent à la même table, et dorment dans des cabines sé parées. Parmi ces colosses enveloppés de nuages de fumée glisse la pirogue d'écorce de l'Indien, pareille au poisson volant qui fuit devant le cachalot. Les radeaux conduits par les lumberers se déroulent dans leur prodigieuse longueur à travers les files de hàtimens à l'ancre. Une vingtaine de petites voiles, tendues sur des troncs de sapins à peine dégrossis, accélèrent la marche de ces forêts flottantes; d'im menses avirons, placés en tête et en queue, servent à les diriger. Ar rivé près du navire qui l'attend, le radeau s'arrête. On le défait, on le démonte pièce à pièce, et le gros bâtiment absorbe, l'une après l'autre, ces gigantesques poutres que l'équipage range en bon ordre dans la cale. Les bois de construction, qui constituent la principale richesse du Canada et du Xouveau-Brunswick, exigent l'emploi de navires d'un fort tonnage; il y a des pièces de mâture d'une longueur extraordi naire dans ces forêts où les arbres résineux, — le sapin, le cèdre, le pin rouge, — s'élèvent à la hauteur de cent vingt pieds au moins. Des né '.>92 REVLE DES liElX MONDES. j^ocians de Québec eiuviit la ]>cnsée d'affocler à ce genre de transport des navires de trois cents pieds de long qui surpassaient en grandeur tous ceux que la mer avait jamais portés. Dans les années 1824 et 1825, on en construisit deux au village d'Orléans, sur la petite île de ce nom. Ils arrivèrent, non sans peine, jusqu'en Europe. Durant le trajet, on s'aperçut (juc la mer semblait grossir en raison de la niasse qui pesait sur ses flots. Ces colosses donnaient trop de prise à la vague; l'équi page ne pouvait les manœuvrer qu'avec des peines infinies. L'un périt à l'entrée de la Tamise, l'autre s'échoua comme une baleine près de (iravelines, et il resta prouvé que c'est à force d'habileté, plutôt que par la puissance de ses moyens, que l'homme peut lutter contre l'océan. Si Québec est la principale place de guerre que les Anglais possèdent dans l'Amérique du Nord, elle est aussi la première ville de commerce «lu Canada. Sa population s'élève maintenant à plus de trente mille habilans. Deux fois, en 1831 et en 1845, les incendies, — ces grands fléaux des villes américaines, où tant de maisons étaient construites en bois, — l'ont désolée et lui ont fait éprouver des pertes considérables; mais ces malheurs n'ont pas tardé à être réparés. Aujourd'hui les An glais ont quelque raison d'appeler Québec the qucen of North American cities, la reine de leurs villes de l'Amérique du Nord, Cependant Mont réal lui dispute la prééminence; son commerce maritime est moins actif, parce que peu de navires prennent la peine de remonter le fleuve jusque devant ses quais (1), mais en revanche sa population dépasse d'un (juart celle de Québec, et elle exerce sur le pays entier une plus grande influence. Bien que l'émigration ait amené à Montréal beaucoup d'Anglais, sur tout depuis une trentaine d'années, le fond de la population est de meuré français. On y parle notre langue mieux que dans les autres parties du Canada, et le goût des arts ne s'y est point perdu, témoin la belle cathédrale catholique, d'architecture gothi(iue, bâtie aux frais des fidèles et dont l'inauguration eut lieu en 1829. Les maisons sont hautes, larges, construites en grés et couvertes de lames d'étain ou de fer en feuilles; quand le soleil brille, il en résulte un contraste fati gant pour la vue entre l'éclat scintillant des toitures et la nuance sombre des murailles. Dans les ru<;s, propres, mais assez mal alignées. — la race gauloise, en toutes choses, a horreur de la ligue droite, — on voit surgir de spacieux hôtels (jui font penser à nos vieilles villes de parlement. Dans les faubourgs, de vastesjardins entourés de gran<ls murs rappellent les enclos des communautés religieuses; çà et là même retentit la cloche d'un couvent. Quel caluK;! comme cette population paraît tranquille et facile à gouverner'.... Prenez garde cependant et (t) Mnnlréal est à plus de soixante UeuoR do 0"«^'l>f<', et par coiiscqiieiil à cent licuos au iiKiiiiii de in mer. Uevuiil la ville cl au pied inèiiic des quai.<, U proroiuleur des eaux 9ti cncuro de rinq mètre». l'amériql'e anglaise. 993 ne vous y fiez pas trop. Un jour d'élection, Montréal sajrite et prend un aspect nienaçunt. En Toici une preuve que nous lirons du récit de sir J. Alexander. — En i8^i.... deux candidats se trouvaient en présence, l'un conservateur, l'autre radical. Les partisans de celui-ci, pour assu rer leur triomphe, amenèrent dans la ville une troupe d'Irlandais qui demeuraient aux environs. Ces Irlandais, ouvriers employés aux ca naux, n'avaient point de votes à déposer dans l'urne, mais qu'importe"? on leur réservait un autre rôle. Ils furent chargés d'occuper la place publique de manière à empêcher les votans du parti opposé d'appro cher de la loge où se recueillent les bulletins. Le maire, le président du bureau et les officiers de police ne pouvaient en aucune manière assurer la liberté de l'élection; la masse compacte des tapageurs ne lais sait pas le plus petit jour qui li>Tàt passage aux amis du candidat con servateur. Si (pielque électeur modéré s'aventurait dans ce guêpier, un cri de a ring ^un cercle!) se faisait entendre, et le malheureux, ballotté de main en main, voyait aussitôt ses habits mis en pièces; sa peau même portait les marques des poings irlandais. Quand les conser vateurs eurent été dûment rossés et foulés aux pieds, la force armée reçut l'ordre d'avancer. Ce fut le signal d'un désordre elTroyable qui dura deux jours entieis. Les troupes occupèrent à leur tour la plac<-' où se faisait l'élection; mais les Irlandais pressaient les soldats du coude et du genou, et le bruit recommençait déjà, quand une charge à la baïonnette dispersa les agitateurs. Quelques-uns d'entre eux furent blessés, il y en eut un qui resta mort sur le coup, et bref, le candidat radical l'emporta! — N'est-ce pas là une émeute en règle? Il n'y manque rien, ni la patience de l'autorité qui donne trente-six heures aux tur bulens pour s'apaiser, ni la persévérance de ceux-ci à envenimer la querelle, ni la brutalité et la violence des moyens employés par les amis du progrc's pour faire triompher la cause de la liberté. Ces scènes de désordre se sont plus d'une fois renouvelées. En 1849. elles ont pris un caractère plus grave, et le gouvernement britannique s'aperçoit aujourd'hui que les concessions faites par lui, en 1840, aux colons ca nadiens n'ont point calmé l'esprit d'insubordination. Montréal renferme une foule d'édifices religieux, civils et militaires, des couvens, des séminaires, des universités et des écoles; ses environs, (jui offrent des points de vue moins saisissans que ceux de Québec, sont plus riches et mieux cultivés. Au-dessus de la ville s'élève la Mon Ligne. On appelle ainsi une colline qui n'est guère plus élevée que les buttes de Montmartre, et dont les flancs, couverts de maisons de cam pagne, de bosquets et de vergers, produisent les plus beaux fruits du Canada; on y cueille des cerises, des pommes d'une qualité supérieure, des abricots et des pêches. Du haut de cette montagne, où se trouve un lac aI)ondant en poissons, on voit se dérouler à ses pieds la ville entière, puis le fleuve avec ses îks, et au-delà du fleuve la florissante 99i REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. contrée désignée par le nom de Eastern Townships (les communes orien tales), que l'on considère comme le jardin du Canada. Dans cette fertilr région croissent le froment rouge, le blé noir, l'orge, le maïs; on dirait un paysage de Normandie traversé par la Seine : partout de la verdure, des pâturages, des arbres au feuillage riant, une population active, la borieuse, aux allures vives et enjouées. 11 n'y a dans tout cela ni j)au vreté ni souffrance, et pour tant ces beureux bahitans rêvent un autn^ avenir qu'ils croient meilleur. Montréal veut devenir capitale de quel que cliose, d'une province, d'un état peut-être. Située à soixante lieues au-dessus de Québec et à une égale distance à peu près du lac On tario , peu éloignée de la route qui conduit au lac Cbamplain et a New-York , cette ville riche et populeuse, où la jeunesse se rassemble pour étudier, où s'élaborent et se discutent par la voie de la presse les projets plus ou moins chimériques des politiques du pays, se trouve parfaitement placée pour agir sur l'esprit des habitans de l'intérieur et pour entretenir avec la nation voisine des relations de plus d'un genre. Si la race française, abandonnée au Canada , veut courir les chances d'une nouvelle insurrection , — qui ne lui rendrait point sa nationalité perdue, — si elle obéit à ce sentiment d'américanisme qui fermente autour d'elle, ce sera de Montréal que le signal partira; il sera entendu dans les villages canadiens qui bordent le fleuve, dans les bas quartiers et les faubourgs de Québec , et les french colonists de la Rivière-du-Loup y répondront à leur tour, eux qui déjà se sont laissé monter la tête par les turbulens démagogues. Mais, dira-t-on , Montréal est une ville de gentlemen, une ville d'étude qui possède deux acadé mies, un institut mécanique ayec un musée, une bibliothèque, des sociétés d'agriculture, d'horticulture et d'industrie : qu'ont de com mun avec les idées républicaines ces institutions inotlénsives? Boston est, comme Montréal, une cité où l'on cultive les lettres, une cité de riches bourgeois aux mœurs un peu aristocratiques, d'apparence très pacifique, et c'est à Boston cependant qu'eut lieu le soulèvement qui amena la guerre de rindéi)endance. Là où les bras se reposent, les têtes travaillent. [V. — LE haut-cânada. A peu de distance au-dessus de Montréal , en remontant vers l'ouest, la rive droite du Saint-Laurent cesse d'appartenir à l'Angleterre : les traités en ont assuré la possession aux États-Unis. Les deux nations rivales sont là en présence, séparées seulement par la largeur du tleuve dont elles se partagent les eaux. Le pays change das[»ect; on entre dans la région des lacs, dans le Haut-Canada. On n'entend pres que plus parler français; on rencontre de moins en moins le colon ijtrimilir roulant dans sa calèche traînée par un petit cheval à long poil. L'AMÉRIQUE ANGLAISE. 993 le paysan canadien à la mine vive et prévenante : la race anglo-saxonne, sérieuse et grave, domine dans la campagne et dans les villages. Le S.îint-Laurcnt n'a plus cette allure calme et majestueuse qui le fait res sembler alternativement à l'Hudson et au Mississipi; des rapides entra vent sa marche et mettent obstacle à la navigation des steamers. Le plus remarquable de ces rapides est celui des Mille-Iles {Thousand-Islands). Qu'on se figure une multitude d'îles et dîlots jetés en désordre au milieu d'un grand fleuve qui , ne sachant par où passer, se précipite impétueusement à travers ce labyrinthe. Partout où le sol a cédé à ses efforts, le Saint-Laurent s'est creusé une issue; il s'éparpille, mugis sant avec colère, en une foule de torrens et de petites cascades. Les <'.anadiens se lancent hardiment dans ces passages avec leurs pirogues < l y font glisser leurs radeaux. Parmi les pilotes du Haut-Canada, au cun n'a acquis plus de célébrité que le fameux Bill Johnstone , sur nommé le roi des mille îles. Anglais d'origine et contrebandier de jirofession, Bill eut des démêlés avec la douane; il jura haine à mort a son pays et passa sur la rive américaine. Durant les guerres de Sil et 1813, le contrebandier, prenant parti contre son pays, jetait souvent l'alarme sur la côte canadienne; c'était un insaisissable ennemi, partout ju'ésent et toujours invisible. Un jour, il se précipita sur la malle an glaise et enleva les dépêches du gouvernement. L'insurrection de 1837 trouva Bill tout prêt à reprendre son ancien genre de vie; sa haine n'é tait point calmée; mais , mécontent des Américains, qu'il accusait de n'avoir pas assez apprécié ses services, il se fit chef de bande et com battit pour son compte. A la tête d'une troupe de sympathiseurs, il in cendia h French-Creek le steamer Rohert Peel pour venger la perte du steamer américain Caroline, que les Anglais avaient lancé par-dessus les chutes de Niagara. Plus tard, suivi de quatre cents de ces mêmes sym pathiseurs, on le vit débarquer sur la rive canadienne à Prescott-Mill; il espérait que tout le pays allait se lever à son approche. Attaqués par les troupes de terre et par l'artillerie d'un bateau à vapeur, les assail Jans furent contraints de battre en retraite. Les plus déterminés se renfermèrent dans un moulin où ils soutinrent long-temps un combat meurtrier; à la fin, ils se rendirent au nombre de cent cinquante-cinq. Il y avait parmi eux deux réfugiés polonais;, l'un fut pendu comme brigand avec cinq des prisonniers, l'autre fut envoyé à la geôle de Kingston. Bill Johnstone n'eût point échappé au supplice, lui qui por tait les armes contre son pays; mais il avait eu le bonheur de se ca cher dans les bois avec le reste de sa bande. Aujourd'hui il vit pai sible à French-Creek, en vue du rivage où sa tête a été mise à prix, toujours disposé à brûler les navires anglais, au demeurant fort hon nête homme, excellent père de famille. Sa fille, la reine des mille iles, grande et belle femme habile à manier l'aviron, s'est distinguée aussi 990 REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. par son zèle et son audace à porter aux insurgés des nuini lions et des vivres. Un certain nombre des îles de l'archipel des Thousand-Islands appartient en propriété à Bill; il y possède toute une flottille de bateaux de formes diverses. Son embarcation favorite est une galère à huit rames qu'on peut à volonté gréer en goélette, et dont un forban des Cyclades envierait la grâce et la légèreté. Dans son existence indépen dante, cet homme étrange représente le dernier des oul-latm, de ces aventuriers indisciplinés qui, pour venger un tort personnel, décla raient la guerre à leur propre patrie. A l'endroit même où commence le Saint-Laurent , au-delà des pre miers rapides et à l'entrée du lac Ontario, est placée la ville de Kings ton. Il suffit de jeter les yeux sur la carte pour comprendre l'impor tance militaire de cet établissement, fondé en 1783 par les Anglais (I); sa position le destinait à être le pendant de Québec à l'extrémité op posée du Saint-Laurent, le point fortifié qui connnande le Haut-Canada et le port de guerre du lac Ontario. Là furent construits les bàtimcns. là reposent encore sous les chantiers couverts de larsenal les restes dr l'escadre que l'Angleterre entretenait sur cette petite mer pendant ses longues guerres avec les Étals-Unis. Afin d'éviter les rapides du fleuve et le voisinage trop rapproché de la rive américaine, le gouvernement anglais a relié Kingston avec Montréal par un canal qui communi(jue à la rivière Ottawa, magnifique travail qui n'a pas coûté moins d<' 'io millions de francs. D'imposantes fortifications entourent la ville; rien n'a été négligé pour mettre à l'abri d'un coup de main cette capitale des lacs qu'un pont de glace soude fatalement au territoire américain pen dant les grands froids. En 1840, quand le parlement des Canadas-Unis {United-Canadas) se réunit pour la première fois à Kingston, on n'y comptait encore que six mille habitans; la population a considérable ment augmenté depuis cette époque. Les émigrans qui font route vers le Far-West passent tous par cette ville, et beaucoup y achètent les us tensiles nécessaires à leur nouveau genre de vie. Cet établissement est devenu comme l'entrepôt de toutes les denrées du pays, et le com merce y a pris un développement remarquable. Si le port de guerre a perdu toute activité, le port marchand, au contraire, se remplit de bateaux à vapeur et de navires à voiles de cent à deux cents tonneaux, dogres et goélettes à la mâture élancée, condamnés à naviguer sur une mer d'eau douce qui n'a pas plus de trois cents milles de tour, et qui pourtant éprouve des tempêtes comparables à celles «le l'Océan. Ix'S environs de Kingston, du côté du Saint-Laurent et de l'Onlario, 8<î recommandent par une foule de sites délicieux : c'est une série de vues marines encadrées dans un paysage agreste; mais le pays, dans ^1) l.'nvAnUi^e de cette position n'avait point échappô aux FrançAis; il' y niaient l>Ati !6 i»ti l''r'.iii(ciiiic. l'amériche anglaisk. 097 rintérieur. notVie qu'un sol froid et argileux peu propre à la culture. En savançant vers l'ouest , on se trouve transporté dans une région nouvelle, où les forêts abondent. Les émigrans. attirés par le voisinagt> des lacs, se sont fixés de préférence sur leurs rives, comme sur le bord d'une grande route. Depuis la ville de Kingston, destinée à devenir, à tous égards, lune des plus considérables du Canada, jusqu'aux limites occidentales de ce grand pays, c'est-à-dire depuis la pointe extrême du lac Ontario jusque la naissance du lac Supérieur, les cartes ne l)ortent que deux noms marqués en gros caractères, Toronto et London. Entre ces deux stations, il y a une intervalle de plusieurs centaines de milles. Toronto s'appelait, il y a quelques années, York. Quand nous la visitâmes nous-même, cette cit^ naissante comptait tout au plus quatre mille habitans, quoiciuelle fût aloi-s la capitale du Haut-Canada. Les barraks (casernes) bâties dans une clairière, hors du quartier civil, lui donnaient ra\|)parencc dun camp. Quelques goélettes à l'ancre der rière la jetée, et fort éloignées les unes des autres, semblaient attendre depuis long-temps un chargement quelles ne trouvaient pas. C'était un spectacle mélancolique, l'estiuisse dune ville et d'un poi1. un défriche ment que signalaient encore les troncs des siq»ins noircis par la fumée, (.^à et là, de lourds chariots, grossièrement construits, i)nssaient sur la place et allaient se perdre en cahotant dans le silence des bois. Une calèche élégante, conduite par une jeune ladu (jui s'amusait à baigner les pieds de ses chevaux dans les eaux du lac, était, il m'en souvient, la seule voiture de forme européenne qui frappât mes regards; mais de puis loi-s la forêt a reculé, des maisons de briques et de pierre ont rem placé les cabanes de bois. Aujourd'hui, vous rencontrerez par ving taines les phaetons. les gigs, les bogueys, qui emporten) les l)romeneur^ dans la campagne. Seize mille âmes habitent maintenant Toronto; on y fait du commerce, on s'y amuse beaucoup, on y publie des journaux comme ailleurs. 11 semble même que Toronto aspire à prendre, vis-à vis de Kingston, place de guerre du Haut-Canada, le rôle de ville bour geoise et lettrée. On y a institué une université où la jeunesse anglo canadienne reçoit une éducation complète. Cet établissement se nomme new-college (nouveau collège), dénomination vulgaire qui tend à sj changer en celle plus significative de king's collège, collège du roi, le gouvernement britannique espérant y former une pépinière de savans et loyaux sujets, imbus des principes monarchiques et capables d'occuper les principaux emplois dans la colonie. Les professeurs, venus d'Europe et choisis avec soin, auront donc une double tâche à remphr : ré pandre les lumières de la science autour d'eux et combattre la propa gande des idées démagogiques. C'est que. malgré son éloignement des grands centres de population et bien que séparé du territoire américain par toute la largeur de l'Ontario, Toronto n'est pas à l'abri TOME Vltl. 64 *.^9j revue des deux mondes. «les menées du radicalisme. En 1837, l'opinion républicaine menaça cette ville sous la forme visible d'un corps d'insurgés et de sympathi seurs qui essayèrent de la surprendre. Trois mille hommes de la mi lice, soutenus par deux compagnies de troupes régulières, se portèrent au-devant des rebelles, les attaquèrent vivement et les mirent en fuite après leur avoir tué quarante hommes. En examinant avec un peu d'attention la configuration du pays, on reste convaincu que Toronto a sa raison d'être et ses élémens de pros périté dans sa situation à l'une des extrémités du grand plateau trian gulaire compris entre les lacs Huron, Érié et Ontario. Ce plateau forme une presqu'île qui ne contient pas moins de vingt millions d'acres de terre d'une excellente qualité. Quel vaste champ ouvert à l'émigra tion ! Il y a là de quoi loger et nourrir l'Irlande tout entière. La partie nord-ouest de ce territoire est encore occupée par les Indiens; à peine si dans sa partie méridionale il a reçu des Européens en assez grand nombre pour (jue sa physionomie agreste et sauvage ait été sensible ment altérée. Au milieu d'une clairière de peu d'étendue, bornée de tous côtés par la forêt, s'élève la capitale naissante de cette province reculée; on l'a baptisée du nom de Londres {Canadian-London). Plus on est loin de sa patrie, plus le souvenir en est doux. La rivière qui l'arrose est appelé Tamise [Tliames), et les petits ponts de bois qui tra versent ce cours d'eau ont été nommés Black-Friars, Westminster, etc. London ne compte pas plus de quatre à cinq mille habitans; on la surnommée the city of the stumps , parce que, du milieu des défriche inens dont elle est entourée, s'élèvent les restes des arbres {stumps) {{) abattus par la hache ou détruits par le feu. Il n'y a pas fort long temps encore qu on vit deux vieux ours, qui ne soupçonnaient pas l'existence de cette capitale toute récente, en parcourir les mes à la clarté des étoiles, comme deux promeneurs fourvoyés. Quoi qu'il en soit de l'aspect étrange de Canadian-London, l'avenir de cette ville est assuré. Destinée à devenir le centre d'une colonie agricole, elle a été bâtie aux sources et non à l'embouchure d'une rivière, à une certaine distance des lacs, dansl'intérieur des terres. Cette situation, qui parait au premier abord mal choisie, a cela d'avantageux au contraire, qu'elle force les habitans à pratiquer des routes pour se mettre en commu nication avec les petits ports voisins établis sur l'Érié; ces routis ont guidé les émigrans à travers la forêt et leur ont permis de choisir h s lieux les plus favorables à la culture. La Tamise, (jui coule directe ment vers le sud, tombe dans le petit lac Saint-Clair (2), en baignant des terrains bas et fertiles où le froment et le tabac prospèrent à mer (1) I^s créoles (lcsi);ncnt ces stumps par le mot chicot. (i) Le lac Suint-Cluir reçoit les eaux du lac Huron, et les porte au tac Éric par U ri vière Détroit. L'AMÉRIQUE ANGLAISE. 990 eille (1). Sur la rive opposée du lac Saint-Clair, on aperçoit les ver jfers des Canadiens français du district américain de Détroit (devenus citoyens des États-rnis par les derniers traités). Il y a quelques années, des missionnaires de notre pays ont, pour ainsi dire, découvert ces honnêtes paysans séparés de nous par tant d evénemens et par un espace de dix-huit cents lieues; ils se sont fixés au milieu d'eux et ont ranimé, par leurs prédications, la vieille foi catholique qui commen çait à s'obscurcir dans leurs cœurs. Les églises, l'hôpital, les écoles, que bâtissent aujourd'hui ces Canadiens, sont en grande partie le pro duit des aumônes que la France leur envoie. Parmi les villages clair-semés dans la région dont London est le chef-lieu, il y en a un, Saint-Thomas, situé dans une anse du lacÉrié, qui attire particulièrement l'attention des voyageurs. Celui (jui la fondé, celui qui le premier vint d'Europe camper dans ce désert in connu, le colonel Tall)ot . — surnommé par ses compatriotes le Lion de l'Ouest, le Nestor du Haut-Canada, — est encore là pour raconter aux nouveaux arrivans l'histoire de son établissement, dont l'ori gine remonte à cinquante années. Dans sa jeunesse, le colonel Talbot avait embrassé la carrière militaire, et il occupait un rang distin gué dans l'état-major du lord-heutenant d'Irlande. Saisi d'un ardent désir de vivre dans la solitude, il part pour l'Amérique en se dirigeant vers le Saint-Laurent. 11 remonte le fleuve, arrive au lacÉrié. et s'em barque dans une pirogue. Le voilà qui vogue comme un Indien, sui vant la rive canadienne encore inculte, cherchant un lieu qui lui plaise. Une vallée couverte de beaux arbres, baignée par les eaux du lac. attire ses regards; il y jette l'ancre, et fonde la petite colonie con nue aujourd'hui sous le nom de Talbot' s Settlement. Heureux homme qui conçut un projet et put l'accomplir! Les noyers et les érables qu'il a plantés ou laissés debout en défrichant forment autour de sa de meure de magnifiques allées. Tout ce que la main de l'homme a créé dans son voisinage est plus jeune que lui. Deux fois la guerre a détruit sa maison par les flammes, et deux fois il a refait son toit. La présence de ce gentilhomme de vieille race devait porter ombrage aux sympa thisews américains; à plusieurs reprises ils ont tenté de l'enlever. Ils ont rôdé en armes autour d'un vieillard qui ne leur causait aucun pré judice, et ne songeait pas même à eux. En vérité, cette manière de faire la guerre, ou plutôt de porter le brigandage sur le territoire d'un pays avec lequel on est officiellement en paix, excite le dégoût. Ce ne sont point là les préceptes que légua à ses concitoyens le général Was hington. (1) L'embouchure de la Tamise forme l'un des côtes d'une presqu'île peu étendue qui marque la zone la plus méridionale de tout le Canada, et s'étend entre le 42» et le 43» degré de latitude. 1000 REVIE DES DEUX MONDES. Caaadian-London est situe, nous l'avons dit, en plein l'ar-West. «expression qui désigne les solitudes âpres et sauvages de l'ouest de l'Américjue. Il ne faudrait pourtant pas prendre ce mot dans une ac ception trop absolue, les voyageurs anglais étant un [>eu enclins à regarder comme désert un pays où les chemins de fer, les comfortables hôtels et les relais de poste n'existent pas encore. La colonisation mar che dans le Haut-Canada plus vite qu'on ne pense; si ses progrès pa raissent lents, c'est qu'elle opère dans des régions d'une mcroyable étendue, et dissémine ses forces sur une foule de points à la fois. Quand on s'éloigne des rives du Saint-Laurent, cultivées depuis deux siècles, le Haut-Canada paraît triste; on dirait la Germanie au temps de Varus. Les chemins, quand il y en a, sont généralement mau vais. Les plus simples consistent dans une double ligne de troncs ♦l'arbres placés parallèlement; les roues d'un chariot grossièrement construit et dénué de ressorts, — la violence des cahots ne permet pas de suspendre ces voitures autrement que sur l'essieu, — roulent tant bien que mal sur ce rail inégal et raboteux. Ailleurs, on a prati(\|ué , tles routes de bois, plank-roads, où des troncs de sapins, étendus à terre et rapprochés les uns des autres le plus possible, forment un plancher continu; malheureusement les pièces ne sont jamais jointes si solide ment que les pieds des chevaux ne passent quelquefois dans les inter valles. Un chemin de ce genre, long de vingt lieues et taillé dans le milieu de la forêt, comme si ou n'eût fait que coucher les troncs d'ar bres côte à côte à mesure qu'ils tombaient, conduit de Loudon à Gode lich sur les bords du lac Huron. Qu'on se figure un corps de troupes anglaises cheminant sur une pareille voie avec armes et bagages. Dans tout le Haut-Canada, l'armée éprouve de grandes fatigues en voya geant. Souvent, après une longue étape, le sold.it est réduit à dormir sur la dure, à l'abri d'un hangar, sans pouvoir obtenir un peu de paille pour appuyer sa tète. Les vivres mêmes sont dilïiciles à se procu rer là où l'œil ne rencontre ni champs, ni vergers, ni rien qui res semble à un village du royauuie-uni. Les marches ne peuvent s'exé cuter que pendant l'été; sous le climat américain, toujours extrême, les mêmes pays où le froid se fait si cruellement sentir sont exposés a des chaleurs intolérables. Entre Toronto et Londoii, il existe de grands espaces d'un terrain sablonneux (jui <levieiiuent, après de longues sc cheresses, arides et brùlans comme les hautes terres du Texas. Celui qui les traverse à pied se sent accablé par le poids d'une atmosphère étoutVanle, et des tourbillons de poussière gênent sa respiration. IK grands pins s'élèvent çà et là, étendant autour d'eux leurs gigantest\|ucs rameaux; mais sous leur ond)re ne pousse jamais l'herbe (.loutée. la mousse épaisse qui repose le pied du passant.
github_open_source_100_7_20129	Github OpenSource	Various open source	#! /bin/sh # # entrypoint.sh # Copyright (C) 2019 shady <shady@MrRobot.local> # # Distributed under terms of the MIT license. # #! /bin/sh set -e until nc -z -v -w30 $MYSQL_SERVICE_HOST 3306 do echo "Waiting for database mysql connection..." sleep 5 done >&2 printenv echo "Migrate Database Model" cd /service && python3 migrations.py # Migrate Database Model if not migrated exec "$@"
github_open_source_100_7_20130	Github OpenSource	Various open source	import { or } from '../src/or' import { isString, isNull, isNumber } from '../src/lang' test('or', () => { const pred = or(isString, isNumber, isNull) expect(pred('')).toBe(true) expect(pred(1)).toBe(true) expect(pred(null)).toBe(true) expect(pred(undefined)).toBe(false) expect(pred({})).toBe(false) })
github_open_source_100_7_20131	Github OpenSource	Various open source	/* * Copyright (c) 2016, the Dart project authors. Please see the AUTHORS file * for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a * BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. / /* * @assertion LinkedHashMap({bool equals(K key1, K key2), int hashCode(K key), * bool isValidKey(potentialKey)}) * If [equals] is provided, it is used to compare the keys in the table with new * keys. If [equals] is omitted, the key's own [Object.operator==] is used * instead. Similar, if [hashCode] is provided, it is used to produce a hash * alue for keys in order to place them in the hash table. If it is omitted, the * key's own [Object.hashCode] is used. * @description Checks that if [equals] and [hashCode] are omitted then * [Object.operator==] and [Object.hashCode] are used * @author sgrekhov@unipro.ru */ import "../../../Utils/expect.dart"; import "dart:collection"; class C { int get hashCode => 1; bool operator ==(Object c) { return true; } } main() { LinkedHashMap map1 = new LinkedHashMap(equals: identical, hashCode: identityHashCode); LinkedHashMap map2 = new LinkedHashMap(); C key1 = new C(); C key2 = new C(); C key3 = new C(); map1[key1] = 1; map1[key2] = 2; map1[key3] = 3; map2[key1] = 1; map2[key2] = 2; map2[key3] = 3; Expect.equals(3, map1.length); Expect.equals(1, map2.length); }
github_open_source_100_7_20132	Github OpenSource	Various open source	/** * Copyright (c) 2017-present, Facebook, Inc. * All rights reserved. * * This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant * of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory. / #include "include/test_fe.h" extern const FE_Band_Cfg fact_ch1_band_cfg; extern const FE_Band_Cfg fact_ch2_band_cfg; extern FE_Ch_Band_cfg fe_ch1_bandcfg; extern FE_Ch_Band_cfg fe_ch2_bandcfg; / ============================= Fake Functions ============================= / unsigned int s_task_sleep_ticks; xdc_Void ti_sysbios_knl_Task_sleep__E(xdc_UInt32 nticks) { s_task_sleep_ticks += nticks; } void test_alert(void) { } / ============================= Boilerplate ================================ / void suite_setUp(void) { } void setUp(void) { } void tearDown(void) { } void suite_tearDown(void) { } / ================================ Tests =================================== / void test_ocmp_fe_init(void) { / For ch1 / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL( POST_DEV_FOUND, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_init(&fe_ch1_bandcfg, &fact_ch1_band_cfg, NULL)); / For ch2 / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL( POST_DEV_FOUND, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_init(&fe_ch2_bandcfg, &fact_ch2_band_cfg, NULL)); } void test_ocmp_fe_get_config(void) { rffeBand returnVal = FE_DEFAULT_VALUE; / For ch1 / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(true, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_get_config( &fe_ch1_bandcfg, FE_CFG_BAND, &returnVal)); / For ch2 / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(true, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_get_config( &fe_ch2_bandcfg, FE_CFG_BAND, &returnVal)); / Invalid Param / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(false, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_get_config(&fe_ch2_bandcfg, FE_INVALID_PARAM, &returnVal)); } void test_ocmp_fe_set_config(void) { rffeBand value = FE_DEFAULT_VALUE; / For ch1 / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(true, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_set_config( &fe_ch1_bandcfg, FE_CFG_BAND, &value)); / For ch2 / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(true, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_set_config( &fe_ch2_bandcfg, FE_CFG_BAND, &value)); / Invalid Param / TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(false, FE_PARAM_fxnTable.cb_set_config( &fe_ch2_bandcfg, FE_INVALID_PARAM, &value)); } / probe function is stack holder only. No need to create test for it / / rrfe_ctrl_set_band and rffe_ctrl_get_band are using static structure. No test * case are needed for them */
11221049_1	Caselaw_Access_Project	Public Domain	KAPSNER, Justice. [¶ 1] Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Rail Railway Company ("BN"); Ronald Hausmann and Lila Hausmann ("Haus-manns"); Donald Haugen; and Charles Studness appealed a district court order of October 6, 1999, and judgment of October 14, 1999, affirming revised findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order issued by the Benson County Water Resource District ("District") on May 4, 1999, requiring the installation of culverts through a township road and a railroad. We conclude the District exceeded its authority, and we reverse. I [¶ 2] A recent wet cycle has resulted in high water levels throughout the Devils Lake Basin. This matter concerns flooding and water management in and around Normania Township in Benson County. Two wetlands — one identified as Slough A in Sections 3 and 4 in Normania Township and one identified as Hausmann Slough in Section 34 of Irvine Township — are involved. A BN railroad track and U.S. Highway No. 2 lie between the two wetlands, and a township road runs through Slough A. [¶ 3] The District conducted a public hearing in 1998 to receive information about flooding. On March 17, 1999, the District held a hearing to receive additional evidence. The District found: 6. The Burlington Northern-Santa Fe Railroad serves as an obstruction to the natural flow of water. 8. The installation of a culvert or pipe through the BNSF railroad would allow the water in Slough A to flow in its natural course to the north and east, eventually reaching Hausmann Slough. 9. Slough A is divided by a north/south township road which runs between Sections 3 and 4 of Normania Township. This township road obstructs the natural flow of water in a southeasterly direction from Slough A. The District ordered: 1. A 24 inch diameter corrugated metal pipe is recommended to be installed through the north-south township road approximately 1000 feet north of the section corner common to Sections 3, 4, 9 and 10 of Normania Township.... 3. A 24 inch diameter opening shall be installed through the BNSF railroad. The type of opening (metal or concrete) shall be determined by the BNSF Railroad Co. The opening shall be installed at ground elevation, but not higher than the natural outflow elevation of 1469.9 msl. The opening shall be located approximately 1525 feet east from the section line common to Section 3 and 4 of Normania Township. 4. The openings and other actions required under this order shall be installed or completed in a simultaneous manner (at the same time). [¶ 4] The district court affirmed the District's order and these appeals were taken. BN contends the District's order should be vacated. Hausmanns and Haugen contend the district court judgment should be reversed and the District's order vacated to the extent it orders BN to install a culvert under its railroad track. Studness contends the judgment should be reversed with regard to the District's order for installation of a culvert in the township road and affirmed with regard to the District's order for a culvert under BN's railroad track. The District contends the district court judgment should be affirmed. II [¶ 5] Our scope of review in appeals involving decisions of water resource districts is limited: "In an appeal from the decision of a local governing body under N.D.C.C. § 28-34-01, our scope of review is the same as the district court's and is very limited. Pic v. City of Grafton, 1998 ND 202, ¶ 6, 8, 586 N.W.2d 159. Our function is to independently determine the propriety of the decision, without according any special deference to'the district court's decision, and unless the Board acted arbitrarily, capriciously or unreasonably, or there is not substantial evidence to support the decision, it must be affirmed. Anderson v. Richland County Water Res. Bd., 506 N.W.2d 362, 367 (N.D.1993). A decision is not arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable if the exercise of discretion is the product of a rational mental process by which the facts and the law relied upon are considered together for the purpose of achieving a reasoned and reasonable interpretation." Graber v. Logan County Water Res. Bd., 1999 ND 168, ¶7, 598 N.W.2d 846. "A commission's failure to correctly interpret and apply controlling law is arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable." Gullickson v. Stark County Bd. of County Comm'rs., 474 N.W.2d 890, 892 (N.D.1991). Ill [¶ 6] The District argues "the broad authority given to water resource districts in N.D.C.C. § 61-16.1-09(5-7), along with the provisions of N.D.C.C. § 61-16.1-09(21) and 61-01-07, when read in context with N.D.C.C. § 61-16.1-42, should result in the interpretation that water resource districts have the authority to order necessary openings through railroads." The District argues "this case is a logical extension" of our decision in Southeast Cass Water Res. Dist. v. Burlington Northern R.R. Co., 527 N.W.2d 884 (N.D.1995). [¶ 7] Water resource boards "are political subdivisions of the State of North Dakota." Anderson v. Richland County Water Res. Bd., 506 N.W.2d 362, 366 (N.D.1993). "The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the establishment and the government of all political subdivisions. Each political subdivision shall have and exercise such powers as provided by law." N.D. Const, art. VII, § 2. A political subdivision's "rights and powers are determined and defined by law." Eikevik v. Lee, 73 N.D. 197, 203, 13 N.W.2d 94, 97 (1944). "[D]rainage boards are creatures of statute, and they have no powers except such as are expressly granted by the stat ute or reasonably implied from the powers granted." Freeman v. Trimble, 21 N.D. 1, 9, 129 N.W. 83, 87 (1910). See also 5 Waters and Water Rights § 59 — 04(b)(3) (Robert E. Beck ed., 1991 ed., 1998 repl.) ("[Drainage] districts have only such powers as have been delegated to them by the enabling legislation."). [¶ 8] "[A] water resource district's' statutory powers are found in Title 61 [N.D.C.C.]." Ness v. Ward County Water Res. Dist, 1998 ND 191, ¶ 12, 585 N.W.2d 793. Section 61-01-07, N.D.C.C., provides: If any person illegally obstructs any ditch, drain, or watercourse, or diverts the water therein from its natural or artificial course, the person is liable to the party suffering injury from the obstruction or diversion for the full amount of the damage done, and, in addition, is guilty of a class B misdemeanor. Section 61-16.1-09, N.D.C.C., provides, in part: Each water resource board shall have the power and authority to: 5. Plan, locate, relocate, construct, reconstruct, modify, maintain, repair, and control all dams and water conservation and management devices of every nature and water channels, and to control and regulate the same and all reservoirs, artificial lakes, and other water storage devices within the district. 6. Maintain and control the water levels and the flow of water in the bodies of water and streams involved in water conservation and flood control projects within the district and regulate streams, channels, or watercourses and the flow of water therein by changing, widening, deepening, or straightening the same, or otherwise improving the use and capacity thereof. 7.Regulate and control water for the prevention of floods and flood damages by deepening, widening, straightening, or diking the channels or floodplains of any stream or watercourse within the district, and construct reservoirs or other structures to impound and regulate such waters. 21. Coordinate proposals for installation, modification, or construction of culverts and bridges in an effort to achieve appropriate sizing and maximum consistency of road openings. The department of transportation, railroads, counties, and townships shall cooperate with the districts in this effort. Each district shall also consider the possibility of incorporating appropriate water control structures, where appropriate, as a part of such road openings. Section 61-16.1-42, N.D.C.C., provides: Drains may be laid along, within the limits of, or across any public road or highway, but not to the injury of such road. In instances where it is necessary to run a drain across a highway, the department of transportation, the board of county commissioners, or the board of township supervisors, as the case may be, when notified by the water resource board to do so, shall make necessary openings through the road or highway at its own expense, and shall build and keep in repair all required culverts or bridges as provided under section 61-16.1-43. In instances where drains are laid along or within the rights of way of roads or highways, the drains shall be maintained and kept open by and at the expense of the water resource district concerned. A drain may be laid along any railroad when necessary, but not to the injury of the railroad, and when it is necessary to run a drain across the railroad, the railroad company, when noti fied by the water resource board to do so, shall make the necessary opening through such railroad, shall build the required bridges and culverts, and shall keep them in repair. A [¶ 9] We have construed those statutes as providing water resource boards with authority to direct townships to install culverts to accommodate drains established by law, but not in natural watercourses or to preserve a natural drainway for surface waters. "[T]ownship boards, and not water resource districts, have supervisory authority under N.D.C.C. § 24-03-06 to decide whether to install a culvert beneath a township road to preserve a natural drainway for surface waters." Ness v. Ward County Water Res. Dist, 1998 ND 191, ¶ 13, 585 N.W.2d 793. While water resource districts have been given broad powers to control waters within their jurisdictions, see N.D.C.C. § 61-16.1-09(5-7) and (16), they have not been given authority to make the decision to install a culvert under a township road in a natural watercourse. Rather, water resource districts have the authority to direct a township to install a culvert to accommodate a drain." Kadlec v. Greendale Tp. Bd. of Tp. Supervisors, 1998 ND 165, ¶ 15, 583 N.W.2d 817. Reliance on Southeast Cass Water Res. Dist. v. Burlington Northern R.R. Co., 527 N.W.2d 884 (N.D.1995), is misplaced. In that case, we concluded "NDCC 61 — 16.1— 42 constitutionally places upon BN Railroad the continuing responsibility for the costs of accommodating its track to necessary drainage improvements." Southeast Cass, at 885. However, that case involved drainage improvements to a drain established by law along a natural channel. We conclude the District did not have authority to order installation of a culvert in the township road. B [¶ 10] We turn now to the District's authority to order BN to install a culvert. Section 61-16.1-01, N.D.C.C., broadly states the legislative purpose in establishing water resource districts: The legislative assembly of North Dakota recognizes and declares that the general welfare and the protection of the lives, health, property, and the rights of all people of this state require that the management, conservation, protection, development, and control of waters in' this state, navigable or nonnavigable, surface or subsurface, the control of floods, the prevention of damage to property therefrom, involve and necessitate the exercise of the sovereign powers of this state and are affected with and concern a public purpose. To realize these objectives it is hereby declared to be the policy of the state to provide for the management, conservation, protection, development, and control of water resources and for the prevention of flood damage in the watersheds of this state and thereby to protect and promote the health, safety, and general welfare of the people of this state. The legislative assembly further recognizes the significant achievements that have been made in the management, conservation, protection, development, and control of our water and related land resources, and declares that the most efficient and economical method of accelerating these achievements is to establish water resource districts encompassing all of the geographic area of the state, and emphasizing hydrologic boundaries. Sections 61-01-07, 61-16.1-09(5), (6), (7), (21), and 61-16.1-42, N.D.C.C., relied on by the District, somewhat less expansively give water resource districts broad authority to control water in channels, water storage devices, conservation and flood control projects, streams, watercourses, ditches, and drains. The District did not find the surface waters involved in this case fall within any of these terms. [¶ 11] Article XI, § 3, N.D. Const., provides: "All flowing streams and natural watercourses shall forever remain the property of the state for mining, irrigating and manufacturing purposes." That provision applies "only to the waters of flowing streams and natural water courses." Ozark-Mahoning Co. v. State, 76 N.D. 464, 37 N.W.2d 488, 493 (1949). The District did not find the water involved here is a stream or watercourse. "[T]he strict wording of' our constitutional provision "would not make it applicable to . diffuse . surface water." Nancy Jean Strantz, Rights to Ground Water in North Dakota: Trends and Opportunities, 71 N.D.L.Rev. 619, 627 n. 25. Diffused surface water has been defined as "[w]ater lying or flowing on the surface of the earth, but not confined to any waterbody, and including floodwater that has escaped from a stream channel, or water resulting from snowmelt, rainfall, or seepage, that is moving overland towards a stream or other waterbody." 6 Waters and Water Rights 903 (Robert E. Beck ed., 1991 ed., 1994 Repl.). [¶ 12] Under N.D.C.C. § 61-01-01, surface waters, except diffused surface waters, "belong to the public and are subject to appropriation." Unlike the law relating to appropriating for use or consumption the water in streams or watercourses, "the law of diffused surface waters is more concerned with liability for damage suffered than it is with use rights in and to the water." 9 Powell on Real Property, § 65.02[iii], p. 65-26 (Michael Allan Wolf, ed., 2000). With regard to harm caused by diffused surface water, "[o]rdinarily, the rule of reason is applied in a fashion traditional to nuisance or general tort law." Id. at p. 65-27. [¶ 13] Neither an owner of upper land nor an owner of lower land may interfere with natural drainage so as to injure the rights of the other. Kadlec v. Greendale Tp. Bd. of Tp. Supervisors, 1998 ND 165, ¶ 18, 583 N.W.2d 817. We have adopted the reasonable use rule for landowner management of diffused surface waters. See, e.g., Martin v. Weckerly, 364 N.W.2d 93, 94 (N.D.1985) (stating "[t]he reasonable-use rule is applied by courts in reconciling conflicting uses of surface water and the land over which it flows" and one's use of property "must be reasonable so as not to cause unnecessary injury to others"); Henderson v. Hines, 48 N.D. 152, 159, 183 N.W. 531, 534 (1921) (holding that, with regard to surface waters, a landowner has the right to use his own property in such a manner as not to injure that of another). See also Jacobsen v. Pedersen, 190 N.W.2d 1 (N.D.1971) (citing Armstrong v. Francis Corp., 20 N.J. 320, 120 A.2d 4 (1956) and Enderson v. Kelehan, 226 Minn. 163, 32 N.W.2d 286 (1948)), and Jones v. Boeing Co., 153 N.W.2d 897 (N.D.1967). This Court has held drainage is governed by the reasonable use rule when the provisions of N-D.C.C. § 61-01-22 (requiring a permit to drain a pond, slough, or lake draining an area of 80 acres or more) did not apply. Young v. Hamilton, 332 N.W.2d 237, 240 (N.D.1983). "The question for North Dakota . is whether anything more than this basic principle concerning land use governs drainage problems. The answer given generally in Jones [v. Boeing Co., 153 N.W.2d 897 (N.D.1967) ] is 'No, that is it.' " Robert E. Beck and Bruce E. Bohlman, Drainage Law in North Dakota: An Overview, 47 N.D. L.Rev. 471, 477 (1971). Our decisions applying the reasonable use rule for landowner management of diffused surface waters have not involved governmental regulation. [¶ 14] In light of the limiting language used in specifying the authority of water resource districts, our history of applying the reasonable use rule for landowner management of diffused surface waters without governmental regulation, and the lack of legislative definition of many of the terms used in specifying the authority of water resource districts, we are reluctant to construe N.D.C.C. § 61-16.1-42 to authorize the District to order BN to install a culvert through the bed of its railroad track. Without a more explicit legislative declaration of an intent to extend the power and authority of water resource districts to manage diffused surface waters, we decline the District's invitation to so broadly construe the reach of N.D.C.C. § 61-16.1^12. We conclude the District did not have authority to order BN to install a culvert through the bed of its railroad track. [¶ 15] We need not address other issues the parties have raised, as answers to those questions are not necessary to the determination of this appeal. Seela v. Moore, 1999 ND 243, ¶ 11, 603 N.W.2d 480. [¶ 16] The order and judgment are reversed. [¶ 17] GERALD W. VANDE WALLE, C.J., MARY MUEHLEN MARING, WILLIAM A. NEUMANN, DALE V. SAND-STROM, JJ., concur. . A similar requirement is now contained in N.D.C.C. § 61-32-03, which requires a permit to drain a pond, slough, lake, or sheetwa-ter (defined as "shallow water that floods land not normally subject to standing water'') with a watershed of 80 acres or more. The District's decision in this case was not based upon that statute. . While we conclude the District lacks authority to order BN to install a culvert through the bed of its railroad track, this conclusion does not foreclose consideration of the matter in another forum. See, e.g., Fandrich v. Wells County Bd. of County Comm'rs, 2000 ND 181, 618 N.W.2d 166; Martin v. Weckerly, 364 N.W.2d 93 (N.D. 1985); Henderson v. Hines, 48 N.D. 152, 183 N.W. 531 (1921)..
https://archive.fosdem.org/2022/schedule/speaker/jacopo_mondi/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Online / 5 & 6 February 2022 visit Jacopo Mondi Jacopo is an embedded Linux software engineer. Most of his contributions are in Video4Linux2 and libcamera. Events Title Day Room Track Start End Status of camera support on mobile FOSS devices An open discussion about the state of cameras on Linux-powered mobile devices Saturday D.mobile FOSS on Mobile Devices 16:30 18:00.
http://www.bizsugar.com/Self-Development/why-your-business-goals-arent-big-enough/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Why Your Business Goals Aren't Big Enough Posted by Big Business Boogaloo under Self-Development From http://www.erica.biz 2039 days ago Made Hot by: ZiggyFreud61 on November 25, 2012 5:52 am Erica Douglass started a business online and sold that business at age 26 for $1.1 million, but her advice can apply to any entrepreneur no matter what kind of business you may operate. Erica argues that if you start a business just to make a few extra bucks a month, you are probably destined to fail. Make your goals a big bigger. Do you want to make enough cash to support your family, keep your house, maybe even cure cancer? These are the kinds of lofty goals that fuel great and successful businesses. So make your goal a bit bigger! Give millennials a reason to stay - The benefits that can help you retain young talent Job-changing is fast and furious in the early years of millennials’ careers: Young adults born in the early ‘80s … Subscribe Multiple Marketing Channels Increase Sales Remember when getting organic traffic was easier and there was no such thing as a penalty? Early on with AdWords I … More Editor's Picks Share your small business tips with the community! It's time to up your game with video on BizSugar! Post your small business video to BizSugar today! Have you tried BizSugar's new video posting feature?.
4455048_1	Caselaw_Access_Project	Public Domain	THOMPSON, J. The plaintiff's land is bounded by the waters of Lake Champlain. Both parties concede that by the law of this state, the plaintiff's land does not extend beyond low water mark. Such is the law of this state. Fletcher v. Phelps, 28 Vt. 257; Jakeway v. Barrett, 38 Vt. 316; Austin v. Rutland R. R. Co., 45 Vt. 228. The contention is over the meaning of the term "low water mark" as used by the courts and law writers. The plaintiff insists that it means the lowest point to which the water has ever receded. The defendant says that it means ordinary low water mark. By the common law, all that portion of land on tide-waters between high and low water mark, technically known as the shore, originally belonged to the crown, and was held in trust by the King for public uses, and was not subject to private uses without a special patent or grant. Mayor of Mobile v. Slava, 9 Porter (Ala.) 577; 33 Am. Dec. 325; Pike v. Monroe, 36 Me. 309; 58 Am. Dec. 751; 3 Kent's Com. (11th Ed.) *427. In Maine the common law was changed by an ordinance of 1641, which declares that proprietors of land adjacent to the tide-waters "shall have pro priety to the low water mark, where the sea doth not ebb above a hundred rods, and not more wheresoever it ebbs further." For the whole article see Com. v. Alger, 7 Cush. 67. In Gerish v. Propr's of Union Wharf, 26 Me. 384; 46 Am. Dec. 568, the court was called upon to define the meaning of low water mark as used in that ordinance, and in passing upon the question said: "It evidently contemplates and refers to a mark which could be readily ascertained and established; and that, to which the tide on its ebb usually flows out, would be of that description. That place, to which the tide might ebb under an extraordinary combination of influences and of favoring winds, a few times during one generation, could not form such a boundary, as would enable the owner of flats to ascertain satisfactorily the extent to which he could build upon them. Much less would other persons, employed in the business of commerce and navigation, be able to ascertain with ease and accuracy, whether they were encroaching upon private rights or not, by sinking a pier or placing a monument. It would seem to be reasonable, that high and low water marks should be ascertained by the same rule. The place to which tides ordinarily flow at high water, becomes thereby a well defined line or mark, which at all times can be ascertained without difficulty. If the title of the owner of the adjoining land were to be regarded as extending, without the aid of the ordinance, to the place to which the lowest neap tides flowed, there would be formed no certain mark or boundary by which its extent could be determined. In Storer v. Freeman, 6 Mass. 435; 4 Am. Dec. 155, it was in effect held that low water mark as applied to the seashore is ordinary low water mark. In Canal Coms. v. People, 5 Wend. 423, cited in Gould on Waters, s. 82, Chancellor Walworth, while holding that the common law rule was applicable to the navigable fresh-rivers of New York, said: "The principle itself does not appear to be sufficiently broad to embrace our large fresh water lakes, or inland seas, which are wholly unprovided for by the common law of England. As to these there is neither flow of tide or thread of stream, and our local law appears to'have assigned the shores down to the ordinary low water mark to the riparian owners, and the beds of the lakes with the islands therein to the public." In Sloan v. Bienviller, 34 Ohio St. 492, low water mark is defined to be "ordinary low water mark"; and in Seaman v. Smith, 24 Ill. 521, it is said to be the "line where water usually stands when unaffected by any disturbing cause." The question of what is meant by low water mark as a terminus of boundary was discussed and passed upon in Stover v. Jack, 60 Pa. St. 339; 100 Am. Dec. 566, and it was held to be the ordinary low water mark. While the opinion of the court disclaimed the application of any law except that of Pennsylvania to the question, the reasoning of the court is very satisfactory. It said : "To adopt any other rule than low water mark, unaffected by drought, as the limit of title, would carry the rights of riparian owners fár beyond boundaries consistent with the interests and policy of the state, and - would confer title where heretofore none has been supposed, to exist. Ordinary high water and ordinary low water each has its reasonably well defined marks, so nearly certain that there is not much difficulty in ascertaining it. The ordinary rise and fall of the stream usually finds nearly the same limits. But to bound title by a mark which is set by an extraordinary flood, or an extreme drought, would do injustice, and contravene the common understanding of the people." These suggestions, as well as the others quoted, apply with great pertinency to the case at bar. Lake Champlain is a public, navigable water. To dispose of the case, it is not necessary for us to determine what right, if any, the public has to sail over lands bordering Lake- Champlain between ordinary high and ordinary low water marks, when such lands are covered with water, nor is it necessary to decide in respect to the right of the inhabitants of this state under Ch. n, s. 40, of our state constitution, in seasonable times, "to hunt and fowl on the lands they hold and on other lands not inclosed," nor in respect to the constitutionality of St. 1884, No. 79, and we do not consider either of these questions. Judgment reversed as to defendant 2roung, and judgment that he recover his costs. Tyler, J., being engaged in county court, and Start, J., having been of counsel, did not sit..
W2313798341.txt_1	German-Science-Pile	Various open science	Originalien Psychotherapeut 2008 · 53:100–107 DOI 10.1007/s00278-008-0585-y Online publiziert: 25. Januar 2008 © Springer Medizin Verlag 2008 Redaktion J. Eckert, Hamburg C. Reimer, Gießen Judith Daniels1, 2 1 Fortbildungsinstitut für Sekundärtraumatisierung und Traumatherapie, Bielefeld 2 Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Sekundäre Traumatisierung Interviewstudie zu berufsbedingten Belastungen von Therapeuten In den letzten Jahren lässt sich ein wachsendes Interesse an den Auswirkungen der therapeutischen Arbeit auf die Behandelnden konstatieren. Neben dem Burnout ist dabei zunehmend auch die sekundäre Traumatisierung als Spezifikum traumatherapeutischer Arbeit in den Blick geraten. Unter sekundärer Traumatisierung versteht man die „Ansteckung“ mit typischen posttraumatischen Symptomen im Verlauf der Arbeit mit traumatisierten Klientinnen. Es handelt sich dabei also um eine „übertragene“ Traumatisierung, die zustande kommt, obwohl die Therapeutin nicht selbst mit dem traumatisierenden Ereignis konfrontiert ist. Zur Beschreibung dieses Vorgangs sind in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur unterschiedliche Begriffe mit unterschiedlichen Schwerpunktsetzungen gebräuchlich (z. B. „compassion fatigue“ oder „vicarious traumatization“). Im Weiteren wird der Oberbegriff sekundäre Traumatisierung verwendet, um das Phänomen schulenübergreifend beschreiben zu können. Mittlerweile ist das Risiko einer solchen sekundären Traumatisierung auch bei einigen Berufsverbänden anerkannt. Auch neuere deutschsprachige Lehrbücher enthalten Beschreibungen der sekundären Traumatisierung bzw. Anleitungen zur Psychohygiene (z. B. Huber 2004; Sachsse 2004). Diese Empfeh- 100 \| Psychotherapeut 2 · 2008 lungen stützen sich jedoch hauptsächlich auf klinische Erfahrungen und eine sehr beschränkte theoretische Basis (Wilson u. Lindy 1994; Figley 1995; Pearlman u. Saakvitne 1995). Die wenigen empirischen Studien konvergieren nicht ausreichend und haben bisher keine Grundlage geboten, Aussagen über Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren zu treffen. Definition Sekundäre Traumatisierung wurde als eine Traumatisierung, die ohne direkte sensorische Eindrücke des Ausgangstraumas und mit zeitlicher Distanz zum Ausgangstrauma entsteht, definiert (Daniels 2003). Dieser Gruppe sind die Übertragung posttraumatischer Stresssymptome auf Familienangehörige (z. B. Dekel u. Solomon 2006) und die berufsbedingte Traumatisierung von Therapeutinnen zuzuordnen (z. B. Pearlman u. Mac Ian 1995; Birck 2001; Dickes 2001; Jenkins u. Baird 2002; McLean et al. 2006; Kadambi u. Truscott 2004). Obwohl diese Personen also selber keine sensorischen Reize des traumatisierenden Ereignisses (wie Gerüche, Geräusche, Bilder) wahrnehmen, kommt es in der Folge einer traumatischen Verarbeitung von Informationen zu Intrusionen. Dies ist überraschend, da sich die therapeutische Situation in den Dimensionen Vorhersehbarkeit, Kontrolle und Wissen deutlich von der Situation primärer Traumaopfer unterscheidet: 1. Während primäre Traumaopfer das traumatisierende Ereignis oft nicht vorhersehen können, wissen Therapeutinnen sehr genau, wann eine therapeutische Sitzung stattfindet, in der Traumamaterial berichtet werden könnte. (Die meisten Therapeutinnen werden zudem die Therapie so strukturieren, dass sie Traumamaterial nur in spezifischen Sitzungen eingehender bearbeiten.) 2. Während primäre Traumaopfer zumeist den Verlauf des traumatisierenden Ereignisses wenig beeinflussen können, sind Therapeutinnen in der Lage, den Verlauf der Sitzung mit einer Reihe therapeutischer Techniken zu beeinflussen. (Zwar gibt es dennoch Situationen, in denen sich Therapeutinnen hilflos fühlen, z. B. bei starken Abreaktionen oder lang dauernden Dissoziationen. Dieses Hilflosigkeitserleben ist jedoch sicherlich nicht dem von primären Traumaopfern gleichzustellen.) 3. Auch hinsichtlich der Bewältigung eines traumatisierenden Ereignisses unterscheiden sich Therapeutinnen von primären Traumaopfern, da sie in der Lage sind die auftretenden posttraumatischen Im Sinne der besseren Lesbarkeit wird in diesem Text auf die simultane Verwendung von männlichen und weiblichen Sprachformen verzichtet. Unter Bezug auf die Studien zur mentalen Repräsentation (z. B. Heise 2003) beschränkt der Text sich auf die Angabe der weiblichen Form, die männliche Form ist jedoch jeweils mitzudenken. Symptome auf der Basis ihres Fachwissens als solche zu erkennen und auf diese zu reagieren. Fragestellung Bedenkt man also, dass die Therapeutinnen keine eigenen sensorischen Eindrücke haben, sondern das Traumamaterial nur durch die Klientin vermittelt bekommen und die Belastung mit Traumamaterial vorhersehen sowie regulieren können, so ist es verwunderlich, dass sie dennoch Informationen traumatisch verarbeiten und in der Folge posttraumatische Symptome entwickeln sollen. Die bisher veröffentlichten empirischen Untersuchungen bedienten sich quantitativer Instrumente (Weiss u. Marmar 1995; Pearlman 1996; Stamm 1998), die lediglich auf theoretischen Überlegungen basieren. Ob die beschriebenen Symptome tatsächlich eine klinische Beeinträchtigung darstellen, wurde jedoch bisher nicht überprüft. Um also abschätzen zu können, ob die Symptome in Inhalt und Intensität den posttraumatischen Symptomen gleichzustellen sind, schien es geboten, die Betroffenen direkt zu ihren Erfahrungen zu befragen. Dazu wurde eine explorative Interviewstudie durchgeführt. Methodik Für die Interviews wurde ein Leitfaden konstruiert, der die wesentlichen thematischen Aspekte integrierte, die sowohl aus den theoretischen Modellen als auch den zuvor analysierten quantitativen Daten extrahiert wurden. Der Leitfaden wurde thematisch so strukturiert, dass eine umfassende Symptombeschreibung evoziert wurde. Das Interview wurde mit der offenen Frage eingeleitet, ob die Person „Phasen erlebt hat, in denen sie sich durch die Arbeit mit traumatisierten Menschen belastet gefühlt hat“. Die erlebte Belastung sollte auf der Symptomebene zunächst umrissen werden. Die genannten Symptomgruppen wurden dann strukturiert mit dem Leitfaden erfasst. Es wurden 21 betroffene Therapeutinnen zu Symptomen, Verlauf und Entstehungsbedingungen der sekundären Traumatisierung befragt (Beschreibung der Stichprobe in . Tab. 1). Die Interviews wurden aufge- zeichnet und inhaltswörtlich transkribiert sowie anonymisiert. Dieser Text bildete die Grundlage der kodierenden Analyse. Dazu wurden zunächst Kategorien aus den Interviews selbst entwickelt. Wo dies möglich war, wurden diese dann in einem zweiten Schritt in die Diagnosekriterien der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS; American Psychiatric Association 2001) überführt. Dieses Verfahren schien in besonderem Maß geeignet, die Parallelität von PTBS und sekundärer Traumatisierung zu überprüfen. Die in dieser Studie validierte Symptomatik wurde dann der Entwicklung eines Screeningfragebogens zugrunde gelegt. Ergebnisse Es sollen nun zunächst diejenigen Symptombereiche exemplarisch dargestellt werden, die sich parallel zu der primären Symptomatik gestalten und sich in die PTBS-Symptomcluster eingliedern lassen. Posttraumatische Symptome „Hyperarousal“ Unter dieser Kategorie werden überdauernde Angstsymptome oder Indikatoren eines dauerhaft erhöhten Erregungslevels zusammengefasst: Interviewpartnerin 8: „Nicht einschlafen können … manchmal ist es dann denken, manchmal ist es auch einfach so höher drehen, insgesamt erregter sein. So was wie ein Wachheitszustand.“ Interviewpartnerin 9: „Ja, also geringe Belastbarkeit gekoppelt mit dieser anderen Seite, dass man selber schneller aggressiv wird, schnell was abwimmelt oder patzig wird.“ Interviewpartnerin 1: „Vielleicht noch mal in Bezug auf Konzentrationsfähigkeit – das fand ich damals total heftig, das fand ich richtig schlimm: Im Keller zu stehen und nicht mehr zu wissen, was man hoch holen will, so bei ganz kleinen alltäglichen Geschichten, wie Termine auszumachen – also, ich bin ja, also, wenn ich einen Termin ausmache, dann bin ich auch da. Und Originalien Tab. 1 Stichprobenbeschreibung (n=21) Merkmale Alter [Jahre] Allgemeine Berufserfahrung [Jahre] Berufserfahrung mit Trauma [Jahre] Arbeitszeit [h/Woche] Direkter Kontakt mit traumatisierten Klientinnen [h/Woche] Mittelwert 45,4 14,2 Standardabweichung 7,76 6,88 Variationsbreite 31–58 1–27 11,6 6,30 1–27 33,43 15,24 9,39 8,81 10–40 2–35 das ist natürlich peinlich, … und auch gar nicht so ‚ach, das hatte ich ganz vergessen’, sondern das ist so gar nicht abgespeichert worden. Das fand ich ganz beängstigend.“ Interviewpartnerin 23: „Aber es war schon eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit, ständig, bei Geräuschen, so eine ständige Übererregung.“ Vermeidung Dieses Symptomcluster umfasst zum einen Verhaltensweisen, die bewusst dazu dienen Reize zu vermeiden, die mit dem Trauma assoziiert sind. Zum anderen umfasst es eine Abflachung der allgemeinen Reagibilität, wie Interessensverlust und Entfremdung: Interviewpartnerin 5: „Ja. Es gibt so etwas – XXX. Das war für mich so ein Ort, der klar benannt wurde. Das war eigentlich ein schöner Ort zum Spazieren gehen. Da gehe ich heute noch nicht spazieren … Das vermeid’ ich. Da hab ich das Gefühl – nee – dann drängt es sich mir auf und da kann ich nicht entspannt spazieren gehen.“ Interviewpartnerin 23: „Aber dass ich mich mit jemandem getroffen habe, war nicht mehr, privat über irgendwas Nettes reden oder ins Kino gehen, war alles nicht mehr.“ Interviewpartnerin 3: „Auch so mit so einem Gefühl, es gibt Bereiche, das wollen andere nicht hören oder das sind Erfahrungen, die ich ganz schwer teilen kann … Diese Auseinandersetzung damit, dass es solche, … Dinge gibt, die nicht mitteilbar sind oder nur ganz gezielt mitteilbar sind. Das hat schon eher einen sozialen Rückzug bewirkt bei mir.“ Interviewpartnerin 16: „Ja, das habe ich auch in den anderen Therapiesitzungen gemerkt, dass ich überhaupt nicht mehr mitgefühlt habe, ich war einfach nur 102 \| Psychotherapeut 2 · 2008 – hoffentlich ist die Stunde bald vorbei – , und es hat mich nicht mehr wirklich interessiert, was los ist.“ Intrusion Das Symptomcluster Intrusion bildet das Leitsymptom der PTBS. Es umfasst verschiedene Formen des Wiedererlebens sowie psychische oder physiologische Belastungsreaktionen auf Hinweisreize. Auch von den befragten Therapeutinnen wurde das bildhafte Wiedererleben des Traumamaterials der Klientin am häufigsten genannt, wobei dies oft unwillkürlich und unkontrollierbar auftrat. Bei dieser Form von Intrusion befanden sich die Therapeutinnen nicht mit im Bild, beschrieben dies aber qualitativ als sehr nah. Träume, in denen das Trauma wiedererlebt wurde, waren etwas seltener. Im Gegensatz zu den Intrusionen im Wachzustand gaben die interviewten Kolleginnen jedoch an, sich dabei mit dem Opfer identifiziert zu haben. Handelte es sich bei dem Ausgangstrauma der Klientin um sexualisierte Gewalt, so kam es oft auch bei den Therapeutinnen zu Veränderungen in der Sexualität: Interviewpartnerin 8: „Also z. B. ich sehe ein kleines Mädchen, so ein normales fröhliches kleines Mädchen, mit blonden Locken, und dann kam diese Bild, was jetzt mit diesem Mädchen passiert. Kommt ein Mann und nimmt das Mädchen. Das Mädchen hatte gar nichts damit zu tun. Das war ein ganz anderes Mädchen, ein real herumlaufendes Mädchen, das hat dann auf einmal dieses andere Gesicht bekommen.“ Interviewpartnerin 4: „Und letztlich sind mir diese Verwundungen am Körper, also, wie die zustande gekommen sind, also, das habe ich dann geträumt … Es war körperlicher Schmerz, unerträglicher körperlicher Schmerz, über den ich dann auch aufgewacht bin. Ein maßloses, wirklich maßloses Entsetzen. Ein Gefühl absoluter Hilflosigkeit und Einsamkeit.“ Interviewpartnerin 24: „Wenn Intimität mit meinem Partner war, tauchten die Bilder auf und haben mich ziemlich abgetörnt. Und das war auch schwer rauszukriegen. Das hat insgesamt mein Interesse an Sexualität verringert zu der Zeit, und in Momenten, wenn es dann da war, pfuschten die Bilder dazwischen. Das war sehr störend und sehr belastend.“ Interviewpartnerin 23: „… oder wenn eine Entspannung angefangen hatte und es ging in Richtung Sexualität, kamen sofort Bilder, und dann war die Entspannung schon wieder weg. Also, das war so ein Teufelskreis.“ Komorbide Symptome Neben den PTBS-ähnlichen Symptomen wurden jedoch auch Symptome beschrieben, die sich nicht ohne Weiteres in die Diagnose der PTBS eingliedern lassen, sondern Bereiche abbilden, die komorbid auftreten. Depressive Verarbeitung So wurden Anzeichen für eine depressive Verarbeitung genannt: Interviewpartnerin 6: „Ich krieg dann so was von Hoffnungslosigkeit. Also, warum mach ich das alles. Und: Das bringt doch alles nichts und das ändert nichts. Und … ja so diese Hoffnungslosigkeit.“ Interviewpartnerin 21: „Ich konnte nicht mehr, ich war so erschöpft, ich konnte auch nicht mehr arbeiten, konnte mich nicht mehr konzentrieren, nichts ging mehr.“ Interviewpartnerin 7: „Ich wusste einfach nicht mehr weiter und habe mich damit befasst, wie ich mich am schnellsten um die Ecke bringen könnte. Ich war einfach am Ende. Und da war ich wirklich auch in Lebensgefahr, das muss ich wirklich so sagen, ich wusste nicht mehr weiter.“ Substanzgebrauch Auch Substanzgebrauch tritt komorbid auf und wird oft als Selbstmedikation aufgefasst, die das Ziel hat, die Hyperarousalsymptomatik zu regulieren. Auch eini- Zusammenfassung · Abstract ge Therapeutinnen berichteten von solchem Verhalten: Interviewpartnerin 13: „Mit Medikamenten. Ich habe mir ab und zu mal einen Tranquilizer gegönnt, wenn ich merkte, du kommst sonst gar nicht zur Ruhe.“ Interviewpartnerin 23: „Also mit Alkohol, so, dass ich versucht habe, abends immer Wein zu trinken, damit ich wenigstens einschlafen kann. Also, das wurde einfach regelmäßiger, ja, also so richtig ‚Ich trinke jetzt noch ein Glas Rotwein, dann kann ich besser einschlafen’“. Entgrenzung Zudem scheint das Thema „Trauma“ einen ganz eigenen Sog zu entwickeln: Einige Kolleginnen berichteten, davon so besetzt gewesen zu sein, dass sich die Balance zwischen Arbeit und Erholung nicht mehr aufrechterhalten ließ und es zu einer manifesten Entgrenzung kam: Interviewpartnerin 10: „Aber sobald Pause war, war ich mit den beiden sozusagen beschäftigt. Auch Partnerschaft dann, sehr oft auch im Gespräch dann mit meinem Mann. Also bei der zweiten. Vorher war ich allein, da habe ich dann sogar mit den Kindern darüber gesprochen. Und mit einer Bekannten. Also sehr viele Gespräche zu dem Thema, das Abschalten war schwierig.“ Interviewpartnerin 23: „Ich hatte so ein Bedürfnis, ich habe mich Tag und Nacht mit diesem Thema beschäftigt, ich habe Fortbildungen besucht, bin durch die ganze Bundesrepublik gefahren und habe mich mit Leuten getroffen, habe Bücher gelesen ohne Ende, wirklich immer, wenn ich irgendwie Pause hatte, habe ich zu diesem Thema was gelesen, habe im Internet recherchiert und hatte das Gefühl: Es gibt nichts anderes mehr. Ich hatte keine Lust auf irgendein anderes Buch, ich hatte keine Lust auf irgendeinen Film, ich hatte keine Lust mit jemandem schön essen zu gehen – das war weg.“ Psychotherapeut 2008 · 53:100–107 © Springer Medizin Verlag 2008 DOI 10.1007/s00278-008-0585-y Judith Daniels Sekundäre Traumatisierung. Interviewstudie zu berufsbedingten Belastungen von Therapeuten Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren lässt sich ein wachsendes Interesse an den negativen Auswirkungen der therapeutischen Arbeit auf Therapeuten beobachten. Besondere Beachtung fand dabei die sekundäre Traumatisierung, die im Rahmen der Arbeit mit traumatisierten Klientinnen auftreten kann. Bisher wurde jedoch nie geprüft, ob sich die sekundäre Traumatisierung tatsächlich in Form von posttraumatischen Symptomen niederschlägt und eine klinisch relevante Belastung verursacht. Im Rahmen einer explorativen Studie wurden 21 Therapeutinnen interviewt, die angaben, eine solche Phase berufsbedingter Belastung erlebt zu haben. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass sich tatsächlich ohne direkten Kontakt zum Ausgangstrauma eine solche „übertragene“ Traumatisierung herausbilden kann. Diese äußert sich in Form von Symptomen, die ähnlich zu denen bei einer posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) sind, kann aber in schweren Fällen auch über diese hinausgehen. Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung einer sekundären Traumatisierung sind vermutlich ausgeprägte Empathiefähigkeit und dissoziative Verarbeitung des Traumamaterials seitens der Therapeutin. Schlüsselwörter Sekundäre Traumatisierung · Stellvertretende Traumatisierung · Psychotherapeuten · Traumatherapie · Dissoziation Secondary traumatization. An interview study about the work-related strains of therapists Abstract During the past several years there has been a growing interest in the negative effects that therapy may have on therapists. Of special interest is a phenomenon called secondary traumatization, which can arise while working with traumatized clients. As yet it has not been verified that secondary traumatization consists of posttraumatic symptoms and leads to clinically significant distress. In an exploratory study 21 therapists were interviewed who declared that they had experienced an incident of this form of workrelated stress. The presented study reveals that in fact such a „vicarious“ traumatization can arise, even without direct contact to the original trauma. It consists of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like symptoms, but in severe cases it can also manifest itself in symptoms which are far beyond the typical PTSD spectrum. Conditions for the development of secondary traumatization are high empathic ability and dissociative processing of the trauma material by the therapist. Keywords Secondary traumatization · Vicarious traumatization · Therapists · Trauma therapy · Dissociation Pseudopsychotisches Bedrohungserleben Einige Kolleginnen beschrieben zudem ein ausgeprägtes Bedrohungsgefühl. Die hier aufgeführten Symptome befinden sich in einem diagnostischen Graubereich: Das Leitsymptom ist ein intenPsychotherapeut 2 · 2008 \| 103 Originalien sives Bedrohungsgefühl, das z. T. mit bildhaften Vorstellungen von Übergriffen einhergeht. Von der Qualität und der geringen Kontrollierbarkeit her erinnern diese Symptome an Wahngedanken und Paranoia. Der anderweitig adäquate Realitätsbezug grenzt sie jedoch von psychotischen Phänomenen ab: Interviewpartnerin 9: „Wachsamer gucken, aber eben negativ. Ein bisschen misstrauischer sein nach außen. Dass man alles Mögliche vermutet, was da sein könnte. Und dass zusammenhangslose Informationen plötzlich Bedeutung kriegen, einen leichten Dreher reinkriegen. Und das ist so eine Kurbel, die man dann … also entweder ist man dann nicht mehr arbeitsfähig und steigert sich in alles rein, oder man grenzt sich besser ab.“ Interviewpartnerin 7: „Ich habe mich in meinem Alltag bedroht und verfolgt gefühlt … Da sind so etwas übermannshohe Büsche, Knöterich, ganz dicht ist das ja so. Und ich hatte plötzlich die Vision, da sitzt jemand drin und wartet nur ab, bis ich da komme, um mir einen über die Rübe zu hauen …“ Judith Daniels (JD): „Sie haben eben gesagt: ‚Und dann hatte ich so ein Bild, wie da sitzt einer im Gebüsch’ … War das wirklich ein Bild, war das wieder visuell oder war das eher ein Gedanke?“ Interviewpartnerin 7: „Das war, ne, das war eher ein Gedanke, aber das war so ein Gedanke wie so eine Gewissheit, ich weiß, da ist jemand und wartet nur darauf, mir was antun zu können, also dass die Luft rein ist dazu …“ JD: „Und würden Sie da auch wieder sagen, dass sich das sehr aufgedrängt hat? War das schwer zu kontrollieren?“ Interviewpartnerin 7: „Das war auch gar nicht zu kontrollieren.“ Das Bedrohungserleben führte in einigen Fällen zu einem Sicherheitsverhalten, das über das individuelle Maß vor der Belastungsphase hinausging: Interviewpartnerin 16: „Also mir war schon immer klar, dass mir nichts passiert, aber … eher so wie, du musst gucken, dass dir niemand hinterherfährt, du musst gucken, dass du die Wohnung abschließt, die Fenster zumachst … und so halt so Sicherheitsverhalten – Wohnung abgeschlossen, meine Adresse geheim gehalten und alles.“ 104 \| Psychotherapeut 2 · 2008 Auslöser und Risikofaktoren Neben der Symptomatik beschrieben die Therapeutinnen verschiedene Faktoren, die sie post hoc als mögliche Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren oder Auslöser der sekundären Traumatisierung identifizierten. Dazu zählen dissoziative Zustände bei Therapeutin und Klientin sowie die Menge der Arbeitszeit. Als besonders bedeutsam erwies sich die peritraumatische Dissoziation seitens der Therapeutin: Interviewpartnerin 21: „Ich dachte, dass es mir nichts macht, also, ich spüre nichts, also, emotional taub sein. Oder wenn ich es spürte, dann dachte, es gehört nicht zu mir, mich darüber hinwegsetzen.“ JD: „Manche Kolleginnen erzählen mir, dass sie in einen Zustand gehen von Dissoziation, wo sie das Gefühl haben: ‚Ich bin so wie auf Autopilot’.“ Interviewpartnerin 21: „Ja, das kann ich gut erkennen. Das ist ein Zustand, der ist dissoziativ. Also, da sein und doch nicht da sein, aufnehmen, also, das Körpergefühl ging dann auch weg. Auch so ganz im Kopf sein. Das war ganz anders.“ Interviewpartnerin 9: „… aber das passiert eben von selbst, und es gehen einem die inneren Steuermechanismen verloren dafür. Wer entscheidet, dass ich jetzt mit von außen gucke, wer entscheidet, dass ich jetzt hier nicht so eng dranbleibe, wer entscheidet, dass ich das eigentlich nicht gut verbal begleite? Was ist hier eigentlich los?“ JD: „… würden Sie sagen: Das war auch wie eine Dissoziation?“ Interviewpartnerin 9: „Dieses sehe ich so. Das sind Spontandissoziationen, die bei mir bei Überlastung auftreten. So ein Alarmzeichen – es ist zu viel gewesen.“ Diskussion Die obigen Zitate belegen stellvertretend, dass die beschriebenen Symptome durchaus die Form der PTBS-Symptome aufweisen. Neben den Beschreibungen bestätigte vor allem auch die akute Belastung der Betroffenen, wenn sie über die Belastungsphase sprechen sollten, dass die Intensität der Symptome der von primären Traumaopfern gleichzustellen ist. Auch die beschriebenen Anzeichen für eine depressive Verarbeitung und Selbstmedikation finden sich bei primären Traumaop- fern in der deutlichen Komorbidität der PTBS mit Sucht und Depression wieder. Überraschend sind jene Symptomgruppen, die über PTBS-Symptome hinausreichen. Dabei scheint die Entgrenzung eines der Anfangssymptome der sekundären Traumatisierung darzustellen. Die intensiven Bedrohungsgefühle und das ausufernde Sicherheitsverhalten stellen Indikatoren einer schweren sekundären Traumatisierung dar. Sie wurden in der Interviewstudie ausschließlich von Personen berichtet, die mit Opfern rituellen Missbrauchs oder politischer Folter arbeiteten. (Eine epidemiologische Fragebogenstudie hat aber mittlerweile belegt, dass auch diese Symptome regelhaft auftreten und nicht als individuelle Extreme abzutun sind; Daniels 2006.) Nicht nur die Symptome, sondern auch die Annahmen zur Ätiologie der sekundären Traumatisierung scheinen der der PTBS zu ähneln: Der relevanteste Risikofaktor ist in beiden Fällen die peritraumatische Dissoziation (Ozer et al. 2003). Mit neuropsychologischen Modellen lässt sich erklären, warum es in der therapeutischen, also äußerlich sicheren Situation zu einer traumatischen Verarbeitung kommen kann. Dazu tragen drei Prozesse bei, die im menschlichen Organismus angelegt sind: Empathie, „kindling“ und Dissoziation (Daniels 2008). F Ein hohes Maß an Empathiefähigkeit stellt sowohl eine notwendige Bedingung für die therapeutische Arbeit als auch einen Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer sekundären Traumatisierung dar. Sie ermöglicht die Übernahme von Emotionen, was wiederum zu F Kindling, einem Vorgang der Sensitivierung emotionsverarbeitender Gehirnregionen, führt. Dieses bedingt die F dissoziative Verarbeitung von Traumamaterial seitens der Therapeutin. Fazit für die Praxis Sekundäre Traumatisierung ist also nicht ein Zeichen mangelnder Professionalität, sondern ein Resultat ausgeprägter Empathiefähigkeit. Sie ist eine normale Reaktion auf unnormale Informationen – Fachnachrichten und sollte als solche nicht weiter einer professionsweiten Tabuisierung unterliegen. Um das Risiko einer sekundären Traumatisierung zu verringern, scheint es jedoch geboten, die eigenen dissoziativen Verarbeitungsmechanismen steuern zu lernen. Eine regelmäßige Überprüfung der Belastung mit sekundärtraumatischen Symptomen kann einer Chronifizierung vorbeugen und sollte deshalb in die Supervision aufgenommen werden. (Mittlerweile wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, der alle oben beschrieben Symptome umfasst und in einer ersten Evaluation sehr gute Gütekriterien aufwies; download unter http://www.sekundärtraumatisierung.de.) Korrespondenzadresse Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Psych. Judith Daniels Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistraße 52, Haus S30, 20246 Hamburg j.daniels@uke.uni-hamburg.de Interessenkonflikt. Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Literatur American Psychiatric Association (2001) Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen DSM-IV. Hogrefe, Göttingen Birck A (2001) Secondary traumatization and burnout in professionals working with torture survivors. Traumatology 7: 1–4 Daniels J (2003) Sekundäre Traumatisierung – Kritische Prüfung eines Konstruktes anhand einer explorativen Studie. Diplomarbeit, Universität, Bielefeld Daniels J (2006) An epidemiological study on secondary traumatization among therapists. Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript. Universität, Bielefeld Daniels J (2008) Eine neuropsychologische Theorie der sekundären Traumatisierung. Z Psychotraumatol Psychol Med (im Druck) Dekel R, Solomon Z (2006) Secondary traumatization among wives of Israeli POWs: the role of POWs’ distress. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41: 27–33 Dickes SJ (2001) Treating sexually abused children versus adults: an exploration of secondary traumatic stress and vicarious traumatization among therapists. California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno Figley CRE (1995) Compassion fatigue: coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Brunner & Mazel, New York Heise E (2003) Auch einfühlsame Studenten sind Männer: Das generische Maskulinum und die mentale Repräsentation von Personen. Verhaltensther Psychosoz Prax 2: 285–292 Huber M (2004) Trauma und die Folgen. Junfermann, Paderborn Jenkins SR, Baird S (2002) Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: a validational study. J Trauma Stress 15: 423–432 Kadambi MA, Truscott D (2004) Vicarious trauma among therapists working with sexual violence, cancer and general practice. Can J Counsel 38: 260–276 McLean S, Wade TD, Encel JS (2003) The contribution of therapist beliefs to psychological distress in therapists: an investigation of vicarious traumatization, burnout, and symptoms of avoidance and intrusion. Behav Cogn Psychother 31: 417–428 Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS (2003) Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 129: 52–73 Pearlman LA (1996) Psychometric review of TSI Belief Scale. In: Stamm BH (ed) Measurement of stress, trauma and adaptation. Sidran, Lutherville, MD Pearlman LA, Mac Ian PS (1995) Vicarious traumatization: an empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Prof Psychol Res Pract 26: 558–565 Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW (1995) Trauma and the therapist: countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. Norton, London Sachsse U (2004) Traumazentrierte Psychotherapie. Schattauer, Stuttgart Stamm BE (1998) Measurement of stress, trauma and adaptation. Sidran, Lutherville Weiss DS, Marmar CR (1995) The impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM (eds) Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: a practitioner’s handbook. Guilford, New York, pp 399–411 Wilson JP, Lindy JD (1994) Countertransference in the treatment of PTSD. Guilford, New York Hamburger Preis Persönlichkeitsstörungen 2008 Der Hamburger Preis Persönlichkeitsstörungen 2008 wird von der Gesellschaft zur Erforschung und Therapie von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (GePs) e.V. und den Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH ausgeschrieben. Er ist mit 10.000 € dotiert. Der Preis wird für Originalarbeiten vergeben, die einen klinischen Bezug aufweisen sollten. Eingereicht werden können nicht mehr als drei Arbeiten (Sonderdrucke oder Manuskripte) von jeweils nicht über 8.000 Worten aus der klinischen Forschung zu Persönlichkeitsstörungen, die noch nicht oder nicht vor 2007 veröffentlicht wurden. Der Einreicher muss Erst- oder Seniorautor sein, die Zustimmung aller Co-Autoren zur Einreichung ist vorzulegen, bei Gruppeneinreichungen soll ein Gruppenvertreter benannt werden. Die Arbeit soll im deutschen Sprachraum entstanden sein. Das Preisgeld soll für weitere klinische Forschung verwendet werden. Die Entscheidung über die Vergabe des Preises erfolgt unter Ausschluss des Rechtsweges durch eine Jury, die sich aus Mitgliedern der GePs und fachkundigen Mitarbeitern der Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH zusammensetzt. Preisanwärter können auch von dritten Personen vorgeschlagen werden. Die Arbeiten bzw. Vorschläge sind in fünf Exemplaren mit einem kurzen CV inklusive bisheriger klinischer und wissenschaftlicher Tätigkeit im Bereich der Persönlichkeitsstörungen beim Präsidenten der Gesellschaft zur Erforschung und Therapie von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (GePs) e.V., Dr. Birger Dulz, Asklepios Klinikum Nord, Langenhorner Chaussee 560, D-22419 Hamburg, bis spätestens zum 30.04.2008 einzureichen. Die Preisverleihung erfolgt beim Hamburger Symposium Persönlichkeitsstörungen am 05. und 06.09.2008. Quelle: Asklepios Kliniken (Hamburg) Psychotherapeut 2 · 2008 \| 107.
https://www.re3data.org/search?query=&countries%5B%5D=FIN&certificates%5B%5D=CLARIN%20certificate%20B	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	• * at the end of a keyword allows wildcard searches • " quotes can be used for searching phrases • + represents an AND search (default) • \| represents an OR search • - represents a NOT operation • ( and ) implies priority • ~N after a word specifies the desired edit distance (fuzziness) • ~N after a phrase specifies the desired slop amount • 1 (current) Found 1 result(s) The Language Bank features text and speech corpora with different kinds of annotations in over 60 languages. There is also a selection of tools for working with them, from linguistic analyzers to programming environments. Corpora are also available via web interfaces, and users can be allowed to download some of them. The IP holders can monitor the use of their resources and view user statistics..
tel-04231292-DUTILH_Vincent.txt_8	French-Science-Pile	Various open science	250 10 200 8 6 4 y= 0,014x - 3 R2 = 0,46 2 0 a) 0 500 1000 Puissance Pspindle (W) Paramètre t1 Epaisseur γ'p dissous 12 150 100 y = 0,15x + 41 R2 = 0,58 50 0 b) 0 500 1000 Puissance Pspin dle (W) Figure V.2.5 : Relations entre a) l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous, b) le paramètre t1 et la composante statique de la puissance de coupe pour des valeurs localisées relevées sur l’ensemble des essais « cartographie ». Les domaines bleus montrent des évolutions similaires par rapport aux droites rouges malgré des R2 plus faibles que ceux des équations V.2.2 et V.2.3. Il est intéressant d’obtenir la même tendance durant un seul perçage (droites rouges) et pour un grand nombre de conditions de coupe (domaines bleus), indiquant ainsi que ces corrélations devraient peu dépendre des conditions de coupe. V.2.1.2.2 Vérification de la relation avec les perturbations d’usinage Les essais avec coupure de lubrification et les essais de variation du contexte d’usinage permettent eux aussi de mettre en évidence une relation linéaire entre la puissance de coupe et les couches thermo-mécaniquement affectées (Figure V.2.6, Figure V.2.7 et Figure V.2.8). Il est intéressant de constater que tous ces essais présentent les mêmes anomalies d’usinage et que les mêmes relations avec les signaux sont identifiées quelque soit le contexte d’usinage. La relation entre l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous et la puissance de coupe est présentée sur la Figure V.2.6.a pour les essais avec coupure de lubrification. Il en est de même entre le paramètre t1 et la puissance de coupe sur la Figure V.2.6.b. Les régressions linéaires identifiées sur chacun des graphiques ont des pentes supérieures aux conditions « normales » de coupe (Figure V.2.5), qui 150 dénotent des phénomènes thermiques et mécaniques plus marqués, c'est-à-dire, une augmentation de la taille des défauts pour des puissances de coupe similaires aux conditions d’usinage en mode « normal ». a) y = 0,217x + 35,98 R2 = 0,41 250 Paramètre t1 10 Epaisseur de la couche de γ'p dissous (μm) b) 300 y = 0,022x - 5,028 R2 = 0,88 5 200 150 100 50 0 0 0 200 400 Pspindle (W) 600 800 0 500 Pspindle (W) 1000 Figure V.2.6 : Relations entre a) l’épaisseur de γ’p dissous, b) le paramètre t1 et la composante statique de la puissance de coupe pour des valeurs localisées à trois profondeurs dans le perçage et relevées sur 5 essais de coupure de lubrification. Pour représenter l’influence de la dureté et de l’émulsion sur ces mêmes relations, les figures V.2.7 et V.2.8 prennent en compte respectivement les essais du plan d’expériences réalisés avec une émulsion à 7,5 % (et non 12,5 %) puis avec une dureté de la pièce à 470 HV30. Evidemment, le plan d’expériences mis en place pour ces essais (paragraphe II.2.3.2) n’étant pas complet (plan fractionnaire 25-1), le défaut de position de l’outil par rapport à l’avant trou est intégré dans les résultats présentés dans les Figure V.2.7 et Figure V.2.8. Cependant, a été démontré au Paragraphe III.3.2.2 que son influence sur ces deux anomalies n’est pas significative. La Figure V.2.7 présent e l’influence de la variation de dureté de la pièce sur les relations liant les deux critères d’intégrité de surface (épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous et paramètre t1) et la puissance de coupe. La dureté à 470 HV30 engendre une apparition de la couche de γ’p dissous pour une puissance inférieure à celle du matériau à 500 HV30. Etant donné que le traitement de vieillissement influence uniquement la taille des γ’ tertiaires [Jackson 1999], et que le phénomène observé est une dissolution des γ’ primaires, la différence de comportement est donc probablement liée à une augmentation de la température de coupe. A l’inverse, la dureté la plus faible engendre un écrouissage moins important pour une plage de puissance similaire, montrant ainsi une différence de comportement du matériau sous l’effet des sollicitations mécaniques. La Figure V.2.8 dresse les mêmes corrélations en fonction du pourcentage d’émulsion pour une dureté de 470 HV30. La Figure V.2.8.a montre que le pourcentage d’émulsion a lui aussi un effet prépondérant sur la couche de γ’p dissous, et non sur le paramètre t1 (Figure V.2.8.b). Cette différence entre les deux critères d’intégrité de surface atteste que l’influence de l’émulsion est localisée au Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface 151 niveau de la coupe (contact outil pièce) mais n’engendre pas forcement d’effet mécanique supplémentaire en sous-couche. a) 10 500 HV30 5 470 90 y = 0,02x - 2,33 R2 = 0,87 Paramètre t1 Epaisseur de la couche de γ'p dissous (μm) b) 470 500 HV30 y = 0,12x + 38 R2 = 0,86 70 y = 0,05x + 39 R2 = 0,77 50 30 0 0 200 400 600 Puissance Pspindle (W) 100 800 300 500 Puissance Pspindle (W) 700 Figure V.2.7 : Influences de la dureté sur les relations : a) épaisseur γ’p dissous/puissance de coupe et b) paramètre t1/puissance de coupe pour une émulsion à 7,5 %. 7.5 10 b) 12.5 % 7.5 80 y = 0,02x - 2,33 R2 = 0,87 5 Paramètre t1 Epaisseur de la couche de γ'p dissous (μm) a) 60 y = 0,05x + 39 R2 = 0,77 40 y = 0,09x + 23 R2 = 0,5 20 0 0 200 400 600 Puissance Pspindle (W) 800 12.5 % 100 300 500 Puissance Pspindle (W) 700 Figure V.2.8 : Influence de l’émulsion sur les relations : a) épaisseur de γ’p dissous/puissance de coupe et b) paramètre t1/puissance de coupe pour une dureté de la pièce à 470 HV30. Les variations de dureté et d’émulsion ont des influences prépondérantes sur l’apparition de la couche de γ’ dissous. Etant donné que les puissances mesurées sont peu influencées par la dureté et l’émulsion, les modifications engendrant la couche de γ’ dissous semblent donc localisées à l’interface outil matière. La dissolution des γ’ primaires est donc probablement due à une élévation plus importante de la température engendrée par des frottements plus élevés ou à une mauvaise évacuation de la chaleur à l’interface outil-matière. La dureté plus faible (470 HV30) a été générée à l’aide d’un traitement thermique différent et non pas, par une variation du traitement thermique standard. Les processus de traitement thermique actuels sont bien maitrisés. Il est donc peu probable d’observer de telles variations sur les pièces de production. Cependant, des erreurs de ce type sont possibles et les contrôles métallurgiques réalisés sur les pièces ne permettraient pas de détecter cette erreur de traitement thermique car les caractéristiques mécaniques obtenues avec le vieillissement « gros grain » répondent au cahier des 152 charges du matériau (Tableau III.2.1). Le risque serait donc de créer une couche de γ’p dissous dans des conditions de coupe n’en générant pas normalement. L’épaisseur de γ’p dissous est un élément extrêmement néfaste (paragraphe III.1.5) pour la tenue en fatigue des pièces, cette couche doit donc être inexistante sur les pièces usinées. Une erreur de prédiction concluant à la présence de cette anomalie peut engendrer le rebut d’une pièce acceptable. A l’inverse, la non prédiction d’une couche réellement présente sur une pièce peut avoir des conséquences catastrophiques. Il est donc important de fiabiliser la modélisation de cette anomalie. V.2.1.3 Discussion sur les corrélations directes Les corrélations directes mises en avant dans ce paragraphe montrent que la puissance de coupe est un des éléments majeurs de la surveillance en perçage. Elle permet, dans le cadre de l’étude, de quantifier trois critères d’intégrité de surface (rugosité, épaisseur de γ’p dissous et paramètre t1) sur toute la plage des essais réalisés. Les corrélations directes réalisées donnent de bons résultats dans un contexte figé. Par contre, les relations sont modifiées d lors que le contexte d’usinage est perturbé. La puissance ne permet pas de détecter les variations de dureté et d’émulsion ; ceci engendrerait une erreur d’interprétation. Il est donc nécessaire d’encadrer l’emploi de cette mesure par des informations supplémentaires sur le contexte d’usinage. Les signaux de couple et d’efforts permettent bien entendu de réaliser les mêmes corrélations mais ces éléments restent moins adaptés à une utilisation industrielle. En outre, l’analyse des signaux des accéléromètres n’a pas permis de mettre en avant de corrélations directes semblables à celles obtenues avec la puissance. L’une des questions concernant la modélisation de l’intégrité de surface par des signaux de surveillance d’usinage est la suivante : existe-t-il une signature sur les signaux pour chaque anomalie d’intégrité de surface identifiée? La corrélation réalisée entre la puissance de coupe et le paramètre t1, sans prise en compte de l’usure outil ou des conditions de coupe, permet d’envisager cette perspective. A travers une analyse statistique sur les critères relevés, le prochain paragraphe nous permettra d’apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question. De plus, les corrélations directes effectuées permettent de modéliser trois anomalies d’intégrité de surface, mais les erreurs demeurent importantes et l’intégrité de surface n’est pas complètement définie. Par la suite, nous tenterons également d’améliorer la prédiction en multipliant le nombre de critères issus des signaux et choisis grâce à la matrice de corrélation de Pearson. Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface 153 V.2.2 Analyse statistique L’analyse statistique est utilisée afin d’améliorer la modélisation des anomalies d’intégrité de surface, en prenant en compte simultanément plusieurs informations issues des signaux. Pour cela, nous utiliserons la matrice de corrélation de Pearson pour identifier les critères les plus pertinents et les régressions linéaires multiples comme modèle mathématique. Cette méthode statistique n’est pas conçue pour mettre en avant les phénomènes physiques reliant les paramètres des équations. Cependant nous tenterons, tant que possible, de proposer une analyse des relations identifiées. Afin de déterminer la qualité des régressions linéaires effectuées, nous utiliserons le coefficient de détermination (R2) et le pourcentage d’erreur. Le coefficient de détermination est aussi employé afin de comparer différents modèles créés. Il est évident que ce coefficient ne donne pas toujours une bonne image de la qualité de la régression, c’est pourquoi nous confronterons les valeurs prédites aux valeurs mesurées pour des essais de vérification. L’évolution des signaux enregistrés et les analyses métallurgiques réalisées sur les perçages obligent à séparer les critères relevés selon deux approches (paragraphe III.2 et IV.2) : L’approche globale prend en compte les critères d’intégrité de surface relevés pour le perçage dans son intégralité et les caractéristiques issues des signaux sont exprimées sur la moyenne du signal. L’approche locale permet de modéliser les valeurs des critères d’intégrité de surface relevées de manière localisée dans le perçage. Cette approche permet aussi de s’affranchir de l’évolution des signaux au cours du temps et de l’intégrer dans la matrice des données. V.2.2.1 Approche globale Les critères d’intégrité de surface pris en compte dans cette approche (Tableau III.2.3) sont le coefficient de conicité, la longueur de la bavure, l’épaisseur de la bavure, l’épaisseur maximale de la couche de γ’p dissous et l’épaisseur maximale de la couche de γ’p allongés. L’approche globale est appliquée sur 14 essais parmi les essais « cartographie ». Le Tableau V.2.1 présente des régressions linéaires multiples réalisées pour chaque critère d’intégrité de surface. Les caractéristiques des signaux (Tableau IV.2.4) ont été identifiées à l’aide de la matrice de corrélation de Pearson. Deux régressions sont présentées par critère : la première est limitée à un maximum de trois critères et la deuxième optimise le coefficient de détermination. Tableau V.2.1 : Estimations des valeurs des critères d’intégrité de surface « globaux » en fonction des critères relevés sur les signaux (moyenne sur l’ensemble du signal). Critères Equations Coefficient conicité Longueur bavure Epaisseur bavure Epaisseur maxi γ’p dissous Epaisseur maxi de la couche de γ’p allongés R2 Erreur standard Pourcentage d’erreur = 0,007 + 0,00003 SD Pcalc - 0,0001 RMSAz 0,87 = 0,00497 + 0,00004 SD Pcalc + 0,0025 KurtAz+ 0,00034 Az - 0,000086 SDAz - 0,0019 KurtFx = 41,2 - 0,79 RMSAy6000 + 0,51 RMSAy2000 - 0,56 Fy 0,98 0,001 12 % 0,61 6,7 μm 16 % = 36,6 - 9,94 KurtAz - 0,36 Fx - 0,71 Fy + 1,1 RMSAy1000 + 2,8 RMSAy1400 - 1,95 RMSAy6000- 0,71 KurtAy1400 + 1,2 KurtAy1000 0,96 3,2 μm 8% = 46 + 0,19 Pcalc + 5,8 SD Fy - 5,6 RMS Fy 0,86 24 μm 19 % = -5,2 + 0,026 Pcalc - 0,0072 SD Pcalc = -4,5 + 0,0304 Pcalc + 0,073 SD Pcalc - 0,093 RMSAz + 15 skewAz - 1,17 RMSAy2000 + 0,74 RMSAy1400- 0,81 RMSAy6000 = 9,36 + 0,0266 SD Pcalc - 1,4 KurtAy = 12 - 9,3 KurtAy + 2,4 KurtAy1000 - 8,3 KurtAy6000 + 31,8 skewAz + 22,2 skewAx 0,68 0,98 2,9 μm 0,9 μm 81 % 25 % 0,60 0,90 5 μm 3 μm 36 % 22 % 0,002 24 % Deux remarques peuvent être faites à partir de ces modélisations : la longueur de bavure devrait logiquement être exprimée à partir de l’effort de pénétration, or ce terme n’est pas pris en compte dans l’équation, car il n’est pas apparu déterminant, probablement en raison du procédé de perçage (dans un avant trou), l’épaisseur maximale de la couche de γ’p allongés est modélisée iquement à partir de critères dynamiques, supposant ainsi un phénomène de matage de la surface. Les pourcentages d’erreurs sont importants pour les modèles à 3 variables. Cependant, les erreurs de mesure sur l’intégrité de surface sont aussi non négligeables. Nous allons donc comparer les résultats de ces équations aux valeurs mesurées. La Figure V.2.9 présente les résultats des deux modèles créés pour le coefficient de conicité sur les essais ayant servi à établir les modèles et sur des essais de vérification. Les modélisations sont vérifiées avec les essais réalisés à une vitesse de coupe de 22 m/min. Cette vitesse de coupe est intéressante car les trois avances testées présentent des intégrités de surface différentes et représentatives de celles observées lors des essais « cartographie ». De plus, cette vitesse se situe au centre de la plage de vitesse explorée et à la limite du domaine d’intégrité de surface défini sur la Figure III.3.11 (Paragraphe III.3.1.3). Les essais n° 17 et 18 de la Figure V.2.9 montrent que le modèle offrant le meilleur coefficient de détermination (0,98) se corrèle mal avec les essais de vérification, alors que le modèle utilisant moins de critères et avec un R2 plus faible (0,87) donne de bons résultats sur les essais de vérification. Ce point met en avant une faiblesse de l’analyse statistique : plus le nombre de critères est élevé, plus il est nécessaire de réaliser d’essais afin de pouvoir généraliser un modèle. Cette remarque est aussi soulignée par Shi [Shi 2007] dans le cas des réseaux neuronaux. Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface 155 Coefficient de conicité 0,03 mesuré 0,025 0,02 modèle avec R2=0,98 modèle avec R2=0,87 Essais de vérification à Vc = 22 m/min Essais « cartographie » utilisés pour établir le modèle 0,015 0,01 0,005 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Numéro d'essais 13 14 15 16 17 18 f (mm/tr) = 0,2 0,15 0,1 19 20 0,1 0,15 Figure V.2.9 : Comparaison de deux modèles pour la prédiction du coefficient de conicité par rapport aux essais « cartographie » et aux essais de vérification (Vc 22 m/min et f 0,1-0,2 mm/tr). Compte-tenu de ces éléments et dans l’optique d’une application industrielle, nous privilégierons les modèles les plus simples (utilisant moins de critères). La Figure V.2.10 présente les résultats des modèles les plus simples pour les quatre autres critères d’intégrité de surface. De bons résultats sont obtenus pour l’épaisseur de la bavure et l’épaisseur maximale de la couche de γ’p allongés. Les corrélations sont performantes en considérant les erreurs de prédiction et de mesure. Epaisseur bavure (μm) 300 mesuré 250 prédit Essais de vérification 200 150 100 0 prédit 3 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Numéro d'essais 60 40 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Numéro d'essais Epaisseur de la couche de γ'p allongés(μm) 40 mesuré 30 prédit Essais de vérification 20 b) 1 5 Epaisseur de la couche de γ'p dissous (μm) 15 mesuré 10 prédit Essais de vérification 5 10 0 c) Essais de vérification mesuré 20 50 a) Longueur bavure (μm) 80 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Numéro d'essais d) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Numéro d'essais Figure V.2.10 : Résultats des modèles pour l’approche globale : a) épaisseur de la bavure, b) longueur de la bavure, c) épaisseur de la couche de γ’p allongés et d) épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous. Les résultats pour la longueur de bavure et l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous sont moins satisfaisants et des erreurs de prédiction importantes peuvent être observées pour certains essais, probablement à cause des incertitudes de mesure élevées sur ces anomalies . De plus, la modélisation 156 de l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous est difficile à prendre en compte par les régressions linéaires car bon nombre d’essais ont une valeur nulle. Enfin, les anomalies d’intégrité de surface sont souvent exprimées à partir des mêmes caractéristiques issues des signaux comme la puissance moyenne, l’écart type de la puissance ou le RMS de l’accéléromètre Z. Ce sont donc des caractéristiques majeures traduisant le processus de coupe. Perrin, dans son étude sur le perçage de l’Inconel® 718, a pris le parti de modéliser des combinaisons d’anomalies (appelé « trou type ») et non pas les anomalies de manière séparées. En effet, il est important de connaître la criticité de la totalité de la surface usinée. Cependant, devant le manque de données concernant la criticité des anomalies et dans une approche purement industrielle, il est parfois préférable d’avoir une quantification de chaque anomalie afin d’imaginer des solutions de réparation adaptées. Dans notre étude, nous préférons donc modéliser chaque anomalie séparément. L’un des avantages de la surveillance d’usinage est de prédire en toute position dans le perçage l’état de la surface usinée. Une approche locale a donc été mise en place afin de répondre au mieux à cette problématique. Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface 157 V.2.2.2 Approche locale Les mesures locales d’intégrité de surface permettent d’analyser les valeurs des critères de rugosité Ra et Rz, de l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous, de l’épaisseur et de l’angle des grains enchâssés, du paramètre t1 et des contraintes résiduelles circonférentielles et axiales. Le Tableau V.2.2 présente les régressions linéaires réalisées pour chaque critère. Le coefficient de détermination R2, l’erreur standard de la prédiction et le pourcentage d’erreur sont utilisés afin d’estimer la qualité des régressions. 28 mesures ont été utilisées pour cette phase. Le résultat des modèles Ra et Rz montrent des prédictions médiocres (R2 faibles et erreurs standard élevées) malgré l’utilisation de quatre grandeurs issues des signaux. Il est probable que le critère Ra ne soit pas atif dans ce contexte de la zone locale utilisée pour l'étude du profil. Le coefficient de détermination R2 obtenu pour l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous est inférieur à celui calculé dans l’approche globale, par contre l’erreur standard est plus faible. Ces différences s’expliquent par le plus grand nombre de mesure. L’épaisseur et notamment l’angle des grains enchâssés sont influencés par les composantes dynamiques des accéléromètres. Les fréquences 1000 et 6000 Hz identifiées comme appartenant à la platine de mesure d’efforts sont les principales composantes des signaux issus des accéléromètres. Ces critères d’intégrité de surface, traduisant l’écrouissage du matériau, sont peut-être influencés par le mouvement de platine de mesure d’efforts à ces fréquences. Les contraintes résiduelles donnent des coefficients de détermination très satisfaisants, néanmoins les erreurs standard sont importantes. La dualité entre le coefficient de détermination et l’erreur standard ne permet pas de rendre compte de la qualité des régressions. Les résultats des prédictions sont donc confrontés aux valeurs mesurées sur les échantillons des essais de vérification sur la Figure V.2.11 et la Figure V.2.12. Tableau V.2.2 : Estimations des critères d’intégrité de surface locaux en fonction des signaux. Critères Equations R2 Pourcentage d’erreur Ra = 0,54 + 0,0013 Pcalc + 0,000065 SDPcalc + 0,024 RMSAy6000 - 0,031 RMSAy1400 Erreur standard 0,31 0,51 μm 51% Rz = 9,33 + 0,0049 Pcalc + 1,46 Kurt Fz - 0,011 SDFx 0,31 1,4 μm 15 % =-0,69 + 0,0074 Pcalc + 0,00058 SD Pcalc 0,55 1,9 μm 78 % = 11,6 + 0,0321 Pcalc - 0,234 SDAy6000 0,69 4,9 μm 20 % = 32,1 - 0,089 SD Fz + 0,34 RMSAy6000 - 0,19 RMSAy 2000 + 0,011 SD Pcalc 0,35 4,6° 16 % = 26 + 0,12 Pcalc + 0,31 SDAz 0,77 20 23 % = - 660 + 3,52 Pcalc - 2,35 SD Pcalc 0,85 191 MPa 73 % = - 1421 + 3,1 Pcalc - 1,24 SD Pcalc 0,84 187 MPa 37 % Epaisseur γ’ dissous local Epaisseur grains enchâssés Angle grains enchâssés t1 Contrainte circonférentielle Contrainte axiale 158 La Figure V.2.11 présente une vérification des résultats des modélisations des six premiers critères pour les essais de vérification à Vc = 22 m/min (6 mesures pour la rugosité et 10 mesures pour les quatre autres critères). Les résultats sont satisfaisants pour les critères liés à l’écrouissage (paramètre t1, épaisseur et angle des grains enchâssés). Ils sont nettement moins bons pour les critères de rugosité, corroborant ainsi les résultats de la littérature avec ce type de modèle [Abouelatta 2001]. Nous notons que la modélisation du critère Ra présente la plus mauvaise fiabilité, contrairement à celle du critère Rz qui répond avec plus de précision. Cette constatation est peut-être à rapprocher de l'aspect local du critère Rz, par rapport au caractère global du critère Ra. Enfin, les résultats sur l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous peuvent être considérés comme satisfaisants par rapport aux incertitudes de mesure. Cependant, des erreurs de prédiction sont observées, comme pour le modèle global, lorsque les valeurs sont nulles. Ra (μm) 2 Rz (μm) 15 mesuré 1,5 mesuré prédit prédit 10 1 5 0,5 0 1 a) f = 0,2 2 3 f = 0,15 4 5 Numéro d'essai 0 6 f = 0,1 (mm/tr) 2 Paramètre t1 150 mesuré prédit 3 4 Numéro d'essai 5 6 Angle grains enchâssés ( ) 40 mesuré prédit 30 100 20 50 10 0 1 2 3 c) f (mm/tr) = 0,2 0,15 4 5 0,1 6 7 0,1 Numéro d'essai 8 9 10 0,15 0 d) 1 Epaisseur γ'p dissous (μm) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 e) 1 b) mesuré 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Numéro d'essai 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 Numéro d'essai 8 9 10 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 f) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Numéro d'essai 8 10 mesuré prédit Epaisseur grains enchâssés (μm) prédit 9 9 10 Figure V.2.11 : Résultats de la modélisation pour les essais de vérification à Vc = 22 m/min avec f = 0,1-0,15-0,2 mm/tr : a) Ra, b) Rz, c) paramètre t1, d) angle des grains enchâssés, e) épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous et f) épaisseur de la couche de grains enchâssés Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface 159 La Figure V.2.12 montre les résultats des modélisations des contraintes résiduelles pour les essais ayant servi à établir le modèle. Au moment de la rédaction de ce mémoire, les contraintes résiduelles n’ont pas encore été mesurées sur les essais de vérification à 22 m/min. Parmi ces résultats, deux essais (n°20 sur la Figure V.2.12.a et n°7 sur la Figure V.2.12.b) présentent une différence de signe entre la valeur mesurée la prédiction. Cette erreur de signe est préjudiciable par rapport à la qualité de notre modélisation car les contraintes résiduelles ont un impact direct sur la tenue en fatigue des pièces. La figure III.4.3 (page 95) montre la tendance de la tenue en fatigue en fonction du signe des contraintes résiduelles dans la direction de sollicitation. Néanmoins, les essais n°20 et n°8 ont des valeurs relativement proches de 0, ce qui peut s'expliquer par l'imprécision de mesure et justifier ainsi l'erreur de signe. Enfin, les résultats obtenus sont très satisfaisants pour les autres essais compte-tenu des incertitudes de mesure. Contraintes circonférentielles (MPa) 1500 mesurées prédites 1000 Contraintes axiales (MPa) 500 mesurées prédites 0 500 -500 0 -500 a) -1000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 b) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 Figure V.2.12 : Résultats de la modélisation des contraintes résiduelles : a) circonférentielles et b) axiales. V.2.3 Discussion sur les modèles Les deux approches ont permis de définir des modèles représentatifs de l’intégrité de surface selon les signaux mesurés. Ces modèles sont viables sur le domaine étudié et ont montré de bons résultats concernant les anomalies de microstructure. Cependant, la prédiction de l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous par une régression linéaire multiple est délicate dans les deux approches en raison des nombreuses valeurs nulles lorsque la couche est absente. En effet, cette anomalie apparait lorsque les pressions et les températures sont suffisamment élevées pour dissoudre les γ’ primaires (paragraphe III.2.3). Comme présenté au paragraphe V.2.1.2, il est important pour la tenue de la pièce de ne pas retrouver cette couche sur la surface usinée. Une modélisation basée sur une probabilité d'obtention de ce type d'anomalie pourrait être envisagée à la place d’une quantification de l’épaisseur. La même réflexion peut être menée pour les contraintes résiduelles. Etant donné qu’il n’existe pas de valeur seuil d’acceptabilité, dans une première approche, la détermination du signe des contraintes résiduelles serait satisfaisante. 160 Les prédictions obtenues sur l’intégrité de surface pourraient être améliorées via l’utilisation d’autres modèles comme les lois de puissance ou les lois exponentielles. Une autre méthode pour améliorer ces prédictions est d’ajouter le modèle des informations liées au procédé comme les vitesses de coupe ou l’usure de l’outil. V.2.3.1 Influence des conditions de coupe et de l’usure outil dans la modélisation De nombreuses modélisations présentées dans la littérature font intervenir les conditions de coupe. De plus, la démarche élaborée dans le projet ACCENT rajoute une étape de modélisation de l’usure. Nous avons donc intégré séparément le débit copeau (Q) et l’usure en Vb de l’outil aux équations définies dans le Tableau V.2.1 et le Tableau V.2.2, afin de vérifier si cela améliore les modélisations effectuées. Le Tableau V.2.3 et le Tableau V.2.4 comparent les coefficients de détermination obtenus avec les nouvelles expressions. L’usure en Vb réelle ne peut être prise en compte pour les modèles établis avec l’approche locale car elle n’a pas été mesurée au cours du perçage. Elle a donc été prédite par un modèle basé sur une loi de puissance faisant intervenir Vc, f, Pcalc et SD Pcalc (annexe C) avec un R2 = 0,9 sur les essais « cartographie ». Tableau V.2.3: Comparaison des coefficients de détermination obtenus pour des modèles avec ou sans le débit copeau ou l’usure en Vb de l’outil. Critères pris en compte dans les équations Coefficient de conicité Longueur bavure Epaisseur bavure Epaisseur maximale de la couche de γ’p dissous Epaisseur maximale de la couche de γ’p allongés Signaux uniquement 0,87 0,61 0,86 0,68 0,6 Signaux + débit copeau (Q) 0,88 0,75 0,86 0,79 0,61 Signaux + Usure Vb 0,87 0,64 0,88 0,71 0,63 Tableau V.2.4 : Comparaison des coefficients de détermination obtenus pour des modèles avec ou sans le débit copeau, ou l’usure en Vb calculée pour les données de l’approche locale Critères pris en compte dans les équations Signaux Signaux + Q Signaux + Usure Vb calculée 0,55 0,59 Epaisseur grains enchâssés 0,66 0,75 Angle grains enchâssés 0,35 0,35 0,55 0,71 0,37 Ra Rz Epaisseur γ’p dissous 0,31 0,40 0,31 0,31 0,35 0,36 Contrainte axiale 0,77 0,80 Contrainte Circonférentielle 0,85 0,85 0,78 0,87 0,86 t1 0,84 0,84 Les résultats montrent que l’intégration de l’usure outil améliore au mieux de 5 % la prédiction de l’intégrité de surface dans l’approche globale. Par contre, l’utilisation du débit copeau améliore d’environ 10 % les prédictions de l’épaisseur de γ’p dissous, la longueur de bavure et l’épaisseur de grains enchâssés. Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface 161 Les gains obtenus avec le paramètre usure de l’outil sont faibles et cet effet est peut être dû à l’ajout d’un critère dans le modèle (tendance observée lors de l’établissement des modèles basés uniquement sur les signaux). Cette analyse démontre donc dans notre cas d’étude que la modélisation de l’usure en Vb de l’outil ne permet pas d’améliorer significativement la modélisation de l’intégrité de surface. Enfin, l’ajout du débit copeau (Q) permet pour certaines anomalies d’améliorer la prédiction. Cependant, s’affranchir de cet élément dans la modélisation permet d’établir un modèle qui fonctionne quelque soit l’évolution des conditions de coupe. Cette hypothèse doit être aussi vérifiée quelque soit le contexte d’usinage, par la prise en compte de perturbations d’usinage dans les modèles. V.2.3.2 Prise en compte des perturbations d’usinage Le paragraphe V.2.1.2 a montré que la relation identifiée entre l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous et la puissance, est modifiée par les perturbations d’usinage telles que la variation d’émulsion et la variation de dureté. Or, le paragraphe IV.3.3.2 précise que les signaux les plus sensibles à ces variations sont les accéléromètres et en particulier les critères KurtAz et SDAy2000. Si nous ajoutons un de ces critères (KurtAz et SDAy2000) aux modèles développés dans l’approche locale et globale, cela ne réduit pas l'imprécision de prédiction (< 3%) de l’épaisseur de la couche de γ’p dissous. Par contre, la même opération sur les essais avec variation de contexte d’usinage en prenant en compte un modèle avec et sans l’un des critères (KurtAz et SDAy2000) permet d’améliorer la prédiction de 20%. Le paragraphe V.2.1.2 met en avant que la variation de la dureté influence principalement le contact outilmatière modifiant ainsi les phénomènes de coupe, de manière locale. Ce point de vue peut expliquer que nos critères KurtAz et SDAy2000 soient ici représentatifs. Les modèles créés dans les approches globales peuvent correctement prédire la couche γ’p dissous, moyennant l’ajout du critère KurtAz mais seulement pour l’émulsion à 7,5% (Figure V.2.13). Rappelons que les essais « cartographie » ont été réalisés avec une émulsion proche de 7,5 %. Epaisseur maximale de la couche de γ'p dissous ( μ m) mesuré p rédit sans Kurt Az prédit avec KurtAz 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Emulsion à 7,5 % 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Emulsion à 12,5 % Figure V.2.13 : Validation du modèle globale pour la prédiction de l épaisseur maximale de γ’p dissous sur les essais avec variation du contexte d’usinage. La prédiction de l’épaisseur de γ’p dissous est améliorée par l’introduction des critères issues des accéléromètres, sensibles aux variations de dureté. Cependant, aucun critère n’a permis de rendre compte de la variation d’émulsion dans la modélisation, malgré l’identification de caractéristiques sur les signaux (paragraphe IV.3.2.2), sensibles à ce paramètre. Deux explications peuvent être avancées afin d’expliquer cette différence de détection : aucun critère définis ne permet de dissocier l’influence de la dureté de celle de l’émulsion, comme démontré au paragraphe V.2.1.2.2, l’émulsion a un effet principalement thermique, contrairement à la dureté qui a une influence thermique et mécanique sur l’intégrité de surface de la pièce usinée. Une identification fréquentielle plus précise ou l’utilisation de capteurs d’émission acoustique sont des pistes à explorer, pour lever cette ambiguïté et améliorer ainsi nos modélisations. V.2.3.3 Autres modèles expérimentés Les réseaux neuronaux ont été utilisés pour modéliser le critère de rugosité Ra car les régressions n’ont pas apporté de résultats satisfaisants. Plusieurs réseaux ont été testés à partir des données de l’approche locale (28 mesures). Le réseau testé est de type « feedforward backpropagation ». Les critères sur les signaux utilisés dans le réseau sont les mêmes que ceux utilisés dans les régressions linéaires multiples présentées dans le Tableau V.2.2. Les architectures employées pour le Ra sont de type 4-5-1 et 4-6-1. Les meilleurs résultats ont montré un coefficient de détermination de 0,27 pour le Ra ce qui reste médiocre. Les faibles coefficients de détermination obtenus sur ces réseaux sont en contradiction avec la littérature (paragraphe V.1.2.2). Cependant, les prédictions à 98 % décrites dans les publications ont été obtenues après une comparaison d’un grand nombre d’architectures de réseaux (par exemple 30 pour Azouzi). De plus, l’apprentissage des réseaux testés est limité à 28 essais ; ce qui reste faible pour un réseau de neurones. Le nombre d’essais nécessaire est difficile à estimer, mais doubler sa quantité permettrait dans un premier temps d’évaluer la pertinence de ce type de modélisation pour notre application. En conclusion, dans le cadre d’une campagne expérimentale plus importante et de la mise en place de cette approche dans un contexte industriel, il serait nécessaire de vérifier l’opportunité de ces réseaux neuronaux pour la surveillance d’usinage et la prédiction de l’intégrité de surface des pièces critiques. Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface V.3 APPLICATION DE LA DETECTION ET DE LA QUANTIFICATION DES ANOMALIES D’USINAGE EN PERÇAGE Trois problématiques apparaissent lors de la mise en place d’un contrôle des pièces par la surveillance d’usinage : quelle grandeur physique mesurer ou quel capteur utiliser? quelle décision doit être prise lors de la détection d’un aléa? comment simplifier et/ou fiabiliser le processus de validation des pièces par la surveillance d’usinage? La façon d’aborder ces problématiques dépend bien entendu de l’application étudiée. Nous les traiterons à partir des résultats obtenus pour le perçage. V.3.1 Définition du capteur idéal pour le contrôle de l’intégrité de surface Les essais réalisés ont permis de mettre en avant deux évolutions de génération d’anomalies qui nécessitent des réponses de surveillance d’usinage adaptées : une génération progressive de l’anomalie au cours de l’usinage, auquel cas l’atteinte d’une valeur inacceptable peut être anticipée, une génération quasi-instantanée de l’anomalie. Dans ce cas, il y a deux possibilités : o le système de surveillance est capable d’anticiper une dégradation de l’outil par une analyse précise (probablement fréquentielle), o l’anticipation n’est pas possible et il faut quantifier l’anomalie générée afin de prendre une décision à postériori (rebut, acceptation dans l’état ou réparation de la pièce). Le Tableau V.3.1 présente un bilan de la pertinence des signaux utilisés pour la détection, la quantification et l’anticipation des anomalies ou des aléas d’usinage pour les essais réalisés dans cette étude. Tableau V.3.1 : Etat des lieux de la pertinence des signaux pour la détection, la quantification ou l’anticipation d’anomalies ou d’aléas d’usinage. Signaux Type d’aléas ou d’anomalies d’usinage à surveiller Anomalies de Changement brusque de Anomalies générées microstructure la composante statique par une variation du Couche de puissance (ex : contexte d’usinage Couche de γ’p écrouie coupure de lubrification) (ex : dureté, émulsion) dissous D, Q D, Q D - Mesure de puissance Composante statique D, Q D, Q D des signaux d’efforts Composante dynamique D, Q D, Q D, A des signaux d’efforts accéléromètres D D D, A D = Détection, Q = Quantification et A = Anticipation 164 D, Q La mesure de la composante statique des efforts est indispensable à la détection et à la quantification des anomalies de microstructure (paragraphe V.2.1 et V.2.2). Comme présenté dans l’étude bibliographique ou dans le paragraphe V.2.1.2, la relation de linéarité entre les couches affectées et la puissance est raisonnable compte-tenu des incertitudes de mesure des anomalies. Parmi les capteurs testés, la mesure de puissance est la plus adaptée à une utilisation industrielle en termes de coûts et d’installation. Elle a notamment permis de quantifier les anomalies de microstructure telles que les couches de γ’p dissous et les couches écrouies pour un mode d’usinage « normal ». Cette mesure est capable de détecter les conséquences des coupures de lubrification mais non pas de quantifier les anomalies générées par celles-ci, sans une campagne expérimentale dédiée à ce type d’aléas d’usinage (paragraphe V.2.2). La composante dynamique des signaux d’effort et des accéléromètres permet d’améliorer la quantification des anomalies générées. Dans certains cas, elle permet même d’anticiper une augmentation brusque de la composante statique du signal de puissance ou de couple (Figure V.3.1). Ceci permettrait de prévenir la génération d’une anomalie (couche affectée) suite à une coupure de lubrification. Cependant, cette observation n’est pas toujours possible et une analyse fréquentielle plus poussée est nécessaire (plus grand nombre de filtres, analyse WT ou HHT). Saut de la composante statique du couple Composante dynamique du couple Figure V.3.1 : Anticipation d’un saut de composante statique de couple par la composante dynami que du signal . Enfin, les accéléromètres sont les seuls capteurs capables de détecter des variations du contexte d’usinage telles que les changements de dureté ou le pourcentage d’émulsion. Ces détections ont été réalisées grâce à un filtrage des signaux adapté ou à l’utilisation du Kurtosis du signal. Les capteurs utilisés couvrent un large domaine de mesure, depuis la composante statique des efforts de coupe jusqu'à la composante dynamique des efforts sur une plage de 1 Hz à 8 kHz. Comme présenté au chapitre IV, il y a une redondance entre les signaux mesurés par les capteurs, permettant ainsi, dans une démarche expérimentale, de confirmer les mesures ou de fiabiliser la surveillance. Dans le cas de la mise en œuvre de la surveillance d'usinage en contexte industriel, s'il s'agit Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l’intégrité de surface 165 uniquement de suivre une ou quelques anomalies (intégrité de surface, usure, etc.), il est envisageable de réduire le nombre de capteurs, voir de limiter à un seul système fiabilisé. De plus, toujours d'un point de vue industriel, l’association de la mesure de puissance et d’un accéléromètre permettrait de détecter et de quantifier la grande majorité des anomalies d’usinage, tout en évitant les complications liées à l’utilisation d’une platine de mesure d’efforts. V.3.2 Actions à appliquer lors de la détection d’une anomalie La surveillance d’usinage comme moyen de contrôle pose aussi le problème de l’action à appliquer lors de la détection d’aléas d’usinage. De nombreux niveaux de décision sont envisageables : signalement à l’opérateur du risque d'apparition d'une anomalie (alarme), enregistrement d’un rapport d’anomalie afin de mettre en place une traçabilité des aléas d’usinage, arrêt de l’usinage : o arrêt des avances, o dégagement ou remontée de l’outil dans le cas du perçage, adaptation en temps réel des conditions de coupe, selon une stratégie établie, afin de parer à l’aléa d’usinage et garantir l’intégrité de surface. Le dernier point évoqué représente l’une des perspectives les plus ambitieuses de la surveillance d’usinage. Lors de notre étude, nous avons défini un domaine de conditions de coupe garantissant une intégrité de surface acceptable pour des conditions d’usinage en mode « normal ». Il est donc envisageable de modifier les conditions de coupe à l’intérieur de ce domaine lorsque le contexte d’usinage est perturbé (carré rouge sur la Figure V.3.2) pour se rapprocher de conditions (carré vert) moins contraignantes et garantes d'une intégrité de surface acceptable malgré la perturbation. 0,30 ASID 0,20 20s 0,15 30s 0,10 60s 90s 0,05 10 15 20 -1 Vc (m.min ) 25 Temps d'usinage f (tr/min) 0,25 30 Figure V.3.2 : Changement de conditions de coupe à l’intérieur du domaine d’intégrité de surface acceptable. Ce dernier point constitue l’ultime étape vers un procédé d’usinage autonome où une boucle de contrôle permet de garantir l’intégrité de surface en temps V.3.3 Utilisation de la surveillance d’usinage pour la validation du procédé L’une des problématiques développées dans le projet ACCENT est l’utilisation de la surveillance d’usinage comme moyen de simplification du processus de validation mis en place par les motoristes sur les pièces critiques. La validation doit être renouvelée pour tout changement du processus d’usinage : changement de conditions de coupe, changement d’outils, changement de machine, changement de lubrifiant, etc. Pour chaque situation, l’analyse doit être adaptée. Par exemple, pour un changement de conditions de coupe, de machine et de lubrifiant, les anomalies de microstructure étant linéairement liées à la composante statique du signal de puissance, il est logique de rechercher des valeurs de puissances similaires. Toutefois, les composantes dynamiques des signaux vont changer et il est difficile de définir une règle permettant selon ces informations de garantir une intégrité de surface. En effet, un changement vibratoire traduit un comportement local de l’outil différent et peut générer des phénomènes (échauffement, talonnage, etc.) engendrant des anomalies. Pour un changement d’outil, les composantes statiques et dynamiques vont être différentes et un recalage des signaux par rapport à l’intégrité de surface est nécessaire. Il est donc difficile d’assurer l’utilisation de la surveillance d’usinage pour cette validation, mais cela reste une perspective intéressante. Chapitre V : Corrélation entre les signaux et l intégrité de surface V.4 APPLICATION DE LA METHODE A L’OPERATION DE FINITION L’opération de perçage est suivie d’une étape de finition réalisée en tournage intérieur. La même méthodologie utilisée pour l’étude du perçage à été suivie afin de définir l’impact de l’opération de tournage sur l’intégrité de surface et de corréler les anomalies générées aux signaux enregistrés. Les détails du dispositif expérimental, des plans d’essais et les résultats de cette étude sont présentés dans l’annexe D. Le choix d'étudier en priorité le perçage au foret a été dicté par l'organisation du projet ACCENT et la stratégie du partenaire industriel. Il est évident que l'opération de finition en tournage permet d'enlever une partie des anomalies d'intégrité de surface amenées par l'opération de d’ébauche (perçage). Mais dans le cas où les épaisseurs affectées seraient supérieures à la surépaisseur de finition, ou si l'objectif final est d'estimer la capabilité du perçage en tant qu'opération de finition, les résultats précédents sont directement appliqué au procédé actuel. Les spécificités de l’opération, et l’évolution de l’usure de l’outil beaucoup plus lente que celle du foret, ont nécessité la mise en place d’essais spécifiques et différents de la première étude. Le domaine de conditions de coupe testées est beaucoup plus large (Vc = 5-70 m/min, f = 0,010,16 tr/min et usure en Vb = 0-0,2 mm). Les essais de tournage ont mis en avant des anomalies identiques à celles observées lors des essais de perçage, mais avec une amplitude moins importante. Ainsi les principales anomalies observées sont : des rugosités importantes, des marques de vibrations et des déviations géométriques de la surface usinée. Ces critères sont tous corrélés avec l’augmentation des efforts de coupe en fonction de l’avance, des bavures en sortie de l’alésage, une sous-couche écrouie qui augmente avec l’usure de la plaquette. L’analyse des signaux a révélé des évolutions beaucoup plus progressives qu’en perçage (aucune courbe de type 2 n’a été observée). De plus, les composantes dynamiques des signaux se sont montrées plus simples à analyser car seul le premier mode de vibration de l’outil était présent. Des corrélations ont été réalisées entre les marques de vibrations observées sur les surfaces usinées, la fréquence propre de l’outil et les signaux d’efforts et d’accélération. Malheureusement, la quantification de l’amplitude des vibrations ne s’est pas révélée pertinente. L’une des principales conclusions sur l’étude de l’opération de tournage est son comportement moins contraignant et générateur de défauts que l’opération de perçage. Cette observation est partagée 168 par les partenaires du projet Européen ACCENT. En l’absence d’anomalies d’usinage significatives, il est difficile d’établir des corrélations avec les signaux enregistrés. Il faut donc s’interroger sur le plan d’essai choisi, avec simplement comme paramètres du plan ; la vitesse de coupe, l’avance et l’usure outil. Les essais en perçage ont montré que des paramètres tels que l’émulsion, la du ou la rupture momentanée de pression de lubrification peuvent aussi avoir des influences conséquentes sur la génération d’anomalies. Les perspectives des essais de tournage se tournent vers cette optique.
github_open_source_100_7_20133	Github OpenSource	Various open source	import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { HttpRequest, HttpHandler, HttpEvent, HttpInterceptor } from '@angular/common/http'; import { EMPTY, Observable, switchMap, timer } from 'rxjs'; import { JwtHelperService } from '@auth0/angular-jwt'; import { UserServiceService } from 'src/app/services/user.service'; const regenerateTokenTimeInSeconds = 1800; const jwtHelper = new JwtHelperService(); var regenerateTokenInProgress = false; var accessRight; @Injectable() export class AuthInterceptorInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor { constructor(private userService: UserServiceService) {} intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> { console.log('interceptor'); const tokenFromLocalStorage = localStorage.getItem('token'); this.userService.decodeJwtToken(); const expirationDate = jwtHelper.getTokenExpirationDate(tokenFromLocalStorage); const isExpired = jwtHelper.isTokenExpired(tokenFromLocalStorage); // console.warn('intercept'); if (tokenFromLocalStorage) { if (isExpired) { // token expired logout // this.userService.clearToken(); return EMPTY; } else { // token valid var tmpSeconds = ((expirationDate.getTime() - Date.now()) / 1000); if (tmpSeconds < regenerateTokenTimeInSeconds) { //session is expiring in 30min console.log(`istice za ${tmpSeconds} sekundi`); if (!regenerateTokenInProgress) { regenerateTokenInProgress = true; this.userService .RegenerateToken() .subscribe( (res: any) => { regenerateTokenInProgress = false; }, (error: any) => { console.log(error); regenerateTokenInProgress = false; }); } else { } } //var requestIdentifier = this.resolveResourceAndAction(req.url, req.method); // if (requestIdentifier && requestIdentifier.isAnonimus == false) { // var isWebApiAlowed = this.globalHelperService.accessToResourceActionAllowed(requestIdentifier); // if (!isWebApiAlowed) { // //req is canceled // return EMPTY; // } // } const cloned = req.clone({ headers: req.headers.set("Authorization", "Bearer " + tokenFromLocalStorage) }); if (regenerateTokenInProgress) { return timer(2000).pipe( // <== Wait 2 Seconds switchMap(() => next.handle(cloned)) // <== Switch to the Http Stream ) } else { return next.handle(cloned); } } } else { return next.handle(req); } } }
github_open_source_100_7_20134	Github OpenSource	Various open source	;; Exercise 2.8 (load "util/interval.scm") ;; Alyssa defined the quotient of two intervals as the product of the first ;; and the inverse of the second. Similarly, we can define the difference of ;; two intervals as the sum of the first and the additive inverse of the ;; second. (define (sub-interval a b) (add-interval a (make-interval (- (upper-bound b)) (- (lower-bound b))))) (sub-interval test1 test2) (assert (= (upper-bound (sub-interval test1 test2)) 0)) (assert (= (lower-bound (sub-interval test1 test2)) -2))
github_open_source_100_7_20135	Github OpenSource	Various open source	// // GrassPatch.cpp // Game_PC // // Created by Kris Temmerman on 30/06/2017. // // #include "GrassPatch.hpp" #include "glm/gtc/random.hpp" #include "cinder/Perlin.h" using namespace ci; using namespace ci::app; using namespace std; GrassPatchRef GrassPatch::create() { return make_shared<GrassPatch>(); } void GrassPatch::addGrass(float x,float y,float xL,float yL,float size2,ci::Surface &gradient) { Perlin perlin; perlin.setSeed(20); vec2 rot = vec2(glm::linearRand(0.f,1.f),glm::linearRand(0.f,1.f)); rot =glm::normalize(rot); float noise = perlin.fBm(vec2(xL/800.f,yL/800.f) )2+0.5+glm::linearRand(-0.5f,0.5f); if(noise<0)noise =0; if(noise>1)noise =1; ci::ColorA grassColor = gradient.getPixel(vec2(noise255,0)); color.push_back(vec3(grassColor.r,grassColor.g, grassColor.b)); // color.push_back(vec3(glm::linearRand(0.0f,1.0f),glm::linearRand(0.0f,1.0f),glm::linearRand(0.0f,1.0f))); texCoord0.push_back(vec3(rot.x,rot.y,-glm::linearRand(5.0, 50.0))); vertex.push_back(vec2(x-size2,y-size2)); float f =1; flat.push_back(f); } void GrassPatch::updatePlayer(ci::vec2 playerPos) { for(int i=0;i< flat.size();i++) { if(glm::distance2(playerPos,vertex[i] )<2500) { flat[i]-=0.1; if(flat[i]<0.2)flat[i]=0.2; } } } void GrassPatch::update() { auto mappedPosAttrib = mVboMesh->mapAttrib1f( geom::Attrib::TEX_COORD_1, false ); for( int i = 0; i < mVboMesh->getNumVertices(); i++ ) { float &pos = *mappedPosAttrib; if(flat[i]<1.0) { flat[i]+=0.01; } pos = flat[i]; ++mappedPosAttrib; } mappedPosAttrib.unmap(); } void GrassPatch::setup(){ auto layoutV = geom::BufferLayout(); layoutV.append(geom::Attrib::POSITION, 2, sizeof(vec2),0); auto bufferV = gl::Vbo::create(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertex, GL_STATIC_DRAW); auto layoutC = geom::BufferLayout(); layoutC.append(geom::Attrib::COLOR, 3, sizeof(vec3),0); auto bufferC = gl::Vbo::create(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, color, GL_STATIC_DRAW); auto layoutU = geom::BufferLayout(); layoutU.append(geom::Attrib::TEX_COORD_0, 3, sizeof(vec3),0); auto bufferU = gl::Vbo::create(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, texCoord0, GL_STATIC_DRAW); auto layoutF = geom::BufferLayout(); layoutF.append(geom::Attrib::TEX_COORD_1, 1, sizeof(float),0); auto bufferF = gl::Vbo::create(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, flat, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW); // construct a VAO that describes the data in the buffer according to your layout. mVboMesh =gl::VboMesh::create(vertex.size(), GL_POINTS, {{layoutV, bufferV},{layoutC, bufferC},{layoutU, bufferU},{layoutF, bufferF}}); } void GrassPatch::draw() { gl::draw(mVboMesh); }
github_open_source_100_7_20136	Github OpenSource	Various open source	Dim strfolder Dim lngwarning : lngwarning = 8000 Dim lngcritic : lngcritic = 9000 Dim wsh Dim lngvelkost Dim lngjednotka Dim Perf_Data Dim dbNames Dim i : i = 0 '##########################################################' Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") Set wsh = CreateObject("WScript.Shell") '##########################################################' const MANDATORY_DB = "<your primary database>" const HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = &H80000002 const REG_INSTANCE_NAMES = "Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\Instance Names\SQL" const REG_INSTANCE_NAME_VALUE = "SQLEXPRESS" const REG_SQL_PATH = "Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\" const REG_SQL_DATA_VALUE = "SQLDataRoot" const DATA_DIR = "DATA" const MDF_EXTENSION = "mdf" const LOGFILE_ENDING = "_log.ldf" strComputer = "." Set regObj=GetObject( _ "winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}!\\" & _ strComputer & "\root\default:StdRegProv") ' extract the instance name from registry regObj.GetStringValue HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,REG_INSTANCE_NAMES,REG_INSTANCE_NAME_VALUE,strValue ' extract the file system path where the data files reside strKeyPath = REG_SQL_PATH & strValue & "\Setup" regObj.GetStringValue HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,strKeyPath,REG_SQL_DATA_VALUE,strValue strFolder = strValue & "\" & DATA_DIR ' warning and critical values may get overwritten by arguments If Wscript.Arguments.Count = 2 Then lngwarning = Wscript.Arguments(0) lngcritic = Wscript.Arguments(1) End if Recurse objFSO.GetFolder(strFolder) Sub Recurse(objFolder) Dim objFile For Each objFile In objFolder.Files If LCase(objFSO.GetExtensionName(objFile.Name)) = MDF_EXTENSION Then totalSize = objFile.Size logFile = strFolder & "\" & objFSO.GetBaseName(objFile) & LOGFILE_ENDING If (objFSO.FileExists(logFile)) Then ' system databases use a different naming scheme, but are very small so can be ignored logSize = objFSO.GetFile(logFile).Size totalSize = totalSize + logSize End If if (totalSize/1024000) > CLng(lngcritic) then Wscript.Echo "CRITICAL: " & round (totalSize / 1048576,1) & " MB " & objFSO.GetBaseName(objFile) Wscript.Quit(2) elseif (totalSize/1048576) > CLng(lngwarning) then Wscript.Echo "WARNING: " & round (totalSize / 1048576,1) & " MB " & objFSO.GetBaseName(objFile) Wscript.Quit(1) else if i=0 then dbNames = objFSO.GetBaseName(objFile) else dbNames = dbNames & ", " & objFSO.GetBaseName(objFile) End If End If End If i = i + 1 Next End Sub If InStr(dbNames, MANDATORY_DB) = 0 Then Wscript.Echo "CRITICAL: Database " & MANDATORY_DB & " not found" Wscript.Quit(2) End If Wscript.Echo "OK: " & dbNames Wscript.Quit(0)
github_open_source_100_7_20137	Github OpenSource	Various open source	import { css } from 'glamor'; const priceWrapper = css({ lineHeight: 1.75, }).toString(); const extraPriceInfoWrapper = css({ fontSize: '0.70rem', lineHeight: 0.75, marginTop: 1, marginBottom: 3, }).toString(); const basicPrice = css({ fontSize: '0.85em', marginTop: -1, }).toString(); export default { priceWrapper, extraPriceInfoWrapper, basicPrice };
http://archive.mises.org/3474/sale-coming-get-the-code/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	1. Skip to navigation 2. Skip to content 3. Skip to sidebar Source link: http://archive.mises.org/3474/sale-coming-get-the-code/ Sale Coming! Get the Code. April 14, 2005 by The new shop, and the wonderful success of our one penny sale on Rothbard’s Making Economic Sense, have inspired an idea: a 72-hour sale of 10 percent off everything starting midnight tonight. To get the discount, you have to have the code. To get the code, join the email list (News or Daily). (If you already receive the Daily Article or news, you are set to go.) Your support of this effort will encourage a major expansion of the catalog. Previous post: Next post:.
4916701_1	Wikipedia	CC-By-SA	Karen Holdsworth (geborene Moody, ehemals Goldhawk; * 2. August 1960; † 30. April 2013 in Darlington) war eine britische Marathonläuferin. 1981 wurde sie unter dem Namen Karen Goldhawk Sechste beim London-Marathon in 2:43:28 h und gewann die Premiere des Halbmarathons Great North Run in South Shields. 1983 siegte sie unter dem Namen Karen Goldhawk beim Paris-Marathon in 2:51:08 und beim Berlin-Marathon in 2:40:32. Außerdem gewann sie in ihrer Karriere 3 weitere Halbmarathons, 1983 in York sowie 1984 in Reading und Fleet. 1985 stellte sie als Zweite des Berlin-Marathons mit 2:35:18 ihre persönliche Bestzeit auf. Einzelnachweise Marathonläufer (Vereinigtes Königreich) Sportler (England) Brite Geboren 1960 Gestorben 2013 Frau.
10800496_1	Caselaw_Access_Project	Public Domain	STRUTZ, Judge. The defendant was charged with the crime of operating a motor vehicle on the public highways while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. He was found guilty by a jury in county court of Cass County, and takes this appeal from the verdict of the jury and from the judgment of conviction entered against him. In support of his appeal, the defendant lists a number of assignments of error, most of these assignments being based on the admission into evidence of the result of a Breathalyzer test administered to the defendant by one of the highway patrolmen. The facts out of which the charge against the defendant arose were as follows: The defendant was driving his pickup truck on U. S. Highway No. 10 on the evening of December 14, 1963. He made a sharp turn off that highway onto a county road, making this maneuver with a loud screech or noise. As he turned his vehicle onto the county road, he passed an automobile in which Highway Patrolman Don Peterson was sitting. Peterson followed the defendant's pickup and observed him drive onto the right shoulder of the county road, cross over to the left side of the road, and then recross the road to the right side. After this had occurred several times, Officer Peterson turned on his siren and, by the use thereof and the red flashing light on the top of the patrol car, got the defendant to pull over to the side of the road and stop. Officer Peterson then asked the defendant for his driver's license. Because of the darkness, the defendant was requested to walk over to the patrol car which had been stopped a short distance from the defendant's pickup. As the defendant walked to the officer's car, he swayed and staggered and did not walk in a normal manner. In speaking with the defendant, the officer smelled liquor on his breath. The defendant then admitted to Officer Peterson that he had been drinking. At this point, the defendant was informed that he was being placed under arrest for operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. While Officer Peterson and the defendant were in the patrol car, a neighbor of the defendant came by and offered to drive the defendant's pickup home. Officer Peterson then took the defendant to the county jail in Fargo, where thorough interrogation took place. When they arrived at the jail, the defendant consented to take a Breathalyzer test to determine whether he was, in fact, intoxicated. Another member of the patrol, Officer Hoop, who had been summoned by radio by Officer Peterson, came to administer the Breathalyzer test. While at the jail, Officer Peterson again observed the defendant closely. His face was flushed, his clothes were soiled, his eyes were bloodshot with pupils dilated, and he appeared to be sleepy. From his observation of the defendant, Officer Peterson stated that he believed the defendant to be intoxicated. Officer Peterson's description of the defendant and of defendant's actions was corroborated in part by Officer Hoop, who came to administer the Breathalyzer test. The record discloses that Officer Hoop had taken a forty-hour course in the giving of breath tests on the instrument known as the "Breathalyzer." This course of instruction had been given by the inventor of the device, and, as a result of such training, Officer Hoop knew how to operate the machine mechanically and was able to calculate the percentage of alcohol in the defendant's blood. He testified as to successive steps taken in giving the test. The result of the Breathalyzer test indicated that the defendant's blood registered fourteen hundredths of one per cent alcohol by weight. Our statute provides that any person having ten hundredths of one per cent or more by weight of alcohol in his blood is presumed to be under the influence of intoxicating liquor. Sec. 39-20-07(3), N.D.C.C., as amended. Thus the result of this test, if the test was valid, clearly indicated that there was a presumption that the defendant was operating his motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. Witness R. W. Prouty also testified for the State. He is the State Toxicologist and an associate professor at the North Dakota State University, holding a degree in chemistry. The record discloses that he is well qualified in his field, both in training and in experience. The witness testified that shipments of five or six cases of ampoules used in the operation of a Breathalyzer are ordered at one time, each case containing some 200 ampoules. These ampoules are sealed glass containers which are made and compounded by the manufacturer of the Breathalyzer in Switzerland. Each lot in the shipment of ampoules so received from the manufacturer has a control number which is stamped on each individual ampoule in each lot of every shipment. When a new shipment is received, a spot-check is made of a certain number of the ampoules in each lot. In making this spot-check, the ampoule which is to be checked is broken, and, once the glass is broken for the purpose of such spot-check, the contents cannot thereafter be used in the operation of the Breathalyzer. By such spot-checks of the ampoules in the shipment from which the ampoule used in this case was taken, the contents of the ampoule so checked were found to be of the proper chemical composition. The record further shows that the Breathalyzer used in this case was checked periodically. It had been checked in October of 1963, sometime prior to its use in this case, and again in January 1964, shortly after its use in the instant case. In both of these instances, it was found to be properly calibrated and in perfect working order. The defendant raises a number of issues, contending that the introduction of the results of the Breathalyzer test was error, for the following reasons: 1. That the State failed to lay a proper foundation for the introduction of the results of such test because no foundation was laid permitting the use of the particular chemicals that were used in the test given to the defendant in this case; 2. That the test was not administered by a qualified operator, since Patrolman Hoop knew nothing about electronics and therefore was not qualified to give the test; 3. That the Breathalyzer was not approved by statute or by the National Safety Council and the American Medical Association, as required by Section 39-20-07(5), North Dakota Century Code, and that the verdict of guilty returned by the jury in this case was not justified by the evidence produced by the State, and that the verdict was contrary to law; and 4. That the use of the Breathalyzer was a violation of the defendant's constitutional right not to be forced to testify against himself. We shall consider these issues raised by the defendant in the order in which they are listed above. Did the State fail to lay a proper foundation for the use of the results of the Breathalyzer test because it failed to show that the particular ampoule used in the test given to the defendant contained the proper chemicals and that such chemicals were in proper proportion? The defendant admits that it would be impossible to check the individual ampoule used in any test and still use that ampoule or its contents in giving the test. In other words, if the defendant is correct in his contention that the contents of each ampoule used will have to be tested before it can be used in the giving of any test, the use of the Breathalyzer would be made practically impossible. The record shows that shipments of sealed ampoules are delivered by the manufacturer of the Breathalyzer machine for exclusive use in that machine. These shipments are spot-checked as they are received, and those ampoules checked were found to contain the proper chemicals, in the proper proportions. We believe that the fact that the sealed ampoules are received by the State from the manufacturer of the machine for use in the specific machine known as the Breathalyzer, and the further fact that such ampoules received in each shipment were spot-checked and were found to contain the proper chemicals, in the proper proportions, is sufficient prima-facie proof that the chemicals in any one ampoule are the proper kind, and that they are properly mixed. We believe that the State thus laid a sufficient foundation for the use of these chemicals in the Breathalyzer test given to the defendant. See State v. Baker, 56 Wash.2d 846, 355 P. 2d 806. The defendant next contends that the results of the test given to the defendant were inadmissible in evidence because the test was not administered by a proper-operator, one who is trained in electronics. We do not believe there is any merit to this contention. The record shows that Officer Hoop, who administered the test, had successfully completed a forty-hour course in the mechanical operation of the Breathalyzer, and that he knew how to operate the machine and to read the results and to calculate the percentage of alcohol in the blood of the person being tested. This testimony, together with the testimony of the State Toxicologist as to the accuracy and proper calibration of the particular Breathalyzer both before the time such test was given and shortly thereafter, was sufficient to render the result obtained .by the use of such Breathalyzer admissible in evidence. The defendant next contends that the Breathalyzer was not approved by statute or by the National Safety Council and the American Medical Association, as required by Section 39-20-07(5), North Dakota Century Code, and that therefore admitting evidence of the result of such test was prejudicial error. The statute to which the defendant refers is Section 39-20-07(5), North Dakota Century Code, as amended by Section 3 of Chapter 269 of the 1961 Session Laws. The above was the provision which was in force at the time of the defendant's arrest. That amendment provided: "5. The results of a test given by means of the Harger drunkometer or other similar device approved by the American Medical Association and the National Safety Council'shall be received in evidence when it is shown that the test was fairly administered." The record, as heretofore pointed out, clearly discloses that the test was fairly administered. But it is true that it was not approved by the American Medical Association, as contended by the defendant. The record shows that the Breathalyzer is approved by the National Safety Council. In a communication dated December 8, 1959, to Captain Edwin Anderson of the Fargo Police Department, Donald C. Lhotka, secretary of the Committee on Alcohol and Drugs, says: "The National Safety Council, through its Committee on Alcohol and Drugs, formerly known as a Committee on Tests for Intoxication, does endorse the breath method of testing for blood alcohol concentrations. It is our opinion that tests made on the Alcometer, Breathalyzer, Drunkometer, and the Intoximeter, if conducted in the manner prescribed by the authors of these methods will give comparable and reliable results for estimating the concentration of alcohol in the blood." The American Medical Association, however, did not make an out-and-out endorsement of the Breathalyzer. In a communication dated December 18, 1959, from George E. Hall, executive secretary of the American Medical Association, to Captain Anderson, he says: "The American Medical Association does not, as a matter of policy, endorse or approve any specific product or device. In the opinion of the undersigned, Executive Secretary of AMA Committee on Medicolegal Problems, however, the individual members of that Committee would subscribe to the statement made in Mr. Lhotka's letter to you of December 8, 1959." Thus it is true, as contended by the defendant, that the American Medical Association had not given an out-and-out approval of the Breathalyzer. But it was not because the American Medical Association felt that the Breathalyzer was unreliable. It was merely because the American Medical Association, as a matter of policy, does not feel that it should endorse or approve any specific product or device. The interpretation to be given to Section 39-20-07(5), as it was amended by Section 3 of Chapter 269, 1961 Session Laws, is that, before any device can be used for testing the amount of alcohol in a person's blood, at the time of a definite act, it must be shown that the device is one similar to the Harger Drunkometer, and that the test was fairly administered. That fact was amply shown by the record in the case before us. While the American Medical Association will not, as an association, approve any particular breath-testing devices, the individual members of the Committee on Medicolegal Problems will approve the use of such devices. The rights of the defendant were not in any way prejudiced by the use of the test given on the Breathalyzer. This is especially true where the evidence in the case was not only the result of such test given on the Breathalyzer but, in addition to such evidence, there was the testimony of the arresting officer that the defendant swayed and staggered, that he did not walk normally, that he admitted that he had been drinking, that his eyes were bloodshot and his pupils dilated, and that his face was flushed; and that, from his appearance, the arresting officer, who had had much experience with this type of person, felt that the defendant was intoxicated. To reverse the conviction of the defendant on such technical grounds as those urged by the defendant would be a grave miscarriage of justice and would make the enforcement of our laws against the operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor a mere sham. The evidence against the defendant is not only sufficient —it is overwhelming — and supports the charge of operating a motor vehicle while tinder the influence of intoxicating liquor, for which the defendant was tried. The final ground urged by the defendant for reversal of the judgment of conviction is that the use of the Breathalyzer was a violation of his constitutional right not to be made to testify against himself, and that the use of the Breathalyzer violated the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which provides that no person shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself. Our North Dakota Constitution has a similar provision. Sec. 13, N.D. Constitution There is, of course, no merit to this contention of the defendant. In the first place, no constitutional question was urged by the defendant in the lower court. No defense can be urged by a defendant for the first time in this court on appeal. This is so elementary that no authority need be cited. However, we believe that we should answer this contention of the defendant, and so we point out that, in the first place, the defendant voluntarily consented to take the test. The 1966 decision of the United States Supreme Court in Schmerber v. State of California, 384 U.S. 757, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed. 2d 908, covered this identical question. The case we have under consideration here is much stronger than the one before the United States Supreme Court in Schmerber. In that case, the test was given without the consent of the defendant. There the defendant, against his wishes, had blood drawn from his veins. The defendant in the instant case, however, consented to the taking of the Breathalyzer test. The majority opinion in Schmerber, after stating the problem, says: " We therefore must now decide whether the withdrawal of the blood and admission in evidence of the analysis involved in this case violated petitioner's privilege. We hold that the privilege protects an accused only from being compelled to testify against himself, or otherwise provide the State with evidence of a testimonial or communicative nature, and that the withdrawal of blood and use of the analysis in question in this case did not involve compulsion to these ends." Thus there is no merit to the defendant's objection that the use of the results of the test violated his constitutional rights against self-incrimination. The test showed that the defendant's blood registered fourteen hundredths of one per cent alcohol by weight, and our statute provides that any person having ten hundredths of one per cent or more by weight of alcohol in his blood is presumed to be under the influence of intoxicating liquor. That test, together with other evidence showing the defendant's actions, clearly indicated that the defendant was operating his motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating beverages and that the jury was right in returning a verdict of guilty. For reasons stated herein, the judgment of the county court of Cass County is affirmed. TEIGEN, C. J., and ERICKSTAD, MURRAY, and KNUDSON, JJ., concur..
dictionnairedesa42dare_111	Multilingual-PD	Public Domain	— 9 Lys. C. Andoc. 4; C. Philon. 33; Isocr. De antid. 150; flarp. s. v. InCkaymv ; Dinarcli. ap. Harp. s. v. &ç-/atpeffiâÇttv (Or. attic. Üidot, II, p. 453). Cf. Fustel de Coulanges, l. c. p. 151 ; Gilbert, Op. cit. L p. 241, n. 1. — 10 Arist. Resp. Ath. 62. — H Cf. Müllcr-Strübing, Op. cit. p. 202. — 12 Cf. attica respubmca, p. 538 ; J. Nicole, l. c. p. 168. Démo-theues, C. Eeaer. 27, parle d’un archonte-roi pauvre, mais noble. — 3 Arist. Resp. Ath. 55. Cf. Fustel, l. c. p. 152, 171 ; attica respgbi.ica; dokimasià. Sur l’origine de la docimasie, voir Glolz, L'ordalie dans La Gr. prim. p. 128-120. — 14 Suudwall, L c. p. 38, a du ^ liste de ces épimclètes : 27 d’entre eux appartiennent à la trittys du littoral. 11 educ. 15 de la ville et 13 de la Mésogéc. Voirp. 1410, n. 15 ;cf. Dem. C. Theocr. — 16 Voir les textes à l’art, paba ; cf. Abel, Orphica , p. 250. — 17 th 1 puer. 17, p. 12 E. Schômann, Aiitiq. fur. publ. Gr. p. 100, et Waclismullc ^ Alterthumsk. I, p. 527, ont pris ce contre sens à leur compte. Cl. s- u' ' ' Cultes, mythes et reliy. 1, p. 43-44. — 16 Arist. Resp. Ath. 30. bi l( ^ manuscrit donne successivement les archontes pour élus, puis pour La contradiction disparaît, si l’on corrige dans le second passage en 1?^ (cf. Busolt, III, n, p. 1488, n. 1). — 19 W. S. Ferguson, The oligarchica ^ al Ath. of the year 103/2, dans les Beitr. z, ait. Gesch. IV (1904), \| sou — 1411 sou eu- Sylla et dura. Athènes, soumise à Rome, pouvait bien modifier la nomination de ses magistrats. ]\|\| LE TIRAGE Ali SORT DANS LES ADMINISTRATIONS PUBLI- FS d’Athènes. — § 1. La justice. — Dans l’adminis- Iralion de la justice, le tirage au sort put être conti¬ nuellement une garantie conLre l’arbitraire des magistrats et contre les concerts frauduleux. Les Athéniens en mul¬ tiplièrent les applications et en perfectionnèrent les procédés à un degré inouï. Dès le jour où l’on allait demander une action au magistrat compétent, celui-ci donnait un numéro à la demande par voie de tirage au sort. Du moins on ne peut expliquer que par cette procédure l’origine des expres¬ sions 3txT\|V Xay/dveiv et Sîxv\|v xà^ooüv, qui se disent de la partie et du magistrat1. Les affaires civiles qui doivent être soumises aux arbitres publics sont réparties entre eux par un tirage au sort auquel procèdent les « qua¬ rante » ou plutôt les quatre d’entre eux qui représentent la tribu du défendeur 2. Comme les métèques, les isotèles et les proxènes ne font point partie officiellement des tribus et que les procès civils où ils sont en cause rentrent tous dans la compétence du polémarque, celui-ci les divise en dix lots, qu’il assigne par la voie du sort aux dix tribus, pour qu’à leur tour, dans chaque tribu, les «quatre» les tirent au sort entre les arbitres3. Mais c’est dans les tribunaux d’héliastes que triomphe le tirage au sort. Nous pourrions nous contenter de ren¬ voyer à l’article dikastai, où le sujet a été traité avec un soin tout particulier, si depuis n’avait paru la noXcrst'a, avec une série de chapitres consacrés à la question. Là où les conclusions de cet article sont confirmées par le nouveau document, il est indispensable de remplacer les références de qualité douteuse, les seules dont on dis¬ posât; ailleurs, il nous faudra rectilier quelques erreurs ou combler quelques lacunes, jadis inévitables. Avant tout, on discerne plus nettement aujourd’hui des périodes différentes, si l’on examine les applications du tirage au sort au recrutement des héliastes, à la constitution des jurys, à la répartition des jurys entre les magistrats et à 1 attribution des locaux. Selon une opinion soutenue dans l’antiquité, on peut admettre que le tribunal des héliastes était tiré au sort dès l’époque de Solon, son fondateur1. Mais soumettait- on au sort les nonrfè de tous les citoyens âgés de trente ans qui se présentaient5, ou seulement ceux de candidats désignés par une élection préalable8? Chacun de ces systèmes a ses partisans; les textes ne permettent pas de décider1. En tout cas, le recrutement des héliastes était facile, tant qu’ils bornaient leur juridiction à l’appel des jugements prononcés par les magistrats et ne formaient qu un seul tribunal. bans le courant du vP siècle, tandis que la prospérité d Athènes et l’extension de son empire multipliaient les «'flaires litigieuses dans d’énormes proportions, le déve¬ loppement de la démocratie fit de la justice populaire la ^ CL Scliol. i’Iat. Euthyphr. p. 327. Voir le Thésaurus , s. v. a ay/èvu ; Meior- • oiomann-l.ipsius, Üer att. Rroccss, p. 792-794, 80G-808. - 2 Arist. Itesp. Ath. ^ °ü' ^01, 120 ; Dem. C. Aphub. III, 58. Voir HudLwulckcr, UtÂ. die ôffentl. " Trivat-Schiedsr ichter , p. 71 sq. ; Moier-Sehomann-Lipsius, Op. cit. p. 48, 825, _ * 7 ’ 1,IA,TÈTAI, p. 127-128. — 3 Arist. Resp. Ath. 58; cf. Inscr. gr. 1 Suppl, p. G. , ’ ?>0^- a, ix (xu), 3. — « Cf. Dunckor, Gescli. des AU. VI, 5* éd. I 1,1 ' Albert, Op. cit. I, p. 153, u. .2 ; Lipsius, lias att. Redit and Rechtsver- ^ I. p. 30, 134. — 6 Cf. Wilamowilz, Phil. Unters. I. 95. — 7 Cf. Busolt, Ge»cA. Il, p. 287. — 8 Arist. Resp. Ath. 27. - ?/4i<I. 24 ; Aristopli. Vesp. 661 ; ' 0C' ® e myU. 17. — lu cf. Inscr. gr. I Suppl. 35 b. Voir. Wilamowilz, Arist. seule et unique instance. Pour avoir le personnel néces¬ saire et pour attirer aux tribunaux les gens du peuple, on leur offrit l’appât de la solde, du [mtOg,- Sixacv :xoç, et, si auparavant le tirage au sort était tempéré parle choix préalable, il ne le fut plus désormais ".Tous les ans étaient désignés par le sort 6Ü00 jurés, à raison de 000 par tribu On les prenait probablement sur les dèmes, et non pas sur la tribu en masse10. C’étaient surtout les vieillards qui se présentaient11. La théorie de Fraenkel12, d’après laquelle on aurait, dès l’époque de Périclès, nommé à l’Héliée tous les citoyens âgés de trente ans qui se décla¬ raient disposés à siéger, a donc le tort d’anticiper sur l’avenir ; la théorie de Schoemann 13, qui croit à un corps d’héliastes tirés au sort en nombre déterminé, est juste pour le ve siècle et le commencement du iv“. Nous ignorons comment on s’y prenait en ce temps pour répartir les 6000 héliastes en dix sections14 ; mais nous savons, surtout par les Guêpes d’Aristophane, que les tribunaux étaient assignés aux magistrats d’une façon durable15 et qu’un seul tirage au sort attribuait à chaque tribunal son jury pour toute l’année16. Après l’archontat d’Euclides (404/3), on assiste à une importante réforme. Le nouveau système nous est connu par les dernières comédies d’Aristophane, Y Assemblée des femmes (390 ou 380) et le Ploulos (388). Les change¬ ments portent à la fois sur le recrutement des héliastes, sur la constitution des sections et sur leur répartition. — L’énorme perte en hommes subie par Athènes pendant la guerre du Réloponèse et la suppression des nécessitée par la détresse financière ont pour effet de vider les cadres de l’Héliée. Inutile de tirer au sort parmi les postulants, il n’y en a plus assez. Tous ceux qui remplissent les conditions légales et se présentent, sont admis. Il suffit donc désormais de tenir à jour tous les ans la liste des héliastes. Lorsque Athènes se releva de ses désastres, que la population augmenta de nouveau et qu’on rétabli L les puc-6ot, on ne revint pas à l’ancien principe; on resta fidèle à cette règle : « Peut siéger comme juré tout citoyen âgé au moins de trente ans, à condition qu’il ne soit pas débiteur public ni frappé d’alimie17. » — On conserva la répartition des héliastes en dix sections. Cette répartition s’obtient, et s’obtenait peut-être déjà dans la période précédente, par voie de tirage au sort. Pour les détails de l’opération nous ren¬ voyons à l’article dikastai (p. LS!)). Nous rappellerons cependant que les dix sections ainsi formées sont dési¬ gnées parles dix premières lettres de l’alphabet, depuis A jusqu’à K, et que les héliastes ainsi répartis reçoivent chacun une tablette de bois ou de bronze (tuvzxigv) por¬ tant son nom et sa section'8 (voir fig. 2410 . De plus, nous nous permettrons deux observations : 1° on peut considérer comme un point acquis que, d’abord, le tirage au sort se fit tous les ans pour la totalité des héliastes inscrits et que, plus tard, il se lit seulement d'année en année pour les héliastes nouvellement inscrits : en un uniL Ath. 1, p. 201 : Lipsius, Op.cit. 1, p. 135. — il L’âge des jurés est un sujet de plaisanterie quaflcctionnc Aristophane. Cf. Plut. An seni sit yer. resp. Vil, 7, p. 71)3 D. — 12 Att. Geschworenenycr. p. 1 sq., 92 sq. ; cf. dikastai, p. 187-188. — 1:1 De sortit, judic. ap. Ath. ( Opusc . acad. I, p. 200 sq.); Gr. Alt. trad. 1, 542; cf. Croie, trad. V, p. 317; Curtius, trad. Il, p. 493. — 14 Cf. Lipsius, L c. p. 13G. — 15 Aristoph. Vesp. 1107 sq. ; Michel, 70, I. 7 » ; Anliph. De chor. 2t ; Andoc. De mysl. 27; Harp. s. v. II«çâ€ imtov. — 16 Aristoph. \esp. 303 sq. ; cf. 400 sq. ; 15G sq., 240, 288 sq. ; Anliph. /. c. Voir Lipsius, l. c. p. 138-139. — n Arist. Itesp. Ath. HZ. — Inscr. gr. 11, 875-940, 888 h \ Il Suppl, p. 212 sq. ; Arist. /. c. SOR mot, 1 assignation des héliasles aux sections, d’annuelle, devient viagère; 2° au début, on n’arrivait plus à rem¬ plir les sections, faute de jurés. C’est à cette époque d’àX.yavQpcoTnï et de pénurie qu’on autorisait les héliasles de bonne volonté à faire inscrire leur nom dans plusieurs sections8 j le cumul dont il estquestion à l’article dikastai (P; 189) n’l'sl Pas '"ie fraude, mais n’est pas non plus un lait licite en tout temps ; c’est une tolérance momentanée, un expédient1. 11 n’y a plus de sections attachées pour un an à tel magistrat ou à tel tribunal. Les jours de jugement, les thesmothètes assignent les sections aux tribunaux. Voici comment ils procèdent. Ils se servent de deux urnes (xXv,pcoT>jptoe) : dans l’une ils mettent des jetons portant les lettres des sections, A-K ; dans l’autre, des jetons où les tribunaux sont désignés par les lettres A et suivantes. Ils tirent simultanément un jeton des <leux urnes, et la section désignée va siéger dans le tri¬ bunal désigné (voir dikastai, p. 191-192) A Aujourd’hui on ne possède plus seulement deux jetons portant à 1 avers la légende ôs'ïp.&eeTÛv et au revers les lettres A et b, cest-a-dire des jetons de section (voir fîg. 2411 et 2412); on a encore un jeton identique marqué de la lettre -, c est-à-dire un jeton désignant un tribunal3. Cne troisième période, sur laquelle on n’avait jadis que très peu de renseignements et qu’on confondait malen¬ contreusement avec les précédentes, nous est aujourd’hui connue dans le détail. Depuis qu’on a pu déchiffrer et restituer les quatre derniers rouleaux du papyrus qui nous a conservé la lïoXiTEta d’Aristote6, on voit jouer tous les ressorts de la machine ingénieuse et compliquée qu’était la justice populaire d’Athènes dès la première moitié du ive siècle1. Si le sort n’intervient plus dans la confection du rôle des héliastes, il met en mouvement tout le reste. Les sections subsistent8, mais ne sont plus que des subdivisions de la tribu à l’usage de l’administration judiciaire. Chaque jour, sur l’agora, où sont concentrés les tribunaux, on tire au sort les membres de chaque jury1. Sur une esplanade qui précède les tribunaux sont aménagées dix entrées (eûjoooi), une par tribu, qui mènent à vingt locaux pour tirage au sort (xXr^toTvjpia), deux par tribu'". A chaque entrée sont placées dix boites (xt6,iTta) marquées chacune à la lettre d’une des sections A-K. Chaque héliaste doit, en passant, jeter sa tablette d’identité, son mvabaov, dans la boîte de sa section. Alors un appariteur (Ù7ty,&éty,ç) secoue les boîtes, et un thesmo- Ihète, chargé de cette manipulation dans toutes les tribus, tire de chaque boite une tablette : ainsi est désigné 1 afficheur de la section (êu.-y1xty1ç), celui qui doit afficher toutes les tablettes de la boîte sur le tableau (xotvovt;) marqué à la mçme lettre, dans l’ordre fixé par le sort. L afficheur est tiré au sort chaque jour, pour que la durée de la fonction ne puisse pas favoriser la fraude. Les tableaux sont placés au nombre de cinq dans chaque xÀYjpojTYj ctov . A ce moment entre en scène l’archonte delà Iribu. Il va passer d un xÀYjpwTvjptov à l’autre pour tirer au sorl les héliastes de la tribu appelée à siéger. Il met dans l’urne des dés en bronze, blancs et noirs, à raison d’un - ' Cr Fraenke), Op. cit.p. lOfi; Bruck, Mu toi. LU (1893), p. 3u0 s,,.; Lipsius I. c. p. HO. - 2Ansloph. Plut. 1106 8q. - 3 Cf. Lipsius, l. c. p. Ui. - i Cf.’ Lipsius, l. c. p. 1 41-14.3. — 5 Journ. intern. d'arcii. numism. \|. p\| v n« !)' - C 03 s.,. - 7 Le nouveau syslèmc oxislait à l’époque où Isocralo composait Areopagitu/ue (§ 31;, c'est-à-dire à la fiu de 353 (cf. F.d. Mevcr, V p 493.4941 s Arist. Deep. Ath. 03. 9 Ibid. 50, 63; cf. Isocr. I. c. ; Lys.' De bon ArUtoph dé blanc par cinq jurés à nommer et d’un dé noir cinq héliastes qui se présentent en surnombre. Cl ^ fois (pie l’archonte amène un dé, il règle la situation i'6 cinq héliastes dont la tablette a la même place su. , cinq tableaux : chaque dé blanc fait cinq jurés - ci,', S dé noir renvoie cinq héliastes. Les « blackboulés » n’1"! qu’à reprendre leur tablette et s’en aller. Quant aux , y compris les afficheurs, il faut qu’ils se fassent répare ’ entre les tribunaux qui siègent ce jour-là ". Avant qu’il soit procédé à cette désignation des jury les thesmothètes assignent sa lettre par tirage au son à chacun des tribunaux qui doivent être pourvus ci \|' font afficher par un appariteur à l’entrée du tribunal • c\|! sont les lettres attribuées pour ce jour aux tribunaux nui vont être tirées au sort par les jurés, c’est-à-dire L lettres A, M et ainsi de suite, selon le nombre des tri¬ bunaux à pourvoir ,2. Le moment est venu de se servir des deux hydries placées à chaque entrée et réservées à chaque tribu. Dans dix de ces vingt hydries on met, par parts égalés, des glands (pâXavot), autant que de jurés et marqués aux lettres des tribunaux. Les jurés sont appelés un a un par le héraut. Chacun à son tour s’avance, lire un gland de l’hydrie et le montre à l’archonte de sa tribu. L’archonte a devant lui une série de boîtes, marquées chacune à la lettre d’un des tribunaux à pourvoir. Quand il a vu le gland, il jelie la tablette du juré dans celle de ces boiLes qui porte la même lettre que le gland. L’opé¬ ration terminée, les boites sont portées aux tribunaux. On est sûr, de cette façon, que chaque juré se rendra au tribunal qu’il a tiré au sort, et non pas à celui qu’il vou¬ drait : toute entente sur la composition d’un tribunal devient impossible13. Autre garantie. A chaque tribunal, le linteau de la porte d’entrée est peint d’une couleur différente, d’où les noms de tribunal vert et de tribunal rouge, les seuls qui nous soient connus. Avant de fran¬ chir la grille du tribunal, le juré montre à l'appariteur le gland qu il a gardé et reçoit un bâton de la même cou¬ leur que le tribunal dont le gland porte la letLre. S’il entrait dans un autre tribunal, il serait trahi par la cou¬ leur du bâton. (Jn dernier contrôle est assuré par une formalité, la restitution des tablettes aux jurés par les afficheurs, à qui les appariteurs ont apporté les boites de chaque tribu". Reste a partager les jurys et les tribunaux entre les magistrats appelés a la présidence. Deux urnes (xàt^mt/- otoc)1" sont placées dans le premier tribunal, avec deux séries de dés en bronze, les uns indiquant la couleur des tribunaux, les autres portant les noms des magistratures. Deux thesmothètes tirés au sort jettent chacun une série de des dans une urne. A la première magistrature tirée au sortent assigné le premier tribunal, et ainsi de suite. Chaque résultat est immédiatement proclamé par le héraut16. Rien d’autres détails sont remis à la décision du sort parle règlement des tribunaux. Le fonctionnaire chargé de distribuer aux jurés les jetons de présence est désigne par le sort11. Le président de chaque tribunal tire une tablette de chacune des dix boîtes où sont réunies les 53. Voir Lipsius, l. c. p. 143-146. — 10 Arist. Jtesp. Ath. 03; cf. Les. Scguci\ p. 47, 13; Poil. IX, 44. — U Arist. Itcsp. Ath. 64; cf. 63. Voir Tcuscli, De soi'- titione jttliieum ap. Ath Gôtlingen, 1894, p. 188 sq. ; Lipsius, l. c. p. IM "7' — H Arist. I iesp . Ath. 63 ; cf. 59. — 13 Ibid. 04; cf 39 ; Poil. VIII, 87. — " Arist. Itesp. Ath. 63. — 15 Jbid. 66; cf. Poil. X, 61. — 16 Arist. /Iesp. Ath- — 17 Ibid. 63. SDK — 1413 — tablettes des dix tribus ; il met les dix Laldettes ainsi obtenues dans une autre boîte vide, pour un second tirage H en prend cinq cette fois: la première désigne le j u ré qui sera chargé de la clepsydre ; les quatre autres, I ceux qui seront préposés aux bulletins de vote. Ici encore ' on veut empêcher toute collusion, toute fraude. Quant : aux cinq jurés dont les noms ne sont pas sort is dans le second tirage, ils ont a prendre les mesures nécessaires au paiement du (jusSoV. §2 . Le Conseil . — Ces innombrables manipulations se retrouvent plus ou moins dans les règlements des divers corps de l’Etat. Le sort, qui constituait le Conseil, continuait de le faire fonctionner. C’est le sort qui, depuis. l’an 410/09, assignait à chaque membre du Con¬ seil la place numérotée où il devait siéger2. C’est lui qui déterminait, au commencement de l’année, l’ordre dans lequel les tribus allaient exercer la prytanie. C’est lui qui donnait chaque jour à l’un des prytanes la dignité d épistate et faisait de ce président pour vingt- quatre heures le président de la République3. C’est lui qui au ive siècle, quand on voulut affaiblir l’épistate des prytanes, désignait dans les tribus qui n’avaient pas la prytanie les neuf proèdres chargés de présider le Conseil et l’assemblée, et puis, dans ce bureau, le prytane des proèdres4. Enfin, c’est lui qui constituait au sein du Conseil une commission administrative de logistes5, et peut-être le collège des ÈTngEÀvjTxi t<3v vecupûuv6. Même dans le Conseil oligarchique des Quatre Cents, le sort était chargé de numéroter les sections, de composer le bureau, de désigner le président, de régler l’ordre du jour 1. § 3. L’armée et la marine. — Dans l’armée et dans la marine, on tirait au sort les missions agréables ou les postes dangereux. D’après un récit quelque peu légen¬ daire, Déridés, au siège de Samos (440/39), aurait divisé I ses troupes en huit corps, qu’il aurait fait tirer au sort I tons les jours: celui qui amenait la fève blanche n’avait I qu’à se reposer et à faire bonne chère pendant que les I aubes se battaient. De là, disait-on à tort, l’expression I proverbiale « avoir un jour blanc », pour se donner du I bon temps8. Quoi qu’il en soit, en 357, pour l’expédition I d bubee, on lira au sort les cavaliers qui devaient partir pour 1 île s. Pendant la guerre du Péloponèse, continuel- I binent les stratèges consultent le sort, tantôt pour se partager les escadres et les divisions, tantôt pour assigner sa mission à chacun d’eux 10. Eschyle se conforme aux \| mœurs militaires de son temps, quand il représente la di lcnse des sept portes de Thèbes assignée aux sept chefs Par le sort11. « Arès, dit le poète, distribue le travail à • coups de <jés » ’2. bans le projet de réforme triérarchique présenté par mnosthènes en 354, projet qui n’altérait pas essentiel- ' uient le régime des symmories établi en 357, tous les j^ai\|s du service sont réglés par le sort. Les trois cents "''os delà Hotte, qui forment trois catégories égales en \|_ j . "Il' aC- Scliol. Arisloph. P lui. 972 i Fragm. hisl. r/r. I, p. 403, fr 119) M . Icx" s 'SP' Mk' ~ 3 "‘id- M; Po"- Vm' 06 ' H»rp„ Suid., Pliot., Elyra! ~ 11 Voir L""CI ',5' Voir epistatès, p. 700. — 4 Arist. — S Ibid. 48. I, c " l,Uiu'rAli P- 070. En tout cas, lu tirage au sort est admis par Suudwall, noie L ï,7 ‘ A"sL Mh- ao- - 8 \|J\|uL Pericl- ; Cf- Uusolt, III, ,, p. 350, 36,37,1 l33' ~ l0Tlluc- Vl’ 4-' C,i : VII', 30.-11 Æscli. Sept. 55- De sJm ’.V ’ M’ 4oU'J5S’ Cf- E,,riP- /,hes- 545.— 12 Sept. 4t4.— 13üem. Cependant' n ' * l9' ~ 13 ,bid ’ 21 ; cf- C- Euer!)- et Mnesib. 21. Voir P. \|.'0uca,.t Src 6’ Plnid ' Civ ' * Dém- '> P' 383’ - Ibid- «-23. - n Voir <m. sur les cul. ath. nu v° et au iv° siècle, dans les Alèm. présentés i SOR nombre, doivent être réparties par «quinzaines » entre les vingt symmories, et à raison de trois, une de chaque catégorie, entre les cinq groupes de chaque syminorie1. A chacun des cent groupes doit être attribué un centième de la fortune publique, un capital imposable de soixante talents Le recouvrement par les Lriérarques des agrès non rendus doit être partagé par lots égaux entre les dix épimélèles des arsenaux maritimes, puis entre les sym¬ mories cl les groupes14. Dix emplacements avec trente cales doivent être assignés aux dix tribus dans le port do guerre. Les vingt symmories doivent être réparties deux à deux entre les dix tribus; chaque cale, devant contenir trente trières, doit être divisée en trois trillyes réservées chacune à l’une des trois catégories'6. Toute celte organisation doit se faire par tirage au sort. § 4. Les clérouquies. — L’État tirait au sort les avan¬ tages qu'il faisait aux citoyens dans les colonies ou clé- rouquies. Les lots découpés sur la terre étrangère étaient toujours tirés au sort, comme l’indique le mol qui les désigne, xÀ-qcoç1 7 ; mais on connaissait deux modes d'assi¬ gnation : s’il y avait de quoi pourvoir tout le monde, sur¬ tout en pays barbare, les lots étaient répartis par le sort entre les citoyens qui se présentaient; si le nombre des lots était limité d’avance, surtout en pays grec, ils étaient distribués a ceux des postulants que désignait le sort. D’après le décret sur la clérouquie de Bréa, pour obtenir une part, il suflisait d’abord d’être citoyen ; mais un amendement fut volé aux termes duquel il fallait appar¬ tenir aux classes pauvres des thètes eL des zeugites18. Au contraire, les parts faites à Salamine et dans la plaine de Chalcis 20 vers la lin du vie siècle, à Égine du temps de Périclès21, furent assignées par le sort à un nombre fixe d’Athéniens, ainsi que les rentes annuelles de deux cents drachmes qu’on concéda sur les propriétés de Milylène réduites à l étal de fermes22. § 5. Les concours , etc. — Le règlement des concours gymniques réclamait à chaque instant un tirage au sort : la coutume homérique n’avait fait que se développer dans la tradition olympique. L institution des concours cycliques et dramatiques appliqua le même principe. C’est probablement le sort qui désignait les tribus qui avaient à fournir un chœur d’enfants ou un chœur d’hommes pour l’exécution des dithyrambes23; c’est lui qui, au temps de la synchorégie, accouplait les tribus chargées de faire la dépense en commun 24. Dans les concours cycliques et vraisemblablement dans les con¬ cours dramatiques, l’archonte adjugeait les didascales aux chorèges par la voie du sort, c’est-à-dire qu’il tirait au sort l’ordre dans lequel chaque chorège devait choisir son didascale25. Au iv" siècle, quand le rôle de flûtiste eut grandi dans le dithyrambe, on procéda de la même façon pour 1 attribution du flûtiste aux chœurs des tribus 26. Four les représentations dramatiques, les poètes du v° siècle recevaient du sort leur protagoniste27. Les rangs des chœurs dans le programme du concours étaient fixés par div. sa», à l'Acad. des laser. I" sùrie, i. IX, p« partie (1878), p. 333 Sq. — i» Michel, 72, A, I. I sq. ; II, 1. 8 sq. — 19 laser, t/r. I Suppl. I a ; voir P. l oucart. Bull, de eorr. hell. XII (1888). p. 4 sq. Cf. Schol. Pind. Nem. Il, 19. — 20 Ælian.’ Var. liât. VI, 1 ; lier. V, 77 ; VI, 100. — 21 p\|ut. pKriel. 34. — 22 Tl.uc. III, 50. — 23 Cf. lteisch, art. iyüvsî.dans la Itealcncycl. de Pauly-Wissowa, p. 2432. — 2V Antipli. De chor. II. Voir chorsgia, p. 1119. — 25 Antiph. t. c. ; cf. Arisloph. Av. 1404. Voir chohegia, p. 1118; Navarre, Dionysos, p. 27. _ 26 Dem. C. Mid. 13. Voir chohegia, l. c. -27 Hesych. s. ... vfp£„5 ; Phol. Suid. s. v. v<>ir Rohdc, Rhein. Mus. XXXVIII, p. 273 sq. ; Navarre, Op. cil. p. 25, 27 ; histrio, p. 213. soit 1414 — par le sort : les poètes trouvaient que c’était un avantage d’être joué le dernier'. Les juges étaient tirés au sort sur une double liste de proposition dressée en partie par les membres du Conseil, en partie par les chorèges8. Cn curieux exemple de tirage au sort est celui que présente le règlement des astynomes. Ces fonctionnaires sont chargés de veiller à ce que les joueuses de llûle, de harpe et de cithare ne soient pas louées plus de deux drachmes. Si l’on est plusieurs à se disputer la même artiste, les astynomes l’adjugent par le tirage au sort8. Ce qui est remarquable dans ce cas, c’est que le tirage au sort est destiné à empêcher les prix de monter au-dessus du maximum légal et la loi de l’offre et de la demande de produire ses pleins effets. I \ . Le tirage au sort dans les subdivisions de la cité et LES sociétés privées a AtBènes. — § 1 La tribu. — Le tirage au sort tenait une grande place dans la vie interne des dix tribus. Dès l’origine, leur formation territoriale est due à la décision du sort. Clisthènes \ o u 1 h l que chacune d’elles comprit trois trittyes, c’est- à-dire trois des dix parts faites respectivement dans le district urbain, dans la Paralie et dans la Mésogée : les trente trittyes furent réparties entre les tribus par le sort-, L Hippothoontis, par exemple, se composa du l'irée, d’Éleusis et de Décélie. La tribu avait à déléguer tous les ans un de ses membres dans chacun des innom¬ brables collèges de dix membres : si elle ne le tirait pas au sort directement, elle proposait ses candidats pour le tirage au sort et souvent par le tirage au sort. Comme la rit» , poui la nomination de ses prêtres elle s'en remettait aux dieux 5. î; Le deme. Dans le dème, comme dans la tribu, on avait déjà fort à faire avec le tirage au sort des magis¬ tratures publiques. Sans doute certains actes de corrup¬ tion avaient fait diminuer à cet égard les attributions du dème; elles n’en demeuraient pas moins considérables, puisqu'on continuait de tirer au sort sur les dèmes les i inq cents membres du Conseil et les cinq cents gardiens des arsenaux . Mais les dèmes étaient des communes qui avaient leur administration propre ; il y avait là de quoi donner amplement satisfaction au goût athénien Pour le jeu de la fève. Encore que l’âpyôvTtov âyopà s’appe¬ lât aussi œp/ocipefftat, on s’y occupait bien plus de tirage au sort que de scrutin \ et le scrutin ne servait la plupart du temps qu à la présentation des candidats pour le tirage au sort (Trpdxprrt;). Le sort désignait le démarque8 et le trésorier3, au moins dans certains dèmes, comme il désignait l’euthyne et le logiste'0 ou même les person¬ nages chargés extraordinairement d’administrer des tonds Les fonctionnaires de caractère religieux semblent avoir été tirés au sort dans tous les dèmes18. On voit les gens d’Halimonte choisir quatre des leurs dans les familles les plus nobles et tirer au sort un des SOR quatre pour le sacerdoce d’Héraclès18, les gens de \|> choisir les femmes parmi lesquelles seront tirées ' ' ‘°S les deux organisatrices des Thesmophories ]('s S°rt d’Aixonè tirer au sort, sans doute parmi les’candH? choisis préalablement, quatre sacrificateurs pou" ? sanctuaire d’Hébé '=. En un mot, le X-^tap^xiv Tp * ou registre des démotes servait si souvent à l'opérai' du tirage au sort, qu’on a pu, par une étymolJi! erronee, chercher l’explication de ce terme obscur cette opération même16. S 3. Les sociétés privées. — Les sociétés moindres que le dème désignaient également leurs fonctionnaires, sur tout ceux du culte, par voie de tirage au sort. En rLlû générale, les yévr, nommaient ainsi leurs prêtres17 ils choisissaient donc parfois ainsi les dignitaires de cultes familiaux adoptés par la cité: par exemple, le prêtre de Poséidon était tiré au sort dans le r;v&ç des Étéobou- tades18, 1 hiérophante des mystères éleusiniens dans le yÉvo; des Eumolpides et probablement le dadouque dans le ysvo,- des Kérykes". Des orgéons liraient au sort leur prêtresse80; des thiasotes, leur prêtre et leurs sacrifi¬ cateurs81. D’après le règlement des Iobacchoi, l’eucosmos élait désigné par le sort ou nommé par le prêtre, c’est-à- dire choisi par le dieu ou par son représentant, et les rôles des divinités représentées dans les fêtes étaient tirés au sort parmi tous les sociétaires 28. A l’époque impériale on voit un éranos tirer au sort tout son personnel de fonctionnaires, lap/epavi<rnrçç, le ypap-paxsuç, les tagiai, les Tuvoixa; ; il n’y a d’exceplion que pour le protecteur et patron de la société, le icpoortxTT\|Ç 83. V. Le tirage au sort en dehors d’Athènes. — En dehors d’Athènes, le tirage au sort occupait une grande place dans nombre de cités 11 est naturel que les Athéniens l’aient propagé sous forme d’instilution politique dans les villes , qui dépendaient d’eux. La constitution imposée à Éry- thrées vers 460 déclare qu’un Conseil de cent vingt mem¬ bres âgés au moins de trente ans sera nommé parle système j de la fève ; le tirage au sort doit être opéré la première fois 1 par les fonctionnaires athéniens, les épiscopoi et le phrou- \| rarque, puis, d année en année, par le phrourarque et le Conseil en charge2. Il est probable, d’ailleurs, qu’Éry- J tlirées tira au sort dorénavant plusieurs magistratures Ji. j A Délos, comme au Pirée, un greffier est men- j lionne avec un collège d’agoranomes 20. Il semble aussi l que les Athéniens aient souvent établi dans les clérouquies ef dans les villes de la confédération le système judiciaire que caractérisait le tirage au sort. De là vient la scène comique où Aristophane représente avec une paire d’urnes (xiSa>) l’épiscopos envoyé à Néphélococcygie27. Mais le tirage au sort se retrouve dans bien des cas où 1 influence athénienne n’est pour rien. D’après une tra¬ gédie perdue de Sophocle, les Ëloliens auraient de foui temps désigné leurs magistrats par ce procédé (xuàjm I Anstopli. Eccl. 1158 sq. — 2 Lys. De vuln. 3; Isocr. Trapez. 33-1 Voir kiutai. - 3 Arist. Deep. AU,. 50.-4 lbid. 21. -S Jnscr. gr 1 Sun, 536 c’ L 3. - C Arisl. Itesp. AU,. 62; cl. Aeseli. C. Ctes. 35. - 1 Cf. 1ns. , 11, 588. I. 13. — 8 Ibid. Il Suppl. 574 h, 1. 3 (Eleusis). - 9 Dnd. Il, 570 (PJotlieh La conjecture d O. Muller, De demis ntt. p. 50,esl ainsi confirmée. CL V.vonSchôir, arl. Afp,, dans la Deakncyct.de Peuly-Wissowa, p. IC. Contra : Haussoullier O c,l. p. ’ L»8»1'. Or- Staatsalt. p. 214. - 10 Cf. Haussoullier, t)p. cil p’s V. von SchofTer, Le. - u Michel, 140, 1. 11 (Plolheia, ; cf. Haussoullier, Op ci p. 7o. - il Voir Haussoullier, Op. cil. p. 137 sq.; V. von Schôfler, L c p I - 13 (Dem ), L. Eubul. 46-49, 62. _ 14 \|s. VIII, 19-20. ^ 15 lnscr.gr. Il, 58 - i« Suid. s. v. Cl. E. Koch, dans les Or. Stud. f. Herm. Lipsius, Leipz. 189 p. Il sq. — 1. Ilarp. s. v. rivvr>«, ; Loi. Palm. dans le Bull, de curr. hell. I (1877 p. 152. Voir Martlia, Les sacerd. ait,, p. 33-37. — ls(plul.) Vit. dec. oral., L'JC 39, p. 843 E: cr. Lex. Daim. I. c. Voir Marlha, Op. cit. p. 34-35; P. Foucart, Bull, de corr . hell. XII (1888), p. 331 . Objections présentées par Tôpffer, AU. Gencd. p. 224 sq. ; cf. eupatridai, p. 859. — 19 Lex. Patin. I. c. ; cf. P. Foucart, Lu grands myst. d'Eleusis , Personnel, cérémonies, p. 24-25 , 47. — 20 Inscr. gr. H. 619, I. 4, 10; 022. I, 5 ; 023, 1. 4, 6, 13 , 624, I. 6, 8, 16. — 21 Michel, 978, 1- IL 29; 975.1. 28; 976, 1. 38. — 22 Dîtlenbergcr, 738, I. 136-137, 123 sq. — 23 Inscr. g1- III, 23, 1. 37 ; cf. Fr. Poland, Gesch . des yriech. Vereinstcesens , Leipz- 1 1,1 1 p. 416. — 24 Dittenberger. 8, I. 7 sq., Il sq. ; cf. P. Guiraud, /. c. p- F" — 26 •aBvî, XX (1908), p. 190, 11" 5. — 2e Bull, de corr. hell. XIII (1889), p. MÇ cf. Inscr. gr. Il, 861. — 27 Inscr. gr. I, 28, 29 ; Suppl, p. 12 ; Aristoph. Av. lu3-’ 1053; cf. Busolt, Gr. Gesch. III, i, p. 431. son — ni s SOR jtaTCM',)'; toutefois le poète a pu très bien attribuer en ! passant une institution athénienne à un peuple grec, et Polvbe mentionne seulement des àpyaipEtjtat de la ligue italienne à Thermos2. Mais à Delphes le Conseil était composé de trente membres, probablement désignés par je sort 3. Un décret de Ténos mentionne tï]v (3ouXt,v xat TOÙ; ap/ovraç tou; àsi XaydvTx;4. A Magnésie du Méandre, un document officiel distingue toù; xpy&vTx; tou; te ^eipoTovTjToù; xa: roù; xXï)ooj tou; 8. A Syracuse, la réforme de Dioclès introduit le tirage au sort des magistratures, ce qui n’empêche pas les riches de rester maîtres du gou¬ vernement6. A Tarente, l’oligarchie lit mieux: tous les collèges de magistrats furent dédoublés, les places étant assignées moitié au choix, moitié au sort, et de cette façon, dit Aristote, les fonctions furent accessibles au peuple et cependant bien remplies7. Pour mettre un terme aux intrigues des élections, on prit une mesure radicale a Hèraia en Arcadie : on décida de tirer au sort toutes les fonctions8. En Ëlide, les Hellanodikes sont tirés au sort dans la classe qui possède la plénitude des droits politiques J. Ihèbes, au temps de Plutarque, semble avoir eu un archonte xupu<rro; ,0. Les élections elles-mêmes pouvaient nécessiter un tirage au sort: quand les candidats avaient obtenu le même nombre de voix, il est probable que souvent on en appelait au sort, ainsi qu’il est formellement prescrit dans un décret d’Ioulis ". Le tirage au sort appliqué soit à la désignation des jurés, soit à la répartition des jurys entre les magistrats présidents, soit a la distribution des tribunaux ou des affaires à juger, se retrouve également d’un bouta l’autre de la Grèce, sur le continent, dans les îles, en Asie- Vlineure. Pour prononcer entre Naxos et Paros, les Ëré- Lnens lirent au sort un tribunal arbitral de trois cent uu juges1-. La convention de sympolitie intervenue entre les deux villes phocidiennes de Médéon et de Stiris décidé que 1 hiérotamias de Médéon s’adjoindra aux archontes de Stiris pour « tirer au sort les dicastères qui devront être tirés au sort » ,3. Dans une inscription de Lmdos il est également question déjugés tirés au sort u. Im* loi d Lphèse demande que le sort répartisse les hi nte commissaires chargés d’exécuter certaines déci¬ sions de Ja justice en groupes de cinq et qu’il partage les affaires entre eux ’5. Le lirage au sort des fonctions religieuses est plus répandu encore. Comme le disent les inscriptions, c’est a divinité qui, parle sort, proclame le prêtre (àTroSEi/OEt; Ta; ÔEoti Stà toù xXâpou îspeü;) ; on est « prêtre par la . . . (e ^eu » (iepsh; xorrà ttjv tou Oeou ftoùX-qtJiv) I6. On nomme .d’après ce principe la prêtresse de Gaia à Aigai en Achaïe'7, le prêtre de Dionysos à Délos ’8, celui des ■•«pli. ap Uesycli. s. ». «uip,,, v0j„ Bazin, Mém. sur l'É folie, dans élol I, !es miss ■ scienL 2‘ 9éri<b h P. 2Ü4; M. Dubois, Les ligues Z ne r n ln'l9S- ~ 2 P°‘yb- • 8’ 11 ! 1V- 37. 2'. -57, 1. — 3 Eurip. ’ , cl. Bourguet, Ladmm. financ. du sanct. pyth. au iv siècle, p. 40. XIII iT ' Xl1, v2’ 801, ,3"i0- — 6 Dittooberger, 553, 1. 37-38. — fi Diod. - 7 Y ' ° ’ Ar'Sl' Pot ' Vl11 (VU "O 15 i lv, 5- Voir Grote, 6d. 1809, t. X, p loi Philo T ' vu’ I" (VI)l 5' ~ 8 ,bid ' V1" (V>- "• »• - 9 Paus. V, 9, 5 ; cf. K„,.SIC ,, ‘ • -P°Uon- ni, 30. Voir Schomauu, Gr. Alt. trad. Il, p. 64-65; kohj.,1 lÿ‘tan°id,cis olympicis, bips. 1879, p. 18-20 ; Curlius, Der Syno ■ \|1IRA,. ... . „ dans lcs Sitzungsber. d. Berl. Atcad. 1895, p. 799 ; hei.lano- ,, ;,,j . y ' 61 ét' °r- XVI <1903)’ P- 131 «I- - 10 Plut- De genio Socr. 31. \|,8 j \| i °'r 4hchostk8, p. 387. - H lnscr. gr. XII, Vl, 595, I. 13-14. — 12 Ibid. lenberapr 'i.>r Xd Wl,Pcl'"’ "eitr. sur griech. Inschriftenkunde, p. 202. — 13 Dit- - "> lier V ,, Sq’ ~ 1 1 W' °r- Xil- >. 33’ - ’8 Discr. jurid. gr., no V, 1. 7 s,,. Paoamara ’ no ’ ‘78’ '' " (AslyPa,é«) l »««• * corr. hall. XV (I89l\|, p. 171 ~ 28 Ibid Vl1’.25’ ,3’ “ '8 Micbel> ,ti3- '• ,9' ~ 19 '"scr. gr. XII, l. c ■ i, 833. — 21 H, lier von GSrtringen, Inschr. ron Priene, 205 (cf. 90) ; 7to!.Tpcoi Oeoî à Astypalée l9, celui d’Hèlios et son suppléant (É7ttXayoiv) à Rhodes90. Même coutume en Asie, à Priène, à Pergamc21. Elle est fermement établie depuis le Pont- Euxin 22 jusqu’à Syracuse 23, dans le sanctuaire de Sérapis comme dans le temple de Zeus. En Sicile, on pratique la règle de l’élection préalable : trois noms sont pro¬ posés au dieu, qui en choisit un 24. Dans l’ile de Cos, non seulement on désigne par le sort le prêtre d’Apollon et Héraclès à Ilalasarna ; mais on parvient, pour la prê¬ tresse de Dénuder à Anlimachia, à combiner le tirage au sort avec la vénalité des sacerdoces, en ne mettant dans 1 urne que les noms des candidates qui se sont engagées à payer éventuellement une somme fixée28. Outre les prêtres, des dignitaires religieux de toutes sortes étaient tirés au sort : à Didymes, le prophète de Poséidon 25; a Andania, les hiéroi, les hiérai et les vierges saintes 27 ; ailleurs, les commissaires des processions28. Naturel¬ lement, les associations imitaient la cité dans la nomi¬ nation de leurs prêtres 29. Dans une bonne partie de la Grèce on trouve le tirage au sort appliqué à une formalité qu’Alhènes réglait tout autrement. D après une règle constante, celui qui rece¬ vait le droit de cité devait se faire inscrire dans une des tribus et souvent dans l’une des subdivisions de la tribu10. Mais, selon les villes, la tribu était choisie parle naturalisé ou déterminée parle sort. La formule du type athénien, c est c^uÀ-q; vj; av poûXrjTat 3I. Elle est en usage dans les villes thessaliennes de Larissa 32 et de Phayttos33, dans les îles d’Égine 3\ de Céos 38, d’Andros 3G, de Ténos 37, de Thasos 38, enfin a Byzance33 et à Ilion 40, en somme dans la partie septentrionale du monde grec. Le lirage au sort le plus simple, celui de la tribu (È7nxXvip<ô'7at etù ou e'î; cpuXxjv) , est prescrit dans les décrets de Trézène41, de Dymè en Achaïe42, d’Iasos43, de Priène44, de Smyrne45 et probablement, en règle générale, dans ceux d’Àigialè d’Amorgos 46 et de Magnésie du Méandre ". De là vient qu’à Smyrne le registre de la tribu, analogue au Xïj;tap/txbv ypaaixaTEtov du dème attique, s’appelle xXvjpcu- T/;ptov. Voici déjà des formules plus compliquées : à Calymna48 et à Stratonicée 49, le sort assigne au nouveau citoyen sa tribu et son dème (É7nxX7r]p<5<7xi in\ y uXv^v xxt Svjixov); à Cos80 et à Éphèse81, sa tribu et sa chiliastys (È7rixXir\|püi(7a'. Et; cpuXvjV xxt Et; ytXioc<7TÜvî ; à Mylasa S2, sa tribu et sa syngéneia (èttixXy) patron ètù t»)v çuX-^v xxt <7urïsv5t'av). Mais à Olymos 83 le sort lui désigne les trois groupes dont il doit faire partie (È7tixX7]pà)(7ac Ë7Ù ttjv cpuXvjv xxt suyYEVEtkv xxt ttxtoxv), et à Sauios 54 les quatre ( ÈTCtxX'qptSara; £7rt tpuXv)v xxt yiXtottrr ùv xxt ÉxXTOtjTuv xxi y^vo;).
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=6248.0.55.001&viewtitle=Wage%20and%20Salary%20Earners,%20Public%20Sector,%20Australia~Jun%202004~Previous~23/09/2004&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=6248.0.55.001&issue=Jun%202004&num=&view=	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date 6248.0.55.001 - Wage and Salary Earners, Public Sector, Australia, Jun 2004 Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/09/2004 © Commonwealth of Australia 2014 Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us..
github_open_source_100_7_20138	Github OpenSource	Various open source	@extends('layouts.admin') @section('breadcrumb') <li><a href="{{ route('admin.menus.index') }}">Навигация</a></li> <li><a href="{{ route('admin.menu_items.index', $menuItem->menu_id) }}">Список пунктов меню</a></li> <li class="active">Форма редактирования пункта меню</li> @endsection @section('content') <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading">Форма редактирования пункта меню</div> <div class="panel-body"> @include('layouts.partials.errors') <form action="{{ route('admin.menu_items.update', $menuItem) }}" method="post"> @csrf @method('put') <div class="form-group"> <label for="parent_id">Выберите родительский пункт меню</label> <select class="form-control border-blue border-xs select-search" id="parent_id" name="parent_id" data-width="100%"> <option value="">Не выбрано</option> @foreach($menuItems as $item) <option value="{{ $item->id }}" @if ( $item->id == old('parent_id', $menuItem->parent_id))selected="selected"@endif>{{ $item->name }}</option> @foreach($item->menuItems as $itemChild) <option value="{{ $itemChild->id }}" @if ($itemChild->id == old('parent_id', $menuItem->parent_id))selected="selected"@endif> {{ $itemChild->name }} </option> @foreach($itemChild->menuItems as $itemSubChild) <option value="{{ $itemSubChild->id }}" @if ($itemSubChild->id == old('parent_id', $menuItem->parent_id))selected="selected"@endif> ** {{ $itemSubChild->name }} </option> @endforeach @endforeach @endforeach </select> </div> @input(['name' => 'name', 'entity' => $menuItem, 'label' => 'Название']) @selectLink(['name' => 'link', 'entity' => $menuItem, 'label' => 'Ссылка']) @submit_btn() </form> </div> </div> @push('scripts') <script src="{{ asset('dashboard/assets/js/plugins/forms/selects/select2.min.js') }}" defer></script> <script src="{{ asset('dashboard/assets/js/pages/form_select2.js') }}" defer></script> @endpush @endsection
github_open_source_100_7_20139	Github OpenSource	Various open source	import { AnimatePresence, Frame } from "framer"; import React, { ReactNode, useEffect, useRef } from "react"; import { createPortal } from "react-dom"; import { createUseStyles } from "react-jss"; interface BottomSheet { open: boolean; children: ReactNode; onClose?: () => void; } const variants = { visible: { y: 0 }, hidden: { y: "100%" }, }; const useStyle = createUseStyles({ sheet: { zIndex: 10000, // margin: { top: 10 }, borderTopLeftRadius: 12, borderTopRightRadius: 12, // backdropFilter: "blur(20px)", }, overlay: { zIndex: 999, }, }); export default function BottomSheet({ open, onClose, children }: BottomSheet) { const classes = useStyle(); const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null); useEffect(() => { if (open) ref.current?.focus(); }, [open]); return createPortal( <> <AnimatePresence> {open && ( <Frame top={0} left={0} width="100%" height="100%" position="fixed" onClick={onClose} exit={{ opacity: 0 }} initial={{ opacity: 0 }} animate={{ opacity: 1 }} className={classes.overlay} backgroundColor="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)" /> )} </AnimatePresence> <AnimatePresence> {open && ( <Frame drag="y" left={0} ref={ref} bottom={0} width="100%" height="auto" tabIndex={-1} initial="hidden" position="fixed" animate="visible" overflow="hidden" dragElastic={0.6} exit={{ y: "100%", transition: { type: "tween", }, }} variants={variants} transition={{ damping: 15, type: "spring", }} dragMomentum={false} className={classes.sheet} backgroundColor="#ffffff" onDragEnd={(_e, { offset }) => { const { height, } = ref.current?.getBoundingClientRect() as DOMRect; const distance = offset.y / height; if (distance > 0.6) onClose?.(); }} dragConstraints={{ top: 0, bottom: 0 }} > {children} </Frame> )} </AnimatePresence> </>, document.body ); // return createPortal( // <Frame // left={0} // ref={ref} // bottom={0} // width="100%" // position="fixed" // height={height} // backgroundColor="none" // > // {open && ( // <Frame // top={0} // left={0} // width="100%" // height="100%" // position="fixed" // onClick={onClose} // backgroundColor="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)" // /> // )} // <AnimatePresence> // {open && ( // <Frame // y={y} // width="100%" // height="100%" // exit="hidden" // initial="hidden" // animate="visible" // background="none" // position="relative" // variants={variants} // // transition={spring} // > // <Frame // y={y} // center // drag="y" // // top={-20} // width={30} // height={5} // radius={12} // position="relative" // // dragElastic={false} // // dragMomentum={false} // backgroundColor="#ccc" // dragConstraints={{ top: 0, bottom: 0 }} // onDragEnd={(_e, info) => { // if (info.point.y > maxY / 4) { // onClose?.(); // } // }} // /> // <Frame // width="100%" // height="auto" // position="relative" // backgroundColor="white" // className={classes.sheet} // > // {children} // </Frame> // </Frame> // )} // </AnimatePresence> // </Frame>, // document.body // ); }
github_open_source_100_7_20140	Github OpenSource	Various open source	export * from './default-page-meta.config'; export * from './page-meta.config';
2736348_1	Caselaw_Access_Project	Public Domain	OPINION NOBLE, Justice. Pete Barela, Sr., brought suit in Bernalillo County in tort against his employer, Bourke Terpstra, doing business as Mesa Dairy, hereafter termed Terpstra, on account of an accidental injury sustained in the course of employment. Western Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company, hereafter termed insurance company, having issued to Terpstra its Farmers' & Ranchers' Liability policy of insurance, brought an action for declaratory judgment in Dona Ana County to determine its liability under the policy. Barela and the insurance company moved for summary judgment, agreeing that there were no disputed issues of material fact. Summary judgment was entered declaring that the insurance company had no obligation to investigate, adjust or defend the Barela claim against Terpstra, or to pay any judgment Barela might recover fi-om Terpstra. Barela alone has appealed. The undisputed facts briefly appear to be: Terpstra operated a dairy, and although not required to do so, had filed a workmen's compensation insurance policy which expired May 15, 1963. Floyd Bailey, an insurance broker and authorized agent for the insurance company, sold Terpstra the Farmers' & Ranchers' policy which Bailey said would protect Terpstra against claims of his employees. The policy contained a provision agreeing to pay, within policy limits, all sums which Terpstra should become obligated to pay by reason of bodily injury or sickness claims of his employees. The policy, however, also contained an exclusionary clause exempting the insurance company from liability if benefits for such injury to an employee "are either payable or required to be provided under any workmen's compensation law By filing the workmen's compensation insurance policy, Terpstra elected to accept the provisions of the workmen's compensation act as a matter of law. By his election, Terpstra became subject to its provisions and could only withdraw by giving the 30-days written notice required by § 59-10-4, N.M.S.A.1953. Terpstra failed to give the required notice and, hence, at the time of the Barela accident, benefits were required to be provided by him under the New Mexico Workmen's Compensation Law. Barela contends that an oral contract of insurance was entered into between the insurance company and Terpstra which was for his benefit. He argues that the agent knew the date of termination of the workmen's compensation insurance policy; that the statutory 30-days notice could not be given prior to its termination and the effective date of the Farmers' and Ranchers' policy; and that, accordingly, it must have been intended that the exclusionary clause was to be waived. A¥e are firmly committed to the rule that oral contracts of insurance are recognized in this state. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Foster, 76 N.M. 310, 414 P.2d 672; Harden v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 51 N.M. 55, 178 P.2d 578. However, those were cases where a written policy of insurance was never issued. A written policy of insurance was received by Terpstra prior to May 15, 1963 and retained by him without objection until February 20, 1964 when the Barela accident occurred. A contract of insurance which has been embodied in a formal written instrument, termed a "policy," merges all prior of contemporaneous parol agreements touching the transaction, and when the insured accepts the policy, he "is conclusively presumed, in the absence of fraud, to have given his assent to all of its terms." State Distributing Corp. v. Travelers Indem. Co., 224 N.C. 370, 30 S.E.2d 377; Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Shapiro, 270 Ala. 149, 117 So.2d 348; Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v. Farmington Auction, 356 S.W.2d 512 (Mo.Ct.App.1962); 12 Appleman, Insurance Laws and Practice § 7155. See Bell v. Lammon, 51 N.M. 113, 179 P.2d 757; Continental Life Ins. Co. v. Smith, 41 N.M. 82, 64 P.2d 377. Under the facts here present, Porter v. Butte Farmers Mutual Ins. Co., 68 N.M. 175, 360 P.2d 372, and Gendron v. Calvert Fire Ins. Co., 47 N.M. 348, 143 P.2d 462, 149 A.L.R. 1310, are controlling and require affirmance of the judgment. By those decisions, we are firmly committed to the principle that receipt and retention of the policy without objection, by one who has had an opportunity to examine it for a reasonable time, is regarded as an acceptance of its terms. The rule announced by this court in those cases follows the weight of the decisions of other courts. 1 Couch on Insurance (2d) § 12:12; 12 Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 7155. It is, no excuse that the insured neglected to read the policy or to familiarize himself with its terms, Porter v. Butte Farmers Mutual Ins. Co., supra, or that the insured was illiterate or could riot read English. American Fidelity Co. v. Schemel, 103 N.H. 190, 168 A.2d 478. The rights of Barela who claims to be a third-party beneficiary can be no greater than those of Terpstra. 12 Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 7155; Neuner v. Gove, 133 S.W.2d 689 (Mo.Ct.App.1939). Relying upon Fulwiler v. Traders & General Ins. Co., 59 N.M. 366, 285 P.2d 140, Barela-urges that the exclusionary clause of the insurance policy was waived because of the company's knowledge that Terpstra could not give the statutory notice to effect a withdrawal from workmen's compensation prior to termination of his workmen's compensation policy and the effective date of the Farmers' and Ranchers' policy. The inability to withdraw prior to the effective date of the policy, he argues, rendered it invalid from its inception, and knowledge of that fact constitutes a waiver of the exclusionary clause which created the forfeiture. Barela now asserts that by reason of such knowledge, the insurance company is estopped from enforcing the exclusionary clause. It is well established, however, that none but jurisdictional questions may be raised for the first time on appeal. Supreme Court Rule 20 (§ 21-2-1(20), N.M. S.A.1953) ; Batchelor v. Charley, 74 N.M. 717, 398 P.2d 49; Entertainment Corp. v. Halberg, 69 N.M. 104, 364 P.2d 358; Ferran v. Jacquez, 68 N.M. 367, 362 P.2d 519. Barela pled neither waiver nor estoppel as required by Rule 8(c) (§ 21-1-1 (8) (c), N.M.S.A.1953). Accordingly, the case was not tried on those issues below, and neither waiver nor estoppel is an issue on appeal. Yrisarri v. Wallis, 76 N.M. 776, 418 P.2d 852; Skidmore v. Eby, 57 N.M. 669, 262 P.2d 370. The purpose of a summary-judgment proceeding is to determine whether a defense exists. Since summary judgment may only be granted where no genuine issue of material fact is presented by the pleadings, affidavits and depositions, Rule 56 (§ 21-1-1(56), N.M.S.A.1953), Gallegos v. Wallace, 74 N.M. 760, 398 P.2d 982, this court will consider the nature of the defense submitted by a defendant. However, in determining whether it was error to grant summary judgment, this court is limited to matters presented in the pleadings, affidavits and pre-trial depositions, and defenses cannot be invoked for the first time on appeal. Schmelzle v. Transportation Inv. Corp., 341 Ill. App. 639, 94 N.E.2d 682. Neither waiver nor estoppel was pled nor were these defenses before the trial court at the time this motion was submitted. Having been raised for the first time on appeal, they come too late and may not be relied upon to reverse the judgment. MFA Mutual Ins. Co. v. Southwest Baptist College, Inc., 381 S.W.2d 797 (Mo.1964). We find no merit to Barela's argument that the question of estoppel was presented by testimony of the insurance company agent that he knew Terpstra's workmen's compensation policy expired on May 15, 1963. Even if estoppel could be raised in this manner, the testimony relied upon is not of the character necessary to create an estoppel by acceptance of benefits. To create such an estoppel, the party claiming it must have been without knowledge or means of knowledge of the facts upon which he bases his claim. Addison v. Tessier, 62 N.M. 120, 305 P.2d 1067. The facts were equally available to both parties to the insurance contract. Finally, Barela insists that it was error for the district court of Dona Ana County to entertain jurisdiction of this declaratory judgment action when a common-law action for damages against Terpstra was pending in Bernalillo County. We cannot agree. We think it is established that the question of whether to accept jurisdiction over a declaratory action to determine whether an insurance company has liability is within the sound discretion of the court. Borchard, Declaratory Judgments (2d Ed.) p. 313. The insurance company was not a party to the Bernalillo County action and could neither assert non-coverage, nor obtain a determination in that action of its obligation to defend Terpstra. Under such circumstances, at least, the suit in Bernalillo County was not a bar to the present action. Utica Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hamera, 162 Misc. 169, 292 N.Y.S. 811. Finding no error, the judgment should be affirmed. It is so ordered. CHAVEZ, C. J., and COMPTON, J., concur..
https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=28838	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Skip links and keyboard navigation Species profile—Favolaschia sprucei Classification Fungi (fungi) → AgaricomycetesMarasmiaceaeFavolaschia sprucei Sighting data Download KML \| CSV \| GeoJson Species details Kingdom Fungi (fungi) Class Agaricomycetes Family Marasmiaceae Scientific name Favolaschia sprucei (Berk.) Singer WildNet taxon ID 28838 Nature Conservation Act 1992 (NCA) status Least concern Conservation significant No Confidential No Endemicity Native Pest status Nil Other resources The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH) Atlas of Living Australia Data source This profile data is sourced from the QLD Wildlife Data API using the Get species by ID function used under CC-By 4.0 https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species/?op=getspeciesbyid&taxonid=28838 This information is sourced from the WildNet database managed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science. More species information Get a list of species for your area or find other wildlife information. Licence Last updated 7 September 2021 1. Is your feedback about: 2. (If you chose ‘website’ above) Page feedback 1. How satisfied are you with your experience today? * 3. (If you chose ‘service’ above) Feedback on government services, departments and staff Please use our complaints and compliments form..
github_open_source_100_7_20141	Github OpenSource	Various open source	""" This module holds the sqlalchemy models for the app. Example ------- from glim import Model from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String class User(Model): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) fullname = Column(String(255)) title = Column(String(255)) def __repr__(self): return "<User (name = %s,title = %s)>" % (self.full_name, self.title) """ from glim.db import Model
https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2015/10/the-latest-on-the-debate-over-gdf-11-findings/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	The Latest on the Debate Over GDF-11 Findings Resulting from parabiosis studies in mice, GDF-11 is one of the significant proteins identified to vary with age in blood. When augmented to youthful levels in old mice it produces partial reversal of some measures of degeneration via boosted stem cell activity. The underlying mechanisms for these findings were disputed, however, and here is the latest in that discussion: Back in the 1950s scientists first showed that connecting the circulatory systems of old and young mice seems to rejuvenate the more elderly animals. A handful of labs have recently been racing to find factors in young blood that may explain this effect. Researchers claim that a specific protein, GDF11, may explain young blood's beneficial effects. They have reported that blood levels of GDF11 drop in mice as the animals get older and that injecting old mice with GDF11 can partially reverse age-related thickening of the heart. Last May, however, another group reported that the antibody the Harvard team used to measure levels of GDF11 also detected myostatin (also known as GDF8), a similar protein that hinders muscle growth. This group concluded from a different assay that GDF11 levels in blood actually rise with age in rats and people. And in their lab, GDF11 injections inhibited muscle regeneration in young mice. Now, the original researchers say that this assay used to detect GDF11 and GDF8 was itself flawed. They found that the main protein detected by the antibody test is immunoglobulin, another protein that rises in blood level with age. Mice lacking the gene for immunoglobulin tested negative for the active form of GDF11/8 that the assay was thought to reveal. "They actually had very consistent findings to ours with respect to the blood levels of GDF11/8 with the antibody we all used, but their interpretation was confused by this case of mistaken identity." A recently published study finding that GDF11/8 blood levels decline with age in people and are low in those with heart disease supports the contention that GDF11 has an antiaging role. To back up their earlier results, the original researchers again show in a new paper that daily GDF11 injections can shrink heart muscle in both old and new mice. But this time they note another observation: The mice also lost weight. "We don't have much insight into that right now, but we're looking into it." The findings suggest that as with other hormones, GDF11 may have "a therapeutic window" for beneficial effects - too much may cause harm. Link: http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/10/antiaging-protein-real-deal-harvard-team-claims.
4612716_1	courtlistener	Public Domain	CLEGG EVANDER SELL, JR., AND DONNA HARRIS SELL, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentSell v. CommissionerDocket No. 1756-85.United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 1985-556; 1985 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 74; 50 T.C.M. (CCH) 1395; T.C.M. (RIA) 85556; November 12, 1985. Clegg Evander Sell, Jr., and Donna Harris Sell, pro se. Deborah L. Hildebran, for the respondent. HAMBLENMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION HAMBLEN, Judge: This case is before the Court on respondent's motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 121. 1Respondent issued a notice of deficiency to petitioners on October 30, 1984. In the notice of deficiency respondent determined that petitioners were not entitled to claim the amount of $2,073.00 as a residential energy credit under section 44C on their 1980 joint Federal income tax return. Petitioners75 reported this amount as an expenditure for renewable energy source geothermal property described in section 44C(c)(5). These expenditures were made in 1980. Respondent filed his motion for summary judgment on September 9, 1985. In his motion respondent claims that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the property to which the expenditure relates is renewable energy source geothermal property described in section 44C(c)(5)(a)(i) as the energy source is not geothermal under the temperature limitation described in section 1.44C-2(h), Income Tax Regs. In their petition, petitioners do not assert that the temperature limitation has been satisfied but claim that the temperature limitation was inapplicable to them pursuant to the language of U.S. Department of the Treasury Publication 903, (Rev. Nov. 1979) "Energy Credits for Individuals." This was the only issue raised in the petition. In their response to respondent's motion filed on October 17, 1985, petitioners again do not dispute that the temperature limitation was not met nor do they raise any other issue in relation to the technical requirements of section 44C. A decision will be rendered on a motion for76 summary judgment if the pleadings, answers to interrogatories, depositions, admissions, and any other acceptable materials, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b). Here, both parties concede that there is no genuine issue of material fact, and consequently our determination is limited to the application of the law to the facts presented. Section 44C(a)(2) generally provides that an individual taxpayer shall be allowed a credit for qualified renewable energy source expenditures.A renewable energy source expenditure must be made with respect to renewable energy source property. Sec. 44C(c)(2)(A). Renewable energy source property specifically includes certain property which transmits or uses energy derived from geothermal deposits. Sec. 44C(c)(5). On November 27, 1980, respondent issued final regulations relating to section 44C. T.D. 7717, 2 C.B. 7">1980-2 C.B. 7-8. These regulations provide, in pertinent part: (h) Geothermal energy property. The term "geothermal energy property" includes equipment (and parts solely related to the functioning77 of such equipment) necessary to transmit or use energy from a geothermal deposit to heat or cool a dwelling or provide hot water for use within the dwelling. * * A geothermal deposit is a geothermal reservoir consisting of natural heat which is from an underground source and is stored in rocks or in an aqueous liquid or vapor (whether or not under pressure), having a temperature exceeding 50 degrees Celsius as measured at the wellhead or, in the case of a natural hot spring (where no well is drilled), at the intake to the distribution system. [Sec. 1.44C-2(h), Income Tax Regs.] On May 23, 1979, respondent published section 1.44C-2(h), Income Tax Regs., in proposed form in the Federal Register (44 Fed. Reg. 29924 (1979)).Section 1.44C-2(h), Income Tax Regs., in proposed form differed from the final regulations only with respect to the temperature limitation for a geothermal deposit. The final regulation reduced the temperature requirement of a geothermal deposit from 60 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius. Prior to issuing the final regulations the Department of Treasury issued Publication 903 (Rev. Nov. 1979) "Energy Credits for Individuals." This publication78 provided, in pertinent part: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE COSTS The renewable energy source property, to qualify, must be new, must be expected to last at least 5 years, and must meet certain performance and quality standards to be set by the Secretary of the Treasury. As of the date of this publication, no performance and quality standards have been issued. However, the property does not have to meet the standards if you buy it before the standards are published. * * Renewable energy source property includes the following: * * * Geothermal energy equipment * * * Geothermal energy property is equipment that uses geothermal energy to heat or cool the home or to provide hot water for use within the home. This is done by distributing or using geothermal deposits. A geothermal deposit is a geothermal reservoir containing natural heat stored in rocks, water, or vapor. For example, hot springs are a geothermal deposit. [U.S. Department of the Treasury Publication 903, (Rev. Nov. 1979) "Energy Credits for Individuals," pp. 2-3.] [Emphasis added.] Petitioners do not dispute that they do not meet the temperature limitation for geothermal deposits. However, petitioners79 argue that the temperature limitation should not be applied to them. Specifically they assert: (1) The regulation itself and especially Publication 903 are ambiguous. The word "property" can as easily apply to land as it does to equipment. (2) The intent of Congress in passing the Energy Tax Act of 1978 was to give tax payers a tax credit to install systems that conserve energy. The system we have purchased does conserve energy and satisfies this intent. (3) But most importantly, it is the responsibility of a government to identify the laws and regulations of a country so that they are understandable by the average citizen. This is also a responsibility of the Internal Revenue Service. The regulations and the timing of the identification of these regulations that applied to geothermal energy in 1979 and 1980 were thoroughly confusing and specific standards difficult to determine even for a tax accountant, much less for the average citizen. This fact is reinforced by the vast number of identical cases presently outstanding today. Petitioners' first argument does not address the issue before us. The petition only raises the issue of retroactive application of the temperature80 limitation found in section 1.44C-2(h), Income Tax Regs. Initially, we note that regulations apply retroactively unless otherwise specified. Sec. 7805; Automobile Club of Michigan v. Commissioner,353 U.S. 180">353 U.S. 180, 184 (1957). We have previously determined that the temperature limitation is a valid exercise of the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury to provide standards to determine "geothermal deposits." Peach v. Commissioner,84 T.C. 1312">84 T.C. 1312, 1317 (1985).
http://wikitravel.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Morrison&redirect=no	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	YOU CAN EDIT THIS PAGE! Just click any blue "Edit" link and start writing! Morrison From Wikitravel Jump to: navigation, search A replica of an Iguanodon graces the front lawn of the Dinosaur Ridge Museum near Morrison. Morrison is a small town in Colorado in the Foothills west of Denver. Besides its rich paleontological history, Morrison is also home to the outdoor concert venue, Red Rocks Amphitheater. Understand[edit] Get in[edit] Get around[edit] See[edit][add listing] • Dinosaur Ridge, 16831 W Alameda Pkwy, +1 303 697-3466, [1]. Explore fossils from Dinosaurs and walk along trails with guided or self guided tours. edit Do[edit][add listing] • Red Rocks Park and Ampitheatre, 18300 W Alameda Pkwy, +1 720 865-2494, [2]. Concert venue where lots of music artists and bands come to play and you can hear the natural acoustics from the rocks surrounding it. edit Buy[edit][add listing] Eat[edit][add listing] Drink[edit][add listing] Sleep[edit][add listing] • Cliff House Lodge, 121 Stone St, +1 303 697-9732, [3]. Bed and breakfast cottages. edit • Horton House, 105 Canon St, +1 303 697-8526, [4]. Bed and breakfast. edit Contact[edit] Get out[edit] This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!.
US-202217735533-A_1	USPTO	Public Domain	Coating-forming composition, coating, and chemical liquid ABSTRACT The present disclosure provides a film-forming composition capable of forming a film having excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, and excellent water resistance, and provides the film. The film-forming composition of the present disclosure contains an inorganic fine particle, a polymerizable component, and a water-repellent component, wherein the inorganic fine particle has an average particle size of 100 nm or more and 5 μm or less, the content of the inorganic fine particle is 5 to 40 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particle, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component, and the water-repellent component is a polymer having at least a structure unit based on the compound represented by the following formula (1):wherein X represents a hydrogen atom etc., Y represents a direct bond, a C1-10 hydrocarbon group optionally having an oxygen atom etc., Ra represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 20 or less carbon atoms, or a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 6 or less carbon atoms etc. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a film-forming composition, a film, and a chemical solution. BACKGROUND ART Various films have been proposed that can impart super water repellency to the surface of an object. For example, PTL 1 discloses that the use of fine particles having polymerizable groups and a compound having two or more polymerizable groups per molecule provides a super water-repellent film that satisfies both super water repellency and abrasion resistance. PTL 2 discloses a technique of forming a super water-repellent, fluorine-containing film that satisfies both super water repellency and abrasion resistance by appropriately controlling the properties of the film. PTL 3 also discloses a film-forming composition containing a fluorine-based copolymer that contains a fluoroolefin, a perfluoroalkyl group-containing monomer, and a hydroxyl group-containing unsaturated monomer, and fine silica powder. The composition is said to be able to form a film with excellent water and oil repellency, mold releasability, peelability, and storage stability. CITATION LIST Patent Literature PTL 1: WO2016/056663A PTL 2: WO2017/179678A PTL 3: JP2011-84745A SUMMARY Specifically, the present disclosure includes, for example, the subject matter described in the following items. Item 1. A film-forming composition comprising - - an inorganic fine particle, - a polymerizable component, and - a water-repellent component, wherein the inorganic fine particle has an average particle size of 100 nm or more and 5 pm or less, the content of the inorganic fine particle is 5 to 40 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particle, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component, and the water-repellent component is a polymer having at least a structure unit based on a compound represented by the following formula (1): wherein X represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a CFX¹X² group wherein X¹ and X² are identical or different and represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a chlorine atom, a cyano group, a C₁₋₆ linear or branched fluoroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, or a C₁₋₂ linear or branched alkyl group, Y represents a direct bond, a C₁₋₁₃ hydrocarbon group optionally having an oxygen atom, a —CH₂CH₂N(R¹)SO₂— group wherein R¹ represents a C₁₋₄ alkyl group, the right end of the —CH₂CH₂N(R¹)SO₂— group is bound to R^(a), and the left end of the —CH₂CH₂N(R₁)SO₂— group is bound to O, a —CH₂CH(OY¹)CH₂— group wherein Y¹ represents a hydrogen atom or an acetyl group, the right end of the —CH₂CH(OY¹)CH₂— group is bound to R^(a), and the left end of the —CH₂CH(OY¹)CH₂— group is bound to O, or a —(CH₂)_(n)SO₂— group wherein n is 1 to 10, the right end of the —(CH₂)_(n)SO₂— group is bound to R^(a), and the left end of the —(CH₂)_(n)SO₂— group is bound to O, and R^(a) represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 20 or less carbon atoms, a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 6 or less carbon atoms, a polyether group having a molecular weight of 400 to 5000, or a fluoropolyether group having a molecular weight of 400 to 5000. ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION The film-forming composition according to the present disclosure forms a film that has excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, and excellent water resistance. The film according to the present disclosure has excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, and excellent water resistance. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Super water-repellent films tend to lose their water repellency, for example, after they are exposed to pure water for a certain period of time. Thus, there has been demand for increasing the water resistance of super water—repellent films in order to maintain their high performance over a long period of time. Given the circumstances above, the present inventors conducted extensive research with the aim of forming a film that has excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, and excellent water resistance, and then found that the object can be achieved by combining specific inorganic fine particles, a specific polymerizable component, and a specific water-repellent component. The following describes embodiments of the present disclosure in detail. An object of the present disclosure is to provide a film-forming composition capable of forming a film that has excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, and excellent water resistance, a film, and a chemical solution. In the present specification, the terms “comprising,” “containing,” and “including” include the concepts of comprising, containing, including, consisting essentially of, and consisting of. In the present specification, the numerical range “X to Y” indicates a range including the numerical values X and Y as the minimum and maximum values. In the graduated numerical ranges described in the present specification, the upper or lower limit of the numerical range of one instance can be freely combined with the upper or lower limit of the numerical range of another instance. In the numerical ranges described in the present specification, the upper or lower limits of the numerical ranges may be replaced by the values shown in the Examples or by values that can be uniquely derived from the Examples. 1. Film-Forming Composition The film-forming composition according to the present disclosure contains at least inorganic fine particles, a polymerizable component, and a water-repellent component. Inorganic Fine Particle The inorganic fine particles in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure have an average particle size of 100 nm or more and 5 μm or less. The average particle size of the inorganic fine particles in the film-forming composition is measured in accordance with the following procedure. The volatile component of the film-forming composition is removed by heating treatment (300° C., 3 hours), and the obtained fine particles are directly observed with a scanning electron microscope. Two hundred fine particles in a captured image are selected, and the calculated average of the equivalent circle diameter of these particles is determined to be the average particle size of the inorganic fine particles in the film-forming composition. The inorganic fine particles can be of any type as long as the particles have an average particle size of 100 nm or more and 5 μm or less. Examples of inorganic fine particles include a wide range of known fine particles of metal oxides. Specific metal oxides include silica, alumina, titanium oxide, and zirconia. From the standpoint of the ease of increasing the hardness and water resistance of films, the inorganic fine particles preferably contain silica. The inorganic fine particles may be formed only of silica. Inorganic fine particles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm or more than 5 μm result in the composition of the present disclosure being unable to exhibit desired properties. The average particle size of the inorganic fine particles is more preferably 1 μm or more and 3 μm or less. The inorganic fine particles can have any specific surface area. For example, from the standpoint of the ease of increasing the hardness of the obtained film, the specific surface area is preferably 30 to 700 m²/g, and more preferably 100 to 300 m²/g. The specific surface area of the inorganic fine particles in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure refers to a value as measured according to BET theory (“BET specific surface area”). The surface of the inorganic fine particles may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The inorganic fine particles contained in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure may be a mixture of hydrophilic inorganic fine particles and hydrophobic inorganic fine particles. The inorganic fine particles may be of any shape. For example, the inorganic fine particles may have a spherical shape or an elliptical shape, or may be indefinitely shaped particles having an irregular shape. Water-Repellent Component The water-repellent component in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is a component capable of imparting water repellency to a film when the film is formed. The water-repellent component has a structure unit based on a compound represented by the following formula (1). In formula (1), X represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a CFX¹X² group (wherein X¹ and X² are identical or different and represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a chlorine atom), a cyano group, a C₁₋₆ linear or branched fluoroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, or a C₁₋₂₀ linear or branched alkyl group. When X is an alkyl group or fluoroalkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, the alkyl group or fluoroalkyl group may be either cyclic or non-cyclic. When X is an alkyl group, the number of carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 6, and still more preferably 1 to 2. When X is a fluoroalkyl group, the number of carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 6, more preferably 1 to 4, and still more preferably 1 to 2. In formula (1), Y represents a direct bond, a C₁₋₁₀ hydrocarbon group optionally having an oxygen atom, a —CH₂CH₂N (R¹)SO₂— group (wherein R¹ represents a C₁₋₄ alkyl group, the right end of the —CH₂CH₂N(R¹)SO₂— group is bound to R^(a), and the left end of the —CH₂CH₂N(R¹)SO₂— group is bound to O), a —CH₂CH(OY¹)CH₂— group (wherein Y¹ represents a hydrogen atom or an acetyl group, the right end of the —CH₂CH(OY¹)CH₂— group is bound to R^(a), and the left end of the —CH₂CH(OY¹)CH₂— group is bound to O), or a —(CH₂)_(n)SO₂— group (wherein n is 1 to 10, the right end of the —(CH₂)_(n)SO₂— group is bound to R^(a), and the left end of the —(CH₂)_(n)SO₂— group is bound to O). The phrase “direct bond” means that R^(a) and O adjacent to Y in formula (1) are directly bonded to each other; i.e., Y contains no element. When Y is a C₁₋₁₀ hydrocarbon group, Y is specifically a C₁₋₁₀ alkylene group, preferably a C₁₋₆ alkylene group, and still more preferably a C₁₋₂ alkylene group. In formula (1), R^(a) represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 20 or less carbon atoms, a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 6 or less carbon atoms, a polyether group having a molecular weight of 400 to 5000, or a fluoropolyether group having a molecular weight of 400 to 5000. The fluoroalkyl group is, for example, preferably a perfluoroalkyl group, and the fluoropolyether group is, for example, preferably a perfluoropolyether group. Specific examples of the compound represented by formula (1) include acrylic acid esters disclosed in PTL 1. In particular, from the standpoint of excellent water repellency and oil repellency of the obtained film and the ease of increasing water resistance of the film, the compound represented by formula (1) is a compound wherein X represents a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, or a methyl group, Y represents a direct bond or a C₁₋₁₀ alkylene group (preferably a C₁₋₆ alkylene group, more preferably a C₁₋₂ alkylene group), and R^(a) represents a C₁₋₂₀ linear or branched alkyl group, a C₁₋₆ linear or branched fluoroalkyl group, a polyether group having a molecular weight of 400 to 5000, or a fluoropolyether group having a molecular weight of 400 to 5000. More preferably, the compound represented by formula (1) is a compound wherein X represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Y represents a C₁₋₂ alkylene group, and R^(a) represents a C₁₋₆ linear or branched fluoroalkyl group; or a compound wherein X represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, I represents a direct bond, and R^(a) represents a C₁₋₂₀ linear or branched alkyl group. Specific examples of the compound represented by formula (1) include fluoroalkyl (meth)acrylate in which the fluoroalkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and alkyl (meth)acrylate in which the alkyl group has 1 to 20 (preferably 1 to 18) carbon atoms. The water-repellent component may contain, in addition to the structure unit based on the compound represented by formula (1), a structure unit based on (meth)acrylate having an epoxy moiety or a structure unit based on (meth)acrylate having an amide bond (e.g., the compound represented by formula (1) wherein Y is replaced by a functional group having an amide bond). For example, (meth)acrylate having an epoxy moiety includes glycidyl (meth)acrylate, and (meth)acrylate having an amide bond includes amidoethyl stearate (meth) acrylate. Specific examples of the water-repellent component include polymers having (meth)acrylate as the main skeleton and a fluoroalkyl group or an alkyl group at its side chain moiety. The water-repellent component can be produced, for example, by a known method. Alternatively, the water-repellent component can obtained from commercially available products, such as Unidyne TG series (trade name) produced by Daikin Industries, Ltd. Polymerizable Component The polymerizable component in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure serves as a binder component when a film is formed, described later, and can be referred to as a “binder component precursor.” Specifically, the polymerizable component can be cured (e.g., polymerization reaction or curing reaction), and forms a binder component of the film after curing. The polymerizable component can be of any type as long as the polymerizable component can form a binder component, and can be selected from a wide range of known materials. Examples of the polymerizable component contained in the film-forming composition include a component that undergoes curing reaction due to heat to thereby provide a cured product, and a component that provides a cured product due to light irradiation, such as UV. The component that undergoes curing reaction due to heat to give a cured product is expressed as a “thermosetting resin component,” and the component that gives a cured product due to light irradiation is expressed as a “photo-curable resin component.” The thermosetting resin component can be of any type and can be, for example, a mixture of a known polymer and an optionally added curing agent. For example, such a polymer preferably has a crosslinkable functional group. In this case, crosslinking reaction is more likely to proceed, for example, by thermosetting. From this viewpoint, the polymerizable component (thermosetting resin component) preferably contains a polymer having a crosslinkable functional group and a curing agent. The polymer contained in thermosetting resin component may or may not have a fluorine atom (fluoroalkyl group). However, from the standpoint of the ease of increasing the water repellency of the resulting film, the polymer contained in thermosetting resin component preferably has a fluoroalkyl group. The polymer contained in the thermosetting resin component is preferably a compound that undergoes a curing reaction, for example, due to the reaction of a curing agent, described later, and heat. Examples include the polymer having a crosslinkable functional group described above. The crosslinkable functional group is, for example, preferably a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a thiol group, or an isocyanate group. In this case, the compound preferably further has a fluoroalkyl group. The polymer having a crosslinkable functional group is simply referred to below as a “crosslinkable polymer.” From these viewpoints, the crosslinkable polymer for use is preferably a fluorine-containing polymer having a reactive functional group. The fluorine-containing polymer is, for example, a polymer containing - (a) a tetrafluoroethylene structure unit, - (b) a non-aromatic vinyl ester monomer structure unit having no hydroxyl group and no carboxyl group, - (c) a hydroxyl group-containing vinyl monomer structure unit having no aromatic group and no carboxyl group, - (e) a carboxyl group-containing monomer structure unit having no hydroxyl group and no aromatic group, and - (f) another monomer structure unit (however, not containing (d) an aromatic group-containing monomer structure unit having no hydroxyl group and no carboxyl group). This polymer is expressed as “polymer F” below. A thermosetting resin that is polymer F particularly increases the water resistance of the film. The lower limit of the content of the tetraflucroethylene structure unit (a) in the entire amount of polymer F is 20 mol %, preferably 30 mol %, more preferably 40 mol %, and particularly preferably 42 mol %; and the upper limit of the content of the tetrafluoroethylene structure unit (a) in the entire amount of polymer F is 49 mol %, and preferably 47 mol %. Monomers that give the non-aromatic vinyl ester monomer structure unit (b) are, for example, one or more members of the following: vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl isobutyrate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl caproate, vinyl versatate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, and vinyl cyclohexylcarboxylate. These monomers are non-aromatic monomers having no hydroxyl group and no carboxyl group. From the standpoint of excellent weatherability, a particularly preferable monomer that gives the non-aromatic vinyl ester monomer structure unit (b) is one member selected from the group consisting of vinyl versatate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl cyclohexylcarboxylate, and vinyl acetate. Of these, from the standpoint of chemical resistance, a non-aromatic carboxylic acid vinyl ester, particularly a carboxylic acid vinyl ester in which the carboxylic acid has 6 or more carbon atoms is preferable, and a carboxylic acid vinyl ester in which the carboxylic acid has 9 or more carbon atoms is more preferable. The upper limit of the number of carbon atoms of the carboxylic acid of the carboxylic acid vinyl ester is 20 or less, and preferably 15 or less. A most preferable specific example is vinyl versatate. The lower limit of the content of the non-aromatic vinyl ester monomer structure unit (b) in the entire amount of polymer F is 25 mol %, and preferably 30 mol %; and the upper limit of the content of the non-aromatic vinyl ester monomer structure unit (b) in the entire amount of polymer F is 69.9 mol %, preferably 60 mol %, more preferably 43 mol %, and particularly preferably 40 mol %. The monomer that gives the hydroxyl group-containing vinyl monomer structure unit (c) is a non-aromatic monomer containing no carboxyl group, such as hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether or hydroxyalkyl allyl ether represented by formula (2): CH₂═CHR¹⁰ (2). In formula (2), R¹⁰ represents —OR²⁰ or —CH₂OR²⁰ (wherein R²⁰ represents a hydroxyl-containing alkyl group). R²⁰ is, for example, a C₁₋₈ linear or branched alkyl group having one to three (preferably one) hydroxyl groups attached. An example of formula (2) is one, two, or more members of the following: 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, 3-hydroxypropyl vinyl ether, 2-hydroxypropyl vinyl ether, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl vinyl ether, 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, 4-hydroxy-2-methylbutyl vinyl ether, 5-hydroxypentyl vinyl ether, 6-hydroxyhexyl vinyl ether, 2-hydroxyethyl allyl ether, 4-hydroxybutyl allyl ether, and glycerol monoallyl ether. Of these, the monomer that gives the hydroxyl group-containing vinyl monomer structure unit (c) is preferably 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether and 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether. The presence of this hydroxyl group-containing vinyl monomer structure unit (c) allows the film to have improved processability, impact resistance, and contamination resistance. The lower limit of the content of the hydroxyl group-containing vinyl monomer structure unit (c) in the entire amount of polymer F is 8 mol %, preferably 10 mol %, and still more preferably 15 mol %; and the upper limit of the content of the hydroxyl group-containing vinyl monomer structure unit (c) in the entire amount of polymer F is 30 mol %, and preferably 20 mol %. Although polymer F can be basically formed of components (a), (b), and (c) (however, in each unit, two or more members may be copolymerized), polymer F may also contain another copolymerizable monomer unit (f) in an amount of up to 10 mol %. The copolymerizable monomer structure unit (f) is a monomer structure unit other than components (a), (b), and (c), the aromatic group-containing monomer structure unit (d), and the carboxyl group-containing monomer structure unit (e). The monomer that gives the copolymerizable monomer structure unit (f) is, for example, an alkyl vinyl ether, such as methyl vinyl ether, and ethyl vinyl ether; and a non-fluorine-based olefin, such as ethylene, propylene, n-butene, and isobutene. The content of the copolymerizable monomer structure unit (f) is 10 mol % or less, preferably less than 5 mol %, and still more preferably 4 mol % or less in polymer F. Polymer F may further contain the aromatic group-containing monomer structure unit having no hydroxyl group and no carboxyl group (d). The aromatic group-containing monomer structure unit having no hydroxyl group and no carboxyl group (d) is, for example, one, two, or more members of the following: vinyl benzoate monomers such as vinyl benzoate, and vinyl para-t-butyl benzoate, particularly preferably vinyl para-t-butyl benzoate, and still more preferably vinyl benzoate. The lower limit of the content of the aromatic group-containing monomer structure unit (d) in polymer F is 2 mol %, and preferably 4 mol %; and the upper limit of the content of the aromatic group-containing monomer structure unit (d) in polymer F is 15 mol %, preferably 10 mol %, and more preferably 8 mol %. Polymer F may further contain the carboxyl group-containing monomer structure unit having no hydroxyl group and no aromatic group (e). The carboxyl group-containing monomer is, for example, one, two, or more members of the following: acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, vinyl acetate, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, 3-allyloxy propionic acid, itaconic acid, itaconic acid monoester, maleic acid, maleic acid monoester, maleic acid anhydride, fumaric acid, fumaric acid monoester, vinyl phthalate, and vinyl pyromellitate. Of these, the following monomers with low homopolymerizable level is preferable: crotonic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic acid monoester, fumaric acid, fumaric acid monoester, and 3-allyloxy propionic acid. The lower limit of the content of the carboxyl group-containing monomer structure unit (e) in polymer F is 0.1 mol %, and preferably 0.4 mol %; and the upper limit of the content of the carboxyl group-containing monomer structure unit (e) in polymer F is 2.0 mol %, and preferably 1.5 mol %. Polymer F has a number average molecular weight of, for example, 1000 to 1000000, and preferably 3000 to 50000 as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using tetrahydrofuran as an eluent. Polymer F has a glass transition temperature (2nd run) of, for example, 10 to 60° C., and preferably 20 to 40° C. as determined with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The method for producing polymer F can be any method and can be selected from a wide range of known production methods. Polymer F can also be obtained from commercially available products. Specific examples of polymer F include Zeffle (registered trademark) GK series produced by Daikin Industries, Ltd. The thermosetting resin component of the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure may contain a curing agent as described above. The curing agent can be any curing agent and can be selected, for example, from a wide range of compounds for use in curing agents for thermosetting resin. In particular, the curing agent is preferably a compound having two or more polymerizable groups per molecule. Specific examples of curing agents include isocyanate-based curing agents. Examples of isocyanate-based curing agents include isocyanate group-containing compounds (simply “isocyanate compound” below). Examples of isocyanate compounds include a compound represented by the following formula (20). R³ Z⁶)o (20) In formula (20), Z⁶ is a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon group or carbonyl group that has an isocyanate group at least at its one terminal, that may have at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom, that may have at least one hydrogen atom replaced with a halogen atom, and that may have a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond. R³ is a branched or cyclic divalent or higher-valent hydrocarbon group or carbonyl group that may have at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom, that may have at least one hydrogen atom replaced with a halogen atom, that may have at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom, and that may have a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond. In formula (20), o is an integer of 2 or higher. R³ preferably has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 15 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Z⁶ has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 15 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 3 to 10 carbon atoms. The isocyanate compound for use may be one member or a combination of two or more members. The isocyanate compound is, for example, a polyisocyanate. In the present specification, “polyisocyanate” refers to a compound having two or more isocyanate groups per molecule. The isocyanate compound may be a polyisocyanate obtained by performing trimerization of a diisocyanate. Such a polyisocyanate obtained by performing trimerization of a diisocyanate can be a triisocyanate. A polyisocyanate that is a trimer of a diisocyanate may be present in the form of a polymer as a result of polymerization of the polyisocyanate. The diisocyanate can be any diisocyanate, and the diisocyanate includes a diisocyanate having its isocyanate group bound to an aliphatic group, such as trimethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, cyclohexane diisocyanate, dicyclohexyl methane diisocyanate, and norbornane diisocyanate; and a diisocyanate having its isocyanate group bound to an aromatic group, such as tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate, tolidine diisocyanate, and naphthalene diisocyanate. Specific polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, compounds having the following structures. These polyisocyanates may be present in the form of a polymer. For example, isocyanurate polyisocyanate of hexamethylene diisocyanate may contain a polymer with the following structure. In a preferable embodiment, the isocyanate compound is an isocyanurate polyisocyanate. The isocvanurate polyisocyanate may be in the form of a polymer. The isocyanurate polyisocyanate may be a monocyclic compound having only one isocyanurate ring or a polycyclic compound obtained by polymerizing this monocyclic compound. In an embodiment in which two or more isocyanate compounds are used, a mixture containing a monocyclic compound having only one isocyanurate ring can be used. In another embodiment in which two or more isocyanate compounds are used, a mixture containing an isocyanate compound that is an isocyanurate polyisocyanate can be used. The isocyanurate polyisocyanate may be, for example, a triisocyanate, and specifically a triisocyanate obtained by performing trimerization of a diisocyanate. Specific examples of isocyanate compounds include 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, lysine methyl ester diisocyanate, methyl cyclohexyl diisocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, n-pentane-1,4-diisocyanate, trimers thereof, adducts thereof, biurets thereof, isocyanurates thereof, polymers thereof that have two or more isocyanate groups, and blocked isocyanates. Specific examples of more detailed curing agents for use include the following commercially available products: Sumidur (registered trademark) N3300 (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Desmodur (registered trademark) N3600 (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Desmodur T, L, IL, and HL series (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Desmodur (registered trademark) 2460M (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Sumidur (registered trademark) 44 series (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), SBU isocyanate series (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Desmodur (registered trademark) E and N series (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Sumidur HT (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Desmodur N series (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Desmodur Z4470 series (produced by Sumika Covestro Urethane Co., Ltd.), Duranate TPA-100 (produced by Asahi Kasei Corporation), Duranate TKA-100 (produced by Asahi Kasei Corporation), Duranate 24A-100 (produced by Asahi Kasei Corporation), Duranate 22A-75P (produced by Asahi Kasei Corporation), and Duranate P301-75E (produced by Asahi Kasei Corporation). If the thermosetting resin component contains a curing agent, the content of the curing agent can be 10 to 100 mass %, and preferably 15 to 35 mass %, based on the total mass of the thermosetting resin component. If the polymerizable component is a photo-curable resin component, the photo-curable resin component can be a monomer of any type that allows polymerization reaction caused by light irradiation such as UV to proceed, and the photo-curable resin component can be selected from, for example, a wide range of known photopolymerizable monomers. If the polymerizable component is a photo-curable resin component, it is also preferable to use, for example, a known photopolymerization initiator. Film-forming Composition The content of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is not limited as long as the effects of the present disclosure are not impaired. The content of the inorganic fine particles in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is 5 to 40 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component (on a solids basis). A content of the inorganic fine particles falling outside this range may result in a lowered level of film hardness. The content of the inorganic fine particles is more preferably 20 to 40 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component (on a solids basis). The content of the polymerizable component in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is preferably 50 to 90 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component (on a solids basis). In this case, the hardness of the film is unlikely to decrease, and the water repellency and water resistance are likely to increase. The content of the polymerizable component is more preferably 60 to 80 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component (on a solids basis). For example, the content of the water-repellent component in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, and more preferably 1 to 5 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component (on a solids basis). In the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure, at least either the polymerizable component or the water-repellent component preferably has a fluorine atom (i.e., a fluoroalkyl group); more preferably, the polymerizable component has a fluorine atom. This allows the film formed from the film-forming composition to have excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, excellent water resistance, and even possibly increased abrasion resistance. Of course, the polymerizable component and the water-repellent component both may contain a fluorine atom (a fluoroalkyl group). An example of the polymerizable component having a fluoroalkyl group is the case in which the crosslinkable polymer contained in the thermosetting resin component is polymer F. An example of the water-repellent component having a fluoroalkyl group is a polymer in which the fluoroalkyl group in the compound represented by formula (1) is C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl (meth)acrylate. If the water-repellent component contained in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure does not contain a fluorine atom (in particular, a fluoroalkyl group), the resulting film is likely to have increased abrasion resistance. In particular, if R^(a) in the compound represented by formula (1) contained in the water-repellent component is a linear or branched alkyl group having 20 or less carbon atoms, the resulting film is more likely to have increased abrasion resistance. Examples of such a compound include saturated fatty acids contained in known lubrication oil. Examples of such lubrication oil include caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid contained in coconut oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, or castor oil; and those with structures having a linear alkyl group with the number of carbon atoms equivalent to that of these saturated fatty acids. The film, forming composition according to the present disclosure may contain other components as long as the film-forming composition contains the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component. For example, the film-forming composition may optionally contain a solvent. The solvent for use can be of any type and can be selected from, for example, a wide range of solvents for use in forming films, such as fluorine-based solvents (e.g., hydrofluoroether), ester compounds, and alcohol compounds. The content of the solvent contained in the film-forming composition is not limited, and can be, for example, 200 to 2000 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component. The film-forming composition may also contain additives other than solvents. The content of the additives in the film-forming composition is preferably 5 mass % or less based on the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the polymerizable component, and the water-repellent component. The film-forming composition may also contain, for example, organic fine particles; however, in order to develop the hardness of the film, the film-forming composition preferably contains no organic fine particles. The method for preparing the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is not limited. For example, the film-forming composition can be prepared by mixing inorganic fine particles, a polymerizable component (e.g., a thermosetting resin component containing polymer F and a curing agent), and a water-repellent component in predetermined amounts. The mixing method is also not limited. For example, a wide range of known mixers are usable. The method for forming a film from the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is not limited. For example, a film can be formed by coating a substrate for forming a film with the film-forming composition to form a coating, and curing the coating. The thus-obtained film is a cured product of the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure. The method for applying the film-forming composition is not limited, and can be selected from a wide range of known methods for forming a coating. For example, the film-forming composition can be applied by a method such as brush coating, spraying, spin coating, or dispensing. The substrate for forming a coating of the film-forming composition can be of any type. Examples of substrates include known resin substrates, such as acrylic resin and polycarbonate resin, and other various substrates, such as metal and inorganic substrates. The method for curing the film-forming composition is also not limited. For example, various methods such as thermosetting and photo-curing can be used, and thermosetting and photo-curing can be combined. If thermosetting is used, it is preferable to heat the coating of the film-forming composition to 60 to 150° C. In this case, a film is easily formed from the film-forming composition, and the film has a high level of hardness and excellent water resistance. The heating time is not limited, and can be suitably determined according to the heating temperature. A chemical solution can be prepared from the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure. The chemical solution is suitable for use in forming a film because the chemical solution contains the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure. The chemical solution may be formed only of the film-forming composition, or the chemical solution may contain other additives (e.g., known additives for use in film-forming chemicals) as long as the properties intended by the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure are not impaired. 2. Film The film according to the present disclosure can be formed, for example, from the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure described above, or the film according to the present disclosure can be formed from the chemical solution described above. in this case, the film according to the present disclosure is a cured product of the film-forming composition or chemical solution according to the present disclosure. Thus, the film according to the present disclosure contains inorganic fine particles, a binder component, and a water-repellent component. The inorganic fine particles in the film according to the present disclosure are the same as the inorganic fine particles contained in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure. Thus, the inorganic fine particles have an average particle size of 100 nm or more and 5 μm or less. The average particle size of the inorganic fine particles in the film is measured in accordance with the following procedure. First, the film is subjected to heating treatment to burn off the organic component in the film; this allows for the separation of fine particles in the film. The heating treatment is performed at 300° C. for 3 hours in an air atmosphere. The obtained fine particles are directly observed with a scanning electron microscope. Two hundred fine particles in a captured image are selected, and their equivalent circle diameter is calculated. The average is determined to be the average particle size of the fine particles in the film. The binder component in the film according to the present disclosure is a component as a result of curing of the polymerizable component. For example, if the polymerizable component is the thermosetting resin component described above, polymer F is the polymer cured (crosslinked) by the curing agent. The binder component may contain an uncured polymerizable component as long as the properties of the film according to the present disclosure are not impaired. The water-repellent component in the film according to the present disclosure is the same as the water-repellent component contained in the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure described above. Thus, the water-repellent component in the film contains a polymer having a structure unit derived from the compound represented by formula (1), and the water-repellent component may also contain a structure unit derived from (meth)acrylate having an epoxy moiety or a structure unit derived from (meth)acrylate having an amide bond (e.g., the compound of formula (1) in which Y is replaced with a functional group having an amide bond), in addition to a structure unit derived from the compound represented by formula (1). For example, (meth)acrylate having an epoxy moiety includes glycidyl (meth)acrylate, and (meth)acrylate having an amide bond includes amidoethyl stearate (meth) acrylate. The content of the inorganic fine particles in the film according to the present disclosure is 5 to 40 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the binder component, and the water-repellent component. A film containing inorganic fine particles in an amount outside this range has a lowered level of film hardness. The content of the inorganic fine particles is preferably 20 to 40 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the binder component, and the water-repellent component. The content of the binder component in the film according to the present disclosure is preferably 50 to 90 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the binder component, and the water-repellent component. In this case, the film hardness is unlikely to decrease, and the water repellency and water resistance are likely to increase. The content of the binder component is more preferably 60 to 80 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the binder component, and the water-repellent component. For example, the content of the water-repellent component in the film according to the present disclosure is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, and more preferably 1 to 5 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the total mass of the inorganic fine particles, the binder component, and the water-repellent component. In the film according to the present disclosure, at least either the binder component or the water-repellent component preferably has a fluorine atom (i.e., a fluoroalkyl group); more preferably, the binder component has a fluorine atom. This allows the film formed from the film-forming composition to have excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, excellent water resistance, and even possibly increased abrasion resistance. A water-repellent component having no fluoroalkyl group contained in the film is more likely to notably increase the abrasion resistance of the film. Of course, the binder component and the water-repellent component may both have a fluorine atom (a fluoroalkyl group). An example of the binder component having a fluoroalkyl group is polymer F or its crosslinked form. An example of the water-repellent component having a fluoroalkyl group is a polymer in which the fluoroalkyl group in the compound represented by formula (1) is C₁₋₆ fluoroalkyl (meth) acrylate. The film according to the present disclosure has, for example, a water contact angle of 150° or greater. This allows the film according to the present disclosure to exhibit excellent water repellency. The film according to the present disclosure has, for example, a pencil hardness of HB or higher. The film according to the present disclosure has, for example, a surface whose water contact angle is 150° or greater after being rubbed with a paper waste cloth at a load of 100 g/cm² at least 50 times. The film according to the present disclosure, for example, has an average film thickness of 10 nm to 100 μm, a minimum local film thickness of 5 nm to 50 μm, and a maximum local film thickness of 15 nm to 150 μm; preferably an average film thickness of 15 nm to 95 μm, a minimum local film thickness of 10 nm to 45 μm, and a maximum local film thickness of 20 nm to 145 μm; and more preferably an average film thickness of 20 nm to 90 μm, a minimum local film thickness of 15 nm to 40 μm, and a maximum local film thickness of 25 nm to 140 μm. The average film thickness can be calculated, for example, from the dry film thickness determined from the coating amount, solids concentration, and density of the composition. The minimum local film thickness and the maximum local film thickness can be calculated with a device capable of measuring a three-dimensional shape. An example of such devices is a VK-X1000 shape analysis laser microscope (Keyence). The film formed from the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure has excellent water repellency, a high level of hardness, and excellent water resistance. In particular, because of its excellent water resistance, the film is less likely to have its water repellency decrease than traditional films even if the film is exposed to water, whether salt water or not, for a long period of time. Consequently, the film formed from the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is likely to maintain its properties over a long period of time. The film formed from the film-forming composition according to the present disclosure is also likely to have excellent abrasion resistance.
github_open_source_100_7_20142	Github OpenSource	Various open source	// Objective 07 - Create formatted strings public class Objective07 { public static void main(String[] args) { /* 1. Assign three different types of data to the variables "a", "b", "c". * * 2. Use a format string to injet the data from three variables into the string. */ // Modify the code below to meet the requirements above int a = 10; double b = 3.14159254; String c = "Rock Steady Crew"; System.out.format("a: %d, b: %f, c: %s\n", a, b, c); } }
github_open_source_100_7_20143	Github OpenSource	Various open source	import * as moment from "moment"; import * as zbase32 from "./zbase32"; import * as LND from "./lightning"; import * as mqtt from "mqtt"; import { IClientSubscribeOptions } from "mqtt"; import fetch from "node-fetch"; import { models, sequelize } from "../models"; import { makeBotsJSON, declare_bot } from "./tribeBots"; import { loadConfig } from "./config"; import { isProxy } from "./proxy"; import { Op } from "sequelize"; import {logging} from './logger' export { declare_bot }; const config = loadConfig(); // {pubkey: {host: Client} } let clients: { [k: string]: { [k: string]: mqtt.Client } } = {}; const optz: IClientSubscribeOptions = { qos: 0 }; // this runs at relay startup export async function connect(onMessage: Function) { initAndSubscribeTopics(onMessage); } export async function getTribeOwnersChatByUUID(uuid: string) { const isOwner = isProxy() ? "'t'" : "1"; try { const r = await sequelize.query( ` SELECT sphinx_chats.* FROM sphinx_chats INNER JOIN sphinx_contacts ON sphinx_chats.owner_pubkey = sphinx_contacts.public_key AND sphinx_contacts.is_owner = ${isOwner} AND sphinx_contacts.id = sphinx_chats.tenant AND sphinx_chats.uuid = '${uuid}'`, { model: models.Chat, mapToModel: true, // pass true here if you have any mapped fields } ); // console.log("=> getTribeOWnersChatByUUID", r); // console.log('=> getTribeOwnersChatByUUID r:', r) return r && r[0] && r[0].dataValues; } catch (e) { console.log(e); } } async function initializeClient(pubkey, host, onMessage): Promise<mqtt.Client> { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { async function reconnect() { const pwd = await genSignedTimestamp(pubkey); const url = mqttURL(host); const cl = mqtt.connect(url, { username: pubkey, password: pwd, reconnectPeriod: 0, // dont auto reconnect }); if(logging.Tribes) console.log("[tribes] try to connect:", url); cl.on("connect", async function () { if(logging.Tribes) console.log("[tribes] connected!"); cl.on("close", function (e) { if(logging.Tribes) console.log("[tribes] CLOSE", e); setTimeout(() => reconnect(), 2000); }); cl.on("error", function (e) { if(logging.Tribes) console.log("[tribes] error: ", e.message \|\| e); }); cl.on("message", function (topic, message) { // console.log("============>>>>> GOT A MSG", topic, message) if (onMessage) onMessage(topic, message); }); cl.subscribe(`${pubkey}/#`, function (err) { if (err) console.log("[tribes] error subscribing", err); else { if(logging.Tribes) console.log("[tribes] subscribed!", `${pubkey}/#`); resolve(cl); } }); }); } reconnect(); }); } async function lazyClient( pubkey: string, host: string, onMessage?: Function ): Promise<mqtt.Client> { if (clients[pubkey] && clients[pubkey][host]) { return clients[pubkey][host]; } const cl = await initializeClient(pubkey, host, onMessage); if (!clients[pubkey]) clients[pubkey] = {}; clients[pubkey][host] = cl; // ADD TO MAIN STATE return cl; } async function initAndSubscribeTopics(onMessage: Function) { const host = getHost(); try { if (isProxy()) { const allOwners = await models.Contact.findAll({ where: { isOwner: true }, }); if (!(allOwners && allOwners.length)) return; asyncForEach(allOwners, async (c) => { if (c.id === 1) return; // the proxy non user if (c.publicKey && c.publicKey.length === 66) { await lazyClient(c.publicKey, host, onMessage); await subExtraHostsForTenant(c.id, c.publicKey, onMessage); // 1 is the tenant id on non-proxy } }); } else { // just me const info = await LND.getInfo(false); await lazyClient(info.identity_pubkey, host, onMessage); updateTribeStats(info.identity_pubkey); subExtraHostsForTenant(1, info.identity_pubkey, onMessage); // 1 is the tenant id on non-proxy } } catch (e) { console.log("TRIBES ERROR", e); } } async function subExtraHostsForTenant( tenant: number, pubkey: string, onMessage: Function ) { const host = getHost(); const externalTribes = await models.Chat.findAll({ where: { tenant, host: { [Op.ne]: host }, // not the host from config }, }); if (!(externalTribes && externalTribes.length)) return; const usedHosts: string[] = []; externalTribes.forEach(async (et) => { if (usedHosts.includes(et.host)) return; usedHosts.push(et.host); // dont do it twice const client = await lazyClient(pubkey, host, onMessage); client.subscribe(`${pubkey}/#`, optz, function (err) { if (err) console.log("[tribes] subscribe error 2", err); }); }); } export function printTribesClients() { const ret = {}; Object.entries(clients).forEach((entry) => { const pk = entry[0]; const obj = entry[1]; ret[pk] = {}; Object.keys(obj).forEach((host) => { ret[pk][host] = true; }); }); return JSON.stringify(ret); } export async function addExtraHost( pubkey: string, host: string, onMessage: Function ) { // console.log("ADD EXTRA HOST", printTribesClients(), host); if (getHost() === host) return; // not for default host if (clients[pubkey] && clients[pubkey][host]) return; // already exists const client = await lazyClient(pubkey, host, onMessage); client.subscribe(`${pubkey}/#`, optz); } // if host includes colon, remove it function mqttURL(host) { if (host.includes(":")) { const arr = host.split(":"); host = arr[0]; } let port = "8883"; let protocol = "tls"; if (config.tribes_mqtt_port) { port = config.tribes_mqtt_port; } if (config.tribes_insecure) { protocol = "tcp"; } return `${protocol}://${host}:${port}`; } // for proxy, need to get all isOwner contacts and their owned chats async function updateTribeStats(myPubkey) { if (isProxy()) return; // skip on proxy for now? const myTribes = await models.Chat.findAll({ where: { ownerPubkey: myPubkey, deleted: false, }, }); await asyncForEach(myTribes, async (tribe) => { try { const contactIds = JSON.parse(tribe.contactIds); const member_count = (contactIds && contactIds.length) \|\| 0; await putstats({ uuid: tribe.uuid, host: tribe.host, member_count, chatId: tribe.id, owner_pubkey: myPubkey, }); } catch (e) {} }); if (myTribes.length) { if(logging.Tribes) console.log(`[tribes] updated stats for ${myTribes.length} tribes`); } } export async function subscribe(topic, onMessage: Function) { const pubkey = topic.split("/")[0]; if (pubkey.length !== 66) return; const host = getHost(); const client = await lazyClient(pubkey, host, onMessage); if (client) client.subscribe(topic, function () { if(logging.Tribes) console.log("[tribes] added sub", host, topic); }); } export async function publish(topic, msg, ownerPubkey, cb) { if (ownerPubkey.length !== 66) return; const host = getHost(); const client = await lazyClient(ownerPubkey, host); if (client) client.publish(topic, msg, optz, function (err) { if (err) console.log("[tribes] error publishing", err); else if (cb) cb(); }); } export async function declare({ uuid, name, description, tags, img, group_key, host, price_per_message, price_to_join, owner_alias, owner_pubkey, escrow_amount, escrow_millis, unlisted, is_private, app_url, feed_url, owner_route_hint, }) { try { let protocol = "https"; if (config.tribes_insecure) protocol = "http"; await fetch(protocol + "://" + host + "/tribes", { method: "POST", body: JSON.stringify({ uuid, group_key, name, description, tags, img: img \|\| "", price_per_message: price_per_message \|\| 0, price_to_join: price_to_join \|\| 0, owner_alias, owner_pubkey, escrow_amount: escrow_amount \|\| 0, escrow_millis: escrow_millis \|\| 0, unlisted: unlisted \|\| false, private: is_private \|\| false, app_url: app_url \|\| "", feed_url: feed_url \|\| "", owner_route_hint: owner_route_hint \|\| "", }), headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" }, }); // const j = await r.json() } catch (e) { console.log("[tribes] unauthorized to declare"); throw e; } } export async function edit({ uuid, host, name, description, tags, img, price_per_message, price_to_join, owner_alias, escrow_amount, escrow_millis, unlisted, is_private, app_url, feed_url, deleted, owner_route_hint, owner_pubkey, }) { try { const token = await genSignedTimestamp(owner_pubkey); let protocol = "https"; if (config.tribes_insecure) protocol = "http"; await fetch(protocol + "://" + host + "/tribe?token=" + token, { method: "PUT", body: JSON.stringify({ uuid, name, description, tags, img: img \|\| "", price_per_message: price_per_message \|\| 0, price_to_join: price_to_join \|\| 0, escrow_amount: escrow_amount \|\| 0, escrow_millis: escrow_millis \|\| 0, owner_alias, unlisted: unlisted \|\| false, private: is_private \|\| false, deleted: deleted \|\| false, app_url: app_url \|\| "", feed_url: feed_url \|\| "", owner_route_hint: owner_route_hint \|\| "", }), headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" }, }); // const j = await r.json() } catch (e) { console.log("[tribes] unauthorized to edit"); throw e; } } export async function delete_tribe(uuid, owner_pubkey) { const host = getHost(); try { const token = await genSignedTimestamp(owner_pubkey); let protocol = "https"; if (config.tribes_insecure) protocol = "http"; await fetch(`${protocol}://${host}/tribe/${uuid}?token=${token}`, { method: "DELETE", }); // const j = await r.json() } catch (e) { console.log("[tribes] unauthorized to delete"); throw e; } } export async function putActivity( uuid: string, host: string, owner_pubkey: string ) { try { const token = await genSignedTimestamp(owner_pubkey); let protocol = "https"; if (config.tribes_insecure) protocol = "http"; await fetch(`${protocol}://${host}/tribeactivity/${uuid}?token=` + token, { method: "PUT", headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" }, }); } catch (e) { console.log("[tribes] unauthorized to putActivity"); throw e; } } export async function putstats({ uuid, host, member_count, chatId, owner_pubkey, }) { if (!uuid) return; const bots = await makeBotsJSON(chatId); try { const token = await genSignedTimestamp(owner_pubkey); let protocol = "https"; if (config.tribes_insecure) protocol = "http"; await fetch(protocol + "://" + host + "/tribestats?token=" + token, { method: "PUT", body: JSON.stringify({ uuid, member_count, bots: JSON.stringify(bots \|\| []), }), headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" }, }); } catch (e) { console.log("[tribes] unauthorized to putstats"); throw e; } } export async function genSignedTimestamp(ownerPubkey: string) { // console.log('genSignedTimestamp') const now = moment().unix(); const tsBytes = Buffer.from(now.toString(16), "hex"); const sig = await LND.signBuffer(tsBytes, ownerPubkey); const sigBytes = zbase32.decode(sig); const totalLength = tsBytes.length + sigBytes.length; const buf = Buffer.concat([tsBytes, sigBytes], totalLength); return urlBase64(buf); } export async function verifySignedTimestamp(stsBase64) { const stsBuf = Buffer.from(stsBase64, "base64"); const sig = stsBuf.subarray(4, 92); const sigZbase32 = zbase32.encode(sig); const r = await LND.verifyBytes(stsBuf.subarray(0, 4), sigZbase32); // sig needs to be zbase32 :( if (r.valid) { return r.pubkey; } else { return false; } } export function getHost() { return config.tribes_host \|\| ""; } function urlBase64(buf) { return buf.toString("base64").replace(/\//g, "_").replace(/\+/g, "-"); } async function asyncForEach(array, callback) { for (let index = 0; index < array.length; index++) { await callback(array[index], index, array); } }
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1036BBDAFE746806CA257258000C72B7?opendocument	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date 1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2007 Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/04/2004 Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product Contents >> Transport >> Transport - overview Transport and storage is an important industry sector for Tasmania, and at November 2003 accounted for 5% of Tasmania's employment. Road construction, maintenance and transport vehicle manufacturing further contribute to employment opportunities in Tasmania. For further information on transport, see the Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources (DIER) transport web site:http://www.transport.tas.gov.au/ SUMMARY OF TRANSPORT STATISTICS, Tasmania and Australia Period Unit Tas. Aust. Motor vehicles registered Motor vehicles(a) Year ended 31 Mar 2003 no. 329,902 12,785,688 Average kilometres travelled(b) Year ended 31 Oct 2002 '000 13.3 15.0 Freight vehicle use Average tonnes-kilometres travelled(c) Year ended 31 Oct 2002 '000 70.0 103.5 (a) Excluding motor cycles. (b) Calculated using the total kilometres travelled divided by the average number of registered vehicles. Includes registered vehicles that did not travel during the reference period. (c) Calculated using the total tonne-kilometres travelled divided by the number of vehicles that travelled tonne-kilometres. Previous PageNext Page © Commonwealth of Australia 2015 Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us..
8040731_1	Wikipedia	CC-By-SA	Antonio Soler kan syfta på bland andra: * Antonio Soler (1729–1783), spansk tonsättare Antonio Soler (född 1956), spansk författare.
github_open_source_100_7_20144	Github OpenSource	Various open source	// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. // Licensed under the MIT License. package com.azure.cosmos; import com.azure.cosmos.implementation.AsyncDocumentClient; import com.azure.cosmos.implementation.HttpConstants; import com.azure.cosmos.implementation.Offer; import com.azure.cosmos.implementation.Paths; import com.azure.cosmos.models.CosmosAsyncContainerResponse; import com.azure.cosmos.models.CosmosAsyncDatabaseResponse; import com.azure.cosmos.models.CosmosAsyncUserResponse; import com.azure.cosmos.models.CosmosContainerProperties; import com.azure.cosmos.models.CosmosContainerRequestOptions; import com.azure.cosmos.models.CosmosDatabaseRequestOptions; import com.azure.cosmos.models.CosmosUserProperties; import com.azure.cosmos.models.FeedOptions; import com.azure.cosmos.models.ModelBridgeInternal; import com.azure.cosmos.models.SqlQuerySpec; import com.azure.cosmos.implementation.apachecommons.lang.StringUtils; import com.azure.cosmos.util.CosmosPagedFlux; import com.azure.cosmos.util.UtilBridgeInternal; import reactor.core.Exceptions; import reactor.core.publisher.Mono; import static com.azure.cosmos.implementation.Utils.setContinuationTokenAndMaxItemCount; /** * Perform read and delete databases, update database throughput, and perform operations on child resources / public class CosmosAsyncDatabase { private final CosmosAsyncClient client; private final String id; private final String link; CosmosAsyncDatabase(String id, CosmosAsyncClient client) { this.id = id; this.client = client; this.link = getParentLink() + "/" + getURIPathSegment() + "/" + getId(); } /* * Get the id of the CosmosAsyncDatabase * * @return the id of the CosmosAsyncDatabase / public String getId() { return id; } /* * Reads a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a single cosmos database respone with the * read database. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @return an {@link Mono} containing the single cosmos database respone with * the read database or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncDatabaseResponse> read() { return read(new CosmosDatabaseRequestOptions()); } /* * Reads a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos cosmos database respone with the * read database. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param options the request options. * @return an {@link Mono} containing the single cosmos database response with * the read database or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncDatabaseResponse> read(CosmosDatabaseRequestOptions options) { if (options == null) { options = new CosmosDatabaseRequestOptions(); } return getDocClientWrapper().readDatabase(getLink(), ModelBridgeInternal.toRequestOptions(options)) .map(response -> ModelBridgeInternal.createCosmosAsyncDatabaseResponse(response, getClient())).single(); } /* * Deletes a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos database response with the * deleted database. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @return an {@link Mono} containing the single cosmos database response / public Mono<CosmosAsyncDatabaseResponse> delete() { return delete(new CosmosDatabaseRequestOptions()); } /* * Deletes a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos database response with the * deleted database. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param options the request options * @return an {@link Mono} containing the single cosmos database response / public Mono<CosmosAsyncDatabaseResponse> delete(CosmosDatabaseRequestOptions options) { if (options == null) { options = new CosmosDatabaseRequestOptions(); } return getDocClientWrapper().deleteDatabase(getLink(), ModelBridgeInternal.toRequestOptions(options)) .map(response -> ModelBridgeInternal.createCosmosAsyncDatabaseResponse(response, getClient())).single(); } / CosmosAsyncContainer operations / /* * Creates a document container. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param containerProperties the container properties. * @return a {@link Mono} containing the single cosmos container response with * the created container or an error. * @throws IllegalArgumentException containerProperties cannot be null / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainer(CosmosContainerProperties containerProperties) { return createContainer(containerProperties, new CosmosContainerRequestOptions()); } /* * Creates a document container. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param containerProperties the container properties. * @param throughput the throughput for the container * @return a {@link Mono} containing the single cosmos container response with * the created container or an error. * @throws IllegalArgumentException thown if containerProerties are null / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainer( CosmosContainerProperties containerProperties, int throughput) { if (containerProperties == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("containerProperties"); } ModelBridgeInternal.validateResource(containerProperties); CosmosContainerRequestOptions options = new CosmosContainerRequestOptions(); ModelBridgeInternal.setOfferThroughput(options, throughput); return createContainer(containerProperties, options); } /* * Creates a document container. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param containerProperties the containerProperties. * @param options the cosmos container request options * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created container or an error. * @throws IllegalArgumentException containerProperties can not be null / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainer( CosmosContainerProperties containerProperties, CosmosContainerRequestOptions options) { if (containerProperties == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("containerProperties"); } ModelBridgeInternal.validateResource(containerProperties); if (options == null) { options = new CosmosContainerRequestOptions(); } return getDocClientWrapper() .createCollection(this.getLink(), ModelBridgeInternal.getV2Collection(containerProperties), ModelBridgeInternal.toRequestOptions(options)) .map(response -> ModelBridgeInternal.createCosmosAsyncContainerResponse(response, this)).single(); } /* * Creates a document container. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param containerProperties the containerProperties. * @param throughput the throughput for the container * @param options the cosmos container request options * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created container or an error. * @throws IllegalArgumentException containerProperties cannot be null / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainer( CosmosContainerProperties containerProperties, int throughput, CosmosContainerRequestOptions options) { if (options == null) { options = new CosmosContainerRequestOptions(); } ModelBridgeInternal.setOfferThroughput(options, throughput); return createContainer(containerProperties, options); } /* * Creates a document container. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param id the cosmos container id * @param partitionKeyPath the partition key path * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created container or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainer(String id, String partitionKeyPath) { return createContainer(new CosmosContainerProperties(id, partitionKeyPath)); } /* * Creates a document container. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param id the cosmos container id * @param partitionKeyPath the partition key path * @param throughput the throughput for the container * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created container or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainer(String id, String partitionKeyPath, int throughput) { CosmosContainerRequestOptions options = new CosmosContainerRequestOptions(); ModelBridgeInternal.setOfferThroughput(options, throughput); return createContainer(new CosmosContainerProperties(id, partitionKeyPath), options); } /* * Creates a document container if it does not exist on the service. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created or existing container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will * error. * * @param containerProperties the container properties * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created or existing container or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainerIfNotExists( CosmosContainerProperties containerProperties) { CosmosAsyncContainer container = getContainer(containerProperties.getId()); return createContainerIfNotExistsInternal(containerProperties, container, null); } /* * Creates a document container if it does not exist on the service. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created or existing container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will * error. * * @param containerProperties the container properties * @param throughput the throughput for the container * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created or existing container or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainerIfNotExists( CosmosContainerProperties containerProperties, int throughput) { CosmosContainerRequestOptions options = new CosmosContainerRequestOptions(); ModelBridgeInternal.setOfferThroughput(options, throughput); CosmosAsyncContainer container = getContainer(containerProperties.getId()); return createContainerIfNotExistsInternal(containerProperties, container, options); } /* * Creates a document container if it does not exist on the service. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param id the cosmos container id * @param partitionKeyPath the partition key path * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created container or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainerIfNotExists(String id, String partitionKeyPath) { CosmosAsyncContainer container = getContainer(id); return createContainerIfNotExistsInternal(new CosmosContainerProperties(id, partitionKeyPath), container, null); } /* * Creates a document container if it does not exist on the service. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link Mono} upon * successful completion will contain a cosmos container response with the * created container. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will error. * * @param id the cosmos container id * @param partitionKeyPath the partition key path * @param throughput the throughput for the container * @return a {@link Mono} containing the cosmos container response with the * created container or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainerIfNotExists( String id, String partitionKeyPath, int throughput) { CosmosContainerRequestOptions options = new CosmosContainerRequestOptions(); ModelBridgeInternal.setOfferThroughput(options, throughput); CosmosAsyncContainer container = getContainer(id); return createContainerIfNotExistsInternal(new CosmosContainerProperties(id, partitionKeyPath), container, options); } private Mono<CosmosAsyncContainerResponse> createContainerIfNotExistsInternal( CosmosContainerProperties containerProperties, CosmosAsyncContainer container, CosmosContainerRequestOptions options) { return container.read(options).onErrorResume(exception -> { final Throwable unwrappedException = Exceptions.unwrap(exception); if (unwrappedException instanceof CosmosClientException) { final CosmosClientException cosmosClientException = (CosmosClientException) unwrappedException; if (cosmosClientException.getStatusCode() == HttpConstants.StatusCodes.NOTFOUND) { return createContainer(containerProperties, options); } } return Mono.error(unwrappedException); }); } /* * Reads all cosmos containers. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the read containers. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param options {@link FeedOptions} * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of read * containers or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosContainerProperties> readAllContainers(FeedOptions options) { return UtilBridgeInternal.createCosmosPagedFlux(pagedFluxOptions -> { setContinuationTokenAndMaxItemCount(pagedFluxOptions, options); return getDocClientWrapper().readCollections(getLink(), options) .map(response -> BridgeInternal.createFeedResponse( ModelBridgeInternal.getCosmosContainerPropertiesFromV2Results(response.getResults()), response.getResponseHeaders())); }); } /* * Reads all cosmos containers. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the read containers. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of read * containers or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosContainerProperties> readAllContainers() { return readAllContainers(new FeedOptions()); } /* * Query for cosmos containers in a cosmos database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained containers. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param query the query * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained containers or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosContainerProperties> queryContainers(String query) { return queryContainers(new SqlQuerySpec(query)); } /* * Query for cosmos containers in a cosmos database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained containers. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param query the query. * @param options the feed options. * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained containers or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosContainerProperties> queryContainers(String query, FeedOptions options) { return queryContainers(new SqlQuerySpec(query), options); } /* * Query for cosmos containers in a cosmos database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained containers. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param querySpec the SQL query specification. * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained containers or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosContainerProperties> queryContainers(SqlQuerySpec querySpec) { return queryContainers(querySpec, new FeedOptions()); } /* * Query for cosmos containers in a cosmos database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained containers. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param querySpec the SQL query specification. * @param options the feed options. * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained containers or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosContainerProperties> queryContainers(SqlQuerySpec querySpec, FeedOptions options) { return UtilBridgeInternal.createCosmosPagedFlux(pagedFluxOptions -> { setContinuationTokenAndMaxItemCount(pagedFluxOptions, options); return getDocClientWrapper().queryCollections(getLink(), querySpec, options) .map(response -> BridgeInternal.createFeedResponse( ModelBridgeInternal.getCosmosContainerPropertiesFromV2Results(response.getResults()), response.getResponseHeaders())); }); } /* * Gets a CosmosAsyncContainer object without making a service call * * @param id id of the container * @return Cosmos Container / public CosmosAsyncContainer getContainer(String id) { return new CosmosAsyncContainer(id, this); } /* User operations / / * Creates a user After subscription the operation will be performed. The * {@link Mono} upon successful completion will contain a single resource * response with the created user. In case of failure the {@link Mono} will * error. * * @param userProperties the cosmos user properties * @return an {@link Mono} containing the single resource response with the * created cosmos user or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncUserResponse> createUser(CosmosUserProperties userProperties) { return getDocClientWrapper().createUser(this.getLink(), ModelBridgeInternal.getV2User(userProperties), null) .map(response -> ModelBridgeInternal.createCosmosAsyncUserResponse(response, this)).single(); } /* * Upsert a user. Upsert will create a new user if it doesn't exist, or replace * the existing one if it does. After subscription the operation will be * performed. The {@link Mono} upon successful completion will contain a single * resource response with the created user. In case of failure the {@link Mono} * will error. * * @param userProperties the cosmos user properties * @return an {@link Mono} containing the single resource response with the * upserted user or an error. / public Mono<CosmosAsyncUserResponse> upsertUser(CosmosUserProperties userProperties) { return getDocClientWrapper().upsertUser(this.getLink(), ModelBridgeInternal.getV2User(userProperties), null) .map(response -> ModelBridgeInternal.createCosmosAsyncUserResponse(response, this)).single(); } /* * Reads all cosmos users in a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the read cosmos users. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * read cosmos users or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosUserProperties> readAllUsers() { return readAllUsers(new FeedOptions()); } /* * Reads all cosmos users in a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the read cosmos users. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param options the feed options. * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * read cosmos users or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosUserProperties> readAllUsers(FeedOptions options) { return UtilBridgeInternal.createCosmosPagedFlux(pagedFluxOptions -> { setContinuationTokenAndMaxItemCount(pagedFluxOptions, options); return getDocClientWrapper().readUsers(getLink(), options) .map(response -> BridgeInternal.createFeedResponse( ModelBridgeInternal.getCosmosUserPropertiesFromV2Results(response.getResults()), response .getResponseHeaders())); }); } /* * Query for cosmos users in a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained users. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param query query as string * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained users or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosUserProperties> queryUsers(String query) { return queryUsers(query, new FeedOptions()); } /* * Query for cosmos users in a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained users. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param query query as string * @param options the feed options * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained users or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosUserProperties> queryUsers(String query, FeedOptions options) { return queryUsers(new SqlQuerySpec(query), options); } /* * Query for cosmos users in a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained users. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param querySpec the SQL query specification. * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained users or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosUserProperties> queryUsers(SqlQuerySpec querySpec) { return queryUsers(querySpec, new FeedOptions()); } /* * Query for cosmos users in a database. * <p> * After subscription the operation will be performed. The {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will * contain one or several feed response of the obtained users. In case of * failure the {@link CosmosPagedFlux} will error. * * @param querySpec the SQL query specification. * @param options the feed options. * @return a {@link CosmosPagedFlux} containing one or several feed response pages of the * obtained users or an error. / public CosmosPagedFlux<CosmosUserProperties> queryUsers(SqlQuerySpec querySpec, FeedOptions options) { return UtilBridgeInternal.createCosmosPagedFlux(pagedFluxOptions -> { setContinuationTokenAndMaxItemCount(pagedFluxOptions, options); return getDocClientWrapper().queryUsers(getLink(), querySpec, options) .map(response -> BridgeInternal.createFeedResponseWithQueryMetrics( ModelBridgeInternal.getCosmosUserPropertiesFromV2Results(response.getResults()), response.getResponseHeaders(), ModelBridgeInternal.queryMetrics(response))); }); } /* * Gets user. * * @param id the id * @return the user / public CosmosAsyncUser getUser(String id) { return new CosmosAsyncUser(id, this); } /* * Gets the throughput of the database * * @return a {@link Mono} containing throughput or an error. / public Mono<Integer> readProvisionedThroughput() { return this.read() .flatMap(cosmosDatabaseResponse -> getDocClientWrapper() .queryOffers("select from c where c.offerResourceId = '" + cosmosDatabaseResponse .getProperties() .getResourceId() + "'", new FeedOptions()) .single() .flatMap(offerFeedResponse -> { if (offerFeedResponse.getResults().isEmpty()) { return Mono.error(BridgeInternal .createCosmosClientException( HttpConstants.StatusCodes.BADREQUEST, "No offers found for the resource")); } return getDocClientWrapper() .readOffer(offerFeedResponse.getResults() .get(0) .getSelfLink()) .single(); }).map(cosmosContainerResponse1 -> cosmosContainerResponse1 .getResource() .getThroughput())); } /** * Sets throughput provisioned for a container in measurement of * Requests-per-Unit in the Azure Cosmos service. * * @param requestUnitsPerSecond the cosmos container throughput, expressed in * Request Units per second * @return a {@link Mono} containing throughput or an error. / public Mono<Integer> replaceProvisionedThroughput(int requestUnitsPerSecond) { return this.read() .flatMap(cosmosDatabaseResponse -> this.getDocClientWrapper() .queryOffers("select from c where c.offerResourceId = '" + cosmosDatabaseResponse.getProperties() .getResourceId() + "'", new FeedOptions()) .single() .flatMap(offerFeedResponse -> { if (offerFeedResponse.getResults().isEmpty()) { return Mono.error(BridgeInternal .createCosmosClientException( HttpConstants.StatusCodes.BADREQUEST, "No offers found for the resource")); } Offer offer = offerFeedResponse.getResults().get(0); offer.setThroughput(requestUnitsPerSecond); return this.getDocClientWrapper().replaceOffer(offer) .single(); }).map(offerResourceResponse -> offerResourceResponse .getResource() .getThroughput())); } CosmosAsyncClient getClient() { return client; } AsyncDocumentClient getDocClientWrapper() { return client.getDocClientWrapper(); } String getURIPathSegment() { return Paths.DATABASES_PATH_SEGMENT; } String getParentLink() { return StringUtils.EMPTY; } String getLink() { return this.link; } }
http://www.crummy.com/2004/08/23/1	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	< How Dead Will You Be? #2 Next > (1) : Pieces of ship. How many cargo ships sink every year? In Dangerous Waters I read some huge number like 200. Can that be right? Do they get recovered like that ship did or do they just grow barnacles and wait for future archaeologists or treasure hunters? Filed under: Comments: Posted by Ian Bicking at Tue Aug 24 2004 03:17 I imagine if they aren't too deep, it would be worth it simply on the basis of scrap metal. Think of all the effort it takes to mine the ore and then process it into metal -- much less than getting some cranes and a barge to take away a huge chunk of easily processed metal. [Main] [Edit] Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson under a Creative Commons License..
github_open_source_100_7_20145	Github OpenSource	Various open source	<?php /** * Generates a Dao class for the Table * * LIMIT keyword detects the following DB drivers (on the fly) * - MySql (uses LIMIT, works in MySql v5.7.x and newer) * - Firebird (uses ROWS, works in Firebird v2.5 or newer) * * Crapacle is not supported since it's stupid un-standard way using * "OFFSET x ROWS FETCH NEXT y ROWS ONLY;" -- https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/SQLRF/statements_10002.htm#SQLRF01702 * / class Dao { protected $table; protected $type; protected $options; protected $namespace; protected $package; /* * Constructor * * @param <type> $table The table * @param array $options The options / public function __construct($table=null, array $options=[]) { $this->table = $table; $this->options = $options; $this->namespace = $this->formatNamespace($options['namespace'] ?? ''); $this->package = $options['package'] ?? '[Package]'; } /* * Formats the Namespace correctly * * Adds a "\" in front of the namespace if given, empty otherwise * * @param string $namespace The namespace * * @return string / protected function formatNamespace(string $namespace) { if (!empty($namespace)) { $namespace = '\\' . \trim($namespace,'\\/'); } return $namespace; } /* * Output table as a PHP Source, Dao Class format * * @return string / public function getPhpSource() { global $daoGenVersion; $s = ''; $s .= "<?php ".PHP_EOL; # DocBlock $s .= '/* '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * '.$this->table->getClassName().'Dao.php'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Dao class for table '.$this->table->getTableName().PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Generated with DaoGen v'.$daoGenVersion.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' @since '.(new \DateTime('now',new \DateTimeZone('UTC')))->format('Y-m-d\TH:i:s\Z').PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * @package '.$this->package.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * @namespace '.$this->namespace.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= '#########################################################################################'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= 'namespace App\\Models'.$this->namespace.'\\Db;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= 'use \\App\\Models\\AbstractBaseEntity;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= 'use \\App\\Models\\AbstractBaseDao;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= 'use \\App\\Models'.$this->namespace.'\\'.$this->table->getClassName().'Entity;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= '/* '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * Dao class for rows in table "'.$this->table->getTableName().'"'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= 'class '.$this->table->getClassName().'Dao extends AbstractBaseDao'.PHP_EOL; $s .= '{'.PHP_EOL; ## Constructor $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Constructor'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' @param string $connectionname Database ConnectionName'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * @param int $cacheTTL Seconds to Cache the entries. -1=off'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' public function __construct(string $connectionName=\'\', int $cacheTTL=-1)'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' parent::__construct($connectionName);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->setTable(\''.$this->table->getTableName().'\');'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Set Cache TTL for items in Seconds'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' -1 = Do not cache'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * 0 = Never expire'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * n = Cache items for n seconds'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->setCacheTTL($cacheTTL);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; ## MakeEntity $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Make/Generate an Entity'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' @param array $fields Array with key=value for fields'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * @return object'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' function makeEntity(array $fields=[]): AbstractBaseEntity'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $item = new '.$this->table->getclassName().'Entity(array_change_key_case($fields),CASE_LOWER);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->cacheSetItem($item);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' return $item;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; ## fetchAll() $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Fetch all records in table'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' @return array'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' public function fetchAll(): array'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' # If we have no connection ..'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if (is_null($this->getConnection())) return [];'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if ($items = $this->cacheGetAll()) return $items;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $items = '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->fetchCustom('.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' \'SELECT FROM {table}\''.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' );'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if ($items) $this->cacheSetAll($items);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' return $items;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; ## fetchByKeywords() $s .= ' /*'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Fetch records by Keywords'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' @param array $keywords Array with keyword = value'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * @return array'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' public function fetchByKeywords(array $keywords=[]): array'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' # If we have no connection ..'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if (is_null($this->getConnection())) return [];'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $where = \'\';'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $order = \'\';'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $limit = \'\';'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $binds = [];'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; # Each FIELD in the table is added. Based on Type we generate different # conditions foreach ($this->table->getFields() as $field) { $s .= ' if (isset($keywords[\''.$field->getName().'\']) && strlen($keywords[\''.$field->getName().'\'])>0) {'.PHP_EOL; if ($field->isText()) { $s .= ' $where .= \'AND ('.$field->getName().' LIKE :'.strtoupper($field->getName()).') \';'.PHP_EOL; } else { $s .= ' $where .= \'AND ('.$field->getName().' = :'.strtoupper($field->getName()).') \';'.PHP_EOL; } $s .= ' $binds[\':'.strtoupper($field->getName()).'\'] = $keywords[\''.$field->getName().'\'];'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; } $s .= ' if (!empty($where))'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $where = \'WHERE \'.preg_replace(\'/^AND /\', \'\', $where);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if (!empty($keywords[\'order\'])) // Note here that we use the $keyword[\'order\'] directly in SQL string.'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $order = \' ORDER BY \'.$keywords[\'order\'];'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if (!empty($keywords[\'limit\'])) { // Note here that we use the $keyword[\'limit\'] directly in SQL string.'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if (strcasecmp(\'mysql\',$this->getConnection()->getDriver())==0) {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $limit = \' LIMIT \'.$keywords[\'limit\'];'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' } else '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if (strcasecmp(\'firebird\',$this->getConnection()->getDriver())==0) {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $limit = \' ROWS \'.$keywords[\'limit\'];'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' return'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->fetchCustom('.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' \'SELECT FROM {table} \'.$where.$order.$limit,'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $binds'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' );'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; ## insert() $s .= ' /*'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Insert $item into database'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' @param AbstractBaseEntity $item The item we are inserting'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * @return bool'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' public function insert(AbstractBaseEntity &$item): bool'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $id ='.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->execCustomGetLastId('.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' \'INSERT INTO {table} \'.'.PHP_EOL; $ss = ''; foreach ($this->table->getFields() as $field) { $ss .= ' '.$field->getName().','; } $s .= ' \'('.rtrim($ss,',').') \'. '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' \'VALUES \'.'.PHP_EOL; $ss = ''; foreach ($this->table->getFields() as $field) { if ($field->isDateTime()) { $ss .= "STR_TO_DATE(:".strtoupper($field->getName()).",\\'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%sZ\\'),"; } else { $ss .= ':'.strtoupper($field->getName()).','; } } $s .= ' \'('.rtrim($ss,',').')\', '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' ['.PHP_EOL; $ss = ''; foreach ($this->table->getFields() as $field) { $ss .= ' \':'.strtoupper($field->getName()).'\' => $item->get'.$field->getUcwName().'(),'.PHP_EOL; } $s .= rtrim($ss,','.PHP_EOL).PHP_EOL; $s .= ' ]'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' );'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $item->setId($id);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' # Cache the item'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->cacheSetItem($item);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' # Clear the fetchAll() cache'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->cacheClearAll();'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' return ($id !=0);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; ## update() $s .= ' /'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' Update $item in database'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' @param AbstractBaseEntity $item The item we are updating'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' * @return bool'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' */'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' public function update(AbstractBaseEntity $item): bool'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' {'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $ok = '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->execCustom('.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' \'UPDATE {table} SET \'.'.PHP_EOL; $ss = ''; foreach ($this->table->getFields() as $field) { if (strcasecmp($field->getName(),'id')==0) continue; $ss .= ' \' '.$field->getName().' = '; // :'.strtoupper($field->getName()).', \'. '.PHP_EOL; # Datetime fields special handling if ($field->isDateTime()) { $ss .= "STR_TO_DATE(:".strtoupper($field->getName()).",\\'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%sZ\\'), '.".PHP_EOL; } else { $ss .= ':'.strtoupper($field->getName()).', \'.'.PHP_EOL; } } $s .= rtrim($ss,", '. ".PHP_EOL).' \'. '.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' \'WHERE \'.'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' \' id = :ID \','.PHP_EOL; // $ss = ''; // foreach ($this->table->getFields() as $field) { // if ($field->isDateTime()) { // $ss .= "STR_TO_DATE(:".$field->getName().",\\'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%sZ\\'),"; // } else { // $ss .= ':'.$field->getName().','; // } // } $s .= ' ['.PHP_EOL; $s .= ''; $ss = ''; foreach ($this->table->getFields() as $field) { if (strcasecmp($field->getName(),'id')==0) continue; $ss .= ' \':'.strtoupper($field->getName()).'\' => $item->get'.$field->getUcwName().'(),'.PHP_EOL; } $s .= $ss; $s .= ' \':ID\' => $item->getId()'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' ]'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' );'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' if ($ok) $this->cacheSetItem($item);'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' # Clear the fetchAll() cache'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' $this->cacheClearAll();'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= ' return $ok;'.PHP_EOL; $s .= ' }'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; $s .= '} // EOC'.PHP_EOL; $s .= PHP_EOL; return $s; } }
https://ask.sagemath.org/question/34779/syntax-error-with-power-function/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Ask Your Question 1 Syntax error with power function asked 2016-09-08 13:03:31 -0500 This post is a wiki. Anyone with karma >750 is welcome to improve it. Hello, I'm running sage on virtual box and changed the keyboard layout to german. It works well, except the ^-function leads to a syntax error. Sage recognizes the power by setting the power number high. Can you help me? Best regard, Henning edit retag flag offensive close merge delete 1 answer Sort by » oldest newest most voted 3 answered 2016-09-09 16:18:15 -0500 I think you mean that when you type x^2 you obtain , as if the circumflex ^ "eats" the 2 and turns it into a "superscript two", and then when you evaluate that with Sage you get a SyntaxError. To avoid that, type a space after typing ^, as if you were typing x^ 2. So you would be typing x followed by ^ followed by a space followed by 2. Then you will get x^2. Similarly, using a French keyboard, to get x^a we have to add in a space and type x^ a, otherwise we get. edit flag offensive delete link more Your Answer Please start posting anonymously - your entry will be published after you log in or create a new account. Add Answer Question Tools Stats Asked: 2016-09-08 13:03:31 -0500 Seen: 89 times Last updated: Sep 09 '16.
github_open_source_100_7_20146	Github OpenSource	Various open source	<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers; use App\Models\Jobs; use Illuminate\Http\Request; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Crypt; class JobController extends Controller { /** * Display a listing of the resource. * * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response\|void / public function index() { if (Auth::user()->hasRole('manager')) { $jobs = Jobs::all(); return view('joblist', compact('jobs')); } else { return abort(403, 'Unauthorized action.'); } } /* * Show the form for creating a new resource. * * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response / public function create() { if (Auth::user()->hasRole('manager')) { return view('storejob'); } else { return abort(403, 'Unauthorized action.'); } } /* * Store a newly created resource in storage. * * @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request * @return \Illuminate\Contracts\Foundation\Application\|\Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse\|\Illuminate\Http\Response\|\Illuminate\Routing\Redirector / public function store(Request $request) { if (Auth::user()->hasRole('manager')) { $requestData = $request->validate([ 'j_title' => 'required\|max:255', 'j_description' => 'required\|max:255', ]); $userData=array ("user_id"=>$request->user()->id); $storeData=array_merge($userData,$requestData); Jobs::create($storeData); return redirect('job/create')->with('success', 'Saved successfully!'); } else { return abort(403, 'Unauthorized action.'); } } /* * Display the specified resource. * * @param int $id * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response / public function show($id) { // } /* * Show the form for editing the specified resource. * * @param int $id * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response / public function edit($id) { if (Auth::user()->hasRole('manager')) { $job_with_id = Jobs::find(Crypt::decrypt(Crypt::decrypt($id))); return view('editjob', compact('job_with_id')); } else { return abort(403, 'Unauthorized action.'); } } /* * Update the specified resource in storage. * * @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request * @param int $id * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response / public function update(Request $request, $id) { if (Auth::user()->hasRole('manager')) { $requestData = $request->validate([ 'j_title' => 'required\|max:255', 'j_description' => 'required\|max:255', ]); $userData=array ("user_id"=>$request->user()->id); $storeData=array_merge($userData,$requestData); Jobs::whereId($id)->update($storeData); return redirect('job')->with('completed', 'Record has been updated'); } else { return abort(403, 'Unauthorized action.'); } } /* * Remove the specified resource from storage. * * @param int $id * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response */ public function destroy($id) { if (Auth::user()->hasRole('manager')) { $job = jobs::findOrFail(Crypt::decrypt(Crypt::decrypt($id))); $job->delete(); return redirect('job')->with('completed', 'Job record has been deleted'); } else { return abort(403, 'Unauthorized action.'); } } }
8619316_1	courtlistener	Public Domain	Poch, J. This claim arises out of an incident that occurred on November 23, 1980. Gayle Kinder seeks compensation pursuant to the provisions of the Crime Victims Compensation Act, hereafter referred to as the Act. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 70, par. 71 et seq. This Court has carefully considered the application for benefits submitted on the form prescribed by the Court and an investigatory report of the Attorney General of Illinois which substantiates matters set forth in the application. Based upon these documents and other evidence submitted to the Court, the Court finds: 1. That on November 23, 1980, the Claimant was the victim of a hit-and-run accident as he was walking on the shoulder of Camp Jackson Highway, Cahokia, Illinois. The Claimant was taken to Memorial Hospital for treatment of a fractured leg. The driver of the vehicle was not apprehended. 2. That the issue presented to the Court is whether an injury incurred as a result of the reckless operation of a motor vehicle, including leaving the scene of the accident, may be the basis for an award under the Act. 3. That in In re Stevens (1976), 31 Ill. Ct. Cl. 610, the Court held: “It is the opinion of this Court that the Illinois General Assembly did not intend to include compensation for non-intentional motor vehicle offenses.” While a hit-and-run case is. a crime, it is not one of the crimes specifically enumerated in the Act as being the basis of a claim under the Act. It is therefore hereby ordered, that this claim be, and is hereby denied..
github_open_source_100_7_20147	Github OpenSource	Various open source	// // Created by igor on 29/03/2021. // #ifndef NEUTRINO_UTILS_STRING_UTILS_HH #define NEUTRINO_UTILS_STRING_UTILS_HH #include <neutrino/utils/strings/ascii.hh> #include <cstring> #include <string> #include <algorithm> namespace neutrino::utils { template <class S> S trim_left (const S& str) /// Returns a copy of str with all leading /// whitespace removed. { typename S::const_iterator it = str.begin (); typename S::const_iterator end = str.end (); while (it != end && ascii::is_space (it)) ++it; return S (it, end); } template <class S> S& trim_left_in_place (S& str) /// Removes all leading whitespace in str. { typename S::iterator it = str.begin (); typename S::iterator end = str.end (); while (it != end && ascii::is_space (it)) ++it; str.erase (str.begin (), it); return str; } template <class S> S trim_right (const S& str) /// Returns a copy of str with all trailing /// whitespace removed. { int pos = int (str.size ()) - 1; while (pos >= 0 && ascii::is_space (str[pos])) --pos; return S (str, 0, pos + 1); } template <class S> S& trim_right_in_place (S& str) /// Removes all trailing whitespace in str. { int pos = int (str.size ()) - 1; while (pos >= 0 && ascii::is_space (str[pos])) --pos; str.resize (pos + 1); return str; } template <class S> S trim (const S& str) /// Returns a copy of str with all leading and /// trailing whitespace removed. { int first = 0; int last = int (str.size ()) - 1; while (first <= last && ascii::is_space (str[first])) ++first; while (last >= first && ascii::is_space (str[last])) --last; return S (str, first, last - first + 1); } template <class S> S& trim_in_place (S& str) /// Removes all leading and trailing whitespace in str. { int first = 0; int last = int (str.size ()) - 1; while (first <= last && ascii::is_space (str[first])) ++first; while (last >= first && ascii::is_space (str[last])) --last; if (last >= 0) { str.resize (last + 1); str.erase (0, first); } return str; } template <class S> S to_upper (const S& str) /// Returns a copy of str containing all upper-case characters. { typename S::const_iterator it = str.begin (); typename S::const_iterator end = str.end (); S result; result.reserve (str.size ()); while (it != end) result += static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_upper (it++)); return result; } template <class S> S& to_upper_in_place (S& str) /// Replaces all characters in str with their upper-case counterparts. { typename S::iterator it = str.begin (); typename S::iterator end = str.end (); while (it != end) { it = static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_upper (it)); ++it; } return str; } template <class S> S to_lower (const S& str) /// Returns a copy of str containing all lower-case characters. { typename S::const_iterator it = str.begin (); typename S::const_iterator end = str.end (); S result; result.reserve (str.size ()); while (it != end) result += static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (it++)); return result; } template <class S> S& to_lower_in_place (S& str) /// Replaces all characters in str with their lower-case counterparts. { typename S::iterator it = str.begin (); typename S::iterator end = str.end (); while (it != end) { it = static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (it)); ++it; } return str; } template <class S, class It> int icompare ( const S& str, typename S::size_type pos, typename S::size_type n, It it2, It end2) /// Case-insensitive string comparison { typename S::size_type sz = str.size (); if (pos > sz) pos = sz; if (pos + n > sz) n = sz - pos; It it1 = str.begin () + pos; It end1 = str.begin () + pos + n; while (it1 != end1 && it2 != end2) { typename S::value_type c1 (static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (it1))); typename S::value_type c2 (static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (it2))); if (c1 < c2) return -1; else if (c1 > c2) return 1; ++it1; ++it2; } if (it1 == end1) return it2 == end2 ? 0 : -1; else return 1; } template <class S> int icompare (const S& str1, const S& str2) // A special optimization for an often used case. { typename S::const_iterator it1 (str1.begin ()); typename S::const_iterator end1 (str1.end ()); typename S::const_iterator it2 (str2.begin ()); typename S::const_iterator end2 (str2.end ()); while (it1 != end1 && it2 != end2) { typename S::value_type c1 (static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (it1))); typename S::value_type c2 (static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (it2))); if (c1 < c2) return -1; else if (c1 > c2) return 1; ++it1; ++it2; } if (it1 == end1) return it2 == end2 ? 0 : -1; else return 1; } template <class S> int icompare (const S& str1, typename S::size_type n1, const S& str2, typename S::size_type n2) { if (n2 > str2.size ()) n2 = str2.size (); return icompare (str1, 0, n1, str2.begin (), str2.begin () + n2); } template <class S> int icompare (const S& str1, typename S::size_type n, const S& str2) { if (n > str2.size ()) n = str2.size (); return icompare (str1, 0, n, str2.begin (), str2.begin () + n); } template <class S> int icompare (const S& str1, typename S::size_type pos, typename S::size_type n, const S& str2) { return icompare (str1, pos, n, str2.begin (), str2.end ()); } template <class S> int icompare ( const S& str1, typename S::size_type pos1, typename S::size_type n1, const S& str2, typename S::size_type pos2, typename S::size_type n2) { typename S::size_type sz2 = str2.size (); if (pos2 > sz2) pos2 = sz2; if (pos2 + n2 > sz2) n2 = sz2 - pos2; return icompare (str1, pos1, n1, str2.begin () + pos2, str2.begin () + pos2 + n2); } template <class S> int icompare ( const S& str1, typename S::size_type pos1, typename S::size_type n, const S& str2, typename S::size_type pos2) { typename S::size_type sz2 = str2.size (); if (pos2 > sz2) pos2 = sz2; if (pos2 + n > sz2) n = sz2 - pos2; return icompare (str1, pos1, n, str2.begin () + pos2, str2.begin () + pos2 + n); } template <class S> int icompare ( const S& str, typename S::size_type pos, typename S::size_type n, const typename S::value_type* ptr) { typename S::size_type sz = str.size (); if (pos > sz) pos = sz; if (pos + n > sz) n = sz - pos; typename S::const_iterator it = str.begin () + pos; typename S::const_iterator end = str.begin () + pos + n; while (it != end && ptr) { typename S::value_type c1 (static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (it))); typename S::value_type c2 (static_cast<typename S::value_type>(ascii::to_lower (ptr))); if (c1 < c2) return -1; else if (c1 > c2) return 1; ++it; ++ptr; } if (it == end) return ptr == 0 ? 0 : -1; else return 1; } template <class S> int icompare ( const S& str, typename S::size_type pos, const typename S::value_type* ptr) { return icompare (str, pos, str.size () - pos, ptr); } template <class S> int icompare ( const S& str, const typename S::value_type* ptr) { return icompare (str, 0, str.size (), ptr); } template <class S> S translate (const S& str, const S& from, const S& to) /// Returns a copy of str with all characters in /// from replaced by the corresponding (by position) /// characters in to. If there is no corresponding /// character in to, the character is removed from /// the copy. { S result; result.reserve (str.size ()); typename S::const_iterator it = str.begin (); typename S::const_iterator end = str.end (); typename S::size_type toSize = to.size (); while (it != end) { typename S::size_type pos = from.find (it); if (pos == S::npos) { result += it; } else { if (pos < toSize) result += to[pos]; } ++it; } return result; } template <class S> S translate (const S& str, const typename S::value_type* from, const typename S::value_type* to) { return translate (str, S (from), S (to)); } template <class S> S& translate_in_place (S& str, const S& from, const S& to) /// Replaces in str all occurrences of characters in from /// with the corresponding (by position) characters in to. /// If there is no corresponding character, the character /// is removed. { str = translate (str, from, to); return str; } template <class S> S translate_in_place (S& str, const typename S::value_type* from, const typename S::value_type* to) { str = translate (str, S (from), S (to)); #if defined(__SUNPRO_CC) // Fix around the RVO bug in SunStudio 12.4 S ret(str); return ret; #else return str; #endif } template <class S> S& replace_in_place (S& str, const S& from, const S& to, typename S::size_type start = 0) { S result; typename S::size_type pos = 0; result.append (str, 0, start); do { pos = str.find (from, start); if (pos != S::npos) { result.append (str, start, pos - start); result.append (to); start = pos + from.length (); } else result.append (str, start, str.size () - start); } while (pos != S::npos); str.swap (result); return str; } template <class S> S& replace_in_place (S& str, const typename S::value_type* from, const typename S::value_type* to, typename S::size_type start = 0) { S result; typename S::size_type pos = 0; typename S::size_type fromLen = std::strlen (from); result.append (str, 0, start); do { pos = str.find (from, start); if (pos != S::npos) { result.append (str, start, pos - start); result.append (to); start = pos + fromLen; } else result.append (str, start, str.size () - start); } while (pos != S::npos); str.swap (result); return str; } template <class S> S& replace_in_place (S& str, const typename S::value_type from, const typename S::value_type to = 0, typename S::size_type start = 0) { if (from == to) return str; typename S::size_type pos = 0; do { pos = str.find (from, start); if (pos != S::npos) { if (to) str[pos] = to; else str.erase (pos, 1); } } while (pos != S::npos); return str; } template <class S> S& remove_in_place (S& str, const typename S::value_type ch, typename S::size_type start = 0) { return replace_in_place (str, ch, 0, start); } template <class S> S replace (const S& str, const S& from, const S& to, typename S::size_type start = 0) /// Replace all occurrences of from (which must not be the empty string) /// in str with to, starting at position start. { S result (str); replace_in_place (result, from, to, start); return result; } template <class S> S replace (const S& str, const typename S::value_type* from, const typename S::value_type* to, typename S::size_type start = 0) { S result (str); replace_in_place (result, from, to, start); return result; } template <class S> S replace (const S& str, const typename S::value_type from, const typename S::value_type to = 0, typename S::size_type start = 0) { S result (str); replace_in_place (result, from, to, start); return result; } template <class S> S remove (const S& str, const typename S::value_type ch, typename S::size_type start = 0) { S result (str); replace_in_place (result, ch, 0, start); return result; } template <class S> S cat (const S& s1, const S& s2) /// Concatenates two strings. { S result = s1; result.reserve (s1.size () + s2.size ()); result.append (s2); return result; } template <class S> S cat (const S& s1, const S& s2, const S& s3) /// Concatenates three strings. { S result = s1; result.reserve (s1.size () + s2.size () + s3.size ()); result.append (s2); result.append (s3); return result; } template <class S> S cat (const S& s1, const S& s2, const S& s3, const S& s4) /// Concatenates four strings. { S result = s1; result.reserve (s1.size () + s2.size () + s3.size () + s4.size ()); result.append (s2); result.append (s3); result.append (s4); return result; } template <class S> S cat (const S& s1, const S& s2, const S& s3, const S& s4, const S& s5) /// Concatenates five strings. { S result = s1; result.reserve (s1.size () + s2.size () + s3.size () + s4.size () + s5.size ()); result.append (s2); result.append (s3); result.append (s4); result.append (s5); return result; } template <class S> S cat (const S& s1, const S& s2, const S& s3, const S& s4, const S& s5, const S& s6) /// Concatenates six strings. { S result = s1; result.reserve (s1.size () + s2.size () + s3.size () + s4.size () + s5.size () + s6.size ()); result.append (s2); result.append (s3); result.append (s4); result.append (s5); result.append (s6); return result; } template <class S, class It> S cat (const S& delim, const It& begin, const It& end) /// Concatenates a sequence of strings, delimited /// by the string given in delim. { S result; for (It it = begin; it != end; ++it) { if (!result.empty ()) result.append (delim); result += it; } return result; } template <class S> bool starts_with (const S& str, const S& prefix) /// Tests whether the string starts with the given prefix. { return str.size () >= prefix.size () && equal (prefix.begin (), prefix.end (), str.begin ()); } template <class S> bool ends_with (const S& str, const S& suffix) /// Tests whether the string ends with the given suffix. { return str.size () >= suffix.size () && equal (suffix.rbegin (), suffix.rend (), str.rbegin ()); } // // case-insensitive string equality // template <typename charT> struct i_char_traits : public std::char_traits<charT> { inline static bool eq (charT c1, charT c2) { return ascii::to_lower (c1) == ascii::to_lower (c2); } inline static bool ne (charT c1, charT c2) { return !eq (c1, c2); } inline static bool lt (charT c1, charT c2) { return ascii::to_lower (c1) < ascii::to_lower (c2); } static int compare (const charT s1, const charT* s2, std::size_t n) { for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n && s1 && s2; ++i, ++s1, ++s2) { if (ascii::to_lower (s1) == ascii::to_lower (s2)) continue; else if (ascii::to_lower (s1) < ascii::to_lower (s2)) return -1; else return 1; } return 0; } static const charT* find (const charT* s, int n, charT a) { while (n-- > 0 && ascii::to_lower (*s) != ascii::to_lower (a)) { ++s; } return s; } }; typedef std::basic_string<char, i_char_traits<char>> istring; /// Case-insensitive std::string counterpart. template <typename T> std::size_t isubstr (const T& str, const T& sought) /// Case-insensitive substring; searches for a substring /// without regards to case. { typename T::const_iterator it = std::search (str.begin (), str.end (), sought.begin (), sought.end (), i_char_traits<typename T::value_type>::eq); if (it != str.end ()) return it - str.begin (); else return static_cast<std::size_t>(T::npos); } struct case_insensitive_less_than /// Case-insensitive less-than functor; useful for standard maps /// and sets with std::strings keys and case-insensitive ordering /// requirement. { inline bool operator () (const std::string& s1, const std::string& s2) const { return icompare (s1, s2) < 0; } }; } #endif //NEUTRINO_UTILS_STRING_UTILS_HH
1300358_1	Wikipedia	CC-By-SA	Гола ситница (Herniaria glabra), познато и како зелена килавица, е растение од фамилијата Каранфили и расте во Северна Америка и Европа. Содржи херниарин, метокси аналог на умбелиферон. Наводи Надворешни врски Таксони опишани од Карл Линеј Флора на Европа Флора на Македонија Растенија опишани во 1753 година.
https://www.omicsonline.org/united-kingdom/typhoid-fever-peer-reviewed-pdf-ppt-articles/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Typhoid Fever \| UK\| PDF \| PPT\| Case Reports \| Symptoms \| Treatment OMICS International organises 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and Publishes 700+ Open Access Journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members. Relevant Topics Typhoid Fever • Share this page • Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Typhoid fever is uncommon in the UK, with an estimated 500 cases occurring each year. Recent Epidemologic studies shown that in the year 2006, 546 cases of Typhoid fever were reported in United Kingdom. The prevalence rate was 0.9%. In the UK, two vaccines are available that can provide some protection against typhoid fever. These involve either having a single injection or taking three capsules over alternate days. • All pathogenic Salmonella species, when present in the gut are engulfed by phagocytic cells, which then pass them through the mucosa and present them to the macrophages in the lamina propria. Macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells then attract T cells and neutrophils with interleukin 8 (IL-8), causing inflammation and suppressing the infection. Researches are Safety and Immunogenicity of a Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Commonly Administered Vaccines after Co-administration. Expert PPTs High Impact List of Articles Conference Proceedings.
US-65278507-A_1	USPTO	Public Domain	Shallow bipolar junction transistor ABSTRACT A shallow bipolar junction transistor comprising a high voltage n+ well implanted into a semiconductor substrate. The shallow bipolar junction transistor further comprises a bit line n+ implant (BNI) above the high voltage n+ well and an oxide nitride (ONO) layer above the high voltage n+ well. A portion of the ONO layer isolates the BNI from a shallow trench isolation (STI) region. TECHNICAL FIELD Various embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of memory devices. BACKGROUND ART In electronic devices, there are many types of memory devices that are utilized for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to, retaining and/or conveying information and/or data, voltage and current manipulation and amplification, and other such purposes. One such memory device is a transistor, for example, a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). A BJT is versatile device and can be implemented in a variety of ways including, but not limited to, an amplifier, a switch, an oscillator, a reference voltage generator, a current controller, and in many other implementations. A typical BJT is a multi layered semiconductor commonly constructed in a three layer configuration, referred to as a PNP or NPN type transistor. One type of BJT is an NPN type BJT, in which the letters “N” and “P” refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. NPN transistors typically consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor material between two N-doped layers. NPN transistors are commonly operated with the emitter at ground and the collector connected to a positive voltage through an electric lead. A small current entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that has often been used in the reference voltage (V_(ref)) circuit, since the 180 nm node, consists of a high voltage p-well (HVPW) sandwiched between two n regions, hence an NPN type BJT. The bottom n region surrounds the p-region (HVPW) and serves as the collector. It is separated laterally from the top n-region, serving as the emitter, through trench isolation or shallow trench isolation (STI). The bottom of the STI lands in the HVPW and ensures isolation between the emitter and collector. When the base current begins to flow the BJT action is initiated with the current passing vertically from the collector to the emitter. The output of the V_(ref) circuit serves as the reference voltage in the flash die. Hence it is designed such as to produce a fixed reference voltage that is independent of temperature or slight variations in the processing environment. By virtue of the desire for improved performance and size reduction, smaller sized transistors, e.g., a 90 nm BJT, were exhibiting high and scattered betas, e.g., leakage. While legacy sized transistors, e.g., a 130 nm BJT, showed relatively low scatter values, 90 nm BJTs exhibited scatter values substantially higher. This anomalous BJT behavior was affecting the V_(ref) output on the 90 nm BJT. The V_(ref) output was between 1.4-1.6V with ˜0.1V within wafer variation and about 1V lot-to-lot variation. The expectation however, was ˜1.35V with a <0.1V variation from lot to lot. It is anticipated that further transistor size reduction will exacerbate the above described leakage. The high scatter value in current BJTs is due to its non-ideal behavior, characterized by high and scattered N-value or ideality factor. The higher collector current for a similar base current was not due to intrinsic vertical BJT action but due to presence of an external current path between the emitter and collector. This current path would manifest at the bottom of the STI between the HVPW-oxide interface/region. Ideally the STI would isolate the collector from the emitter but this isolation was being compromised with the presence of this leakage path between the collector and emitter. Extending the STI deeper into the substrate can compromise the structural integrity of the transmitter. In terms of a representative circuit, leakage, as a parasitic depletion transistor, occurred between the collector and emitter in parallel to the BJT. The leakage through this parasitic transistor was degrading the BJT and which in turn was compromising the functionality of the voltage reference (V_(ref)) circuit. The parasitic depletion transistor, in parallel to the BJT, is an unintentional by-product of the processing environment. This caused variable characteristics, from wafer to wafer and lot to lot, resulting in fluctuations in the V_(ref) voltage, also from wafer to wafer and lot to lot. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Various embodiments of the present invention, a shallow bipolar junction transistor, are described herein. In one embodiment, a method for fabrication of a transistor device is provided. A high voltage n+ well is implanted into a semiconductor substrate. A core implant process for fabricating a core implant into the semiconductor substrate is performed, wherein the core implant process is performed at a periphery area of the semiconductor substrate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention: FIG. 1 is a cross section block diagram of a transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view block diagram of a transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a cross section block diagram showing implants and a trench isolation structure in a transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross section block diagram showing the disposition of the base and emitter gates of a transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a cross section block diagram showing implants and trenching in a transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is flowchart of a process for fabricating a transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with these embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention. Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented in terms of procedures, logic blocks, processing, and other symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. In the present application, a procedure, logic block, process, or the like, is conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result. The steps are those utilizing physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated in a computer system. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as transactions, bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, samples, pixels, or the like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present invention, discussions utilizing terms such as “implanting,” “performing,” “forming,” “etching,” “filling” or the like, refer to actions and processes of a semiconductor fabrication process. The discussion will begin with an overview of a transistor and elements disposed within. The discussion will then focus on embodiments of the invention that provide for a reduction in peripheral process steps through utilization of core processes in the fabrication of a transistor. The discussion will then focus on embodiments of this invention that allow for decreasing the real estate necessary to fabricate a transistor. Although embodiments of the present invention will be described in a transistor, it is understood that the embodiments described herein are useful outside of the art of transistors, such as devices requiring constant and dependable V_(ref) and band gap references. Embodiments of the present invention provide for the utilization of transistor core fabrication processes for transistor periphery fabrication processes to reduce steps in transistor fabrication and to also reduce required transistor utilized real estate. FIG. 1 is a cross section view of a transistor, e.g., a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 100, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In the present embodiment, BJT 100 has dimensions of approximately 80 nanometers (nm) by 80 nm. It should be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention are well suited for implementation in transistors having dimensions that are smaller than BJT 100, e.g., transistors having dimensions equal to or smaller than 65 nm by 65 nm. BJT 100, in the present embodiment a NPN type transistor, shows a substrate 110. In an embodiment, substrate 110 is formed from silicon. In alternative embodiments, other materials or combinations of materials may be used in the formation of substrate 110. BJT 100 also includes a high voltage deep N well (HVDNW) collector 112 and a high voltage P well (HVPW) base 113 that, in an embodiment of the present invention, is disposed above HVDNW 112, both of which are implanted in substrate 110. HVDNW 112 provides isolation of n+ collector gates 121 and 122 from base gates 131 and 132 of HPVW 113 in an embodiment of the present invention. In the present embodiment, well known implanting processes and steps are utilized in the fabrication of HVDNW 112 and HVPW 113. The implanting processes and steps can include, but which are not limited to, masking, etching, trenching, filling and the like. Referring still to FIG. 1, BJT 100 further includes a p+ ring 191 and a p+ ring 192 for providing additional isolation of components and elements in transistor 100, in an embodiment of the present invention. Also shown are n+ collector electrode 121 and n+ collector electrode 122, both of which are gates of HVDNW 112. Further shown are base electrode 131 and base electrode 132, both of which are gates of HVPW 113. HVPW 113 provides isolation of n+ lightly doped drain (LDD) 140 from HVDNW 112, in an embodiment of the present invention. BJT 100 additionally includes an n+ emitter electrode 141 which, in an embodiment of the present invention, has disposed thereon a silicide island 142 for contact. BJT 100 is shown to have been subject to a shallow trench isolation (STI) process, and is isolated by STIs 190. FIG. 2 is a plan view of a die 200 having a substrate 210 and in which a plurality of transistors 100 are fabricated, in an embodiment of the present invention. The various layers and elements of a transistor 100 fabricated from die 200 will be described from the outer edge inwardly. At the outermost area, wafer 200 shows a high voltage n+ well (HVNW) 212 having been implanted into substrate 210. Die 200 also includes an implanted n+ collector (NP) 220 disposed above HVNW 212. In an embodiment of the present invention, a high voltage gate oxide (HVGOX) 262 is formed above NP 220. A core implant process is performed on die 200 to fabricate a core implant (CI) 250 and is implanted into substrate 210. In an embodiment of the present, an STI process may be performed upon substrate 210 for isolating collector, base and emitter contacts (gates). In an embodiment of the present invention, a typical previous fabrication technique that may have employed a cobalt silicide (CoSi) layer to open a contact to an emitter, e.g., emitter 231-234, is not required. It is noted that a CoSi layer can increase beta fluctuation when measuring performance of a transistor. Moreover, since the CoSi is not required, a silicide block layer is also not required. Accordingly, smaller dimension BJTs can be fabricated, saving space in a V_(ref) circuit in the product die. By eliminating the requirement of a CoSi process, embodiments of the present invention achieve a decrease in performance fluctuation (leakage) and further achieve a reduction in the number of process steps associated therewith. In an embodiment of the present invention, and continuing in an inward direction, an oxide nitride oxide (ONO) layer 252 is formed on die 200. In an embodiment of the present invention, an ONO 252 replaces a typically implemented etch stop layer. Although an etch stopping layer has been implemented to prevent field leakage during transistor testing, its characteristics are not well suited for transistors whose dimensions are smaller than 80 nm×80 nm. Still referring to FIG. 2, shown is a bit line residual oxide removal (BLROE)/spacer over etch (SPXOE) layer 253 formed on die 200, in an embodiment of the present invention. In the present embodiment, a BLROE/SPXOE layer 253, in conjunction with ONO layer 252, replaces an etch stopping layer process that is typically performed on die 200. Continuing, die 200 shows a bit line 255 etched and then filled with an oxide layer on die 200. Bit line 255 defines the location of a bit line n+ implant, e.g., BLI 254, in an embodiment of the present invention. In the present embodiment, a bit line implant (BLI) 254 provides an n+ implant in die 200. In an embodiment, a pocket implant (POI), not shown in FIG. 2 but shown as POI 357 in FIG. 3, is implanted in die 200. In an embodiment of the present invention, BLI 254 and a POI implant processes may be combined into a single process. With reference still to FIG. 2, shown is an n+ core implant (NCI) 256, in an embodiment of the present invention. NCI 256 defines the difference between base 230 and an emitter, e.g., emitter 231-234, and to isolate base 230 and emitters 231-234. Also shown is a base 230 around which has been formed a HVGOX 263 and a P+S/D implant (PP) layer 264. Additionally shown are emitters 231, 232, 233 and 234, in an embodiment of the present invention. Also shown is a collector layer 222 that is formed in conjunction with a CI 250 process. FIG. 3 is a cross section block diagram depicting the disposition of implant element and trench element processes performed in a process for fabrication of a transistor, e.g., transistor 300, in an embodiment of the present invention. Shown in transistor 300 is a high voltage n+ well (HVNW) 312. Also shown are a CI 350, a POI 357, and a BNI 354 in an embodiment of the present invention. Transistor 300 is shown to have been subject to a shallow trench isolation process, e.g., STI 351 in which each STI 351 is interposed between each BNI (bit line n+ implant) 354, in an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, each STI 351 may be filled with one or more layers of poly. Also shown in transistor 300 is a base gate 331 to pick up the base 330. In an embodiment, base gate 331 may be comprised of p+, PP and HPLDD elements. FIG. 4 is a cross section block diagram showing the disposition of the base and emitter gates of a transistor, e.g., transistor 400, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Transistor 400 includes an HVNW 412, a CI 450 and a plurality of combinational BNI/POI 454/457 layers. In the present embodiment, BNI 454 and POI 457 are implanted concurrent with each other. Also shown in transistor 400 is a base gate 431 to pick up the base 430. In an embodiment, base gate 431 may be comprised of p+, PP and HPLDD elements. Transistor 400 further includes a first poly layer 476 and a second poly layer 477. In an embodiment of the present invention, second poly layer 477 is disposed above first poly layer 476. FIG. 5 is a cross section block diagram showing implants and trenching in a transistor, e.g., transistor 500, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Transistor 500 includes a high voltage p+ well (HVPW) 512, a CI 550, a plurality of STIs 551 and a plurality of BNIs 554. Transistor 500 also includes a plurality of POIs 557 with a BNI 554 formed above each POI 557. In the present embodiment, transistor 500 further includes a POI 558 that is not disposed beneath a BNI 554. Transistor 500 additionally includes an ONO 552 layer (indicated by dotted line 552) that is formed around each BNI 554 and disposed beneath each POI 557, so as to isolate a BNI 554 from an STI 551 proximally oriented thereto. It is noted that in the present embodiment, ONO 552 layer replaces an etch stop layer that is typically so disposed. FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process 600 for fabricating a transistor in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a process 600 in which particular steps are performed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention for fabricating a transistor. Although specific steps are disclosed in process 600, such steps are exemplary. That is, the present invention is well suited to performing various other steps or variations of the steps recited in FIG. 6. Within the present embodiment, it should be appreciated that the steps of process 600 may be performed by semiconductor fabrication system. At step 610, a high voltage n+ well is implanted into a semiconductor substrate. In one embodiment, as shown at step 612, a n+ collector is implanted above said high voltage n+ well. At step 614, a core implant process is performed for fabricating a core implant into semiconductor substrate, in which the core implant process is performed at a periphery area of the semiconductor substrate. In one embodiment, as shown at step 616, a high voltage gate oxide is formed above the n+ collector. In one embodiment, as shown at step 618, a shallow trench isolation is performed for isolating emitter contacts. In one embodiment, as shown at step 620, an oxide nitride oxide layer is formed above the core implant at a periphery area of the semiconductor substrate. In one embodiment, as shown at step 622, a bit line is etched and is filled with an oxide layer, as shown at step 624. In one embodiment, as shown at step 626 a bit line implant is performed at a periphery area of the semiconductor substrate. In one embodiment, as shown at step 628, a pocket implant is performed at a periphery area of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the bit line implant and said pocket implant are performed using one mask. In one embodiment, as shown at step 630, an n+ core implant process is performed for isolating a base and emitters of said memory device. Embodiments of the present invention provide for the fabrication of a BJT without requiring a CoSi layer to open a contact to an emitter, since the emitter contact is a core contact. Removing the CoSi layer allows for reduced beta fluctuation and tighter beta values. Also, by eliminating the requirement of the CoSi process, embodiments of the present invention achieve a decrease in performance fluctuation (leakage) and further achieve a reduction in the number of process steps associated therewith. Moreover, since the CoSi is not required, a silicide block layer is also not required. Accordingly, smaller dimension BJTs can be fabricated, saving space in a V_(ref) circuit in the product die. Embodiments of the present invention also provide for a wide alignment margin for the core implant, e.g., core contact, as it is narrow. Moreover, embodiments of the present invention do not require an etch stop layer, as the ONO layer may replace the etch stop layer. The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments described herein were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents. What is claimed is: 1. A shallow bipolar junction transistor comprising: a high voltage n+ well implanted into a semiconductor substrate; an oxide nitride oxide (ONO) layer, an n+ collector, and a bit line residual oxide removal (BLROE)/spacer over etch (SPXOE) layer above said high voltage n+ well; a bit line n+ implant (BNI) above said high voltage n+ well, wherein a portion of said ONO layer is formed around a portion of said BNI; a plurality of emitters in a central region of the transistor, a base laterally separated from the plurality of emitters, and an n+ core implant surrounding the plurality of emitters to isolate the base and the plurality of emitters, wherein the n+ core implant defines a difference between said base and an emitter; a high voltage gate oxide (HVGOX) above said n+ collector and around said base; and a p+ source/drain implant (PP) layer around said base. 2. The shallow bipolar junction transistor of claim 1 wherein said oxide nitride oxide (ONO) layer is at a periphery area of said BNI. 3. The shallow bipolar junction transistor of claim 1 further comprising a shallow trench isolation (STI) region proximate to said ONO layer. 4. The shallow bipolar junction transistor of claim 1 wherein said bit line n+ implant is at a periphery area of said plurality of emitters. 5. The shallow bipolar junction transistor of claim 4 further comprising an n+ implant for isolating a base and emitters of said shallow bipolar junction transistor. 6. The shallow bipolar junction transistor of claim 1 further comprising an emitter wherein a portion of said emitter is operable to operate as a contact. 7. The shallow bipolar junction transistor of claim 6 wherein said portion of said emitter is operable to operate as a contact without a cobalt silicide (CoSi) layer..
github_open_source_100_7_20148	Github OpenSource	Various open source	# -- coding: utf-8 -- # Generated by Django 1.10.1 on 2016-09-29 20:16 from __future__ import unicode_literals from django.db import migrations, models import django.db.models.deletion class Migration(migrations.Migration): dependencies = [ ('references', '0019_merge_20160928_1603'), ('awards', '0014_merge_20160928_1603'), ] operations = [ migrations.CreateModel( name='PlaceOfPerformanceRelationship', fields=[ ('place_of_performance_relationship_id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True, serialize=False)), ('reporting_period_start', models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)), ('reporting_period_end', models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)), ('create_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True)), ('update_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, null=True)), ], options={ 'managed': True, 'db_table': 'place_of_performance_relationship', }, ), migrations.CreateModel( name='SubAward', fields=[ ('sub_award_id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True, serialize=False)), ('sub_awardee_or_recipient_u', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=9, null=True)), ('sub_awardee_ultimate_pa_id', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=9, null=True)), ('sub_awardee_ultimate_paren', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=120, null=True)), ('subawardee_business_type', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255, null=True)), ('sub_awardee_or_recipient_l', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=120, null=True)), ('subcontract_award_amount', models.DecimalField(blank=True, decimal_places=0, max_digits=20, null=True)), ('cfda_number_and_title', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255, null=True)), ('prime_award_report_id', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=40, null=True)), ('award_report_month', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=25, null=True)), ('award_report_year', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=4, null=True)), ('rec_model_question1', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=1, null=True)), ('rec_model_question2', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=1, null=True)), ('subaward_number', models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=32, null=True)), ('reporting_period_start', models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)), ('reporting_period_end', models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)), ('create_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True)), ('update_date', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, null=True)), ], options={ 'managed': True, 'db_table': 'sub_award', }, ), migrations.AddField( model_name='award', name='create_date', field=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True), ), migrations.AddField( model_name='award', name='update_date', field=models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, null=True), ), migrations.AddField( model_name='subaward', name='award', field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.DO_NOTHING, to='awards.Award'), ), migrations.AddField( model_name='subaward', name='legal_entity', field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.DO_NOTHING, to='references.LegalEntity'), ), migrations.AddField( model_name='subaward', name='place_of_performance_relationship', field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.DO_NOTHING, to='awards.PlaceOfPerformanceRelationship'), ), migrations.AddField( model_name='placeofperformancerelationship', name='award', field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.DO_NOTHING, to='awards.Award'), ), migrations.AddField( model_name='placeofperformancerelationship', name='location', field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.DO_NOTHING, to='references.Location'), ), migrations.AddField( model_name='placeofperformancerelationship', name='sub_award', field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.DO_NOTHING, to='awards.SubAward'), ), ]
github_open_source_100_7_20149	Github OpenSource	Various open source	package com.jovial.misc.bluetooth.im import android.content.Context import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity import android.os.Bundle import android.view.inputmethod.InputMethodInfo import android.content.Context.INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat.getSystemService import android.view.inputmethod.InputMethodManager import android.widget.Button import android.widget.Toast class SettingsActivity : AppCompatActivity() { private val ui by lazy { } override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_settings) val dismissButton : Button = findViewById(R.id.dismiss_button) dismissButton.setOnClickListener( { finish() }) } override fun onResume() { super.onResume() println("@@ SettingsActivity onResume") val imm = getSystemService(Context.INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE) as InputMethodManager val enabled = imm.getEnabledInputMethodList() for (service in enabled) { println(" @@ ${service.serviceName} : $service") } Toast.makeText(this, "Jovial Accented Keyboard installed", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show() } }
4381121_1	courtlistener	Public Domain	The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion. SUMMARY March 21, 2019 2019COA46 No. 18CA0417, People in the Interest of A.N-B. — Juvenile Court — Dependency and Neglect — Termination of the Parent- Child Relationship — Expert Testimony; Attorneys and Clients — Attorney-Client Privilege A division of the court of appeals concludes that when an indigent party in a dependency and neglect case is provided with an expert at state expense, the attorney-client privilege does not attach to the expert’s report regarding a parent-child interactional assessment. In so doing, the division concludes that the holding in D.A.S. v. People, 863 P.2d 291 (Colo. 1993), was not affected by recent legislation transferring the authority for budgetary review and approval of a state-paid expert from the court to the office of respondent parents’ counsel. COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2019COA46 Court of Appeals No. 18CA0417 Jefferson County District Court No. 17JV31 Honorable Ann Gail Meinster, Judge The People of the State of Colorado, Petitioner-Appellee, In the Interest of A.N-B., I.N-B., I.N-B., and A.N-B., Children, and Concerning D.B. and R.N., Respondents-Appellants. JUDGMENT AFFIRMED Division I Opinion by JUDGE TOW Taubman and Berger, JJ., concur Announced March 21, 2019 Ellen G. Wakeman, County Attorney, Sarah L. Oviatt, Assistant County Attorney, Golden, Colorado, for Petitioner-Appellee Diana M. Richett, Guardian Ad Litem Ingelhart Law Office LLC, Kimberly A. Ingelhart, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellant D.B. The Morgan Law Office, Kris P. Morgan, Colorado Springs, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellant R.N. ¶1 Mother, D.B., and father, R.N., appeal the juvenile court’s judgment terminating their parent-child relationships with A.N-B., I.N-B., I.N-B., and A.N-B. We affirm. I. Background ¶2 The family has been involved with child protective services agencies on two prior occasions. In January 2014, the Adams County Department of Human Services opened a voluntary case with the family after one of the boys suffered a fractured femur while in father’s care. The child was then six months old. The injury was not explained. The case was closed in June 2014. ¶3 In September 2014, the same child suffered another fractured femur and fractured ribs. At the same time, the other twin was found to have healing fractures to his ribs, skull, and forearm. The Adams County Department of Human Services opened a dependency and neglect case. The case was closed with mother having full custody of the children, supervised visitation for father, and a permanent protection order barring father from contact with the boy who had suffered fractured femurs. ¶4 In this case, in January 2017, the Jefferson County Division of Children, Youth, and Families filed a petition in dependency and 1 neglect after mother left the three-year-old twins home alone for over six hours. Neighbors reported that the children were screaming and crying. Police arrived to find the children locked in a bedroom with no food or water. The room smelled of urine, and the home was extremely dirty. The Division removed the children and placed them with their maternal grandfather, where they remained throughout the proceedings. ¶5 The juvenile court adjudicated the children dependent and neglected. In March 2017, the court adopted treatment plans for the parents. On August 28, 2017, the guardian ad litem (GAL) filed a motion to terminate the parent-child relationships. Over three days in December 2017 and January 2018, the court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the motion to terminate. In January 2018, the court terminated both parents’ parental rights. II. Analysis A. The Juvenile Court Did Not Violate Mother’s Attorney-Client Privilege ¶6 Mother contends that the juvenile court violated her attorney-client privilege when it required disclosure of a report 2 drafted by mother’s expert and admitted the report and the expert’s testimony at the termination hearing. We disagree. 1. Additional Background ¶7 Before the hearing, mother requested appointment of an expert in child psychology to evaluate her parenting time. Due to mother’s indigency, the expert was appointed at state expense pursuant to section 19-3-607(1), C.R.S. 2018. The expert conducted a parent-child interactional evaluation, which included a clinical interview of mother and direct observation of mother interacting with each of the four children. Based on the expert’s report, mother elected not to call the expert as a witness. ¶8 Just prior to the hearing, the GAL requested that the expert’s report be disclosed to her. Mother objected, asserting that the report was protected by attorney-client privilege. The juvenile court ordered the report disclosed and permitted the GAL to call the expert to testify to the results of his evaluation at the termination hearing. 2. Standard of Review ¶9 We review the juvenile court’s resolution of discovery issues for an abuse of discretion. People in Interest of A.D.T., 232 P.3d 313, 3 316 (Colo. App. 2010). We also review the juvenile court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. People in Interest of M.V., 2018 COA 163, ¶ 52. A juvenile court abuses its discretion “when its decision is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair, or when it misapplies the law.” People in Interest of E.R., 2018 COA 58, ¶ 6. The application of the attorney-client privilege is a question of law we review de novo. People v. Trammell, 2014 COA 34, ¶ 9. 3. State-Paid Experts and the Attorney-Client Privilege ¶ 10 In 1977, the Colorado legislature enacted the Parent-Child Legal Relationship Termination Act of 1977. Ch. 248, 1977 Colo. Sess. Laws 1026-1032. In this Act, the legislature provided that “[a]n indigent parent has the right to have appointed one expert witness of his own choosing whose reasonable fees and expenses, subject to the court’s review and approval, shall be paid by the state of Colorado pursuant to section 19-11-110.” Sec. 1, § 19-11-107(1), 1977 Colo. Sess. Laws at 1028. Ten years later, when the legislature repealed and reenacted the Colorado Children’s Code, this provision was relocated to section 19-3-607, altering only the section reference to the new section 19-3-610. Ch. 138, sec. 1, § 19-3-607(1), 1987 Colo. Sess. Laws 790. The provision has since 4 been substantively amended only once, when the legislature transferred the budgetary review and approval of the expert’s fees and costs from the court to the office of the respondent parents’ counsel. Ch. 216, sec. 1, § 19-3-607(1), 2016 Colo. Sess. Laws 830. ¶ 11 When an indigent parent’s attorney requests the appointment of an expert under this provision, the attorney-client privilege generally protects communications between the parent and the expert. B.B. v. People, 785 P.2d 132, 138 (Colo. 1990) (interpreting section 19-11-107(1), C.R.S. 1986). However, this privilege “is not absolute.” D.A.S. v. People, 863 P.2d 291, 295 (Colo. 1993). In other words, “under a variety of circumstances the cloak of confidentiality afforded by the attorney-client privilege does not extend to particular communications between an attorney (or his agent) and a client.” Id. For example, the “privilege applies only to statements made in circumstances giving rise to a reasonable expectation that the statements will be treated as confidential.” Id. (quoting Lanari v. People, 827 P.2d 495, 499 (Colo. 1992)). ¶ 12 In B.B., the expert was retained to conduct a disability evaluation of the parent, which included administering intelligence and personality tests as well as interviewing the parent. 785 P.2d 5 at 134-35. The People called the expert to testify in their case-in- chief, over the parent’s objection. Id. The supreme court ruled that, because the expert was an agent of the parent’s attorney, the attorney-client privilege protected confidential communications between the parent and the expert. Id. at 139. ¶ 13 Three years later, the supreme court addressed the issue in a different context. In D.A.S., the supreme court held that the attorney-client privilege did not attach to the testimony and report of an expert who conducted a parent-child interactional assessment. 863 P.2d at 295-96. In distinguishing B.B., the court focused on several factors, including that (1) much of the expert’s testimony concerned his observations of the children, not the parent’s statements; (2) the parent’s attorney knew, before the expert’s appointment, that the expert would likely conduct the parent-child interactional evaluation; (3) there was no request to forego the evaluation; (4) the children participated in the evaluation of the parent and themselves; (5) the children’s participation was not necessary to make the evaluation possible; and (6) the expert’s report had been given to opposing counsel before trial. Id. at 296. 4. Application 6 ¶ 14 The facts of this case are far more similar to those in D.A.S. than to those in B.B. Mother hired an expert in child psychology to evaluate her parenting ability through a parent-child interactional evaluation. After reviewing the expert’s report, mother decided not to call him as a witness. ¶ 15 However, the GAL moved to compel disclosure of the expert’s report. The juvenile court found that D.A.S. was dispositive of the issue and granted the motion. At the termination hearing, the juvenile court admitted the expert’s report and testimony over mother’s objection. ¶ 16 With regard to the parent-child interactional evaluation, much of the expert’s testimony concerned his observations of the children and, thus, did not fall within the scope of the privilege. See id. at 294 (attorney-client privilege protects communications between parent and expert, not expert’s observations and conclusions regarding children). In addition, the expert testified regarding the clinical interview he conducted with mother. However, he testified that this interview was integral to the parent-child interactional evaluation. 7 ¶ 17 Mother’s attorney requested the evaluation of mother’s parenting skills and asked that the children participate. Thus, mother’s attorney knew the expert would conduct the evaluation, desired it to occur, and requested the children’s participation. ¶ 18 True, the expert’s report was not disclosed to opposing counsel until the court granted the GAL’s request to do so. This fact is different than D.A.S., where it appears the expert himself provided a copy of his report to all counsel. However, under the statute in effect at the time, the GAL in D.A.S. was likely entitled to the report without having to request it. 1 ¶ 19 Finally, and in our view most significantly, the expert advised mother, both orally and in writing, that the evaluation and interview would not be considered confidential and were being conducted to inform the juvenile court with respect to the dependency and neglect proceeding. Thus, mother had no expectation of privacy in the results of the evaluation or the clinical interview. See Lanari, 1 The statute in effect at the time (as well as the current statute) required any report from a court-ordered evaluation to be provided to counsel prior to the hearing. § 19-3-607(2), C.R.S. 1990. Because the court appointed the expert, the expert’s report was essentially court-ordered. See People in Interest of D.A.S., 863 P.2d 291, 295 (Colo. 1993). 8 827 P.2d at 499. Indeed, even B.B. acknowledged that the privilege only attaches to confidential communications. 785 P.2d at 139. ¶ 20 Mother urges us to follow the reasoning of the dissent in D.A.S. We, of course, cannot do so, as we are bound by the supreme court’s majority opinion. In re Estate of Ramstetter, 2016 COA 81, ¶ 40. ¶ 21 Mother also argues that the law has changed since the decision in D.A.S. But as noted, the only statutory change that has occurred is the shift in responsibility for the approval of experts to the office of the respondent parents’ counsel. In other words, a parent is now able to retain an expert without a court order. One (perhaps unintended) result of this change is that fewer expert reports will be court-ordered, and therefore fewer will automatically be subject to disclosure under section 19-3-607(2), C.R.S. 2018. Nevertheless, because the juvenile court did not order disclosure pursuant to section 19-3-607(2), this statutory change does not alter our analysis. ¶ 22 Thus, we conclude that the juvenile court did not violate mother’s attorney-client privilege when it required disclosure of the expert’s report and admitted the report and the expert’s testimony. 9 B. The Juvenile Court Properly Terminated Mother’s Parental Rights ¶ 23 A court may terminate parental rights if it finds by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the parent has not complied with an appropriate, court-approved treatment plan or the plan was unsuccessful; (2) the parent is unfit; and (3) the parent’s conduct or condition is unlikely to change within a reasonable time. § 19-3-604(1)(c). ¶ 24 “The credibility of the witnesses and the sufficiency, probative effect, and weight of the evidence, as well as the inferences and conclusions to be drawn from it, are within the discretion of the trial court.” People in Interest of D.B-J., 89 P.3d 530, 532 (Colo. App. 2004). We will uphold the juvenile court’s findings and conclusions unless they are so clearly erroneous as to find no support in the record. People in Interest of C.A.K., 652 P.2d 603, 613 (Colo. 1982). 1. Mother Did Not Successfully Comply with Her Treatment Plan ¶ 25 As an initial matter, we reject mother’s contention that the lack of reasonable efforts by the Division rendered her treatment plan inappropriate. Mother’s argument conflates two distinct 10 issues: (1) the appropriateness of the treatment plan and (2) whether the Department made reasonable efforts to rehabilitate the parent. Before a court may terminate a parent-child relationship, it must find that (1) the parent has not reasonably complied with an appropriate treatment plan, the plan has been unsuccessful, or the court had previously found that an appropriate plan could not be devised; (2) the parent is unfit; and (3) the parent’s conduct or condition is unlikely to change within a reasonable time. People in Interest of L.M., 2018 CO 34, ¶ 27. ¶ 26 “In determining unfitness, conduct, or condition,” the juvenile court must also consider whether the Division made reasonable efforts to rehabilitate mother. § 19-3-604(2)(h). But the question of reasonable efforts is not related to the appropriateness of the treatment plan. Instead, the appropriateness of a treatment plan is measured in light of facts existing at the time of the plan’s approval. People in Interest of B.C., 122 P.3d 1067, 1071 (Colo. App. 2005). Thus, the Division’s later efforts to implement the plan have no bearing on whether or not the plan was appropriate. ¶ 27 The GAL asserts that we should not address mother’s contention that she reasonably complied with her treatment plan 11 because she did not raise the issue in the juvenile court. Divisions of this court have split on the question of whether a parent must specifically preserve issues by raising specific arguments related to each of the statutory criteria, or if failing to do so results in a waiver of appellate review as to the criteria not challenged. Compare People in Interest of S.N-V., 300 P.3d 911, 916 (Colo. App. 2011) (holding that a parent’s failure to object to services does not bar appellate review of a reasonable efforts finding), with People in Interest of D.P., 160 P.3d 351, 355-56 (Colo. App. 2007) (declining to review reasonable efforts finding because parent failed to object in the trial court to the services provided). We need not pick sides in this case because even if we assume mother preserved her claim, we discern no error. ¶ 28 The parent is responsible for assuring compliance with and success of the treatment plan. People in Interest of R.J.A., 994 P.2d 470, 472 (Colo. App. 1999). “[P]artial compliance, or even substantial compliance, may not be sufficient to correct or improve the parent’s conduct or condition.” People in Interest of A.J., 143 P.3d 1143, 1151 (Colo. App. 2006). 12 ¶ 29 When, as here, a dependency and neglect proceeding involves a child under the age of six, a court cannot find that a treatment plan has been successful if the parent exhibits the same problems addressed in the treatment plan without adequate progress, including improvement in the relationship with the child, and is unable or unwilling to provide nurturing and safe parenting sufficiently adequate to meet the child’s physical, emotional, and mental health needs and conditions. § 19-3-604(1)(c)(I). ¶ 30 The juvenile court found that mother had not resolved the protective concerns addressed in her treatment plan. In particular, mother still did not recognize the danger that father posed to the children. The caseworker testified that mother continued to steadfastly refuse to consider the possibility that father had abused the children despite the children’s severe injuries and their reports of physical abuse. See People in Interest of C.T.S., 140 P.3d 332, 334 (Colo. App. 2006) (a parent who chooses to remain in a relationship with someone who poses a threat to the child’s welfare may be deemed unfit if such conduct prevents the parent from providing adequate protection). 13 ¶ 31 The court also found that mother did not have a healthy relationship with the children. The child psychologist testified that mother struggled to manage the children and they did not see her as having authority. The caseworker testified that mother had not progressed beyond therapeutic visits when she visited all four children together, and still had supervised visitation when she visited with the two boys or the two girls separately. The caseworker was concerned that the children would regress if they returned to mother’s care at that time. ¶ 32 Thus, the record supports the juvenile court’s finding that mother’s treatment plan was not successful because she continued to exhibit the same problems addressed in the treatment plan without adequate improvement. Further, she was unable to provide nurturing and safe parenting adequate to meet the children’s physical, emotional, and mental health needs and conditions. § 19-3-604(1)(c)(I). 2. Mother Was Not Entitled to More Time to Comply with Her Treatment Plan ¶ 33 Mother contends that the juvenile court erred when it terminated her parental rights without affording her a reasonable 14 time to comply with her treatment plan. See People in Interest of D.Y., 176 P.3d 874, 876 (Colo. App. 2007) (a parent must be given a reasonable time to comply with an appropriate treatment plan before parental rights can be terminated). We perceive no error. ¶ 34 Mother received services for approximately ten months after the court approved her treatment plan. Cf. People in Interest of T.S.B., 757 P.2d 1112, 1113 (Colo. App. 1988) (nine months from adoption of treatment plan to termination was reasonable); People in Interest of R.B.S., 717 P.2d 1004, 1006 (Colo. App. 1986) (same). It was mother’s responsibility to use those services to get the help she needed to comply with her treatment plan. People in Interest of J.C.R., 259 P.3d 1279, 1285 (Colo. App. 2011). In this context, “[a] reasonable time is not an indefinite time, and it must be determined by considering the physical, mental, and emotional conditions and needs of the child.” A.J., 143 P.3d at 1152. Courts may also consider the parent’s social history, the chronic or long-term nature of the parent’s conduct or condition, and whether any change has occurred during the pendency of the dependency and neglect proceeding. Id. 15 ¶ 35 The psychologist noted that this was the second time the family had been involved in a dependency and neglect proceeding. He testified that episodes of such involvement were extremely rare in the general population, so multiple episodes in one family presented a notable risk factor. He opined that a parent’s history and ability to respond to intervention over time were the best predictors of the parent’s future behavior. He observed that, despite considerable intervention, mother still did not recognize her parenting deficits. Thus, the psychologist concluded that it would be very difficult for mother to make substantive changes. ¶ 36 The caseworker testified that mother needed at least an additional six months of therapy. In addition, the caseworker saw a significant protection concern in mother’s ongoing, covert contact with father despite having completed a treatment plan in a prior dependency and neglect case that required her commitment to keep father away from the children. ¶ 37 The juvenile court found that, although mother had made genuine efforts, she did not understand the danger father posed to the children or the effects of domestic violence on the children. The court found that mother would need a lot more therapy before it 16 would be safe to return the children to her. The court noted that the case was subject to the expedited permanency planning guidelines because the children were under six years old. See §§ 19-1-102(1.6), 19-1-123, 19-3-702(2.5), 19-3-703, C.R.S. 2018. ¶ 38 Thus, we conclude that the juvenile court did not err when it terminated mother’s parental rights without affording her more time to comply with her treatment plan. C. Father Was Not Entitled to More Time to Comply with His Treatment Plan ¶ 39 Father contends that the juvenile court erred when it terminated his parental rights without affording him a reasonable time to comply with his treatment plan. We perceive no error. ¶ 40 The determination of a reasonable period to comply with a treatment plan is necessarily fact-specific, and what constitutes a reasonable time may vary from case to case. D.Y., 176 P.3d at 876. ¶ 41 The Division argues that father failed to preserve this issue because, though it was mentioned in father’s opening statement, it was not addressed at all in his closing argument. As we discussed above in relation to mother’s preservation, we again need not decide 17 whether father preserved this claim because even if we assume he did, we discern no error. ¶ 42 Father asserts that (1) the only component of his treatment plan with which he was not in compliance was visitation; (2) he could not comply with the visitation provisions due to a criminal protection order; (3) the GAL had fought his attempts to modify the protection order; (4) a hearing on the protection order was set for two weeks after the termination hearing; and (5) thus, it was possible he would soon be able to begin visitation. ¶ 43 But evidence at the termination hearing contradicted father’s assertion that visitation could begin almost immediately and was the only barrier to successful completion of his treatment plan. ¶ 44 Father testified that he had no idea how each of the boys had sustained injuries that included fractured bones. He did not believe the children were afraid of him. ¶ 45 In contrast, the boys’ therapist testified that the boy who had suffered two fractured femurs reported that father had squeezed his leg and twisted it, which hurt a lot. He said that father hurt him and locked him in his room. The therapist said both boys talked about father spanking them, hurting them, and being mean. She 18 testified that both boys had post-traumatic stress disorder and were hypervigilant and fearful. ¶ 46 The elder girl’s therapist testified that the girl described witnessing ongoing domestic violence between her parents. The girl reported that father hit her and her brothers, and that it was scary when mother and father fought. The therapist had diagnosed the girl with post-traumatic stress disorder. ¶ 47 The caseworker testified that the children’s therapists had recommended against beginning visitation with father due to the children’s continued disclosure of physical abuse and their fear of him. She also testified that father had completed only four to six sessions of dialectical behavioral therapy out of twenty-six. He had made very little progress on his treatment plan. He had not taken ownership or acceptance of his negative impact on the children when they were in his care. The caseworker opined that it was not in the children’s best interests to maintain a relationship with father. ¶ 48 Thus, we conclude that the record supports the juvenile court’s decision to terminate father’s parental rights without affording him additional time to comply with his treatment plan. 19 D. Less Drastic Alternatives ¶ 49 Mother and father contend that the juvenile court erred when it found that an allocation of parental responsibilities (APR) to the maternal grandfather was not a viable less drastic alternative to termination of their parental rights. We disagree. ¶ 50 A juvenile court must consider and eliminate less drastic alternatives before entering an order of termination. D.B-J., 89 P.3d at 531. In doing so, the court must give primary consideration to the child’s physical, mental, and emotional conditions and needs. D.P., 160 P.3d at 356; see also § 19-3-604(3). The court may consider whether an ongoing relationship with the parent would benefit the child. See People in Interest of L.M., 2018 COA 57M, ¶ 29; People in Interest of J.L.M., 143 P.3d 1125, 1127 (Colo. App. 2006). Long-term placement with a relative is not a viable less drastic alternative if the child needs a stable, permanent home that can be assured only by adoption. People in Interest of M.B., 70 P.3d 618, 627 (Colo. App. 2003). ¶ 51 We must accept the juvenile court’s determination that no less drastic alternative to termination was available unless the finding is 20 so clearly erroneous as to find no support in the record. People in Interest of C.Z., 2015 COA 87, ¶ 64. ¶ 52 The juvenile court found that an ongoing relationship with the parents would not benefit the children. The children had no relationship with father, whom they had not seen in over a year. And there was no evidence of a healthy attachment bond between mother and the children, who did not see mother as a caregiver or someone who would keep them safe. The court found that the children needed to know that they were in a permanent home and their father could not get to them. Testimony by the caseworker and the psychologist supports these findings. ¶ 53 Other evidence at the termination hearing supported the juvenile court’s finding that mother would likely violate the conditions of an APR by allowing father to have contact with the children. The caseworker testified that mother had been diagnosed with a dependent personality disorder, which led her to stay in unhealthy relationships to avoid being alone. Mother testified that, despite the protection order in place after the prior dependency and neglect proceeding, she had habitually called father to help with the 21 boys when she became frustrated because they behaved better when he was there. ¶ 54 The grandfather testified he did not trust mother to keep father away from the children. He said protection orders had failed to protect the children and that adoption would make sure that line was never crossed again. ¶ 55 We therefore conclude that the record supports the juvenile court’s finding that an APR to the grandfather was not a viable less drastic alternative to termination of parental rights. III. Conclusion ¶ 56 The judgment is affirmed. JUDGE TAUBMAN and JUDGE BERGER concur. 22.
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http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/226319/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	// IP Marketing video - START// IP Marketing video - END More than 18 million receive HIV treatment: UNAIDS PanARMENIAN.Net - A new report by UNAIDS shows that countries are getting on the Fast-Track, with an additional one million people accessing treatment in just six months (January to June 2016). By June 2016, around 18.2 million people had access to the life-saving medicines, including 910 000 children, double the number five years earlier. If these efforts are sustained and increased, the world will be on track to achieve the target of 30 million people on treatment by 2020, UNAIDS said. Get on the Fast-Track: the life-cycle approach to HIV was launched Monday, November 21 in Windhoek, Namibia, by the President of Namibia, Hage Geingob and the Executive Director of UNAIDS, Michel Sidibé. “Just under two years ago, 15 million people were accessing antiretroviral treatment—today more than 18 million are on treatment and new HIV infections among children continue to fall,” said President Geingob. “Now, we must ensure that the world stays on the Fast-Track to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 in Namibia, in Africa and across the world.” The report contains detailed data on the complexities of HIV and reveals that girls’ transition to womanhood is a very dangerous time, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. “Young women are facing a triple threat,” said Mr Sidibé. “They are at high risk of HIV infection, have low rates of HIV testing, and have poor adherence to treatment. The world is failing young women and we urgently need to do more.” HIV prevention is key to ending the AIDS epidemic among young women and the cycle of HIV infection needs to be broken. Recent data from South-Africa shows that young women are acquiring HIV from adult men, while men acquire HIV much later in life after they transition into adulthood and continue the cycle of new infections. The report also shows that the life-extending impact of treatment is working. In 2015, there were more people over the age of 50 living with HIV than ever before—5.8 million. The report highlights that if treatment targets are reached, that number is expected to soar to 8.5 million by 2020. Older people living with HIV, however, have up to five times the risk of chronic disease and a comprehensive strategy is needed to respond to increasing long-term health-care costs. The report also warns of the risk of drug resistance and the need to reduce the costs of second- and third-line treatments. It also highlights the need for more synergies with tuberculosis (TB), human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, and hepatitis C programmes in order to reduce the major causes of illness and death among people living with HIV. In 2015, 400 000 of the 1.1 million people who died from an AIDS-related illness died from TB, including 40 000 children. “The progress we have made is remarkable, particularly around treatment, but it is also incredibly fragile,” said Mr Sidibé. “New threats are emerging and if we do not act now we risk resurgence and resistance. We have seen this with TB. We must not make the same mistakes again.” Get on the Fast-Track: the life-cycle approach to HIV outlines that large numbers of people at higher-risk of HIV infection and people living in high-burden areas are being left without access to HIV services at critical points in their lives, opening the door to new HIV infections and increasing the risk of dying from AIDS-related illnesses. The report examines the gaps and approaches needed in HIV programming across the life cycle and offers tailored HIV prevention and treatment solutions for every stage of life. "Ending AIDS is possible only if we join hands—by each doing what is within our scope, creatively and aggressively embracing the 90–90–90 targets," said Eunice Makena Henguva, Youth Economic Empowerment Project Officer for the Namibian Women's Health Network. Top stories The 324-member body is made up of delegates from national parliaments who meet four times a year in Strasbourg. The administration’s March budget proposal vowed to slash aid to developing countries by over one-third, but contained few details. Total world military expenditure rose to $1686 billion in 2016, an increase of 0.4% in real terms from 2015, according to figures from SIPRI. An estimated 325 million people are living with hepatitis B or C, with death tolls from the viruses rising, the UN said. Partner news.
410127_1	Wikipedia	CC-By-SA	淚或稱淚液、淚水，是眼睛外部的淚腺所分泌的液體。淚的原料是血液中的水份，它經由淚腺分泌出來後、通過並潤濕眼球表面，之後進入鼻淚管，流入鼻腔內而進入喉嚨。它不只可濕潤眼角膜，並可使眼球潤滑利於轉動，此外並有保護眼睛免受細菌感染和過濾部份紫外線的效果。正常的狀況下它一天的分泌量約是二至三毫升，且因量少從外觀是看不出來的。在感情激動時，包括哭和笑時都會使得淚水的分泌量增加，當其分泌的速度比流入鼻淚管的排出速度快時，淚水即會溢出眼外，而從外觀可以覺察，稱為流淚。若分泌的淚水不足時，稱為乾眼症。哭人体生理学眼睛体液.
FZGZTBVRDN3LS6N2LEM22IJNCWKHFHP6_1	German-PD-Newspapers	Public Domain	68. Jahrg. 7 Nr. 230 ſrftcis;. Durch Botenzuſtellung und Poſt monatlich 2.00 2.4, bei der Geſchäftsſtelle ab. ite Verhindert, beſteht V HHO ZzsttuUtd q ye! M.§!\ Fttbuq qu §r. r tere U zutt breit! ! t; Z:Ltent!: Die 70 mm breite Millimeterzeile 25 J.. te ng oder Konkurs erliſcht jeder Rabatt. Gerichtsſtand: Heidelberg. ilagen : Gonntag der Seele / Heimatwarte / Wiſſenſchaft und Kunst / Katholiſche Welt / Soziaie zeitſragen / Lejeſtunde / Die Stholle / Aus der Welt der Frau rene Gthizophrenie \| w \| îÑ Von Hermann Mu > er mann. ſ KK. Nachdem im letzten Aufsatz die Bedeu-. irſertin, 5. Okt. Der 4. Oktober 1933 wird Hauſes der Deutſchen Preſſe, um in Gegen- ſoweit überhaupt wahrſcheinſich, auszuschalten. mehr eu qq y zt hM h. [ L1ultelsich tre zzecs vati titGcc s.. se tet tezlntt Verte teujscztedt s erh tre e tun. Vert P Oe L [tn Tage iſt ihr durch den Reichsminiſter Dr. einer groß angelegten, wundervoll klaren und I? G ue Kae ;;! Ut Iniereſle daran, auf. Seite den Nachwuchs der Erbkranken zurückzu- \| jefbels. der ſelbſt dieſem Berufsſtande an- eindringlichen Rede das große Wert zu be- richtige Männer zu besitzen, bie die Feder zu hszttisn. auf der entttet Seite pic etbe: hun ſie et Fheruuc, zutcit Few Welt. “erlebt orgtoet aur he!gelccut ie die bedeutſame hattdhahen verfichcn u die quf iht grt on tt auile ! he. Lehe st frei sss li. Sie hat aus der Hand der deutſchen Sitzung und ſagte u. a.: Wir deutſche Journa- het :rhtt Loualen Autggter Huebe: kranken Erbanlagen, ausgeſtattet mit einer \| hedatsregierung das höchſte Geſchenk erhalten, liſten empfinden es als eine hohe Ehre, daß gesetz erklärt:. .. Fülle wertvoller körperlicher und geiſtiger Ein js ihr zuteil werden konnte, die a b ) o lu t e Sie, Herr Reichsminister, heute zu uns ins Das Recht, zu ſchreiben, muß durch ſitt- betſthetten, pie es etmbguhen. has Letcn q geh: s ür Sams ug L3§ UO ſUiriacüv: zie sub! Celwsltclicte jn Wiesisch; Tel \| , Amt Wiesloch Nr. 204. Unverlangte Manuſpripte ohne Rückporto werden nicht zurückgeſandt. \|! ; : Schriftleitung u. Geſchäftsſtelle: Heidelberg, Bergheimer Straße 59 /61, Tel. 126/127. Geo >\|: ſhs]tetturtert: 7.30 bis 18 Uhr. Sprechſtunden der Redaktion: 11.30 bis 12.80 Uhr. Ano Die Geiſteskrankheit der \| §y?.é r e Un ab hängigk e i t. Der deutſche Haus der Deutſchen Preſſe gekommen ſind, um liche und nationale Reife erworben wer- ' 1 ! LG 4/ \| tl és vaetes uur lest: Ur st s. ÔUecua qu M netze 1 s c u re BO RUM su Uu af tc ?nehr, weder dem Verleger noch irgendwelchen rue. ua für das ganze deutſche Volt zueot Sie 1 Fhtem rut q Aufgabe ter kr ank dagegen sind alle die Familien, deren ſelbgebern oder Intereſſengruppen verant- von Bedeutung ſinnd. Welche Stellung die kennen und die große Verantwortung Volk Erbgefüge 18 zugcteſtet it. daß mit großer \| biw acfgernut sr hal vas gröpimöglithe Utaß tim im Geiſesleben unſetes Baltes sin und Stast gegenüber trages, dag laute t§ Porhelt rente und l ZUedl ut S kit Selbftverwaltrug, jetts t éigeue C ée die q uflageall tr d ii tſ Y zn § ag e s und sie kommen dann in ein positives Verhält- j;ts; ttt 2.1; quhauve t Jhtie beruf U: é ii e m eu Lt ttmeil erhalten,. wr hett t y ' !! \| !. fu! Gt ut sud n funden ſich im Leben behaupten §: können. §-. \| hô§ ber brtrhivgen wurde h4tz Geſez un- Dann machte Reichsminister ht. Coehbels zubauen und ihn in vollem Maße der Selbst- j. ‘irg! die tsrpsrlidi Iser Exrbtrog!en, 'ittelbar nach Abſchluß der Kabinettssitzung unter großem Beifall prinzipielle Ausführun- verantwortung und der eigenen Gerichtsbar- s fes J g et ; uipeetiheu ' pekannt. Wenige Stunden ſpäter erſchien gen über die Bedeutung der Preſſe im neuen keit zu überantworten. [ :. / ) \| iaeeecdHDcO:. U.. e E EI. t Ea S3 B ff ttf e ls. iu zhectälltet grcher Evel pes. B... das Ihnen hiermit in die Hand gegeben wird, MV). men find all’ bie Erbtrantheiten, die ; U .es! (z! Ust. than in das h öh er e S e el enleb en der Men- q MI () _ fünf, ſechs oder ſieben Jahren die anderen lhtn chiurcen: Fs Geiſusrcautttuet IclIcIOOOo .. O HE q.Reichsminister Dr. Go e b bels führte u. a. gar keine andere Möglichkeit geben, als die test en qs tt. qu w Wohls wohl hit Helſtesttantheit der Sy!zoghren!e ' IÜ.. gäigorcgicrung ê Ethhüüſe ut weſälüie viejei giesietuvs u ése! <iveses ud satt Mosle ves outs. q “t uu sq muuelrs tut Hen h, Die Reichsregierung hat das neue Schrift- decken und afür zu ſorgen, daß sie zu gre f widerläuft. Ich habe die natürliche Avſicht. ye quite! ccCco o. E E c ; huntt in der Entwicklung der öffentlichen nung in ihrer Gestaltung zu. überwachen. Zum Schluß dankte Dr: Go eb b e ls sei trentheit. die meist. ev dt der Haſte ver JMeinung in Deutſchland überhaupt. Man Wenn heute in Iournaliſtenkreiſen Klage dar. H « und er. , q. / egi i i ] in über geführt wird, daß das Bild der deutſchen nein Parteigenoſſen Dr. Die r c< * Reife oder etwas ſpäter auftritt. Nur ſehr [tf ganzen Welt gut. [ynzetu w Preſſe zu uniform geworden ſei, ſo muß ich tz!) ihn inter 1ebhaftem Pehat! der Ver: ſelten gelangt ſie zur Heilung. In ihren ſcCl©cCccc ( u' L E IE C.SE S U E I S. g 3 ÊÊÊÒÛÊ.Ê.LÛÒ..eeectttSe lÈÊtecooÒ.. vt ; lungen hes Volkes und Staatskörpers zu durchaus kein Hindernis in den Weg geſetzt. tzp:li, fh pot unt ah wi het Nagterthl W ewetigehenden Abitumpfuug res Gemütss \|\|to i \| ! Ans kann es ſchon recht ſein, wenn vie jreie vêreinigen tn dem ernſten Willen, ! lebens, oft zu tiefer Verblödung. Wohl treten. gs der abjoluten Preſſefreiheit Hiskaltun schn. Etisſtvetiiänzits dat ſe tt A§ seit M (uus tUUtt cucsts. teſeutsu. J:4 „fore f! uz. ist ein ausgeſprochen liberaler. ſis die ehr Politik ver U f Wenn das der feſte Entſchluß ſei, dann werde jſt niemals ſicher vor plötzlichen Rückfällen. Die Freiheit des Individuums richtet ſich ime Das. Shriftleiterge]et hat die Abzicht Deutſchland herrlicher denn je wieder aufer- Ein erheblicher Teil der Inſaſſen in unſeren mer nach der Freiheit, die ein Volkstörper an Sie mit Verantwortung zu heiayen. ste tc tubelnde Beifall, mit dem Heil- und Pflegeanſtalten ſetzt ſich aus Schizos ih zu genießen in der Lage iſt und die Frei- Wir wollen keine Geſinnungslumperei, ſon- vit Hue. ie Reichsminiflers aufge- fgtintr q!ſotuuen. sehr rerſuse seit heit des Individuums muß ihm um so mehr dern wir wollen eine offene und ehrliche ingegliedert werden, je größer die akuten Ge- Sprache. Wir haben auf allen Gebieten eine no \| ih t "ict i 'ſahren ſind, von denen der Staatstörper an Regierung, die zufolge ihrer größeren Intelli: gyp i trich nur vorübergehend oder überhaupt nicht in , ſich temporär bedroht iſt. Dieſe Begrenzung genz und Tatkraft an die Macht gekommen ist Dr. Die ;. Anftalten untergebracht ſind, dürfte ein der Geiſtes- und Meinungsfreiheit wird jich u. die ſich außerdem noch der besten Köpfe der dem allgemeinen Empfinden Ausdruck verlieh. Mehrfaches betragen. ! Immer dann zum Segen des ganzen Staats- Ration bedient, um eine Irrtumsmöglichkeit, Die Ausführungen zum Geſes ſiehe Sétte 4 Durch ſehr eingehende Forſchungen, die \|Weſens auswirken, wenn die Mehrheit der mx n H DÚ DIDU;y ry=ﬀùﬀ=ny)SS se Û ſchon vor Jahrzehnten nicht nur in Deutſch- [Wohlmeinenden sie ſich freiwillig aufer- ; y .. m. aul.....0 ". rischer u1rdo 4u 1000 land, sondern auch in anderen Ländern be- .ScONuouc…dcCiN(NI co c ..titGo p f + It ttet!rgg EUag 1:1 § se Berlin Vizekanzler von Papen und Stabs- verurteilt, weil bie Volksstimme den deutschen tet 'sienvere grgtte!h tze Ferlqurgeon: [len Freiheit, die wir von den uns in die Hand chef Röhm begeben ſich am Freitag vormittag Außenminiſter Frhr. von Neurath Jals j(Geſin- wurden, iſt der Erbgang und die Erbprognoſe \|üegebenen Stellen verlangen, entbieten wir im Fluggeug Jeet Breslau, um dort an dem nungsfreund des Ätlentäters“ auf den Bundes- der Schizophrene grundſätzlich ſicher geſtellt. ¡tuch den uns übergeordneten Stellen. Rie- Aufmarfch der ſchlefiſchen SA. und SS. teil- taygler btztichtct 'r r§ilfe Wai emanner, der Dieſe Geiſteskrankheit beruht auf mehreren, / ien. Dex Glajergeyt! §. ſich unabhängig von einer vererbenden regzeſ- mmen wurden, wiederholte ſich, als phrenen auf 70-80 000; die Zahl derer, die ¡Wand ſoll ſo naiv ſein, zu glauben, daß in der zunehmen. Die Herren werden auf dem Flug- vl er U ſuule “ut hart diss ( lnationulfotialistiſchen ' Führung überhaupt platz Breslau durch Obergruppenführer Hei- Dertil. den Revolver gegeben hat, mit dem Vt ſiven (d. h. ſich verdeckt vererbenden) Anlage- q\|nicht eine Meinungsverſchiedenheit auflom- nes empfangen werden. ſer auf Dr. Dollfuß; ſchoß, yurds jcſuenemmen paaren; die Krankheit kann alſo bei den Kin- men könne. Was uns aber vom Leerlauf des HYerlin. Herzog Carl Eduard von Sachſen- ebenſo andere Perſonen aus rtils Betann!em Zern nur dann auftreten, wenn von beiden .! Parlamentarismus und der liberalen Demo: Cobur Ind Gotha, der Präſident des nationa- kreis. m., g.. art.. Eltern her die kranken Anlagen in die Che. \|ratie unterſcheidet, das iſt: Wenn einmal bei len Doutſchen Automobiltlubs löst diesen zum Genf. Der Unterausſchuß der Völterbunds- gebracht worden ſind. Die Feſtſtellung dieses criner Meinungsversſchiedenheit eine Entſcheil- 31. Rüdins an der genannten Forſchungsanſtalt. durch eingehende Zwi mal ſo ſtark mit Sizophrenie gefährdet wie die ger feſtgeſtellt worden. Piychopaten. Beſonders ſtark geſährdet iſt ſtehen 37 diskordante natürlich die Nachkommenjchaft von Eltern, paare gegenüber. dann, wenn der eine Ehepartner gänglich ge- Schwerſtbelaſteten, groß. nicht geringer iſt als im innerſekretoriſcher Art, hinzukommen, die zu > vj Ä Leipzig, 5. Okt. Zu Beginn der heutigen Ver- in der Dircksenſtraße wo wi weiter vernommen. Vorſitzender: Als Der Vor ſit end e hält dem Angeklagten die wird geltend gemacht und ' der Hand heruntergekommen. Einige Teilnehmer ſeien nicht kenne; im übrigen halte er es für ausge- geführt worden. ſchloſſen, daß man einen ſo ausſehenden Menſchen ' ungehindert in den Reichstag hineingelaſſen hätte. ni j : ve ait ſche Bedeutung 1 lich ſehe, allerdings einen Kopf kleiner ſei. Viel- Ich bin ſehr leicht ſei dieſer Mann von dem Zeugen als van mich zu infor ; der Lubbe angeſehen worden. Der Vor ſ i hende Rach \| richtet die Frage an Torgler, ob er am Brand- gen zwiſchen der V. \| tage im Obergeſchoß des Reichstages mit dem ſtattfanden. Studenten Perl zuſammen gewejſen ſei. \| \| ) Dorgler verneint und ſagt, er habe die Ver- in de \| ' wechſlungsmöglichkeit des Perl nur im Zuſammen- : hang mit der Behauptung erwähnt, daß am Tage mieren. r es u. a. heißt:. im Reichstagsfahrſtuhl hinaufgefahren ſei. Der Vor it ende weiſt weiter auf die Aus- barung, nach der Hayes in 'ſagen einer Zeugin hin, daß der kommuniſtiſche korreſ Fragen des Vorſitenden an van der Lubbe, ob er Schuldigen an der Brandſtif den preußiſchen Landtag kenne und ob ihm der müssen. [i eine Scheibe heraus geweſen und die Scherben anträge zu formulieren. Leiter angeſtellt gewesen. den Ausführungen des Verte zur Sprache. Angeklagter Torgler ſchildert ,daß er Branting und R. Rolland geſ Torgler ertlärt, daß außer den dreien ſpäter zwei "et! dienen 10 Uhr, ſei ein Kellner an ihren Tiſch gekommen über das, was in jener Verha \| fort aufgeſtanden, und wir haben kurz nach 10 Fl z 'zr!ester zucetr j Uhr das Refſtaurant verlaſſen. ! Vorſitz ender: Das weſentliche bei der Sache vi st doch, daß der Zeuge Hoeft, der Geſchäftsführer nommen werden können und b =I fist luis aufgenommen haben, als Sie zuſam- delt, die zurüctzuweiſen ſind. ' en qagen. 'ſund iſt, werden die Kinder Träger verdeckter krankung ſchon verhältnismäßig frühzeitig \| Anlagen ſein, und die Gefahr, daß ihre Nach- aufgetreten iſt, ohne Nachwuchs bleiben. Ver- p 'Tommen wiederum ſchizophren werden, iſt da- einzelte Feſtſtellungen lassen aber erkennen, ſ 'mit — bei ungünſtiger Gattenwahl — ſehr daß der Nachwuchs der übrigen Schizophrenen , Widerſprüche zwiſchen Torglers Aus ſagen und den zeugen / Eine ſcharfe Erklärung Dr. Garls handlung wird zunächſt der Angellagte Torgler mittag für den Abend verabredet hatten. Tonrgler betont erneut, daß er van der Lubbe Unruhe geweſen. Es ſeien viele Telefongeſpräche Angeklagter Torgle r: An unſerem Tiſch iſt häufig ans Telefon gegangen, um \| \| vorher ein van der Lubbe ähnlich ſehender Mann Fuiltrh tu tn Htrt1ttzpÑ tücchtett tu Kollege Hayes. Ich erhalte soeben eine Verlaut- ein Loch in das Glasdach feſtgeſtellt worden iſt. würdig, Gerüchte, politiſche Kombinationen wie Am Donnerstag vormittag 10 Uhr trat d QÚÇÚÛÊÔ Ueber dem kommuniſtiſchen Fraktionszimmer ſet sie im Braunbutch enthalten lind, hier als Beweis- ba hätten unten gelegen. Ueber dem Loch ſei eine Oberreichsanwalt Dr. Werner: Ich ftimme \| \| ". Der Angeklagte Torgler erwidert, daß ihm bei, die ſich gegen die Verleumdungen richteten,. dieſer Vorgang völlig unverſtändlich ſei. Als er die in einem Teil der Auslandspreſse und in d tt tr tz! bitt Lush ci (us hs O rt? rte: lin martt iſt einer der wichtigleen Wegs zu vioſen davon bemerkt und er wiſſen nicht, durch wen und Diele ung jéte atterlate haben Letten taſlen aui klst wurde beſchloſſen, die Markt iſt einer der wichtigſten Wege zu dieſem welche Zeit dieſe Scheibe zerbrochen worden ſei. !!! ticſent Etqhtues des Prozeſſes auch mir keinen o qſ: t! Beiſezung auf [é Et. bie Ziel. Der Schlüſſel der geſamten Wirtſchafts- -r ter der "ach dem Veitistagsbrand. Er “ur. tz! Liege tesUrtic tut!: kaſſe zu übernehmen. .. lnÈÇecicccéſooorTt, Gs. cus \| Bahnhof Friedrichsſtraße gegangen iſt, wo er ſich s zur Entlaſtung der Angeklagten oder zur Be- wurden Beamte der einſchlägigen Ministerien g mMm…eÊÊ$Seittt. o pr tStStSSttt!tt \| ! ienen ſollte, in der Sitzung verwerten würde. präſident erſta NcitcCèÌÇlIo)hlu. E 1 S \| fedoch Nein, nein, es ſind ſchon Tauſende da. Dann [r! weh tes telegrenttr bes pq!tztlpräiiver- ahmen des Arbeitsbeſchaffungspro- ernführer H u b e x behandelte vie Feaqe gos \| _ habe ich die Sache ernſthaft aufgefaßt. Ich bin ſo- g des Oberleuinns qgqramms ; daß ich , ; ; ;. .. .,. c\ re, Ansiedlung der ſogenannten „Landhelfer als. u geser ein. Die Mittel ſind vom Reich bereitgeſtellt Bauern. Handwerkskammerpräſident Näher. verteilt. Ebenſo wird. ſofort der Bau von frörterte das Arbeitsbeſchafîungsprogramm inn.. Waſſerleitungen und Kanaliſationen in An- Ich behalte mir das noch vor und dann wird elleicht zu allen Verleumdungen Stellung ge- _ des Lotals, ſich darüber wunderte, daß ſie die Nach- es ſich wirklich um haltlofs str! tuetden. tah \| „Geibelverger Volksblatt“ -. Freitag, ben 6. Öküöbe: 1883 Phren, ſo finden ſich unter den Kindern 53% einer Aktivierung der Anlagen Jühren. Von gebeſſert oder geheilt aus der Anſtalt entlaſſen in keiner Weiſe mit der Wahrheit übereinsſti Schizophrene und 20% Piychopathen. Nach 100 Menſchen mit der Anlage für Schizophre- worden iſt. Oft ſchließen dieſe Menſchen, 1925 ſei van der Lubbe ersſt 16 Iahre alt ge Hans Luxenburger, einem der Mitarbeiter nie erkranken ungefähr 64—-68%. Das iſt die ſich da geſund fühlen, dann eine Ehe und und es ſei nicht vorſtellbar, daß ein ſo j ſind die Kinder der Schizophrenen über zehn- Piychiaters U szuueut; tt r L4truciicalt 0 i un 11 rtls lher als girls de: hot Erdilchen Ks zw wie es die vorhergehende ihrer Anlage hrenen zur ückkzud ämmen, ift elbſtverſtändliche Forderung. ) Paare; ihnen gantherapie vermag die kranken Anlagen zu gendbewegung in Holland ins Leben rufen. eieiige Zwillings- heilen oder umzuändern, ſo daß anſtatt der zu bei denen der eine Teil ſchizophren und der Ueber den zahlenmäßigen Nachwuchs der ;UqttGdeu teten Kinser fu (t”oÂ ‘andere ſchizophrenähnlich, ſchizoid, iſt, Fälle, Schizophrenen fehlen noch eingehende Unter- Menſchen geboren werden. Die nächſte Gene- Sprengverſuchen einer kommuniſtiſchen Grup! 1 ration iſt anlagemäßig genau ſo beſchaffen, in der Wuhlheide beteiligt geweſen, wird ydl die gar nicht selten vorkommen. Aber auch ſuchungen. Es ift anzunehmen, daß die wi / Die zweite Krankheit, die den biologiſchen daß im Rotfrontkämpferbund sr.0 Ein weiterer Vorhalt aus den Bekundungen ſunde Zeugen Kunzack, Torgler und Kaſper ſeien an del nach Torgler beſtritten. beſonders wenn ihre Er- iſt. Daß wir aber daher a lle s tun m ü ſ-. Dem Angeklagten Torgler wird dann eine Au en, um d en Na h w u <s der S < i z o- ſage des Zeugen Grothe vorgehalten, der End' eine Februar noch Kameradſchaftsführer im Rotfron! kämpferbund war. Dieſer Zeuge bekundet, Durchſchnitt der jetzi- Beſtand unſeres Volkes und ſeine Leiſtungs- 1933 Hochalarm geherrſcht habe.. Nicht immer tritt die ſchizophrene Anlage in gen Bevölkerung. Wichtig wären Unterſuchun- fähigkeit bedroht, iſt der erbliche Schwachſinn. Die aktiven Gruppen seien in Gasſtwirtſchafte" Erſcheinung. Es müssen ganz beſondere Um- gen über die Anzahl der Kinder, die geboren Hierüber i Hierüber in einem weiteren Aufsatz. weltbedingungen, vermutlich hormonaler oder werden, nachdem der Schizophrene. ſeinen er- , ſten Krankheitsanfall überwunden und als und Privatwohnungen untergehracht worden. Nachmittag des 27. ſei befohlen worden, di! Alarmquartiere zu räumen. Grothe hat dan! weiter von Aeußerungen berichtet, die er voh j anderen gehört hat. Ein Kraftfahrer Singer jol etwa Anfang April geſagt haben, daß der Reichs Losſchlagen geweſen ſei. infolgedeſſen verpufft. Ein gewisser Kemper ſoll zu Grothe geäußet! zwiſchen der Zentrale und der Brandftiftung. Et habe das Brandmaterial am Portal des Reichs“ tages an einen großen Schwarzen abgegeben, der Popoff geweſen ſei. Kemper foll ferner gefagt r uns ſchon am Nacho Nachdem der Vorsitzende durch das überaus haben, , dreiſte Verhalten des Angeklagten Dimitroff zu es ſeien Ausländer genommen worden um dis belaſtendes Moment energiſchem Eingreifen veranlaßt worden war, deutſchen Kommuniſten nicht zu belaſten. durch Zeugen belegt, wird dem Angeklagten Torgler eine Zeugenaus- Die Brandſtiftung hat in den Händen Torglers urant Slawitki in der ſage vorgehalten, wonach Torgler einige Zeit vor gelegen, der insbeſonder die Mittäter habe hinein r dem Brand mit Dimitroff im Reichstag, an e. Die Unterredung Brüſtung lehnend, geſehen worden iſt. nach oben befördert habe. Nach einiger Zeit ſei ſei in leiſem Flüfterton geführt und abgebrochen Torgler ertlärt, daß er Dimitroff erſtmalig in Plan im Liebknechthaus beraten worden. An die derſelbe Mann wieder mit einer Papiertüte in worden, wenn ſich Leute dem Tiſch näherten. ſeinem Leben in Leipzig in dieſexr Verhandlung ſen Beratungen habe entweder Torgler odek in wahrnehmbarer kennengelernt habe. des Bergmannes Kunzack, der früher ſelbſt K iner laſſen ſollen. Der Beginn ſei auf 7.80 Uhr abends feſtgeſeßt gewesen. Einige Tage vorher ſei det Koenen teilgenommen, außerdem van der Lubbe Der Vorsitende gibt dann eine Zeugenausſage und Popoff. Popoff sollte den Rückweg decken. om- Der Angeklagte Torgler erklärt, alle dieſs muniſt war, bekannt. Dieſer Zeuge hat von einer Angaben ſeien geradezu phantaſtiſch. t ' <ts im Flüſterton geſprochen worden. Wir Zuſammentunft berichtet, die im Jahre 1925 in Er wi Weiter ertlärt Torgler, er habe ſeit November haben natürlich ziemlich erregt den Reichstags 1982 für die kommuniſtiſche Fraktion einen Stu- hrand beſprochen und uns darüber unterhalten, denten Perl beſchäftigt, der van der Lubbe ähn- welche politi ſſe von alledem nicht das geringste. Düsseldorf ſtattgefunden haben ſoll. Leiter der Damit iſt die Vernehmung Torgkers beendet. \| Ausſprache war der frühere Abg. Heinz Neu- Der Vorſitende hält nun die Ausſagen des Zew das haben könnte. mann. Es waren drei Holländer anweſend, von gen Grothe vor, die der Angeklagte als eine grew Lubbe dieſe Ausſage vor und fragt ihn, ob L neint. In Düſſeldorf will van der Lubbe erſt Es tagt in Patis der ſogenannte Unterſuchungs- “qu w leo qu. Bekundungen Kunzacks vernommen werden. Paris dem Sonder. f 2. pondenten der „Prawda“ gegenüber ſich \| \| \|. ' Abgeordnete Koenen zuſammen mit van der Lubbe geäußert haben ſoll, daß er ein ſeltſames Betragen ' [MI ¡den Fahrſtuhl hinaufgefahren ſei. der Verteidigung feſtſtellen müſſe, die bei der Ene. \| q q i Torgler hält das für ausgeſchloſſen. Die laſtung der Angeklagten gleichzeitig die waehrn g tung hätte angeren Rühinettsjißung der badiſchen Regierung Abgeordnete Koenen betannt ſei, verneint der An- Ich verwahre mich gegen dieſen Anwurf, daß Karlsruhe, 5. Oktober. 'geklagte. Weiter gibt der Vorſitende eine Zeu- meine Verteidigung itgendwie ein eigenartiges D denen einer Lubben hieß, der nach der Ausſage zenloſe Lüge erklärt. ö des Zeugen unbedingt mit dem Angeklagten van Der Angeklagte Dimitroff verſucht dann wieder, einer längeren Pauſe, in der Verhandlun- der Lubbe identisch ſei. \| erteidigung und dem Senat Der Vorsitende hält den Angeklagten van gab Ir. Satk eine Erklärung ab,. politiſche Fragen an den Angeklagte Torgler zu her ticten, die aber bald vom Vorsitzenden abgelehnt Heinz Neumann kenne, was van der Lubbe ver- Darauf wurde die Verhandlung auf Freite im vertragt. Es ſoll dann der Angeklagte Dimitroff zur Tat \| Siedlung und der Geländeinſtandſetunn. Die Preſſeſtele beim Staatsminiſterium und deren Finanzierung ein. Anſchließzend en genausſage bekannt, wonach am Tage des Brandes Gebaren hat. Es ist eines CCIINnnoNSBSSGSSS \| griff der Re ichs ſta ttha lter das Wort te Wie der Miniſterpräſident ſei auch er ein \| am 26. Februe! tagsbrand in der Tat Signal für das allgemein! Die Attion ſei aber falſch geführt worden und haben, er, Kemper, habe die Verbindung gehabl/. e. - Q ü diſche Regierung zu einer Kabinett- Gegner jeder unorganiſchen Wirtſchaftseen._. iz ert I6 ſinme fallhetisr ieilnahm. Ministerpräſident K s Regierung auf find. die Bluttat im Faſanengarten <rieben habe, daß Im Anſchluß daran wurden Fragen der Vertretung Badens in Berlin über großzügige Arbeitsbe Und habe ; Z vorgebracht worden iſt. Auch ich tzlau t §oËben Uyftruzet!ue ut pte 4tr «uta uu! Ö und gefragt oh fis ſchot wüßten, daß §t: gewiſſenhaft durchgearbeitet und doch habe ich kei- werbeamt. Einen großen Raum nimmt die ſchaft und über ſein planmäßiges Vorgehenzua " œäjêirutttt.ltt Trete err. te here tis varaufdi r Ju q! urgctd etwas zur Zeit dringend notwenvige s tommi darauf an, al , hen ſie doch keinen Unſinn. Der Kellner erwiderte k ct V, rigen habe 1 tt ückkommen würde. griff genommen. Es muß anerkannt werden, daß das Reich in der Finanzierung dieſer Pro- Rechtsanwalt Dr. Sac teilt mit, er höre, da jekte dem Lande Baden außerordentlich ent- , Torgler: Das iſt nur dadurch zu erklären Rechtsanwalt Hayes soeben in den Saal gekommen gegengekommen iſt und großes Verständnis ' \| haß wir, die wir allein hinten in der Ecke ſaßen, ſei. Er betrachtet es. als ſeine Pflicht, das auf- für Badens Grenzlandlage gezeigt hat. Vor: " hoch gar keine Ahnung davon hatten, wenn auch z ; \| und ſei zum Reichstag gefahren. Er habe es aber Vernehmung des Rechtsanwalts aufgegeben, durch die Abſperrung zu kommen, be- Senat beraten. Flügel, wo die Zimmer der kommuniſtiſchen Frak- den Saal. Alchinger zurückgefahren und habe dort Birken- Hayes ſei bereit, auszuſagen, da hauer ſeine Beobachtungen erzählt. Koenen, fuhr dieſer Weiſe geäußert habe. î Torgler fort, hatte ſich inzwiſchen zum Alexander. Der Vorsitzende verkündet aber noch bis 11.80 Uhr auf und dann fuhr ich eben- walt Hayes zu hören. tr ccc. E. I U hf, ;". Er q fn zr U §tdal. ett! Präſident Bünger erklärt, über die Anregung der beiten. Ueber weitere Arbeiten auf den ge- .nONON UE ENS SG \| \| faonders, nachdem er geſehen habe, daß in ‘dem Nach kurzer Beratung betritt der Senat wieder tetſitbarer Summen nicht nur den großen tädten, ſonden auch dem flachen Lande zu- tion lagen, alles dunkel war. Er ſei dann zu Rechtsanwalt Dr. Sac erklärt, Rechtsanwalt fließen. Es iſt mit unmittelbarer Inangriff- ß er ſich nicht in ybtte vieler ſrotette noch in dieſem Herbſt als Beſchluß des Nach Stellungnahme des Miniſterpräſi- \| pPlayh begeben. „Heibelberger Volksblatt" Freitag, den 6. Oktober 19388. ' Seite 3 Wetternachrichten Für Samstag: \| n (t.te der trockenen, herbſtlichen 'Wittbe- \| ibelberg, den 6. Ottobe: 108.. Meougliederung der KalpingsfamileIn. Pat tilau .. q4 q1uver azz5: bteuerkalender Dr. Rattermann wird Reichspräſes flu. (tems w.: h den Monat Oktober Anläßlich der g-ſtvigen Verſammlung war der Führer der Meiſtergruppe iſt der Altmeister. 260 (260). ' heir 40 .verg en... dus t G r trmmrprpry 16, gî18 dem letzten Vierteljahr. Aktive. Schutz- und Ehrenmitglieder wa- familie. .0. Df ' t. : ;, (zx. und. itt. .. Pt! fue ge qu u ren zahlreich erſchienen. Nach Begrüßuw durch Der Senior wird auf Vorsſchlag des Vereins 9n .Acheid x l quurÊ Deca rt nahm der H. H. Kaplan vom Präſes ernannt, Altſenior und Altmeiſter ED OÜktober: Lohnsteuer und Arbeitsloſenhilfe Hug le das Wort, um in hochbedeutſamen Aus- werden aus den. Reihen der Altmitglieder und. und Eheſtanldsbeihilfe aus Zahlungen aus laſſungen ſich mit den Fragen und Problemen Meistergruppe gewählt. Die Träger der übrigen „der Zeit vom TEI5. Oktober 198383 zu bejaſſen, die durch die heutige Zeit geſtellt Vereinsämter werden durch den Fühver be- [%. s. Oktober: Befbrderungsſteuer aus dem Vor- ſind. Die Gedankengänge des H. H. Präſes gip- ſtimmt. mIRI. .u. { jelten in dem ehrlichen Wunſche, daß auch die Der Präſes wird von der Führerſchaft des %. gſost. Verſicherungssteuer aus dem Vor- Kolpingsfamilie m den neuen Staat hinein- Geſellenvereins gewählt und vom Diözeſanprä- G U / j, monat bgw. Vierteljahr. wachſen 1nóge: Iutbejondeve hetrachtet die deut- ſes dem Dibzeſambiſchof vovgeſchlagen. Wichtig. und die Frauenbeilage. Bei micht rechtzeitiger Zahlung treten die ge- [he Lolpingstantilie ts als ihre Aufgabe, durch iſt, daß bei der „Reichsfäß enn hct hgutſthen iſt auch ſo lehrreich und inter- j îihen Zwangsmaßnahmen eit. U s y“ I tt Meute. dr tu eſſjant! : Vortrag im „Columbus“ hu tu hu U rute tu! q! V leihe us s ſpätere Hinfahrt zur Abholung. Als Ausweis dient , Ein außerordentlich ſtartes Intereſſe bei ſei- mung eines lobensſtarten, innerlich wohlgeord- eine Stammtarte als üuwéen. bis auf weiteres die für das Kalenderjahr ausge- tu Zuhörern fand geſtern abend im kath. kauf- neten und mit geiſtigen Gütern erfüllten Volts- Alljährlich am erſten Sonntag im Dezember heute Beſvelutuug her Hſetbahhyeriügliuug. icon... N. 2.2... e. B + > amn gab der Redner die Neugliederung de zeichen für alle Mitglieder gilt das K- h geſch Fahrt-. f ren mi s u f. {ty s k + p. Gesellenveroins in Teutſchland bekannt, der jezt Abzeichen. ausweis der Gemeinde- oder Ortspolizeibehörde der Regel des hl. Benedikt.“ den Namen die Deutſche Kolpings- Das Ziel des Geſellenvereins, so ſchloß H. H. erfordert. ou NN,, DPD A Y ccÙltËÛÛeeeccÉnToo—b mm... ſlusdruck einer Glanzleistung aus tiesſter Ueber- \,üges von bisherigen Genevalſetretär Dr. Na t- Als Abjchluß der Ausführungen wurde ſpontan y ole tt o“ unter dér musikaliſchen Leitung gung gtvankt werde kette, 1s fart hicſes ft: ann ernannt. Der Reichsführer wird das Kolpingslied mit zum deutſchen Gruß er- Herbert Haarths und der ſzeniſchen Vevantwort- Q ser tas ſeſlörlithe hats at hu den Reichsſenior und die Leiter der einzelnen hobener Hand geſungen. lichteit von Martin Baumann. — Die Werk- Und este te H teol hes hl: quitt beſtimmen. Rei §ytses Reichsſenior Im gweiten Teil ſzuo durch Zuruf die BVahl yesttezuuig dat Ueitacth i den Hehenteu hes SSC N E E EGG t 5,2 e her Notetzet.ece tettitiulht! Die deutche Kolpingsfamilie gliedert e Von der Verjammlung vorgeschlagen und Aufführung gelangt Webers romantiſche Oper f Lsse, ; \| a) in den Gefellenverein als die Zuſammen- auch gleich vom Präqes bestätigt wurde an- „Der Freiſchü y“ unter der muſikaliſchen jelchen xäging des ſqtens, typiſch dargestellt faſſung der aktiven Mitglieddeee. ſchließend Otto Stecher als Senior, der dann Leitung Kurt Overhoſfs und der ſgeniſchen eis jn der Mönchgemeinde auf dem Berge A th o 3, " h)) in Alt-Kolping alls die Zuſammenfaſſung in feieylicher Weiſe auf das Banner den Treu- tung des Intendanten K. Erlichs. Ein öffent- ſ?ach augustiniſcher Deutung in der Doppelbewe- her Altmitglieder, eid ablegte. – Nachdem der Präjſes noch dem licher Kartenvertauf findet zu dicſer Vorſbellung q h dt Hinauf zum Himmel und des yetob €) in die Meiſtergruppe als die Zuſammen- bisherigen Senior Evwin Spieler herzliche nicht ſtatt. -. Der Garttäg bringt am Nach- \| rde in ungeahnter Fruchtbarkeit und be- faſſung der ſelbſtändigen Meister. Dankesworte für seine Tätigkoit im Verein und mittag außer Miete den Schwank „Familie timmend für das tulturelle, ſoziale und polis Her jugendliche Führer des Gesellenvereins Haus gedankt hatte und die Reichshandwerts. vent. 4t! Fsertt is phon " s DIe [! [ci ' u ' ys tiſche Leben des gangen Abendlandes auf ein jſt der Senior im Sinne Vater Kolpings, der woche beſprochen war, ſchloß der Senior s19 icherholte Pte venue s Epicli hrt", bei. der Inſzenie des \| p'ahrtauſend hin ausgeweitet hat, findet eine Führer von Alt-Kolping der Alt-Senior, der ſchön werlaufene Verſammlung. ! [ neute Aktualität für den Aufbauwil- \| leiters Firmans. ên, die Kraftentfaltung und Konſolidierung des H ' % Anlage von Herbarien. Es mehren ſich die ü: Staates. Immer wieder konnte der Re- Spalten über die Lage der Räume, über die Be- Flagen, daß bei botaniſchen Exkursionen der ...r. =lkchtechSenEtt. t. LLÊeÊ. NE ËÊÊEÊÛÊÛÊÙ”cÉ... brit den Eendenzkn der heutigen neuen Staats- Jon hen MU Cueßs ern auspcſülionitn Hausliften Chef nochmals zu beweilen. Dem [heipenv eg verordnungen eingeſammelt werden. §riter mid eſinnung hinweisen. ia Mt ; igt \ ô e auch Teilnehmer seien auf die Str af b ark e it die- o..,-n, .......eel.L'$Ç2uÇuíÇ€Çe.u.. cIuueueuèu Bt - m--. 90,0: U lu LL U ( e L 1 U G LUG Or M MR N ct) l LU CRU ti “cz Frytin zi y s und das ( ariſtektatiſe! ſches Recht. In die auf den deutj chen Juriſten- leumeutrulten guy er rn t ; en au! y den noch geltenden Hcftmumuuuger anlcgen j .. rn-.i_VeeeæS2Ê3.2ÛÛÊ.eetStLSSÇttt fg M t. t .aeaea.==.reeeEeEÇeÈeÊÉÊÉ ÉÊReeeeee.e.. ) \| yehseut ervuuiouunn. r. Heinvri i 'i 5 (Heidelberg) und Ge- pi f i fi rä Scql!ouho! s wo ruetd d f , Mar lüeikturtt nach dem Himmel td que Erde, ud N o =buiiIeèôeL.:.: iccOonICO e p f sri IiiÔieÊÊÇÇSe.eeí=n—n=.. .. \| P ce ſveiſes tonne, daß het Orhen des hl. Voncdit tzhilswe:! bes bettſher uuies 109194. (: biciber Gies. a; E. h h Bh trsr. üiſc î§ qc F MZ ch shut : U LU Gh tut M et Ut tt HR nu iIccccccc. S E I o p PPetmanite" geworben R. V net Per rV. (amg tr Uüagtier méßrrden yuterfühungsompfän: t z hs Ut! Ms eri. s secisws v. kite harmoniſche Verbindung nicht mehr, und ger erfolgt an dieſem Tage die Entgegennahme von 125,50 RM. geſammelt und heute den Anfuhr mäßig. Nachfrage gut. Verſteigerung lo ſank die Gottesidee des Abendlandes in ihrer der Anträge nochmals in den einzelnen Rat- Brandgeſchädigten gur Verfügung geſtellt jzglich 16 Uhr. h sts tzeſheltuuzttcatt sR G wei z ! häuſern, nachmittags von s 6 Uhr. leber , t beim Sthackkluh 1 ; "tles V Vrueditt. sal in ug Ftatltvrile é Po z. §ct Lalts Z. Ute! zs fem Fh. 126.2 \| hervorragendſter Weise Anteil an der einheit- buuy !. en Y flu M luslat d t \| ts kreters des Landesverbandes Baden des Groß- Scha lichen und machtvollen St aa t s g ſtaltung V pl eus r u p p e auch zu einer V H deutſchen Schachbundes, Herrn Hauptlehrer Heidelberger Schachklub Tempo 1879_ iiaeIIÔetÊtÊttauutuN t to nachdem fie Herr m a n n gus Karlsruhe, fand am _ Bei den Turnieren anläßlich des 14. Badiſchen \| Viſche Idee der „R e g u l a“ — das ist die Auf- schon in rs tt deu Städten ihre Vor- Samstag im Gasthaus „Zum weißen Stein“ Schachtongreſſes errangen die ſich beteiligenden gabe des heutigen Katholiken ~ muß zum Se- führungen gezeigt un! tir das Saarland ge- die Ernennung des ſeitherigen Vorstandes Mitglieder des Heidelberger Schachklub Tempo [Jen der Gegenwart auch heute wieder dienend worb H ies teht .. Leitung von g Ha hn zum Führer statt. Er ernannte zu ſei- 1879 in den verſchiedenen Turnierklaſjen ſchöne lihre volle Virtſamteit entfalten. gere uhr von i ' elius ug f 11 nem Stellvertreter Joh. Herr ſowie Gaßchatter Erfolge. , ; ; hett Fru kert konnte mit Ueberzeugung Vorkämpferin des Muna ee e Wilh. zum Schriftführer, Franz Bowe zum j; Hsthelbezger §tadunciſter St mus. mu Ltr deu heit euttthÞ. euut Ihre Gruppe besteht aus 18 Mädels und 7 Keie und Wilh. Kirst zum Turnierlei- hl ſth uit nut heal "ſlechien r§l tt! ts E B n iv so tos ſgs Buben; ſie sind mit voller Pegeiſterung bei ter Hext Hereman bezlit juunſtile ven oke recht tapfer und ſicherte ſich die Hälfte der er- Mitfcte; ss h qu! Iubilüums. des „Co- yet Fe Z srbeitet r'tyz.tUh ä Des t ce; HU dreifaches iptichey, Fier Füh- roichbaren Punkte. Tunnat gelang burch lumbus“ in Mannheim beſprochen und "set “gits, cs st m os brate Lin ure vuutt s iſzietlaleet Praſ: Fot! rveglogemen b h gtttbts: loeoeiIaea æ æ æ ccctititco Inn.... \| Den teilnehmen möchten. Das Programm umfaßt volle zwei Stunden. s. Zu Eingang der Verſammlung hatte Jpeistoäger die Berechtiqung künftig in der " Noroinfachto Ausfüllung Es beginnt mit ſaarlündiſchen und anderen Gackſtatter den Geſchäfsberizt unu der 1. Vor- hieiſtevſchaftsklaje zu ht qs hee n - i Vereinfachte Ausfüllung der Volkstänzen, bringt Gedichte in Mundart und ſißende an Stelle des verhinderten Kaſſiers ßgf, Dr. Krauß ! een tlcr zit 3 Pune Hanusliſten Valtzlieter ‘und am Schluß des erſten Teils den Kaſſenbericht erstattet. Beide Berichte len zu der 4. Q tts hic gefolgt von. Inden für die Hausbesitzer ausgegebenen Haus- einen Vortrag über das Saargebiet. Nach wurden einstimmig gutgeheißen, dem Kaſſier Hofbauer und Minnier mit 22/2 Punkten. Mül- lliſien ſind Spalten zur Ausfüllung der Friedens- einer kurzen Pauſe folgt das ſymboliſche Tanz- wurde Entlaſtung erteilt. ~ Zum Abſchluß ker, Richard, erreichte im Nebenturnier 8 Punkte. mieten und Iahresrohmieten vorgeſehen. Durch drama „Sa ar lan d s Not ~ Saarland gab Herr Herrmann dem Verein eine Simul- Bei der nicht nur zahlenmäßig ſtarken Beſezung das Reichsfinanzminiſterium iſt angeordnet wor- H o f f n u n g“; die Melodien sind nach alten tanvorſtellung an 15 Brettern, die mit dem her Turniere verdienen die Erfolge beſondere den, daß dieſe Verpflichtung w e g f ä l [ t. Die An- Meiſtern zuſammengeſtellt und ergänzt von guten Ergebnis 12:3 (+1222) für Herrn Beachtung und Anerkennung. 'ordnung hängt damit zuſammen „daß die auf den Kapellmeiſter Fritz Reumeyer in Saarbrücken. Herrmann endete. Die Gewinner waren die Schülerſchach in H.-Handſchuhsheim 1. Januar 19834 vorgeſehene Einführung der Ein- Mit dem Deutſchland- und Horſt-Weſſel-Lied Herren Kücherer und Gutfleiſch, während H. ' heitsbewertung für alle Grundſteuern um ein Jahr ſchließt die Kundgebung, die von neuem die Hahn und Siegmann remis ſpielten. W. G. In dem zur Zeit laufenden 18-Runden-Tur-' alſo auf 1. Ianuar 1935 verſchoben worden ik. deutſche und insbeſondere Heidelbergs Verse X Frei-Fahrt für Begleiter von Schwerkriegs- nier führen aus 8 Partien: 1. Krüger mit 8, In der Hauslifte brauchen deshalb lediglich die bundenheit mit dem Saarland beweiſen ſoll. beſchädigten. Den Begleitern ſolcher Schwerkriegs- 2. Flor mit 7/4, 3. A. Thum mit 7, 4. Venter lolgenden Stellen ausgefüllt werden: — Der V.d.A. rechnet gerade in Heidelberg beſchädigten, die bei ihren Reiſen ſtändig begleitet mit 6:23, 5. K. Boſch mit 6 Punkten. Lauf ver erſten Seiten der Abschnitt über den mit zahlreichem Bejſuch. werden müſſen, gewährt der Reichspoſtminister, Die Aufnahmen vom Iugendturnier des 14. Eigentümer, ſeinen Bevollmächtigten oder geſeze. >X Die Mitglieder der Ortsfachgruppe der wie das VdZ.-Büro meldet, von jeßt an frei e Bad. Schachkongreſſes ſind bei Mitglied Mat- lithen Vertreter, Reichszollverwaltung hatten ſich am letzten Fahrt auf Kraftpoſten und, ſoweit mög- thias, Doſſenheimerlandſtraße 39, einzuſehen. : ; ; ' ccilIIINN-NN. u. Ir. Dietrichs Rede im Haus der deut ichen Prejje 4 \| .. der deutſche Zeitungsverleger wird es vom Das Sthriftleitergeſet, das uns deutſche Wir deutſchen Journalisten ſind \|t Journaliſten mit großer Freude und Genug- auf, daß gerade wir, denen von de tuung erfüllt, erhebt Grundſätze zu ſtaatlicher diſchen Kollegen und Berufsverbä anzes 0, wie at „Die Tätigkeit der ſogenannten liberalen ſtehende n eue Satzung geben und ſich brachten Willen, an den ſ oz i Preſſe war Totengriberarbeit am deut- ebenſo wie in ſeiner Leitung und in ſeinen r i < ſchen Volk“, : Untergliederungen völlig auf das Führer - ten. Die Wurzel des Uebels, aus der immer prinzip umſtellen. Und er wird dann auf Ausdruck, dief & Zerſetzung floß, war im Syſtem begrün- alle diejenigen Aufgaben herangehen, die ihm deutſchen Pre et. Geſetlich frei von Bindungen des natio- als dem ſich alen Gewiſſens, geſetlich frei von inneren Erneuerer des deutſchen Journalisſtenstandes Zum Schluß verlieh Dr. Dietrich ſeinen P fr ten Volk und Staal. das war die in der Verwaltung, Erziehung und Weiterbil- Dank für das Geſetzgebungswerk dadurch Aut Uu s ztyetzÛt! Löhtehet 4 gert.! "twGus0u st ttutuct U ts 1% 6555::5:. T ar Cour Gum (.. [Siaats- und Kulturauffaſſung auch die deute Dieſe Aufgabe ſehe ich nicht zulettt in einer Preſſe annehmen zu wollen. Die Eröſſnung der Louvoner Gerichtsjejſion ſſche Preſſe einer inneren Neugeſtaltung von Verlebendigung, in einer geiſtigen Vertiefung Mit einem Heil auf den Führer fand dieſe Die Richter begeben ſich mit Perücke und T / Grund auf bedurfte, war ſelbſtverſtändlich. und in der leiſtungsmäßigen Ausgestal JDas Schriftleitergeſetz, daß Sie, Herr Reichs- des Inhalts unſerer Zeitungen ſelbſt. f ! lismus befreiten deutſchen Preſſe ihren Ab- tesdienſt. ~ In der engliſchen Hauptſtadt ruht minister, uns ſoeben bekanntgegeben haben, Nachdem Dr. Dietrich noch als weitere Auf- ſchluß. \| während der Sommermonate das Gerichtäsweſel ſchafſt klare Verhältniſſe und gibt uns die ge- ,. EE : faſt völlig. Die hohen Richter halten während ſetliche Handhabe zu unſerer Aufbauarbeit. , j dieſer Zeit Gerichtstage in der Proving, wo wier Dieſes Geſet legt uns deutſchen JIourna- ). Wien. Der gewesene Rektor der Wiener Unt- derum alle ſchwereren Fälle bis zum Eintreffen liflen in erſter Linie Pflicht en auf. Es it MAarnung ' { iſtiſ \| § ]. s) er. q ) i t 2 Ö \| § ndon V ichtsia: s t =nc=coÞaOoOtttÚ ÛÇn:ZezÇBlèpgþ.„s\|.Ss.... dn…ÓNitÂiiÛ_ÊtbuiieESSE.....t Perſönliche Verantwortung kann aber nur mußte verſchiedentlich feſtgeſtelt werden, daß qWder ' 6%445.10.%:% 555::451: da ſein, dabei î aber durch fé!telte: nen erbreiten, mit aller gebotenen de der tatholiſchen Kirchenmuſik“ wird ihre tet. Profeſſor Peeters-Mecheln wird die Dom- Teil der deutſchen Preſſe beherrſchte. Kücdf Daß form und geſellſchaftliche Stellung des deurſchen Staat ober nur in der Dummheit des Schwäters ſtütung zugeſagt. Wie groß auch im Vatikan Komponiſten. Bei der Auswahl der Werte Journaliſten ſeiner Verantwortung ent- zu ſuchen iſt. _ ſprechend gehoben wird, iſt der Wille des ] "-]rheeters, ven wir auf das wärmſte be. Duisburg. Das Verbot des „Duisburger dung eines beſonderen päpſtlichen Legalen der jüngeren Künlſtler freiwillig zurück- grüßen. j : ' f. : ; ( Roman Urheberrechts[chutz durch Verlagsanſtalt Manz, braut: es ait ust heren UZ? Uhute 1698 ér gutt Eegetal p. Häkler. vieſtr yar eiu Iahr Zugens. piftttrevurs. .I.ÊÊÛÊÛÊÛLÊËÊËÊÔÈÛÛﬀ 1 : b ! der ſét!t JInſtinkt des liebenden Weibes hatte ſie einen du gelitten haben!“ Und ſtrich ihm babei zäürk. Mädchen, das jebt in München Verwundete ren usr q < zuerst. î untretien Ton in ſeiner Stimme beim Nennen lich durch dss Han. pflegte. In drei Wochen wollten fie heiraten; f bes Namens gemerkt. Eugen verſchwieg nichts,. Da ſprang Eugen auf, umfaßte und küßte ſie im Krieg ging rl igen raſch, es Irankreich zuriick.“ auch nicht das Schwerſte und Schlimmste. Heim- jauchzend, toll vor Glückſeligkeit. Er wußte, der war nicht ſo viel Formalismus wie im Frieden ô lich ſah ex (tr!t der s. Bruche mit Jvonne führte. Er Naſenwurzel nicht geweſen wären + und das zu nehmen, weil ſie ni dem beſagten Leut. "it ſind. \|: Sprache wie ' Verſeßung .tv. V. dg Hut ftete !) [to. Nht eren Augenhlit tz dazu war als die erſten Häuſer der Berliner ororte ttt franzöſiſchen Uniform, die ſie hier auf ; de “ ben braven Alois Huber kennen, hörte von ſei- das Pflichtgeftihl zu ſtark in ihr. Morgen auftauchten. Nur war es diesmal ein alter aſth- Bilde tragen, troydem ich Sie nur ein einziges , nett Tode. l in den Ber löſt atmete .ISceI.LCOo’c NSG E ''GtcoOINeIEe.:.... ' war. ] 1 - N ' let '. \. General v. ] pſangen. ail..f. ê u k. g cſſONnnIXR. GN E oo uur HÜeriévesg fiziz \| Geltung, die das Wesen des Journalismus in derholt die Unabhängigkeit und di / ]leinem innerften Kern erfassen und zum Fun- der Entſchließungen im neuen Deutſchland be- deren Geiſt dieſes G Jdament deutſcher Preſſearbeit für weite Zu- ſtritten wurde, nach dieſem Geſetz eine Stel- kunft, vielleicht für Jahrhunderte werden laſ- lung einnehmen, die ihresgleichen ſucht in der beſondere ſen. Ueber den Zuſtand und die Geiſteshal- Welt. tung des überwiegenden Teiles der deutſchen Die Bindungen, die uns deutſchen Iou Preſſe im Zeitalter der RNovemberdemokratie liſten durch dieſes Geſetgebungswerk in etne wirtf hat ſich heute das seitungleſende deutſche Volk Deutſchland auferlegt find, ſind die Bin- meinſ ückblickend ſelbſt ein Urteil gebildet. Als dungen unſeres eigenennationa- n aller Deutlichkeit zum Ausdruck gebracht der Deutſchen Presſſe wird sich alsbald e ) H , k r zhenutel!e Dollfuß geübt. SEICECUGIG IGEL S EE... O MI ſtigen Inhalt der Zeitung beſtimmt is. ihn tz q r. geſeßt worden ſind, welche tigt ihre geſamten Archive, Geldmittel, Korreſpon- drei Choralmesſſen, drei Pontifikalämter, eine NnIeIaIneee.e.3.SceÊ=—r—H incIIaincl abhängig ke it ; eiter Entſch éhung tu neuen Staat bar tellen. Bebauerlicherweiſs verbergen, um bei befürchteten Hausſuchungen er:, drei hor Luzerte ut I Unt yeiq! Vs NSGÇÌZDLeÊÇèÇeÇIeetuiiu.+J$y=nmoGnoxnn®„)®æ©c=tth:tſcſtæso=... ſondern nur den eigentlich ſelbſtverſtänblichen, ! s! a li fen Glauben gef unden haben Polizei fallen zu laſſen. / f ar "t. Die Regierung ſieht ſich veranlaßt, au 3 dring- miniſter-Gazette"“, Viscount Cowvray, iſt geſtor- quiführungen noch lebender Komponiſten aus ſchalteten normalen Zuſtand wiederherfstellt li ' / mu E. N E. ju Was durch eine ſolche Regelung aus der deut- .lœaaaaaaÊËnm! ſchen Preſſe entfernt wird, das iſt das un-. ' L ! k u! ſtttlihe Prinzip der Anonymwi- ji micht zu ſcheuen. Sie haben aber auch keinen Natholiſche Nirchenmuitn. den Aachener Domchor, die verſchiedenen Kir!Y tät, und zwar nicht nur Anonymität des get- Anlaß, ſich ſtr a f lo s zum Gegenſtand verſtecs. j ſtigen Inhalts der Zeitung, ſondern auch vor ter bolſchewi allem die Anonymität der wirt-. zu laſſ ſ<haftli<hen Kräfte und Mächte, die im ivelche ;. .. .. 1 ' , êz bemerkt hatten, die hüte Nachmittagsſonne Berlin. Vie vor vier Jahren wollte er in das Körper. Die Augen, die früher \|; ſcharf t! \| Ha H hohe spiel ſchaute ſchräg zum Fenlter herein. Ein wenig Gebäude des Großen Generalſtabs. Damals hel blicken tonuten, ſaßen wie erloſchene Vul- lnd ganz von vorn begann er, er er- hatle und fühlte feine unb ihre Liebe. Lang- vertretenden Generalttab. Bei dieſem Manne, f tulttiuhig yet rug Forte Lu?! äühlte von General Bäßler, von Paris, von ſam ſtand ſie auf, legte ihre Hände auf ſeine der ihn 1918 nath Frankreich geſchickt, wollte schneider,Creuzot, von Chatles, von Dautier, Schultern und ſah ihm in die Augen, dann er ſich als „von Frantreich zurück“ melden. Wie ſchwarzen Haar und der Leutnant mit dem! \| von Jvonne! Ihre Hand, die bisher ruhig in küßte ſie ihn auf die Stirne und bas weiße vor vier Jahren, weilten ſeine Gedanken wäh- trit traurigen Auzen ſaß ſie da und ein leſes nie mehr ‘rennend zwiſchen ihnen ſtehen. Sie Am Tage nach seiner wunderbaren Heilung [9!!dern betrachtete ihn nur immer kopſſchüt/ \| Beben ging durch ihren Körper. Stockend be- [ttt ſich über ſein Glick, das ſein d fuangüfiGer Offizier Und Peuiſther Spion, von gekannt, ~ wenn die feinen Runen an den gen, in dem ihm Thea die ſiateh: Leittiant Ich weiß ſchon ſeit einer Stunde, daß Sie zu t Finden des Ahnenſchloſſes, von dem Auf- Augenwinteln und die ſcharfe Falte über der d'Effrois mitteilte und ihn bat, baldigst Urlaub / ? / F jest [tt leichter, wurde seine Thea ſah nach der Uhr und erschrak. Sie darauf Zivil beſorgt und war nach Berlin los- V9her Exzellenz es wiſſen?“ Als er zu der Stelle kam, wo er In der Ver- gückte, bot ſie ihm ihr Zimmer zum Uebernach- ſcheinlich in einem feuchten Unterstand ober er nen Augen nicht trauen zu können. Als franzyy zweiflung nach der Mutter ſchrie, faßte ſie ſei- ten an. w nen Arm und preßte ihn faſt [hwersheft Er- Engen begleitete ſie bis zum Krankenhaus. ' ! funden wurde uitd endlich nach ‘Beutſchlans Lj. sche taſthen feften Scrilten durch die In demſelben Zimmer, in dem d'Effroi vor ſicher. Ihre ' und ſo ein gewisser z 1 M f ml 1 d w.. \| ! e 4 „Heidelberger Volksblatt“ ~ Freitag, den 6. Oktober 1188. i gabe des neuen Status des Reichsverbandes fes zur Geltung zu bringen, bezeichnet hatte, : wandte er ſich er ſich dem Verhältnis zwiſchen geitungsverleger und Schriftleiter zu Auch \| olz dar- Standpuntt der wirtſchaftlichen Intereſſen mi n auslän- uns Journalisten begrüßen, daß dieſes Geſetz nden wie- Beruhigung und Klarheit ſchafft. e Freiheit Innerhalb der zrtther Polkegemeinſchstt eſeß atmet, bilden Zeitungsverleger und Revakteure eine , eng verbundene AUlrbeitsge- meintſchafſt. \| rna- Das vorliegende Schriftleitergeſetß hat bewußt c<aftliche Seite unſeres Berufes ge- amer korporativer Regelung im Rah- men der Reichsarbeitsgemeinſchaft der deut- und in der Wirkung gesehen, war es len G ew iſſ ens. Sie ſind nicht bedrük- ſ es unſer Führer Avolf Hitler einmal kend, ſondern befreiend. Der Reichsvert-nd k chen Preſſe bezw. der zu errichtenden Presſe- ammer vorbehalten. Insheſondere begrüßen in wir den in der Vorſtandsſitung des. Vereins Einklang mit den geſetllichen Beſtimm. en deutſcher Zeitungsverleger zum Ausdruck ge- tungen ber deutſchen Presſſe feftzuhol: Wir geben unfſererſeits dem Wunſche U ſſe und damit auch des deutſchen ſelbſt verwaltenden Träger und Volkes. tung Kundgebung der von den Fesseln des Libera- lar in feierlichem Zuge zum gemeinſamen Got versität, Prof. Dr. Gleisbach, Ordinarius für der hohen Richter liegen bleiben. Die Wieder Karlsruhe, 5. Okt. Die Preſſoſtele boim Als Begründung werden ,dienſtliche Rüchſichten“ Vor ſich, von denen England ſich ſchwer trennen wo freie Willensbeſtim- Von seiten unbeleh r ba re r Elomente, die Kritik an den Notverordnungen der Regieruns mr] Das Programm der Tagung enthält außer. kirchenmuſiktaliſchen Werken eine beſonderee Ausleſe beſter geiſtlicher Muſfik. Darunter. erſeßender Abſicht umvahre kommuniftiſche Partei Hollands zur Zeit beſchäf- Zuſtimmung der ausländiſchen Ausſchüſse er den Druck der Verhältniſſe ausge: ""§ hr ſie weiterverbreitet wurden. London. Her ehemalige Eigentümer der „West- k°1gt: Es handelt ſſch im allgemeinen um Ur-, Deutſchland, Belgien, Dänemark, Frankreich, nahmen der Regierung haben das Licht der gu > Und Ungarn. Die Darbietungen erfolgen durch ſtiſcher Zerjeyungsverſuche machen Pnkernationgle Tagung vom 5. bis 8. Jan. qt Gj îureteettss en. Es wird daher gegen lictenidtnt 1934 in Aathen .. ein und einige Männergeſangvereine. \| , derartige Schwätereien ausſtreuen oder Die „Internationale Geſellſchaft für Freun. Die Komponiſten werden als Gäste erwar- des Liberalismus einen ſo großen weitsev ichtsloſig keit eingeſchritten wer- zweite große Tagung anfangs 1034 in Aachen orgel ſpielen. Da Deutschland zur HJeit auf durch eine ſolche grundlegende Re- den, gleichgültig, ob die Wurzel des Geoſchwä es abhalten. Die biſchöfliche Behörde und die dem kirchenmuſitaliſchen Gebiete führend des Schriftleiterberufes die ſoziale in Gehäſſtgteit gegen den nationalſozialiſtiſchen Stadt Aachen haben bereits jetßt ihre Unter- iſt, überwiegen im Programm die -deutſchen das Interesſſe an dieſer Tagung und ihren Be- ſind die großen deutſchen Komporniſlen Haas, ſtrebungen iſt, bekundet die geplante Entſen- Philipp, Lemacher, Hatzfeld uſw. ...Ê.LÛÒÔËÒ3 ﬀLÊÛâÛ y... Y Seile & Zeit, als der erſte Band erſchien, noch keine Flugzeuge, Straßenbahnen, Automobile, keinen II Film, kein Radio uſw. gab. Zahlreiche Fachwör-! ] ter ſind in der erwähnten Zeitſpanne in den Wortſchatz der engliſchen Sprache eingegangen, .. hU hicfet Band nun reſtlos und genau regi-. M ſtriert. ; Ein neuer zeitmejier Todesurteile und 20 Paſſagiere mandſchuriſcher, japaniſcher D ziſcßeie Feſttutiche von, Sti Gatthard iy i Vichtige Erfindung eines Vierzehnjährigen. im Lüneburger Giftmord-Prozeß. , t Ber Nou tjität entſöhrt (iu tun Jaun h:t gu/s.te Guest ftheten. § i f. t,Lach einer Zeitungsmeldung hat ein 14j&h- des ui tg t ehttench g é! selheiten fehler so. der hiſtoriſchen Poſtkutſchen vom St. Gotthann. eiger Schüler qus Habelſchwerdt in Schleſien niger als 9 Sachverſtändige geladen waren,. : Die Kutſche verkehrte vor 100 Jahren ~ wie (e für alle ſportlichen Wettkämpfe wichtige yerurteilte das Lüneburger S reti am Heuer Erdſtoß in den Abruzzen auf der Richtungstafel zu leſen iſt - auf der. Mittwoch abend nach zehnſtündiger Verhand- Rom, ö. Okt. In Ter ni (Abruzzen) und meh- Strecke Göſchenen ~ Gletſch — Brig und konnte Ereru z Bfindung gemacht. r fich iy tigen. Apparat, huit îttt lungsdauer die 29jährige Witwe Henny Meyer reren umliegenden Ortschaften iſt heute nacht bei jeder Fahrt sieben Reiſende befördern. W ze und die Zeiten, in welchem dir qus Betzhorn im Kreiſe Gifhorn zum Tode. wieder ein ſehr heftiger Erdbebenſtoß verſpirt _ Eine uralte Sternwarte früherer Bewoh- Vittfer ‘zd. Jh ' to än. ( , 1 ! [. oaeSÇe2e3eÓeeÔÖÔ tn... .li. \| geordneten Zeitmeſſer gemeinſam an die gHZum Tobe verurteilt. \| uu het tuf jept polfghem Bedet! Fl S. kioorrichtung und einzeln an je ein giel- Frankfurt a. M., 4. Okt. Das Schwurgericht __ Gemälde aus dem Berliner Bilderdieb- tut t s rehueſtet hu wu. t e r ie. M r..414! tt htrutte tu +zgqulGa alan G ftahl entbectt. Wie dem Petit Pariſien aus Mar- Meter ~ 4 mal 28,85 Zentimeter (sin Männer- fis u Hong tounen und hurch zul! uurett sula U! §81! hunter tu ij!eberatet wit, fit h vott mchvere vu gien h wu her t vczolua uit deu. .m.mt>>.Ò.ÒÛ..ÛÂÛ.2r.nnÔÔÛe. ÔÔB nÒÔŒi1Ir...ÛÔÛuOB ill geſezt wird. Dieſer Apparat, der ganz er- 3. Der niitangetlagte Fuhrmann Ernſt e Feſluqlenen wonmcoe \| j. e. : ? j Veblich billiger iſt, als die ſonſt zur Beſtim- ha!! bel hurt ug ; 9 l n Tric CNC- 74 000 RAM geſchäßt. Sie wurden auf Grund Tote beſtattet. , , hung genauer Zeiten übliche Zielphotographie, ftuierel luux h 4% e:! Zen Y fünf einer Anzeige bei der Poligoi durch die Zol- _ yzlinde werden ſehend. Jn einer öffent. \| bereits als Gebrauchsmuster in die Muſters Q 0es M Frrſuſt gerarteilt s ün] behörde von Mayſeille entdeckt, und waren be- [ichen Sitzung hat der Odeſſaer Profeſlor W. külle eingetragen. : Jahren Ehroerlujt verurteilt. veits für ein nach Galata abgehendes Schiff auf- Y F i lat o w 24 Blinde vorgeführt, denen : '. îhqegeben. Von Männchen fehlt bis jetzt jede Spur. ;. ; 9 ! .. Neunmal den Leib aufgeſchnitten tr Gew u Landgericht M in ~ Kampf mit q qu s .. tts ethz. Wuiſor tt quer ttz; EcGGHEEEESSGCO AG EOS ESE Dorf bei Sondershaufen iſt ein Spegialiſt im Kellner Alfred Schulz wegen gemeinſchaftlichen Königlichen „„Fettungs4 cfetfſchatt bie Filhetve Fenſterchen Ut ue In diese Hefſnung ſett Muſſuchen von Kvankenhäuſern, bei denen er Mordes in Tateinheit mit gemeinſchaftlichem T1hftrkeiltidaile échelten, treſl ex unter Ein- man die hornhaut yo „lebenden“ Auge eines {were innere Leiden vortäuſcht und infolge- ſchweren Raub mit Todeserfolq zum Tode und [ey hes eigenen Lebens ſtit;t Freund aus dem anderen Menſchen, das infolge einer Krantheit eſſen Aufnahme finde. gu lebenslänglichem Ehrverluſt. t eines F tokotilt hsfteits. Jams hst herausgenommen werden mußte. Manchmal. Uus der Stvajanſtalt Freiendiez entlaſſen, Die Angeklagten hatten am 22. Oktober 1932 quit je Freuztd in dem gefährlichen Iioha- kann man auch das Auge eines Verſtorbenen lam er am 10. Juli nach Hanau und teilte einem die 7öjährige Frau Könicke in ihrer Wohnung Fluß, als er plötlich gen lauten Aufchts ver- verwenden. Innerhalb von 57 Minuten iſt SA-Mann mit, daß er an einer Blinddarm- überfallen, gefeſſelt und geknebelt. Sie raubten trahn und jah, wie em Frotodi! mach dem rn die ganze Operation beendet. Die einzige entzündung leide. Nach dem Landoskrantenhaus dann 3000 Mark und ließen die 7sjährige Frau ſeines Fraundes ſehnaypte. „FUr. ettc<hloſfett Schwierigkeit ſcheint darin zu beſtehen, genl packe er das mächtige Reptil beim Kopf und gend Augen mit geſunder Hornhaut ausſindig Der 23jährige Schveiner Preiß aus einem Kaufmann Friedrich Mann und den 29jährigen E EEE L T s ue Ms achtet. Seim Darm war in Ordnung. klagten Reviſion eingelegt. Dieſe Reviſion wurde guns. s Us ttt det ~ Beim Brotſchneiden getötet. Einem Ar- EEE EES IE CAE ESE vegzukommen. Jetzt sbanb er vor dem Schöffen- fen. Das Urteil iſt dadurch rechtskräftig gewor- gc benutte er jun hw rer qu thats in die te :s daß er ſich ret h f gu !ÿt horn wer het q194h: q nudali den. ...2.ÔÒÓ.Û 1 Kunde von ſeiner mutigen Tat verbreitete ſich ſtich beibrachte. Man brachte ihn ſofort in das ( dhren wohl 69 bis 80 Krankenhäuſer unter Schtvere zuſammenjtöße yu. h de ä s guy Gi frénteuont. qr w tt tres tat tc !;. fun s: fe tgtuh! qi gt arbeitswilligen und ſtreikenden ... Ein Puppen-Muſeum in Lourdes. Be- t?tge innerer Verblutung ein. worden, denn die Aerzte mußten seinen An- gleuten \|. „.. L Iuther und Iilger von Lourdes werden in im- „... Eine 102-Jährige beginnt zu „zahnen“. Haben nachgehen. Harrisburg, 5. Okt. Zwiſchen ſtreikenden und mer wachſender Zahl von einem Muſeum an- Als ein mediziniſches Kurioſum erſten Ranges Er erhielt wegen Rüctfallbetrugs und Land- avbeitswilligen Bergleuten ereigneten ſich heute gezogen, das dort ſeit einiger Zeit eingerichtet iſt der Fall einer uralten Inderin anzuſehen fſtreichevei ein Jahhr Gefängnis und zwei Wochen ſchweve Zuſammenſtöße, in deren Verlau grugen: 10 Die ei. uus é Let ege ent- Dieſe Frau, die in dem Dorfe De vid a s N i- ÖMft. ] : t:! Houten treten und zahlreiezoe haält. die ße die Trachten ei zampuria lebt, iſt jest 102 Jahre. alt ge. Ein Amtswalter ermordet? twurben! \uwha 18 Perſonett erlitten Schuhhver- U’ wurhen! ' uſ vicie Weils 'ergätt" man Un zune vorioren. Nac ber Uebrr[chreitung ieee m..cc_ROaoe oocÖ©f,Griieiee.eeaeÊB Pet Vonan eine möunliche üt:che geburgen, me etrgete werhen. Ste dien mit au gepſlanziem Ein Geiſtlicher aus Narbonne, der eine tleine Gebiß jett wieder nahezu vollſtändiz und außer- ccneIeananuesSesSss..e iccoueoeIè2c c ! tt Folé tsf zutwralieiulseien. 4sjährigs ſtelen. Muſeum gründete, 'deſſen Beſtände nun ſehr um der Alten wissenschaftlich „auf den Zahn verheiratete Buchhalter Unton Huber aus 240) Maſſagiere entführt erweitert worden ſind. l u fühlen". Augsburg identifiziert werden. Die Sezierung ; ; ; ~ Das umfangreichſte Wörterbuch der Well. Eine Prozeſſion überritten. Eine kath. ler Leiche ergab Anhaltspunkte, daß Huber Ein Bandit getötet. Nach ödjähriger Arbeit iſt durch die Heraus- Prozeſſion in Vranjevo (Iugoſlawien) wurde einem Verbrechen zum Opfer gefallen iſt. ,. _ HJnmntku, s. Oktober. gabe eines Ergänzungsbandes zum Oxford von einem Trupp Sokoln zu Pferde, an deſſen \| An der Leiche wurden Würgemale am Hals, Wie die Telegraphen-Agentur Schimbun- Dictionary das umfangreichſte Wörterbuch der Spitze ein Pope war, überritten, und es fehle. ſowie Stoß- und Schlagverleßungen an Stirn Rengo berichtet, haben chineſiſche Banden in Welt beendet worden. Der Ergänzungsband wenig, daß der Priester mit dem Allerheilig- Und Brut feſtgeſtellt. der Nähe von J n k u einen D-Zug angehalten mußte herauszebracht werden, weil es zu derſten nicht niedergeritten wurde. ſtdamyfer „Nyajſſa“ rund um Afrilſn. ccc... ries Mit d q ßerſt primitiv. Tiſche und Stühle gibt es nicht. unerträglich geworden. Auf deutſche Hilfe ver- em 0 boden herum. England war darauf nicht c Von Oskar Breunig, Grombach h. Si nsheim ,. .und den Rikſcha-Boys“. notdürftig 160 Lust ple! chartern, um (4. Fortſezung.) weiß, von früheren Reisen her, wo die „cat h oo In der Stadt “jeigt das Leben ein buntes nach Möglichkeit ſchnell Truppen und Munition Auf der Weiterfahrt halten wir uns ziemlich lic cathe d ral e ſteht. Mit Auſmertſam- Völkergemiſch. Ueber zwanzig Progent der Ein- heranzuſchaffen. Der Krieg war in den erſten nahe der Küſte. Das erſte Vorzeichen der größ- keit höre ich darin die engliſche Predigt und wohner ſind Europäer. Bald trifft man auf ein zwei Jahren für die Buren erfolgreich. Aber ten Hafenstadt der Provinz Natal iſt ein ge- ich feiere das hl. Meßopfer hier im weiten fer- weißes, bald auf ein ſchwarzes oder ein gelbes, auf die Länge der Zeit mangelte es ihnen im- waltig hoher Naturſchußdamm, mit einer See- nen Süden genau ſo wie in dem Heimatort hald auf ein kupfer- oder rotbraunes Geſicht mer mehr an Munition und Kriegsgerät über- warte Lcrſehen. DU ea früher Port Na- meiner Kindheit mit. Es ist doch etwas Groß- Die Verkehrsſtraßen ſind ſehr breit. Außer elek. haupt. Trotz ſeiner Sympathietundgebungen tal, iſt ein ausgeſprochener Naturhafen. Die artiges um die Einheit und die Weltweite des trischen Straßenbahnen und Omnibuſſen fah- hatte Deutſchland ſchließlich dem bedrängten lim Halbtreis weit auseinander gebaute Villen- katholiſchen Glaubensgemeinſchaft. ren die „Rikſcha-Boys“. Wenn man auf den Volke doch nicht die nötige Hilfe zukommen ſtadt bietet einen anmutigen Anblick. Die vor- Für den Nachmittag planen mein Freund Trottoirs läuft, wird man von dieſen Boys oft laſſen können. Die Buren verloren den Kampf nehmen Häuſer im friſchen Dunkelgrün und im und ich eine größere Tour ins Innere des jſehr beläſtigt und immer wieder aufgefordert, und damit ihre Selbſtändigkeit für immer. "Rot der bunten Sanderde geben ein maleriſches Landgebiets. Als wir das Schiſf verlaſſen, bei ihnen einzuſteigen. Gine Fahrt koſtet ge- Fuglatts jtésizrtuce potui qtlutg es au w. tft rs tte Âtichen. Argen be Fotsjen. yihulis eier englhen Sql ..! r11 ( Lrinsbnal uzy Hrerjefreiſtnsh die yetanttit Jm Kohlenſtaub ~ und dann zum Feſt His Stadt laſſen wir weit hinter uns im Rük: nem Karren kann. vu t mit’ ihm zuſammen Union zu ſchaffen. ; K 655452. ut tiger co.. Durban iſt die Endſtation für die Weſt- .Mi. ich mir natürlich nicht entgehen. Der König : ' ; naten Uucl vicd Kolle (hafte. Auch „ſtge Be! wilden Afſen. zeichnet sich im übrigen dadurch aus. daß er Kupfer, Kohle, Diamanten werden in reicher aſſa“ muß ſich dieſer nta Beſchäſtigung Die Pirſchgänge des Wildes locken uns dies- die größten Büffelhörner. dazu einen Ul eto Ausbeute zewonnen. Der Ackerbau iſt weniger unterziehen. Das Schiff iſt dabei in eine dicke U ys reh! ht. gos °uses zu. kranz von 70 Zentimeter Umfang und die bunt- tut wwes iſt die Vieh- und Schafzucht hattealiguhwalle hh. ât her s teyett it q111 co tecſtht aufmertſam. Ich ſchaue ig Öctoäuttr trügt. ze G ht! i. Äh UN cquet. Gilt iz. heat. jh! ue eit! So auf: da, auf einem dürren Baum ſitt alles voll f eie ' tt zehe écturter tetto Lorenz o- M das wir an iſt das Uebel nicht gar ſo. Zwei Tage und von Affen, die ihre Ohren eigenartig ſpiyen. Etwas Geſchichte... s Pr que s. 296 fix aulzu'e! eine Nacht gd d cht das Geratter der Wir hatten vorher geſungen, und der Geſang Vir ſind hier im Gebiet der S ü d af rik a n.i- [p Gi 9% der B q ttat sq!!! HNeohlenhieven. Der Verſuch einer Beförderung hatte die neugierigen Brüder in das alte Ge- [ < en Union; ſie beſteht ſeit 1910 und ist itt. quheheſcq her Hutenles “ t u ms Jaufenden Band, der diesmal unternom- ſt geloct. Affen find die einzigen Tiere, die engliſches Dominion mit ſelhſtändiger Verwal- jen um ihn. Durch das Eingreifen Deutſch. men wurde, wird ſpäter die armen Neger ar- ich hier wild geſehen habe. Weder Löwen, noch tung und einem eigenen Parlament. elz-Jagſt els. ) \| ckarbiſchofsheim-1 üffenharöt q t Heidelberg-Ouöwigs afen. 11 Öberſcheſſlcaz-Billiahettn. Heidelberg- tziffure. r o e .12 4 Bruchſal-Menzingen. WMosbach-Mudau. 13 : Eppingen-Sinsheim : : Wiesloch-Wallsf. Sc atthauſen 14 \| Lauda-Wertheim Tauberbiſchofsheim- bnigheim qs Wiesloch-Walld. ~VWiesl. Seat 25 Walldürn-Haröheim. 6 \| Wiesloch-Walld. + Walls.Stadt 96 lefarfeinget-Shönau. t- 16 O. E. G. Heidelberg-Weinheim. Heidelberg- jest Wallbs:f 18 \| O. E. G. Heiselbers-Monthetn ; MW'hm.-Sc tc§ettetbergcwaſel. ;. [e _ Heidelbg.-Schwetzingen-Speyer. : § § 159. M. Karlsruhe-Bretten-Eppingen. GCü utig a ab s. Oktober 1933 r. L.]òspan nobonly;y r srw2ansniluny)Ylh), _. e & y — Etsch: BeUUn Heng Ohne Se währ. ut. t. e L 'r. l ttt: Heidelsere Karlruhe Freiburg Bare. ; ...... ...!. Heidelberg-Schweteingen.Speyer und : zurück : , DJ D :. 10. w Maugheim y \| os\|950 ; s 440\|g2s\| ges Jo " H18 hulrs g17 L gos\|\| st!. nwu fh 1315\|1 “s ! 1 Äh geh 26\| h s ) ars] \|grgo«\|1906 191511315 hutherd 731 1880 198 ab Heidelberg an [Heidelberg. 4] § 528 55 94 650[745 g16 s g57 1099 [ 120 1310\| [400] I § Kirhhean.. J \| \| \| h49\5 ; q\| l\|leéy. \| j0osl q. lien. f- lqsLlss ss \| \|. \|. léecsl \| \| hor! \| lis-s as zs \| 71go 1020 509 7'91 [0. Friis ho \|51 J7rogrs]) 100 1349 525) R 5255 75:1) m Ey :. 4 542 S 58 755[846\|8- \| 9?261 105s4\|1150 1408 UunitergronbahV- Jon] \| hs’.; s'egssan] \| q\|i14-:\| ſ141 YVWeingaren. q41. ]. ſ5ê!t g!sgroÊn \| \| hu. \| lhuss Hurieb. ] ]: hoo _ \| \| geoſgos\| 1s1200 la. gsartsruve on \| [zrqs-\| zu z:: Û.2ane Ettlingen ql6a - H hse§ 9s ) \| \| b. \| ! Raſtatt eo \| ss \|9Ê] \|. los] h3.4 qhgeitsr\| hs Baden-Meſt 726 le: ss ges ge \| ~ [tors1021121612421135/162")152"\|1<) Bühl Babe) h 754 7 5. i s Yo. 10% q 1021 1231 : §§ 1645 z 1554. : Achern 5 Z 897 Z 97 : ; 915 s 1628 \| 1054\|. 1244 F 1658 ; 195 ;. ' Appenweier. P Ont.naea\W ev "E. E1gre[Äsq1z10 Ä f. \| 1354 16%817%0) 2 1908\| 2 S : o\7211 [841922) \|118s[13491 500\|1 g es 1659 18005 s 190518 1958 9057 \|. ullu Z s6) 9117\| : 112 1344 14551558 1654 1755 21858 s 1954 20 701 03\| 1122, 15.4. E1s+o[2 S hst: s' qu18:) h\|1w’ §18?195) ſs&] \| ſs&) ſ11021819 h15- Elsrs[819» q\|684 835) 1105-1954 1508 181119 191 628\| \| [82% 1048\| 124 [1502 \| § E ... UI b % a 2 I z§ as 50s554) ſ7osgts102) \|[1825]13%0144516 41/1745 1844\|1 946 PRlankitadt 51551) ſ7?ſ822[11088) \|[194-]1384/14551655\|1745 182519580 ' Schwetzingen ſ anſjan]. [7?%an [12‘5an an \| an [195 Oftersheim P \| \| (104,4 \|1355 15%]1706 20% Talhaus qr’ qſ1108° 113o? 152417!) I 75% ſ[111 1318 EN, U § Speyer Rheinbk. 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F 'r q r vzzaigs anu rg 's '1g sea F c r 1aüurntaups a229n ſ15[162:16: u. hi 2180918s\|3380 \| 5os[546) \| ss : 12231320 1740182191 w Eppelheim 4l «= HÖbhf. uzbupgamwpg azqy “sss: tagn uahu1goatos aaqy 2156 223244 § uasu1jaaups> 329n tedtuſsuws 3aqy § § I ! uößu1soaps MU I uaturſoaßps 13gy M.. uzvuisaows un \|1422 ‘uagaßabzuuvzaq saaqualag s11 _!üunt19yunas134ca0vL zu ü ZE q10vua(16 2.§ ustouyrco gwu zwyms. Ff nad: w s M 1608 nIÈIÊ.IÊIÏIÛ..ÒÔGEIGY , E 2 BGN US 20r] Fs Ja1%2311 \| ] Ftehingen \| \| soſ? [go] g1s [g1s [ 10s + \|1306 \|1214 Ä „tel \| k [ ftſsl ſé “§: qu 4/1 [ _ [s.to:. E , M \| 46s] \| sss] gor \| gos gs] !zt; hsr: i ſc.Ê.Ê.….c…ld 'S NnIIoO ] wt 4 I\| [ kv \| h] tlg le!sstt-\| \| s-fiér\| \| [-\| + \|isr\|t.a s (22° IL! \| an spvingen et \| &'] [s1s- [t- [s Offenburg .. E s g14 Y4s]\|. 119 \| 112.0 199182s a: \|1345/17s9][g°"\|1g29 17s811 t ? q 9349 a?! : f .. - ; : Gz. U z uztzz \| Baris e teln. 0-16 -1811 [t]] ts tler h: Ö ſu s o sau Meckesheim Necarels- Morbach und zurück. \| 7 Seckach-Walldürn-Miltenbers :.. .. ?!. W : \| won 1 ! 11.4 V V 5s zt 20% ab Heidelberg - an .. [ Setath t l. f. E: [18:1]: lolzſunussaleg tz); uzahaza DS w hes [18.1 [1466 e 'I'6~ke sr i T\| § B Basel FFreiburs-Karlsruhe-Heidelberg-Mannheim ...n. ..... haz 20’: 200] w Medesheim aA [254-2610 go«\| 1352\| [Gss[3410 N. ; [ l ... p \| pe NIn:nt»I3:N2...Llr... J s \|, roſ z j v j » \| sts 14-172 80r 204) Ercheivron [Ez [? 60-850 1346/1651[3904 \| Buchen é H 19:1 p: [(l [ée l (tt. st \|. J. u * \|. 8:18:14. 1750/2025 2058 Neidensſtein — 15% 559 gs! 124111621[1958 tittrrm.\| gti ]: ! : 1z. é. ghz 141 17:80? 31 Pairttatt i). Tue g us z. 12 18!. 19:! Miitenverg an \| slan [8%] an\| an 1765\| an éyſuG : r sts s sss; eu uu 7 Miltenbers-Walldürn-Seckach. Tu d s.zt.] size \| Asbach (Baben) \| \| 8-! [85r\| sto 18.0150: 1916 7:19 [14\182210- 3155) \| Msrteiſten. \| A5'\35 8190-1552 [1922 Miltenberg ab \| s\ \|!®\| g!s l „( : 7:98 14118212105) 2110\| \| Obrighem U 46o “515751 1150[1545 1914 Walldürn \| S\| yso [1917\| 117 \| 15% \| 1745 '.] 200 Ä§relurg .!) 1 Offenbur] ll 21% Appenweier J 1 Acheem roc n ‘org anu 7229401458[1894/92115] 91 46. V 445) 25% 7509\| 1148\| 1535[1908 Hainſtadt (Bad.) 15% \| 74. [1926\| 1185 \| 1529\| 17s8 "! T.sr151 184422" 22% \| an Mosbah ab \|24’" [F 4-1 760 IU[146 1850 Buchen : !? [/. \|[10t! [ ([+. .\|. GBödigheim gr gos [104.4 \| 1185 \| jg40 \| jz1z \| zgs S t „ Bruchsal. Odenheim-Hilsbach und zurü ück Seckach an \| S (525 \|g12 [105: \| 1300 lg \| gi 1328 ur hâ 20'° \| ab ] Bruchfal an é §716 1227 \|1646 L k â. L. V Wiesloch. MIt] \| 825 1138? [11748 [2988 Ubstadt (Ort) ab sto [Z716[1216 [166 \|1908 199% 822 \|[1345 11755 [2040 b \| Steltfeld (Baden) ab \| 559 §706 1208 [11624 \|1851 g?s1351 1855\| t ab Wiesloch-Walld. an § hs 1.398 88% 11354 [1802 [2947 Zeutern ab [5%0 §657114° [1615 1881) 845[1405[1927/9234 Viesloch Stadt 687591301 8§? 1357 1805 [2050\| ab [Lederfabrik * ab \| 510 \|#65?[1144 [1610 [1840 P S8114519’’225] \| Rauenberg 62.7401 245 \| ss+[14° [18:5 31% \| av \| Odenheim V .I. r uE E o. NB: \| : ]. q 9% [11420 11825 [21 10 Tiefenbach (Bad.) ab 526 26.111120 [115.29 18u) ] D 14241940223° \| Mühlhſen. (Hpl.)* 615ſ7321286 d ' , .. her -. : 9%? 11426 1850 2115 \| ab Eichelberg * ab \| 5?0 [86=\|1112 11542 [1815\| 9% [141[1949224 Mügtlhauſsenb. W. 6!!\|72:1125417 NNN.tto.nNn.. E : a J : Karlsruhe ; ( a Durlach - Weingarten Untergrombach Bruchſal Ubitadt \| Langenbrücken ' Mingolshe im Rot.Malſch vViesloch-Walld. \| St. Ilken Kirchklim J\| Fettes. auh ; annheim anl\|l uaßunſaaupDhognazg-uagvagg 1agn î uabuzgoaiups aoqy uaÿuzgoaupg 1391 NN. nas 4agy) uasuisaup y Ëc:SI. ume s z2gn uvoöurjaups 1gn re. 1'onlsrte er eclts ﬀ uavuujaups 309gn p GJ F J ...n... Mannheim-SchwetzingenKarlzruhe. .. .. L ercss g _ = Neckarelz. Jagstfeld und zurücl;. _ D E D. 6.1 s f ; \|. Mangheirs ab 152 455 goslt 620 ! 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Heidelbers:.Mannheim-Lucwigshaten .. q y e;. , ' : 1. - r1 s _. [ 20 .. Heidelbers-Eberbach-Neckarelt- Würzburg 1° P! belt oltzao s. bdZ121.42 7ss[g1ogss go1 Ês 957 tou! u 1.1 1822 141! 142311457 150% 155 168° 179 17.4 1815[485s[1845[1910 191 itt 2004\|2015(20252g40/2100/2125 .isſ 32 Mr: annheim av [4rt\| s.( s.<1r1] ger 2. M s' \|. s 126. 2 f ju jg 14 s e! W°t §. E "' 1098 11%%1935 13s551424 ſ[150) 116"\|164417’\|18% 1985 2049 21113157 E 2349 Heidelb.-Bh.ab 83% g4s\| 7011740/1 gvs\| 947[1908/1910 211’ 1318[1415\| 1440/1515 1687 115 1880 30 f 9126\| 23°! i 1235 13491429. [16.2 16-9 1812 ; 19.0 2045 2142 e § 354 Heidelb.-Alst. g 550 '! s! 101° 101° z 119 132414°? 142? 15!! 17% 185% 209 232% annheim Rbf. ab 524/554635 [706. 925 1239 1 345 1616\| 1654 186 1944 lies \|ſ8s \| Schlierb.3gh. \| s?" 6 ©51° 8 10:0’! \| #11! 13114/41415] 17 \|18 20 23 w 1 eim an MA s.’. 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D \| D D E § D Eberbach 4.09 6565\| 7831825 932 10!2 10591108 118? 14!6 1598 1 582 1603\| 1748 1g9! 1928 313? 2158 11 8 098 18'llst" h1172417>24 l185\|19!! s0r’\|804 2140 1330 Lindach 7°- an\| 9?9 an\| an \|]14san ſan \| an q s. an / 1819 1945 2151 t 182,0) \|19"\|215 * e rige] “.
http://surface.syr.edu/arc/191/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Title Foglio Document Type Newsletter Date Fall 1998 Embargo Period 6-27-2016 Keywords architecture, newsletter, florence, railway, sacred, profane Language English Disciplines Architectural History and Criticism \| Architecture \| Historic Preservation and Conservation \| Urban, Community and Regional Planning Description/Abstract Foglio is a publication that covers the work produced by students and faculty of Syracuse University during their time in Florence. This edition covers the topics of urbanism as well as many contemporary issues. Source local input Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
7819112_1	Wikipedia	CC-By-SA	Anne Hope Jahren, född 27 september 1969 i Austin, Minnesota, USA är en amerikansk geokemist och geobiolog vid universitetet i Oslo, känd för sitt arbete med att med hjälp av stabila isotoper analysera fossila skogar daterade till Eocen. Biografi Jahrens far var lärare vid ett community college och hon har tre äldre bröder. Hon avslutade sin grundutbildning i geologi vid University of Minnesota i Minneapolis med examen cum laude 1991. Jahren disputerade 1996 för fil. dr.-examen vid University of California, Berkeley inom markvetenskap. Hennes avhandling omfattade bildandet av biomineraler i växter och använde nya metoder med stabila isotoper för att undersöka processerna. Från 1996 till 1999 var hon biträdande professor vid Georgia Institute of Technology innan hon flyttade till Johns Hopkins University, där hon stannade till 2008. I Georgia genomförde hon banbrytande forskning om paleoatmosfären med hjälp av fossila växter och upptäckte den andra frisättningen av metanhydrat som inträffade för 117 miljoner år sedan. Jahren tillbringade också ett år på ett Fulbrightstipendium vid Köpenhamns universitet för att studera DNA-analysteknik. Även vid Johns Hopkins fick Jahren uppmärksamhet i media för sitt arbete med de fossila skogarna på Axel Heiberg Island. Hennes studier av träden tillät henne att uppskatta miljöförhållanden på ön för 45 miljoner år sedan. Hon och hennes medarbetare analyserade underskott på syreisotoper för att bestämma vädermönster som tillät stora Metasequoiaskogar att blomstra under eocen. Jahrens forskning vid Johns Hopkins innefattar den första extraktionen och analysen av DNA funna i paleosol och den första upptäckten av stabila isotoper som finns i en flercellig organisms DNA. Jahren lämnade Johns Hopkins för tillträda en professur vid University of Hawaii. Hennes forskning där fokuserade på att använda en analys av stabila isotoper för att bestämma egenskaper hos miljön i olika tidsskeden. Från 1 september 2016 har Jahren en Wilsonprofessur vid Centrum för jordevolution och dynamik vid universitetet i Oslos. Utmärkelser Jahren har fått tre Fulbright Awards: 1992 för geologiskt arbete som hon utfört i Norge, 2003 för miljöforskning utförd i Danmark och 2010 för arktisk forskning utförd i Norge. År 2001 tilldelades hon Donathmedaljen av Geological Society of America. År 2005 tilldelades hon Macelwanemedaljen och blev den första kvinnan och fjärde forskaren totalt som vunnit både Macelwanemedaljen och Donathmedaljen. Jahren profilerades av tidskriften Popular Science 2006 som en av dess "Brilliant 10 scientists". Hon var 2013 en av Leopoldstipendiaterna vid Stanford Universitys Stanford Woods Institutet for Environment. År 2016 fanns hon på Time Magazines lista över ”världens 100 mest inflytelserika personer." Referenser Noter Externa länkar http://jahrenlab.com/ Födda 1969 Levande personer Kvinnor Amerikanska geologer Personer från Austin, Minnesota.
10159661_1	Wikipedia	CC-By-SA	Dies ist eine Liste der Länder sortiert nach ihren gesamten staatlichen und privaten Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung. Liste der Länder nach Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung Verschiedene Länder nach Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung in Mio. Euro zum letzten ermittelbaren Zeitpunkt sowie der Anteil der Ausgaben als Anteil der Wirtschaftsleistung (Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP)). Quelle der Daten ist Eurostat. Liste von Unternehmen nach Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung Folgende Liste sortiert Unternehmen nach ihren Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung im Jahre 2016 in Milliarden US-Dollar (USD). Einzelnachweise Liste (Staaten) Forschung nach Staat.
github_open_source_100_7_20151	Github OpenSource	Various open source	process.env.NODE_PATH = './';
111558_1	Wikipedia	CC-By-SA	Fade to Black je počítačová hra, trojrozměrná akční adventura, od francouzského vývojového týmu Delphine Software International a přímé pokračováním úspěšné herní legendy Flashbacku. Je jednou z prvních her hraných z pohledu třetí osoby. Projekt vedl stejný člověk jako Flashback, Paul Cuisset. Hra se ovšem od svého předchůdce značně lišila, zatím co Flashback byl striktně dvojrozměrný, Fade to Black je plně trojrozměrný. Zkušenosti s trojrozměrnými hrami byly v oblasti akčních adventur malé a tak Fade to Black trpěl mnoha neduhy. Příběh Hra začíná prakticky tam, kde končí Flashback. Conrad B. Hart driftuje vesmírem v kryogenním spánku na svém zoufalém útěku, když je jednoho dne zachycen a probuzen. K jeho velkému zármutku ale u jeho lůžka nestojí lidé, ale Morphové, nepřátelská mimozemská rasa, která stála za úpadkem lidstva ve 22. století. Conrad je přepraven na Měsíc, na kterém stále funguje vězení. Ovšem pozice Morphů pořád ještě není neotřesitelná a Conradův pobyt tam nemá dlouhého trvání… Země je tou plně pod nadvládou Morphů. Lidstvo na Zemi je totálně podrobeno. Naštěstí stále existuje odporové hnutí, základnu má na obrovské vesmírné stanici a tak teď, když se na scéně objeví zkušený morphobijec Conrad, naděje pro lidstvo ještě není zdaleka mrtvá… Zpracování Fade to Black je průkopníkem her hraných z pohledu třetí osoby. V normálním módu hráč ovládal pohyb postavy, kamera převážně sledovala Conradova záda. V bojovém módu se kamera ke Conradovi přiblížila a hráč ovládal střelbu. Chování kamery nebylo ve všech situacích vhodné, za což byla hra kritizována. Děj hry se odehrával v interiérech. Z grafického hlediska je hra rozporuplná. Na jedné straně je po čistě technické stránce zastaralá, na druhé straně jsou úrovně navrženy na vysoké úrovni. Grafika úrovní je sice spartánská, ale zato je plná detailů. Hra podporovala mnoho rozlišení, mezi nimi i SVGA rozlišení. Bylo možné si vybrat mezi plochým a Gouraudovým stínováním modelů. Hře bylo vytýkáno ovládání. Ačkoli množství pohybů bylo výrazně menší, než u Flashbacku, ovládání stále nebylo zcela intuitivní. Navíc postava reagovala na pokyny se zpožděním, což představovalo v časovaných úsecích a v některých bojích zdroj frustrace. Pohybové možnosti hlavního hrdiny byly celkem chudé. Úrovně byly ploché, odpadlo tedy skákání a lezení na plošiny stejně jako kotouly. Adventurní stránka Fade to Black je zhruba stejně silná jako ve Flashbacku. Hlavní důraz je kladený na akci, adventurní prvky tvoří nezbytný doplněk a posouvají dopředu příběh. Ten je docela propracovaný a srozumitelný, vyprávěný je jednak prostřednictvím zpráv, které dostáváte prostřednictvím komunikátoru a jednak (a hlavně) prostřednictvím velkorysých renderovaných videosekvencí. Hudba je zpracována dobře. Soundtrack je sice v MIDI formátu, což znevýhodňuje majitele slabších zvukových karet, ale skladeb je ve hře mnoho, hudba se mění podle konkrétní situace. Akční adventury Francouzské videohry Hry pro DOS Hry pro PlayStation Videohry z roku 1995 Videohry od Electronic Arts Hry pro Dreamcast Kyberpunkové videohry Videoherní sequely Videohry pro jednoho hráče.
github_open_source_100_7_20152	Github OpenSource	Various open source	#ifndef __ANIMAL_H__ #define __ANIMAL_H__ // this typedef is used to hide the concept's implementation details typedef struct animal* Animal; Animal newAnimal(const char* name, int age, double weight); void destroyAnimal(Animal animal); int equalsAnimal(Animal animal1, Animal animal2); const char* getAnimalName(Animal animal); int getAnimalAge(Animal animal); double getAnimalWeight(Animal animal); void printAnimal(Animal animal); #endif
https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/14529/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Code of Judicial Conduct: Department of Justice briefing Ad Hoc Committee on Code of Judicial Conduct and Regulations 06 June 2012 Chairperson: Mr J Sibanyoni (ANC) Share this page: Meeting Summary The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (the Department) briefed the Committee on the proposed changes to the Code of Judicial Conduct (the Code), many of which were cosmetic in nature. An ANC Member was strongly critical of the fact that the document presented to the Committee was not the original draft prepared by the Office of the Chief Justice, marked up with the proposed changes, as the Committee had requested. It was eventually explained that because the Department had made several structural changes, moving wording around, it was very difficult to do this. However, the Department attempted to explain the structural changes as well as those to the wording. Members were concerned, as far as possible, to try to retain the wording that the judges themselves had suggested in the original draft. In the Preamble, the Department proposed that reference be made to the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, and references to the Judicial Service Commission Amendment Act were also included, with the reference to section 14 being corrected. Definitions had been redrafted in Article 1. Article 2 contained wording moved down from Article 1 in the original draft, and made it clear that the Code had application only to judges and not other judicial officers. Some grammatical changes were made to Articles 2 and 3. Members decided that Notes should be retained, and that the Code should use alphabetical numbering, whilst the Notes would use Roman numeral numbering. Members also decided that the word “must” would be used consistently throughout. Proposed deletions in Article 5 were accepted. Members decided that the Notes to Article 6 were irrelevant and should be deleted. Although the Department made some proposals for deletion of words in Article 7, Members did not agree, and decided that the words relating to the conduct of judges in court and chambers, as set out in the original draft, should be retained. The word “announce” was changed to “deliver” (a judgment) in Article 8. Article 9 had broken down the original draft’s wording into sub-paragraphs. Members decided to continue with the briefing on the following day. Meeting report Code of Judicial Conduct: Department of Justice and Constitutional Development draft Mr Sarel Robbertse, State Law Advisor, Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, stated that most of the amendments to the new draft that the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (the Department) had prepared were cosmetic in nature. Most of the judges, during public hearings, seemed satisfied with the Code of Judicial Conduct (CJC). He took the Members through the new draft. Preamble Mr Robbertse explained that the preamble set out an introduction to the CJC and made reference to the Constitution and also certain provisions of the Judicial Service Commission Amendment Act 2008 (the Act). He highlighted a proposed amendment stating that the judiciary needed to conform to internationally accepted ethical standards, and said this was a reference to the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, which the drafters suggested should be included. The Department further proposed that reference to sections 18, 19 and 20 of the Judicial Service Commission Amendment Act should be incorporated into the Preamble, because they were relevant to the specific mechanisms, structures and procedures which were to be applied if a judge acted in an unbecoming manner. The Department suggested that the original inclusion of section 14(3)(a) of the Act in the Preamble was incorrect, and the correct reference should have been to section 14(4)(b), now corrected. In addition, the last paragraph of the Preamble had been redrafted to conform with current drafting practices. Article 1 The Department had considered it essential to redraft the definition clause, and Mr Robbertse read out the new draft (see attached document). Article 2 Mr S Robbertse stated that this clause had originally appeared as paragraph 1 of the CJC, but had been moved and renumbered as article 2. Mr Robbertse further pointed out that it was proposed that the use of the phrase “judicial officers” should be deleted, as it held connotations to those who were not judges, but magistrates, and this would take the CJC beyond its intended scope of application to judges only. Mr J Jeffery (ANC) interjected and sought clarity on which document was being amended, since the version that he had in front of him had not contained the phrase “judicial officers”. He said, repeating earlier comments, that the Members needed to have the original CJC which had emanated from the office of the Chief Justice, to check how this document was being amended. He complained bitterly about the apparent lack of respect shown by the Department to the Committee. Mr Robbertse explained that the CJC to which he had been referring to indeed had the phrase “judicial officers”. Mr Jeffery disagreed and read out some sections of the document that he had. Mr Robbertse referred Mr Jeffery to other parts of the CJC, in order to affirm that the two had the same document in front of them. Mr Jeffery again disagreed that the documents were the same, and objected to the apparent attempt to amend something that was not in the original document from the Chief Justice (the original draft). Mr Robbertse explained, in regard to page 1, that the underlined words in the document before the Committee indicated the proposed insertions to the CJC, whilst those marked with a strike-through indicated proposed deletions from the document. Mr Jeffery reiterated his position that the words “judicial officers” were never in the original draft. The Chairperson urged Members to maintain calm and attempted to explain to Mr Robbertse what Mr Jeffery saw as the problem. Mr Robbertse replied that he believed that the words “judicial officer” were indeed part of the original draft. Mr Jeffery interjected and asked Mr Robbertse to show him where it could be found. Mr J van der Merwe (IFP) urged the Chairperson to protect Mr Robbertse. The Chairperson asked Mr Jeffery to allow Mr Robbertse to explain the position. Mr Robbertse stated that the Department was proposing amendments to the original draft, but it might be possible that some words had, at an earlier stage, been moved elsewhere, which probably accounted for the apparent disparity between the documents before himself and Mr Jeffery. Mrs D Schäfer (DA) observed that the Committee had earlier directed the Department to make all amendments on the original draft, so that it would be easier to see the changes, but it seemed that changes made to date made it now difficult to reconcile the original draft with that proposed by the Department. Mr Jeffery agreed, and stressed that the Committee had wanted to see the original draft, and then the strike through and underlining on that draft. The Committee also wanted all documents from the Department to be dated and numbered. He said that the Committee did not want to see deletions of wording that was not part of the original draft. Mr Robbertse started to go on with his briefing, but Mr Jeffery interjected again and said that if he were to continue, as if this document was the original draft, it would be difficult to know what had been changed. Mr Robbertse explained that the Department had merely re-worded the original draft, and anything to be moved or altered had been indicated on the document; it would be very difficult to go back to anything else. The Chairperson asked Members to suggest how this could be resolved, to move forward. Adv H Schmidt (DA) stated that the confusion stemmed from the fact that the Department had changed the structure of the original draft, moving wording and articles around, which was bound to cause confusion. He though the Department should alert Members to where changes had been made, otherwise the Members would not be able to keep up with the new draft. The Chairperson agreed, and asked Mr Robbertse to continue with the briefing, but to alert the Members to all changes in structure as well, and indicate which articles and paragraphs may have been moved from one part of the document to another. Mr Jeffery interjected again, saying that he had a problem with the way in which Mr Robbertse was briefing the Committee, and suggested that the Department should be requested to send somebody else to brief the Committee. He could see what had been done, but the way in which it had been done and explained was causing confusion. The Chairperson was concerned that time would be wasted if the briefing were not to continue. Mr Jeffery conceded that there was indeed a need to finalise the deliberations on the proposed changes, but said that he felt the work coming from the Department was not good enough. He reiterated that the Committee had always asked that documents be numbered and dated, but these were not. He agreed that the Committee could proceed, to save time, but would prefer to hear a better quality briefing. The Chairperson replied that all issues would be noted, and said the meeting should continue. Mr Robbertse reiterated that the Department proposed that the entire first and second paragraphs of Article 2 of the original draft be deleted, because they were vague. The other paragraphs had therefore been renumbered. Articles 2 and 3 Members made suggestions for changes, either to correct grammatical errors or to delete some words, and the Department noted this and said it would be done. Article 4 Mr Robbertse referred to the notes to Article 4. Members had earlier expressed some reservations whether the Notes, which were in the original draft, should be retained, and he asked if Members had made a decision on this point. Mr Jeffery said that the Committee felt that since the original draft contained Notes, they would be retained, as the Committee wished to make as few changes as possible to what the judges had wanted, but some of the Notes would absorbed into the main body of the Code, if it was felt to be necessary. Mr Jeffery asked the Chairperson if members had decided on the use of “shall” or “must”. He suggested that “must” was a better style, since “shall” seemed to suggest what a person should do, rather than what he was obliged to do. Members concurred, and the Department took note, saying that “must” would be used consistently. Article 4 Mr Robbertse referred to words that the Department propose should be deleted. Mr Jeffery commented that the usual style of drafting was to include the proposed deletions in square brackets, with a strike-through. This style should have been used in this document. Mr Robbertse commented that there had been a proposal to use alphabetical numbering for the subparagraphs in the articles, and he also noted that there was a proposal to break down longer sections into several sub-paragraphs. He asked how Members would like the Notes to be numbered. Mr L Landers (ANC) suggested that the Notes should use roman numerals, and Members agreed. Mr Robbertse pointed out the proposed deletions (see attached document). Article 5 Mr Robbertse again pointed out the proposed deletions, and Members did not comment. The Chairperson indicated that he had to attend another meeting, and Mr Landers took the Chair. Article 6 Mr Jeffery opined that there was no need for the first Note under the Article, as it stated an established fact, that judges had to comply with the law. That should be deleted. He then also indicated that some of the wording in the rest of the Notes may be difficult for the layman to understand easily. He believed that all of the Notes relating to Article 6 could be removed, because they did not add anything. Ms C Philane-Majake (ANC) and Adv Schmidt agreed, saying that the Notes were irrelevant. Members agreed and gave directions to the Department to remove the Notes under Article 6. Article 7 Mr Robbertse highlighted the proposals to delete certain words, as set out in the document. Members disagreed, and decided that the words relating to the conduct of judges in court and chambers, as set out in the original draft, should be retained. Article 8 Members commented that the use of the word “announce” a judgment in the court was incorrect, and that “deliver” a judgment should instead be used. Article 9 Mr Robbertse noted the proposal to break down the wording in the original draft into sub-paragraphs. He noted the reference to the audi alteram partem rule, and stated that there were certain proceedings in which it would not apply. He asked if this legal term should be retained. Members decided that it should be retained. Mr Jeffery proposed, and Members agreed, that the meeting be adjourned at this point, with the remainder of the proposals to be presented on the following day. The meeting was adjourned. Present • We don't have attendance info for this committee meeting Download as PDF You can download this page as a PDF using your browser's print functionality. Click on the "Print" button below and select the "PDF" option under destinations/printers. See detailed instructions for your browser here. Share this page:.
sn88056024_1917-04-02_1_8_1	US-PD-Newspapers	Public Domain	Polly and Her Pals Ashur's Art Career Starts Off With Leaps and Bounds Copyright, 1917, by Newspaper Feature Service, Inc. MOIDEA RHEU LUTHER On LUTHER On THE GREAT who Tha' Sa* mill "fois Hta-t WlMMlAlS «da. 12th Ave. South J fMVEtfr SOU hMrd> mshl»r's 6bde mi fi?. h(LASSlC TUdCl-üfr ÿ 0 I «dvl 5uw/>idiS'«y is 6~oima 'BE A/ Sfret AX4ME-! ] C Wd/. V&/U. a/£V£R Llt/E To U5ÉL »T. r y'Tbo. Vis«', U x Alcm/ UIK A Copyright, 1917, by Newspaper Feature Service, Inc. FRED FULTON WILL MEET CARL MORRIS FOR A THIRD TIME On Result Depends Question of Fight With Jess Will ard for Championship of World. New York, April 2.—Fred Fulton, undoubtedly will find out this week if he is good enough for a shot at Jess Willard's title. He will take on the veteran white hope, Carl Morris, here in a scheduled 10-round bout. Fulton and Morris have met before Maid the record shows a victory for Morris on a foul. Morris himself claims credit for a knockout while Fulton says he was counted out so fast he didn't have time to raise after having been floored. He concedes victory in the first meeting to Morris. Morris is one of the toughest spots in Fulton's climb to the top. If he can dispose of the Oklahoma giant, he will be claimed as ready to try the issue with Willard. If he finishes off Morris, he probably will be sent right out to clinch to whip Jim Coffey and Frank Moran. Fulton is not shirking. There is no shirking in the Fulton camp. His willingness to start against all tough boys and brush them out of the way in order to try his hand at knocking crowns off, entitles him to quite a bit of consideration. Jack Curley has given a half-way report of promise or a threat that, unless Willard will depart from his pacifist principles and be at the ringside when the two giants clash, it is almost a foregone conclusion that Willard will have to meet one or the other some day and defend his title in the hardest scrap of his career, so it is proper that he should be around when they begin to belabor each other. ALMOST PERFECT SCORE BY SECRET By making an almost perfect score, breaking 49 out of a possible 50 birds, H. R. Seckel won the regular shoot of the Boise Gun Club Sunday. Ralph Stafford was a close second with 46. The day opened with a miniature blizzard followed by sunshine and good shooting was a result. The scores: Shot at Broke H. R. Seckel 50 4? Ralph Stafford 50 4 6 W. W. Humphreys 50 44 A. E. Weaver 50 40 D. U. Addison 50 59 T. C. Grice 50 59 Harold Dresser 50 59 J. A. Heed 50 37 Clyde Rummell 50 36 Charles Hargraves 50 32 F. E. C. Grice 50 20 James Cobley......... 50 21 J. M. Sehern.......... 50 21 Charles Stewart...... 25 22 P. P. Gavin........... 25 17 Charles Adams........ 25 10 J. A. Porter........... 25 J. S. Wineland........ 25 Howard Stein........ 25 DOUBLES. Xtalph Staffard....... 54 >1 C. Grice........... 24 0HL R. Seckel.......... 24 •J. A. Reed........... 24 D. Addison........ 24 A. E. Weaver......... 24 Professional. The foreign trade of the United States decreased $100,000,000 in February, the first month of unrestricted German submarine warfare. Alcohol on Kidneys The constant regular or irregular use of beverages containing alcohol, will sooner or later make trouble for the kidneys. Sometimes an excess and secretion is formed, but usually the beginning of urinary trouble is denoted by an excess alkaline secretion giving rise to frequent desire of urination, followed by pain, burning, scalding, irritation manifest in the passage. The urine highly colored and strong of odor should be corrected with them. As they stimulate normal secretion, yellow inflammation, purify and restore the urine action promptly. Sold by all druggists.—All, Utah Wrestling Wonder Arrive in Boise To Meet Will 0 ane PETER VISSER. Classy Utah Wrestler Who Has Been Signed to Meet Harold Christensen At the Pianey Theater Thursday Night. Peter Visser, the fast Utah wrestler who has been matched with Harold Christensen, is due to arrive in Boise City and take up public training for the event. He is in good condition but how here for the benefit of fans, Visser has wrestled such men as Strangler Lew is and Ad Santell, drawing with them. He won. From Mort Henderson, the Masked Marvel: Pemetral, the Greek Demon; George Nelson, Bull oleson and others. Visser is going at top speed now and on the trail of Stecher. IT'S THE SPRING ARR THAT DOES IT (Capy. right. It is by It L. OeMksrp) By GOLDBERG YtfO uJAIt oO A GO-TieMAlJ uGHto is oursthe \LL -TTY TREDbY RtPHRY, I a MAIO OUTSIbS-V I UOICL You see uiAMTSi FWEfcAY -HAKE ^ Am éfckefc IbK Me t;n max fee MOUY v A>' Lt - AcccMhicMne . ne .J JULIUS, sonettMe tte«e osJ 9üst »Jess. o sevlk TH« ctnvupfeoe. ARouvJts (jjrrvJ wf ftust-tT Tû Tt+e I aj OUT GO CoOUTPY FIFTY ?oo* KAkJ • * It MOST se 6 CW r© uve 1M A DLAvCe HAUe io ce pousrt€"h vJoOtx FIFTY RICH MAhJd CLlWTS ©U TVrtS HjOOR. -rtUVCUK TfM« THIS. YCAft. MOV a COST tf* TLOORS 6-X FAY* AU. 80 A»» Christensen is one of the fastest miffj artists who have appeared in Boise. He! lias eliminated all contenders so far and will be in the best of form to meet j Visser. Christensen has the strong est kind of local backing. Promoter Nick Collins is planning a \ lively evening's entertainment. He ^ hopes to have a number of tbe Se- \| cond regiment boys In the preliminar- j ies. There will be several amateur vaudeville contests open to all amateur j Entries for lose April 4. _I singers and musical acts the contest will BAD SPRAINS OR MUSCLE STRAIN Rub Pain, Ache, Soreness and Swelling Right Out With "St. Jacob's Oil." Rub It on a sprained ankle, wrist, shoulder, back or a sprain or strain anywhere," that's when you realize the magic In old, honest "St. Jacobs Oil," because the moment It Is applied, out comes the pain, ache, soreness and swelling. It penetrates right into the injured muscles, nerves, ligaments, tendons and bones, and relief comes instantly. It not merely kills pain, but soothes and heals the Injury so a quick recovery Is effected. Get a small trial bottle of "St. Jacobs Oil" right now at any drug store and stop suffering. Nothing else acts things straight so quickly— so thoroughly. It is the only application to rub on a bad sprain, strain, bruise or swelling. Adv KILBANE-BROCK BOUT. Cleveland, April 2. — Champion Johnny Kilbane and Matt Brock, both Clevelanders, will fight in St. Paul in June, says Jimmy Dunn, who announced today that as manager of Kilbane, he had accepted the $6000 offer made by Frank Tyrell, Twin City promoter. TAKE GOLD COINS FOR NICKLES. There were two cases in two days of the dropping of a 15 gold piece into the receiving box of a pay-a-you-enter car and the street railway company is wondering whether prosperity has gained such headway that gold pieces are liberally mingled with silver in the change purses of the people. The first of the gold pieces has not been claimed, though the incident was advertised. In the second case, the act was observed, and the conductor exchanged the gold for a nickel with the woman who made the mistake. — Soriette (Mass.) Republican. WARNING. All parties are hereby notified and warned that no trespassing, for any purpose whatsoever, will be allowed upon the property of the Boise Artesian Hot & Cold Water company. This order applies to the property in Hull's Gulch and to all pump stations and grounds. S. Si. Hays, Mayor, Boise, City. T. Regan, Pres., Boise Art. Hot & Cold Water Co., Bol S-M-W-F-tf Philadelphia divine was entertaining a couple of clergymen from New York at dinner. The guests spoke in praise of a sermon their host had delivered the Sunday before. The host's son was at the table and one of the New York clergymen said to him: "My lad, what did you think of your father's sermon?" "I guess it was very good," said the boy, "but there were three mighty fine places where he could have stopped." WALLACE TO MEET KIRKE. Denver, April 2—Otto Wallace, Milwaukee lightweight, is scheduled to fight 16 rounds with Sailor Kirke, of California, tonight at the National Athletic club. CUB ROOKIES WIN. Denver, April 2.—Eight hundred of the faithful shivered in an icicle-encrusted grandstand while the Cub rookies trounced the Denver Bears, 10 to 0, in the opener here yesterday. Polk Directory of Canyon, Gem, Washington and Adams counties now off the press. Write for particulars, R. L. Polk & Co., Globe Bldg., Seattle, Wash.—Adv. LEGAL NOTICE. NOTICE OF EXECUTOR'S SALE. Notice is hereby given that in pursuance of an order of the Probate Court of Ada county, State of Idaho, made and entered on the 22nd day of March, 1917, in the matter of the estate of Edgar Wilson, deceased, the undersigned executor of the last will of said deceased will sell at private sale for cash subject to confirmation by said probate court, on and after Monday the 2nd day of April, 1917, at the hour of 10 o'clock a.m., of said day at his office, room 604 Idaho building, the following described personal property: To-wit: 86 shares of the capital stock of the Pacific National Bank of Boise, Idaho, or any part thereof; 1 large oak office desk; 4 sections and two top sections and two bottom section office files; 1 Mosler safe; 1 small office table, and about 20 volumes of miscellaneous books. FRANK MARTIN, Executor, last will of Edgar Wilson, deceased. Dated this 22nd day of March, 1917. FOR SALE OR TRADE—160 acre relinquishment, 136 acres cleared. Address Box 662, Nampa, Idaho. A5c FOR SALE OR TRADE—Combination FOR SALE or trade for livestock—8 h.p. gas engine. Call at Peasley's pool and billiard table 4x8; suitable for a home. Address Box 562, Nampa, Idaho. A6c AT E OR TRADE—Indies wide car at Morris' Cyclery. Will trade for cattle, pigs or chickens. J. F. Kenner, phone 1967-W. A6c FOR SALE OR TRADE—1 1-11 acres in large and small fruit; house, barn, chicken houses, on Cole school car line. Call at 1614 Jefferson. A3c FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—40 acres six miles from Ontario, Oregon. 1 mile from R. R. station; cleared and partly leveled. Will exchange for city property. Price $4000. Idaho Realty Co., 209 N. 8th St. tf FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—A thriving confectionery, candy and cafe business, well equipped; the only one in a first class town of 2600 population. Party will exchange for a good 40 or 80 acres of land and might pay cash difference if land is right. Idaho Realty Co., 209 N. R. LETTAL NOTICE. $500,000 STATE OF IDAHO HIGHWAY BONDS. Sealed bids will be received by the undersigned until 10 o'clock, a.m., Monday, April 9th, 1917, at the state treasurer's office in Boise, Idaho, for the sale of the following State of Idaho Highway bonds: 500 bonds of $100 denomination. 600 bonds of $500 denomination. 200 bonds of $1000 denomination. Coupon form—bearing data January 1st, 1917, 20-10% Interest not to exceed 414 percent, payable January and July 1st. Bonds cannot be sold for less than par and accrued Interest. Lower rate of Interest preferred to a premium bid. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check payable to the treasurer of the state of Idaho, for 2 percent of the par value of the bonds. The right is reserved to reject any or all bids. JOHN W. EAGLE SON, Adv-April 7 State Treasurer. FOR SALE—POULTRY. For sale—Barred Rock eggs for setting. P. O. Box 416. Phone 2310-J. THOROUGHBRED White Leghorn eggs for setting, $4.50 a hundred. Phone 45J3. FOR SALE—Barred Rock eggs. Best in state. E. S. Bailey, H. 4, Boise, Idaho. Phone 111-J. FOR bargains in second hand incubators. Sam's Second Hand store, 106 N. 11th. Phone 416. FOR SALE—T horoughbred White Wyandotte and Barred Rock eggs. Phone 2481-J. Mrs. Billows, 108 N. 11th, Boise. ANCONA eggs from winners at Boise and Ogden. Can furnish settings or 10th, Correspondence solicited. John Denond, Boise, K. I. tf Eggs for hatching, from special mated pens. Partridge Rocks and White Rocks. Price according to quality. Rufus Red and New Zealand Rabbits. Wyandotte Poultry Farm and Rabbits, Boise, if WHITE LEGHORN baby chicks from heavy laying (Hoganized) stock, $8 per 100 for April, May and June. Safe delivery guaranteed. The Pioneer Hatchery, Petaluma, Calif. FOR SALE—White Wyandotte eggs from prize winners; also limited number of turkey eggs. Agent for Standard Coal Burner brooders. Phone 69-J-2. C. L. Haworth. R. D. 2. Boise. A4 Rags from selected S. C. White Leghorn pens of high average layers of good standard requirements. Awards Boise Show, 1918 A 1917, $1.60 setting $8.00 per 100. Quantity prices. All choice sold. Archie M. Larson, R. F. D. No. 1, Welser, Idaho. Mayfield FOR SALE—Livestock. FOR SALE—Team of mares. Weight 16(6. 5 year old. Pheas 1186-J. April. COMFORTABLE registered Shed Horses. Two years time, six percent. Address 112 oar* Capital News Aprfl'o FOR SALE—Small horse, good saddler, $46. Pair plain leather chaps, inquire Feldhusea, Brnos and Manitou, South Boise as FOR SALE—6 yearling registered Hereford bulls and 50 yearling half-year-old Best of breeding and quality. Midland Breeding farm, L. L. Young & Sons Nampa, Idaho. 160 SHROPSHIRE yearling mares; 1 Shropshire ewes with lambs at side; 10 Hampshire yearling ewes all registered. L. A. Dunham, Meridian, Idaho. LIVESTOCK FOR SALE. 30 PERCHERON stallion for sale from 1 to 5 years old. These colts are all by my Imported registered champion stall. In the "Krem," and out of my imported registered ten mares, they are large, rugged, and exceptionally heavy boned. My prices are very low, quality considered. Terms if you want them; also four registered ton mares, 6 years old; also some registered Shorthorn bulls for sale. P. A. SORENSEN, I X L Stock Ranch, 6 miles south of Beatty Station, Meridian, Idaho. MISCELLANEOUS FOR FORD repairing go to The No. 11 Ford Repair Shop, 212 N. 12th. Phone 15. A6c BOSE TRADERS DATE SALES— March 28 and April 1. Colonel Marstem A Sen. tf WATCH DOCTOR. Latest Main spring, $1; cleaning, $1; Wilson, new location, 1015 Main. tf VIMEDIA. Improved treatment, Mrs. Thos. Davison. Phone till-J. tf WATCH AND CLOCK REPAIRING: prices right; all work guaranteed. Dwight Perkins. 1607 Idaho BL tf STOVE REPAIRS We are still headquarters for all kinds of stove repairs; If we have what you want we can get it. The Company Store, 606-S Idaho BL tf YES, we know that many people think It is necessary to pay 46 to 60 cents to get a rich, mellow oatmeal. We know differently. Try Morning Do light; save a Alma and he ooortneed. Robbins, the Coffee Man. No. 8th St Phone MU. At THE HOUSE CLEANING EXCHANGE. We Do Kalsomining, Paperhanging, Painting. Alee Clean Wallpaper, Kelsons In a Rug and Carpets. NEW PROCESS. That is a great success. Hems cleaned. $1 and up. Phone 1MLW. For demonstration and reference. All work guaranteed. At.
bpt6k9780345b_178	French-PD-Newspapers	Public Domain	55 Bevot, mais. 56 la Quéte Ste-Élisabeth. 57 Emo (L.), ce qu'il faut dire. Lucerne, vins. 57 bis. Bouttekine, fabrique de papier peint. Klein, vernisseur sur papier peint. 59 Leroux, vins. 61 Dresch, couleurs et vernis. Hotchkiss, crémerie. 62 Marnav (P.), pavéur et traiteur. 63 Hommes, boucher. Petitjean, menuisier. 64 Forest, boulanger, et Boulets, 19. Panait, charcutier. 65 et 67 Bellamier aîné, ancien commissaire de police, propriétaire. Berthelot, boucher. Clamoy, sellier. Pacaut, vins. 66 Carré (P.), distillation, vins et liqueurs, et Boulets, 18. 68 Bernard (Mlle), professeur de piano. Bollin, articles de ménagerie, Rahm, boucher, œufs et volailles. 69 Richard (Philippe), vins, et Boulets, 21. Prin, fabrique de porte-monnaie. Ranglard, confecteurs pour hommes. 71 Lelièvre, vannier. 71 et 71 bis Marin, vins. 71 ter Augustin (V.), plombier. 72 Cayla, boucher, et Chevreu, 15. 73 Giselard, vins. Juery, hôtel des Nations. Roillard, horlogerie-boutique. 74 Martin jeune, vins, et Chevreu, 18. 77 Decoudun (J.) et Compagnie (succès), ingénieur constructeur, bureaux et ateliers. 78 Gavard (A.), vins et liqueurs, et boutique Voltaire, 253. 83 Lisle (Emile), épicier, et boutique Voltaire, 260. 84 Evrat, hôtel St-Nicolas. Nô, comestibles. Horsir, vins-restaurant. 88 Ayraut (Vins), et avenue Philippe-Auguste, 19. 91 Tortez, épicier. 92 Bauer, vins-traiteur. Kalléus, beurre et œufs en gros, et Tunis, 3. 93 Alliot (H.), tonneaux en fer et chaudronnerie. Fauquier (Vins), sage-femme. Lalée, établissement de bouillon. 94 Bruint, mécanicien, et Tunis, 4. 95 Archenault (Vins). Bondi, ébéniste. Boucher, tourneur de bois. Sargues et Compagnie, location de voitures à bras. 95 Breugnon, épicier. 97 Korperich (P.), fabrique d'armoires. Mondy, vins. 98 Olivier (André), vins et liqueurs. Paquet, boucher. 99 Baudouin, établissement de bouillon. Mondot, hôtel de Lyon. 100 Cerveaux, vins et liqueurs, et avenue Boulevards, 9. Des saveures, sellier bourgelier. Ta vol. fabr. d'appareils de sûreté. 101 Coural, couleurs. Sabatier (Mme), sage-femme. 102 Gras, épicier et vins. 103 Guy (Mme), épicerie. Védrines, vins et liqueurs. et avenue Philippe-Auguste, 19. 104 Cornet, coiffeur. Salleles, nourrisseur. Sibille, peintre-vitrier. 106 Duchard, boucher. Page 1.1, chaussures. Parailloux, vins. 107 Lecandeur, charpentier-cordier. 109 Blin, placage et panneaux. Pumpkin, d’ironie. 110 Carmi, chaussures. Lecole-Amory, mercerie et librairie. Lebidoz, fabr. des fleurs. Perrier, machines à coudre. Poulet, vins et épicerie. Vigne, vins. 111 Chanveau, boulanger. Loyau, vins. 113 Gandonnière, fabr. de vins. Mianiet, fabr. de couleurs. Jenck, vins. Livet (T.), cidre et vins en gros. Stablenus, marchand de Charités. Rober, ébéniste. 113 et 115 Varnier et Tailleur Tailleur et Gautier (serruriers), blanchisseurs de rideaux. 114 Didier, vins-traiteur. Renaud, svédalises de cafés. 115 Châtelier (A.), crèmerie. Fournel, vins. Gautier, de la maison Tailleur fils et Gautier. Lambert (Coulant), gaz. Meyer (J. F.), gérant de propriétés. 116 Gouillet, vins. 117 Balzac, vins et hôtel de France. DePiroux, lavoir public. Mallet (J.), peaux pour pelleteries en gros. Vialar, tailleur. 117 bis. Ancot fils, fabr. de buffets. Boudier (A.), entreprise de terrassement et de pavage. Cerf-Larherie, rablabie de rotins filés. Cottillou, construction de voilures. Fric, charbonnier et vins. Grassin, ébéniste. 118 Thibault, boucher, et bonneterie. Charonne, 33. 119 Bernard, ébéniste. Bouvier (L.) et Cie, fabr. d'orgues. Cordonnerie spéciale (à la). Couette (A.), fabr. de tentes et sièges pliants. Garaboux fils, fabr. de papiers peints. Légitimier, manuf. de pianos. Roumilhac, vins-traiteur. Wilt, facteur de pianos. 121 Bouvier, boulanger. 121 et 123 Koch, fabr. de lits. 123 Ody, herboriste et épicerie. 125 Brocard, vins. Frémière, vins en gros, et à l'Hôtellerie, Butte (de la Loire, 58. 129 Lizet, vins. 131 Barthélemy, découpeur et moutons. 133 Moine (Lucien), vins. 135 Coffin, pharmacien. Ragage (Mlle), sage-femme. Le Vaugiraud, vin, et liqueurs. MONTROUGE (place de) (60m de la réplique.) XIV Arr. (Observatoire). Petit-Montrogné, ouge). Entre les rues Boulard, Place Pigalle et avenue du Maine, 169 et 171. Mairie du 14e arrondissement. Maire - Lazies, av. d'Orléans. 52. Secrétaire chef des bureau: Langlois (E.), à la mairie. Succursale de la caisse d’Epargne. Bureau de Bienfaisance: Mendel, secrétaire-trésorier. Justice de paix: Juge de paix: Gaultier-Passerat. Chaussée-d’Antin, N. Greffier: Pexard (L.). Commis greffier assermenté: Cottaz, rue Boulard, 49. Poste de Vigie. Poste de Police. Marché de Montrouge: Boulanger, inspecteur. École communale laïque de filles : 61, Pessonier, 18. École communale laïque: Bizot, cours de Gaulle. École maternelle : Melle Fellens, directrice. MONTROUGE (porte de). XIV Arr. (Observatoire): Petit-Montrogné, Boni. Brune, au bout de la rue Friant. MONTSOURIS (avenue), (lin 13e de longueur.) XIV Arr. (Observatoire): Montparnasse). Place Denfert-Rochereau, et parc de Montsouris. 1 Rivière (Adolphe) en entreprise des omnibus des chemins de fer de Seine. 2 Hemart fils, architecte-verificateur. Hôtel, café-restaurant, et place Denfert-Rochereau, 13. Bougé, coiffeur. Société de gymnastique. Naud (J.), hôtel, et avenue d’Orléans, 5. Vinadel, limonadier et hôtel. Beaufort, crèmerie. Decailly, cierges-fabreleur. Pelletier (Ch.), épicière, rue Ducouédic. 8. Ravel, menuisier-ébéniste. Guillot (Mme), sage-femme, et Tourne-Issoire, 58. Legros, limonadier, Seipel, boucher. Thierrat, limonadier et hôtel du Parc, et Dareau, 56. Dubois (A.), vins, faïence, et Tourne-Issoire, 57. Flary. Pierson, tailleur. Pineau (Mme), sage-femme. 25 Station frères, représentant de travaux publics. 29 Fayard (atelier). MONTSOURIS (rue de). (190, de longueur.) XIV Arr. (Observatoire): Montparnasse). Rue Voie-Verte, 61. 1 Maison de vins-restaurant. 5 Délaissé, fruitier. Tournet, vins et hôtel. 7 Gouallier (Mme), épicière. 11 Defert, vins. 14 Dubaillé, couronnes funéraires. 27 Massoll, épicière. 34 Jordaney, charbonnier et poissonnier. 35 Simon, vins. 37 Truchot, fruiterie. MONT-THABOR (rue du). (410m de longueur.) 1 Arr. (LOUVRE). Place Vendôme. Rues d'Alger, 7 et 9, + rue Mondovi, 7 et 8. 1 Giguet, vins, et Alger, 5. Maillet, relieur. 2 Vallot et Jacquemet, vins et eau-de-vie. 3 Labille (A.), maison meublée. 5 Barré, propriétaire. Hache, avocat cour d'appel. Jonage-Doria (che de). 6 Lherbet, avoué de 1ère instance. Lallemand (Mme), rentière. Petit (Eug.), architecte. 7 Combarel (comtesse de). Coupé, bottier. 8 Fagris (Ernest), conseiller référendaire à la cour des comptes. Molineval fils, propriétaire. 9 Taveau, propriétaire. Texier (Jules), architecte. 10 Carré (Eug.), avocat cour d'appel. Friedlander (Louis), fer et bois de Suède. Hogg, pharmacien (domicile). Mumm (G. H.) et Cie, distillateurs, vins de Champagne, E. Jourdan, agent. Mumm (Peter (Arnold) de Francfort, grands vins du Rhin et de la Moselle, E. Jourdan, agent. Preschez jeune, ancien boulanger. 11 Blanchet (Mme), rentière. Carteau (A.), boulanger. Heidsieck et Clo de Heine, vins de Champagne. P. Géraud, gérant, seul correspondant pour la France et l'étranger. 12 Berruer, avoué de 1ère instance. Costier & Cie, confections. Progrès militaire (le). 13 Baudenet, auditeur au conseil d'Etat. 14 Masure et Gendre aîné, vins en grosses, et à Bercy, rue St-Emilion, 123,125 et 132. 15 Célérier (L.) négociant (domicile). Choppin (Mme). 17 Thys (P.), limonadier. 19 bis: De la Londe, commissaire de police. Loyant, blanchisserie. 20 Rispal, vins. 23 Deniset, fabrique de chaussures. Grenier, légumes en gros. Thémelin, vins, et Cambon, 5. 24 David et Cie, manufacture de plomb coulé. Hervé, coiffeur. Nauclé, avoué de 1ère instance. Rolland, bois et charbon. Vannuccini, vins-traiteur. 25 Eyral, propriétaire. Gilles Villiers (Mlle de). Lur-Saluces (ête Henri de), sénateur. Renaut, professeur de langues. Sailly, rentier. Seligman (Ed.), avocat cour d'appel. 26 Ravie * C. R., médecin emballeur. Luichon, relieur. Maillard-Lorgnet, robes. Regnault, avocat, directeur de la compagnie d'assurances l’Étoile contre la grêle. Wagner, restaurant. 27 Bailly, avoué à la cour d'appel. Glandaz, V. T. Lachapelle, Mme, sage-femme. Leviez, Ernest, O. 28 Brondeau, Mlle, couturière. Hennquin, tapissier. Loriol, avocat. Viniger, vins. 30 Benuflinechet, bon de. Delaveau, secrétaire de la Cie du canal de Briare. Guigue, Mme, rentière. 32 Rolland, ébéniste. 34 Degoul, œufs et laiterie. Lambre, charbonnier. 36 Delattre, maison meub. Marchand, A., cheveux en gros. Philip, conserves alimentaires. Poulain, layetier, et St-Honoré, 372. 38 Grétaire, traiteur. Le Pargneux, avocat. Le Pargneux, propret. Vicier, Mme Élisabeth, modes. 40 Isoré, Victor, agent d'affaires. Lefevre, Albert, avocat à la cour d'appel. Mireille, Louis, gestion de propriétés. 42 Sergent, E., épicier, et Cambon, 8. MONTONNERRE (impasse du). 100m de longueur. XV Arr. (Vaugirard). Rue Vaugirard, 127. 1 Grinnard, teinturier. 4 Société anonyme coopérative, glaçage et salle de bains de papier. 4 bis Ducamp, peintre-verrier. 6 Ginisty, vins et hôtel. 10 Berthet, Pamphile, sculpteur-statuaire. 12 Cayot, tourneur en bois. Greber, sculpteur-statuaire. Dougouenade, sculpteur-ornemaniste. MONTYON (rue). 150m de longueur. IX Arr. (Opéra). Faubourg-Montmartre. Rue Geoffroy-Marie, 2, & rue Trévise, 7 et 9. 2 Vins, et Trévise, 9. 3 Harmel et Cie, sculpteurs-statuaires. L'Austin, Alfred, emballeur, et Boule-Rouge, 6. Thouverey, vins, et Boule-Rouge, 1. 7 Annuaire algérien-Tuilet, direction. Alarx et Cie, affichage et publicité. Barreau, serrurier. Braud, menuisier. Genais-Louet, voitures à bras (succursale). Jeanne, maison spéciale pour l’administration et l’expédition des journaux. Marquet, fumiste. Moniteur de la librairie, 8. Semichon, J., papier-imprimeur (ateliers). Achard, emballeur. Chahès, hôtel de Batavia. Arthuis, Dr, clinique. Laroche, Vic, vins. Abzac, F d’, et Cie, banquiers. Affre, coiffeur. Amiraux, tapissier. Corbie, commissaire-priseur. Delbord, fruitier. Parent (Vic Ulysse), couturière. Betot, tonnelier. Bulletin du Crédit. Corné (B.), artiste. Lelu (D. Emile), méd. Thau (J.), représentant de commerce. Leglay, serrurier. Andrieu, hôtel. Lizeux, restaurateur. Bicheret, maison meub. Bellego, couturière. Biron, vins. Comptoir central, L. Bouchez. Fouquereau, successions. Thiesson (Eug.), boucher. MORAND (rue). (265e de longueur.) XI Arr. (POPINCOURT). Folie-Méricourt. Rue des Trois-Couronnes, 15 et 17, + rue de l'Orillon, 16 et 18. Aujames, loueur de voitures. Boireau, vins, et Trois Couronnes du Temple, 15. Bachollet (L.), Grouard et Cie, fabr. de plaqué. Ecole communale, directeur. Union musicale. Hôtel (le Vedra). Lavoir SI-Louis. Lejuste et Cie, cafetières et bains-marie. Noyé, vins. Duet, batteur d'or. Gatinet, vins. Kehringer, fabr. d'albums. Laire, pâtissier en gros. Marchai, mécanicien. Meyer et Renu, fabr. de boutons ferrisée. Pernet, poulies pour appartements. Chandelier (Félix), en-trepreneur de pavage et granit. Demay, maçon. Vaugelas, comestibles. Focké fils ainé, facteur de pianos et avenue Victor-Hugo, 83. Laurin, fabr. bases élastiques. Mignon, vins. Orset jeune, graveur sur métaux. Pollet, bijouterie-chocolat. Danzi, négociant. Duprat, papetier-libraire. Lambert, entrepôt de glaces. Tourneur, boulanger. Coupé, hôtel Morand, épicerie. Hilaire, vins. Zimmer (Jacques), mécanicien. Guillermain, soudeur de boulons. Peltier, vins. Poulet père et fils, opticiens. Schaub, décorateur sur porcelaine. Seure, mécanicien. Bertrand, cuivrerie pour le bâtiment. Clément, vins. Blanchard, mécanicien, constructeur de métiers. Esteve (Léon Pinet succès.), fabr. d'anches pour orgues et harmoniums. Roche, vins et liqueurs. Belorgey (Jules), fabr. d'ustensiles de chasse, et St-Maur, 140. Benoît, mont. en bronze Besson, fabr. de cadres. Coffier (Frédéric), fabr. de houppes et boites à houppes. Compagnie des filtres-presses Farinaux, Société française de constructions mécaniques : Ch. Let, directeur, et St-Maur, 140. Couillon, fabr. de chaussures. Courtois, tourneur et optique. Faure, fabr. de tissus soie. Marchand, fabr. de talons. Peulvey (J.), fabr. de bottines de corne, et St-Maur, 140. Pirson, fabr. d'outils pour ciseleurs et graveurs, et St-Maur, 140. Rohillard, art. pour sellerie. Roy (L.), bijouterie fine en doré et pour deuil. Royon (née), fabr. de voilures pour enfants, et St-Maur, 140. Seldler (E.), fabr. de jouets d'enfants. Sevant, fabr. de carrioles. 16 Simonin, vins-traiteur. 17 Coulet, mécanicien. 19 Lahure, orfèvrerie argent. 20 Chantrier et Cie, pistes, et Longueil-Condé. 21 Barre (fils aîné), et voitures en bois peint. Secondo, viniculteur. 22 Leclerc (E.), meubles en bois de chêne. 23 Legault, vins non-Nouvel, et produits. Leurs-études. 24 Lacroix, maroquinerie. 25 Damnon, cannier. 26 Besson, et coriace. Harrison, et décorateur laine et crêpe. Jeulin (E.), et mécaniciens. Stève, vins. 27 Bonnenfant (V.), canteur. Burgès, fabr. de climatisation autant que possible. Clérice, vins. Cocainier, outillage pour vernis. 28 Lambinet, orfèvrerie cuivre. Lachenal, cidres et eaux-de-vie, et liqueurs. MOREAU (rue des Vins, 118-m), et succursales. XIIe Arr. (HELLY), et Vingties Avenue Messnil, et Charenton, 38 et 39. Guignard, vins. Dennery (Robert), et meubles et sièges, avenue Daunay, 5. Bourdais (A.), vins. Chauzy, hôtel du. Delaplace, soudeur à cuivre, et Pelletier et Cie, serrurier, électricité, tin, etc. La terre, vins et fruits. Alliouze, vins. Jung, épicier. Legrand-armée (Eug.), travaux mécaniques. Besneux, menuisier. Caron, menuisier. Degauche, ferblantier. Delière, ébéniste. Goujon et Cie, magasin de meubles et Faubourg-St Antoine, 12 et 22. Henri, vins. Notent (P.), charcutier, Raimbault, ébéniste. Schott, boulanger. Sirt, fabr. de sièges. Vullentin, menuisier de fauteuils. Bassard (J.), chaussure. Batidier, propriétaire. Jung (Joseph), ébéniste. Prévost, ébéniste. Rogne (Charles), libraire, port de mailles. Clerc, libraire. Colmus, ébéniste. Eberlin, ébéniste. Gillet, tailleur. Hamboz (J.), sculpteur sur bois. Braujie, vins. Jourdain (Hie), menuiserie pour meubles. Juignet (Cl.), sculpteur sur bois, et Kern, ébéniste. Tixier (J.), lingerie, 4. Clinique nationale d'otolamologique des Quinze-Villots. Bondeville, découpeur de bois. Chanutrain, ébéniste. Colin, ébéniste. Favrolle, serrurier. Hoffmann, ébéniste. Ross, ébéniste. Lavoir St-Paul, Laval-les. Morisset, vins et liqueurs. Peffert (Nicolas), doreur sur bois. Colas, ébéniste. Duviver, ébéniste. Giberli, vins et liqueurs. Miltgen, ébéniste. Liauzin, outils pour le travail des bois. Louvel, déménagements, et Bercy, 224. Millet, tourneur sur bois. Moulinet, sculpteur. Pohlairs, ébéniste. Simon, coiffeur. Vandellen, sculpteur sur bois. Anvoiler, ébéniste. Burglin, serrurier. Cousin, ébéniste. Etienne, maçon. Usage, fabr. de fauteuils. Marty, ébéniste. Parmentier, ferblantier. Poignet, vins. Poos, ébéniste. Valentin, épicier, colle et vernis. Viala, fabr. de portemanteaux. Benoit, menuisier en fauteuils. Hubert, fabr. de meubles sculptés. Schneider, ébéniste. Rallye, rableur de comptoirs. Génie (F.), fabr. de portemanteaux et ornements d'appartements. Sachot (Charles), vins, et Charenton, 38. Bourcheteau (A.), fabr. de sièges. Carton frère et soeur, colle forte et vernis. Marcelot (Mme), sage-femme. Turquis (Constant), épicier, et rue de Charenton, 40. MORÉE (rue de). (91 m de longueur.) OPÉRA. Roche-Zurich, rue des Marais, 26 et 28, et rue Nillio, 9 et 15. Dufroy, vins. Fermanet, bouclier. Grenier (Emile), marbres artificiels, passantier, épicier. Achat de l'économie. Thenard, maison de médecine. Gonnard, coiffeur. Hargat, serrurier. Le "Pied de l'échelle", tonnelier. Le toisseur. Cornière, tailleur. Horloger. Propriétaire. Vélîcher. Mécanicien. Restaurateur. PETITE FERME OBSERVATOIRE. Nue et 52 avenue Charles Milles, 115 et 47. (Louis) Épicier, vins-restaurateur et rue Friant, 40. Lefebvre et Cie, fabrique de jouets, maison de vente, rue Keaumur, 37. Lézian, contrôleur des contributions directes. Voisin, marbende de balais. Bonnail-Hitter, restaurateur de livres. Bethléem (maison de), 24 Marais (Alph.), fils, fabrique de papiers peints. Darras (D.). MORET (rue). (20 m de longueur.) Hôtel (POPINCOURT). Folie-Méricourt, rue Oberkampf, 133 et 135, et rue des Trois-Couronnes, 30 et 32. Brulefer, épicerie. Rossignol (E.), vins et liqueurs, rue Oberkampf, 133. Lelièvre, propriété. Marchis, boulanger, et rue Oberkampf, 135. Viennot, vernisseur. Bouvier, cordonnier. Goblin, vendangeur. La Estevenou, vins. Bariquand et fils, mécaniciens; bureaux et magasins, Oberkampf, 127. Hôtel Moret. Delahaye, vins. Desplous, outils divers. Hôtel du Globe, Chenais. Larocque, vins. Tarlallson, crémerie. Louis, bouillon et vins. Hartsch, horloger. Viallet, vins. Pierrard, hôtel des Ardennes et vins. Cataisson, hôtel de Mulhouse. Dollé, vins. Trollet, balancier. Garnier jeune, fabrique de lorgnettes. Lavoir Ste-Marie, Verger, et Oberkampf, 137. Lebouc, ferblantier. Jeanson, épicérie. Thuilliette, boulangerie. Barret, papierrier-historien. Besson, lingerie. Galopin (Mme), vins-traiteur. Deymier, vins. Juéry, crémerie. Pons, vins. Valette, lingerie et mercerie. Villedieu, épicerie, fruiterie. Bleuez, vins. Garnier, bouclier. Diard, coiffeur. Bouldoires, bouillon. Hôtel de l'Atlantique. Desbains, épicier-herboriste. George (Hubert), serrurier. 29 Carol, boulanger, et Trois-Couronnes, 32. Coupé, rivure sur acier, nacre et jaune. Houel, cordonnier. Martin, bijoutier-chocolatier. 30 Gourde (Emile), boulons de papiers. 32 Bertola, fabrique de jouets mécaniques. Langrenier, polisseur de glaces. Legoussel (Alphonse), fabrique de vis. Magot, vins. Strohmenger, constructeur-mécanicien. Vercher, fabrique de papier de fantaisie; magasin, rue Chapon, 11. Zimmer et Pasquerault, moteurs à gaz. 34 Calot ('Y'), vins et tabac, et Trois-Couronnes-du-Temple, 34. MORILLONS (impasse des). (15011 de longueur.) XV Arr. (VAUGIRARD). St-Lambert). -+ rue des Morillons, 6. 4 Lambing, fabrique de bouchons. 27 Leroi, épicier. MORILLONS (rue des). (030111 de longueur.) XV Arr. (VAUGIRARD). St-Lambert). Danzig, S. -+ rue des Fourneaux, 238 et 240. 4 Biette, école. 21 Bureau (Louis), horticulteur. 22 Couhault, charpentier. 23 Chabanne fils et neveu, briques et poterie. 24 Gabert jeune, vins et cidres en gros. 25 et 27 Midroit, épicier. Boulin, fabrique de boutons. 314 Espérance (l'É), société coopérative anonyme des cochers. 38 Doussin (maison), vins et tabac, et Brancion, 2. 38 et 39 Ayral, épicier, et Brancion, 1. 40 Laforge (P.), boucher. 42 Hevaill, forgeron. 44 Hiquet (P.), épicier et vins. 46 Jean, vins. 48 Dépôt de la ville de Paris. 60 Godard, vins. MOLAND (boulevard). (434m de longueur.) IV Arr. (HÔTEL-DE-VILLE). Arsenal). <Boul. Bourdon et quai Henri IV, --* boulevard Henri IV. 1 Destailes (Th.), affrètements, charbonnages, et transports maritimes, et quai Henri IV, 2. Gautier (A.) et Boussard frères, ciments et chaux. Maison. Rey (Emile), député de l'Isère. Trousseau fils, hôtel, tabac, vins et liqueurs. 2 Berger (Ch.), dessinateur et graveur sur bois. Brasseur, de la maison Brasseur et Hanier. Château (Ant.), vins. Noë, métteur-vérificateur. 2 bis Blondel (J.), boulanger-pâtissier. 3 Cepière et Clé, vins en gros (domicile), et à l'Entrepôt général, galerie Souterraine, 52. Douchel, métteur-vérificateur. Fernez-Armand, fabrique de cordages. Lefort, en l'entreprend de maçonnerie (chantier). Gennerat, architecte. Bérelier (Antoine), vins, et Crillon, 1. Bourdeix (A.), architecte. Fontette (E.), négociant en vins (domicile). Lamotte (C. A.) fils, représentant de commerce. Thibault et Deschamps, épiciers en gironde. Trilles (Michel), apéritif. Fabre, bistro-tabagie. Dépôt des pavés de la ville de Paris; Genty, agent comptable. Charvet, vins. Girard (F.) et G., société française d'électricité. Gasquet, vins-traiteur. Ducournau, agrégat pour empêcher les ciments de fendre. Naconne (Ch.), de la maison Donnadieu fils et Cie. Piporft (Ime), peintre sur éventails. Robert, imprimeur en taille-douce. Magasins de la ville de Paris (garde-meubles de la ville). Ghillardy, vins et gros. Jorel jeune, architecte-vérificateur. Ralalléard, maître éclusier. Cas (Armand), charron. Berson, vins, et boulangerie. Henri IV, 6. Lopez (Miche), épicier, mercerie. Leblanc, vins, et boulangerie. Hôtel de Ville (rue). (Chemins de longueur.) IX Arr. (OPÉRA). Chaussée d'Antin. Square de la Trinité, côté droit de la Trinité. Mornay (rue). (Chemins de longueur.) IV Arr. (HÔTEL-DE-VILLE). Arsenal. Rue Sully, + boulevard Bourdon, 19. Branger, vins. Maisonnave, cartes en feuilles, et Crillon, 13. Tavernier (A.), propriétaire, directeur de magasins généraux. Tavernier (A.), fabrique de tissus pour curistes. Ginalhac (E.), vins, et rue de l'Arsenal, 5. Pinot (Sylvin), maçon; chantier. Aubigné, 5. Hamet, epicier. Deroy (Miche), épicerie. Frénaud, boucher. Mortagne (impasse). (Chemins de longueur.) XI Arr. (POPINCOURT). Rue Roquette. Rue Charonne, 49. Barrère, bois des flets, et rue Charonne, 11. Blanchet, fabrique de balloonnettes. Guigné, sculpteur-marbrier. Henri, vins et liqueurs. Legros, vernisseur sur métaux. Rouillard, porte-manteaux en bambou. Simon, fabrique d'ornements pour appartements. Arnold, vins et liqueurs. Barbe, fabrique de sièges. Bonneville, cuisinier. Lavoir de la rue. Niederlender, tourneur en cuivre. 10 Pinck, fabrique d'armoires. 12 Viteaux, déménagement et transport. MORTIER (boni.). (1111420, de longueur.) XX Arr. (MÉSILMONTANT). (St-Fargeau et Charonne). •<Rue Bagnolet, 185, et rue de Belleville, 341. Poste caserne, n° 3. Caserne des Tourelles. 90 Pouy et Cie, vins et hôtel. MOSCOU (rue de. (445m de longueur.) VIII Arr. (ELYSÉE). (Europe). Rue de Berlin, 20 et rue d'Amsterdam, 47, boni, des Batignolles, et 43. 1 Brunet, vins. Faroux (L.), herboriste. Viguier, parapluies. 2 Valadier, bois et charbons. 3 Cadillac, charbonnier. Donnedeuvoir, miroir. Pierson, teinturier dégraisseur. 4 Planès, tailleur. Société parisienne des déménagements et transports, et Lafayette, 42, et Marcadet, 281. 6 François (V.), serrurier. Quin, tonnelier. 7 Loyrer, entrepreneur de déménagements, le Progrès, et Lafayette, 42, et Marcadet, 281. Bateau et Cie, cidres. 7 bis. Delarue, serrurier. Truchet, fumiste. 8 Biguinot (Emile), conserves alimentaires. Parizot (Mme), couture. 9 Bardon, ancienne ferme. Bouillurot, épicier. Denis fils, ébéniste. 9 bis Muller, avocat. Société Européenne de déménagements. 10 Deriver, hôtel de Moscou. 10 bis Bourdon et Renaudot (Renaudot successeur), doreur sur bois et enl'erpren. de peinture. 11 Delacroix, mercerie. 11 bis Le Marie des Landelles (Emile), peintre-artiste. Tellier et Bonvin, vins, et Hambourg, 21. 13 Motissière, porcelaines. 1 Barrou, chef d'institut. la Lacour (Victorieux), lingerie. 16 Bousquet (Victor), représentant de commerce. Drovillers, boucher-emballeur. 17 Heurtel, inspecteur des écoles communales de Paris. Tuleu, boulanger. 18 Carbonnel, vins. Pichon (F.), coiffeur. 22 Duprey, boulanger. Sellier, fleurs naturelles. 23 Elchebarne, médecin. Gay, employé au ministère de l'instruction publique. Lecointe (Mme), teinture dégraisseur. 28 Aldebert, vins en détail. Censier, serrurier. 29 Deroy, fruitier. 31 Vermot, O. contrôleur central en chef de la marine. 32 Jeandron-Ferry, chaussures (succursale). 33 Gendrill, médecin. 34 Garde-meuble C. 35 Dasqué, boucher. 36 Billiard (V. E.), dessinatrice artiste. Brisson, compositeur de musique. Desforges, peintre-vitrier. 37 Cantagrel (Simon), architecte-expert. 38 Garde-meuble B, et Clapeyron, 15. Mainié, avocat à la cour d'appel. Delabroise, gérant de propriété S. Galardi, couturière. Garde-meuble A, et boulevard des Batignolles, 43. Graillot (Victor), fondé de pouvoirs de la maison A. André fils. Steger, membre d'orchestre. Steger (Mme), professeur de piano. Toudouze (Gustave), homme de lettres. Bossu (Mlle), lingerie. Laverie, épicier. Naquet (A.), sénateur. Coudry, crèmerie. Truffot, librairie et papeterie. Falaise (Mme), épicerie. Delimoges, boulanger. Maury de Montjau, contrôleur de l'octroi. Baré (Auguste), architecte-vérificateur. Brossy (C.), vins en détail. Emery, ébéniste. MOSELLE (passage de la). (65111 de longueur.) XIX Arr. (BUTTES-CRAU-MONT). Rue d'Allemagne, 70 et 72, -+ rue de Meaux, 101 et 103. Mangin, cordonnier. Roblin (J.), limonadier, et Allemagne, 72. Dussaillant (Mme), épicier et vins. Juery, papeterie et journaux. Michaut (L.), vins, tabac, et Allemagne, 70. Agard, bois et charbons. Félin, épicier. Besson, hôtel de l'Espérance. Lerude (E.), plombier-couvreur. Schockaert, hôtel de la Montagne. Baguelin (Pierre), hôtel de la Mayenne. Gouvigneaux, vins et hôtel des Ardennes. Buchet, diners en famille. MOSELLE (rue de la). (1140, de longueur.) XIX Arr. (BUTTES-CLAU-AUBERT). Villette).-Quai de la Loire, 50 et 52, -+ rue d'Allemagne, 63 et 65. Fournier, spécialité de bois de constructions. Pecard, matériaux agricoles. Perrot, maçon. Chailly, scierie mécanique. Jenny, graisseur. Maker (L.), bois de sciage, et quai de la Loire, 46 et 48. Petit didier, sables et grès. Garirey-Langlois (E.), hôtel du Port de la Villette, et quai de la Loire, 50. Larue, crémerie-épicerie, et quai de la Loire, 52. MOSNIER (rue) (maintenant rue de BERNE). MOUFFETARD (rue). (685, de longueur.) V Arr. (PANTHÉON). Tardin-des-Plantes). -+ Rue Fer-à-Moulin, 50, et Valence, -+ rue Thouin, 3 et 5. 1. Lemarchand, couleurs et vernis, et Thouin, 3. 2. Guilmen (Emile), coiffeur. 3. Klein, épicerie-comestibles, et Thouin, 5. 4. Bertrand, vins. 5. Restaurant du Croissant. 6. Jousse, beurre, œufs, volailles. 7. Ronna (A.), boucher. 8. Taviaux, limonadier, et Cardinal-Lemoine, 74. 9. Fremin, articles de menage. Régnier, vins. 10. Guillier, vins et liqueurs. Turbet, lingerie. 11. Aufrère, épicier. Higal, vins et liqueurs. 12. Laionde, charcutier. 14. Buzelin, épicier. 16. Lehoux, boulanger. 18. Gautier, chapelier. 19. Vieillescazes, café, et Lacépède, 57. 20. Pouverel, vins. 21. Bariot (Vieux), vins liqueurs. 22. Arribat, vins et hôtel. 23. Baron, beurre et veuves. Tourneux, vins-restaurent. 24. Valette, vins et liqueurs. 25. Taillandier, boulanger. 26. Dietz(J.), fabrique de fromage de chèvre. Fehrenbach, tabac, vins et liqueurs. 27. Loquet, vins-restaurent. 28. Ducal, vins-traiteur. 29. Garrouy, épicier-herboriste. Loiseau, crèmerie. 30. Lassant, lingerie et nouveautés. 31. Beluchon, vins-traiteur et hôtel. 33. Appert, vins. 34. Jarrijjeon, vins-traiteur et hôtel. 35. Bazar Mouffetard. 36. Poulain, traiteur. 38. Moisset, vins. 39. Perreau (Etienne), épicier, fromages, volailles, et St-Médard, 23. 40. Baudet, lingerie et mercerie. 41. Couret, vins. 42. Bruneau (Ernest), coiffeur. Decœur, pâtissier. 44. Ancement, pâtisserie. 45. Van Hemelryck, hôtel et vins. 46. Quillet, boucher. 47. Bellion (Mme), vins. Martinet (V.C.), graine, lieux, herboriste. 48. Aubry, beurre, œufs et fromages. 49. Golin (B.), vins et liqueurs. Joudoux, vins. 50. Guiot (Jules), boulanger. 51. Désert, mardi, d'abats. Piéret, électricité. 52. Bay, vins-traiteur. Cottens père et fils, plombiers pour la fontaine-douce. Lebelle, peinture et vitrerie. 53. Bélard, bois et charbons. Croetteau, charcutier. 54. Germain (Aug.), café-estaminet. 55. Decœur, pâtissier. 56. Rahillon, Mme. Petit (A.), hôtel. 57. Corneille (Charles), épicerie et vins. 58. Julien (A.), vins, et Pot-de-Fer-St-Marcel, 2. 61. Caserne de la garde de Paris. 62. Bravard, vins. Lequintin (Mlle), herboriste. 63. Bailly, vins. Chevance, bouclier. 64. Guignard, chaussures. Mango, vins. Veuve, beurre, œufs et fromages. Planta de bois et charbons. Combes, vins et tabac. Lavoir St-Médard. Leinercier, beurre et œufs. Portel, vins. Deblangy, comestibles. Fabre (Vo), boîtier. Moujou, vins. Renauld, bains et lavoir du Vieux-Chêne. Falaiseau (Constant), vins. Jalady (J.), articles pour tailleur. Langlois-Mallet, fonderie en caractères. Panet, confections. Doria, vins. Lebrun (L.), horloger. Bernard (J.), photographe. Lefort, épicerie. Lenoir, chapelier. Brault (E.), épicier. Jerome, charcutier. Polini, restaurateur. Augé (F.), bijoutier-horloger. Bellissy, vins. Bouldoires, vins. Calmels, vins. Chalembert (V'), mercier. Gavrel, brossier. Labesse, placement. Bouillon (L.), sculpteur-ornemaniste. Delaunay, chaussures. Erard, vins. Delavallée, vins. Hecollin, coiffeur. Charbonnier, charbons et vins. Burget (J.), coutelier. Ileury, boucherie. Moreau, chaussures. Duchène, boulanger. Poulhies, hôtel neuf. Pichon, vins. Meyniel, concert, vins, liqueurs et hôtel. Lemesle, épicerie-fruiterie. Barbot, épicier. Delbarre, bouclier. Labbé, fabr. de chaussures. Lesage, chapelier. Guilleminot (Mme), sage-femme. Ulrich, cabinet de santé. Toupance (A.), vins, et Epée-de-Bois. Legavres, articles de ménage. Violet, pharmacien. Aurières, bois, charbons et vins. Berger, menuisier. Brieaut Dinkelspiel, bonneterie, confections. Graff, vins. Beray, vins. Rivière, épicier. Bollack (L.) et Cie, bières et cidres. La vigne, mercerie. Perot, coiffeur, et 100. Randon, vins (succursale). Jalon, teinturier-dégraisseur. Layrou, boucherie de cheval. Mayer, peinture-vitrerie. Eichholzer, entrepôt. Grosjean frères, fabr. de baignoires et appareils hydrothérapiques, et passage du Marché des Patriarches, 5 et 7 ; entrée principale, rue des Patriarches, 12. Siwert, boulangerie. Berjot-Renaut, faïence. Pérot, cuirs, et 97. Kreutzer, vins. Charbonnel, crêpes. Delaisse (Vve), boulanger. Lambert (Michel), fabr. de peaux de chèvre. Rollsel (Mme), fabr. de balances. 103 Talandier, crémier. • Voisin, beurre et œufs. 104 Vincent, bouclier. 105 Florentin, vins. 106 Flahaut, herboriste. Roclier, instituteur. 107 Heimroth, vins. Isabelle (A.), quincaillerie. 108 Bernard, ébéniste pour les sciences. Delaporte (J.), architecte. Delaporte (J.), librairie du socialisme rationnel. Flochez, épicier. Revel, nourrisseur. Salmon (M.), nettoyage de literie. Savanier, chaussures d'enfants. Thuriet, teinturerie, apprêterie. 110 Boissat, boucher. 111 Davril-Bordeaux, vins. Delaporte, boucher. Grossie (M."), spécialité de cafés. Tillard, charcutier. 12 Portefaix, bois et charbons. 13 Loup (E.), boulanger. 114 Bec, charbons. Godin (E.), confection pour hommes et bonneterie. Toussaint (V."), vins. 115 Massot (A.), café, tabac et (S). 116 Studzmann, vins, et Arbalète, 3. 117 Commelin (E.), épiciers. 118 Duvinage (V"), chaussures. Lefebvre (Vre), fabr. de bonneterie. Tessier, restaurateur. 119 Bonneau, libraire. 120 Halillard, pâtissier. 121 Renoult, boucher. 122 Pietrin, épicier. 123 Chauvel (Vve), vins. 124 Blanda, vins. 125 Pasquier, chaussures. 126 Cosset, boulanger. Habit, papiers peints et fournitures de boucheries. 127 Messiez, vins, et rue Daubenton, 62. 128 Bijard, boucher. Chatard, tapissier. Rigail, mercerie, confections. Victor, brocheur. 129 Colin (G.), épicier. 130 Gudill, charcutier. 131 Hennbert, beurre et œufs. 132 Baud et fils, confections pour hommes. Jouany, parapluies. Lotte père et fils, dentistes. 133 Daumont (Etienne), dentiste. Sabatier, vins-restaurent. 134 Jehanin (ve), porcelaines et articles de ménage. Salze (Edmond), fabr. de couronnes en perles 135 Damail, boucher. 136 Pochât, liquoriste. 137 Lamy, pharmacien-herboriste; 138 Basuyau, rôtisseur. Hougercau et Hôtelier. 139 Séguin et Dedreux, distillateurs. 1140 Bouffaron, coiffeur. Delaunay, vins. 1111 Eglise St-Médard. Jouan, curé; domicile, rue Daubenton, 45. 1112 Eliard frères, nouveau-lès en tous genres, et Lourcine, 2. 143 Foucard, vins, et rue Censier, 53. Lavoye, pharmacien et lecteur-médecin. 1114 Ferrié, vins et liqueurs, et Lourcine, 1. 145 Cabanne-Tellé, pharmacien. Kahn (c., rue Martin (C, 150 Hôtel des postes de papier. « Es, al Guet-v. tirnbru caoutchouc. « (lSaDl de l'ungUellr,j XI Arr.,(POCIIC AmbronseJ. +min-Vert, 31 et 3. Richard-Lelioir, filê et- 6 Gobert (V.), hôtel, à le, et Asile-Poij,^^-i4 Caillar (Noël) metmont;x. chard-Lenoir, « ^ MODIFICATION (passage (1118Dl Le/oVe8»^ XII Arr. (RECLINÉ) V instsSJ. +Rue Château, Quai et 44, -+ impasse -- . ton, 12 et 13. 1 bis Breuzé (y.) <r<!)<fMr. ' ^ 2 Legat (D.), ingénieur civil, et Châteliers 3 Benedetto, vins et 7, du Piémont 3 bis Perié, vins. \| 4 Anselin (L.), fabr., élastiques pour chaussures. 6 Péron (Pascal), ^ traiteur et hôtelier 7 Barbier (A.), épicière. 12 Ribes, hôtel de Cité" et impasse Jean.' ton, 14. MOULINS (rue des (976 de longueur.) 1 Arr. (LOUVRE). passage Royal). rue Thérèse. 8 et 10, -> rue des Petits Champs, 49 et 51. A 1 Marin, vins, et Thérèse 20. 1 2 Caillot, Peck et Guillemin, frères, bijoutiers-joailliers. ^ Chabert (Ch.), agent de change. ^ Guillemin frères, bijoutiers-joailliers. Guillemin (Aug.), et : maison Guillemin (et res. Guillemin (Hippolyte de la maison Guillemin frères. M ore 1, bijouterie-joaillerie, Peck (P.), de la main Caillot, Peck et Guillemin frères. Philippi (François), bijoutier-joaillier. Roussel, Laroche et Caire, pharmaciens. 3 Aquin (E. d'), agent de change. Guillot, joaillier-joaillerie. Millet (Philibert), avoué à la cour d'appel. Rodier (E.), monture en tissus. k Mongis, placement. 5 Jacquin, avoué de instance, suppléant de jugement de paix (si 51 arrondissement. < Lecture universelle (la, cabinet de lecture. Le Roy (Paul Louis Charles), agent de change, et place de la Madeleine, 15 (domicile). 72, chapelle (Ulle, .), teinturier-dégraisseur. Colin (Edouard), fabr. de fleurs. Leraay (Mlle), modes. 8 Collai, hôtel de la Côte-d'Or. 9 Rochart, tailleur. Copin, cheveux. 10 Goeggel (Mlle Noémi), robes et confections. Mnussan, menues crasses. 12 Minois, restaurateur. Gourlin (V.), hôtel des Finances. Lionnard, fripier. Cullumin (J.), plumes pour parisienne. Lacombe (E.), vins (succursale). Scelles (Mlle), robes. MOLIN DE BEURRE (rue du). (Compagnie de longueur.) XIV Arr. (OBSERVATOIRE). Plusance, J. +Rue Vandamme, 47 et 49, + rue Vercingétorix, 18 et 20. 5 Raimbault, vins et hôtel meublé. 8 et 10 Chassenet, entrepreneur de travaux publics. 10 Chavignier, l'ins. 12 Amy (Jean), sculpteur-statuaire. 12-14 Fourmer, céramique d'art. Prouvé (Victor), peintre-artiste. Roussel (Etienne), peintre-artiste. 13 Lafloll, vins en gros à l'Entrepôt. Lemaire, épicier. Lievelin, vins. Robin, couvreur, plomberie. 18 Charbonnier (Edouard), architecte. Cointeau, sculpteur-statuaire. Varlette, épicier. Labrot, vins et hôtel Meublé. 23 Ragot, vins, et Vercingétorix, 26. VOLHOL (impasse). (1581 de longueur.) (POPINCOURT). Follies-Herbulot). Trois-Croix-du-Temple, 39 2 Sauva, et boulanger, et Croissants, 41. Delestrée, confectionneur. Entremont (J.), fabrique de caloches. Oiseau, fabrique de pavers peints. Darmallion, vins. Charbonnel, charbonnier. Fournerie, vins. Gis, fabrique de talons pour chaussures. Peslie, tonnelier. Bert et Avale, fabrication de fonte en cuivre. Dumais, fabrique de rosiers pour lavabos. Dumais (Mlle), institution de demoiselles. Tardif, épicerie. de jouets. Josserand, menuisier en bois. Pauva, vins-traiteur. Doutie, épicerie. MOLIN-DE-LA-POINTE (rue du). (493m de longueur.) XIII Arr. (GOBELINS). Maison-Lanche. Avenue d'Italie, 102 et 104, boulevard Kellermann. 1 Trolliet, limonadier, et avenue d'Italie, 104. 3 Lebouchard, vins. 5 Roucan, vins. 6 Fay, fruiterie. 8 Français (E.), chaudronnier. 10 Brossier, épicier. 12 Casse fils, charron. Millet, loueur de voitures. Quiquet, rognures pour colles, et avenue d'Italie, 55. Weber, vins. 22 Gonnot (Victor), doreur sur bois. 27 Crosse (Emile), vins. 28 Manias, vins. 34 Girard (J.), chiffons en gros. 38 Pousse!, coiffeur. 39 Marie, éclairagiste. Verdier, boulanger. 42 Habran (Jules), entrepr. de bûmes. 46 Gaury, hôtel meublé. 48 Passard (Vve), vacherie. 49 bis Duraont jeune, en-entrepos. de bière. 55 Boucher, horticulteur, et avenue d'Italie, 164. 58 Peltier, vins. 60 Jamin (Mme), couturière. 63 Allout-Tailfer (A.) et John Clavton, fourn. pour photographie. 64 Vertongen (J. B.), mécanicien. 68 Lacroix, mécanicien, et avenue d'Italie, 116. MOULIN DES PRÉS (impasse du). (144m de longueur.) XIII Arr. (GOBELINS) (Halaison-Blanche). rue du Moulin-des-Prés, 15. Emery, horticulteur. MOULIN DES PRÉS (rue du). (645m de longueur.) XIII Arr. (GOBELINS). (Halaison-Blanche). Boul. d'Italie, 25 et 27, -+ Chemin du Moulin-des-Prés, 27? 3 Hautreau, épicier. Julien (Vve), charbonnier. 4 Chable (Constant), vins. Richard (Gustave), boulanger, et 14. 5 Castille, vins-traiteur, et r. Gérard, 31. 7 Vocanson, crémier. 6 Viroles, vins. 9 Begon, coiffeur. Brosset, vins, et Tiers, 33. Girard, libraire-papetier. Lebourgeois, mercerie. 11 Cavarrot, vins. Charon, charcutier. 13 Chasselin, vins. 14 Cypre, épicier. Champion, vins. Fréville, fruitier, crémerie. 15 Demerville, fabr. de premières pour cloué et cousu. Fessou, charron. 16 Huguin (Victor), épicier. Levi, mercerie, lingerie. 17 Lebrun, cordonnier. 18 Ecole communale de garçons. Directeur : Dangueuger. 21 Foucaud, vins. Saint-Rapt, entrepr. de travaux publics. 22 Demas (Vve), vins. Richard (Gustave), boulangerie, et 4. 23 Tournier, vins. Libert, mercerie. Michault, boucher. 26 Pillet, épicier. Thouin, boucherie hippophagique. 27 Delarue, épicier et herboriste. Courtine, brocanteur. 31 Poteaux, charbonnier. 33 Brot-Delahaie, horticulteur. 35 Viguier, vins. 48 Schneider, vins. 71 Chartier, vins. 77 Texier, hôtel. 83 Naville, vins et épicierie. MOULIN-VERT (impasse du). (130m de longueur). XIV Arr. (CONSERVATOIRE). Petit-Place rouge). rue des Plantes, 29. 4 Bailly (Jules), tôle émaillée inaltérable. MOULIN-VERT (rue du). (520m de longueur.) XIV Arr. (CONSERVATOIRE). (Plaisance). Avenue du Maine, 218 et 220, rue Didot, 49. 2 Dieu, limonadier. 9 Guiguery (Alfred), ancien industriel. 10 Benard, géomètre ordinaire au plan de Paris. Lanièce (Victor), épicier. 11 Migeon, libraire-éditeur de géographie et imprimeur en taille-douce. 12 Charlet, vinaigrier. Monge (A.) et Cie, fabrique de cire. Tiradon, épicier. 14 Boivin, horloger. 18 Nier, entrepreneur de démolition. 33 Carols, vins en gros, et rue des Plantes, 34. 38 Mengal, mécanicien. 31* Thuret, jardinier. 39 bis Desinier, épicier. 42 Delaquis fils, chaudronnier. 48 Leroy, fabrique de formes. 51 Bogino (Alphonse), artiste-peintre Bogino (Emile), statuaire. Bogino (Frédéric), tgs, sculpteur-statuaire, et Ste-Eugénie, 46. 54 Dugimont, fabrique de talons. 63 Frassin, vins-traiteur, et rue Dodo, 44. 65 Matile, coiffeur. 67 Calvet, épicerie. Combe, vins-traiteur. Gauzes, fruiterie. 69 Groux, épicerie. 71 Grouvelle (Jules), appareils de chauffage et de ventilation. 72 Grandil, boulanger, et Didot, 42. 78 Colas, vins. MOULIN-DE-LA VIERGE (rue du). 12061 de longueur.) XIV Arr. (OBSERVATOIRE). Plaisance. ■Rue Decrès, 17 et 19, et rue Ducange, 45, au passage de Gergovie. -+rue de Vanves,110 et 112. 7 Clivot, vinaigrier. 17 bis. N'ivet et Cie, charpentier. 19 Gendraud (P.) et Cie, pavage. MOULINET (passage du). (59m de longueur.) XIII Arr. (GOBELINS). Maison Mansache). «Rue du Moulinet, 149. 7 Petavy (M.). MOULINET (rue du). (2301, de longueur.) XIII Arr. (GOBELINS). Maison Mansache). -+Avenue d'Italie, 58 et 60, -+rue Jeanne-d'Arc, 35, et Moulin-des-Prés. 1 Roucole, vins, et avenue d'Italie, 60. Turenne (ve), brocanteur. 2 Schmitt, coiffeur. 3 Monllil, vins-traiteur. 8 Roclas, vins-traiteur. 9 Cinquin, vins liqueurs. 10 Ferrandier, brocanteur. 11 Turenne, épicier. 20. 12 Maurice, Clémentier. 13 Bonnet, marchand de meubles. 18 Martin, vins. 19 Gardelle, charbonnier et vins. Gouriet, marchand de bouteilles. Henri, fabrique de portemanteaux. Verès, voitures à bras. 24 Tiercin, vins. A Lombard, fabrique de voitures. 23 Blanvillain, marchand de bouteilles. 25 Migioule, vins et épicérie. 28 Cabare, vins et charbonnier. 29 Bourgeois (G.), fabrique d'OMages ; magasins, boul. Sébastopol, 37. 30 Robert (V.c), cuirs et crêpes. 32 Salle, vins. 33 Bernard (J.), vins et épicerie. 34 Girardot (Gust.), boulangerie. Goossens, vins. 36 Godard (Ve), fruitier. 41 Beck, épicier. 42 Astic, fabrique de confitures. 44 Merle, vins. MOURAUD (rue). (285 m de longueur.) XX Arr. (MÉNILMONTANT). (Charonne). Rue des Orteaux, 94, rue St-Blaise, 76 et 80. 9 Constant, horticulteur. 10 Blondeau, peintre-vitrier. 11 Ridier, propriétaire. 14 Sylvestre, épicier. MOUSSI (rue). (137 m de longueur.) IV Arr. (HÔTEL-DE-VILLE). (St-Gervais). Rue de la Verrerie, 8 et 10, rue Ste-Croix-la-Bretonnerie. 3 Ladmiral (V.), vannier. 4 Haynal, bois, charbons et vins. 6 Bastian (A.), maréchal-vétérinaire, et Verrerie, 10. 7 Garron, fabrique de vinaigre. Huitôt, fabrique de décads. Morelle (J.), menuisier. 9 Fortier (Mme), directrice de l'école maternelle. Renner (Mme), directrice de l'école laïque des filles. MOUTON-DU VERNET (rue). (6145 m de longueur.) XIV Arr. (OBSERVATOIRE). (Petit Montrouge). Avenue d'Orléans, 36 et 38, rue Didot, 13 et 15. 1 Harmand, nouveautés, et avenue d'Orléans, 38. 2 Fosse (Mlle). Mignot, épicier, et avenue d'Orléans, 36. 3 Lagrange, chaussures. Payer, vins-traiteur. 4 Haurault, modiste. 5 Hassl, teinturier-de-gavisseur. 4. Benoit, charbonnier. Berl (V'), modes. Lefade (Mlle), sage-femme. Lefade (Mlle), piano. Thibault (A.), pâtissier. 6 Siclet (Mme), ferblantier-lampiste. 7 Escalier, parapluies. Naudin, pharmacien. 8 Bellobé, porcelaines et faïences. Hamelin, mercerie. 9 Besch, relieur. Labiche, boucher. Lemoine (Mme), corsets. 10 Cumontou, docteur-médecin. Dockendorff, marchand de meubles. Drouet, médecin. Lelisne, crémerie. 11 Bellanger (Mme), professeur de piano. Guédon, spécialité de cafés. Maillat, horloger-bijoutier. 12 Corval, receveur de revenus. Pickmilder (L.), fournitures pour usines. Poltz, teinture et nettoyage. 13 Bijout, beurre et œufs, Housseau, plomberie. 14 Crouzet, épicier. Wehrle, tapissier. 15 Brillet (Mme L.-H.), dessinateur-artiste. Vauroy, menuiserie. 17 Duboquet, chaussures. Gourdin, fabrique de parapluies. 1 S Canguelteau, commissaire répartiteur-adjoint des contributions directes. Lecoq (E.), docteur-médecin. Rev, faïencier. 19 Corbeaux, imprimerie typographique. Pauquet (Mme), modes et deuil. 20 Bailly (v.e), parapluies. Baylé (G.), pharmacien. Plainchamp (Mme), propriétaire. Viry, peintre-artiste. 21 Lemot limonadier. Mercier, papeterie. 22 Bouillant, boulanger. Nelly, modiste. Vincent (A.), docteur-médecin. 23 Cantuel (Mme), mercerie. 211 Bassot, confiserie et comestibles, et Boulard, [f]. Valette, crémerie. 25 Berger, beurre et fromages. Tourrès (Aubert), coiffeur. 27 Anne, restaurant, et Boulard, 49. Maurys, charbonnier. 29 Cinille, vins, et avenue du Maine, 170. 32 Guillaume, vins. 33 Losi, entrepreneur de fumisterie; maison principale, avenue du Maine, 172. 35 Méritte, vins, hôtel. 37 Pouget, charbonnier. 41 Goëry, épicerie. 42 Boucher, vins et hôtel. 44 Delente, boulanger. 45 Gilbert, brocanteur. 46 Jousse, épicerie. 47 Richard, outils pour cordonniers. 49 Joudrier (P.), épicier. 51 Boinelle, peinture et vitrerie. Crisial, estimeur, lameuse. 53 Fleury, vins. 55 Bouniol, vins et charbonnier. 55 Dellombe, vins. 56 Vanhaezebroeke, boulanger. 57 Lavoir du Géorama. 59 Ginisty (v.e), vacherie. 63 Fritel (Pierre), peintre-artiste. 65 Schwartz, horloger. 70 Warnon, fabrique de piles électriques. 73 Nouguez, épicier et vins. 77 Brugniot, fabrique d'eau de seltz. 78 Renevey, vins. MOUZAIA (rue de). (5411U de longueur.) XIX Arr. (BUTTES-CHAUMONT). Amérique). «Rue Compans, -+ boul. Serullier. 61 Mat, ancien négociant. MOYNET (cité). (1501" de longueur.) XII Arr. (REUILLY). Picpus). ■Rue de Charenton, 179 et 181. 1 Virte, hôtel meublé. 2 Ringuenet (J.), marchand de chevaux. 3 Bizon, épicier. 4 Meunier, propriétaire. 5 Courtois, hôtel du "M". 6 Mamesier, tailleur. Richard (V.), vins. 7 Ringuenet (M.), négociant d'habits de couleur. 8 Liger, propriétaire. 9 Pussin (Vie), propriétaire. 10 Hénot, propriétaire. 27 D'ha,uem, entrepôt de bières et cidres. 31 Allard (Vve), salpêtre. MOZART (rue). (6601U de longueur.) XVI Arr. (PASSY). Muette). Rue des Vignes, -> rue Lafontaine, 110. 10 Charles, tapissier : ateliers. Largillière, 2. 12 Chedeville, traiteur. Havet, épicier, et Largillière, 2. 13 Couton, tapissier. 15, 17 et 19 Dissard (Jules), propriétaire, et Pajou, 2. 16 Jonquet, propriétaire. 18 Chandelier, propriétaire. 21 Melon de Pridoux, conseiller judiciaire au tribunal de commerce. 22 Prévost (Alphonse), laines en gros. 28 Payen, avocat au Conseil d'appel. 31 Marais (P. L.), attaché à la Bibliothèque Mazarine. 311 Couder (C.), O. , du conseil général de la comptabilité publique. 35 Banque de France (bureau auxiliaire). 111 Rob, vins. Tregouet, épicier et vins. 48 Eynard, vins. Monnard, boulanger, et rue du Canal, 97. Pasquier, boucher. 48 bis. Roullier, comestibles. Virollet, pharmacien. 50 Ribér (Alph.). 52 Nicolas (Dr L.), médecin. 54 Pasquier, charcutier. 55 Jacques, vins. 56 Lafage, vins. 63 Lais, tapissier. 72 Maugny (cier de). 95 Coloby (F.), entreprise de charpentes. 126 Terrisse, chantier Mozzal't, bois et charbons. MUETTE (porte de la). XVI Arr. (PASSY). Muette). Rue et Chaussée de la Muette. MULHOUSE (rue de). (78m de longueur.) 1 Arr. (BOURSE). Mail). Rue Cléry, 27 et 29, -> rue des Jeûneurs 7 et 9. i Micolaud (Gustave), manufacture de tapis, et Cléry, 27. 2 Bergon (Léon), agent de fabriques. Chineau-Lebrun, tulles. Flamencourt, passementerie. Gillet (A.), lingerie fine. Koechlin (Fritz) et Cie (les successeurs de), tissus de couleur. Leprévost (Ch.) (fils-Paquet succès.), cravates blanchies. Philbois (Edmond), fabrique de corsets et tournures. 3 Macherat (A.), et Bayvet, fabrique de passementerie. Messageries nationales (succursale). Pierquin (H.), dessinateur industriel. 4 Darnenny (Léon). mouchoirs, hautes nouveautés. Rance (Mlle), layettes. Tartier-Jouvard (Mme E. Marin successeur), linge en gros. Willaume, Barré et Chariot, linge confectionné. 5 Dardel (E.), dentelles. 6 Beaufort (Paul), linge en gros. Finlon et Balp, tulles et blondes. Hieumal et Tarlier, tissus nouveaut. et tulles. Thouvenin (E.), dessinateur en botanique. 7 Chénard (J.), dépôt de tapis. Favre, vins. Lavigne (Mole), fleuriste. Le Roussel, faux-cols. 8 Chatrié (L.), broderies et mouchoirs. Démonté (E.) et Poirier, soieries pour ameublements. Denis (G.) et Cie, lingerie en gros. Harnour (T.J. et A. Ravé, passementiers. Sorin et Guillaume, soieries. Theinlot (J.), guipures (part. idées, linge broché. 9 Barde (G.), de la maison Caton et Barde. Bouyssou (E.), tulles et dentelles. Brunschwyler (Fr.), dessinateur industriel. Caton et Barde, représentants de fabriques. Dreyfus (E.) fils, lingerie en gros. Forest (L.), représentant de commerce. Grosse (J.), batiste et mouchoirs chifréés, serviettes éponge. Joret (G.), commissionnaire en marchandises. Legué-Herrault, lingerie en gros. Lereuil (Léon), lainages et châles. Monmirel (L.), trousseaux en gros. Mounier (E.), boutons. Mugnier (A.) et E. Salomon, représentant de fabriques. Poittevin (Adolphe), passementerie pour dames. Winandy, broderies et dentelles. 11 Aldebert (Pauline), lingerie nouveautés. Bernard (D.), commissionnaire. Bournet, laines, soie et commissionnaire. Carruthers brothers, chapeaux de paille. Colnay (E.), passementerie. Hervy, liquidateur amiable. Husson-Latouche (Mme), lingerie en gros. Jonas (H.), dentelles. Paget (Edmond) et frère, confections pour dames. Scherer (H.) et Berthelot, dessinateurs industriels. 13 Bloch (S. et R.), de Lyon, fabrique de cravates. Dureville-Aubert (Mme), modes en gros. Lheurcux, lingerie et gros. Lizot (G.) et Charpentier, châles et ameublements. Pfenninger, dessinateur industriel. Pflister (Eug.), agent de fabriques. Reyen (A.), graveur héraldique. Reyen (Mme), fleurs. MULLER (rue). (280m de longueur.) XVIII Arr. (BUTTES-MONTMARTRE). Clignancourt Rue Clignancourt, 19, et Ramey, 1, -+ dans les buttes. 1 Arizzoli jeune, appareils de chauffage. Gruny (Collins an t), épicière, et rue Clignancourt, 19. 3 Duème, tailleur. 5 Poillerat (Eugène), coiffeur. Morteau, charcutier. Van-Beck, herboriste. 8 Perrier, vins. 9 Amiot, beurre et œufs. 14 Labrière, vins. 18 Ecoffet, horloger. 21 Dumont-Fillon, épicière. Pibault (Mme), mercerie. 22 Moret, épicière. 23 Meuriot, boulanger. 28 Defly (A.), peintre en lettres et attributs. 30 Abriot (Vve), épicière. Guénard, tailleur. MURAT (boulevard). (lire 930 de longueur.) XVI Arr. (PASSY). Auteuil. Porte d'Auteuil, à la Seine. Posie-asci-iie n° 9. 1 et 3 Mongin, limona-l dier et restaurateur, et rue d'Auteuil, 83. 5 Roumet, vins et restaur. 27 Larrivée normande des Champs de courses d'Auteuil, Suchel et Ber-thaudin. 99 Dubray (Vital G.) O. sculpteur-statuaire. MURICERS (passage des). (114, de longueur.) XX Arr. (MÉNILMONTANT). Père-Lachaise. Rue des Amandiers, 40 et 42, rue des Mûriers, 2 et 4. 1 et 3 Lenoir, propriétaire. 3 Rolle (Mlle), externat. 10 Verdol (Jules) et CIE, mécaniciens. MURICERS (rue des), (12001 de longueur.) XX Arr. (MÉNILMONTANT). Père-Lachaise. Rue des Partants, 14 et 16, -+ rue des Tournants. 1 Bourguignon, vins, et Partants, 16. 2 Blanc, vins, et rue des Partants, 14. 3 Goupy, vins. Roquet, propriétaire. 4 Pagny (Wmc), directrice de l'école maternelle. 5 et 7 Méchel (T.), fabr.de galoches. 9 Drouhault, épicier et vins. 11 Geoffray, tisseur. 12 Colinet, vins. Férafiat, fabr. de jouets d'enfants. Hanrion (Philippe), /'a/' de boutons de corne. Collin, chaussures fantaisie pour femmes. 15 Labatte, fabr. de limes. 17 Besnard (L. E. I.), vins. 18 Richard, fabr. de jouets; magasin de vétili, cité Magenta, 3. 21 Dilate, épicier, et rue des Poiriers, 2. MURIELLO (rue). (278e de longueur.) VIII Arr. (ELYSÉE). Madeleine. Avenue Ruysdaël, 3 et 5, -+ rue de Courcelles, 78. 2 Dreyfus (A.), et avenue Buysdaël, 3. 4 Derel, rentier. Saint-Prignan (bonne de). 6 Herzog, propriétaire. Minorat, rentier. Higal, docteur-médecin. 8 Grunebaum (Vie Alfred). Kann (Rodolphe). Poupinel (Jules), propriétaire. Renault (Léon), O. sénateur. 9 Boussod, propriétaire. Clausse (G.), architecte, inspecteur des travaux de la ville de Paris. Devresse, ancilla-té. 10 Goldschmidt (Léopold), propriétaire, et Rembi, aidant, 19. 11 Alexandri (Vasile) O. fie, envoyé extraordinaire et ministre plénipotentiaire de Roumanie. Chevalier, ancien ministre plénipotentiaire. Siegfried (Jacques). 12 Gide (Théophile) peintre-artiste. 13 Riggs, propriétaire. 14 De Paroy de Lurcy (v.e). 20 Reinach(b"", Jacques de), Reinach la ^h„, 211 26 lire. MURS-DE-LA (150m de longueur XI Arr. (Portugal „ r:if-Rue quelle, 140 et 141. lie la 3 Christ, crémerie. bgu^ Deru (Jb), éhàu^ et bout. VO!I:lire, ,:;: -. 4 Biron, cafés en tf ",' 6 Lartigue, vins 7 Lecul, labr. de M,., , na les. 8 Piston, vins. 8 bis Gui lIemot, éPicerie9 Foulley, vilis. 10 Cordonnier n loucli" d'abris Ii ',:,' marches. v ct Léglise (v.e), vin il Ilaniez, laqueur. Philippon, serrurier ® bâtiments. 12 Bonnet (F.), charron. Guerin, maréchal.L 1 ranf. 12 bis )iigot-Berthier rr.ii son), fabr. de meubles "T ^ et sièges sculptés., 14 Touvellaint (A.), V. cuMes, et T 15 Dueymes, épicerie. I v Lavigne. cordonnier pour chaussures 16 Pichot aîné, M;rtt)WL de carrelage. V 17 Bouscarnt, vins. . Flour, comestibles, i 19 Oupont,vins et liqueur J ——--•4 MUSSET (rue de;. •,, (220m de longueur" \|( XVI Arr. (PASSY). !> +nue Boileau, (jj, -+ r J»1 Jourenet. I§ "for MYRHA (rue). !ll (610m de longueur.) ■■ '' XVIII Arr. (BUTTES-MONTPARC, MARTRE), Cligni(iiii t'i)iirt) tous les numéros de la m fj LConstantine. +Hue i.ii Francourt, 34 et 3(j, -Jo S Plenisson, 19 et 21. ;ii 4 Cordier, épicier. 5 Arrou, vins. Cointot, coiffeur. M 6 Alépee, herboriste. Dumont (E.), répartiteur de commerce. 1 Lamarre, crémerie, j'H 7 Baizet, boulanger. 4 Gillel, articles de nid d'oiseau. 8 Brochier, beurre et 9 An tremont, vins, boucher-iable. 1 Wable, boucher. 10 Delafollic, épicier. 11 Gosselin, sellier. 13 Berrard, chaussures, 14 Chone, libraire. 15 Rossignol, boucher. A ~ Thiellement, vins m* (/ro.'!. ( 15 Contet (Mme J), pension de demoiselles. 16 Coty (Mme), coiffeur. Sourdat (L.), huissier pour démolinés et fermes à souder. Delhomme, épicier. Paris, vins. Pinget (Fr.), tabac et liqueurs. Lasnier, pharmacien. Ducos, vins. Durollet, épicier. Gaillard, couleurs et vernis. Lenoir, chaussures. Pamar, médecin. Lavoir Saint-Paul. Detrie, teinturier. Ducat, médecin. Collardeau, beurre, œufs et fromages. Régnier, distillateur. Balland, volailles, fruiterie. Bernardon, tripier. Weinstock (L.), nouveautés et confections pour hommes. Descaillot, boulanger. Aublé, bottier. Rogier et Moties, appareils pour fosses et égouts (ateliers). Lalloque, mercerie. Perquin, porcelaines et cristaux. Dureau, salaisons. Hirsch, mercerie. Roudenet, librairie. Malherbe, spécialité de cafés. Gillard, épicier. Redarce, épicier. Sindly, bottier. Lefrançois (Mme), sage-femmes et herboriste. Schuman (Joseph), horloger. Mauméne, vins. Thouvenot, beurre et œufs. Wurtz, tailleur. Worms (Mlle), pâtissier. Brioude, vins. Obit, coiffeur. Méry, vernis et peintures. Adnesse (A.) et Cie, parquets. Janisson, boucher. Leguilla, épicerie, vins. Guyonnet, limonadier et hôtel. Gazelinde, hôtel et vins. Joubert, vins. Pichard, boulanger. Chossonnery, marché du Puy-de-Dôme. Amy, épicerie. Dunesme, pharmacien. Picot (Mlle), mercerie. Bouchot, vins. Gaude et Oudart, plombier-zingueur. Dox, boucherie hippophagique. Léopold, traiteur. Gransard, métallurgiste. Spelic, spécialité de café. Barthélemy, coiffeur. Larcher, chaussures. Delmar, tailleur, confection. Butrel, charcutier. Gall, épicerie. Julien, boulanger. Labadie (Mlle), spécialité de cafés. Davignon, peinture-vitrerie. Leducq (Th.), location de linge pour bouchers, restaurants, etc. Cacher, brasserie. Buisson, limonadier, et boulanger Barbès, 36. Humbert, papetier. Degrandy (Mlle), sage-femme. Delahrouille, pâtissier. S'doux, vins. Doré, limonadier, et boulanger Barbès, 25. Vallat, boucher. Blondel, chaudronnier. Laborie et Marion, chaussures, et boulangerie. Barbès, 27. Bochot, épicier. Bigot (Mlle), lingerie. Ménage (Mlle Marie), robes. Lambert, entrepreneur de menuiserie. Aubert, papetier. Jacotin, tablier de chaussures. Lemarignier (O.), serrurier. Besombes, charbonnier. Alphonse, coiffeur. Masson, plomberie et gaz. MYRTILLE (impasse). (XIII arr. (GOBELINS). Maison Blanche). Passage Charles Bertheau, 11 et 13. NABOULET (impasse). (75" de longueur; XV arr. (BATIGNOLLES-MONCEAUX). Epinettes). Rue Marcadet, 36. Grosjean (C.), fonderie de fer en tous genres, et Pouchet, 56. NANCY (rue de). (11601 de longueur.) St-Vincent-de-Paul). Rue du Faubourg-St-Martin, 151, rue de Metz, 16. Busserault, vins-traiteur, et Faubourg-St-Martin, 151. Girardon (Victor), limonadier. Régin, vins et restaurant (hôtel de la Brie), et Metz, 16. NANETTES (impasse des). (21011 de longueur). XI Arr. (POPINCOURT). St-Ambroise). Boul. Ménilmontant, 99 et 101. NANSOUTT (rue). (32501 de longueur.) XIV Arr. (OBSERVATOIRE). Petit-four (boulangerie), rue latérale Ouest Parc Montsouris. Avenue Reille, boul. Jourdan. Dutronquoy, brasserie. Chardon, institution. Géorama. Chardon fils, vins. Heraud, conservation de tapis. Lévêque, épicier et tabac. Jary, pâtissier. Lavergne, vins. Beruardet, vins. NANTES (rue de). (355m de longueur). XIX Arr. (BUTTES-CHAUMONT). Pont-de-Flandre). Quai de l'Oise, 17 et 19, rue de Flandre, 130 et 132. Hugard, vins. Boileau (A.), maître paille-liège calorifuge pour chaudières. Cachet, marchand de sciures. Bérot, vins, épicerie. Legrand, boulanger. Bony, vins. Deroin et Paul Capon, boulangerie. Hériot, vins-traiteur. Boisard, vins et hôtel. Bebert, épicier. Commissariat de police, Poëte, commissaire. Vivet, éventuel en gros. Laloy, épicier. Hôtel de Nantes-Tavern. Caillou, boulanger. Tuppin, entrepreneur de maçonnerie. 26 Maréhand, épicière. 27 Prioux, lingerie, mercerie. Rocourt, charcutier. Talvard (Jules), vins et tabac. 28 Decausse, vannier. Toulz, vins. 29 Cayrac, bois, charbons et vins. 30 Mérot, vins. 31 Deschamps, boucher. Hollollin, épicier. Watier, peinture et vitrerie. 32 Marcilhac, vins-traiteur et hôtel. 33 Oger (V."), épicier. 34 Andoque, vacherie de Nantes. 35 Lavoir Ste-Eugénie. 37 Aschieri, bouillon. 39 Gaillet, vins et hôtel. 40 Calmus, vins-traiteur. Delhomme(A.), épicerie, et Flandre, 132. 43 Magier, vins et charbonnier. 47 Cartalade, fruiterie. NAPLES (rue de). (MO" de longueur.) VIII Arr. (ELYSEE). Europe). Boul. Malesherbes, 72 et 74, -+ rue de Rome, 61 et 63. 1 Mardon, boulanger, et Rome, 61. 2 Junement (P.), comptoir des grands vins, et Rome, 63. 4 Aylmer (J.) ingénieur civil. Boussenot, rentier. Hortog, rentier. Isambert (B.-A.), conseiller à la cour d'appel. Jonquoy, propriétaire. Raymond (Francisque). 6 Fertigné, étameur. 7 Deschamps, vins. Pard, menuisier. Pelin (Gabriel), docteur en lettres et professeur de physiologie. 8 Bourgoin, spécialiste de vins de France et d'Algérie, rue de Constantinople, 17. 9 Sireix (Marie), couturière, robes, chemises, nouveautés. Carette (Albert). 12 Cazet (B.), ancien négrier. 13-Robert, médecin. 14 -Leroux, meubles artistiques. 19 Molina, rentier. 25 Bifler, vins. 27 Vaillant (femme), professeur de mathématiques. 29 Letang (Onésime), vente et location de pianos. 31 Remy, boucher. Smester (A.), médecin. 52 Taché, conservateur des hypothèques. 37 Saint-Raymond, conseiller référendaire à la cour des comptes. 38 Rosier de Rothemont (vicomte). 39 Faigel (Mme Ant.), robes et manteaux. Kessler (Charles), de la maison Kessler frères. Lemore, architecte. Pasquier (bâtard). 45 Grainville (E. G.), courtier-juré d'assurances (domicile). Grainville, propriétaire. 47 Muller (Ch.-Louis), O. *, de l'Institut, peintre d'histoire. 48 Institution des religieuses du St-Sacrement. 51 Curial (vicomte). Hochambert (mme et mlle de). 52 Combier, avocat cour d'appel. Foucault (P.) et Bonnier, vins-restaurants. Nillus (Albert), ingénieur-constructeur. Société anonyme des mines de plomb argentifère de Gennamari et d'Ingw'tosu (Sardaigne). Ainebot, ancien vice-amiral. Davries des Essarts, avocat, auditeur au conseil d'Etat. Corrad, propriétaire. Combe de Cahoüet (Mlle), portier. Thuret, ancien notaire. Beniajou (Jules), tailleur. Fouquet (Mme), vins, et Miroméllil, 87. Héret, architecte, propriétaire. Guérin (Ch.), sonneries électriques, et boulanger Malesherbes, 74. NAPOLÉON (cité). (601, de longueur.) XX Arr. (MÉNILMONTANT). Belleville. Hue Bisson, 42 et 44. Charpagne, épicerie. Platteel, fabrique de chaussures, et Bissau, 42. Sivard aîné, habitue des grands, et rue des Couronnes, 19. Fayon, vins et liqueurs. Salomon, hôtel meublé. NARRONNE (rue de). (Me de longueur.) VII Arr. (PALAIS-BOURBON). St-Tibliers-d'A (Juin). Rue de la Planche, finie en impasse. Champagny (vicomte Henri de), ancien sénateur. Duez. NATION (place de la). XI Arr. (POPINCOURT). Ste-Marguerite, côté impair). XII Arr. (HEUILLY). Picpus, côté pair). Faubourg St-Antoine, avenues du Bel-Air, du Trône, Philippe-Auguste, et boulevard Diderot. Bezault (domicile). Lelong, propriétaire. Maguié, dentiste, et Faub.-St-Antoine, 323. Perrin, plumeur. Jalbert (E.), médecin. Rambault, entreprise de travaux publics. Viellard, café-brasserie, et boulevard Voltaire, 296. Ecole Arago, école municipale supérieure, Bainier, directeur. Soulière, Café Arago, boulevard Voltaire, 283, et avenue Philippe-Auguste, 1. Demaimay, vins et liqueurs, et rue Dorian, 10. Bienfait (Mme), couturière. Bienfait (Léon), dessinateur-graveur. Lerèvre, fabrique de vélocipèdes, et boulevard Philippe-Auguste, 2. Cantuel, vins et liqueurs et hôtel, et avenue de Bouvines, 1. Martin (A.), fabrique d'orgues. Perrin (Auguste), architecte. Seckler, épicier. Variclier, mécanicien. Dépôt des omnibus. Le Boucher et Grosclaude, entrepreneurs de démolitions. Bisson, vins et liqueurs. Braunberger (J.), médecin. Barbizet fils, faïence d'art émaillée. Verdier, vins et hôtel de la place du Trône.
jednnsnmum02mora_4	Czech-PD	Public Domain	Ad B) Poněvadž sněmovní požadavek na r. 1819 vyslovil berní summu „pro dominicali et rusticali" s názvem „daně pozemkové", byla obava, že toto rčení emfyteutům bude záminkou, aby se zbavili veškeré daně, a že i soudy ve sporných případech se budou jen přidržovati slova. Stavové sněmovním prohlášením z 21. října 1818 podali prosbu za nejvyšší rozhodnutí, „jakou číslicí v tomto požadavku pozemkové daně jsou pojaty všechny platy, které dosud s rozličnými názvy byly požadovány", po- něvadž jen z jednotlivých číslic, vzhledem na smlouvy ujednané s emfyteuty, možno od vrchnosti podati právně platný důkaz, pokud t. j. jakým dílem břímě zdanění zasahuje emfyteuta. Z tohoto podnětu vydán byl (2. srpna 1820 a 14. ledna 1823) vypočítávací klíč, jejž dlužno potud pokládati za měřítko, pokud s nejvyššího místa nebude změněn nebo odstraněn, a ne- může tedy zemské účtárně býti dovoleno, aby se od něho uchylovala. Dle tohoto klíče z r. 1823 starý katastrální příspěvek v ny- nější dani pozemkové činí 9 ^^ ^7^00000 kr.) a možno tedy vypo- čísti povinnost jak vrchností tak emfyteutův, kdežto dle toho, jak si počíná účtárna, není všeobecného měřítka, a každý případ třeba vypočítávati zvláště. Zemský výbor dokazuje několika příklady, že vypočítávání každého případu účtárnou zvláště jest vrchnímu majiteli, beztoho dosti stísněnému, mnohem nevýhodnější, nežli hlásá zmíněný klíč; kromě toho z této úchylky od předpisu z r. 1823 vzniká mnoho zmatkův a nepřístojnosti, kdykoli soudy, jimiž tento berní klíč nejvyšším soudním dvorem jest doručen, mají rozho- dovati o konkurrenčním závazku ve věcech sporných. Také emfyteuti sami ve svých nárocích na náhradu v dani pozemkové jsou dekretem dvorské kanceláře z 18. března 1823 na tento berní klíč odkázáni; i mělo by se tedy při každém konečném rozhodnutí vždy tohoto vzoru užívati a každý jiný způsob vypo- čítáváni měl by se zavrhnouti. — 68 Proto zemský výbor nařídil zemské účtárně, aby se od vy- počítá vacího klíče z r. 1824 neuchylovala za žádné podmínky, pokud by o tom s nejvyššího místa jinak nebylo rozhodnuto. Ostatně zemský výbor stavům navrhuje, aby prohlásili, že vzhledem k prospěchům, které vyplývají ze stejnoměrného za- cházení se všemi emfyteuty, onen klíč má se i na příště zacho- vati s jedinou změnou, jak jest naznačeno v odstavci A). Ad G) Nelze určitě prokázati, stala-li se taková vyrovnání úplně neb větším dílem nebo vybývá-li ještě mnoho sporů ; o tom by jen král. úřad fiskální mohl míti podrobnou znalost. Stavové připojili se k návrhům zemského výboru a připo- jili přání, aby v příčině nepoměru zdanění, jakým vrchností v poměru k emfyteutům jsou stížený a vzhledem k spravedlivé prosbě o vyrovnání valuty byl položen větší důraz. Tak skončena teto sněmovní schůze, která trvala dva dny, 19. a 20 září 1837. Ostatně předneseno a vzato na vědomí: 1. Zrušení některých zákazův o dovoze zboží a ustanovení nových cel dovozných i vývozných. 2. Brněnský krajský úřad oznamuje, že po smrti Jana Josefa, suverénního knížete a vladaře domu Liechtenstei- nova, syn jeho Alois Josef nastoupil vládu knížecího domu a ujal se všech statkův allodiálních a fideikomisních, 3. Návod nelékařům na oživení zdánlivě mrtvých a na záchranu otrávených. 4. Dekret dvorské kanceláře z 18. července 1836, že dle dosavadního zvyku nežádá se na stavech moravských ani slezských daru korunovačního. 5. O vnitřních liniích celních, jež děli Moravu a Slezsko od Uher. 6. O vymření mužského potomstva rodu šl. Teschenthala smrtí Jana Kastnera šl. Teschenthala (na Těšínsku). 7. O dočasném osvobození studujících od vojny po dokončení studia a o úplném osvobození doktorů práv. 8. Podomní obchod s losy a výherními předměty se zakazuje. 9. Jiřímu hraběti Stockauovi udělen inkolát na Moravě a v zemích přivtělených (sic.) 69 — 10. Udělení svatováclavské hodnosti rytířské Frant. Jos. hr. Žerotinovi, Ant. ryt. Terschovi, Josefu hr. Schaff- gotschovi a Karlovi hr, Strachwitzovi. 11. O povinném příspěvku na zachování silnic erárnich, procházejících osadami. 12. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 31. prosince 1836 zamítá se prosba stavů moravských za prominutí ekvivalentu za ná- hradu škod způsobených pohromami živelními ve výši 25.941 zl. 30 kr. v. m. a nezaplaceného příspěvku na platy ve výši 10.000 zl. v. m. 13. Moravsko-slezský zemský soud oznamuje úmrti appel- lačního presidenta a královského zemského komořího Josefa hr. Bubny z Litic. 14. O portách ke kalhotám uniformy stavovské a o pře- depsané šířce jejich, 15. Josef svob, p. Baillou, c. k. rytmistr, zapsán do desk zemských jako majitel statku Hustopeče (na Hranicku). 16. O pokutách na poškozování stromů při ve- řejných cestách, 17. Obnovuje se zákaz tisku spisů v cizině necensu- rovaných. 18. Zrušuje se clo dovozné i vývozn é jakož i třicátkové poplatky na uhlí kamenné i hnědé mezi Uhrami i Sedmihradskem a ostatními zeměmi Rakouského mocnářství, 19. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 25, února 1837 schvaluje se návrh moravských stavův, aby se na podporu chovance výtvarné akademie věnovalo ročně 200 zl. konvenční mince. 20. Znojemský krajský úřad oznamuje, že hrabě Ludvik Taaffe prodal hraběti Kašparu Filipovi Spiegiovi statek Višňovou. 21. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 1. dubna 1837 povolen Ant. Bočkovi, učiteli české řeči na stavovské akademii v Olomouci, přídavek 200 zl. konvenční mince, pokud by zastával úřad, ze stavovského fondu domestikálního ; též dovoleno, aby mu byl udělen titul moravského stavavského historiografa s výminkou, že z tohoto titulu nebude se vyvozovati nčírok na obtížení ně- jakého veřejného fondu. 70 :22. Kněžna Leopoldi na Lieclitensteinova zapsána do desk zemských jako jediná majitelka panství Velkého Meziříčí a Zhoře, Fryšavy, Bohunic a Kyjoví c. 23. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 8. dubna 1837 stavovskému sekretáři ryt. Eman, Kronenfelsovi i na uznání jeho zásluh za 351eté služby, dílem státní dílem stavovské, uděluje se titul císařského rady. 24. Filip Ludvík hr. St. Genois obdržel od papeže řád Kristův. 25. Nejvyšším kabinetnim listem z 7. dubna 1837 Rudol- fovi hraběti Tannenbergovi, radovi dolnorakouské appel- lace, přiřčen úřad presidenta moravsko-slezského zemského soudu a nejvyššího zemského sudího moravského. 26. Františce Herringové a jejím adoptivním dětem, Janovi a Františce, nepovoluje se prosba za přenesení šlechtictví, ale pokud budou míti statek Habrovany, vými- nečně jest jim přiřčena schopnost zemských desk. 27. Vypsání dědické, výdělkové a židovské daně na r. 1838. 28. Svob. p. RaimundovíEberlovi udělen inkolát v Cechách a na Moravě, též hraběti Vilémovi H o m- p e s c h o v i, majiteli Jaroslavic. 29. Hrabě Vincenc Vetter z Lilie, jako majitel kou- peného statku Přestaví k, zapsán do desk zemských, podobně hr. Lev Razumovský, jako majitel třetiny R u- dolce a Holíkova, postoupených hraběnkou Eliškou Mol- kovou. 30. Guvernér tyrolsko-vorarlberský, hrabě Bedřich Wil- ezek, jmenován 2. presidentem všeobecné dvorské komory (22. května 1837). 31. Rytíři Josefovi Vokřálovi, děkanovi brněnské ka- pituly, udělena dispense k nové volbě do zemského výboru. 32. Olomucká kapitola jmenovala za ryt. Peteany ze Steinberka, který se stal proboštem, kanovníka rytíře Jana Wiedersperga svým prvním deputovaným na sněme mo- ravském. 33. Vilém a Adela svob. p. Forgáčové jsou majiteli Tulešic, Germákovic a Horních Dubna n. - 71 — 34. Maximilian Ledvinka šl. Adlerfels povýšen za rytíře a udělen mu inkolát v Cechách a v zemích přivtélených- 35. Schváleno přikročeni rozpočtu 12.000 zl. o 4086 zl. 51 kr. na slavnosti za pobytu JJ. V V. v Brně. 36. Svobod, p. Olivier London zapsán do desk zemských jako majitel Bystřice a Prusinovic. 37. Úmrtím svob. p. Jana Nep. Geisslerna připadla Černá Hora jeho manželce Josefině. 38. Arcivévoda Ferdinand Rakouský ďEste zapsán do desk jako majitel Ejvanovic, hraběnka Barbora Vrb- nová, roz. Erdó do v á, jako majitelka Holešova a Rymice. 39. Také ve všech vojenských ústavech vzdělávacích po- čátek školního roku položen na 1. říjen. 40. Hugo Karel starohrabě Salm-Reiferscheid nastoupil po smrti svého otce Hugona Františka dědictví statků Blanska a Rajce. <>• Protokol sněmovní schůze 11. záři 1838 za předsednictví zemského hejtmana a sněmovního direktora Aloisa hraběte Ugarte. 1. Na počátku sezení prelát od sv. Tomáše v příčině volby do zemského výboru za zemřelého Jana Welzensteina oznamuje, že zemský hejtman uznal za dobré zastaviti tuto volbu; neboť k těmto volbám dlužno učiniti několik dotazův u dvorské kanceláře a vyžádati si konečně platného ustanovení. Ostatně ukázalo se ve starých volebních předpisech, že dle nejvyššího reskriptu z 28. dubna 1739 volba přísedícího zemského výboru má se vždy zemským hejtmanem čtvrt roku napřed oznámiti císaři, což však od delší doby se opomíjelo. Třeba tedy vypro- siti si zároveň dalšího nejvyššího pokynu, má-li tato předchozí ohláška čtvrtletní opět nabyti platnosti. Poněvadž tedy zemský hejtman vhodným způsobem učiní potřebné zařízení, vyhrazuje se tato volba ze stavu rytířského příštímu zasedání. 2. O berních požadavcích na správní rok 1839 usneseno : a) J. V. vzdáti dík za opětnou slevu 71^4% ^ přídavku daně pozemkové. 7á b) Poněvadž J, V/ v zodpovidacím reskriptě z 21. ledna 1838 prohlásil, že bude o to náležitě pečovati, aby se pozemku připravily a poskytly všechny úlevy na veřejných břemenech, jaké dopouští povinná úlirada státních potřeb, stavové dovolují si obnoviti námitky z let 1818, 1819. 1820 a 1837, kde obšírně jest vylíčeno, že poplatníkům předepsanou berni jest velmi ne- snadno sehnati. I prosí, aby se přikročilo k prozatímnímu vy- rovnání zemí mezi sebou anebo k jiné slevě v nynějším berním požadavku, kterou by země Moravská, srovnána s ostatními provinciemi císařskými a zejména se sousední provincii Českou, uvedena byla do správnějšího poměru, c) Ujištěno, že stavové, seč jsou síly jejich i zemské, vše vynaloží, aby za správní rok 1839 požadovaná daň byla v nále- žité době sehnána. Další předměty jednání: 1. Upotřebení zbytku 1000 zl. k. m., který sta- vové za přítomnosti J. V. v Brně r. 1 836 věnovali chudým. Tato summa byla původně určena na pořízení oděvu a potřeb chudým a na okamžitou výpomoc v doléhavé nouzi, ale právě tou dobou, totiž koncem srpna 1836, v Brně opět , vypukla cholera a způsobila nesmírnou nouzi v nižších třídách lidu, a tu zemský výbor doručil tuto částku brněnskému poli- cejnímu ředitelství, aby ji rozdělil nejnuznějším a podal o tom účty. Tento úřad při moudrém hospodaření nevydal celé částky 1000 zl., i zbylo několik set zlatých, za které, poněvadž byly určeny dobročinnému účelu, zakoupeno bylo minulé zimy 1837/8 palovo chudým. Stavové schválili tento způsob vydání a usnesli se zakročiti v té příčině za nejvyšší potvrzení. 2. Obsazení místa stavovského . anečního mistra v Brně Josefem šl. Purzpichlerem. Smrtí Jana Gallata bylo toto místo s ročním důchodem 100 zl. konvenční mince uprázdněno a po 6 let neobsazováno, poněvadž dle usnesení sněmovního z 16. října 1832 navržena byla nová úprava stavovské akademie v Olomouci a vyučováni tanci mělo se přeložiti z Olomouce do Brna. x^však tomuto ná- vrhu dán byl zcela jiný směr sněmovním usnesením z r. 1837 o přeložení akademie do Brna, zřízení technického ústavu a or- 73 - ganisaci Františkova musea, i nelze tušiti, kdy dojde konečné vyřízeni těchto věci. Poněvadž zatím šlechtě, jakož i honoracim a měšťanům brněnským při vychování dítek tohoto důležitého vyučování nelze postrádati, a v osobě Josefa šl. Purzpichlera, který se vykazuje nejlepší kvalifikací, naskytuje se schopný uchazeč k tomu, navrhuje zemský výbor, aby byl jmenován stavovským mistrem tanečním a přiřčen mu zvýšený plat ročních 300 zl. konvenční mince. Biskup brněnský, k němuž se přidali zástupce kapituly olomoucké, preláti raj hradský a novoříšský a probošt hradištský nad Znojmem, mínil, že by se mohlo počkati, až bude nově upravena a přeložena akademie, ale ostatní stavové většinou hlasů přidali se k návrhu zemského výboru, který tedy se předloží k nejvyššímu schválení. 3. Učitel šermířského umění při olomoucké akademii M i- kuláš Taraclo věnoval stavům v rukopise dílo „O šermířství"^ které zemský výbor odevzdal na prozkoumání pánům svob. p. Eman. Bartensteinovi, hr. Jindřichovi Herbersteinovi a svob. p. Vojtě- chovi Widmannovi. Ačkoliv všichni o díle vyslovují se velmi pochvalně, přece podáno bylo ještě c. k. studijní komisi dvorské, hodno-h tisku a přijetí dedikace. V případě schválení by se ho- norovalo 100 dukáty, ale nezaručil by se tisk ani přijetí určitého počtu výtisků v. Schváleno, a zemský hejtřnan se požádá, aby zařídil po- třebné u dvorské komise studijní. 4. Zřízení nových dvou stipendií pro cho- vance akademie výtvarných umění ve Vídni. Sněmovním usnesením z r. 1837, jemuž dáno nejvyšší schválení, zřízeno bylo jedno takové stipendium o 100 zl.. a dostal je Vincenc Brůx, který se oddal sochařství. Dvorská kancelář vybídla zemský výbor, aby přiměl stavy k udělení pod- pory na další stipendia, při čemž vzat byl zřetel zejména na architekturu, a dle toho pokynu předložen byl stavům návrh na zřízení nových dvou stipendií, a to jmenovitě pro architekturu a umění malířské, za dosavadních podmínek a v téže výši po 200 zl. konvenční mince z ťondu domestikálniho. Návrh se přijímá a předloží se k nejvyššímu schválení. 5. Zemskému účetnímu Ign. Krinnerovi navrhuje se pochvalný dekret, účetnímu radovi Karlu Budalovskému 74 — 40() zl. odměny (z volné částky 500 zl,, určené na zachování důstojenství [dekorum] stavovského), a zbývajících 100 zl. uděleno vdově po přísedícím zemského výboru Thekle šl. Welzensteinové. 6. Příspěvek dome s tikal ního fondu 1000 zl. konvenční mince ročně na okrasu hradeb a kolišť kolem města Brna vyplacen dle usnesení z 20. října 1835, když se zjistilo, že zmíněný fond tím neutrpí v úhradě ostatních řádných vydání. 7. Stavům oznámeno, že lithografovaná vyobrazení rozhčných moravských krojů národních rozdána jsou Jejich Veličenstvům, c. k. princům, státním ministrům, presidentům^ nejvyšším zemským oíficirům atd., začež z domestikálního fondu vydáno jest 1488 zl. konvenční mince. Zbytek — 16 výtisků — dle usnesení stavovského odevzdán zemskému hejtmanovi, aby s ním naložil dle dobrého zdání. 8. Na místě zemřelého Jana Mayera ustanoven zemským vrchním pokladníkem Josef Hrdlička, dosud druhý po- kladník. 9. Brněnskému dobročinnému spolku na r. 1839 povoleno opět 1500 zl. konvenční mince. 10. Rozdána tištěná závěrka účtů fondu domestikálního. 11. Na oslavu pobytu JJ. V V", v Brně r. 1833 usneseno za- ložiti nadaciFrantiškovu aKarolininu summou 40.000 zl., jež měla býti uhrazena přirážkou na moravské vrchnosti. Po delším jednání bylo dekretem dvorské kanceláře z 9. září 1837 povoleno, tuto jistinu přiraziti na vrchnostenskou daň pozem- kovou (staré extraordinarium), o slavnostních výdajích však nedošlo žádné vyřízení. Podobně bylo s výdaji za JJ. VV. v Brně r. 1834, a tím způsobem zálohy hrazené prozatím fondem do- mestikálním dosáhly výše 12.174 zl. 18% kr. konvenční mince. Poněvadž tyto výdaje nebyly zároveň s nadační jistinou 40.000 zl. přiraženy, kdežto slavnostní výdaje za pobytu císaře Ferdinanda v Brně, jakož i za dřívějších podobných příležitostí povolovány a hrazeny bylo z fondu domestikálního, navrhuje zemský výbor, aby i s tímto výdajem 12.174 zl. 18'V4 ^r. se tak stalo. Stavové se tedy usnesli, aby tato částka byla z fondu domestikálního odepsána, a zemský hejtman byl požádán, aby tomuto usnesení vymohl nejvyšší schválení. — 75 1:2. Vdova po přísedícím zemského výboru T hekl a šl. Welzensteinová prosí za roční podporu z fondu domestikáhiiho. Nemá jmění a má čtyry nezaopatřené děti. Po otci, ryt. Janu Flikovi, majiteli panství Hobzí Starého a továrny na kartouny tehda kvetoucí, dědila více než 40.000 zl., když však obchody tovární nepřízní doby ponenáhlu klesaly, dala se svým bratrem přemluviti k půjčce, a aby úvěr tovární ještě více nebyl seslaben, nedala si svůj podíl soudně do desk zapsati a pojistiti. Nicméně tím úpadek nebyl zadržen, i ztratila rázem veškero své jmění. Jak zemský soud. tak i magistrát potvrzují, že její manžel ne- zanechal majetku. Dále poukazuje vdova na zásluhy svého manžela rytíře Jana Welzensteina, který od r. 1795 do r. 1810 byl praktikantem, krajským protokolistou a znojemským krajským sekretářem, kde zejména se vyznamenal za obojího vpádu nepřátelského r. 1805 a 1809; potom po I5V2 roku byl přísedícím zemského výboru, byl z nejvyšších míst vyznamenán, z nedostatku nejvyššího písaře 7.emského jmenován byl 2. sně- movním komisařem, působil jako vrchní ředitel ústavů huma- nitních v době dvojího vypuknutí cholery, kde bezpochyby si uhonil zárodek smrti. Žadatelka uvádí, že na zaopatření své a čtyř nedospělých dětí nemá pražádných prostředkův a že jí hrozí největší nouze, zvláště že sama jest churava. Stavové vzhledem k těmto zcela mimořádným okolnostem povolili jí podporu ročních 500 zl. konvenční mince z fondu domestikálního, s výslovným připomenutím, že na toto povolení nemá nikdo právo budoucně se odvolávati. Předloží se k nej- vyššímu schválení. 13. Na podnět dvorské kanceláře, aby stavové přebytky ze svých fondů vynaložili na stavbu silnice buď do Jabloň- n é h o neb do Lomnice (Lobnik na Rymařovsku) stavové odpovídají toto : a) Stavové uznávají v plném rozsahn oprávněnost zásady, aby volné přebytky věnovali účelům veřejného zemského blaha a také se vždy touto zásadou řídili, ale vyhrazují si, aby jim při takových vydáních ve volbě předmětu byla co možná nej- větší volnost ponechána. b) Stavové uznávají, že mezi potřebami zemskými v první radě jest rozmnožování silnic na oživování dopravy a zejména na zvelebování domácího průmyslu. — 76 — c) Stavové se proto usnesli, že všechny volné přebytky jejich příjmů, zvláště příjmy, které byly přiřčeny na stavbu no- * vého zemského domu, od níž se nyní upustilo, mají se bez újmy jiných navržených podniků věnovati zřízení nových rádných silnic v zemi Moravské; ale tyto stavby mají býti vyhrazeny bez- prostřednímu a výhradnému vlivu stavovskému, a zároveň si stavové činí nárok na všeliká mýtní privilegia. d) Stavové nemohou prozatím se vysloviti, zdali by právě na- vržená silnice jablonecká a lomnická byly zemi nejdůležitéjši, a proto se usnesli zvoliti tříčlenný komitét stavovský, který by věc náležitě vyšetřil a do tří měsíců podal stavům prostřednictvím zemského výboru dobré zdání se zvláštním zřetelem k otázkám: a) Které trati silniční jsou zájmům země nejužitečnější a nejpotřebnější? /3) Lze to tvrditi, a v jaké míře o navržené silnici jablonecké a lomnické-' ;-) Který podnik silniční stavby doporučuje se především na pořízení nákladem stavovským? o) Jak lze uhraditi takový náklad bez otřesení stavovského hospodářství? s) Toto usnesení má se zemským hejtmanem oznámiti dvorské kanceláři s prosbou, aby se mu vymohlo nej- vyššího schválení. Do tříčlenného komitétu zvoleni : svob. p. Karel Dalberg, svob. p. Vojtěch Widmann a rytíř Arnošt Paburg, a jim vedle správy sněmovní i příslušných akt připomenuto, že se nemají omeziti stavbou silnice jablonecké nebo lomnické, nýbrž mohou-li podrobně dovoditi, že jest jiná mnohem důležitějším potřeba pro zemi moravskou (při čemž zvláště možno přihlížeti ku zří- zení silnice z Brna do Uherského Hradiště), aby v tom smyslu podali zevrubný návrh. 14. Výsledek komisionálního jednáni o stavbě nového zemského domu. Dle plánův a rozpočtův architekta Schleppsa vypočten jest náklad na stavbu na 377.750 zl. konvenční mince, což přesahuje původně určenou siimmu o 1.57.750 zl. Poněvadž tento výdaj patrně není přiměřen silám fondu domestikálního, zemský výbor navrhuje, aby se od tohoto stavebního záměru úplně upustilo, tím více, ježto přípisem zemského presidenta z 19. srpna 1838 zevrubně jest vyloženo, že přebytky stavovských fondů mají se věnovati účelům pro blaho země mnohem důležitějším, zejména stavbě nových silnic, z nichž od dvorské kanceláře silnice do Jablonného a Lomnice označeny jsou za zvláště potřebné. — 77 — Stavové usnesli se jednomyslně, že svůj zájem soukromý podřídí veřejnému blahu a ústavům obecně užitečným a že na tu dobu opouštějí od stavby vlastního zemského domu, že však se nevzdávají nároků na starý zemský dům, v němž jest c. k. vojenská oekonomická komise. Učet architekta Schleppsa za práce dosud vykonané nechť zemský výbor, jakmile dojde, odevzdá stavovské komisi stavební k bedlivému prozkoumání a na její dobré zdání vyšetřenou částku vyplatí z fondu domestikálniho. G. k. komoří a inženýr hejtman šl. Gaal pomáhal stavovské komisi při všech jejích jednáních, zvláště kresbami a plány, které netoliko stavbě zemského domu, nýbrž i jiným veřejným účelům jsou velmi na prospěch, i usneseno zakoupiti mu čestný dar v ceně až 100 dukátů, k čemuž vyžádá se nejvyšší schválení, 15. O úpravě dolního toku řeky Dyj e a r ozdě len i zapůjčeného stavebního nákladu napozemkovou daii země Moravské. Zemský výbor předkládá hlavní 3 otázky: I. Má se upraviti celý dolní tok počínaje od Drnholce — kde totiž končí regulace toku hořejšího — až po ústí Dyje do Moravy ? II. Má se upraviti pouze tok od Drnholce do Dolních Vistonic ? III. Anebo konečně: mají se učiniti pouze potřebná opatření pro panství Drnholecké, aby majetek pozemkový tamějších obcí netrpěl zbahněnim ? Ad. I. Obce panství Drnboleckého, k nimž se připojilo ně- koUk hraničníkův, uvádějí ve své prosbě k. J, V., že zátopami téměř rok co rok se opakujícími poškozené louky nyní již ne- poskytují užitku, že nemohou sklízeti píce svému dobytku a že tedy na konec z nedostatku dobytka budou nuceni nechávati svá pole neobdělaná. Prosí tedy za úpravu Dyje, neboť jen tím způsobem mohou býti před záhubou uchráněni. Proti tomu však dle protokolárních výpovědí protestují obce panství Lednického, Breclavského a Rabensburského, poněvadž těmito zátopami ne- toliko netrpí škody, nýbrž spíše pro svou sklizeň sena prospěch mají, i poznamenávají, že by tímto opatřením jejich pozemky vyschly a špatný výtěžek přinášely. — 78 — Poněvadž nelze nikomu vnucovati dobrodiní, které nad to se neuznává, stavové po návrhu zemského výboru se usnesli král. guberniu na tento dotaz odpověděti: „Poněvadž dolejší vrchnosti z dalšího regulování pouze škodu očekávají, nemá se aspoň nyní nikterak podniknouti až po ústi Dyje do Moravy/ Ad II. O této otázce komise se vyslovila, že, má-h se upra- vený horní tok zachovati a mají-li se pozemky panství Drnho- leckého při Dyji zachrániti a také u Mušova nastalé již zbahnění odstraniti, jest potřebí, ne-li celou Dyji, aspoň tok její od Drn- holce po Dolní Vistonice upraviti. Jak vrchnosti tak poddáni mohli se úpravou Dyje v horních končinách přesvědčiti, zdali a jaký prospěch si mohou z tohoto pokračování slibovati, a nehledě k tomu, že tato úprava vyža- dovala již značných summ, které na konec musí sami hraditi, a zachovávání těchto prací bude vyžadovati značných rok co rok se opakujících vydání, přece této regulace si přejí a za ni prosí- I dlužno dle mínění stavů se domnívati, že se nepodrobí lehko- myslně tak vehkým platům, • a usneseno odevzdati královskému guberniu mínění takové: „Dotčená trať jest sice na úpravu zcela příhodná, poněvadž se jí vyhoví přání účastněných, avšak mají-li se hraničníci uchrániti příštích škod, bude třeba je poučiti o skutečném náklade na tuto úpravu, ježto neběží tu pouze o výdaje regulační, nýbrž budou i zavázáni, hraditi roční útraty zachovávání. Nechť se jim tedy oznámí, jaký náklad by připadl na jitro zatopovaného (inundačního) území, aby mohli srovnati užitek s obětí. Kdyby i potom setrvali na úpravě, jest tím podán důkaz, že při tom shledávají svůj prospěch, i nemohli by si v pozdějších letech stěžovati, že jim tyto platy nebyly známy. Ad líí. K otázce, mini-li se jen u Drnholce náprava po- říditi, stavové uznali, poněvadž se proti tomuto záměru dvorního stavebního rady Francisconiho vyslovili členové komise, že tento předmět se má doporučiti uvážení nejvyššího úřadu, který jej s vyššího technického hlediska nejlépe posoudí a zajisté na to bude míti zřetel, aby jednak majitelům pozemků se ochrana poskytla, jednak aby se uchránili přepjatých platů, jež by způ- sobily jejich úplné ochuzení. O úhradě nákladu královského gubernium projevuje toto mínění : — 79 A) Státní poklad, jako se stalo při úpravě horního tokiu nechť zapravi Vio trvale ustanoveného nákladu. Stavové mají za to, že by se měl příspěvek v tom poměru odváděti, v jakém státu vzniká z toho trvalý prospěch a že by měl nyní tím výše býti vyměřen, ježto náhrady za vodní škody v hořejší krajině — která jest daleko za krajinou dolejší — r. 1837 činily 8755 zl. 59 kr., a tedy by úpravou dle všeho ročně netoliko mnohem větší částka byla ušetřena, nýbrž i na zdanění by se získalo více než 6000 jiter pozemkův. Stavové tedy navrhli, že má stát hraditi polovici veškerého nákladu. B) Erární stavební fond nechť převezme náklad na vy- stavění a budoucí udržování mostu hlavního i pi"ep mlýnský příkop blíže Mušova. S tím stavové souhlasí, poněvadž mostným mýtem toto vydání beztoho by se zase nahradilo. G) Majitelé mlýnů v Novém Sídle, v Mušově a v Dolních Vistonicích, po případě i v Drnholci by byli zavázáni ku 200. dílu trvale vyšetřeného požadavku peněžitého. I s tím stavové souhlasili. D) Staré řečiště Dyjské má zůstati nepovšimnuto. K tomu navrhují stavové, aby, jako se stalo při horním toku, staré řečiště, které užitku nepřináší, bylo bezplatně pone- cháno pohraničním držitelům pozemkův. E) Peněžitá záloha, nezbytně potřebná na začetí a úplné provedení této úpravy vzhledem k nákladu, který po srážce příspěvku státního a z erárního fondu silničního má býti uhrazen rozličnými konkurrenčními poplatníky, má se poříditi rozdělením na pozemkovou daň země Moravské a Dolnorakouské tím způsobem, že má od obou zemí napřed býti sehnán podíl připadající na každé jitro ve 3 ročních lhůtách a zemím pak dána náhrada ponenáhlu ze splátek vrchností a panství konkur- renci vázaných. Stavové prohlásili, že na pořízem zálohy nikterak nemohou přistoupiti, poněvadž již při úpravě horní Dyje bylo to velikou pohromou berní soustavě zemské, ježto jí značná část břemene nebyla uložena jako záloha, nýbrž jako skutečná dávka. Na druhé straně by nová přirážka vedla k úplnému ochuzení poplatníků, beztoho již značně stísněných, a stát by z toho měl malý prospěch, aby na záchranu malé části země větší část byla 80 učiněna neschopnou placení berní. Naděje náhrady jest posunuta příliš daleko, a i kdyby se stala skutkem, nastalým zatím ochu- zením a odprodáním větším dílem až by neprospěla nynějším poplatníkům těžce stíženým. Kromě toho by musilo nastati ne- konečné psaní, ježto by se při všech změnách majetkových, prodejích, odlučování, rozkouskování atd. musilo přihlížeti k této restituci. Proti záloze z fondu domestikálního stavové rozhodně se prohlašují, • neboť jsou k ní jen tehda povinni, vzniká-li z toho prospěch veškeré zemi. Že stavové v podobných zá- ležitostech nešetřili nikdy, toho jsou četné důkazy po ruce, a možno je nalézti také mezi dnešními sněmovními usneseními. Za těchto okolností tedy stavové ponechávají pouze správním opatřením nejvyšších úřadův, aby si úhradu pořídily jiným způ- sobem. 16. O převzetí m oravsko-sl ezské vzájemné po- jišťovny proti ohni do správy stavovské. O tom radila se komise, jíž předsedal nejvyšší zemský ko- moří hr. Ant. Sedl nicky, a členy jejími byli: prelát kláštera svatého Tomáše Cyrill Napp, svobodný pán Jan Se harf, a hrabě Emanuel Dubský; jim přidán stavovský účetní Krinner a zástupce pojišťovny. Komisi uloženo, aby se o pod- mínkách převzetí uradila. Nejvyššímu komořímu odevzdají se mimo jiná akta zprávy, dožádané z Tyrol o stanovách, instrukcích a zřízení tamější pojišťovny, i má se vyšetřiti, co by se odtud poměrům moravsko-slezským hodilo. Kromě toho má komise míti zřetel a) na zmenšení správních výloh, b) na usnadnění přístupu všem majitelům budov bez rozdílu a v každou dobu roční, c) na zmírnění ročního příspěvku. 17. O přeložení stavovské akademie do Brna a zřízení učiliště technického. (Srv. usnesení z 19. září 1837). Z presidiálního listu zemského hejtmana z 6. srpna t. r. vysvítá, že do konečného rozhodnutí důležité otázky přeložení university jest ještě velmi daleko a že by stejný osud stihl i ostatní návrhy s tím souvislé. Poněvadž však nová úprava a přeložení stavovské akademie do Brna, zřízení nového učiliště technického a podřízení musea Františkova dozoru stavovskému jest naléhavou potřebou a zájmů stavovských mnohem blíže se dotýká, než přeložení university, a poněvadž o těchto věcech I — 81 možno pojednati oddělené, byl zemský výbor z presidia vy- bídnut, aby po(*al o tom stavům sve návrhy. I bylo jednáno především o potřebě přeložení stavovské akademie z Olomouce do Brna a o zřízení nového technického učihště ve spojení se zemským museem. Stavové souhlasně se usnesli : a) aby všechno, co bylo usneseno ve schůzi 19. září 1837 o přeložení university z Olomouce do Brna, zůstalo sice v plné platnosti, aby však b) prosby za přeložení stavovské akademie do Brna. za zřízení technického učiliště a v příčině organisace a příštího udržováni musea Františkova za stavovského řízení byly od otázky university odděleny a provedeny. K tomu poukazuje se na obšírnou zprávu, podanou králov- skému guberniu zemským výborem, a dodává se pouze, že, kdyby nejvyšší úřad pokládal za nutné rozmnožiti neb rozšířiti učebné předměty, určené ústavu technickému, stavové neodporují tomu, jen aby vyhověli naléhavým požadavkům časovým, hle- dícím k duševnímu, formálnímu i hmotnému vzdělání a ku zve- lebení obecného blaha vlasti. Zemský hejtman byl tedy požádán, aby tyto snahy stavů podporoval a působil v tom směru, aby bez ohledu na přeložení university do Brna, ostatní návrhy dosáhly nejvyššího schválení a byly brzo provedeny, ježto při všeobecně pokračující kultuře a rozkvětu průmys'u jiných zemí Morava z nedostatku potřebných vzdělávacích ústavů vždy více by musila zůstávati za nimi, což není bez účinku na její blahobyt. 18. Na konec zemský hejtman oznamuje, že zpráva o nové úpravě prémií na chov hovězího dobytka se odkládá k příští schůzi. Ostatně předneseno a vzato na vědomost: 1. O vyplácení služebních kaucí v měně konvenční. 2. Inkolát JUDr. ryt. MatiášiKalinovizJáthensteina. 3. Hradišťský krajský úřad oznamuje, že po smrti svobod- ného pána Jana Geislerna statek Hoštice přešel na jeho manželku Josefinu, rozenou svobodnou paní Tůrkheimovou. 4. Guberniální oběžník z 18. října 1837 o zřízení 6 ko- morních okresních správ v Brně, Jihlavě, v Olomouci, v Opavě, Těšíně a Hradišti. 6 — 82 — 5. Olomučká metropolitní kapitula oznamuje, že ustanovila kanovníka svobodného pána Aloisa Schrenk^ svým deputo- vaným na sněme. 6. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 7. listopadu 1837 potvrzuje se volba děkana kapituly brněnské rytíře Josefa Vokřála za přísedícího zemského výboru. 7. Vojenské mužstvo na dovolené podléhá soudní moci civilní, 8. Čtyřem dětem inženýra Františka Hopfena, jakožto adoptivním vnukům a dědicům nynějšího majitele statků Miro- slavě a Loděnic přisuzuje se právo na držení těch statkův. 9. Josef rytíř Eichhoff zapsán jako majitel panství Roketnického do desk zemských. 10. Uprázdněné nadace v Tereziánské rytířské akademii moravského oddělení obdrželi : Vincenc Penschůtz šlechti c Schůtzenau, Karel hrabě Belrupt, Hugo šlechtic Haydenburg, Hugo svobodný pán Sedlnický. 11. Nejvyšší rozhodnutí z 28. listopadu 1837, že zůstává přesně při všech dosavadních zvyklostech v příčině nálevního práva vrchností. 12. Dekret dvorské kanceláře z 23. října 1837, že tajný rada. místokancléř spojené dvorské kanceláře Jan Limbek rytíř Lilienau povýšen jest za svobodného pána. 13. Potvrzena volba Emanuela hraběte Dubského, svobodného pána z Třebomyslic, za přísedícího zemského výboru. 14. O dovozném cle na parní vozy pro privilegované pod- niky železní ční. 15. Alexander hrabě Mottel prodal statek Ne- zdě n i c e (v kraji hradišťském) bratřím Janu a Tobiáši Pausparttům z Draehenthala. 16. Josef rytíř Eichhoff stal se majitelem statků G e- kyně, Penčiček a Žabečné Lhoty. 17. Moravsko-slezský zemský soud oznamuje smrt hraběte Josefa z Němčí, majitele Nových Syrovic. 18. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 23. ledna 1838 se ustanovuje: a) Ze všech výloh brněnského kraje z dob invase r. 1805 a 1809 summou 8,945.987 zl. 49 kr. vídeňské měny uznány za ne- schopné k náhradě dluhy ve výši 5,312.436 zl. 44 ki\ b) Požadavek invasijni ve výši 3,197.519 zl. 17 kr. vídeňské měny jakožto úplně nedobytný se zcela potlačuje. c) Požadavek komorního eráru ve výši 89.294 zl. 3 kr. vídeňské měny a vojenského eráru ve výši 62.144 zl. se promíjí, dále se povoluje, aby se stavové zřekU svých požadavků ve výši 193.054 zl. 51 kr. d) Pouze summa 89.889 zl. 35 kr. vídeňské měny uznána za schopnou k náhradě pro soukromé požadavky; na její úhradu se použije hotovosti brněnského krajského fondu invasijního 3285 zl. 10 kr. vídeňské měny, zbytek ve výši 86.684 zl. 25 kr. vídeňské měny má se přiraziti na pozemkovou a urbariální daň kraje brněnského a vybrati ve třech ročních lhůtách. 19. Po smrti Jana rytíře zHaydenburka statek Kle- čůvk a dražbou přešel do rukou Klaudia svobodného pána Brettona. 20. Kapitánu-leutnantovi Mořici Braidovi dovoluje se užívati hraběcího titulu piemontského, nikoli rakouského. 21. Karel Emanuel a Leopold František rytíři Liebenbergové zapsáni jako majitelé vesnice Podmole do desk zemských. 22. Inkolát a rytířství uděleno zemřelému zatím majorovi šlechtici Lindenbergovi. 23. Zpráva o smrti Františky hraběnky Blůme- genové, majitelky Vizovského panství. (22. března 1838.) 24. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 27. února 1838 povoleno, aby na místě dosud poukazovaných \|- veškerých výloh, potřebných na udržování L u ž á n e k, vypláceno bylo stavům moravským ročních 300 zl. konvenční měny z kamerálního eráru, začež jsou povinni hraditi veškeré výlohy k tomuto účelu potřebné. 25. Leopoldina svobodná paní Leesová za- psána do desk zemských jako majitelka statku Lešenského. 26. Za vyobrazeni moravských národních krojů díky vzdávají: císařovna-matka, arcivévodové Karel, Jan, Ludvík a František Karel, dále nejvyšší hofmistr kníže Golloredo-Manns- feld, hrabě Dietrichstein, státní a konferenční ministr hrabě Kolovrat, nejvyšší kancléř hrabě Mitrovský, president dvorské komory svobodný pán Eichhoff, dvorský kancléř hrabě Inzaghy dvorní radové Nádherný a hrabě Lanckoronsky a universitní bibliotekář olomucký Richter. &4 — 27. O skládání mistrovské zkoušky v raísteeh, kde iieni cechňv. 28. Vypsání danédědické, výdělkovéažidovské na rok 1839. 29. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 21. dubna 1838 se povoluje knížecí a hraběcí rodině Salmů z Reiferscheidtu zave- dení prvorozenského následnictví na arcibiskupském léně Blansku. 30. Smrtí Emanuela svobodného pána Bartensteina statek Německé Kynice přešel na syna jeho Josefa. 31. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 22. května 1838 povoluje se roční podpora 500 zl. Josefině hraběnce Troyerové z fondu domestikálniho. 32. Hradišťský krajský úřad oznamuje, že po smrti Fran- tišky hraběnky Blůmegenové, rozené svobodné paní Stillfridové, její synovec Filip svobodnýpánStill- f r i e d ujal se panství Vizovského. 33. Olomucký krajský úřad oznamuje, že po smrti Josefa Jana hraběte S e i 1 e r n a fideikomisní panství Králice přešlo na Josefa Augusta hraběte Seilerna a Aspanga. 34. Dekret dvorské kanceláře z 6. dubna 1838, že smrti zemského chirurga Jana Klinkerfussa jest odbyta otázka o dalším jeho ponechání v úřadě, ale jeho místo že se nemá obsazovati, nýbrž vyčkati o tom nejvyššího rozhodnutí. 35. Dvorská komora s dohodnutím s dvorskou kanceláři usnesla se, že náhrady stavy moravskými splatné dle nejvyššího rozhodnutí z 31. prosince 1836 (ve výši 35.941 zl. 30 kr.) se mají pořizovati srážkami z ekvivalentu, povoleného zatímně ve výši 89.425 zl. konvenční měny za zrušenou daň nápojovou. 36. František Palacký, dějepisný badatel, vzdává diky za remuneraci 400 zl. konvenční měny, která mu byla udělena za opisy listin z Vatikánského archivu, týkajících se Moravy. 37. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 22. srpna 1838 císař ne- schvaluje, aby jistin neb úroků s volnou hotovosti někdejšího zemského fondu ubytovacího bylo užito na ponenáhlou stavbu jezdeckých kasáren na Moravě. — 85 — 7. Protokol mimořádné schůze z 28, května 1839 za ijredsednktvi zemského hejtmana a sněmovního direktora Aloisa hraběte Ugarte. 1. V sněmovní schůzi z 16. září 1838 byla zastavena voiba do zemského výboru po zemřelém Janu rytíři Welzen- steinovi; dekretem dvorské kanceláře z 4, ledna 1839 vyžaduje se dobré zdáni, jak by se tyto volby měly konati, zejména raá-li se volba omeziti jen na ucházející se žadatele. Stavové navrhují jednomyslně, aby se zachoval starý způsob, totiž volba hřebenová a aby se u všech čtyř stavů zavedl stejnoměrný postup. Jakmile se uprázdní místo do zem- ského výboru, mají se na těchto hřebenech přijati všichni volitelní z příslušného stavu, při čemž se rozumí samo sebou, že, je-li někomu k volitelnosti potřebí dispense od třetího inter- kalare, jeho jméno nesmí se objeviti na hřebenech bez nejvyššího schválení. Dle toho tedy nemá se volba obmezovati pouze na došlé písemné žádosti konipetentů, nýbrž každému volantoví jest volno, z osob uvedených na hřebenech voliti dle svého dobrého zdání, tak jako jest jeho věcí, napřed se přesvědčiti, zdali zvo- lený volbu přijímá. Tak bude se také konati volba po zemřelém Janu rytíři Welzensteinovi. Ostatně byl zemský výbor vybídnut, aby se budoucně z pra- vidla řídil instrukcí ze dne 28. dubna 1739, aby po každé čtvrt roku napřed dvorské kanceláři bylo oznámeno uprázdnění místa v zemském výbore, leč by krátce před ustanoveným sněmem zemřel člen zemského výboru, kde by touto podmínkou volba sé zdržela o celý rok. V tomto případě má zemský výbor co nej- rychleji učiniti oznámení nejvyššímu úřadu s dodatkem, že k volbě se přikročí v nejbližší schůzi. 2. O převzetí vzájemné pojišťovny do správy sta- vovské. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 15. července 1838 nařízeno stavům, aby se vyslovili, jakým způsobem chtějí se účastniti při tomto ústavě, aby se dorozuměli se stavy tyrolskými o platných tam stanovách a zřízeních, potom aby se o věci náležitě uradili a příslušné návrhy podali. Stavové zvolili si tedy tříčlennou komisi za předsednictví nejvyššího komořího Antonína hraběte Sedlnického, a ředitelství 86 pojišťovny bylo pozváno, aby do této komise vyslalo také svého zástupce. Zároveň zemský výbor se obrátil na stavovský sbor v Tyrolích a obdržel odtud s veškerou ochotou a zevrubností všechny potřebné doklady a zprávy o platných tam pojišťovacích zařízeních proti pohromám požárovým. Zatím zemského hejtmana došel připiš ředitelství pojišťovny, že nevidí potřeby ani zmocnění, aby se dalo do vyjed- návání o účastenství moravských stavů při tomto ústavě a také aby se pouštělo do porad o stanovách a zřízeních v Tyrolsku platných a že jest mu tedy nabízenou společnou schůzi odmítnouti. Poněvadž stavové ve schůzi z 29. prosince 1836 měh při návrhu o převzetí tohoto ústavu na mysli jen blaho zemské a chtěli pro ně i oběť přinésti, při tom však nemohli předpokládati odmítnutí svého dobrého úmyslu, usnesh se nyní jednomyslně, oznámiti prostě tento nedostatek uznání se strany pojišťovny dvorské kanceláři a J. V. ponechati na rozhodnutí, má-li se tento projev ředitelství uznati za oprávněný a dostatečný, či zda by se po jiné stránce ochota moravských stavů neměla uskutečniti. Zároveň byl zemský hejtman požádán, aby oznámil nejvyš- šímu komořímu hraběti Sedlnickému a ostatním členům s náležitým díkem, že tato komise vzhledem k uvedeným okolnostem pokládá se za rozpuštěnou. 3. O stavovských s t i p e n d i í c h e h o v a n c ů m v i d e ň- ského ústavu polytechnického a lesnického ústavu v Maria B r u n n u. Dekretem dvorské kanceláře z 18. prosince 1838 schváleno bylo usnesení stavů o zřízeni dvou nových stipendií po 200 zl. konvenční měny chovancům architektury a malířství při aka- demii výtvarných umění ve Vídni, ale zároveň stavové vybídnuti, aby podobné podpory poskytli chovancům svrchu naznačených dvou ústavův. Zemský výbor vyžádal si stanovy na ředitelstvích obou ústavův a předložil je shromáždění sněmovnímu. Stavové jedno- svorně prohlásili, že nemohou se pouštěti do zřizování takových stipendií, poněvadž se konají přípravy k založení vlastního sta- vovského technického učiliště v Brně, jež bude míti přímý vliv na obě jmenovaná odvětví vědecká, a jak se doufá, dosáhne také v brzku nejvyššího schválení. Schovanci zdejšího technického ústavu, po odbytém kurse opatřeni potřebnými předběžnými 87 — vědomostmi budou moci na vídeňském polytechniku vyšší kurs dokončiti v kratší době a s lepším úspěchem, a stavové zamýšlejí žákům, kteří by se v brněnském ústavě zvláště vyzna- menali, za účelem vyššího vzdělání na polytechniku takřka jakožto odměnu udělovati dočasnou podporu z domestika za jejich pobytu ve Vídni. Vzhledem k vyučování ve vědě lesnické zkušenost učí, že někdejší žáci lesnického ústavu v Maria Brunnu, kteří zde v zemi domohli se postavení, se svými theoretickými vědo- mostmi zřídka kdy spojují praksi a nikterak nepostačuji požadavkům na ně kladeným. Proto teprve, až stavovské učiliště technické vstoupí v život, bude lze zevrubně se poraditi o tom, jak by se toto odvětví hospodářského vzdělání nejlépe zvelebovalo a měl-li by se za tímto účelem ustanoviti zvláštní učitel vědy lesnické nebo by se měli snaživí chovanci z domu podporovati. V tom směru stavové podají potom své návrhy. Zemský hejtman byl požádán, aby toto dobré zdáni stavův oznámil dvorské kanceláři. 4. Janu Nestlerovi, professorovi hospodářství při sta- vovské akademii v Olomouci, povolena podpora 300 zl. konvenční měny ze summy 500 zl., která jest jim vyhrazena na zachování stavovského důstojenství. 5. Upuštěním od nové stavby zemského domu vstupuje zas do popředí otázka nedostatečného umístění stavovských úřadův a nastává nutnost, požádati na nejvyšších místech za navrácení starého zemského domu, který jen na čas postoupen jest c. k. vojenské komisi oekonomické. Stavům uvedeno na pamět: a) že by v případě nejkrajnější potřeby musily se najmouti soukromé byty a část stavovských akt by musila býti uložena v cizích domech bez nutného dozoru a záruky proti nebezpečí požárovému, jen aby byla uchráněna úplné hniloby a zkázy, které nyní jsou vydány ve vlhkých sklepeních. h) Umístění zemské účtárny není v žádném poměru s pra- cujícím úřednictvem i s pracemi rozmnoženými od zavedení provisoria daně pozemkové, i nelze zachovati pořádek a takovou pohotovost, jaká jsou hlavní podmínkou při každém veřejném úřadě. c) Zástavná sklepení stavovské půjčovny jsou tolik přeplněna, že se právě nyní vyjednává o nájem místnosti v soukromém domě, čímž práce budou značně znesnadněny a také uzamčení zboží i dozor nad ním budou nedostatečný. d) Mimo stavovskou kancelář, kde nuzně umístěny jsou protokol, výpravna a registratura, nemají pracoven referenti zem- ského výboru ani konceptní úřednictvo, čímž značně trpí služba i důstojenství stavovské. Stavové moravští, kteří v lásce a věrnosti k zeměpánu nestojí za žádnou jinou zemi rakouského císařství, jsou s umí- stěním svého zemského výboru i svých úřadů hůře na tom, nežli stavovské korporace jiných zemí; v Praze, ve Vídni, v Hradci, Linci atd. jsou vlastní stavovské zemské domy, které jak vzhledem k aktům a k úřednictvu, tak i vzhledem k důstojenství — jež zachovati zdálo se vždy nejvyšším úmyslem — poskytují dostatečných místností. Za tohoto nátlaku okolností stavové opět obracejí svůj zřetel na starý zemský dům, odňatý jim r. 1783 nejvyšším mocným příkazem, odevzdaný dočasně c. k. vojenské monturní komisi, i snaží se jej v této době nutné potřeby zase zpět dostati. Staré brněnské knihy městské dokazují, že stavové moravští měli od nepaměti tento vlastní dům zemský, že jej rozšířili v letech 1618 — 1620 zakoupením sousedních budov, později však. a to v letech 1726 až 1736 starý dům zbořiU a na témže místě zřídili novou budovu, které nyní používá c, k. vojenská monturni komise, nákladem více než 65.000 zl. konvenční měny, tak že počítaje v to dřívější vydáni za stavební místa a opravy, vynalo- žena na tento dům summa 162.820 zl. 17 kr. konvenční měny. Již r. 1790 stavové v „Desideriích" ze dne 10. července žádali za navráceni tohoto starého domu zemského jako pravého svého majetku a nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 22. dubna 1791 bylo vý- slovně ustanoveno, že jakmile se monturni komisi nalezne při- měřené místo, moravským stavům bude jejich zemský dům zase navrácen; J, V. uznalo tedy majetkové právo stavovské, a s tím souhlasí dekrety dvorské kanceláře z 9. listo- padu 1792, 16. května 1828 a 28. listopadu 1834. Stavové usnesli se tedy po návrhu zemského výboru podati k J. V. námitku a požádati, aby vzhledem k uvedeným okolnostem starý zemský dům byl jim zase navrácen, a poprosili zemského hejtmana, aby jejich prosbu u nejvyššího trůnu podporoval. 89 — 6. O zřízeni a udržováni prozatiinni robotám } pro Mo- ravu a Slezsko v Brně. Nejvyšším rozhodnutím z 10. srpna 1838 nařízeno, že kupní cena domu Černého čís. 47, 48 a 49 na před- městí Velké Nové uHci ve výši 34.000 zl. konvenční měny má se hraditi z moravského stavovského fondu domestikálniho a že se má založiti částka, která poměrem k počtu obyvatelstva při- padá na Slezsko, a pak od této země pohledati, dále že roční náklad na vydržování tohoto domu má se výhradně pořizovati z běžných příjmů moravského fondu domestikálniho. Stavové prohlásili k prvnímu odstavci, že co nejochotněji převezmou částku, připadající dle správného výpočtu na zemi Moravskou 26.975 zl. konvenční měny, a příspěvek země Slezské 7025 zl. konvenční měny že zapůjčí na lhůtové splácení; pouze si vyhrazují v kupní smlouvě, že kdyby tomuto zakoupenému domu někdy se dostalo jiného určení, anebo' jinak se s ním naložilo a byl vyklizen, stavové moravsko-slezští mají nárok na tento dům aneb na kupní jeho cenu. V" příčině nákladu vydržovacího však podávají tuto námitku. Toto ustanoveni nutně předpokládá, že domestikálnimu fondu za všech okohiosti, po uhrazení všech závazkův v rozpočtu ustanovených, i nepředvídaných platů zbude tolik příjmových přebytků, kolik jest potřebí na vydržování robotárny. Průměrný výpočet zemské účtárny za posledních 10 let vykazuje roční úsporu 27.520 zl. I4V2 kr. konvenční mince, v posledních pěti letech však částku mnohem menší 19.789 zl. 27 kr. Nad to r. 1838 nebylo žádné úspory, ba i výdaje jeví se o 6098 zl. 47Y4 ^^' konvenční mince větší než příjem pro výdaje na slav- nosti za pobytu Jej. Vel. v Brně a na stavovskou deputaci ke korunovaci do Prahy. Třebas to byly mimořádné události, přece jest to důkazem, že roční úspory mohou býti úplně pohlceny nebo aspoň zmenšeny, a pak by na hrazení potřeb na robotárnu nezbylo hotovosti. Vyplývá-li za posledních let průměrná roční úspora asi 20.000 zl., nelze přece připustiti, že tato summa zů- stane stejnou i v letech potomních, poněvadž nový stav úřed-- nictva v zemské účtárně i v hlavní pokladně, jenž se připravuje, zřízení stavovského technického učiliště, převzetí Františkova musea do správy stavovské, ustanovení archiváře, založení sti- pendií pro chovance akademie výtvarných uniění a polytechnika 9U a leckterá jiná obeeně užitečná zařízeni značně sníži průměrnou roční úsporu. Kromě tolio stavové svým hospodařením a pů- sobností svého povolání nemohou se tak vázati, aby jim na ne- předvídané potřeby země i jejich vlastní správy nic nevybývalo. Převzetí vydržovacich nákladů na robotárnu by tedy majetkové sily fondu domestikálního velmi seslabilo, na jiná užitečná za- řízení by nezbylo peněz a byla by stálá obava, že se vlastni stavovské hospodářství nebude moci uhraditi. Vůbec zdá se, že domestikální fond jest jen tenkrát povolán nésti roční výdaj, nemůže-li k tomu celá země právem býti přibrána; tomu však zde tak není, neboť tímto ústavem vznikne každé vrchnosti a každé obci prospěch, a tak by se tento příspěvek přirážkou Vio kr. na berní zlatku snadno dal sehnati. Poněvadž ve zmíněném nejvyšším rozhodnutí se povoluje, aby částka 7025 zl. na Slezsko připadající směla se přiraziti na berní zlatku zemskou, jest tím oprávněna prosba stavů, aby také částka na Moravu připadající směla se rozvrhnouti na po- zemkovou daň zemskou. Tím by se nejen domestikálnímu íondu neobyčejně ulevilo, nýbrž zamezilo by se všem důvodným obavám a budoucím nesnázím. Zemský hejtman byl požádán, aby svou přímluvou podpo- roval tuto námitku na nejvyšších místech. 7. O přeložení stavovské akademie z Olo- mouce do Brna, zřízení technického učiliště a pře- vzetí Františkova musea. Dvorská kancelář svolila, aby o těchto věcech pojednáno bylo odděleně od otázky přeložení university z Olomouce do Brna. Stavové usnesli se tedy na vyloučení těchto tři věcí ze sněmovního návrhu z 19. září 1837 a na ponecháni všech uve- dených podmínek, pouze v záležitosti přesídlení stavovské akademie a umístění jejího, jakož i učiliště technického má se v návrhu na umístění státi tato změna. Stavové nemají totiž k tomuto umístění vhodné budovy, a musila by se buď koupiti nebo nová vystavěti. Jest zájmem celé země a tedy i přáním stavův, aby se co nejdříve založilo technické učiliště, o němž se již od let vyj(idnává, a aby se vše připravilo, co by usnadnilo a urychlilo dovršení návrhů, — 91 - jakmile badou z nejvyššího místa schváleny; i bude potřebí napřed se postarati o umístění, nežli dojde nejvyššího schválení. Stavové pokládali tedy za vhodno navrhnouti, aby se pro- zatím od nové stavby upustilo a zemský výbor pokud možno postaral se o umístění technického učiliště a pl^edevšim vlastních technických odborů, pak odboru hospodářského a přírodopisného ve Františkově museu, a pro odbory, které tam nemohou býti umístěny, najal na blízku soukromé místnosti. Jest potřebí tři poslucháren po líáD sáhů, dvou poslu- cháren o 20n sáhů a dvou pokojů ve výměře 10 D sáhů, ko- mory, dřevníku a bytu sluhova. V musejní budově by se našlo místo pro větší díl, zvláště kdyby se užilo bytův osob ustano- vených při museu neb při hospodářské společnosti; ostatek by zemský výbor najal v soukromých domech na blízku. Náhrada za byty, nájemné a ostatní výdaje až do zřízeni vlastni stavovské budovy, o které učiní se řádný návrh v příští sněmovní schůzi, byly by převzaty na běžné přebytky fondu domestikálniho ; kdyby v musejní budově zamýšlené umístěni se nenašlo anebo jiné překážky nepředvídané se naskytly, stavové na první dobu by svým nákladem najali místnosti pro ve- škeren ústav. Ostatně dvorská kancelář uzná, že stavům na tu dobu jest nemožno, aby zemským výborem podali zevrubný přehled veškerého umístění, zařízení a potřebného nákladu peněžitého, ježto není dosud známo dojdou-li všechny sněmovní návrhy nejvyššího schválení a jaký rozsah bude přidělen technickému učilišti. Zatím možno jen dáti ujištění, že každým způsobem bude postaráno o umístění technického učiliště přiměřeným způsobem a s šetrností co největší a že časem nejvyššímu úřadu o všech přípravných pracích bude zevrubná zpráva po- dána, a stavové, kdyby nejvyšší úřad uznal za dobré změniti některé návrhy nebo snad zříditi ještě nějaký odbor učebny, jsou ochotni takovým pokynům vyhověti a je provésti. Na konec stavové uznali, že, poněvadž Františkovo museum jest umístěno v brněnské residenci arcibiskupa olomouckého, vy- žaduje zdvořilost, požádati arcibiskupa jakožto lenního pána toho domu, za svolení, aby část nově zřízeného technického učiliště dle možnosti byla v museu umístěna. Zemský hejtman byl požádán, aby věc vyřídil. 92 8. O převzetí s t a v Id y j a b 1 o ii e r; k é silnice Mo- ravou a Slezskem nákladem stavovským.
https://www.crummy.com/2005/12/06/0	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	< Previous Christmas List Addendum #2 > (2) Peanut Brittle: The Foisting: I made a batch of peanut brittle yesterday and it turned out pretty well. However I still have many peanuts left, and I have gotten no requests for peanut brittle except for the one from Susanna, who is already going to get peanut brittle from Brian. If this keeps up I will have to start foisting peanut brittle on people. Foist! Filed under: Comments: Posted by Sean Neakums at Wed Dec 07 2005 04:04 Foist, do no hahm. Posted by Sumana at Wed Dec 07 2005 14:16 Leonard: Saloners generally like your brittle, except that it is slightly less brittle than we'd like. A bit soft, what? It should break into shards in the mouth, not balls. [Main] [Edit] Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson under a Creative Commons License..
http://redsarmy.com/2012/07/04/steve-nash-is-a-laker/	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Steve Nash is a Laker John - Red's Army (@RedsArmy_John) July 4, 2012 Trades 13 Comments Well then… we didn’t see this coming, did we? In an unforeseen twist that could thrust the Los Angeles Lakers straight back into title contention, two-time NBA MVP Steve Nash has successfully negotiated a sign-and-trade deal from the Phoenix Suns to the Lakers that will team him up with Kobe Bryant, according to sources with knowledge of the deal. Sources told ESPN.com that Nash, with the New York Knicks also pressing hard to complete a similar sign-and-trade deal, was swayed to join the Lakers after a determined push from Bryant and because the move keeps him in the title hunt and allows him to stay in close proximity to his three children in Phoenix. Nash will receive a three-year deal in excess of $25 million, sources said, because the Suns ultimately agreed to sign-and-trade him to the Lakers, who can absorb Nash via the trade exception they created by dealing Lamar Odom to the Dallas Mavericks in December. The Suns will receive 2013 and 2015 first-round picks and 2013 and 2014 second-round picks from the Lakers, according to the Arizona Republic. One question I have off the top is… will Rob Sarver gift wrap Nash before sending him to the Lakers? The Suns are a joke of a franchise run by one of the worst owners in all of sports. Rob Sarver’s decisions are always motivated by money and never about winning. He’s one of the guys that damn near cost us an NBA season with the lockout. I just wrote about this deal on Crossover Chronicles. Here’s part of my take: The move fixes a gaping hole in the Lakers lineup. They now have a point guard who can find Andrew Bynum and Pau Gasol in their comfort zones while also providing space for Kobe Bryant with his shooting. The Lakers also have a second leader on the team who will have Kobe Bryant’s respect. There is, though, a risk involved. Nash is 38 years old. And while he keeps himself in phenomenal shape and spirit, the human body can only take so much. There is a risk that Nash’s body and skills will decline. There is also the matter of matching up against the West’s elite. Does Nash make a Lakers-Thunder series more even? The move helps the Lakers a lot. There’s no doubt about that. We’ll have to see what they’ve got planned for the rest of the summer, though, because I still don’t think this deal helps them get past Oklahoma City. Nash is a lot like Kevin Garnett: Great, a huge key to winning, but not what he used to be. If the Lakers lose Nash to injury, it would be pretty devastating to their chances. And at 38, that’s a lot more possible than it was when he was 28. Still, the Lakers made a move that keeps them in “contender” status. They’re holding on just like the Celtics are: By banking on aging stars and experience with a few younger guys, including one young star capable of great things. I guess this is how it should be. The NBA’s old guards, its two most successful franchises, matching styles and fighting to keep that championship window open just enough to maybe face each other one more time before each team is completely made over. Like this Article? Share it!.
github_open_source_100_7_20153	Github OpenSource	Various open source	package org.hva.cityrunner.sensei.db; import android.content.ContentValues; import android.content.Context; import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase; import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper; public class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper { // If you change the database schema, you must increment the database // version. public static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 17; public static final String DATABASE_NAME = "SenseiCityRunner.db"; public DatabaseHelper(Context context) { super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION); } public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) { db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_USER); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_AFFECT); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_AFFECT_TOOL); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_MOVEMENT); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_GYRO); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_ROUTE_RUN); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_ROUTE); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_LOCATION); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_QUEUE); insertRoutes(db); } public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) { // This database is only a cache for online data, so its upgrade policy // is // to simply to discard the data and start over db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_USER); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_AFFECT); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_AFFECT_TOOL); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_MOVEMENT); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_ROUTE_RUN); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_ROUTE); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_GYRO); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_LOCATION); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_QUEUE); onCreate(db); } public void doSaveDelete(SQLiteDatabase db) { // This database is only a cache for online data, so its upgrade policy // is // to simply to discard the data and start over db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_MOVEMENT); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_GYRO); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_DELETE_LOCATION); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_MOVEMENT); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_GYRO); db.execSQL(Database.SQL_CREATE_LOCATION); } public void onDowngrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) { onUpgrade(db, oldVersion, newVersion); } private void insertRoutes(SQLiteDatabase db) { addRoute(db, "Burgwallen-Oude Zijde", 1, 2, 3); addRoute(db, "Burgwallen-Nieuwe Zijde", 4, 5, 6); addRoute(db, "Grachtengordel", 7, 8, 9); addRoute(db, "Nieuwmarkt", 10, 11, 12); addRoute(db, "Haarlemmerbuurt", 13, 14, 15); addRoute(db, "Jordaan", 16, 17, 18); addRoute(db, "De Weteringschans", 19, 20, 21); addRoute(db, "Weesperbuurt", 22, 23, 24); addRoute(db, "Oostelijke Eilanden", 25, 26, 27); addRoute(db, "Kadijken", 28, 29, 30); addRoute(db, "Westelijkhavengebied", 31, 32, 33); addRoute(db, "Houthavens", 34, 35, 36); addRoute(db, "Zeeheldenbuurt", 37, 38, 39); addRoute(db, "Staatsliedenbuurt", 40, 41, 42); addRoute(db, "Frederik Hendrikbuurt", 43, 44, 45); addRoute(db, "Da Costabuurt", 46, 47, 48); addRoute(db, "Kinkerbuurt", 49, 50, 51); addRoute(db, "Van Lennepbuurt", 52, 53, 54); addRoute(db, "Helmersbuurt", 55, 56, 57); addRoute(db, "Vondelbuurt", 58, 59, 60); addRoute(db, "IndischeBuurt", 61, 62, 63); addRoute(db, "Oostelijk Havengebied", 64, 65, 66); addRoute(db, "Zeeburgereiland", 67, 68, 69); addRoute(db, "Ijburg", 70, 71, 72); addRoute(db, "Sloterdijk", 73, 74, 75); addRoute(db, "Erasmuspark", 76, 77, 78); addRoute(db, "De Kolenkit", 79, 80, 81); addRoute(db, "Van Galenbuurt", 82, 83, 84); addRoute(db, "Westindischebuurt", 85, 86, 87); addRoute(db, "IJpleinen Vogelbuurt", 88, 89, 90); addRoute(db, "Nieuwendam", 91, 92, 93); addRoute(db, "Tuindorp Oostzaan", 94, 95, 96); addRoute(db, "Kadoelen", 97, 98, 99); addRoute(db, "Buikslotermeer", 100, 101, 102); addRoute(db, "Slotermeer", 103, 104, 105); addRoute(db, "Geuzenveld", 106, 107, 108); addRoute(db, "Osdorp", 109, 110, 111); addRoute(db, "De Aker", 112, 113, 114); addRoute(db, "Slotervaart", 115, 116, 117); addRoute(db, "Overtoomse Veld", 118, 119, 120); addRoute(db, "Westlandgracht", 121, 122, 123); addRoute(db, "Bullewijk", 124, 125, 126); addRoute(db, "Bijlmer-Centrum", 127, 128, 129); addRoute(db, "Holendrecht", 130, 131, 132); addRoute(db, "Reigersbos", 133, 134, 135); addRoute(db, "Gein", 136, 137, 138); addRoute(db, "Weesperzijde", 139, 140, 141); addRoute(db, "Oosterparkbuurt", 142, 143, 144); addRoute(db, "Dapperbuurt", 145, 146, 147); addRoute(db, "Transvaalbuurt", 148, 149, 150); addRoute(db, "Frankendael", 151, 152, 153); addRoute(db, "Middenmeer", 156, 155, 154); addRoute(db, "Betondorp", 157, 158, 159); addRoute(db, "De Omval", 160, 161, 162); addRoute(db, "Oude Pijp", 163, 164, 165); addRoute(db, "Nieuwe Pijp", 166, 167, 168); addRoute(db, "Diamantbuurt", 169, 170, 171); addRoute(db, "Hoofddorppleinbuurt", 172, 173, 174); addRoute(db, "Schinkelbuurt", 175, 176, 177); addRoute(db, "Willemspark", 178, 179, 180); addRoute(db, "Museumkwartier", 181, 182, 183); addRoute(db, "Stadionbuurt", 184, 185, 186); addRoute(db, "Apollobuurt", 187, 188, 189); addRoute(db, "Scheldebuurt", 190, 191, 192); addRoute(db, "IJselbuurt", 193, 194, 195); addRoute(db, "Rijnbuurt", 196, 197, 198); addRoute(db, "Buitenveldert", 199, 200, 201); } public void addRoute(SQLiteDatabase db, String neighbourhood, int route_h, int route_v, int route_a) { ContentValues values = new ContentValues(); values.put(Database.Route.COLUMN_NAME_ROUTE_H_ID, route_h); values.put(Database.Route.COLUMN_NAME_ROUTE_V_ID, route_v); values.put(Database.Route.COLUMN_NAME_ROUTE_A_ID, route_a); values.put(Database.Route.COLUMN_NAME_ROUTE_NEIGHBOURHOOD, neighbourhood); db.insert(Database.Route.TABLE_NAME, null, values); } }
W4254783524.txt_1	German-Science-Pile	Various open science	Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort6 Änderungen durch die Testverordnung vom 30.11.2020 9 Die Problemstellung und das Ziel der Testverordnung (TestV) 11 Der Anspruch auf die Testung – Welche Tests stehen zur Verfügung? 15 Wer wird getestet? – Die nationale Teststrategie Die Testungen von Kontaktpersonen 19 21 Die Testungen von Personen nach Auftreten von Infektionen in Einrichtungen und Unternehmen 23 Die Testungen zur Verhütung der Verbreitung des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 24 Die Häufigkeit der Testungen – Wie oft darf getestet werden? 28 Der Anspruch – oder die Testpflicht: Wer darf bzw. muss testen? 31 Wen darf die Pflegeeinrichtung zur Testung einsetzen? 37 Wer holt die Einwilligungserklärung der zu Testenden ein und in welcher Form geschieht das? 40 Wer ist für die Aufklärung der zu Testenden verantwortlich?41 Wer haftet, sofern bei dem Abstrich Verletzungen der Mitarbeiter, Bewohner oder Dritten durch unsere Mitarbeiter entstehen? 43 Hat zwingend eine Meldung der positiv Getesteten durch die Pflegeeinrichtungen zu erfolgen? 44 Auf welchem technischen Weg hat die Meldung unter Datenschutzgesichtspunkten zu erfolgen? 44 Welche Schulungen sind notwendig? Werden die Inhalte der Schulung vorgegeben? 47 49 Wird die Schulung regelmäßig wiederholt? 49 Wie muss die Schulung nachgewiesen werden? 50 Muss die Pflegeeinrichtung die Schulung (zunächst) bezahlen?51 4 Müssen die Pflegefachkräfte an der Schulung teilnehmen, auch wenn sie keine Testung durchführen wollen? Das Testkonzept Die Finanzierung des Tests Was kann abgerechnet werden? 51 53 61 61 Wer erstattet die Kosten der Pflegeeinrichtung? 62 Wie viele Tests können abgerechnet werden? 64 Wie wird die Erstattung beantragt? 65 Wie wird der Erstattungsantrag ausgefüllt? – Welche Angaben sind zu machen? 67 Wie wird der Erstattungsantrag ausgefüllt? 68 Welche Erklärungen muss ich zur Antragstellung abgeben? 70 Kann ich die Kosten für die Entsorgung der gebrauchten Testkits geltend machen? 71 Das Nachweisverfahren Die Befristung Das Muster-Testkonzept Verordnung zum Anspruch auf Testung in Bezug auf einen direk-ten Erregernachweis des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus-Testverordnung – TestV) vom 30. November 2020 73 75 77 89 Autor107 5.
github_open_source_100_7_20154	Github OpenSource	Various open source	# we can also compute the stats individually # challenge modify this cell so that all of these stats print out surveys_df['weight'].min() surveys_df['weight'].max() surveys_df['weight'].mean() surveys_df['weight'].std() surveys_df['weight'].count()
bub_gb_i9pSAAAAcAAJ_5	German-PD	Public Domain	Hat der Landwirth feinen Boden durch Pflügen, Eggen ꝛc. gez börig gemengt, gelodert, und benfelben mit einer hinreichenben — Düngung verſehen, fo find bie Vorarbeiten vollendet, welche der Pflanzenbau erfordert, und es beginnt nun die Saatbeftellung, bei welcher folgendes zu beachten ijt: A) Auswahl und Bejhaffenheit des Samen, Will ein Landwirth das Gebeihen feiner Saat fichern, fo fommt beſonders die Beichaffenheit feines Saatkorns in Betracht ; denn bier gilt beſonders auch der biblifche Ausſpruch: „Was Der Menſch ſäet, das wird er ernten.” Deswegen hat der Landwirth folgendes zu bemerken: 1) Er wähle zur Ausjaat nur volllommene, von Unkraut reine und gut erhaltene Samen. Ein gutes volllommened Saat- forn muß groß, glänzend, ausgejpannt und geruchlos fein. Ein dumpfiges, übelriechendes, unreifes Saatkorn geht entweder nicht auf, oder es erzeugt ſchwächliche Pflanzen. Leichte Körner oder jolche, welche bei der Aufbewahrung Noth gelitten haben, find öfters nicht feimfähig. 2) Man wähle ſchon auf dem Felde die Stelle aus, von welcher man die Saatfrucht bejtimmen will. Dieje betreffende Stelle fei bejonder8 rein von Unkraut, frei vom Brande, und die Halme und Aehren müfjen kraftvoll fein. 3) Die zur Ausfaat bejtimmte Saatfrucht muß auf dem Halme vollfommen reif fein, und muß troden eingeführt werben. 4) Wenn die Saatgarben nicht fogleich ausgedroſchen werden fönnen, jo bewahre man fie bis dahin an einem trodenen, luftigen Ort auf. 5) Beim Ausdrefhen Yaffe man die Garben nur leicht über- dreichen, wodurch man mehr die vollfommenen Körner erhält. Eine gute Pugmühle jo wie ein fleißiges Wurfeln können gleichfall8 zu dieſem Zwede führen. 6) Das ausgedrofchene Saatkorn muß an einem trodenen und luftigen Ort aufbewahrt, dünne aufgejchüttet und fleifig um— geftochen werben, damit e8 ſchnell verbünitet. T) Nach vieljeitigen Erfahrungen hat man gefunden, daß zwei— jähriger ausgeſäeter Weizen gegen den Brand ſchützt, und daß ausgejäete zweijährige Hüljenfrüchte, wie Erbſen, Widen, Lin- jen, mehr Schoten anjegen, al$ der neue Samen. B) Keimfähigfeit des Samen®. Diejelbe ift nach der Natur und Beichaffenheit des Samens fv wie nach der Art feiner Aufbewahrung verſchieden. Einige ölhaltige — Samen find 2—3 Jahre, andere dagegen 5— 6 Jahre keimfähig. Die mehlhaltigen Samen halten fich felten länger als 2—3 Jahre. Keimfähig bleiben: Aderbohnen 5 Jahre, Weißkraut 5 — 6 Jahre, Buchweizen 2 — 3 Jahre, Linſen 2 Jahre, Emmer 2 — 3 Jahre, Rein 5— 6 Jahre, Eintorn 2 — 3 Jahre, Luzerne 4 Jahre, Erbſen 5 Jahre, Mais 4 Jahre, Esparſette 4 — 5 Jahre, Gelbe Rüben 4 Jahre, Hanf 3 Jahre, Weiß- und Stoppelrüben 4 — 5 Wintergerfte 3 — 4 Jahre, Jahre, Sommergerſte 2— 3 Jahre, Roggen 4 Jahre, Haber 2 Jahre, Reps 3 — 4 Jahre, Mohn 3 Jahre, Sommerweizen 2 — 3 Jahre, Hirfe 2 Jahre, Winterweizen 3 — 4 Jahre, Klee, rother, 2 — 3 Jahre, Runfeln 4— 5 Jahre, Kopftohl 5 Jahre, Tabakſamen 9 Jahre, Kohlrabi 5 — 6 Jahre, Widen 5 — 6 Jahre. Kürbisferne 6 — 8 Jahre, Bil man fi von der Keimfähigfeit * angekauftem Samen überzeugen, ſo wende man die Keimprobe an. Man feuchtet zu dieſem Zwecke eine gewiſſe Anzahl Körner in einem wollenen Lappen an, und ſieht wie viele davon keimen oder nicht; oder man ſäe eine Anzahl Samenkörner zu gleicher Tiefe in einem Blumen— ſtockhafen, und ſehe nach einiger Zeit nach, wie viele davon auf— gehen. Keimen von dieſen ausgeſäeten Hundert Körnern 25 nicht, jo muß man von foldem Samen ! mehr Samen ausfäen. Die Keimfähigkeit der Samen geht verloren: 1) Wenn man die Feldfrüchte im feuchten Zuftande einheimst, und an einem nicht trodenen oder dumpfigen Orte aufbe— wahrt, oder wenn man den ausgebrofchenen Samen nicht fleißig umarbeitet. 2) Durch Hige, 3. B. wenn man den Samen zum Austrodnen in einen heißen Backofen bringt, wie dieß in einigen Gegen- den beim Lein üblich ift. 3) Die Keimfähigfeit geht auch endlich durch das Alter verloren. C) Wechſel mit dem Saatkorn. Es ift der Erfahrung gemäß, daß Klima und Boden die eine. ober die. andere Pflanze zu größerer VBolltommenheit bringt, und daß - 12 _ dagegen andere ſich auf manchen Bobenarten fo verjchlechtern, daß man fi) gendthigt flieht, einen Wechfel mit dem Samen eintreten zu laſſen. Dabei hat man folgende Regeln zu beachten: 1) Man wechsle das Saatkorn nur dann, wenn der Samen nad) einer Reihe von Jahren ſich allmählig verjchlechtert. 2) In diefem Fall kaufe man den Samen in einer Gegend an, welche demjelben durch ihre Bodenart vorzugsweile zufagt. So kauft man die Saatgerfte, fo wie die Kartoffeln gerne da, wo biefelben vorzüglich gedeihen; ebenio fauft man den Hanf- jamen gerne im Babifchen Oberlande, z. B. in Emmendingen, Vorjtetten, Theningen, überhaupt im Oberrheinfreife, den Lein in Rußland (Riga), den man alle Spätjahr bei dem Inſtitut Hohenheim beftellen laſſen kann, und der dann mit den Lerchen daſelbſt anfommt. 3) Kann man eine vollfommene Saatfrucht von einem magern auf einen reichen Boden verpflanzen, jo ift die beffer als im entgegengefetten Fall. 4) Bei dem Samenwechjel beziehe man den Samen nur aus jolhen Lagen, deren Klima dem unfrigen am meiften gleicht. Den Hanfjamen bezieht man gerne aus einer wärmern Ge— gend, wie 3. B. vom Rhein; dagegen ven Kein aus einer fältern, wie 5. B. aus Lithauen, Liefland und Kurland (Ri- gaer) in Rußland oder aus Tyrol, 5) Kaufe man fein Saatkorn in denjenigen Gegenden, wo viel Brand und viel Unkraut vorkommt. 6) Will man einen Samenwechjel eintreten lafjen, jo unterfuche man aud) zuvor, ob der neue Samen gut feimfähig jet. D) Borbereitung des Samen®. Feuchtet man den Samen kurze Zeit vor der Saat mit Waſſer an, jo wird die Keimkraft des Samens gewedt, und dadurch ein ſchnelleres Aufgehen befördert. Bei feuchter Witterung ift jedoch dad Einquellen überflüffig, und bei trodener Witterung würde der gequollene Samen leicht Schaden leiden, weil der trodene Boden der geweckten Keimkraft feine Feuchtigkeit zu geben im Stande iſt; deswegen ift das Einquellen des Samens im Allgemeinen nicht zu empfehlen. Das Einbeizen der Getreivefamen mit friſcher Miftjauche zerflört die Keimkraft derfelben, wenn die Jauche zu ätzend ift. Uebrigens ift das Einquellen des Samens vor der Ausfaat bei den- jenigen Samen, welche langſam teimen, zu empfehlen, z. B. bei — 93 — Tabak, bei Runkeln, Welſchkorn (Mais) ꝛe. Auch das Säen des Abends, wo dann der Samen die Nacht über vom Thau befeuchtet und dann des Morgens eingeeggt wird, wollen einige Landwirthe als vortheilhaft empfehlen. Samen, welcher mit leichten Samen, fo wie mit viel Unkraut⸗ famen und Staub vermengt ift, muß vor der Saat durch Sieben, Wurfeln ze. Davon gereinigt werden. Der angelaufte Leinfamen, der gewöhnlich viel Unfrautgefim hat, muß auf einer en Zeinklapper ꝛc. davon befreit werben. E) Menge der Einjaat. Die Menge der Einfaat auf eine beftimmte Fläche wird von folgenden Umftänden näher beftimmt ; 1) Ein gejchieter Siemann braucht weniger, ein ungefchidter aber mehr Saatgut. 2) Bon großen Samen braudht man mehr Saatfrucht als von kleinen. 3) Bei gutem, vollkommenen Samen braucht man weniger als bei ſchwachen, unvollflommenen Körnern. 4) Samen von altem Getreide fäet man gerne etwas ftärfer als von Neuem, weil bei jenem öfter8 viele unvolllommene Samen ihre Keimfraft verloren haben. 5) Bei jehr günftiger Witterung braucht man ebenfall3 weniger Saatgut al8 bei ungünftiger, z. B. bei ſehr trodener Witterung. 6) Sit das Feld zur Einfaat recht gut vorbereitet und rein von Unkraut, fo braucht man ebenfall3 weniger Saatgut, als wenn dieß nicht der Fall ift. Sp braucht man nad einer Brad): bearbeitung weniger Saatgut, als wenn das Land vorher an= gebaut war. Je unfrautiger, nafjer und fcholliger ein Acer ift, deſto ftärfer muß er eingejäet werben. 7) Ein kräftiger und fruchtbarer Boden wird ſchwächer befäet ala ein magerer Boden, weil die Pflanzen auf einem fräftigen Boden fich befjer beitoden. 8) Weniger Saatgut braucht man da, wo die Pflanzen auf den Boden zu ftehen fommen, der ihnen jehr gut zuſagt; jo braucht man 3. B. weniger Weizen auf den Morgen, wenn man ihn auf ſchweren als auf leichten Boden ausjäet. 9) Bei einer frühern Ausfaat braucht man wieder weniger Saat- ur quantum als bei der fpäten, weil fich bei der frühen Saat die Pflanzen befjer bejtauden können als bei der fpäten. 10) Durch die Mafchinenfaat braucht man ebenfall8 weniger als durch die Handfaat. 11) Mehr Saatgut braucht man auf eine Fläche, auf welcher eine Pflanze angebaut war, die auf die nachfolgende nicht beſon— ders günftig einwirkt, jo 3. B. braucht man bei Weizen und Dinkel mehr Einfaat, wenn fie nad) Kartoffeln, als wenn fie nad) reiner Brache oder nad) Reps ꝛc. folgen. 12) Weniger Saatgut nimmt man zu den Ueberfrüchten wie Gerfte und Haber, wenn man auf kräftigem Boden Klee- oder Gras— famen unterfäet, damit leßtere durch das etwaige Lagern ber Gerfte und des Habers nicht erftiden. 13) Je ungünftiger das Klima ift, um fo mehr wird Saatgut erfordert, 14) Je mehr die Pflanzen zum Beftocden geneigt find, defto dünner wird gefäet, und fo umgekehrt. 15) Zur Samenerzielung zum Behuf der Ausjaat nimmt man ges wöhnlich weniger Saatgut, z. B. beim Kein, Hanf ıc. 16) Nach diefen verſchiedenen Rüdfichten muß alſo ein Lanbwirth die nöthige Saatmenge auf einen Morgen zu bejtimmen im Stande jein. Im Allgemeinen rechnet man im Großherzog- thum Baden, Helfen und Königreih Württemberg auf den Morgen von den verſchiedenen Yandwirthichaftlichen Ge— wächſen folgende® Saatquantum: Babifchen Morgen Heſſiſchen Morgen Württembergiſchen M Landwirthſchaftliche Gewächſe orgen 10—16 Sefter \| 3—82 Sm. \| 6—10 Sri. Madsen : = 2 0% ı 46 Pr 11/a—2"/2 „ \| 2 „ Roggen ». » 2 2 0. A 11a — 2! „ A 5 Emma... . 0... \| Is weniger als vom Dintel. Einlon. ». » ...» Ya weniger als vom Dinkel. Gefe > 2 200. 5 5T Seſter \| 1/2 —2"/ Smr. \| 3—4 Sri. Haber \| 6—12 u 2—31/a — 3126 DER: 8 5% . \| 1-1! „ !ı Sm. 2—3 Brig. Welſchkorn (Mais) \| 1Y!a—1!/a „ A“ Sc, „n 3 Bılg. Glen . . 2: 00% \| 5-Ta u 134— 22 Smr. \| 3—4 Sri. Wicken 5—-71/3-2 213 „ Linien 2 2 20. \| sa 5 „ lı-ıa „ 2-3 „ Heffiſchen Wurttembergiſchen Landwirthſchaftliche Morgen Morgen Gewächſe 6—9 Seſter 2—3 Smr. 4—5 Sri. Us—!/a weniger 32/2265 Sefter \| Ya—1 Smr. 2—3 Sri. 10—12 Pfd. ober Pferbebohnen. — gedrillt Buhmwezen . 2... Rother oder dreiblättriger Klee.» 2... 12-15 Pfo. 8—10 Pfb. 3—4 Maas Luzene » 2-2 000. \| 20-830 „ 14—16 „ 16—24 Pfb. Esper, Esparfette . „ \| 12—18 Sefter 1—1'/4 Mitr. 1—1!/a Scffl. Futterwicken 5—8 i 2—3 Simmer \| 3Y/a—4!/s Sri. Spörgell . » 11a—2 „ !/s Simmer ober \| 1 Sri. 1822 Pb. Kartoffeln . 2. 02 00 1 2440 „ 3-4 Mitr. 15—25 Sri, ) Runfeln mit der Ma- Idine . ... 2—4 Pf. 1a—1Y/a Pb. \| 1/3 Pfdb. Waflerrübn . . .. 3 Pfd. 2 Pfd. 21/2 Pfd. Kohblrübe, Bodenkohlrabi 2— 21/3 Pfd. 1/a—1 Pfo. 1—1!/s Pfb. Weißkraut, Kopflofl . 8—10 Loth 6 Loth 8 Loth Möhre (gelbe Rübe) . 5—6 Pfp. 3 Pb. 4—5 Pfb. Winterrepß. . 2.» 6-8 „ 4—5 Pb. 6, — NRübfen. . . . 5—7 „ s— „ 45 „ Dem . .» 2.2.0. 1'/a—2 Pfb. da E 1—1!/a Pfp. Leindotter - 2 2 0.» 6—8 Pf. 4—5 „ 5—6 — Ba eo 6—12 GSefter 2—4 Simmer \| 3Ya-6 Si. BER Sen a 3—5 . 2—Blı „ Sa „ Madbfamen. . ... 6—8 Pfp. 42 6 Pfb. 56 Pfb. Ba .. 6-8 „ 4 Pf. 5-6 „ Rau u: ie a 9-12 Pr 6 ” 8—10 ” En . 2.220. \|] B-M, 16 „ 2 „ Kimml . . 2... 79 „ 5—7 Pfd. 68 „ Sendel . ©...» 114 Po. 10—11 „ 12 A Die Saatmenge läßt fi nicht immer durch eine beftimmte Zahl ausprüden, indem zu viele Umftänvde, wie fie oben bereits angegeben wurden, auf die Menge der Saat einwirken. Legt man 3. B. bei den Kartoffeln 3— 4 Stüde in eine Stufe, fo braucht . man ungefähr 15 Simri; Yegt man fie aber in die Pflugfurde, ) Kartoffeln, grünes und dürres Obft 2c., Eicheln, Bücheln, Nüffe, Zwie— bein, Rüben, Kleie, Aſche werben in Württemberg gehäuft gemefjen, wo fünf —— Simri einen Scheffel ausmachen, und ein gehäuftes 1 Simri 1'/s Bierling ebengelegten Maaßes enthalten. ) Ber breitwirfig gefäetem Runfelfamen ober beim Steden braudt man 2- bis Imal fo viel Samen als bei der Mafchinenfaat. — 6— oder bringt man 5 — 6 in eine Stufe, fo braucht man öfters 25 Simri. Mehr Stedtartoffeln braucht man auf einen Morgen, wenn man große, weniger aber braudt man, wenn man fleine Knollen legt. F) Saatzeit. In Deutfchland nimmt man zwei Hauptjaatzeiten an, nämlich die Sommer: und die Winterfaat. Die Saatzeit richtet fi) nad Beichaffenheit der Natur der Pflanze, des Klimas, der Lage, Des Bodens und der Witterung. Deswegen müflen folgende Umſtände dabei beachtet werben: 1) In Gebirgen, wie z. B. auf dem hoben Schwarzwald, auf der Alb oder im Odenwald, beginnt die Winterfaat 14 Tage bi8 3 Wochen früher als in dem Rhein» und Nedarthal; da— gegen kann die Frühlingsfaat in diefen Gebirgsgegenden um fo ſpäter eintreten. 2) Schwerer, kalter Boden muß früher al3 Leichter, warmer Bo— den mit Winterfrüchten bejäet werben. 3) Ein leichter, warmer, higiger Boden erfordert eine frühe Ein- jaat mit Sommerfrüchten, damit die Saat noch von der Winter- feuchtigfeit begünftigt wird. Oefters aber gebietet e8 Die Nothwendigkeit, mit der Frühjahrsjaat fo Yange zuzuwarten, bis das Unfraut zum Keimen gekommen ift, wo e8 denn unter- gepflügt und der Ader eingefäet wird. 4) Auf der Winterfeite muß ein Adler früber mit Winterfaaten als auf der Sommerfeite beſäet werben. 5) Wintergetreide füet man gewöhnlih 8—14 Tage vor und 14 Tage nad) Michaelis (29. Sept.). Der Roggen, der fih nur im Herbſte beftocdt, wird gewöhnlich vor Weizen und Dinkel gejäet. Von dem Sommergetreide wird zuerjt der Haber, der Sommeremmer, Sommerweizen und Sommerroggen geläet; zu gleicher Zeit auch Aderbohnen, Erbſen, Widen, Linfen, Runfeln, Mohn, Früblein. Die Einfaat diefer Früchte wird im Frühjahr dann vorgenommen, fobald der Ader gehörig abgetrodnet ift. Darauf folgt Die große Sommergerfte und dann die kleine mit Einſaat des Klees. Der Spätlein wird gewöhnlich im Monat Mai geſäet. In der erjten Hälfte oder aud in der Mitte Mais, wenn feine Frühlingsfröfte mehr zu befürchten find, werben die zärtern Sommergewächfe zur Aus— ſaat gebracht, nämlich: Mais (Welſchkorn), Hirfe, Bohnen m 97 = GBhaſeolen), Hanf, Buchweizen, Delmad, Gurken, Kürbiffe, Die Winterreps- und Rübfenfaat wird gewöhnlih Ende Juli oder Anfangs Auguft vorgenommen. 6) Zur Beſtellung und Einfaat feiner Felder fuche man wo mög- li) immer die günftigfte Witterung auszuwählen, und Yaffe ſich nicht Durch Vorurtheile und abergläubifche Meinungen den Tag der Ausjaat beſtimmen. Wer auf jogenannte Loostage, Himmeldzeichen ꝛc. achtet, der verfündigt fih an Gott; denn die heilige Schrift jagt: „Ihr ſollt nicht achten auf Bogel- fang, nicht Tage wählen; ihr ſollt euch nicht wenden zu den Wahrſagern, nicht forfchen von Zeichendeutern. Wer ſolches thut, iſt dem HErrn ein Gräuel,“ Iſt der Boden zur Ein— ſaat gehörig vorbereitet, und tritt zur gehörigen Zeit günſtige Witterung ein, ſo nehme man die Einſaat vor, ohne einen gewiſſen Kalendertag abzuwarten. Man halte deswegen die Regel feſt, einen Samen niemals bei naſſem, aber auch nicht bei allzutrockenem Wetter auszuſäen, wenn es die Umſtände erlauben. Das Säen mancher Samen beim Zulegen des Mondes kann einen vernünftigen Grund nur darin haben, indem man nach der Erfahrung annimmt, daß der Samen im Dunfeln lieber feimt als bei Lichtſchein; ſäet man aljo beim Zunehmen des Mondes, fo fällt das Keimen gewöhnlich in die Zeit, wo der Mond fein Licht bald verliert, Beſon⸗ ders ſieht man es gerne, wenn der Samen trocken in den Boden kommt, und daß nicht gleich Darauf ein ſtarker Regen fallt; denn fällt unmittelbar nach der Saat ein Regen, fo wird der Boden jo zufammengefchlemmt, daß der feine Samen ſchwer durch Die Borke dringen kann. 7) Bei Sturm und Wind foll man nicht ſäen, weil dieſes eine ungleichförmige Einſaat zur Folge hat; beſonders darf der feine Samen nur bei Windſtille geſäet werden. 8) Im Allgemeinen hat man die Erfahrung gemacht, daß eine frühe Saat vor der ſpäten die meiſten Vortheile gewährt. Schon ein altes Sprichwort ſagt: „Wenn die Allerheiligen⸗ oder ſpäte Saat (1. November) geräth, ſo ſoll's der Vater dem Sohn nicht ſagen.“ Eine ſpäte Winterſaat erholt ſich dann, wenn der Winter gelinde iſt oder das Frühjahr längere Zeit feucht bleibt, und eine ſpäte Frühjahrsſaat entſpricht dann, wenn die Monate Mai und Juni mehr feucht und kühl als trocken und heiß ſind. Schlipf's Landwirthſchaft. 6. Aufl. 7 8 _ G) Ausfaat und Unterbringen derfelben. Der Samen wird theil® breitwürfig gefäet, theil® mit ber Hand gelegt oder geftect, theils mit Mafchinen in den Boden ge— bracht, was unter dem Namen Drillmethode oder Reihen— jaat befannt ift. Bei diefer verfchienenen Art des Ausſäens gelten folgende Regeln: 1) Ein guter Siemann muß befonder8 denkend zu Werke gehen, damit er das rechte Maaß von den verſchiedenen Sämereien zu geben, und den Samen gleichmäßig auf der Aderfläche zu vertheilen weiß. 2) Bei großen Samen greift der Säemann ftärfer, bei Heinen Samen ſchwächer, und öfters nur mit drei Fingern in das Saatgut, oder er wirft bei jedem oder nur beim zweiten Schritt aus, oder er richtet feine Schritte darnach ein, je nachdem der Same grob oder fein iſt. Kleine Sämereien wie Mohn, Kleefamen werben öfters auch mit trodenem Sand gemengt und dann ausgefäet. Das Faſſen des Samens gefchieht beim Säen: a) Mit voller Hand und Doppeltem Gang, 3.8. beim Dinkel und Esper; mit einfahem Gang, 3. B. beim Weizen, Roggen, Einkorn, Emmer, Haber, Gerite, Hanf- famen, Lein, Erbfen, Widen, Linſen, Aderbohnen, Buch— weizen. b) Mit vier Fingern, mit denen der Samen an den Daumenballen angerrüdt wird, 5. 3. beim Klee» und Luzernefamen, Leindotter, Rep, Rüben, Mad— famen, Grasfamen. c) Mit der Spige von drei Fingern, 3. B. beim Wau, Mohn, Rüben. 3) Da, wo feine Beete gepflügt werden, muß man fleine Stäb- chen oder Holzreijer ausſtecken, Damit der Säemann den Saat- pfad nicht verliere. Jeden Saatpfad macht man gewöhnlich) 6 Schritte breit, 4) Das Legen der Samen mit der Hand wirb bei denjenigen Pflanzen vorgenommen, welche regelmäßig entfernt ſtehen, und fpäter gefelgt werben müfjen, wie 3. B. bei Mais, Bohnen, Runkeln, Kartoffeln ꝛc. Diejes Felgen geichieht entweber mit der Hacke oder bei größern Flächen vermittelt der Pferdehacke ($. 29). Wil man den Samen drillen — —— — — — 99 _ oder in Reihen ausſäen, fo leiftet die holländiſche Säe— fanne vortreffliche Dienfte. Diefe Säefanne ift ein trichter- fürmige8 Gefäß von Weißbleh, mit einem Gehalte von 2— 53 Maas, und fo eingerichtet, daß an feinem Auslaufe nad) Belieben weitere oder engere Mundftüde vorgeſteckt wer- den können, je nachdem man dichter oder dünner, größern Samen (wie Aderbohnen, Mais 2.) oder Heinern Samen (Rep und Mohn) ausftreuen wil. Man erfpart damit an Samen, und berjelbe wird regelmäßig ausgeftreuet, wenn man dabei pünktlich verfährt. Um bie richtige Saatmenge, die von dem engern ober weitern Mundjtüde von dem jchnel- lern oder Jangjamern Gang des Siemanns: abhängt, genau bejtimmen zu fünnen, fo probire man vor der Saat das mit Samen gefüllte Saathorn auf dem Boden eine Zimmers oder der Drefchtenne und richte darnach das entiprechende Mundſtück und den fehnellern oder langjameren Gang. Will man damit in Linien fäen, fo ziehet man auf dem vorbereiteten Felde im Großen zuerjt mit dem Häufelpflug ($. 28) und im Kleinen mit der Haue, einer ausgefpannten Schnur entlang Furchen, in weldhe man den Samen aus der Kanne ein- ftreuet, der dann im Großen untergeeggt, im Kleinen durch einen Rechen zugededt wird. Diefe Säelanne, welche von jedem Flaſchner gefertigt werben kann, und hier abgebilvet ift, Koftet ungefähr 1 fl. 20 kr. 5) Dur) die Maſchinen- oder Reihenfaat bezwedt man eine zwedmäßigere Bertheilung des Samens, gleiche Tiefe des— felben, Samen-Erſparniß, Erleichterung der nachfolgenden Bearbeitung, Verminderung des Unkrauts und einen höhern Ertrag. Dagegen erforbert fie mehr Zeit und Arbeit als bie — 10 — breitwürfige Saat, fo wie auch mehr Aufmerkfamfeit. Außer dem muß der Boden ganz gut vorbereitet, frei von Steinen, Unkraut und Stoppeln fein. Beſondern Bortheil gewährt bei einem ausgebehntern Repsbau die Anwendung der Säe— maſchine ($. 35), Die fich bei einigen Morgen Reps bald be= zahlt. In England und Holland werden jogar die Getreide- arten gebrillt, und dann gefelgt, und doc bezahlt fich Der Aufwand. Die Reihenſaat ift befonders für den kleinen Grund- befig zu empfehlen, wo es fih darum handelt, fich Durch Arbeit fo viel ald möglich auf dem eigenen Gute bezahlt zu machen, wenn man auswärts feine Arbeit finden kann. 6) Unter eine Ueberjaat wird öfters auch eine Unterfaat oder Zwiſchenſaat mit ausgejäet. Dieß ijt der Fall bei Som- mergerjte, Haber, Sommerweizen 2c., unter welche Klees, Lu— zernes, Esperſamen zc. mit ausgeſäet werben. Auch bei an= dern Kulturgegenſtänden fommt dieſe Unterjaat vor, . B. unter Roggen, Dinkel ıc. als Unterfaat die Niefenmöhren, eben jo auch unter gebrillten Reps gleichfalls NRiefenmöhren- jamen, der im Frühjahre in die Zwiſchenräume eingefäet, ein- gehädelt, nach der Repsernte behadt und begülft wird, T) Der Samen wird verjchieden unter den Boden gebracht. Sp wird die Frühjahrsjaat, 3. B. Haber, Bohnen ıc. auf leicht austrodnendem und die Winterfaaten auf leichtem Bo— den, wo fie leicht auswintern, untergepflügt oder eingehadt. Es gibt Gegenden, wo nad Verſchiedenheit der Jahreswitte— rung bald eine ſeichte, bald eine tiefe Einſaat Noth leidet. Auf ſolchem Boden ift e8 räthlich, die Hälfte des Samens unterzupflügen, und die andere Hälfte einzueggen. Auf etwas ſchwerem Boden, jo wie auf allen Thonböden wird gewöhn— lih der Samen durch die Egge oder auch auf größern Gütern mit dem Ertirpator (Schaufel- oder Saatpflug) untergebracht. Der Ertirpator ruht auf einem Vorvergeftell, und bejteht aus 7 — I Füßen mit zweifchneidigen Schaaren. Feine Sä— mereien, die eine leichte Bededung erfordern, wie 3. B. Mohn, Kleejamen, Wau, Leindotter, Nüben ꝛe., werden mit ber Walze, der Schleife ($. 32.), auch mit dem verfehrten Eggen— zug untergebracht, Große und langjam feimende Samen wie Aderbohnen ꝛc. müſſen tiefer in den Boden gebracht werben. Auf einem feuchten und jchweren Boden wie Reps, Rübfen, Mohn, Klee, Luzerne, Lein, Hanf ıc. werden auf abgeeggte® Land gefäet. Webers haupt ift e8 gut, wenn auch vor. der Einfaat der Getreide— arten und der Hülfenfrüchte das Land übereggt wird, weil fih dadurch der Samen gleicher vertheilt und derſelbe auch dadurch mehr zu gleicher Zeit aufgeht. 9 Bei den meilten Sommergewächlen leiftet das Walzen vor= treffliche Dienfte, beſonders bei der Gerfte, dem Klee, der Hirfe 2. 2c., indem dadurch der Samen gleicher feimt, und die Feuchtigkeit länger im Boden geichloffen bleibt. Des— wegen follten von jeder Gemeinde einige Walzen auf ihre Koſten angejchafft werben. H) Nöthige Arbeit nad der Saat. Hat die fleifige Hand des Landwirths den Samen auf Hoff nung dem Schooße der mütterlihen Erde übergeben, jo find noch verſchiedene Nacharbeiten übrig, welche zu einer vollfommenen Feld» beftellung erforberlich find. 1) Nachdem vor der Saat noch die Anwanden, fo wie bie in der Nähe von Bäumen liegenden Stellen, welche nicht ge= pflügt werden fonnten, behadt worden find, jo muß bie durch Pflug und Egge herausgejchleifte Erde wieder auf den Ader geichafft werben. 2) Zeigen fich auf dem eingefäeten Ader große Schollen, fo müfjen dieſe zerflopft werden. Dieje Arbeit darf auf dem Sommerfeld nicht verfäumt werben; auf dem Winterfeld ift es weniger nothwendig, da die Schollen den Winterjaaten Schuß gegen kalte und rauhe Winde gewähren. Nach einem befannten Sprichwort heißt e8: „Säet man den Weizen in Schollen, jo geräth alles im Vollen.” Auf rafigem Lande müſſen die Rafen zerftücelt, und auf fteinigem Boden die Steine weggetragen werben. 3) Auf leichtem Boden, der öfters durch den Anbau von Had- früchten zu fehr gelodert wird, iſt es fehr zwedgemäß, wenn der eingefäete Ader einigemal nach der Einfant mit einer Schafheerde überfahren wird, jo daß der Boden dadurch feiter wird. 4) Das Ziehen der Wafjerfurchen ift beſonders auf dem Winter- felde nöthig, um anſtauende Feuchtigkeit abzuführen; weniger nothmwendig find fie auf abhängigem Boden, auf welchem 10 — Ackerbeete angelegt ſind. Dieſes Ziehen der Waſſerfurchen geſchieht theils mit dem Pflug, theils mit dem Häufelpflug ($. 28). Dabei gelten folgende Regeln: a) Die Furchen müfjen nach dem Gefäll des Waſſers gezogen werden, jo daß dafjelbe an feiner Stelle ftehen bleibt. b) Sie dürfen weder zu tief, noch zu feicht angelegt werben. c) Auf abhängigem Felde ziehe man die Waflerfurchen fchräge, damit das Waſſer durch das vertheilte Gefälle nicht zu viel Boden mit fich fortreißt. d) Man vermeide alle unnöthige Winkeln, damit fi Die Waſſerfurchen nicht verichlemmen, oder das Waſſer in den Winkeln überichlägt. e) Am Ende der Wafjerfurchen lege man Fanggruben an, in welchen fich Die weggejchwemmte Erde ablagert. f) Zur Zeit eines ftarfen Regenfall3 oder beim Schneeabgang fehe man öfters nad, damit fich Die Furchen nicht ver— ſchlemmen. I) Das Verpflanzen. Diejenigen landwirthſchaftlichen Gewächſe, welche ein längeres Wachsthum erfordern, oder die in ihrer Jugend von Froſt Noth leiden, müſſen in Miſt- oder Gartenbeete geſäet werden, wo ſie durch kräftigen Boden und durch den Schutz gegen Kälte ſo ſchnell erſtarken, damit ſie auf die Feldfläche verpflanzt werden können. Hieher ſind zu zählen: der Tabak, die Runkelrüben, das Kopfkraut, die Kohlrüben ꝛc. Bei dieſem Verpflanzen iſt folgendes zu beachten: 1) Bei allen Pflanzgegenſtänden muß der Boden gut gelockert, gedüngt und hinreichend gemürbt ſein. Zu dieſem Zwecke iſt beſonders ein tiefes Pflügen vor Winter zu empfehlen, wobei man auch den Dünger mit unterpflügt, d. h. wenn man hat. Bor dem Vorpflanzen wird noch ein- bis zweimal gepflügt und geeggt, wobei übrigens der Feuchtigfeitszuftand des Bo— dens wohl beachtet werben muß. _ 2) Die Sehpflanzen müffen gehörig erftarkt fein, weil diejelben beſonders bei großer Trockenheit befjer gedeihen als ſchwache Pflanzen. 3) Bei dem Verpflanzen warte man, wenn e8 möglich ift, eine mäßig feuchte Witterung ab, oder wenn ſolche bevorfteht. Auf leichtem, Iodern Boden kann das Verpflanzen felbit bei feuch- — 105 — tem Boden vorgenommen werben; Dagegen ii dieſes auf ſchwerem Boden nicht räthlich. 4) Das Anjchlemmen der Wurzeln in einem Brei von Jauche und feiner Erde ift nur auf leichtem Boden zu empfehlen; auf Lehm oder jchwerem Boden taugt e8 nicht viel, weil fich bei trodener Witterung die Erde jo erhärtet, daß die gefegte Pflanze nicht fortwachſen kann. Beſſer ift e8, wenn man die Setzpflanzen in den Boden jegt, und darauf das Begießen vornimmt. 5) Das Verpflanzen gejchieht theils mit der Hand, theil® mit Hülfe des Setzholzes, theild mit der Spate oder Haue; öfters auch mit dem Pfluge ($. 88. 5. c.). 6) Tritt jehr trodene Witterung ein, jo begiefe man die Seß- pflanzen von Beit zu Zeit. Nöthig it das Begießen bei dem Weißkraut und dem Tabaf, weniger nöthig bei ven Run- feln und den Kohlrüben. $. 46. Pflege der Saat. Die forgfame Pflege der Saat erftredt fih auf die ganze Dauer des Wachstums der Pflanzen. Es ijt ein Löblicher Ge— brauch vieler Landleute, wenn fie an Sonn- und Feiertagen durch die Fluren wandern, hier im freien Tempel der Natur fich frommer Gefühle überlaffen, fich über die Fortjchritte des Gedeihens ihrer Pfleglinge freuen, und Unterfuchungen anftellen, welche Gejchäfte die Woche über vorgenommen werden müfjen. Im Allgemeinen wird fich die Pflege in folgendem aufzählen lafjen: A) Schuß gegen Näffe und zu große Trodenbeit. 1) Bet ſtarkem Schneeabgang, jo wie nach jedem ftarfen Regen- fall muß auf dem angebauten Felde nachgejehen werben, ob das Waſſer feinen gehörigen Abflug hat, und an feiner Stelle ftehen bleibt. 2) Gegen zu große Trodenheit, die öfters den Sommerfrüchten nachtheilig wird, dient beſonders das Walzen unmittelbar nach der Saat, welches um fo nöthiger ift, je leichter und Ioderer der Boden ift. Dieſes Walzen wird gewöhnlih an— gewandt bei Haber, Sommergerfte, Klee, Lein ꝛc. Die Feuchtigkeit bleibt gleichfall8 Länger im Boden, wenn zu ben Sommerfrüchten auf leichtem, jo wie auf Lehmboden bie 1040 — Saatfurche ſchon vor Winter gegeben, und dann der Samen im Frühjahr blos eingeeggt wird. B) Bearbeitung des Bodens durch Felgen, Hacken, Behäufelnze. Während des Wachsthums der Pflanzen verlangen dieſelben einen gewiſſen Grad der Lockerung, fo daß dadurch die Luft ein- zubringen vermag, die Wurzeln fich ausbreiten können, und das Unfraut vertilgt werde. Für dieſe Nachhilfe find die betreffenden Kulturpflanzen durch das günftige Gedeihen derſelben fehr dankbar. Ein zu häufiges und tiefes Auflodern des leichten Bodens beſon— der bei zu großer Trodenheit kann leicht nachtheilig werben, in= dem der Dünger dadurch zu jchnell aufgelöst wird, und die Feuchtig- feit zu bald fich verflüchtigt. Im Allgemeinen fieht man es nicht gerne, wenn in die Arbeiten des Felgens, Hadens 2. ein Regen fällt, weil dadurch das Unkraut wieder aufs Neue Wurzel faht. Das Bearbeiten der Pflanzen während ihres Wahsthums gejchieht: 2) Durd das Felgen, woburd die Erde nur oberflächlich gelodert, und das Unkraut zerjtört wird. Es wird theils mit einer Handhaue (Feldhaue), theils mit dem Felgpflug oder Pferdehade ($. 29) bei der Reihenkultur vorgenommen, Diefes Felgen gefchieht gewöhnlid 1—2mal bei Srautz, Kohl, Runkeln-, Tabat-Seplingen, ferner bei Kartoffeln, Mais, Bohnen, Mohn, Krapp, Waid, ferner 2 bis mal in Baumfchulen, Weinbergen und Hopfen gärten. Im Laufe der neueſten Zeit jucht man bejonder8 auch Wintergetreide bei einem jchwachen Stande im Frühjahr zu felgen, was nicht genug empfohlen werben kann, indem fich dadurch der Pflanzenſtock recht ſtark beftaudet. Bei der Ernte im Sommer 1854 zählte ein Grunbbejiger an einem einzigen Dinfeljtocd 72 Halme oder Aehren, ein anderer von der Sommergerite 49. Beide Pflanzenftöde wurden auf diefe Art im Frühjahr bearbeitet. Bei dieſem Felgen bedient man fich ber hier abgebildeten Spithade. Bei der Abbil- dung, welche von a bi8 b 2 Zoll 6 Linien und von ec bi8 d 5 Zoll 6 Linien mißt. Bei dem Felgen läuft der Arbeiter rüdwärts, wo er Die benachbarten Zwi⸗ 10 fchenräume bearbeitet. Ein fleißiger Arbeiter kann täglich !/s bi8 Is Morgen Wintergetreive felgen, wenn die Saat gebrillt wurde, Diefe Arbeit des Felgens kann man fi auch bei ver breitwürfigen Saat erleichtern, wenn man den Samen auf die rauhe Pflugfurche füet, wo derſelbe mehr in die Rinnen einfällt. Dieſe Arbeit bezahlt fich fehr gut, und werbient be- fonder8 bei Leuten von kleinem Grundbefige in Anwendung gebracht zu werben; dieſelbe lohnt fich aber auch bei dem ver- möglihen Grunpbefiger und ift außerdem ein ſehr lohnendes Mittel, um arme Leute im Frühjahr zweckmäßig bejchäftigen zu können. Dieſe Arbeit bei ſchwachen Winterfaaten ift auf Boden lohnender, wenn derſelbe in guter Dungfraft jteht als auf magerem Boden, Ebenſo ift fie lohrtender, wenn feucht- warme Witterung darauf folgt, weniger wenn anhaltend trocdenes Wetter eintritt. Das Felgen darf auf Thonboden weder bei zu nafjer, noch bei zu trodener Witterung vorge— nommen werden. Dagegen kann daſſelbe auf Sanbboden oder auf den mehr leichten Bodenarten bei mäßig feuchter Witterung ftattfinden. Hat das Feld viel Unkraut, jo nehme man das Felgen immer bei warmer Witterung vor, jo daß dafielbe bald vermwelft. 2) Durch das Behaden, woburd der Boden ungefähr 5—6 5) Zoll tief mit der Hade oder dem Karte umgearbeitet wird, Dieſes Behaden findet gewöhnlih nur in Baumfchulen und Meinbergen ftatt; auch ſucht man vor Winter gerne Diejenigen Obſt-Bäume umzuhaden oder zu jchoren, welche auf Wiefen oder Weiden gepflanzt wurden. In neuerer Zeit hat man aber auch bei Hadfrüchten e8 von Vortheil gefunden, wenn man diefelben 4—5 Zoll tief umhadt. Durch das Behäufeln wird die Erde in der Nähe des Pflanzenreich8 nicht nur gelodert, ſondern auch zugleich mehr fruchtbare Erde angehäuft, was das Wachsthum der Pflanzen befördert, auch fie vor Näffe ſchützt. Dieſes Anhäufeln findet ftatt: bei Weißkraut, bei Kartoffeln, Mais, bei dem Hopfen; bei der Reihenkultur kommt das Behäufeln beim Reps und den Kartoffeln vor, und gejchieht durch den KHäufelpflug ($. 28.). Bei dem Behäufeln müffen die Pflanzen jo erjtarkt und groß geworben fein, daß fie Durch die angehäufte Erbe nicht zugededt werben. Bei diefer Bearbeitung muß der ſchwere Boden in einem mäßig teodenen Zuftande fein; dagegen läßt — 106 — fih der leichte Sanvboden auch in einem etwas feuchten Zu— ftande behäufeln. 4) Durcheggen oder Uebereggen. Dasjelbe gewährt beſon— ders bei Winterfrüchten Vortheil, wenn der Boden zu jehr geichloffen ift, wo e8 im Frühjahr bei trodener Witterung zu einer Zeit vorgenommen wird, wo die Saat noch Hein ift. Durch dieſes Durcheggen wird der Boden gelodert, und dem— jelben der mwohlthätige Zutritt der Luft verichafft, Unfräuter zerjtört, und ein kräftiges Wachsthum befördert. Das Durch— eggen oder Ritzen der älteren Ruzernefelder mit eijernen Eggen im Frühjahr ift gleichfall® zu empfehlen. Das Durcheggen des Kartoffellandes während des Aufgehens zur Zerſtörung Des Unfrauts findet man häufig angewandt. Will man zu Dicht jtehende Saaten, wie 3.8. beim Reps, Rüben ıc., verbünnen, jo ift das Durcheggen ein wirfjames Mittel. Bei rauben, Iharfen Winden darf dieſes Durcheggen nicht vorgenommen werden, Ein fräftiges Durcheggen läßt fich beſonders Durd) die Brabanter Egge ausführen. C. Düngung der Pflanzen während ihres Wachsthums. Wenn gewilje landwirthichaftliche Gewächje Fräftig empor wach- jen, und einen guten Ertrag geben jollen, jo müfjen diejelben wäh— rend ihres Wachsthums eine Art Düngung erhalten. Dabei wird jedoch erfordert, daß dieſer Dimger leicht auflöslich ift, oder in flüffiger Form gegeben wird. So wirft die Gülle ($. 39.), mit welcher den Sommer über die Kohl- und Kraut-Pflanzen bejchüttet werden, vorzüglih. Eine gleiche Wirkung macht diejelbe beim Hopfen, Mais, Tabakꝛe. Auch Shwächliche Winterjaaten erheben fich im Wahsthum, wenn fie den Winter über, wo fie der Schnee be— dect, mit Gülle bejchüttet werden. Dieſes Beſchütten auf die Win- terfaaten fann im Frühjahre noch angewandt werden, nur muß dieſes flüffige Dungmittel eine Art Gährung erjtanden haben; denn ohne Gährung wirkt es nachtheilig auf Die Pflanzen. Auf diefe Art fommen die Landwirthe in der Nähe von Stuttgart ihren fümmernden Winterfaaten zu Hülfe. Diefe kaufen den Abtrittvünger in Stuttgart, verdünnen denſelben mit Wafler, und begiefen damit die ſchwachen Winterfaaten, welche ſich dadurch bald erholen, ftarf beftauden, und einen trefflichen Stand erhalten. Diefer vorzügliche Dünger wird dann jpäter auch zum Beſchütten der oben genannten Pflanzen angewandt. l A D) Bertilgung des Unfrauts. Der göttliche Strafausfprud: „Dorn und Difteln foll dir dein Ader tragen“ hat auch bis heute auf unfern Fluren feine fortdauernde Wirkung. Das Heer der Unfräuter, mit denen beſonders der Drei felderwirth zu kämpfen hat, ſetzt fich gleichſam mit demfelben zu Tiſche, und nährt ſich gemeinjchaftlich von den aufgetragenen Speifen. Deswegen bleibt e8 eine wichtige Sorge für den Landwirth, alles entfernt zu halten, wodurch eine Verunfrautung des Ackers herbei- geführt wird, und alles anzuwenden, woburd das überhand genom⸗ mene Unkraut vertilgt werde. Es ift viel leichter, dem Unkraut vorzubeugen, als das vorhandene nachher zu tilgen. Mit jedem Groſchen, den man im Anfange ausgibt, wird man ihrer fünf für die Zufunft ſparen. Man theilt die Unkräuter ein in Samen- und Wurzel-Unfräuter, und nad) diefer Eintheilung richtet ſich auch die Anwendung der Vertilgungs-Mittel. Zu den ſchädlichſten Sa— menunkräutern werden folgende gerechnet: der Ackerſenf (gelber Hederich), der Ackerrettich (weißer Hederich), Ackerſteinſamen, die Wucherblume, das Kreuz- oder Goldkraut, der Hühnerdarm, das Täſchelkraut, die Hirtentaſche, die Hahnenfußarten, die Ackerdiſteln, die Klatſchroſe, die Chamillen, die Kornblume, Kornrade, die Knö— tericharten, Melde, der Flughaber, die Trespe. Zu den ſchädlich⸗ ſten Wurzelunkräutern gehören: die Quecke, der Windhalm, die Ackerwinde, die Ampferarten, der Attich, die Hauhechel. Zur Vertilgung dieſer Unkräuter werden dem Landwirthe folgende Mittel empfohlen: 1) Man ſuche beſonders der Ausbreitung des Unkraut dadurch vorzubeugen, daß man die Felder forgfältig und zur rechten Zeit d. h. nicht bei feuchtem Boden bearbeitet, gehörig düngt, » und eine zweckmäßige Fruchtfolge ($. 117.) wählt, bei welcher nicht zwei Halmfrüchte nad) einander folgen. Letzteres ift je- doch nur auf folden Gütern ausführbar, die ein gefchloffenes Ganze bilden, wo man nicht durch den Nebenlieger im Anbau gehindert wird. Biel Unkraut wird ausgefäet, wenn man bie Saatfrüchte fchlecht pußtz deswegen follte das Putzen ber Saatfrüchte mit mehr Sorgfalt gefchehen, als es bisher ver Fall war. Trotz aller Sorgfalt beim Putzen war man bis jegt nicht im Stande, den Samen der Kornrade aus dem Noggen zu bringen; allein durch eine in Hohenheim gefertigte Maſchine hat man e8 jett fo weit gebracht, dieſen verhaßten Unkrautſamen vom Roggen zu fäubern. Man führe ven Mift — IR der Schweine, fo wie den Hofdung, worin fich öfters viel Un— frautfamen befindet, nicht auf die Aecker, ſondern auf bie Wiefen. Man mähe die an Rainen, Wegen und fonftigen Plägen wachienden Unfräuter ab, ehe fie zur Blüthe kommen. 2) Haben ſich auf den Aedern viele Samenunfräuter, wie Hede— riharten, Flughaber, Ackerſenf ꝛc. eingeftellt, was beſonders im Sommerfeld häufig der Fall iſt, ſo ſuche man beſonders in der Zeit, wo das Feld nicht angebaut iſt, alſo in der Brache oder vor einer Brachfrucht, dasſelbe durch fleißiges Bearbeiten, beſonders durch öfteres Eggen ſo vorzubereiten, daß der Unkrautſamen zum Keimen kommt, worauf dann das gefeimte Unkraut durch ein wiederholtes Eggen zeritört werben fann. Hat man einen Ader, der jehr von Samenunfräutern Noth leidet, jo fuche man denſelben im Frühjahr, fo bald er abgetrocknet ift, flach umzupflügen und zu eggen. In Folge defien wird ſich der Samen entwideln und feimen, worauf man dann bei trodener Witterung durch ein tüchtiges Eggen das aufgefeimte Samenunfraut zerjtört. Darauf kann man noch ſolche Gewächſe anbauen, welche eine ſpäte Einjaat ver- fragen, wie Kartoffeln, verpflanzte Runfeln, Futterwiden ıc. Defters läßt man beim Sommerfeld im Frühjahr das Samen= unfraut zum Keimen fommen, worauf man es durch Pflügen und Eggen zerftört, und dann erjt das Feld mit Gerjte oder ‚ Haber bejäet. Zweckmäßige Aderwerkzeuge, beſonders ein guter Pflug und Egge, tragen mejentlich zur Vertilgung der Uns fräuter bei. Stellen fi) unter dem Winters und Sommer— getreide viele Samenunfräuter ein, fo leitet ein Durcheggen berjelben bei trodener Witterung im Frühjahr gute Dienfte. Wil man dieſes Mittel nicht anwenden, jo juche man bald nad) der Ernte das Feld flach zu ſtürzen und gut zu vereggen, \o daß der Samen im Spätjahr noch zum Keimen fommt. Sit dieß der Fall, jo wird der Acer bei trodener Witterung jtarf übereggt und das Unkraut zerjtört. Vor Winter wird dann der Ader tief gepflügt, und die rauhe Furche der Einwirkung des MWinterfroftes überlafjen. Bei fehr ftarfer Verunkrautung fann nur ein Unterpflügen der Saat jhügen, ehe der Samen zur Reife fommt. 3) Hat ein Feld viel Wurzelunfraut, bejonder® Queden oder Flechtgras, jo kann man dieſes am beften durch reine Brache vertilgen. Man pflügt zu dieſem Behufe bei trodener Witte- — 109 — rung, läßt den Ader in rauher Furche liegen, und eggt erft dann. vie Wurzeln mit einer ſcharfen oder eiſernen Egge aus dem Boden, wenn das Feld recht abgetrocnet iſt. Die zer— jtreut liegenden Queden-Wurzeln müfjen nun zufammengetecht, oder Durch Kinder zujammengelefen werden. Darauf wird wieder aufs Neue gepflügt, nachher abgeeggt, und die Queden zufammengerecht. Wird auf diefe Art- ven Sommer über mehrmals verfahren, fo wird man gewiß Meifter über dieſe Plagegeijter werden, Will man feine reine Brache halten, jo lafje man bei jedem Pflügen einen Knaben hinter dem Pfluge folgen, der die ausgepflügten Quecken auszieht und aufliest, was auch bei jedem Eggen ebenjo gehalten werden muß. Die zufammengelejfenen Queden werben gemwajchen, und liefern dann dem Rindvieh ein milchreiches Futter. Zur BVertilgung der Queden wird auch das Dreijchliegen des Aders empfohlen \| ($. 118.) 4) Die Samen: und Wurzel-Unträuter laffen fich auch Durch den mehrmaligen Anbau von Hadfrüchten, 3. B. durd Kartoffeln, Runfeln, Kraut, deren Zwifchenräume fleihig bearbeitet wer— den, vertilgen. Diejed Bearbeiten nehme man aber nur bei trocenem Boden vor. Beſonders wirkſam ijt das Bearbeiten dann, wenn e8 bei heißer und niemals bei feuchter Witterung vorgenommen wird, wo das Unkraut leicht abjtirbt. Ebenſo müffen alle Wurzeln der. Unkräuter au dem Boden gezogen und der Einwirkung der Sonne zum Abfterben blosgelegt werben. 5) Durch den Anbau von Pflanzen, welche den Boden ganz be— ichatten, wie z. B. durch Widengemenge, Erbjen, durch einen gut. bejtocdten Klee, Luzerne, welche grün abgemähet werben, laſſen fich gleichfall8 Die Unkräuter durch den Mangel an Luft und Licht unterdrüden. 6) Legt man ein feuchtes Grundſtück trocken, jo werben foldye Unfräuter, welche die Feuchtigkeit lieben, wie z. B. der Schadht- halm, die Hahnenfußarten, die Riedgräſer, Binfen ꝛce., verbrängt. 7) Durch Anwendung des gebrannten Kalls fo wie des Mergeld laſſen fich viele Unfräuter vertilgen ($. 42, 2. 3.). 85) Wenn durch diefe angeführten Mittel nicht alles Unkraut fich ausrotten läßt, fo bleibt noch ein Mittel übrig, welches zwar fojtipielig ift, aber ficyer zum Zwede führt, nämlich) das Jäten. Dasjelbe muß aber bei Zeiten und nicht bei feuchter Witte- rung vorgenommen werden; Dagegen wartet man bei den — 110 — Difteln fo lange, bis fie gehörig erftarkt find und nicht mehr abbrechen und’ zieht fie bei feuchtem Boden mit den Wurzeln aus. Unfräuter, welche nicht vom Vieh gefreflen werben, müflen auf den Kompofthaufen gebracht werden ($. 43.). Da nun aber einmal der Landwirth von dieſen Plagegeiftern nicht jo bald verfchont werben wird, fo muß er ſich in fein Schid- fal fügen, wenn fein Nachdenken und Fleiß diefe Schmaroger niht aus dem Felde vertreiben können. In diefem Falle muß er darauf Bedacht nehmen, daß er die durchs Jäten un— ſchädlich gemachten Unkräuter nutzbringend al8 Viehfutter oder als Dungmittel zu verwenden ſucht. Als Viehfutter können benüßgt werden: der Hühnerdarm, der Vogelknöterich, die Di- fteln und bejonders die Muspdifteln, die Winden, die Widen- arten, der Ackermohn, der Aderfenf (gelber Heberich) ıc. 9) Zur Zerftörung der Wurzelunfräuter tragen beſonders auch die Schweine bei, welche auf die Weide dahin getrieben werben. 10) Ein wichtiges Vertilgungsmittel der Unkräuter ift die Drill- oder Reihenfaatkultur ($. 45. G.). 11) Das Brennen des Bodens darf ebenfalld als Mittel betrachtet werben, unter gewiflen Umftänden viel Unfräuter und Wurzel- werf zu zerftören ($. 23.). E) Abhaltung und Vertilgung ſchädlicher Thiere. Auch unter den Geſchöpfen des Thierreich® findet der Land— wirth eine große Zahl Feinde, welde feinen Saaten bald mehr, bald weniger Schaden zufügen. Er hat deswegen, fo weit e8 in feinen Kräften jteht, für Abhaltung und Vertilgung derjelben Sorge zu tragen. Unter biefen ſchädlichen Thieren, zu deren Vertilgung der Landwirth befugt ijt, find beſonders unter den vierfühigen Thieren a) die Feldmäufe aufjuzählen. Als erprobte Vertilgungsmittel find befannt: 1) Zuerft müſſen wir bei dieſer Kriegserflärung gegen die Mäufe dem Landwirthe wie bei allen feinen Beſchäftigun— gen, fo auch bier Fleiß, Beharrlichkeit und Ausdauer em— pfehlen, ohne welche Eigenjchaften er feinen Zweck nur theilweife erreichen wird. 2) Fanggruben, welche mit dem Erdbohrer I— 1’ Fuß tief gemacht, und an den Kreuzgängen der Mäufe angelegt wer- — 11 — den. Die Mäufe müffen aber den Tag über in der Grube getöbtet werden, weil fie fich bei einem längern Aufenthalt darin leicht einen Ausgang verichaffen. Zum Anfertigen diefer Löcher können auch Xocheifen oder fonftige rund zu— gefpigte harte Hölzer benüßt werben. 3) Das Zutreten der Köcher, was befonder8 durch das Pfer- hen mit Schafen am Beften .gefchehen kann. Dieſes Zus treten oder Zuflopfen der Mäujelöcher mit einer Haue, wo— bei man. aber feine pulverige Erde in dieſelben einlaufen läßt, ſtört Die Mäufe fehr, und wird e8 von Zeit zu Zeit wiederholt, fo werben allmälig dieſe unbeliebten Gäfte ver- ſchwinden. 4) Einfegen von Häfen mit Waſſer und aufgeſtreuter Spreu gefüllt. Diefe Häfen entiprechen auch ſchon dem Zwecke, wenn fie ohne Wafler eingefegt werden. 5) Tödten durch Rauch mit fogenannten Rauchöfen, was ſich aber nicht überall ausführen läßt. 6) Das Tiefpflügen der Getreideſtoppelfelder vor Eintritt des Winters, wodurch die Winterfeuchtigkeit und Kälte beſſer in die Schlupfwinkel der Mäuſe einzudringen vermögen. T) Das Tödten der Mäuſe während des Pflügens durch Knaben. 8) Schonung derjenigen Thiere, welche auf die Mäuſe Jagd machen. Hieher ſind namentlich die Feldkatzen zu zählen, deren Schonung wir beſonders der Großmuth des Jagd— perſonals empfehlen. 9) Stellen ſich die Mäuſe auf Wieſen ein, welche bewäſſert werben Können, fo ift dieß ein jehr wirkſames Mittel. 10) Um dem Weberhanpnehmen der Mäufe zu begegnen, ift nöthig, daß man alle zweckloſe Heden und Gebüſche, die den. Mäufen zum Aufenthalt dienen, entfernt. 11) Legen von Phosphor-Paſte. Dieſes Mittel, welches man in jeder Apotheke haben kann, wird bei trockener Witterung auf Heine Hölzchen gejtrichen, oder die Hölzchen, auch Rüben— ſchnitze in die Paſte etwas eingetaucht, worauf diejelben in die Mäufelöcher geſchoben werben ; damit man nicht zu viel von dies ſem Gifte braucht, fo werden Abends vorher alle Mäufelöcher zugetreten. Am nächften Morgen wird dann diejes Gift in die frifchgeöffneten Köcher geſteckt. Nach einiger Zeit wird dieſes Verfahren wiederholt. Für Schafe oder Weidethiere kann — 112 — es fehr gefährlich werden, wenn man bie Phosphor-PBajte auf Rübenjchnige oder Runkelblätter jtreiht und vor bie Köcher der Mäufe legt. Das Gleiche ijt der Fall, wenn dieſes Mittel auf Kleeäckern angewendet wird, weil ber Phosphor auch für das nächte Jahr noch feine Wirkung Außert. 12) Die in Oberjchwaben verbreiteten Mäufefallen leiften eben— falls jehr gute Dienfte. Bon ſolchen Mäufefallen koſtet das Stüd 3 tr. Ein Mann kann täglich mit 200 Fallen 4 bis 5 Hundert Mäufe fangen. : 135) Um das Saatforn gegen den Mäufefraß zu fichern, wird neuerer Zeit das Einquellen des Samens in Sauce oder in Gülle empfohlen. Diefelbe darf aber nicht zu jcharf fein, und der Same nicht zu lange darin gelaljen werden, weil ſonſt die Keimkraft verloren gebt. 14) Sind auf einem Ader einzelne Herbergen von Mäufen, io lafjen fich diefe dadurch vertreiben, daß man flüffigen Ab- trittvünger oder jcharfe Miftjauche in die Mäufelöcher ein- gieht, was die Mäufe zur Auswanderung zwingt. 15) Ausjegung von Preifen für gefangene Mäufe. b) Der Maulwurf wird vieljeitig aber mit Unrecht als ein wahrer Mifjethäter verurteilt. Er nährt fich nicht von Pflan- zen, jondern von Würmern, Engerlingen (Quatten) ꝛe. und «jt dadurch dem Landmann mehr nüglich als ſchädlich. Er wühlt zwar nicht überirbiich wie mande Perſonen im Jahr 1848 und 1849, fondern unterirdiih, und wirft bei feiner Arbeit manches Erohäufchen auf die Oberflähe, was nicht immer gerne gejehen wird. Sollen vorjtehende Mittel aber träftig wirken, jo müſſen fie von jämmtlichen Befigern einer Gemarfung angewandt werden. Die Natur vernichtet die Feldmäuſe am leichtejten durch anhaltenden Regen jo wie durch ftarken Frojt mit Glatt- eis und Durch ſchnellen Schneeabgang bei gefrorenem Boden. ec) Die Feldhaſen find die Hauptdiebe von unjern Kraut- und Runfelländern, die fie jehr häufig des Abends und Morgens in Augenfchein nehmen. Pulver und Schrot wäre freilich Das Hauptmittel gegen diefe zubringlichen Gäfte; allein Die nehmen unfere Jäger höchit übel, deswegen muß der Landwirth jolche Abhaltungsmittel anwenden, daß er gut Freund mit dem grü— nen Zuche bleibt. Als jolche find erprobt: — 113 — 1) Beſchütten oder Befprigen der Setzpflanzen mit Abtritt- bünger, was aber öfters wiederholt werben muß. 2) Ausfpannen von Schnüren an der Gränze des Ackers, an welche man Federn anbindet. 3) Beftreichen der Blätter der Sehpflanzen mit Rindsblut. 4) Ausfteden von Holgreifern, an welche man Papierftreifen bindet, die man mit Pulver beftreicht. Auch das Beitrei- hen von Leinwandftüden mit geriebenem Schiekpulver, welches man mit Schmalz über dem Feuer röftet, und die man auf Reijern auf das Kraut- oder Runkelland ausſteckt, ſoll die Hafen davon abhalten. Ueberhaupt wirken alle übelriechende Mittel gegen den ſchädlichen Biß der Hafen. 5) Aushängen von Lappen, die zuvor in ſtark bewohnten Stu- ben aufgehängt waren, oder bie mit Steinöl getränkt find; Auswerfen von angezündeten, in Pulverwaſſer geträntten und wieder getrodneten Lappen. Theilweiſe fünnen dieſe Mittel auch gegen Hiriche und Rehe angewandt werben. Unter den Vögeln richten beſonders die Tauben) während der Hanf-, Gerjten- und Widenjaat, jo wie bie Sperlinge beim Reifen der Gerfte öfters großen Schaden an. Da die Sperlinge bejonders zur Bertilgung ſchädlicher Rau— pen beitragen, jo wird e8 mehr im allgemeinen Snterefje der Randwirthichaft Tiegen, wenn man fie von denjenigen Samen zu verſcheuchen ſucht, welchen fie großen Schaven zufügen. Dieß iſt beſonders bei der Winter- und Sommergerfte der Tal, welche man deswegen niemals in der Nähe des Dorfs, von Bäumen und Heden in einzelnen Grundftüden anbauen muß. Gegen die Sperlinge verjuhe man feine Schnüre oder Fäden auszufpannen, welche fie mit Mißtrauen fcheuen. Durch den Anbau dieſer Gewächſe auf beifammenliegenden Grund- ſtücken dürfte der Schaden, der durch fie entjteht, weniger fühlbar werben. Den größten Schaden unter allen Thieren richten bie Inſekten und ihre Raupen an.
bpt6k332069b_3	French-PD-Newspapers	Public Domain	Angle de la rue Lanouron et La-louche Tréviile, plusieurs logements composes de 6 pièces pouvant être divisés en log ments de 2, 3 et 4 pièces, ave -, caves et anglaises aux étages. Rue Algosira-, 19, un logement de 5 pièces au 4° étage, avec caves, anglaises, eau et gai; Rue Porstrein-Névez, 26, 28 et 30, pl sieurs logements de 2 pièces, avec caves. A VENDRE 1» Plusieurs maisons situées en ville et hors viile, àdes prix très modérés; toute* fa -ilités seraient données pour le paiement ; 2» Une machine horizontale fixe, de la force de 30 chevaux ; c° Une machine horizontale sur chariot, de la force de 6 chevaux ; 4e Ui.e machine verticale, au->si sur chssriot, de la force de 5 chevaux ; S" Une autre machine horizontale, également sur chariot, de la force de 4 chevaux ; Toutes aïs machines «ont en très bon état; 6° Une charrette anglaise ; 7» Une grande quantité de camions ou voitures à oras ; 8° Un onti iage considérable d'outil» de mineurs et de terrassiers; 9° Terrain pour bâtir, rue de Paris, coutigu à la propriété de M. MirieL S'adresser à M. Omnès, rue de l'Observatoire, 4, ou à M. Thierry, 12, place La Tour d'Auvergne. lltô JEUNE HOMME, 16 ans, possédant de très bonnes références, demande emploi de commis aux écritures ou autres. — S'adresser au journal. JEUNE PERSONNE, 17ans, pour-J vue du brevet de capacité comme institutrice, désirerait poste de précepteur pour jeunes enfants dans une maison particulière, tant en France qu'à l'étranger. — S'adresser au journal. UN HOMME marié, sachant le breton, demande place de clerc ou commis. Bonnes références.— S'adresser au journal. un CHANTIER pour monuments funéraires , près du cimetière Saint-Marc, Quimper. — Se renseigner même adresse. 2717 "Pvpp pour cause de" JB7^C1 £v décès , un commerce de ferblanterie à Kérinou, S'adresser à Mme veuve Fagop, à Kérinou. 2817 yx,Fm Tri Maison fondée en 1867 IPXOIR & CHAIS, RUE DU IIS, 4 Artiolesi reoouiniiÉiîicaês 0RK1NA, apéritif, le litre 21»» Château Nodoz Bourg 1890, la bouteille Château Malfartl Fronsac, la bouteille 18^7 Château baroque Sajnt-Emi-lion 1887. la bouteâle Château Fourras, Dupré, Lis-trac, Médur, la bouteille 1887 Château Duliart Silon, Pauillac 1800, cru classé, mise en bouteilles du château, la bouteille 3 »» Seul dépositaire pour Brest du Bitter Extra-Girardeau LE LITRE, 3 FR. 75 Graves Loupiac (soc et doux), la bouteille lfoO Barsac 1889, la bouteille 2 50 Sauternes 1891, la l)«tt«ille... 3 »» SaintAmour, Bourgogne 1887, la bouteille 1 25 Beaujolais 1892, la bouteille.. 1 S0 Corton 1884, la bouteille 6 »» Clos Vougeot 1888, cachet authentique, la bouteille 8 »» Seul dépositaire principal DU RHUM SAINT-JAMES dans le département du Finistère Cognac des maisons Hennessy, MARTELL et Marie Brizard COGNAC FIN B3IS 1865, 10 FR. LE LITRE Importation. — Consignation. — Exportation 1081 10B DEPURATIF BARRAJA Au Daphné Mézéréum LE PLUS PUISSANT DÉPURATIF DU SANG On lit, en effet, dans les Traités de matière médicale, ce qui suit : « On emploie le Daphné Mézé-« réuni pour combattre les mula-« (lies de peau rebelles et les dëgé-« nérescences vénérknms ayant « résisté au mercure. » Professeur Souboyran, Paris. 115, cours Lafayette, 115, LYON 834 BREST, PHARMACIE RENAUT, PLACE MEDISANCE, 42 « On emploie le Daphné Mézé-« réuni sous forme de tisane ou de « sirop pour combattre la syphilis « et les maladies de peau rein belles. » Professeur Bouchardat, Paris. 4 2, PLACE MÉDISANCE, AU 1BREST agent général de la Prévoyante SOCIÉTÉ D'ASSURANCES CONTRE L'INCENDIE, LES ACCIDENTS, Location d'appartements 310 PLACEMENT DE DOMESTIQUES. ECRIVAIN PUBLIC ETC. OFFRES D'EMPLOIS ON DEMANDE une cuisinière pour maison bourgeoise. Une bonne pour épicerie et débit. Une bonne de débit. A LOUER PL Médisance, 42, 3 p., 120 fr. Pl. Château, 27, 2 charab. meubl., dont une avec cuisine. S'adr. 109, r. de Siam. R. Poterne, 3. app. meublé 7 p. R. de Paris, 92, app. 2 p. A CÉDER Près le marché, un dénit. Une boulangerie (prix modéré). LE SIROP PECTORAL DE CONSTANTIN Pharmacien de lre Classe, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur Est souverain contre les Rhumes, Bronchites, Coqueluches, etc. L'essayer c'est l'adopter. * 30 ANS DE SUCOÈS I En vente à Rrest: PHARMACIE MULLER, 37, place du Champ-de-BatailIe ! Dépôts : MM. KERBRAT^ à Landerneau ; HERVÉ, à Morl x • AZENNEC, à Châteaulin. 1860.
github_open_source_100_7_20155	Github OpenSource	Various open source	using Amazon.Lambda.Core; // Assembly attribute to enable the Lambda function's JSON input to be converted into a .NET class. [assembly: LambdaSerializer(typeof(Amazon.Lambda.Serialization.SystemTextJson.DefaultLambdaJsonSerializer))] namespace LambdaFunctionOnArm64; public class Function { /// <summary> /// A simple function that takes a string and does a ToUpper /// </summary> /// <param name="input"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public string FunctionHandler(string input, ILambdaContext context) { var architecture = System.Runtime.InteropServices.RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture; var dotnetVersion = Environment.Version.ToString(); return $"Architecture: {architecture}, .NET Version: {dotnetVersion} -- {input?.ToUpper()}"; } }
http://joi.ito.com/weblog/2003/09/22/my-first-stealt.html	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	I just did my first stealth disco. Uploaded the 116K QT file. I'm SD'ing Jim aka mmdc and the video was taken by Adriaan aka ado. 2 TrackBacks Listed below are links to blogs that reference this entry: My first Stealth Disco. TrackBack URL for this entry: http://joi.ito.com/MT-4.35-en/mt-tb.cgi/1017 About this Archive This page is an archive of recent entries in the Business and the Economy category. Books is the previous category. Computer and Network Risks is the next category. Find recent content on the main index. Monthly Archives.
https://www.seroundtable.com/google-im-angry-news-sites-don-t-link-out-it-s-stupid-22041.html	Creative Commons Common Crawl	Various open licenses	Google's Gary Illyes: I'm Angry News Sites Don't Link Out, It's Stupid May 6, 2016 • 7:23 am \| (178) by \| Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization The folks at Stone Temple Consulting did another really nice interview with Google's Gary Illyes and asked him some interesting questions. One thing Gary Illyes said was at the 51 minute mark where he said he hates it when news publications do not link out, he went as far to call that practice "stupid." He said it makes him "angry" that they do not link out and calls it "stupid" because they are likely fearful that the link may hurt them for some reason. The internet is made up of links and not linking out is not how the internet works, he explained. Here is a piece of the transcript: I'm really angry at news sites in general for example because because of two reasons. But the two major reasons is that they don't link back anymore to smaller publications or blogs or whatever because they are probably afraid of linking back which is stupid. And I don't think is that they would know everything and my grandmother for whatever reason. Probably still because they are afraid of getting hit by something. The Internet is built upon links. Links are essential for the Internet. I was reading the news article yesterday night and there was, I don't remember the name of the site, but they only used the name of the site but they linked to it and after I searched for the site I realized that there are two companies are called the same way one is in the UK and one is in the US and and then I had to figure out which site they are talking to. Which is stupid because I could have avoided the whole searching situation by just clicking a link on the article itself. Here is the video embed at the start time: Truth is, it is Google's fault there is fear in linking out. :) Forum discussion at YouTube. Previous story: Daily Search Forum Recap: May 5, 2016 blog comments powered by Disqus.
2021/02021H2279-20211230/02021H2279-20211230_PL.txt_13	Eurlex	CC-By	2. Ogólne kwestie dotyczące badań śladu środowiskowego organizacji (OEF) 2.1. Jak korzystać z tej metody W niniejszej metodzie zawarto zasady niezbędne do przeprowadzenia badania OEF i przedstawiono je według kolejności etapów metodyki, jakie muszą zostać ukończone podczas obliczania śladu środowiskowego organizacji. W stosownych przypadkach sekcje zaczynają się ogólnym opisem etapu metodyki wraz z przeglądem kwestii, które należy uwzględnić, oraz ilustrującymi je przykładami. Jeżeli określono dodatkowe wymogi w zakresie tworzenia OEFSR, przedstawiono je w części A załącznika IV. 2.2. Reguły przeprowadzania badań śladu środowiskowego organizacji Aby uzyskać wiarygodne, odtwarzalne i weryfikowalne badania OEF, osoba przeprowadzająca badanie musi zastosować zestaw zasad analitycznych. Zasady te mają na celu zapewnienie nadrzędnych wytycznych co do stosowania metody oznaczania śladu środowiskowego organizacji. Muszą one być brane pod uwagę w kontekście każdego z etapów badań OEF, począwszy od sformułowania celu i zakresu badania, poprzez gromadzenie danych, ocenę oddziaływania na środowisko i sprawozdawczość, po weryfikację wyników badania. Użytkownicy przedmiotowej metody muszą podczas przeprowadzania badań OEF stosować się do następujących reguł: 1) Istotność Wszystkie metody zastosowane i dane zgromadzone w celu ilościowego określenia OEF muszą być jak najbardziej istotne dla badania. 2) Kompletność W ramach ilościowego określania OEF muszą zostać uwzględnione wszystkie znaczące dla środowiska przepływy materiałów lub energii oraz inne interwencje środowiskowe, które są niezbędne do osiągnięcia zgodności z określonymi granicami systemu, wymogami dotyczącymi danych oraz zastosowanymi metodami oceny oddziaływania. 3) Spójność Zgodność z przedmiotową metodą musi być ściśle przestrzegana na wszystkich etapach badania OEF, tak aby zwiększyć wewnętrzną spójność badania oraz jego porównywalność. 4) Dokładność Muszą być podejmowane wszelkie rozsądne wysiłki, aby ograniczyć niepewność zarówno w modelowaniu systemu produktu, jak i w sprawozdawczości dotyczącej wyników. 5) Przejrzystość Informacje na temat OEF muszą być ujawniane w taki sposób, by zapewnić docelowym odbiorcom niezbędne podstawy do podejmowania decyzji, zaś zainteresowanym stronom umożliwić ocenę ich pewności i wiarygodności. 2.3. Etapy oznaczania śladu środowiskowego organizacji. Podczas badania OEF zgodnie z przedmiotową metodą musi dojść do ukończenia szeregu etapów – tj. określenia celu, określenia zakresu, analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść (LCI), oceny wpływu cyklu życia (LCIA), interpretacji wyników w zakresie OEF i sporządzenia sprawozdania dotyczącego OEF – zob. Rysunek 2. Rysunek 2 Etapy badania śladu środowiskowego organizacji Na etapie określania celu ustala się cele badania, tj. zakładane zastosowanie, przyczyny przeprowadzenia badania i docelowych odbiorców. Na etapie określania zakresu podejmuje się wiele wyborów metodycznych, np. określa dokładną definicję jednostki sprawozdawczej, wskazuje granice systemu oraz wybiera dodatkowe informacje środowiskowe i techniczne, główne założenia i ograniczenia. Na etapie analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść (LCI) gromadzone są dane i przeprowadza się obliczenia w celu określenia ilościowego wejść i wyjść badanego systemu. Wejścia i wyjścia dotyczą energii, surowców i innych fizycznych wejść, produktów i produktów równoległych oraz odpadów i emisji do powietrza/wody/gleby. Zgromadzone dane dotyczą procesów pierwszoplanowych i procesów w tle. Dane wprowadza się w odniesieniu do jednostek procesów i jednostki sprawozdawczej. LCI jest procesem wieloetapowym. W praktyce w miarę gromadzenia danych i uzyskiwania nowych informacji na temat systemu mogą pojawić się nowe wymogi lub ograniczenia, co pociąga za sobą konieczność zmiany procedur gromadzenia danych, tak aby w dalszym ciągu spełniane były cele badania. Na etapie oceny oddziaływania wyniki LCI są związane z kategoriami oddziaływania na środowisko i wskaźnikami. Proces ten przeprowadza się w oparciu o metody oceny wpływu cyklu życia, zgodnie z którymi w pierwszej kolejności emisje dzieli się na kategorie oddziaływania, a następnie charakteryzuje wspólnymi jednostkami (np. zarówno emisje CO2, jak i emisje CH4 wyraża się w ekwiwalentach CO2 na podstawie ich współczynnika globalnego ocieplenia). Do kategorii oddziaływania należy m.in. zmiana klimatu, zakwaszenie lub wykorzystywanie zasobów. Na etapie interpretacji interpretuje się wyniki LCI i LCIA zgodnie z określonym celem i zakresem. Na tym etapie określa się najważniejsze kategorie oddziaływania, etapy cyklu życia, procesy i przepływy podstawowe. Na podstawie wyników analiz można wyciągnąć wnioski i opracować zalecenia. Obejmuje to również etap sprawozdawczy mający na celu podsumowanie wyników badania OEF w sprawozdaniu dotyczącym OEF. Ponadto na etapie weryfikacji przeprowadzany jest proces oceny zgodności w celu sprawdzenia, czy badanie OEF zostało przeprowadzone zgodnie z obecną metodą OEF. Weryfikacja jest obowiązkowa w każdym przypadku, gdy badanie OEF lub część zawartych w nim informacji jest wykorzystywane do dowolnego rodzaju komunikacji zewnętrznej. 3. Określanie celów i zakresu oznaczania śladu środowiskowego organizacji 3.1. Określenie celu Określenie celu jest pierwszym etapem badania OEF i ustanawia ogólny kontekst badania. Jasno sformułowane cele służą zagwarantowaniu, że cele, metody, wyniki i zakładane zastosowanie są dostosowane oraz że ukształtowana jest wspólna wizja, którą mogą kierować się uczestnicy badania. Decyzja o zastosowaniu metody OEF zakłada, że decyzje dotyczące niektórych aspektów określania celu zostaną podjęte a priori z uwagi na szczególne wymogi określone w metodzie OEF. Istotnym elementem etapu określania celu jest ustalenie zakładanych zastosowań, a także wartości analitycznej i dyscypliny badania. To z kolei powinno znaleźć odzwierciedlenie w określonych ograniczeniach badania (etap określania zakresu badania). Określenie celu badania śladu środowiskowego organizacji musi obejmować: 1. zakładane zastosowanie; 2. powody przeprowadzania badania oraz kontekst takiej decyzji; 3. docelowych odbiorców; 4. wskazanie podmiotu zlecającego badanie; 5. tożsamość weryfikatora. Tabela 1 Przykład określenia celu – ślad środowiskowy organizacji – przedsiębiorstwo produkujące jeansy i koszulki Aspekty Szczegóły Zakładane zastosowanie: Sprawozdawczość dotycząca zrównoważonego rozwoju przedsiębiorstw Powody przeprowadzania badania oraz kontekst takiej decyzji: Wykazanie zaangażowania w ciągłe doskonalenie oraz w działania w tym zakresie Docelowi odbiorcy: klienci Porównania lub twierdzenia o charakterze porównawczym przeznaczone do podania do wiadomości publicznej: Mają zastosowanie tylko wtedy, gdy badanie przeprowadzono zgodnie z odpowiednimi OEFSR. Nie dotyczy – badanie będzie powszechnie dostępne, ale ma nie być wykorzystywane do porównań lub twierdzeń o charakterze porównawczym. Procedura weryfikacji: niezależny zewnętrzny weryfikator, pan X Podmiot zlecający badanie: spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością Y 3.2. Określenie zakresu W zakresie badania OEF szczegółowo opisuje się system objęty oceną i specyfikacje techniczne. Określenie zakresu badania OEF musi być zgodne z określonymi celami badania oraz musi obejmować (zob. bardziej szczegółowe opisy w kolejnych sekcjach): 1. definicja jednostki sprawozdawczej (RU): opis organizacji i asortymentu produktów (zestawu i ilości towarów lub usług dostarczonych w okresie sprawozdawczym); 2. granice systemu (granice OEF oraz granice organizacji); 3. kategorie oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego ( 124 ); 4. dodatkowe informacje, które należy zawrzeć; 5. założenia/ograniczenia. 3.2.1 Jednostka sprawozdawcza: organizacja i asortyment produktów Organizacja stanowi jednostkę odniesienia na potrzeby analizy, a także – wraz z asortymentem produktów – podstawę do określenia jednostki sprawozdawczej (RU). Jest to pojęcie równoznaczne z pojęciem „jednostki funkcjonalnej” w tradycyjnej ocenie cyklu życia (LCA) ( 125 ). W najogólniejszym znaczeniu nadrzędną funkcją organizacji – na potrzeby obliczenia jej śladu środowiskowego – jest zapewnianie towarów i usług w ustalonym okresie sprawozdawczym. Okres sprawozdawczy powinien wynosić jeden rok. Odstępstwa od tego okresu sprawozdawczego muszą być uzasadnione. Asortyment produktów odnosi się do ilości i charakteru towarów i usług dostarczonych przez organizację w okresie sprawozdawczym. Ślad środowiskowy organizacji może ograniczać się do wyraźnie sprecyzowanej części asortymentu produktów organizacji: typowym przykładem jest tu organizacja, która prowadzi działalność w różnych sektorach i postanawia ograniczyć swoją analizę do jednego sektora. Jeśli badanie OEF ograniczono do części asortymentu produktów organizacji, musi to być uzasadnione i ujęte w tym badaniu. Jednostka sprawozdawcza do celów badania OEF musi zostać określona z uwzględnieniem następujących kwestii: (i) definicja organizacji: a. nazwa organizacji; b. rodzaje towarów lub usług dostarczanych przez organizację (tj. sektora); c. miejsce prowadzenia działalności (np. kraje, miasta); (ii) opis asortymentu produktów: a. dostarczane towary/usługi: „co”; b. zakres towaru lub usługi: „ile”; c. spodziewany poziom jakości: „jak dobrze”; d. okres używalności/trwałości towarów/usług: „jak długo”; (iii) rok odniesienia; (iv) okres sprawozdawczy. Przykład Definicja organizacji: Organizacja: Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością Y Sektor towarów/usług: producent odzieży Lokalizacje: Paryż, Berlin, Mediolan Kody NACE: 14 Opis asortymentu produktów: Co: koszulki i spodnie ( 126 ) Ile:40 000 koszulek, 20 000 par spodni Jak dobrze: noszenie raz w tygodniu i pranie w pralce w temperaturze 30 stopni Celsjusza raz w tygodniu; zużycie energii przez pralkę wynosi 0,72 MJ/kg odzieży, zużycie wody wynosi zaś 10 litrów/kg odzieży na jeden cykl prania. Jedna koszulka waży 0,16 kg, a jedna para spodni waży 0,53 kg. Daje to zużycie energii 0,4968 MJ tygodniowo oraz zużycie wody 6,9 litra tygodniowo. Jak długo: etap eksploatacji wynosi pięć lat zarówno dla koszulek, jak i dla spodni. Rok odniesienia: 2017 Okres sprawozdawczy: jeden rok. Jeżeli asortyment produktów składa się z półproduktów, niektóre jego aspekty (tj. jak dobrze i jak długo) są trudniejsze do zdefiniowania: mogą być pominięte, jeżeli zostanie przedstawione uzasadnienie. 3.2.2. Granice systemu Granice systemu określają, które części asortymentu produktów i które powiązane okresy cyklu życia i procesy należą do analizowanego systemu, z wyjątkiem procesów wykluczonych na zasadzie wyłączenia (zob. sekcja 4.6.4). Przyczyna każdego wyłączenia i jego potencjalne znaczenie muszą być uzasadnione i udokumentowane. Granice systemu muszą zostać określone na podstawie ogólnej logiki łańcucha dostaw, z odniesieniem do produktów lub usług należących do asortymentu produktów, włącznie z wszystkimi etapami, począwszy od pozyskania i wstępnego przetworzenia surowców, poprzez produkcję, dystrybucję i przechowywanie, etap eksploatacji aż do wycofania z eksploatacji. Co najmniej produkty równoległe, produkty uboczne i strumienie odpadów systemu pierwszoplanowego muszą być wyraźnie określone. Do badania OEF niezbędne są dwa poziomy określenia granic systemu: — granice organizacji (w odniesieniu do określonej organizacji); — granice śladu środowiskowego organizacji (które określają procesy na wcześniejszych i późniejszych etapach łańcucha dostaw uwzględnione w analizie). 3.2.2.1 Granice organizacji Granice organizacji określa się tak, by objęły one wszelkie obiekty i powiązane procesy, które są w całości lub w części własnością organizacji lub którymi organizacja w całości lub w części zarządza i które w bezpośredni sposób przyczyniają się do dostarczania asortymentu produktów. Działania i oddziaływanie powiązane z procesami zachodzącymi w określonych granicach organizacji uważa się za działania i oddziaływanie „bezpośrednie”. Na przykład w przypadku detalistów produkty wytworzone przez inne organizacje nie są uwzględniane w granicach organizacji danego detalisty. Granice detalistów są zatem ograniczone do ich dóbr kapitałowych oraz wszystkich procesów/działań związanych z handlem detalicznym. Niemniej jednak produkty wytworzone lub przetworzone przez detalistę muszą być uwzględnione w granicach organizacji. Wszelkie działania i procesy, które zachodzą w granicach organizacji, ale które nie są niezbędne do funkcjonowania organizacji, muszą zostać uwzględnione w analizie. Przykładami takich procesów/działań są prace ogrodnicze, posiłki podawane przez przedsiębiorstwo w stołówce itp. Zważywszy, że niektóre obiekty będące własnością kilku podmiotów lub też wykorzystywane przez kilka podmiotów mogą przyczyniać się do zapewniania zarówno określonego asortymentu produktów organizacji, jak i asortymentu produktów innych organizacji, konieczne może okazać się odpowiednie przydzielenie wejść i wyjść. 3.2.2.2 Granice śladu środowiskowego organizacji Granice śladu środowiskowego organizacji są szersze niż granice organizacji i obejmują wszystkie działania pośrednie i powiązane oddziaływanie. Działania pośrednie są tymi działaniami, które pojawiają się na wcześniejszych lub późniejszych etapach łańcuchów dostaw związanych z działalnością organizacji (zob. sekcja 4.2.1). Granice śladu środowiskowego organizacji muszą zostać określone zgodnie z ogólną logiką łańcucha dostaw. Granice śladu środowiskowego organizacji muszą standardowo obejmować wszystkie etapy, począwszy od pozyskania surowców, poprzez produkcję, dystrybucję, przechowywanie, eksploatację produktów z asortymentu produktów oraz ich przetwarzanie związane z wycofaniem z eksploatacji (tj. procesy w całym cyklu życia). Muszą zostać uwzględnione wszystkie procesy zachodzące w określonych granicach śladu środowiskowego organizacji (z wyjątkiem spełniających kryteria wyłączenia). Jeśli działania na późniejszych etapach łańcucha dostaw (pośrednie) zostają wyłączone (np. etap eksploatacji i etap wycofania z eksploatacji półproduktów lub produktów o nieznanym przeznaczeniu), musi zostać przedstawione stosowne wyraźne uzasadnienie: w tym przypadku granice śladu środowiskowego organizacji muszą obejmować co najmniej działania na poziomie miejsca (bezpośrednie) oraz działania na wcześniejszych etapach łańcucha dostaw (pośrednie) związane z asortymentem produktów organizacji. W niektórych przypadkach ten sam proces może należeć albo do granic organizacji, albo do granic śladu środowiskowego organizacji: np. transport pracowników ma miejsce (i) w granicach organizacji, jeśli pracownicy dojeżdżają do pracy, używając samochodów będących własnością pracodawcy lub wykorzystywanych przez pracodawcę, lub też jeśli pracownicy korzystają z transportu publicznego opłacanego przez pracodawcę, lub (ii) jest uznawany za proces pośredni, jeśli pracownicy dojeżdżają do pracy, używając prywatnych samochodów lub transportu publicznego opłacanego samodzielnie przez pracownika. 3.2.2.3 Diagram granic systemu Na diagramie granic systemu (lub diagramie przepływów) schematycznie przedstawia się system poddawany analizie. Muszą zostać wyraźnie wskazane działania lub procesy uwzględnione w analizie oraz te, które są z niej wyłączone. Granice organizacji i granice śladu środowiskowego organizacji muszą być wskazane. Ponadto osoba stosująca metodę OEF musi wyraźnie wskazać, w którym momencie zastosowano dane specyficzne dla danego przedsiębiorstwa. Nazwy działalności lub procesów w diagramie systemu i w sprawozdaniu dotyczącym OEF muszą być dostosowane do siebie. Diagram systemu musi zostać uwzględniony w definicji zakresu i włączony do sprawozdania dotyczącego OEF. 3.2.3. Kategorie oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego Celem LCIA jest pogrupowanie i zagregowanie zgromadzonych danych na temat LCI według odpowiedniego wkładu w każdą z kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego. Wybór kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego obejmuje zatem szeroki zakres istotnych kwestii środowiskowych związanych z rozpatrywanym łańcuchem dostaw produktu zgodnie z ogólnymi wymogami w zakresie kompletności badań OEF. Kategorie oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego ( 127 ) stanowią określone kategorie oddziaływania na środowisko uwzględnione w badaniu OEF i wchodzą w zakres metody oceny oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego. Do celów ilościowego określenia mechanizmu środowiskowego wiążącego wyniki analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść (tj. wejść (np. zasobów) i emisji związanych z cyklem życia produktu) z wskaźnikiem kategorii dla każdej kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego stosuje się modele charakterystyki. W tabeli 2 przedstawiono standardowy wykaz kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego oraz powiązane metody oceny. W badaniu OEF muszą zostać zastosowane bez wyjątku wszystkie kategorie oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego. Pełny wykaz współczynników charakterystyki, które należy stosować, znajduje się w pakiecie referencyjnym w zakresie śladu środowiskowego ( 128 ). Tabela 2 Kategorie oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego z odpowiednimi wskaźnikami kategorii oddziaływania oraz modele charakterystyki. Kategoria oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego Wskaźnik kategorii oddziaływania Jednostka Model charakterystyki Wiarygodność Zmiana klimatu ogółem (1) współczynnik globalnego ocieplenia (GWP100); kilogram ekwiwalentu CO2 model z Berna – współczynnik globalnego ocieplenia (GWP) w perspektywie 100 lat (na podstawie IPCC 2013) I Zubożenie warstwy ozonowej potencjał niszczenia ozonu (ODP) kilogram ekwiwalentu CFC-11 model projektowania produktów przemysłowych z uwzględnieniem środowiska (ang. Environmental Design of Industrial Products, EDIP), oparty na potencjałach niszczenia ozonu (ODP) w nieokreślonej perspektywie czasowej, opracowany przez Światową Organizację Meteorologiczną (WMO 2014 + zintegrowane dane) I Działanie toksyczne dla ludzi, rakotwórcze porównawcza jednostka toksyczności dotycząca ludzi (CTUh) CTUh w oparciu o model USEtox2.1 (Fantke i in. 2017), dostosowane zgodnie z Saouter i in., 2018 III Działanie toksyczne dla ludzi, inne niż rakotwórcze porównawcza jednostka toksyczności dotycząca ludzi (CTUh) CTUh w oparciu o model USEtox2.1 (Fantke i in. 2017), dostosowane zgodnie z Saouter i in., 2018 III Cząstki stałe wpływ na zdrowie ludzi Zachorowalność model PM (Fantke i in., 2016 w UNEP 2016) I Promieniowanie jonizujące, zdrowie człowieka skuteczność narażenia ludzi dotycząca U235 kilobekerel ekwiwalentu U235 model wpływu na zdrowie człowieka opracowany przez Dreicera i in. (2) Odnosi się do zagospodarowania i przekształcenia (3) Wskaźnik ten jest pochodną przeprowadzonej przez JRC agregacji czterech wskaźników (produkcja biotyczna, odporność na erozję, filtracja mechaniczna i uzupełnianie wód gruntowych), które określono w modelu LANCA do oceny oddziaływania w związku z użytkowaniem gruntów, opisanym w: De Laurentiis et al, 2019. (4) W wykazie przepływów odniesienia śladu środowiskowego i do celów obowiązującego zalecenia uran znajduje się w wykazie nośników energii i jest mierzony w megadżulach. Dodatkowe informacje na temat obliczeń ocen oddziaływania znajdują się w sekcji 5 niniejszego załącznika. 3.2.4. Dodatkowe informacje, które należy uwzględnić w OEF Istotne potencjalne oddziaływanie produktu na środowisko może wykraczać poza kategorie oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego. Ważne, by takie oddziaływanie na środowisko zostało zgłoszone, jeżeli tylko jest to wykonalne, jako dodatkowe informacje środowiskowe. Konieczne może być również uwzględnienie istotnych aspektów technicznych lub właściwości fizycznych produktu objętego badaniem. Aspekty te muszą być zgłaszane jako dodatkowe informacje techniczne. 3.2.4.1. Dodatkowe informacje środowiskowe Dodatkowe informacje środowiskowe muszą być: a) zgodnie z odpowiednimi przepisami, na przykład z dyrektywą w sprawie nieuczciwych praktyk handlowych ( 129 ) i powiązanymi wytycznymi; b) oparte na informacjach, które zostały poparte dowodami i poddane przeglądowi lub zweryfikowane zgodnie z wymogami EN ISO 14020:2001 oraz klauzuli 5 EN ISO 14021:2016; c) istotne dla określonego sektora; d) oprócz kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego: dodatkowe informacje środowiskowe nie mogą odzwierciedlać tych samych lub podobnych kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego, zastępować modeli charakterystyki kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego ani dotyczyć wyników nowych współczynników charakterystyki dodanych do kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego. Dodatkowe modele dla takich dodatkowych informacji wraz z odpowiednimi wskaźnikami muszą być w wyraźny sposób określone i udokumentowane. Przykładowo oddziaływanie na różnorodność biologiczną spowodowane zmianą użytkowania gruntów może wystąpić w związku z konkretnym miejscem lub konkretnym działaniem. Może to wymagać zastosowania dodatkowych kategorii oddziaływania wykraczających poza kategorie oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego lub nawet wymagać dodatkowych opisów jakościowych tam, gdzie oddziaływanie nie może zostać powiązane z łańcuchem dostaw produktu w sposób ilościowy. Takie dodatkowe metody powinno się postrzegać jako uzupełnienie kategorii oddziaływania śladu środowiskowego. Dodatkowe informacje środowiskowe muszą odnosić się wyłącznie do aspektów środowiskowych. Informacje i instrukcje, np. karty charakterystyki produktu, które nie są związane z efektywnością środowiskową produktu, nie mogą stanowić części dodatkowych informacji środowiskowych. Dodatkowe informacje środowiskowe mogą obejmować: a) informacje na temat oddziaływania lokalnego/specyficznego; b) kompensacje; c) wskaźniki środowiskowe lub wskaźniki dotyczące odpowiedzialności za produkt (np. w ramach Globalnej Inicjatywy Sprawozdawczej); d) dla ocen „w obrębie organizacji” – liczbę gatunków wpisanych na czerwoną listę IUCN (Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody i Zasobów Przyrodniczych) oraz liczbę gatunków znajdujących się na krajowej liście gatunków chronionych, które mają swoje siedliska na obszarach objętych oddziaływanie działalności, według poziomu zagrożenia tych gatunków wyginięciem; e) opis istotnego wpływu działań, produktów i usług na różnorodność biologiczną na obszarach chronionych oraz na obszarach o wysokiej wartości różnorodności biologicznej, które znajdują się poza obszarami chronionymi; f) oddziaływanie hałasu; g) pozostałe informacje środowiskowe uznane za istotne w zakresie badania OEF. Różnorodność biologiczna W metodzie OEF nie przewidziano żadnej kategorii oddziaływania nazwanej „różnorodność biologiczna”, ponieważ jak dotąd nie osiągnięto międzynarodowego konsensusu co do metody LCIA, która pozwalałaby na określenie tego rodzaju oddziaływania. W metodzie OEF przewidziano jednak co najmniej osiem kategorii oddziaływania, które mają wpływ na różnorodność biologiczną (tj. zmianę klimatu, eutrofizację wód słodkich, eutrofizację wód morskich, eutrofizację lądową, zakwaszenie, zużycie wody, użytkowanie gruntów, ekotoksyczność dla wody słodkiej). Biorąc pod uwagę duże znaczenie różnorodności biologicznej dla wielu sektorów, w każdym badaniu OEF należy wyjaśnić, czy różnorodność biologiczna jest istotna dla organizacji objętej badaniem. Jeżeli tak, osoba stosująca metodę OEF musi uwzględnić wskaźniki różnorodności biologicznej w dodatkowych informacjach środowiskowych. W celu uwzględnienia różnorodności biologicznej można zastosować następujące warianty: a) oddziaływanie na różnorodność biologiczną (w tym oddziaływanie, którego udało się uniknąć) można wyrazić jako odsetek materiału pochodzącego z ekosystemów, którymi zarządzano w taki sposób, aby utrzymać lub poprawić warunki różnorodności biologicznej, co potwierdzono dzięki regularnemu monitorowaniu i zgłaszaniu poziomów różnorodności biologicznej oraz korzyści lub strat (np. odnotowano spadek różnorodności gatunkowej wynikający z zakłóceń wynoszący mniej niż 15 %, ale w badaniach OEF można określić indywidualne poziomy, o ile odpowiednio się to uzasadni i o ile nie stoją one w sprzeczności z właściwymi istniejącymi OEFSR). W ocenie powinny zostać wskazane materiały, które wykorzystano w asortymencie produktów, oraz materiały, które wykorzystano podczas procesu produkcji. Przykładem może być węgiel wykorzystywany w procesach produkcji stali lub soja stosowana w żywieniu krów, które wykorzystuje się do produkcji mleka i przetworów mlecznych itd.; b) można dodatkowo zgłaszać odsetki materiałów, w przypadku których nie można ustalić łańcucha kontroli pochodzenia produktu lub informacji umożliwiających ich identyfikowalność; c) jako dane zastępcze można stosować systemy certyfikacji. Osoba stosująca metodę OEF powinna ustalić, które systemy certyfikacji gwarantują wystarczające dowody na zachowanie różnorodności biologicznej, oraz opisać zastosowane kryteria. W celu uwzględnienia wpływu produktu na różnorodność biologiczną osoba stosująca metodę OEF może wybrać inne odpowiednie wskaźniki . W badaniu OEF należy uzasadnić wybór i opisać wybraną metodykę. 3.2.4.2. Dodatkowe informacje techniczne Dodatkowe informacje techniczne mogą obejmować (poniższa lista nie jest wyczerpująca): h) informacje na temat stosowania substancji niebezpiecznych; i) informacje na temat unieszkodliwiania odpadów niebezpiecznych i odpadów innych niż niebezpieczne; j) informacje na temat zużycia energii; k) parametry techniczne, takie jak wykorzystanie energii odnawialnej lub energii nieodnawialnej, paliw ze źródeł odnawialnych lub źródeł nieodnawialnych, surowców wtórnych, zasobów wody słodkiej; l) całkowitą wagę odpadów wg ich rodzaju i metody unieszkodliwiania; m) masę transportowanych, importowanych, eksportowanych lub przetworzonych odpadów uważanych za niebezpieczne zgodnie z przepisami załączników I, II, III i VIII do konwencji bazylejskiej ( 130 ) oraz procent transportowanych odpadów wysyłanych do innych krajów. 3.2.5. Założenia/ograniczenia W badaniach OEF może pojawić się kilka ograniczeń co do przeprowadzenia analizy i tym samym należy dokonać pewnych założeń. Wszelkie ograniczenia (np. luki w danych) i założenia muszą być w przejrzysty sposób ujęte w sprawozdaniach. 4. Analiza zbioru wejść i wyjść Musi zostać opracowany zbiór wszystkich wejść i wyjść zasobów w postaci materiałów, energii i odpadów, a także wszystkich emisji do powietrza, wody i gleby dla łańcucha dostaw dotyczącego produktu, który to zbiór ma służyć jako podstawa do modelowania OEF. Szczegółowe wymogi w zakresie danych i jakości przedstawiono w sekcji 4.6. W analizie zbioru wejść i wyjść (LCI) należy zastosować następującą klasyfikację przepływów, obejmującą: 1) przepływy podstawowe; 2) przepływy inne niż podstawowe (przepływy złożone). W badaniu OEF wszystkie przepływy inne niż podstawowe w analizie zbioru wejść i wyjść (LCI) muszą być modelowane na poziomie przepływów podstawowych, z wyjątkiem przepływu produktu objętego badaniem. Przykładowo przepływy odpadów muszą być przedstawione w badaniu nie tylko jako liczba kilogramów odpadów z gospodarstwa domowego lub odpadów niebezpiecznych, ale muszą być modelowane do etapu wyprowadzenia emisji do wody, powietrza i gleby wynikającego z przetwarzania odpadów stałych. Modelowanie analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść zostaje zatem zakończone dopiero wtedy, gdy wszystkie przepływy inne niż podstawowe zostaną przekształcone w przepływy podstawowe. W związku z tym zbiór danych dotyczących analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść w badaniu OEF musi zawierać wyłącznie przepływy podstawowe, z wyjątkiem przepływu produktu objętego badaniem. 4.1. Etap kontroli wstępnej Można przeprowadzić kontrolę wstępną LCI („etap kontroli wstępnej”), ponieważ ułatwia to odpowiednie ukierunkowanie działań w zakresie gromadzenia danych oraz priorytetów dotyczących jakości danych. Etap kontroli wstępnej musi obejmować etap oceny wpływu cyklu życia i umożliwiać dalsze wieloetapowe doskonalenie modelu cyklu życia produktu objętego badaniem w miarę zdobywania nowych informacji. W przypadku przeprowadzania etapu kontroli wstępnej nie zezwala się na żadne wyłączenia, ale można wykorzystać dostępne dane pierwotne lub wtórne, które spełniają wymogi dotyczące jakości danych (określone w sekcji 4.6) w zakresie, w jakim jest to możliwe. Po przeprowadzeniu kontroli wstępnej można udoskonalić ustalenia dotyczące pierwotnego zakresu. 4.2 Działania bezpośrednie, działania pośrednie oraz etapy cyklu życia Osoby stosujące metodę OEF muszą określić działania bezpośrednie i pośrednie (zob. sekcja 4.2.1) i osobno przedstawić ich oddziaływanie w sprawozdaniu. Jeżeli asortyment produktów organizacji składa się z produktów, osoba stosująca metodę OEF musi również określić etapy cyklu życia produktów należących do asortymentu produktów i opisać je w sprawozdaniu dotyczącym OEF (sekcja 4.2.2). Jeżeli asortyment produktów obejmuje usługi, osoba stosująca metodę OEF może w stosownych przypadkach określić etapy cyklu życia. 4.2.1. Działania bezpośrednie i pośrednie Działaniami bezpośrednimi są te działania, które mają miejsce w granicach organizacji, i dlatego stanowią własność organizacji lub są przez nią zarządzane (tj. działania na poziomie miejsca). Działania pośrednie odnoszą się do wykorzystywania materiałów, energii i emisji związanych z towarami lub usługami pozyskanymi na wcześniejszych etapach łańcucha dostaw – lub występującymi na późniejszych etapy łańcucha dostaw – w granicach organizacji, przyczyniającymi się do wytworzenia asortymentu produktów. Przykładami działań bezpośrednich są: — wytwarzanie energii wynikające ze spalania paliw w źródłach stacjonarnych (np. kotły, piece, turbiny); — fizyczna lub termiczna obróbka (np. w ramach produkcji, przetwarzania, czyszczenia itp.); — transport materiałów, produktów i odpadów (zasoby i emisje pochodzące ze spalania paliw) pojazdami będącymi własnością przedsiębiorstwa lub zarządzanymi przez przedsiębiorstwo, opisany z uwzględnieniem rodzaju transportu, typu pojazdu oraz odległości; — dojazd pracowników do pracy (zasoby i emisje pochodzące ze spalania paliw) pojazdami będącymi własnością organizacji lub zarządzanymi przez organizację, opisany z uwzględnieniem rodzaju transportu, typu pojazdu oraz odległości; — podróże służbowe (zasoby i emisje pochodzące ze spalania paliw) pojazdami będącymi własnością organizacji lub zarządzanymi przez organizację, opisany z uwzględnieniem rodzaju transportu, typu pojazdu oraz odległości; — transport klientów i gości (zasoby i emisje pochodzące ze spalania paliw) pojazdami będącymi własnością organizacji lub zarządzanymi przez organizację, opisany z uwzględnieniem rodzaju transportu, typu pojazdu oraz odległości; — transport od dostawców (zasoby i emisje pochodzące ze spalania paliw) pojazdami będącymi własnością organizacji lub zarządzanymi przez organizację, opisany z uwzględnieniem rodzaju transportu, typu pojazdu oraz odległości; — unieszkodliwianie i przetwarzanie odpadów (skład, ilość), jeśli procesy te odbywają się w obiektach będących własnością organizacji lub zarządzanych przez organizację; — emisje pochodzące z zamierzonych lub niezamierzonych uwolnień (np. emisje wodorofluorowęglowodoru (HFC) podczas eksploatacji urządzeń klimatyzacyjnych); — inne działania specyficzne dla danego miejsca. Przykładami działań pośrednich są: — pozyskanie surowców koniecznych do wytworzenia asortymentu produktów; — pozyskanie, wyprodukowanie i transport nabytej energii elektrycznej, pary oraz energii cieplnej i chłodniczej; — pozyskanie, wyprodukowanie i transport nabytych materiałów, paliw i innych produktów; — wytworzenie energii elektrycznej zużytej w działaniach na wcześniejszych etapach łańcucha dostaw; — unieszkodliwianie i przetwarzanie odpadów wytworzonych na skutek działań na wcześniejszych etapach łańcucha dostaw; — unieszkodliwianie i przetwarzanie odpadów wytworzonych na miejscu, jeśli procesy te odbywają się w obiektach będących własnością organizacji lub zarządzanych przez organizację; — transport materiałów i produktów między dostawcami i od dostawców pojazdami niebędącymi własnością lub niezarządzanymi przez organizację (rodzaj transportu, typ pojazdu, odległość); — dojazd pracowników do miejsca pracy pojazdami niebędącymi własnością lub niezarządzanymi przez organizację (rodzaj transportu, typ pojazdu, odległość); — podróże służbowe (zasoby i emisje pochodzące ze spalania paliw) pojazdami niebędącymi własnością przedsiębiorstwa lub niezarządzanymi przez organizację (rodzaj transportu, typ pojazdu, odległość); — transport klientów i gości (zasoby i emisje pochodzące ze spalania paliw) pojazdami niebędącymi własnością przedsiębiorstwa lub niezarządzanymi przez organizację (rodzaj transportu, typ pojazdu, odległość); — przetwarzanie zapewnianych towarów i usług; — eksploatacja zapewnianych towarów i usług (zob. bardziej szczegółowe specyfikacje w sekcji 4.4.7); — przetwarzanie zapewnianych towarów i usług w związku z wycofaniem z eksploatacji (zob. bardziej szczegółowe specyfikacje w sekcji 4.4.8); — wszelkie inne działania lub procesy na wcześniejszych i późniejszych etapach łańcucha dostaw. 4.2.2. Etapy cyklu życia Jeżeli asortyment produktów obejmuje produkty, etapy cyklu życia muszą zostać określone i opisane w sprawozdaniu dotyczącym OEF. Jeżeli asortyment produktów obejmuje usługi, etapy cyklu życia muszą zostać określone i ujęte w sprawozdaniu w stosownych przypadkach. Standardowe etapy cyklu życia, które uwzględnia się w badaniu OEF, muszą obejmować co najmniej: 1) pozyskanie i przetwarzanie wstępne surowców (w tym produkcję części i elementów składowych); 2) produkcję (wytworzenie głównego produktu); 3) dystrybucję (dystrybucję i przechowywanie produktu); 4) etap eksploatacji; 5) wycofanie z eksploatacji (w tym odzysk lub recykling produktu). Jeżeli w odniesieniu do któregokolwiek z tych domyślnych etapów cyklu życia używa się innej nazwy, dana osoba określa, do którego domyślnego etapu cyklu życia odnosi się przedmiotowa nazwa. W razie uzasadnionej potrzeby osoba stosująca metodę OEF może podjąć decyzję o podziale lub dodaniu etapów cyklu życia. Powody takiego działania podaje się w sprawozdaniu dotyczącym OEF. Przykładowo etap cyklu życia pt. „pozyskanie i przetwarzanie wstępne surowców” można podzielić na „pozyskanie surowców”, „przetwarzanie wstępne” i „transport surowców przez dostawcę”. W przypadku badań OEF, w których asortyment produktów składa się z półproduktów, następujące etapy cyklu życia muszą zostać wyłączone: 1) dystrybucja (dopuszcza się uzasadnione wyjątki); 2) etap eksploatacji; 3) wycofanie z eksploatacji (w tym odzysk/recykling produktu). 4.2.3. Pozyskiwanie i przetwarzanie wstępne surowców Ten etap cyklu życia zaczyna się, gdy zasoby są pozyskane z przyrody i kończy, gdy elementy składowe produktu zostają dostarczone do obiektu, w którym produkuje się dany produkt. Przykłady procesów, które mogą występować na tym etapie: 1) wydobycie i pozyskanie zasobów; 2) przetworzenie wstępne wszystkich wejść do produktu objętego badaniem w postaci materiałów, w tym materiałów nadających się do recyklingu; 3) działalność rolna i leśna; 4) transport w ramach obiektów, w których odbywa się pozyskanie i przetworzenie wstępne, a także transport między takimi obiektami i transport do obiektu produkcyjnego. Produkcja opakowań musi być modelowana w ramach etapu cyklu życia pt. „pozyskanie i przetwarzanie wstępne surowców”. 4.2.4. Produkcja Etap produkcji zaczyna się, kiedy elementy składowe produktu zostają dostarczone do miejsca produkcji, a kończy, gdy gotowy produkt opuszcza obiekt produkcyjny. Przykłady działań związanych z produkcją: 1) obróbka chemiczna; 2) wytwarzanie; 3) transport półproduktów między procesami związanymi z wytwarzaniem; 4) składanie elementów składowych. Odpady z produktów wykorzystanych do wytwarzania muszą zostać uwzględnione w modelowaniu etapu wytwarzania. Do takich odpadów musi zostać zastosowany wzór na obliczanie śladu środowiskowego materiału pochodzącego z obiegu zamkniętego (sekcja 4.4.8). 4.2.5. Etap dystrybucji Produkty są dystrybuowane do użytkowników i mogą być przechowywane na różnych etapach łańcucha dostaw. Etap dystrybucji obejmuje transport z fabryki do magazynu/punktu sprzedaży detalicznej, przechowywanie w magazynie/punkcie sprzedaży detalicznej oraz transport z magazynu/punktu sprzedaży detalicznej do konsumenta. Przykłady procesów, które należy uwzględnić: 1) wejścia w postaci energii na potrzeby oświetlenia i ogrzania składów; 2) wykorzystywanie czynników chłodniczych w składach i pojazdach transportowych; 3) zużycie paliwa przez pojazdy; 4) drogi i samochody ciężarowe. Odpady z produktów wykorzystanych podczas dystrybucji i przechowywania muszą zostać uwzględnione w modelowaniu. Do tego rodzaju odpadów stosuje się wzór na obliczanie śladu środowiskowego materiału pochodzącego z obiegu zamkniętego (sekcja 4.4.8), a wyniki uwzględnia się na etapie dystrybucji. W części F załącznika IV podano standardowe wskaźniki strat dla poszczególnych rodzajów produktów podczas dystrybucji i u konsumenta, które należy wykorzystać, jeżeli niedostępne są szczegółowe informacje. Zasady przydziału dotyczące zużycia energii w miejscu przechowywania przedstawiono w sekcji 4.4.5. W odniesieniu do transportu zob. sekcja 4.4.3. 4.2.6. Etap eksploatacji W ramach etapu eksploatacji opisywany jest przewidywany sposób użytkowania produktu przez użytkownika końcowego (np. konsumenta). Ten etap rozpoczyna się w momencie rozpoczęcia użytkowania produktu przez użytkownika końcowego, a kończy w momencie opuszczenia miejsca użytkowania przez produkt i rozpoczęcia etapu cyklu życia, na którym jest wycofanie z eksploatacji (np. kiedy produkt trafia do recyklingu lub utylizacji). Etap eksploatacji obejmuje wszystkie działania i produkty, które są niezbędne do właściwego korzystania z produktu (tj. zapewnienia, że pełni on swoją pierwotną funkcję przez cały okres trwałości tego produktu). Odpady powstałe w wyniku korzystania z produktu, jak również ich transport do zakładów przetwarzania związanych z wycofaniem z eksploatacji, np. odpady żywnościowe i pierwotne opakowanie lub sam produkt od momentu, gdy przestaje być funkcjonalny, nie wchodzą w zakres etapu eksploatacji i muszą być uwzględniane na etapie wycofania z eksploatacji. Przykłady obejmują: zapewnienie wody wodociągowej do gotowania makaronu; produkcję, dystrybucję i odpady z materiałów niezbędnych do konserwacji, naprawy lub odnowienia (np. części zamienne niezbędne do naprawy produktów, produkcja chłodziwa i gospodarowanie odpadami powstałymi w wyniku strat). Wycofanie z eksploatacji kapsułek z kawą, odpady z robienia kawy i opakowania kawy mielonej uwzględnia się na etapie wycofania z eksploatacji. W niektórych przypadkach niektóre produkty są niezbędne do właściwego użytkowania produktu objętego badaniem i są wykorzystywane w taki sposób, że stają się fizycznie zespolone z produktem objętym badaniem: wówczas przetwarzanie odpadów z tych produktów zalicza się do etapu wycofania z eksploatacji produktu objętego badaniem. Przykładowo, jeżeli produkt objęty badaniem jest detergentem, oczyszczanie ścieków, które powstają w wyniku zastosowania detergentu, zalicza się do etapu wycofania z eksploatacji. Scenariusz eksploatacji musi również wskazywać, czy eksploatacja analizowanych produktów może prowadzić do zmian w systemach, w których są one używane. Powinno się uwzględnić następujące źródła informacji technicznych na temat scenariusza eksploatacji: 1) badania rynku lub inne dane dotyczące rynku; 2) opublikowane międzynarodowe normy określające wytyczne i wymogi dotyczące opracowywania scenariuszy dla etapu eksploatacji i scenariuszy (szacowania) żywotności eksploatacyjnej produktu; 3) opublikowane krajowe wytyczne dotyczące opracowywania scenariuszy dla etapu eksploatacji i scenariuszy (szacowania) żywotności eksploatacyjnej produktu; 4) opublikowane krajowe wytyczne dotyczące opracowywania scenariuszy dla etapu eksploatacji i scenariuszy (szacowania) żywotności eksploatacyjnej produktu. Zalecana przez producenta metoda, jaką należy stosować na etapie eksploatacji (np. pieczenie w piekarniku nagrzanym do określonej temperatury przez określony czas), powinna być wykorzystywana jako podstawa do określenia etapu eksploatacji produktu. Faktyczny wzorzec eksploatacji może jednak różnić się od tych zalecanych i powinien również zostać uwzględniony, jeśli takie informacje są dostępne i udokumentowane. W części F załącznika IV podano standardowe wskaźniki strat dla poszczególnych rodzajów produktów podczas dystrybucji i u konsumenta, z których należy korzystać, jeżeli niedostępne są szczegółowe informacje. Istotny wpływ na inne systemy wynikający z eksploatacji produktów musi być uwzględniony w sprawozdaniu dotyczącym OEF. Wszystkie istotne założenia dotyczące etapu eksploatacji muszą być udokumentowane. Specyfikacje techniczne w zakresie modelowania etapu eksploatacji dostępne są w sekcji 4.4.7. 4.2.7. Wycofanie z eksploatacji (w tym odzysk i recykling produktu) Etap wycofania z eksploatacji produktów rozpoczyna się, kiedy produkty wchodzące w zakres asortymentu produktów objętego badaniem oraz ich opakowania zostają wyrzucone przez osobę korzystającą, a kończy, gdy produkty wracają do przyrody jako odpady lub wchodzą w cykl życia innych produktów (tj. jako zawartość materiałów pochodzących z recyklingu). Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, dotyczy to odpadów z produktów objętych badaniem, takich jak odpady żywnościowe oraz opakowania podstawowe. Odpady wytworzone na etapie produkcji, dystrybucji, w punkcie sprzedaży detalicznej, na etapie eksploatacji lub po wycofaniu z eksploatacji muszą zostać uwzględnione w cyklu życia produktu i modelowane na etapie cyklu życia, na którym zostały wytworzone. Etap wycofania z eksploatacji musi być modelowany z zastosowaniem wzoru na obliczanie śladu środowiskowego materiałów pochodzących z obiegu zamkniętego i wymogów określonych w sekcji 4.4.8. Osoba stosująca metodę OEF musi uwzględnić wszystkie procesy na etapie wycofania z eksploatacji mające zastosowanie do asortymentu produktów objętego badaniem. Przykłady procesów, które należy uwzględnić na tym etapie cyklu życia, obejmują: 1) odbiór i transport produktu objętego badaniem i jego opakowania do zakładów przetwarzania zajmujących się wycofaniem z eksploatacji; 2) demontaż elementów składowych; 3) rozdrabnianie i sortowanie; 4) rozpuszczenie w wodzie lub rozcieńczenie wodą ścieków z wykorzystanych produktów (np. detergentów, żeli pod prysznic itd.); 5) przetworzenie na materiał pochodzący z recyklingu; 6) kompostowanie lub inne metody przetwarzania odpadów organicznych; 7) spalanie i unieszkodliwianie popiołów paleniskowych; 8) składowanie oraz prowadzenie i utrzymywanie składowisk. W przypadku półproduktów należy wyłączyć wycofanie produktu objętego badaniem z eksploatacji. 4.3 Nomenklatura dotycząca analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść Dane na temat LCI muszą spełniać wymogi w zakresie śladu środowiskowego: — w przypadku przepływów podstawowych nomenklatura musi zostać dostosowana do najnowszej wersji pakietu referencyjnego w zakresie śladu środowiskowego dostępnej na stronie dla twórców danych dotyczących śladu środowiskowego; — w przypadku zbiorów danych dotyczących procesu i przepływu produktu nomenklatura musi być zgodna z „Podręcznikiem dotyczącym systemu ILCD – nomenklatura i inne konwencje” ( 131 ). 4.4. Wymogi dotyczące modelowania W niniejszej sekcji przedstawiono szczegółowe wskazówki i wymogi na temat sposobu modelowania poszczególnych etapów cyklu życia, procesów i innych aspektów cyklu życia produktu w celu przeprowadzenia analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść (LCI). Omówiono takie aspekty jak: a) produkcja rolna; b) zużycie energii elektrycznej; c) transport i logistyka; d) dobra kapitałowe (infrastruktura i sprzęt); e) przechowywanie w centrum dystrybucji lub miejscu sprzedaży detalicznej; f) procedura pobierania próbek; g) etap eksploatacji; h) modelowanie wycofania z eksploatacji; i) wydłużony okres trwałości produktu; j) pakowanie; k) emisje i pochłanianie gazów cieplarnianych; l) kompensacje; m) uwzględnianie wielofunkcyjnych procesów; n) wymogi w zakresie gromadzenia danych i wymogi w zakresie jakości; o) wyłączenia. 4.4.1 Produkcja rolna 4.4.1.1. Uwzględnianie wielofunkcyjnych procesów Należy przestrzegać zasad opisanych w przewodniku LEAP ( 132 ). 4.4.1.2. Dane szczegółowe dotyczące konkretnego rodzaju upraw oraz państwa, regionu lub klimatu Należy zastosować dane szczegółowe dotyczące konkretnego rodzaju upraw oraz państwa / regionu / klimatu w zakresie plonów, zużycia wody i użytkowania gruntów, zmian użytkowania gruntów oraz ilości nawozów (sztucznych i organicznych) (ilości N i P) i pestycydów na hektar rocznie. 4.4.1.3. Dane uśredniające Dane dotyczące uprawy muszą być gromadzone przez okres wystarczający, aby zapewniły uśrednioną ocenę analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść w powiązaniu z wejściami i wyjściami w ramach uprawy, które wyrównają wahania wynikające z różnic sezonowych. Powyższe działania muszą zostać przeprowadzone zgodnie z zasadami przewodnika LEAP określonymi poniżej: a) w przypadku upraw jednorocznych musi zostać zastosowany co najmniej trzyletni okres oceny (aby wyrównać różnice plonów z upraw, które wynikają z wahań warunków wzrostu roślin na przestrzeni lat, np. na skutek warunków klimatycznych, szkodników i chorób itd.). Jeżeli nie ma dostępnych danych obejmujących trzyletni okres, tj. wdrożono nowy system produkcji (np. postawiono nową szklarnię, oczyszczono nowe grunty, przestawiono się na inny rodzaj uprawy), ocena może obejmować krótszy okres, jednak nie krótszy niż jeden rok. Uprawy lub rośliny uprawiane w szklarniach muszą zostać uznane za uprawy/rośliny jednoroczne, chyba że okres uprawy jest znacznie krótszy niż rok i w tym samym roku prowadzi się następnie inną uprawę. Pomidory, papryka i inne rodzaje upraw, które prowadzi się i zbiera przez dłuższy okres w ramach roku, uważa się za uprawy jednoroczne; b) w przypadku roślin wieloletnich (w tym całych roślin i jadalnych części roślin wieloletnich) należy założyć, że ma miejsce sytuacja stanu ustalonego (tj. wszystkie etapy rozwoju roślin mają proporcjonalny udział w okresie badanym), a do analizy wejść i wyjść należy zastosować okres trzyletni; c) jeżeli wiadomo, że poszczególne etapy cyklu uprawy mają różną długość, musi zostać zastosowana korekta poprzez dostosowanie obszarów upraw przypisanych do różnych etapów rozwoju proporcjonalnie do obszarów upraw, które teoretycznie powinny być w stanie ustalonym. Wprowadzenie takiej korekty należy wyjaśnić i udokumentować w sprawozdaniu dotyczącym OEF. Nie można przeprowadzić analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść w odniesieniu do upraw i roślin wieloletnich, dopóki w systemie produkcji rzeczywiście nie zostaną wygenerowane wyjścia; d) w przypadku upraw, które prowadzi się i zbiera w okresie krótszym niż rok (np. sałata, którą produkuje się w okresie 2–4 miesięcy), dane muszą być gromadzone w odniesieniu do określonego okresu produkcji pojedynczej upraw w ramach co najmniej trzech ostatnich kolejnych cykli. Najlepiej dokonać uśrednienia dla okresu trzyletniego, gromadząc najpierw dane roczne, a następnie dokonując obliczeń w ramach analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść w ujęciu rocznym i wyznaczając średnią z trzech lat. 4.4.1.4. Pestycydy Emisje pestycydów muszą być modelowane jako emisje konkretnych składników aktywnych. Metoda oceny wpływu cyklu życia USEtox ma wbudowany multimedialny model losów, który pozwala na symulację losów pestycydów, począwszy od poszczególnych elementów środowiska, do którego następuje emisja zanieczyszczeń. W związku z tym w modelowaniu LCI należy zastosować stosunek standardowych frakcji emisji do elementów środowiska, do których następuje emisja zanieczyszczeń. Pestycydy stosowane na polu muszą być modelowane zgodnie ze wskaźnikiem emisji: 90 % do gleby, 9 % do powietrza i 1 % do wody (z uwagi na obecne ograniczenia wartości te przyjęto na podstawie opinii ekspertów). Można zastosować bardziej szczegółowe dane, jeśli są dostępne. 4.4.1.5. Nawozy Emisje nawozów (i obornika) muszą zostać podzielone w zależności od rodzaju nawozu i obejmować co najmniej: a) emisje NH3 do powietrza (wskutek stosowania nawozów azotowych); b) emisje N2O do powietrza (bezpośrednie i pośrednie) (wskutek stosowania nawozów azotowych); c) emisje CO2 do powietrza (wskutek stosowania wapna, mocznika i związków mocznika); d) emisje NO3 do wody ogółem (wymywanie w wyniku stosowania nawozów azotowych); e) emisje PO4 do wody ogółem lub wody słodkiej (wymywanie i spływ rozpuszczalnych fosforanów w wyniku stosowania nawozów fosforowych); f) emisje P do wody ogółem lub wody słodkiej (cząsteczki gleby zawierające fosfor wskutek stosowania nawozów fosforowych). Model oceny oddziaływania w zakresie eutrofizacji wód słodkich rozpoczyna się (i) w chwili, gdy P opuszcza pole uprawne (spływ), lub (ii) wskutek stosowania obornika lub nawozu na gruntach rolnych. W ramach modelowania LCI pole uprawne (glebę) uważa się często za element technosfery, w związku z czym uwzględnia się je w analizie zbioru wejść i wyjść. Jest to zgodne z podejściem (i), według którego model oceny oddziaływania rozpoczyna się po spływie, tj. po wydostaniu się fosforu z pola uprawnego. W kontekście śladu środowiskowego LCI powinna być związku z tym modelowana jako ilość fosforu wyemitowanego do wody po spływie i elementem środowiska, do którego została uwolniona emisja i który musi zostać zastosowany, jest wówczas „woda”. Jeżeli ilość ta jest niedostępna, LCI można modelować jako ilość fosforu zastosowaną na polu uprawnym (za pośrednictwem obornika lub nawozów) i elementem środowiska, do którego została uwolniona emisja i który musi być zastosowany, jest wówczas „gleba”. W tym przypadku spływ z gleby do wody stanowi część metody oceny oddziaływania i jest uwzględniany we współczynniku charakterystyki gleby. Ocena oddziaływania eutrofizacji wód morskich rozpoczyna się po wydostaniu się azotu z pola uprawnego (gleby). Z tego powodu emisje azotu do gleby nie mogą być poddane modelowaniu. Ilość emisji trafiających do poszczególnych elementów środowiska – powietrza i wody – przypadających na ilość nawozów zastosowanych na polu uprawnym musi być modelowana w ramach analizy zbioru wejść i wyjść. Emisje azotu muszą zostać obliczone na podstawie ilości azotu zastosowanych przez rolnika na polu uprawnym z wykluczeniem źródeł zewnętrznych (np. depozycji deszczowej). Liczba współczynników emisji w kontekście śladu środowiskowego jest ustalana poprzez przyjmowanie uproszczonego podejścia. W odniesieniu do nawozów azotowych należy stosować współczynniki emisji poziomu 1 wymienione w tabelach 2–4 wytycznych IPCC z 2006 r. odtworzone w tabeli 3, z wyjątkiem sytuacji, w których dostępne są lepsze dane. Jeżeli dostępne są lepsze dane w badaniu OEF można wykorzystać bardziej kompleksowy model pola uprawnego, na którym zastosowano azot, z zastrzeżeniem, że (i) model ten obejmuje co najmniej emisje wymagane powyżej, (ii) musi zostać zachowana równowaga między azotem wejściowym i wyjściowym oraz (iii) model musi być opisany w przejrzysty sposób. Tabela 3 Współczynniki emisji poziomu 1 pochodzące z wytycznych IPCC (2006) (zmodyfikowane). Należy zauważyć, że wartości tych nie można wykorzystać w celu porównania różnych rodzajów nawozów nieorganicznych. Emisja Element Wartość, którą należy zastosować N2O (nawóz nieorganiczny i obornik; bezpośrednia i pośrednia) Powietrze 0,022 kg N2O/kg zastosowanego nawozu azotowego NH3 (nawóz nieorganiczny) Powietrze kg NH3 = kg N * FracGASF = 1 * 0,1 * (17/14) = 0,12 kg NH3/kg zastosowanego nawozu azotowego NH3 (obornik) Powietrze kg NH3 = kg N * FracGASF = 1 * 0,2 * (17/14) = 0,24 kg NH3/kg zastosowanego obornika zawierającego azot NO3 - (nawóz nieorganiczny i obornik) Woda kg NO3 - = kg N * FracLEACH = 1 * 0,3 * (62/14) = 1,33 kg NO3 -/kg zastosowanego azotu FracGASF: ułamek azotowego nawozu nieorganicznego zastosowany na glebach, który ulatnia się jako NH3 oraz NOx. FracLEACH: ułamek nawozu nieorganicznego i obornika utracony ze względu na wymywanie i spływ jako NO3-. Wyżej wspomniany model pola uprawnego, na którym zastosowano azot, ma ograniczenia, w związku z tym za pośrednictwem badania OEF, w którego zakres wchodzi modelowanie odnoszące się do rolnictwa, można sprawdzić następujące alternatywne podejście, a wyniki zgłosić w załączniku do sprawozdania dotyczącego OEF: Bilans azotu oblicza się, wykorzystując parametry określone w tabeli 4 oraz poniższy wzór. Łączną emisję NO3 -N do wody uważa się za zmienną i jej całkowity bilans musi zostać obliczony jako: „łączna emisja NO3 -N do wody” = „podstawowa strata NO3 -” + „dodatkowe emisje NO3 -N do wody”, wraz z „dodatkowe emisje NO3 -N do wody” = „wsad azotu ze wszystkimi nawozami” + „wiązanie N2 przez uprawę” – „usunięcie azotu przy zbiorach” – „emisje NH3 do powietrza” – „emisje N2O do powietrza” – „emisje N2 do powietrza” – „NO3 - podstawowa strata”. Jeżeli w niektórych systemach o niskim poziomie wsadu wartość „dodatkowych emisji NO3-N do wody” wychodzi ujemna, należy ją ustalić na „0”. Ponadto w takich przypadkach wartość bezwzględną „dodatkowych emisji NO3-N do wody” należy umieścić w bilansie jako dodatkowy wsad nawozu azotowego do systemu, stosując to samo połączenie nawozów azotowych, które przyjęto w stosunku do analizowanej uprawy. Ten ostatni etap służy uniknięciu systemów ubożenia żyzności dzięki wychwyceniu zubażającej ilości azotu przez analizowaną uprawę, co – jak się przypuszcza – prowadzi do konieczności dodatkowego nawożenia w późniejszym czasie i utrzymania tego samego poziomu żyzności gleby. Tabela 4 Alternatywne podejście do modelowania azotu Emisja Element Wartość, którą należy zastosować Podstawowa strata NO3 - (nawóz nieorganiczny i obornik) Woda kg NO3 - = kg N * FracLEACH = 1 * 0,1 * (62/14) = 0,44 kg NO3 -/kg zastosowanego azotu N2O (nawóz nieorganiczny i obornik; bezpośrednia i pośrednia) Powietrze 0,022 kg N2O/kg zastosowanego nawozu azotowego NH3 – mocznik (nawóz nieorganiczny) Powietrze kg NH3= kg N * FracGASF = 1 * 0,15 * (17/14) = 0,18 kg NH3/kg zastosowanego nawozu azotowego NH3 – azotan amonu (nawóz nieorganiczny) Powietrze kg NH3= kg N * FracGASF = 1 * 0,1 * (17/14) = 0,12 kg NH3/kg zastosowanego nawozu azotowego NH3 – inne (nawozy nieorganiczne) Powietrze kg NH3= kg N * FracGASF = 1 * 0,02 * (17/14) = 0,024 kg NH3/kg zastosowanego nawozu azotowego NH3 (obornik) Powietrze kg NH3 = kg N * FracGASF = 1 * 0,2 * (17/14) = 0,24 kg NH3/kg zastosowanego obornika zawierającego azot N2 – wiązanie przez uprawę W przypadku upraw, które symbiotycznie wiążą N2: zakłada się, że stała ilość jest taka sama jak zawartość azotu w zebranych plonach N2 Powietrze 0,09 kg N2O/kg zastosowanego azotu 4.4.1.6. Emisje metali ciężkich Emisje metali ciężkich z środków stosowanych na polu uprawnym muszą być modelowane jako emisja do gleby lub wymywanie bądź erozja do wody. W bilansie emisji do wody musi zostać określony stopień utlenienia metalu (np. Cr+3, Cr+6). Ponieważ podczas wzrostu rośliny uprawne przyswajają część emisji metali ciężkich, konieczne jest sprecyzowanie sposobu modelowania upraw, które zachowują się jak pochłaniacz. Dopuszczalne są dwa różne podejścia do modelowania: a) Ostateczny los podstawowych przepływów metali ciężkich nie jest dalej rozważany w granicach systemu: w bilansie nie uwzględnia się końcowych emisji metali ciężkich i w związku z tym nie można w nim uwzględnić pochłaniania metali ciężkich przez uprawę. Na przykład metale ciężkie w uprawach rolnych przeznaczonych do spożycia przez ludzi docierają do rośliny. W kontekście śladu środowiskowego nie dokonuje się modelowania spożycia przez ludzi, ostateczny los nie jest dalej poddawany modelowaniu, a roślina zachowuje się jak pochłaniacz metali ciężkich. Zatem pochłaniania metali ciężkich przez uprawę nie można modelować; b) ostateczny los (element środowiska, do którego nastąpi emisja zanieczyszczeń) podstawowych przepływów metali ciężkich jest dalej rozważany w granicach systemu: w bilansie uwzględnia się za to końcowe emisje (uwolnienia) metali ciężkich w środowisku i w związku z tym musi w nim być uwzględnione pochłanianie metali ciężkich przez uprawę. Na przykład metale ciężkie w uprawach przeznaczonych na paszę dotrą głównie do układu trawiennego zwierząt i zostaną ponownie wykorzystane jako obornik na polu uprawnym, na którym metale zostaną uwolnione w środowisku, a ich oddziaływanie zostanie wychwycone dzięki zastosowaniu metod oceny oddziaływania. Zatem pochłanianie metali ciężkich przez uprawę musi zostać uwzględnione w bilansie etapu rolniczego. Ograniczona ilość zostaje w zwierzęciu, co można pominąć celem uproszczenia. 4.4.1.7 Uprawa ryżu Emisje metanu z uprawy ryżu należy ująć na podstawie zasad obliczania określonych w sekcji 5.5 IPCC (2006). 4.4.1.8. Gleby torfowe W przypadku wysuszonych gleb torfowych muszą zostać uwzględnione emisje dwutlenku węgla na podstawie modelu, w którym poziomy wysuszenia są powiązane z utlenianiem węgla w skali roku. 4.4.1.9. Inna działalność W stosownych przypadkach w modelowaniu odnoszącym się do rolnictwa musi zostać uwzględniona następująca działalność, chyba że jej wykluczenie jest dopuszczalne na podstawie kryteriów wyłączenia: a) wsad materiału siewnego (kg/ha); b) wsad torfu do gleby (kg/ha + stosunek C/N); c) wsad wapna (kg CaCO3/ha, rodzaj); d) wykorzystanie maszyn (godziny, rodzaj) (należy uwzględnić, jeżeli poziom mechanizacji jest wysoki); e) azot wejściowy z resztek pożniwnych, które pozostają na polu uprawnym lub są palone (kg resztek + zawartość azotu/ha). W tym emisje z palenia resztek, suszenia i przechowywania produktów.