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Chelsea-Boots für Herren Clarkdale Gobi ClarksClarks We could show the climatic conditions as the initial reason behind dressing. It’s the initial possibility that comes to mind that dressing may are becoming an inevitable necessity, especially in regions where cold weather is dominant. Arlinda Kazazi explained the annals of clothing with the following sentences: “The clothing that starts with the covering of the sexual limbs is generally linked to the geographical structure and the human body. “. Dressing habit, which started for various reasons, also affected one’s world view, psychology, and social level. This change has revealed the perception of the human with the dressing. The very first man and the initial prophet, Hz. We realize from many religious books that the wife and children of Adam made clothes manufactured from cloth. It’s learned from historical researches, excavations and various documents in regards to the clothes of the tribes or communities surviving in ancient times. More descriptive information on the subject will undoubtedly be given in more detail in the next sections, but briefly; We are able to claim that the clothing styles of people in ancient times have changed and differed based on social categories. In America Anthropologist Erik Trinkaus from Louis Washington University revealed that 42,000-year-old toe bones in Tianyuan Cave in China revealed that folks began to utilize shoes about 40,000 years back in East Asia. At the same time frame, a bronze statue of a woman with a short-sleeved blouse and a fancy skirt was within Elam, which was thought to belong to 5000 BC, and was regarded as being fashionable at that time. These remains show that the Elam civilization are at a sophisticated stage in wool weaving. Regarding bending wool, wool may be processed because sheep were raised in Mesopotamia since ancient times. “It’s accepted that the individuals of Babylon were wearing woolen clothing in 6000 BC, and the Assyrians and Chaldeans were the initial countries to make use of wool.” “An important civilization of Ancient Asia, China contributed to the real history of clothing with silk fabrics. Based on the documents, silkworm’s BC. It is known so it was grown in China in 2000 and silk was obtained from its cocoons &rdquo ;.

Wednesday 20th May 2020 Good morning Squirrels PE: 9am work out with Joe Wicks Body Coach https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3LPrhI0v-w SPR Juniors – PE activities You can use this website to play some fun phonics games https://www.phonicsplay.co.uk/ Imagine you are going on a hunt to find the wild things in a sailing boat. Write about your journey, think about the animals you might see along the way, whales, dolphins, sharks, penguins and seagulls. Is the sea clam or do you have to sail through a stormy sea? Watch this story, it might give you some ideas. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pRhgZ8Jffs Propeller maths boards: 13 & 23 https://www.topmarks.co.uk/ Lots of maths games to access If you have time https://ttrockstars.com/ Also don’t forget to access https://play.numbots.com/#/account/school-login-type Have a look at these two different habitats. What habitats can you find around you? Pick a local habitat, either your garden or one on you find on your daily walk, and record all the different types of animals and plants you find living there. Remember, you might need to stay quiet so that you don’t scare the animals away. Don’t forget you can login on to myON where you can read a variety of different books and most of them have a quiz to go with them. I can login and see how you are getting on, so I would love to see you reading different books and try and score 100% on your quizzes 😊 Please do your daily reading and record it in your reading record. New books can be accessed online through this link. You will need to register but it is completely free. https://www.oxfordowl.co.uk/for-home/find-a-book/library-page/ Spelling: Keep practising the year 1 & 2 Common Exception words. You have these in your packs.

ADHD DOES NOT EXIST? "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed conditions of childhood in the U.S. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in 2012 11% of children ages 4 to 17 had been diagnosed with ADHD. In recent years, a recognition that ADHD can continue into adulthood has led to increased diagnosis and treatment in adults." Page four of the TURNING ATTENTION TO ADHD paper. Richard Saul is a sharp guy. He is a medical doctor with over 5 decades of experience as a Behavioral Neurologist. He holds board certifications in both Neurology, and Immunology (two extremely complex specialties) as well as Pediatrics and Behavior & Development. He runs the Diagnostic and Developmental Center near Chicago, and has made the news recently because of his latest book ---- ADHD Does Not Exist. Dr. Saul and his book have made headlines in virtually every single newspaper and magazine in the Western world over the past week or so, and although I have not read the book, we should all take notice of some of the things he is saying. If you condense his recent article in Time Magazine down to a couple main points, they would be that according to the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), the criteria for diagnosing ADHD is so broad that virtually everyone either has it or could be diagnosed with this it. He also makes the point that stimulant use and addiction are epidemic in America, and that the medical community has to do more for people with ADHD symptoms than merely provide them with stimulants. That's correct. The drugs that physicians use to treat ADHD, are "stimulants", and led by some heavy hitters that most of you are at least somewhat familiar with; Aderall, Concerta, and Ritalin. - ADERALL: Amphetamine / Dextroamphetamine is commonly used by athletes looking to boost energy levels and performance. - RITALIN / CONCERTA: Methylphenidate is commonly abused by adults looking for a big high, or college students hoping to get better grades. Here's what I want you to notice. The chemical names of these drugs contain either the word "amphetamine" or "meth" in them. Yep; when you allow a doctor to prescribe your child various forms of Methamphetamine (HERE) to control their ADHD, problems are bound to ensue. Ask someone who knows. It was Kurt Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, who said when asked about the relationship between his ADHD and drug problem, "When you're a kid and you get this drug that makes you feel that feeling, where else are you going to turn to when you're an adult?". It's a valid point. According to the report, not only are the people on ADHD meds far more likely to be taking Depression medications, but, "Children on ADHD medications are 10 times more likely to be using an antipsychotic than children who are not using ADHD medications." I could go on and on, but the report itself is fairly short. You can read the whole thing in 15 minutes or less. But this is not the only place that ADHD drugs take you. It leads to the land of INSULIN RESISTANCE. Not quite a year ago (HERE), I told you that men who had been diagnosed with ADHD as children, were twice as likely to be OBESE as adults. A recent study of 164,000 people done by doctors at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and published in the journal Pediatrics confirmed these results. The crazy thing was that the stimulants kept people lean while they were young, but as they got older, their BMI's tended to rise rapidly ---- probably due to frying their ADRENAL GLANDS. Although the researchers speculate on the reasons for the weight gain, they never give a definitive reason. I have a pretty good idea that much of the physical aspect of this problem goes back to GUT HEALTH (more about this HERE). Between the barrage of ANTIBIOTICS, SUGAR, VACCINATIONS, ESTROGEN-LIKE HORMONES, GLUTEN, TRANS FATS, HALIDES, FOOD ADDITIVES, MERCURY, JUNK FOOD & SODA, and numerous other substances that we are saturating our babies / children with from the day they are born, we are destroying the bacteria that make up 80% of their Immune Systems, not to mention the wide array of other critical functions they perform (HERE & HERE). I gave you one example of this phenomenon just the other day (HERE). Then, as the child gets older, throw in copious amounts of T.V., computers, video games, cell phones, and dumbed-down educational standards, and you have a recipe for disaster. Without reading Dr. Saul's book, it is tough for me to make an accurate assessment. But after reading lots of the articles about his book, not to mention reading the short piece in Time that he wrote himself, I am not sure that the most accurate way to describe his position is that ADHD does not exist. It's a great title that will automatically sell books via its controversial nature. I think, however, that a more accurate title would have been "Many Different Health Conditions Result in Children that Cannot Concentrate". Either way you slice it, the drugs used to treat people with an ADHD diagnosis are not only frequently abused themselves, but often times lead to both drug and alcohol abuse.

Every fire engine in London will now be equipped with new high-tech first aid equipment, including defibrillators, and firefighters trained to use the potentially life-saving gear. The kit will be used when fire crews are the first emergency service on the scene or where firefighters work alongside paramedics at incidents, especially where victims cannot be easily reached. It will mean that casualties, particularly at the scene of a fire, can receive a higher level of first aid quicker, giving them a better chance of survival. The roll out of a four year-long project, known as Immediate Emergency Care (IEC), will be completed when fire stations in Waltham Forest receive the first aid equipment and training to use the kit. The London Fire Brigade worked closely in partnership with the London Ambulance Service to develop the training for firefighters. Fire crews are now able to provide emergency treatment to casualties to the exacting standards prescribed by the LAS. This partnership working has been taken as the national model which other fire and rescue services are following. As part of the arrangement, the LAS also replace particular consumable items of equipment used within the packs, which has greatly cut the cost of the brigade's first aid equipment. Chairman of London Fire Authority's Community Safety Committee, Cllr Susan Hall said: "This is another example of the London Fire Brigade working to make Londoners safer. Following the 7/7 bombings, the emergency services were keen to learn how things could be done differently. We seized the initiative to improve our first aid capabilities by working with London Ambulance Service's experts, introducing equipment and first aid training that are the envy of fire brigades across the country." Prior to the July 7 2005 bombings, the London Fire Brigade had already started reviewing its first aid equipment, procedures and training. In 2007 it began rolling out IEC on a borough by borough basis. Areas were prioritised based on risk and number of injuries sustained in fires and incidents like road traffic collisions. Ambulance Operations Manager Paul Gates said: "Our staff are saving more patients who suffer cardiac arrests and stop breathing than ever before, but in these situations every second is vital so having additional lifesaving equipment available on London Fire Brigade vehicles can only benefit patients. "Performing basic life support while we're on the way can double a person's chance of survival, and being able to use a defibrillator to restart their heart can further increase their chances by more than a third. "These machines have already been used to help save lives at railway stations, airports and in other public places, so we know there are some real potential benefits for both London Fire Brigade staff and members of the public." The IEC equipment includes defibrillators for cardiac arrest attack victims, manual suction devices to clear blocked airways, stiff-neck collars, improved wound dressings and airway adjuncts, which help to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients. Posted: 10.38am, 17.06.11, email@example.com

The Navajo (N) aquifer is an extensive aquifer and the primary source of groundwater in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in northeastern Arizona because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use by a growing population and because of low precipitation in the arid climate of the Black Mesa area. Precipitation in the area is typically between 6 and 14 inches per year. The U.S. Geological Survey water-monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and provides information about the long-term effects of groundwater withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected as part of the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from January 2009 to September 2010. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) groundwater withdrawals, (2) groundwater levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) groundwater chemistry. In 2009, total groundwater withdrawals were 4,230 acre-ft, industrial withdrawals were 1,390 acre-ft, and municipal withdrawals were 2,840 acre-ft. Total withdrawals during 2009 were about 42 percent less than total withdrawals in 2005 because of Peabody Western Coal Company's discontinued use of water in a coal slurry used for transporting coal. From 2008 to 2009 total withdrawals increased by 3 percent and industrial withdrawals increased by approximately 15 percent, but total municipal withdrawals decreased by 2 percent. From 2009 to 2010, annually measured water levels in the Black Mesa area declined in 7 of 16 wells that were available for comparison in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer, and the median change was 0.1 foot. Water levels declined in 12 of 18 wells measured in the confined area of the aquifer. The median change for the confined area of the aquifer was -0.3 foot. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2010, the median water-level change for 34 wells in both the confined and unconfined area was -13.9 feet. Also, from the prestress period to 2009, the median water-level changes were -0.8 foot for 16 wells measured in the unconfined areas and -38.7 feet for 18 wells measured in the confined area. Spring flow was measured at four springs in 2010. Flow fluctuated during the period of record, but a decreasing trend was apparent at Moenkopi School Spring and Pasture Canyon Spring. Discharge at Burro Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso has remained relatively constant since they were first measured in the 1980s. Continuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area were collected from streamflow-gaging stations at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi 09401260 (1976 to 2009), Dinnebito Wash near Sand Springs 09401110 (1993 to 2009), Polacca Wash near Second Mesa 09400568 (1994 to 2009), and Pasture Canyon Springs 09401265 (2004 to 2009). Median winter flows (November through February) of each water year were used as an index of the amount of groundwater discharge at the above-named sites. For the period of record of each streamflow-gaging station, the median winter flows have generally remained constant, which suggests no change in groundwater discharge. In 2010, water samples collected from 11 wells and 4 springs in the Black Mesa area were analyzed for selected chemical constituents, and the results were compared with previous analyses. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate have varied at all 11 wells for the period of record, but neither increasing nor decreasing trends over time were found. Dissolved-solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations increased at Moenkopi School Spring during the more than 12 years of record at that site. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Pasture Canyon Spring have not varied much since the early 1980s, and there is no increasing or decreasing trend in those data. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Burro Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso have varied for the period of record, but there is no increasing or decreasing trend in the data. Additional Publication Details USGS Numbered Series Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—2009–10

Science knowledge is a necessary aspect in life, since all our life activities are centered on scientific truths. Ideas of Physics, Chemistry and Biology could be found in all human activities and those of other living organisms. Apart from this, all general laws and truths that make this universe function have scientific base in them. Once it is clear that Science knowledge is an essential ingredient to upgrade human living, it is good to learn Science from an expert who shows the path to learn the subject in its depth. Science tutoringonline could be your right road leading to success in this category. Why you need Science tutoring online? 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Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation. With accurate population and demographic data, and a strong foundation of geographic data and location insight, a decent infrastructure is achievable. This will transform the connectivity of rural and urban lives and determine the success of manufacturing as well as agricultural industries. The World Bank says, “Investments in water, sanitation, energy, housing, and transportation also improve lives and help to reduce poverty.” Investment in infrastructure at a simple level, such as building a footbridge between rural communities can increase new business growth by as much as 15%. “Never before in history has innovation offered so much to so many in so short a time.” – Bill Gates

National Audubon’s staff and environmental activists suffered a tragic loss this spring with the death, at 73, of John Ogden, a great scientist and an influential conservationist in the preservation of Florida’s Everglades. “John was a stickler for just that—sound, well-conceived, properly conducted, peer-reviewed science,” says Nathaniel P. Reed, a former Audubon board member and Assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior for Fish, Wildlife, and National Parks in the Nixon and Ford administrations. “John was a giant, a determined companion in our efforts to save what’s left of the great Everglades ecosystem and dramatically improve the management of the water resources on which so much of South Florida’s wildlife depends.” Audubon hired Ogden away from the National Park Service in 1974 as its senior research biologist. He became a leading authority on wood storks and their complex needs in southern wetlands. During the early 1980s he helped manage Audubon’s research and conservation campaign to preserve the California condor. He continued working closely with Audubon biologists after returning to the National Park Service in 1988 as a senior research scientist on restoration projects in the Everglades. He later became lead environmental scientist in the planning department of the South Florida Water Management District. Fittingly, before his official retirement, he served as director of bird conservation for Audubon of Florida. In recent years Ogden was a consultant for various wetlands restoration initiatives. He also made several trips to Cuba, building partnerships between American and Cuban scientists studying birds and butterflies. Before his illness, he had planned two trips to Cuba for this past spring. On March 30, John’s wife, Maryanne Biggar, and daughter Laura Ogden brought him from the hospital to his home, set among lush Florida foliage in Homestead. “He died the next day,” says Laura. “Maryanne and I were with him. The French doors were wide open to the butterfly garden, and the garden was filled with painted buntings.” This story originally ran in the July-August 2012 issue as "A Giant's Legacy."

Keeping a Research Log A research log is a comprehensive list of what you have searched and what you plan to search for an ancestor. A research log can tell you what you have searched, what you found or didn’t find, and save you time because you don’t need to search the same source again. Download and print a PDF copy of the Research Log: File:Research Log.pdf A blank electronic research log is available in Word format. Why should I keep a log?[edit | edit source] - You can tell your family or others what you have already searched. If you are working together, they won’t need to search the same source again. - When you find conflicting information or when you later return to do additional research, your log will remind you what you have already done and how you reached your conclusions. - Your family or others may want to look at the sources as you did. - Your records will be more complete. What should I write on a log before I search?[edit | edit source] Before you search for an ancestor, write down the: - Name of your ancestor - Research objective. An objective is what you want to find out about your ancestor, such as a birth record. - Title or name of the source, such as Church Records of [locality]. - The call number—microfilm or book number—for the source. - Name of the library or archive where the source is kept. What should I write on a log after I search?[edit | edit source] After you search a source, write down the: - Dates that you searched. - Notes about what you found. - Whether or not you made a photocopy. - Notes about what you didn’t find. The information you find, such as date and places can be transferred to your family group sheet. On your research log, write down what you didn’t find. What you didn’t find is very important because you know that you don’t have to search the same source again.

NEW YORK — The incidence of severe allergic reactions to food has increased at a dramatic rate, rising 377% from 2007 to 2016, according to a study of private insurance claims conducted by FAIR Health. FAIR Health is a nonprofit organization that oversees the nation’s largest collection of health care claims data, including more than 23 billion billed medical and dental claims from more than 150 million privately insured individuals. In a recent analysis, FAIR Health found that peanuts were the most commonly identified food causing anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction, accounting for 26% of such claims between 2007 and 2016. Tree nuts and seeds were cited for 18% of anaphylactic food reactions, followed by eggs at 7%, crustaceans at 6%, milk products at 5%, fruits and vegetables at 2%, fish at 2% and food additives at 1%. A third of diagnoses were coded as “other specific foods,” which indicates the precise food that caused the anaphylactic food reaction was not known. During the period, the number of diagnosed anaphylactic reactions to peanuts grew 445%, while cases of tree nut and seed reactions increased 603%. Meanwhile, claims associated with anaphylactic reactions to “other specific foods” only grew 71%, suggesting physicians are better able to determine the cause of such reactions. About a third of claims occurred in individuals over the age of 18, countering a common belief that severe food allergies are exclusively a childhood condition. Twenty-seven per cent of all claims with diagnoses of a history of food allergy were for patients between the ages 0-3. Preschool age children (4-5 years old) accounted for 8%, and those 6 to 18 years old comprised the remaining 31%. “Food allergies are commonly thought of as a childhood condition, but for some children, food allergies continue into adulthood, and adult-onset food allergy does occur,” the study noted. Additionally, the analysis found the increase in claims with diagnoses of history of food allergy from 2007 to 2016 was greater in rural areas than in urban areas. “Despite evidence from other researchers that childhood food allergies are more prevalent in urban than rural areas, our data show that the increase in claim lines with diagnoses of a history of food allergy was greater in rural (110%) than urban (70%) areas,” the study said. Future research from FAIR Health will examine other aspects related to food allergies, including gender, geographic distribution, treatments and costs.“Food allergies are a growing national public health concern, and therefore it is fitting for FAIR Health to use its vast data repository to contribute to the body of knowledge on the subject,” said Robin Gelburd, president of FAIR Health. “We intend to continue to study food allergies and to release findings that can inform research and policy.”

By Jonathan Malesic Every American, it seems, believes in the dignity of work. Americans overwhelmingly see ourselves as hardworking, attesting to the value they place on work. Rival politicians like Donald Trump, Ted Cruz, Hillary Clinton, and Sherrod Brown all make appeal to the dignity of work in in addressing voters. At first glance, this seems to be a widely-shared belief, rare in our era of political and ethical polarization. The trouble is that once we look more carefully, it becomes clear that we don’t agree about what the dignity of work means. Do we mean that all work has dignity for all workers? Is there such thing as an undignified wage, or undignified working conditions? Do people earn dignity solely through work, or do they already have dignity before they ever work a day in their lives? Can belief in the dignity of work lead us to overlook the suffering that workers endure on the job? Because the words “dignity of work” resonate so well with Americans, they hold great potential for anyone who talks about the connection between faith and work. But in talking about the dignity of work, we need to be clear about what we mean. Accounts of the dignity of work affect both the ways we recommend that individuals approach their work and the policies affecting workers that we suggest governments and employers adopt. Without clarity, we can end up in a conceptual muddle, our arguments undone by unanticipated disagreement. I care about clarity on this point because I want to see more dialogue about faith and work across ecclesial and ideological lines. As a Catholic and someone who is skeptical about the spiritual merits of the American work ethic, I am outside the major intellectual circle of the faith and work movement. But this movement is one of the few places reflecting on the relationship between work and spirituality at all. We all stand to gain from dialogue across lines of differing commitment. There are at least three ways to think about the dignity of work. First, dignity may be intrinsic to the act of working. Work, even solitary work, elevates the person as he or she applies effort and skill to a task that has an effect on the world. Second, dignity may be conferred on the person by his or her community, in recognition for the usefulness of his or her work. You gain dignity as the community esteems your service as an architect or cashier or truck driver. (I have found the work of the sociologist Allison Pugh very helpful in understanding these two models of dignity.) Each of these first two models gets something important right. But I believe that a third model is essential to thinking about the dignity of work theologically. On this model, work has dignity because the worker already has dignity as a person. Because you have inherent dignity, you lend dignity to your work. You cannot lose this dignity, even once you cease working. Even if you never work – due, for example, to disability – you retain that dignity. Like other key theological notions of work, this idea has its roots in Genesis. Before God ever gives human beings something to do, he creates them in his image and likeness (Genesis 1:26). And God is dignified (indeed, holy) not because he works, but by his very nature. It’s true, according to Genesis, that God gave the first human a specific task: “to till and keep” the garden (Genesis 2:15). But even in that account, the man was created even before there was a garden (Genesis 2:7). Human existence – human dignity – is metaphysically prior to human labor. In Catholic reflection on labor, a key implication of this view of dignity of work is that workers deserve pay and conditions commensurate with their God-given dignity. Pope Leo XIII, writing in his 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum, argues on this basis for a living wage, limits on work hours based on the physical difficulty of the work, a right to organize, and a right to appeal to public authorities for a range of reasons, including “if employers laid burdens upon their workmen which were unjust, or degraded them with conditions repugnant to their dignity as human beings.” This optimistic view of human nature does not mean that Leo has forgotten Genesis 3. But he reads it compassionately, seeing in it a further justification for workers’ rights. As a result of sin, work is humanity’s means of getting what we need to survive. Work that pays too little is therefore an affront to human life. A staunch defender of free markets would likely disagree with every word in the previous two paragraphs. But he or she would agree on some level. We all say the same words: “the dignity of work.” With greater focus on what we mean by those words, we may be able to figure out where, and why, we part company with our dialogue partners. Jonathan Malesic is a writer living in Dallas. He was formerly a theology professor and a parking lot attendant. He is currently writing book about the spiritual costs of the American work ethic.

Every day, Marylanders are exposed to pesticides in our drinking water, on our food and through chemicals in our homes, lawns and public spaces. We also encounter pesticides in our rivers and streams and the Chesapeake Bay. While these exposures are often in small doses, growing evidence suggests they can add up to great harm. Unfortunately, the very public health officials responsible for protecting us are denied basic information about when and where dangerous pesticides are used. In Maryland, it is almost impossible for health care providers, public health experts and biomedical researchers to accurately understand the risks pesticides pose. We cannot easily determine whether a fish kill in the Chesapeake Bay is the result of a recent herbicide spraying or if an autism cluster can be connected to pesticides used locally. It's time to change that with passage of the Pesticide Information Act slated to go before the Maryland General Assembly in 2013. The bill requires pesticide applicators, as well as sellers of restricted use pesticides, to report information they are required to collect anyway on pesticide use and sales. Not surprisingly, pesticides pose the greatest risk to the smallest among us: infants and children. Pesticide exposure during pregnancy and childhood is now linked to certain childhood cancers and other health conditions, including impaired cognitive function and behavioral problems. Just a few weeks ago, in response to growing scientific evidence, the American Academy of Pediatrics — more than 60,000 professionals devoted to the health and safety of American's children — took an important step by issuing its first policy statement aimed at minimizing pesticide exposure in children. As physicians who represent the Maryland Chapter of the Academy of Pediatrics and Baltimore Physicians for Social Responsibility, respectively, we feel a growing alarm about the mounting evidence linking pesticides to a number of acute and long-term health problems. Exposures to pesticides are linked to many chronic illnesses, including asthma, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), cancer and Parkinson's disease, as well as to birth defects and fertility problems. Until very recently, the paradigm "the dose makes the poison" guided the field of toxicology. This principle — which influenced much scientific study and regulatory law — is being turned on its head by new data and new ways of measuring toxins in water, food and our bodies. New research, noted in a 2012 article by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, shows that long-term, minutely low-level exposure to certain pesticides may be just as harmful as high levels of intermittent exposure and may affect greater numbers of people. And emerging proof shows that low-dose impacts of a particular kind of hormone-mimicking chemical called endocrine-disrupters, which includes many pesticides, can adversely affect both humans and aquatic species. While our focus is clearly on human health, we recognize that signals of health problems in other species may provide clues about diseases in humans. For example, growing data show links between atrazine, a commonly used herbicide, and intersex fish showing both male and female characteristics, suggesting an effect on reproductive systems. It's clear that we must improve our information about these chemicals so we can continue to understand the health risks from exposures and better protect our children and ourselves. Maryland has reinstituted a voluntary survey of pesticide applicators' usage, to be published in a hard copy report once every five years beginning in 2013. This is an outdated format and is inadequate.The last published voluntary survey, in 2004, had low reporting rates (participation was only about 55 percent) and provided skewed, inaccurate data. Since that same year, Maryland has required health care providers to report suspected pesticide exposure. However, investigating such exposures in a timely and accurate manner becomes challenging, if not impossible, without basic pesticide information. As physicians, we need all the tools at hand to help us better understand the risk that pesticides pose to human health and to protect our children. We believe that the implementation of a mandatory pesticide reporting database, through the 2013 Pesticide Information Act, would be an essential tool to help us provide the best care possible for Maryland families. Dr. Lorne Garrettson (firstname.lastname@example.org) is a professor emeritus of pediatrics at Emory University. Dr. Richard L. Humphrey (email@example.com) is an associate professor of pathology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.Copyright © 2015, The Baltimore Sun

Part of the Knightsbridge Schools International Group Five ways to find time for extensive reading in DP language A Encouraging students to read books they choose is hugely beneficial, but how do you fit it into the curriculum? Diploma Programme (DP) KSI Bogota English language and literature teacher, Mike Mackenna, shares his tips in the IB World Magazine. Students who read for pleasure get all kinds of benefits out of it: They become more empathetic, sleep better, have higher self-esteem, and are less likely to be stressed out or depressed. As a teacher, you have probably heard of extensive reading and don’t need to be convinced of its value. You probably practice it yourself when you can find the time. If the concept is new to you, extensive reading, or free reading, is a teaching method in which students choose texts to read for enjoyment rather than for assessment purposes. While the IB encourages language A teachers to give students choices regarding the books used for assessment, those choices are limited by the need to meet IB literary work requirements. Extensive reading, however, allows the students to read any text they wish. Click here to read the full article

The practice of philosophy is different from the traditional teaching of philosophy. Indeed we do not look for a theoretical knowledge but we get involved in a process based on a method that is essential to offer a structure to a critical thinking. Following a method implies the application of rules. Its regular practice leads progressively to a philosophical know-how and to enjoy some cognitive skills like reformulation, argumentation, problematization, conceptualization. This know-how is usually acquired within group tasks. Practicing philosophy tests one’s thinking by making use of a common faculty : reason. Thus in a workshop the moderator invites the participant to observe the elaboration and the progression of his thinking : is my argument clear for the other ? Then does he accept it or does he have an objection ? Do I find the objection clear? Am I able to reformulate it ? Do I take it or can I support my initial proposition again ? To which problem are we confronted ? On which principal concepts is our reflection based on ? This is the best opportunity to learn how to accept the critical judgment made by the others, to measure the difference between the spontaneous, emotive, very often chaotic speech and the well thought out, rational, settled wording. Steady participation to workshops gives the possibility to acquire competences and confidence in one’s own capacity to think and will be helpful to read the classical books of great philosophers. Besides, group tasks and confrontation to others’ thinking will provide a conscious, free and serene system of thinking. One’s vision of the world will become larger, clearer and will increase one’s « power to exist » following Spinoza’s expression and will be useful in decision making Sandrine Thevenet and Audrey Gers make workshops in public as well as private organizations and also work with people who fall within a personal approach dealing with dilemmas or any kind of existential questioning. They speak french and english. To get in touch with them : |Consultant :||Contact’s detail :| |Audrey Gers :||Sandrine Thevenet :|

Before the first day of class, schools are urging parents to talk to their children about lockdown drills. The drills, which were once uncommon, have now become a normal part of school. Parents like Donald Wright say he never imagined needing to explain a lockdown drill to his children. "It's sad that we have to worry about our kids," Wright said. "we never even had lockdowns." Wright is raising his three grandchildren and says his 6-year-old twins and 9 year-old all practiced the drills, and came home with plenty of questions. "The kids get scared and they need to know what's going on more," Wright said. That's why he's trying to teach his children to take the drills seriously, without causing too much alarm. "I am very old fashioned and I explain to them the way things are, and how many people are weird in this world now a days, and for them to follow the adults," Wright explained. It's something Psychiatrist Dr. Jed Magen says parents need to think about, since putting that talk off isn't going to help your child. "You can't think in terms of my innocent little child," Dr. Magen said. "You can't avoid it, so the best you can do is begin to talk to your children about it." He says amount of information parents share should vary based on their child's age and maturity. "Really young children, it's probably enough to say that bad things sometimes happen and they can protect you in school by doing this drill," Dr. Magen said. "At 10 or so kids begin to get a little bit more impression of the world." During that conversation Dr. Magen says it's important for parents to not get emotional, since that will help kids feel more secure. "The less upset you are, the more matter of fact your are, the more they'll take it in stride," Dr. Magen added. At school staff will be doing their part, with some districts even training with police before students are back in class. In the Ingham Intermediate School District Superintendent Scott Koenigsknecht says all staff go through training. He says teachers will talk to their students about what they should do during a lockdown. "Safety is our number one priority, so we have to make sure that we have the processes and procedures in place to ensure that for our students and staff," Koenigsknecht said. Koenigsknecht is encouraging parents to talk with their children about lockdowns before the first day, especially since the drills are not always announced. "In real life situations you don't know when you're going to have an emergency," he added. Lockdown polices vary depending on the school. Some go with "shelter in place," while others are starting to have students evacuate the building if it's clear. Koenigsknecht says his staff is meeting with law enforcement to talk best-practices. He's also working to get digital maps of all ISD schools to first responders, so in case of an emergency, whoever gets on scene first will know the layout of the building.

Innovationis the most important thing for any organization. Even so, there areobstacles that make change impossible in many organizations. One suchbarrier is the fear of failure (Bissola & Imperatori, 2011). Fearof failure as a culture in any organization impedes innovation.Organizations with such like cultures do not consider failure as anoption and will stigmatize the risk takers who tend to try but fail.Such kind of thinking impacts negatively on innovation. Confidence isan individual barrier to innovation. Innovation requires courage andinitiative. Without confidence, creative ideas remain shelved and maynot likely get the attention of others (Caniëls & Rietzschel,2013). Innovationhas been known to take on many forms and for an organization todetermine how barriers prevent innovation, deliberate efforts need tobe put in place. First, the culture of the company plays a criticalrole in innovation. To assess how this, prevent innovation, anorganization can evaluate how the staff`s ideas are shaped by thecompany culture (Bissola & Imperatori, 2011). Again, the companycan initiate several changes in the organization and examine theresponses. Negative responses and the status quo are an indication ofhow barriers can prevent innovation. Lack of initiative amongindividuals to take up new roles can also indicate the effects ofbarriers to innovation. Knowledgemanagement is the key to the success of any organization as itinfluences decision-making capabilities and stimulates culturaldevelopment and innovation (Walter, 2012). This approach can also beused to harness learning from experienced individuals and build onknowledge which is vital in streamlining processes and improvingoperations (Caniëls & Rietzschel, 2013). Learning helps overcomebarriers to innovation because it helps eliminate stagnation in ideaswhich impacts negatively on innovation in the organization. Sincechange is inevitable, organizations should continually acquire newknowledge since it will help them when responding to change. Caniëls,M. & Rietzschel, E. (2013). A Special Issue of Creativity andInnovation Management: Organizing Creativity: Creativity andInnovation under Constraints. Creativityand Innovation Management,22(1),100-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caim.12010 Bissola,R. & Imperatori, B. (2011). Organizing Individual and CollectiveCreativity: Flying in the Face of Creativity Clichés. Creativityand Innovation Management,20(2),77-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2011.00597.x Walter,C. (2012). Work environment barriers prohibiting creativity. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences,40,642-648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.243

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Naya Savera (Education) Imparting Lab-Based Education Mini Science Lab is a groundbreaking initiative towards educational inclusivity is a result of L&T Technology Services’ collaboration with STEM Learning, Arch Social Consultants, and Aarambh, a non-profit charitable organization. The initiative is aimed at imparting high-quality science and technology learning to underprivileged students. It also trains teachers in enhancing their skills and capabilities for teaching mathematics and science and provides a platform for promoting learning through customized modules. The Mini Science Lab is a catalytic channel that helps raise awareness among children and teachers of the value of learning, in a fun, engaging and interactive manner. The setup uses a range of 60 tabletop working models that are MSERT and NSERT approved and includes back-drops and manuals in local languages to provide a better understanding of science and mathematics between classes 5 to 10. The project, currently limited to government aided institutes with 10th or 12th standard infrastructure, encourages willing schools to take ownership and only provide the space and electricity for the installation of the Mini Science Lab. A rapid assessment is made of the schools in terms of current knowledge levels of the students, the teaching methodology followed and existing challenges. As part of the program, a students’ council with teachers, supervisors, and school principals, is set up to share ideas, concerns, and interest areas. The council is responsible for operating the Mini Science Lab, as well as coordinating activities and events organized by ARCH and STEM Learning. The project has been a huge success, introducing 10610 students from municipal and government-aided schools to the basic concepts of science, and training over 80 teachers through the teacher training module, so far. The initiative has not only increased interest levels among students in science but also made an impact on their performance in assessments. There has also been a remarkable increase in the number of female students pursuing science and mathematics after completing their secondary education.

Of the following, which historical event did NOT have an impact on the Classical era? the Russian Revolution The audience of the eighteenth century, like that of today, was mainly interested in music from the past. Despite intellectual attitudes in the Classical era, few significant advances were made in the sciences. The three main sections of sonata-allegro form are the exposition, the development, and: How does a scherzo differ from a minuet? A scherzo is faster and sometimes humorous, while a minuet is slower and serious. In absolute music, the lack of a prescribed story or text to hold the music together makes the element of ____________ especially important. Haydn's String Quartet, Op. 76, No. 3, was given the nickname "Emperor" because: The slow movement is based on a hymn written for the Emperor Franz Joseph. In the Classical string quartet, the second movement is most frequently a quick, light allegro. Beethoven belonged to a generation of artists who were influenced by the full impact of: the French Revolution The structure of the second movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto in G major, K. 453, resembles the standard first-movement form. The word concerto implies the opposition of two dissimilar elements, such as a soloist or solo group versus an orchestra. Beethoven's Piano Sonata in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2, was composed in his late style period. Opera buffa was typically serious in tone, with plots dealing with historical or legendary figures.

Skip to 0 minutes and 10 secondsIn this section we're going to be thinking about the impact of stress on the developing foetus. The prevalence of common mental health problems in the antenatal period is high. Antenatal stress is common, with as many as 20% of women experiencing symptoms of anxiety in pregnancy. Both anxiety and depression in pregnancy are associated with postnatal depression. Many women also experience other problems in pregnancy that are strongly associated with anxiety and depression. For example, around 30% of domestic abuse starts during pregnancy and around 9% of women are being abused during pregnancy or after giving birth. Around 1% of pregnancies in the UK involve a drug-dependent mother. Skip to 0 minutes and 57 secondsAnd such drug dependency co-occurs with a range of other problems, including psychiatric disorder and particularly disorders related to emotional regulation. Adverse prenatal mental health has been shown to be associated with a wide range of compromised outcomes for the baby, both in the short term, such as immediately following the birth, and in the longer term through to adolescence and adulthood. We've known for a very long time, for example, that very severe stress can have an impact on physical aspects of the unborn baby's development. Skip to 1 minute and 33 secondsFor example, research shows that in the first trimester, the death of an older child was associated with an increase in congenital malformations, while less severe forms of stress were associated with low birth weight and reduced gestational age and an altered sex ratio with fewer males to females being born than in an unstressed population. However, more recent studies have also begun to identify an impact on a range of aspects of the child's neurodevelopmental and socioemotional functioning. For example, a number of studies have identified an impact of maternal stress in pregnancy on the neurodevelopmental functioning of newborn babies, including an increase in fearfulness and difficult temperament, sleep problems and lower cognitive performance. Skip to 2 minutes and 23 secondsStudies that have examined the association between prenatal stress and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children aged 3 to 16 years show an increased risk of child emotional problems, especially anxiety and depression, and symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Other studies have shown a reduction in cognitive performance associated with prenatal stress. So what might the mechanisms for this be? Although we don't currently fully understand the mechanisms that may underlie foetal programming by prenatal stress in humans, a number of potential pathways have been identified. One early suggestion was a decrease in blood flow to the foetus as a result of the increased stimulation by cortisol of the mother's sympathetic nervous system. Skip to 3 minutes and 15 secondsThis in turn was thought to cause increased constriction of her blood vessels, which reduced uteroplacental blood and reduced oxygen and calorie intake for the foetus. However, more recent research has suggested that a more likely mechanism that has been identified in animal models only involves the foetus being overexposed to cortisol as a result of maternal cortisol crossing the placenta. A number of studies have shown that maternal stress can influence the transfer of cortisol across the placenta as a result of changes to the barrier enzyme which converts cortisol to the inactive cortisone. Skip to 3 minutes and 53 secondsHigh levels of cortisol can be toxic for the foetal brain and can adversely affect a number of areas of both foetal and child brain, including the HPA axis, which is responsible for setting the stress thermostat and results in these children experiencing higher levels of stress throughout childhood into adulthood. Increased serotonin is another possible mediator of prenatal stress on the neurocognitive and behavioural development of the baby. In humans, stress during pregnancy caused by violence from the partner has also been shown to cause epigenetic changes in the DNA in the blood of their adolescent children. Skip to 4 minutes and 35 secondsIn the next video, I talk to Vivette Glover, who is Professor of Perinatal Psychobiology at Imperial College London and we explore some of these issues in more detail. The supporting article and the video provides you with the opportunity to learn more about the impact of stress in pregnancy. Please also share your thoughts about this section of the course in the discussions. The impact of stress on the developing foetus The mother’s emotional mind in pregnancy may alternate between feelings of happiness and relaxation, and other less optimal feelings such as anxiety and depression. Anxiety during pregnancy is common, and in this video we describe some of the research that has been conducted over the last decade, and what it tells us about the impact of stress on the developing foetus. We focus in particular on research that has examined the impact of such stress on the neurobehavioural and psychological functioning of the baby and the child. We also describe some of the mechanisms by which this occurs, focusing in particular on new research which suggests that stress may affect the ability of the placenta to prevent the transfer of cortisol from the mother to the foetus, and the impact of this on the rapidly developing foetal nervous system, and in particular their Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis (HPA), which plays a role in setting the infant’s stress thermostat. © The University of Warwick

Throughout this course, you will have the opportunity to ask Dr Dörfler the questions that matter to you. Please post your questions for this week in the comments section below. It seems that it is the end of the course and the summer started: we have reached a historical minimum of two questions this week, both of them asked by Hamed Khademipour. Thank you very much Hamed. However, as in the last two weeks, there were very interesting discussions taking place over the week. I would also encourage everyone to read, if you have not done yet, the week 4 ‘Ask Viktor’, particularly as I was already talking about topics related to what I am going to address here. Both, last week and this week it is all about the future – quite distant future to that. Last week I was talking about the near future and the fundamental questions of morality and trust. But I was also briefly commenting on how I don’t know what is going to happen in a 100 years from today. Thus, Hamed decided to push me even further this week, and he asked what is going to happen in 500 years’ time, particularly with reference to AI. You may be surprised, but this is somewhat easier to answer: I take that this question really means whether it is possible in principle. What to expect in the distant future? – Is the thinking machine a possibility? So here is the first question by Hamed: ”In regards with the step 5.3 and your reference to the book “Emperor’s new mind” you mentioned according to the book that the AI of a fictional supercomputer in future is no where close to human’s AI while getting beaten by a 13 year old person. What about distant future, say, 500+ years from now. I mean, who would have thought back in renaissance time that a box connected to electricity will beat the grand master of chess (Kasparov) in 500 years time.” I want to note that my answer is an entirely personal view – you are actually asking what I believe in. The short answer is that no, I don’t believe that the real AI, a thinking machine in the human sense of the word, is even an in principle possibility. But it is only a matter of belief. I can try to explain why I think I believe that, and do who do believe in the thinking machine can tell what they do believe in it. We cannot prove each other wrong or ourselves right at the moment. I will never be able to prove them wrong, as they can always say that we are not quite there yet. However, if they are right, they will be once able to prove me wrong by creating the thinking machine, and then they can say, see Viktor, you were wrong: here is the thinking machine. Of course, I will then try to do what the 13-year old did; I will ask ‘What’s up partner?’ Of course, they probably also read Roger Penrose’s book, so they will probably pre-program an answer to this question, so I will need to play smarter – and quite literally, try to outsmart the machine. So a reasonable person would not place herself or himself in this position. But I am unreasonable. As George Bernard Show said: “Reasonable people adapt themselves to the world. Unreasonable people attempt to adapt the world to themselves. All progress, therefore, depends on unreasonable people.” What we have at the core of this difference of belief is what the mind is. They believe that they don’t even need to attempt to understand the mind, as it is sufficient if they can replicate the brain, and that will simply reproduce the mind. However, I believe that this is not possible. The brain is simple compared to the mind, and I don’t believe that the brain produces the mind. Sure, the two are somehow related – but not in that oversimplified way. As I don’t believe that the brain produces the mind, I think that we if we wanted to build a mind, we should actually understand the mind. However, this is not possible, as nothing can understand something that is of equal or higher complexity than itself. I am not sure who said something along these lines: If the mind was sufficiently simple to understand it, we would be too simple to understand it. However, I have emphasised previously that I am very afraid of those, who want to reduce thinking to data processing. NOT because I think that they may succeed, but because they may convince many people that they did. Remember my fight with the guys at Google about the program that supposedly understand the concept of dog? The historic role of technology The second question by Hamed was: Victor, what do you think of this interpretation to our future by the famous radical Historian Yuval Noah Harari? http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p050kvnz First of all, thank you for the link – it is an interesting interview, I highly recommend it to everyone. I have now added it to the ‘further readings’ list. I don’t fully agree, as you may expect, but I think what he says is definitely worth listening to. I think his logic is impeccable. No disagreement there. However, we do disagree about the premises. I don’t think he adequately understands computers. However, even if I think that those who think that it is possible to build a thinking machine are wrong, I think it is still worth exploring what would happen if they did… And this is he does. There were also some sales-oriented tricks that I did not like: He says that there is too much about how the thinking machines will make our lives great, and he wants to provide a negative view as a counter-point. In fact, if you search YouTube or the internet more generally, as I did in preparation for this course, there is much more about the negatives than about the positives. However, Yuval goes far beyond the ‘usual’, which is typically limited to how we will all lose our jobs to the robots. And, as I said, his logic is impeccable. There is also one sort of semi-mistake: there were ‘useless’ classes, more precisely ‘underclass’, before in history. Just think about what Plutarch is telling us about the Spartans throwing weak or deformed babies off the cliff or about the outcasts and untouchables of various cultures. What has never happened before is that the ‘useless’ were well educated and made ‘economically useless’. And yes, if we are to believe that such technology is possible, technology and the thinking machine in particular could play a huge role in this. I think it is also very interesting to think about how such technology could enable the rich to be more talented than the poor – but I don’t believe that this is possible. I do believe that many improvements could be made to bodies, as much as we understand them, perhaps once (back to your 500-year prediction now Hamed) even a fully artificial body will be a possibility. However, he also talks about e.g. enhancing creativity – I don’t think this is possible in the sense of bio-engineering. We have at least 20,000 years of history in that, typically using some psychotropic material (natural or artificial). What these occasionally achieve, for a shorter or longer time, is removing certain barriers, on the long term usually leading to very unhealthy and often disastrous consequences. But even short term they don’t make anyone creative. Imagine for a moment that we discover the deviant gene. A government could opt to forbid deviance, and fix this gene in any babies, in order to stop people becoming criminals. And it could work. However, it would also stop creativity. There would be no more criminals but there would also not be any great scientists, poets, painters, or movie directors. Being creative is equally deviant from the norm than being a criminal. Of course, it will not come to that, as we still don’t understand much of genetics. Some statistical analysis could find that most criminals would have a particular gene patterns, but there are two problems with this: (1) We should not stop looking there, as we may see that there is also a large other part of the population with the same genetic pattern – of course, there is no database with everyone’s genetic data and even if there was, it would take forever processing this. (2) Changing something about that genetic pattern could also cause all the affected to be blue eyed, or have six toes, or get high blood pressure at the age of 45. We have no idea what genes actually are and how many things can be inherited. For instance, I was over 40 when I have noticed that my beard gets white in exactly the same shape as my father’s when he way around 40. And when my younger brother got around 40, his beard was also getting white exactly along the same pattern… Why is this important? Because Yuval is perfectly right that there are already algorithms deciding about whether you get credit or not. They discover certain patterns in the data footprint of those who fail to repay their debt. And you fit the pattern. They don’t bother to look that there are others who also fit the pattern but pay back as required, if there were many who fail to pay, the bank may decide to refuse the credit to everyone with such patters – after all, who cares if they also lose some potential customers who would pay back. We are here again: I am not afraid of technology. But I am very afraid of people who want to substitute thinking with data processing. © University of Strathclyde

A Brief History of the 1715 Fleet Every year, two fleets traveled between Spain and the Americas; the Escuadrón de Tierra Firme from Spain to South America, and the Flota de Nueva España toward Veracruz. Sometimes, these two fleets would travel together all the way to the Caribbean. The return voyage was more dangerous. The galleons were fully loaded with precious cargoes of gold, silver, jewelry, tobacco, spices, indigo, cochineal etc.… The crews were tired and often plagued by health problems brought on by tropical diseases, malnutrition, and deplorable hygienic conditions on board. These conditions made ships even more vulnerable to attacks by pirates, but the greatest danger came from an uncontrollable element; the weather. The general weather conditions were more favorable during the summer months. The waters of the Atlantic Ocean were calmer, and the prevailing winds gentler. However, the very warm waters of the South Atlantic contributed to unstable weather, and the then unpredictable rapid development of violent and devastating tropical storms called hurricanes. As a result of France’s Louis XIV policies of expansionism, Europe was ravaged by two major wars, between 1688 and 1715. These wars disrupted trade between the Americas and the Old Continent, and Spain, highly dependent on the riches of the New World to finance her own policies of expansionism in Europe, suffered greatly. The first of these wars, the War of the Grand Alliance, ended in 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick, but in 1701 another broke out, this time over the succession of the Spanish crown. Charles II had died childless, but on his deathbed, had named as his heir Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV of France. Leopold I, the Holy Roman Emperor, who wanted to see his son, Archduke Charles, ascend the throne, did not kindly receive this decision. Leopold also wanted to prevent at all cost any close alliance between France and Spain. War broke out, with England and the Dutch on one side, and Spain, France, Portugal, Bavaria, and Savoy on the other. The seas and oceans became the scene of naval battles and vicious encounters between merchant vessels and privateers. The sea routes between Spain and the Americas were no longer safe, and the vital flow of New World treasure was practically stopped. Things were going badly for young Philip V and his kingdom. In the year 1702 Spain received a tremendous blow when a large English naval force entered Vigo Bay, on the northwestern coast of Spain. An all-out battle ensued, with the English fleet sinking a large number of warships, capturing others, and seizing a large treasure. The English sank another Spanish treasure fleet in 1708, off Cartagena, Colombia, and in 1711 another one of Philip’s treasure fleets was destroyed by a hurricane off the coast of Cuba. The War of Succession came to a close in 1715 by a series of treaties known as the Peace of Utrecht. The treaty between England and France confirmed Philip V’s succession to the throne of Spain, while Philip renounced his rights to the French throne. England was given Newfoundland, the island of St. Christopher, and the Hudson Bay territory. Although the war had ended, the peace was an uneasy one, and much friction remained between the former foes. At the end of this period of hostilities, Spain was in dire need of financial relief. At the King’s order, a fleet was dispatched to America in order to bring back urgently needed gold and silver, which had been accumulating during the war. The eleven ships making up the fleet assembled in Havana in the summer of 1715. The fleet was made up of the Escuadrón de Tierra Firme, which served the South American trade routes out of Cartagena, and of the Flota de Nueva España, which served the trade of Mexico and Manila Galleons, out of Veracruz on the southeastern coast of present-day Mexico. The Griffon, a French warship of the Fourth Rate (a 500-ton, 69-gun frigate built in Lorient in 1705) under the command of Captain Antoine d’Aire, on an official mission in Veracruz to collect 48,801 piatres (pieces of eight) from the Duke of Linares, Governor of Veracruz, money due by Royal Decree from the King of Spain to pay for the service of two ships, the Apollon and the Triton, was forced to sail with the Spanish combined fleet out of Havana. Now, every one was busy getting ready for the long and treacherous journey back to Spain. Additional cargo was being loaded. Inventories were taken; fresh water and victuals were placed aboard each ship. After a two-year delay, the mighty Plate Fleet was ready to sail home to Spain (the word “Plate” is derived from the Spanish “plata” for silver). The Squadron of Tierra Firme was under the command of Captain General Don Antonio de Echeverz y Zubiza, and consisted of six vessels. The Captain-General was in direct command of the capitana, the flagship, a captured English ship formerly named the Hampton Court, laden with a great number of chests of silver coins, gold coins, gold bars, gold dust, and jewelry, as well as tropical organic products. The flagship of the admiral, the almiranta, was equally richly laden. The Nuestra Señora de la Concepción carried gold coins and gold bars, as well as a number of chests of silver coins. The frigate San Miguel, the El Ciervo, and a patache, a smaller merchant vessel, completed the squadron. The five ships of the New Spain Flota were under the general command of Captain General Don Juan Esteban de Ubilla. Juan Estebán de Ubilla was himself on the capitana, which carried some thirteen hundred chests containing 3,000,000 silver coins. There were also gold coins, gold bars, silver bars, and jewelry, as well as emeralds, pearls, and precious Kangxi Chinese export porcelain which had been brought to Mexico by the Manila Galleons. The almiranta carried nearly a thousand chests of silver coins, each individual chest containing some 3,000 coins. The refuerzo carried eighty-one chests of silver coins and over fifty chests of worked silver. Another ship, a patache, carried some 44,000 pieces of eight. One frigate helped complete the flotilla. The French warship Griffon, commanded by Captain Antoine d’Aire, was forced to sail with the fleet; the Spaniards, although allied with the French, mistrusted them and feared that word of the fleet’s departure would leak out, thus compromising the safety of the richly laden galleons. In his 1975 book, “The Funnel of Gold”, historian Mendel Peterson estimated the value of the registered cargo of the combined fleet at 7,000,000 pieces of eight. Captain Antoine d’Aire reported that the fleet’s entire cargo was estimated at 15 million silver piastres (pieces of eight). The fleet had suffered many delays, and had been sitting idle for nearly two years. Pressure had been mounting for the fleet to sail. The Spanish crown was in dire need of money; so were merchants, unable to make their exotic goods available for sale on the European market. Under this tremendous pressure, Ubilla made the decision to start the long and perilous voyage back to the Old World, even though the hurricane season had long begun. This decision would prove to be fatal, for unknown to the Spaniards a tremendous and exceptionally powerful hurricane was brewing to the southeast of Cuba. The great treasure fleet of 1715 sailed from Havana harbor in the early morning of July 24th, a beautiful and calm day, with a gentle breeze to help the ships find the Florida current which ran north and up the Straits of Florida (the Gulf Stream). Slowly and smoothly the ships of Ubilla’s fleet gently followed the East coast of Florida, staying far enough away from the shore to take advantage of the Gulf Stream, staying clear of the treacherous shoals and reef formations which fringed the Florida coast. For the first five days the voyage was uneventful with the weather remaining good and giving no indication whatsoever of the rapidly approaching killer storm. But on July 29th, long swells started to appear, coming from the southeast. The atmosphere became heavy with moisture with the sun shining brightly through the haze. A gentle breeze still blew and the sea was smooth, but the swells started to make the ship gently dip and roll. Experienced navigators, pilots, and old hands started to be concerned. They knew that these were the early signs of an impending tropical storm. The storm was traveling north, almost due east of the convoy, but still many miles away. The storm had reached alarming intensity with winds at the center of the storm now reaching one hundred miles per hour. By nightfall the hurricane had made a drastic change in course, suddenly veering directly to the west. On the morning of July 30th, along the east coast of Florida, just south of Cape Canaveral, winds had begun to pick up and by midday had increased to well over 20 knots and the sea was rapidly building up. By late afternoon winds had increased to over thirty knots and the waves were reaching twenty feet. Ubilla’s fleet was relentlessly driven closer and closer to shore. The Captain General gave the order that all ships head into the wind in order to stay well clear of the reef and shoals, but the attempt was marginally successful. The velocity of the wind kept increasing, and by midnight, the ships were barely under control. Around 4 a.m. on July 31st, the hurricane struck the doomed ships with all its might, driving one ship after another on the deadly jagged reefs. The ships broke up like wooden toys. Ubilla’s capitana disintegrated, crushed on the reef like matchsticks. Almost all aboard were killed, including Ubilla. The entire fleet was lost, and of the some twenty five hundred persons aboard various ships, over one thousand perished. The only ship to survive the storm was the French warship Griffon, Captain Antoine d’Aire having chosen to head towards the northeast and into the storm; arriving in Brest on the coast of Brittany on August 31st, 1715, d’Aire was unaware of the fact that all the Spanish ships had perished. For those who had miraculously survived, the ordeal was just beginning. They were stranded in an inhospitable land, infested with disease-carrying mosquitoes, rattle snakes, wild animals, and hostile Indians, far from any settlement, without food, fresh water, or badly needed medical supplies. When daylight came on that dreadful morning of July 31st, 1715, the full extent of the disaster could then be seen. The beaches of la Florida were littered with wreckage and bodies, and the survivors of this human tragedy were trying to comprehend what had happened to them. They were attempting to find their actual location. As the ships had wrecked at different locations, and were separated by sometimes several miles, it was impossible for the survivors to fully assess the extent of the disaster. Stranded in this inhospitable land without food, water, or medical supplies, many were dying each day, adding to the already devastating number of casualties. Admiral don Francisco Salmon undertook to immediately survey the extent of the damage. After deducing that all ships had been wrecked, he decided, on August 6th, to send Nicolas de India, Ubilla’s pilot, and 18 men, in a launch toward the island of Cuba, to give the alert, and to send a personal message to the governor, Vicente de Raja. It took ten days for the small boat to reach Havana. The alert had been given. Within a few days several ships were leaving Havana harbor, loaded with emergency supplies, salvage equipment, government officials and soldiers, on their way to the east coast of Florida. Salvage was to begin as soon as the relief expedition reached the survivors camps. Success came early as salvage sloops dragged the ocean floor for wreckage and quickly brought up chests of coins, as well as jewelry and gold. The Havana salvage flotilla was soon joined by Florida ships sent from St. Augustine to help in the recovery effort. By early September such was the success of the salvage team that Admiral Salmon wrote the governor asking him to send 25 soldiers and ammunition to guard the King’s treasure as well as private properties that had been salvaged from the various shipwrecks. By the time the weather and sea conditions had become unsuitable for continuing salvage, in late October of the same year, over 5,000,000 pieces of eight had been recovered along with gold and jewelry, and a great part of the King’s treasure. Although salvage was essentially completed, efforts continued well into 1718. News of the disaster had swept the Americas and Europe much like the news of the Market crash would some 220 years later, and privateers, pirates and looters converged toward Palmar de Ays (near present day Sebastian, Florida) like ravenous vultures. Early in January 1716, pirate Henry Jennings aboard his well armed sloop, the 40-ton Barsheba, and John Wills aboard his 35-ton Eagle, both having been commissioned by governor Hamilton of Jamaica, attacked the Spanish salvage camp at Palmar de Ays, and detained the defenders (no casualties were reported) while looting the camp. They made off with some 120,000 pieces of eight and other valuables, as well as two bronze cannon and two large iron guns. When the Spaniards abandoned the salvage camp in 1718, great treasure still remained on the ocean floor. Some of the wreck sites were clearly marked by portions of the ships structures which could be observed protruding above water at low tide. For years after the official completion of the salvage operation, merchant ships sailing these waters would “fish” for treasure. Little by little the sites faded from memory and the great 1715 Spanish Plate Fleet would eventually be forgotten and left undisturbed for nearly 250 years. In 1960 the modern age of treasure salvage was ushered in by Real Eight Corporation. Their recoveries from the 1715 fleet are legendary and are told in Kip Wagner’s Pieces of Eight. Years later other companies would continue to recover what seems to be a never ending trail of treasure from these shipwrecks. Pieces of Eight, Recovering the Riches of a Lost Spanish Treasure Fleet, by Kip Wagner as told to L.B. Taylor, Jr., E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. New York 1966. Florida’s Golden Galleons; The Search for the 1715 Spanish Treasure Fleet, by Robert F. Burgess and Carl J. Clausen, Florida Classics Library, Port Salerno, Gold, Galleons, and Archaeology, by Robert F. Burgess and Carl J. Clausen, Florida Classics Library, Port Salerno, Florida 1976. Drowned Galleons Yield Spanish Gold, by Kip Wagner, National Geographic Magazine, January 1965.

1. Click on the link to listen to the story. 2. Go bact to the activity and use or to answer the problem and soultion of the story. 3.Go to the next slide and move :labels: to the right spot 4. Click on each box and use to type word that describe the wolf. 5. to finish record your answer 2 times to add to folder Optional - teacher might choose to get students started with some of the characteristics to compare and contrast by selecting label, then editing the gray boxes. This way students would just need to drag and drop.

Description The face has a short forehead and a strong pointed chin. The large eyes are bulbous and protuberant and have rimmed lids. A slight depression between the mouth and nose may indicate a moustache. The surface of the face is highly polished, while the neck and ears are less finished. The sides and back of the neck are enclosed in ancient plaster, which undoubtedly was used to secure the head in a niche or base. - Faces of Ancient Arabia: The Giraud and Carolyn Foster Collection of South Arabian Art. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. 2008. Provenance Sotheby's, London, between 1963 and 1971; Giraud and Carolyn Foster, Baltimore, between 1963 and 1971, by purchase; Walters Art Museum, 2007, by gift. Credit Gift of Giraud and Carolyn Foster, 2007 Download Image Add to Collection Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Creative Commons License

When a teacher named Hattie Mae White was elected to the Houston ISD School Board in 1958, she became the first black elected official in Texas since Reconstruction in the 1870s. At the time, Houston schools were still segregated. She led the fight for integration. A week after her election, someone shot out On this page you will find the notes we took on January 9, 2018 for the American Civil War. Remember that you must use your own notes (not the class set) for any open-note quizzes. On this page, you will find a review for the 2017 fall semester exam, which will cover almost everything we learned in class for the first semester. In this post, you will find the Cornell Notes we took for Filibusters and Empresarios. Remember that you will need your own copy for any open-notes quizzes or binder checks. On this page you will find the key for the review we did in class. In this post you will find a filled-out version of our notes on Spanish missions in Texas. Remember that you must have your own copy of the notes to use on any quizzes or binder checks. In this post you will find a Cornell Notes version of the notes we took in class on the Explorers of Texas. Remember that you may only use your own set of notes for quizzes or binder checks. Here you will find a final exam semester review, which you can download and print as needed. On this page you will find the notes and presentation over four famous U.S. Supreme Court cases that relate to civil rights in Texas.

Henry Gray (18211865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918. 7c. Articulations between the Tibia and Fibula The articulations between the tibia and fibula are effected by ligaments which connect the extremities and bodies of the bones. The ligaments may consequently be subdivided into three sets: (1) those of the Tibiofibular articulation; (2) the interosseous membrane; (3) those of the Tibiofibular syndesmosis. Tibiofibular Articulation (articulatio tibiofibularis; superior tibiofibular articulation).This articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The contiguous surfaces of the bones present flat, oval facets covered with cartilage and connected together by an articular capsule and by anterior and posterior ligaments. The Articular Capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament).The articular capsule surrounds the articulation, being attached around the margins of the articular facets on the tibia and fibula; it is much thicker in front than behind. The Anterior Ligament (anterior superior ligament).The anterior ligament of the head of the fibula (Fig. 347) consists of two or three broad and flat bands, which pass obliquely upward from the front of the head of the fibula to the front of the lateral condyle of the tibia. The Posterior Ligament (posterior superior ligament).The posterior ligament of the head of the fibula (Fig. 348) is a single thick and broad band, which passes obliquely upward from the back of the head of the fibula to the back of the lateral condyle of the tibia. It is covered by the tendon of the Popliteus. Interosseous Membrane (membrana interossea cruris; middle tibiofibular ligament).An interosseous membrane extends between the interosseous crests of the tibia and fibula, and separates the muscles on the front from those on the back of the leg. It consists of a thin, aponeurotic lamina composed of oblique fibers, which for the most part run downward and lateralward; some few fibers, however, pass in the opposite direction. It is broader above than below. Its upper margin does not quite reach the tibiofibular joint, but presents a free concave border, above which is a large, oval aperture for the passage of the anterior tibial vessels to the front of the leg. In its lower part is an opening for the passage of the anterior peroneal vessels. It is continuous below with the interosseous ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, and presents numerous perforations for the passage of small vessels. It is in relation, in front, with the Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis proprius, Peronæus tertius, and the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve; behind, with the Tibialis posterior and Flexor hallucis longus. Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (syndesmosis tibiofibularis; inferior tibiofibular articulation).This syndesmosis is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia. Below, to the extent of about 4 mm. these surfaces are smooth, and covered with cartilage, which is continuous with that of the ankle-joint. The ligaments are: anterior, posterior, inferior transverse, and interosseous. The Anterior Ligament (ligamentum malleoli lateralis anterius; anterior inferior ligament).The anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus (Fig. 355) is a flat, triangular band of fibers, broader below than above, which extends obliquely downward and lateralward between the adjacent margins of the tibia and fibula, on the front aspect of the syndesmosis. It is in relation, in front, with the Peronæus tertius, the aponeurosis of the leg, and the integument; behind, with the interosseous ligament; and lies in contact with the cartilage covering the talus. The Posterior Ligament (ligamentum malleoli lateralis posterius; posterior inferior ligament).The posterior ligament of the lateral malleolus (Fig. 355), smaller than the preceding, is disposed in a similar manner on the posterior surface of the syndesmosis. The Inferior Transverse Ligament.The inferior transverse ligament lies in front of the posterior ligament, and is a strong, thick band, of yellowish fibers which passes transversely across the back of the joint, from the lateral malleolus to the posterior border of the articular surface of the tibia, almost as far as its malleolar process. This ligament projects below the margin of the bones, and forms part of the articulating surface for the talus. The Interosseous Ligament.The interosseous ligament consists of numerous short, strong, fibrous bands, which pass between the contiguous rough surfaces of the tibia and fibula, and constitute the chief bond of union between the bones. It is continuous, above, with the interosseous membrane (Fig. 356).

Max von Laue was a German physicist who won the 1914 Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of X-ray crystallography, which helps in determining the arrangement of atoms in some substances. Early Life and Education: Born in Pfaffendorf, Sachsen, Germany on 9 October in 1879, Max von Laue studied physics at the University of Strasbourg, and later, the Universities of Göttingen and Munich. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Berlin in 1903. Contributions and Achievements: Laue’s initial interests were in optics and the wave theory of light. When Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, scientists were not sure if they were particles or short electromagnetic waves. Laue predicted in 1912 that X-rays could be diffracted by a crystal acting as a natural diffraction grating. Later experiments with several crystals produced patterns, which were termed as Laue patterns, from which crystal structure could be interpreted. Einstein praised Laue’s work as one of the most beautiful discoveries in physics. His contributions gave birth to X-ray spectroscopy, the exploration of atomic structures of chemical elements and the determination of X-ray wavelength. X-ray structural analysis played a vital role in modern physics and chemistry, with practical applications in various industries. Later Life and Death: In his later years, Max von Laue worked on the forces between atoms and also studied the thermodynamics of superconductivity. He wrote several famous books on the history of physics and Einstein’s theory of relativity. During World War II, Laue was arrested by the Allies forces and, like other German scientists, was sent to England. He came back to Germany in 1946 and took charge of the Max Planck Institute, Göttingen. He was appointed the director of the Fritz Haber Institute, Berlin in 1951, when he was 71 years old. Laue retired seven years later in 1958. Max von Laue died on April 24, 1960. He was 80 years old.

Wednesday, 23rd January 2008 : Today's Word is ... ( Adjective ) Pronunciation : ab-sekwee-ess, ob-sekwee-ess 1. attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery 2. attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner 3. excessively eager to please or obey 15th century - Latin obsequiosus - obsequium - compliance c.1450, prompt to serve from Latin obsequiosus meaning compliant, obedient from obsequium : compliance, dutiful service from obsequi : to accommodate oneself to the will of another from ob after + sequi follow . Pejorative sense of fawning, sycophantic had emerged by 1599 (implied obsequiously). servile, sycophantic, flattering, toadying, submissive, fawning, compliant, deferential, reverential, groveling, unctuous, smarmy Complacent means pleased or satisfied with how things are, with how they affect one's self, self-satisfied, smug. Complaisant means attempting or eager to please or satisfy, obliging, affable. Complacent thus refers to a state of mind and complaisant to a disposition to behave or conduct oneself in a way that pleases or satisfies others Deferential means showing courteous expression of regard or respect. Difference is the quality of being unlike or dissimilar. Differential means relating to or showing a difference or the quality of the difference between similar things. disobedient, disrespectful, inconsiderate, noncompliant, rude,assertive • Ann's assistant was so obsequious that she could never tell what he really thought about anything. • My obsequious friend seemed to live only to make me happy and never wanted to do anything if I said I didn't want to do it. • History will teach us that the former has been found a much more certain road to the introduction of despotism than the latter, and that of those men who have overturned the liberties of republics, the greatest number have begun their career by paying an obsequious court to the people: commencing demagogues and ending tyrants. • obsequiously : Adverb • obsequiousness : Noun Go to The A Word A Day Index

A source of true Vitamin A: liver is better than carrots From our childhood we remember that Vitamin A (essential for adequate development, good vision etc.) is found in vegetables like carrots, bell pepper, pumpkin, sweet potato etc. The truth is that all these vegetables contain only the precursor to Vitamin A, carotenoids. We need to be consuming other foods to get the daily norm of Vitamin A. Retinoids vs. carotenoids The most important fact about vitamin A is the difference between retinoids and carotenoids. The vitamin A from animal sources is retinoids, also called retinol, while plant source vitamin A is carotenoids, such as beta carotene and its precursor. Animal sources of retinol are bio-available, which means the body can easily digest it. The vitamin A from plant sources, in contrast, must first be converted to retinol to be useful in the body. This poses two big problems. First, when we are in good health, it requires at least six units of carotenes to convert into 1 unit of retinol (source). To put this in perspective, that means one must eat 2 kg of carrots to potentially get the amount of Vitamin A as in 90 g of beef liver. What happens if we have digestive issues, hormone imbalances, or other health problems? It requires even more carrots to eat. Second, the problem is not only in the amount of beta carotene. The process of conversion depends on many factors and unfortunately, not everyone can get their portion of Vitamin A. This conversion is virtually insignificant: - In infants - In those with poor thyroid function (hypothyroidism) - In those with diabetes - In those who are on a low fat diet or have a history of low fat dieting - In those who have compromised bile production (gallbladder and digestive problems) Although beta carotene is an antioxidant, it is not true vitamin A. What should we do? Look for other sources of Vitamin A. Sources of true retinole: - Liver from any animal, enjoy pasture-raised liver 2-3 times per week or take desiccated liver capsulesdaily if you do not like liver. - Cod liver. - Egg yolksfrom hens foraging in pasture, ideally enjoy 2-4 egg yolks per day and there is no need to worry about the cholesterol. - Heavy cream, again ideally, from grass fed cows. In short, organic liver is the best source of vitamin A. Men, women, children, including, babies should consume it. Those who can not stand liver can take it in capsules Vitamin A sources for vegetarians and vegans As you can see, true vitamin A foods come from animal sources. A vegan diet simply does not provide the body with adequate vitamin A for optimal health. A vegan diet also reduces thyroid function and bile release, which drastically compromises the already poor carotene-to-cartenoid conversion. Traditional cuisines of any culture on our planet include foods from animal sources into their diets. Vegetarians can get Vitamin A from egg yolks and dairy products. Vitamin A deficiency and health problems The Weston A. Price Foundation (Weston Price was a dentist known primarily for his theories on the relationships between health and diet) offers recommendations on vitamin A intake: “From the work of Weston Price, we can assume that the amount in primitive diets was about 50,000 IU per day, which could be achieved in a modern diet by consuming generous amounts of whole milk, cream, butter and eggs from pastured animals; beef or duck liver several times per week or 1/2 tablespoon of cod liver oil per day”. It is necessary to clarify, however, that the daily norm for Vitamin A (retinol) is 3000 IU and tolerable upper intake level for adults is 10 000 IU. It is officially not recommended to consume more Vitamin A than this amount. 50 000 IU a day? Yes, you read it right. According to the main work by Price “Nutrition and Physical Degeneration”, this amount was necessary for earlier people to survive. Due to the lack of true vitamin A foods in our modern diet, we face an epidemic of vitamin A deficiency. This contributes to the widespread health issues including: - Hormonal imbalances - Mood disorders - Skin problems including eczema and acne - Poor immune system - Thyroid disorders like hypothyroidis Vitamin A toxicity: should we be concerned? Many people were frightened by the reports about Vitamin A toxicity leading to problems with health and even birth defects. The studies that found this link use synthetic vitamin A. As with all synthetic vitamins, synthetic A lacks the complex cofactors and “living” integrity of natural A that allows the body to actually utilize the vitamin. Since the body doesn’t really know how to use the fake vitamin, it accumulates it in the body and can become toxic at moderate levels. In this way, synthetic vitamin A is more of a toxin than a nutrient. Try to avoid multivitamins and fortified grain products to reduce exposure to synthetic Vitamin A. Remember that the best supplement to get Vitamin A is liver pills. According to Dr. Price, non-isolated, natural vitamin A does not cause problems even in high amounts. Combination with Vitamin D An important thing for health is the combination of Vitamins A and D. Vitamins A and D work hand-in-hand: D helps the body utilize vitamin A and prevents toxicity of the natural vitamin According to Dr. Price, it was vitamin D (from foods or sun light) that allowed earlier people digest huge amounts of retinol. And again, cod liver oil offers a perfect balance of these two vitamins in a bio-available form. Absolutely all people from babies to pregnant women to elderly people receive a great benefit from consuming cod liver oil every day. If you do not want to take supplements, have lab tests for Vitamin D deficit (or the absence of it). Of course, do not skip daily walks outside because they give you several benefits. If you take a sunbath in Spain or California or somewhere near these places, then in12 minutes you receive 3000 IU of Vitamin D under condition that 50% of your body is exposed to the sunlight. This covers the daily norm for Vitamin D. Do not forget the fat! Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. So, we can neither consume adequate vitamin A or absorb this vitamin A if we are on a low fat diet. Fortunately, Mother Nature, in all of her wisdom, designed the foods rich in true vitamin A to contain the fat we need to utilize the vitamin. For example, butter and lard stimulate bile release and therefore aid in A absorption and the conversion of carotenoids. Although these fats nourished our ancestors, animal fats were shunned by recent generations due to poor science. Fortunately, the low fat era is coming to an end as we shed light on the fact that old fashioned fats are good for us (and tasty)!

Featured in issue 45 – April 2020 Hops that you see growing in British hedgerows in September are called wild hops as their variety is usually unknown. This doesn’t mean that you can’t still brew with them and, indeed, Britain has been using hops to produce beer since the 1500s. Before that, hops hadn’t been introduced to the country, and beer was flavoured with herbs and spices. It also didn’t last very long once produced. Once hops were discovered, the industry really grew along with distribution. This was because of the amazing variety of flavours hops can produce, and also due to the fact that they act as a natural antibacterial agent, so they help keep bugs away which can contaminate the beer and make it go ‘off’. Well known British hops, mostly grown in the south of England, are varieties like Fuggles, Goldings, and First Gold which give traditional English ale flavours such as grassy and herbal. Hops are also grown throughout the world and, like any other plant, they require certain growing conditions, and different conditions favour different varieties. The Yakima Valley in America is a well known hop growing region. It grows varieties that impart very flavoursome and aromatic notes like lemon, lime, orange, and grapefruit. One of the best known varieties is Citra. One of my favourite hops is Simcoe, again American, and it gives flavours like passionfruit, pine, and berries. I like it so much that I named my new dog after it! There are various times we add hops in the brewing process, and this again affects the flavours and aroma you produce; the later you add the hop, the more flavour and aroma you can get. New infusing equipment, such as Hop Rockets and Hop Torpedos, can also help extract flavours and improve efficiencies. These enable us to really circulate and break up the hops to release all their goodness into the beer. You may see beers named after a hop, which really showcase a certain variety, but hops are usually mixed and this gives us such complex flavours, hence why you can produce a different flavour each time. For a drink that has just four main ingredients, there can be such a variety of flavour by changing hop varieties, as well as malts, yeast, water treatment and the actual process. So think about your next beer: can you smell fruits? If so, it is probably from these little ladies – it’s the female flower from a female hop plant used in brewing! - Belinda is head brewer at Station 1-1-9 at Eye in Suffolk.

Everyone has a pair of pliers somewhere in their home. As one of the most useful tools out there, it might surprise you at just how many different types there are and how versatile pliers can be. Parts of Pliers There are only a few parts to pliers, but all of them have an important function. In a few cases, the parts may vary to complete a specific function. Cutters – These surfaces are generally located close to the fulcrum and are used for cutting wire and cables. Fulcrum (or Pivot Point) – Not only is this the place where the handles and jaws connect, it also serves to create enough force for the jaws to perform their duty. Handles – The part you hold. These can be straight or curved, and the surface will wither be bare metal or plastic coated. Jaws (or Nose) – The working end of pliers are used primarily for gripping. Combination pliers have jaws which also contain cutters and/or pipe grips. Pipe Grips – A rounded opening in the jaws, pipe grips are designed to do what the name implies, and are very useful for gripping round objects. Chances are, you have seen or used these pliers at some point in your lifetime. They are available almost anywhere and in many cases can be used for other purposes in a pinch. Also known as: crimping tools These pliers have the fulcrum at the far end and are used similarly to a nutcracker. Wires are fed into the jack of the jaw first, then the connector. Squeezing the handles will break through the plastic coating and cause the two sections to deform (or crimp) in such a way that they stick together and allow data to pass through. Crimping pliers are used heavily in networking and telecommunications. Also known as: diagonal cutting pliers, flush cut pliers, side cutting pliers, wire cutters The jaws of these pliers have an angled edge designed to cut through thick wire. They are quite strong and can also be used to cut nails. Thus they are useful in carpentry as well as electrical work. Hose Clamp Pliers Also known as: hose pliers, spring clamp pliers, radiator hose pliers These pliers are designed to compress hose and spring clamps, making the connection tighter. As a result, they come in a wide range of designs. The most common models have a peg-shaped tooth on each jaw, which is used to pinch the clamp. Some models may also be used directly on the hose. Needle Nose Pliers Also known as: long-nosed pliers The nose of this tool is elongated for more precision and contains a cutting edge near the base. A highly versatile tool, it can be used for bending, shaping, and cutting wire. These pliers are employed by a wide range of trades, including: armouring, electrical, fishing, jewelry making, and network engineering. Most home toolkits will have at least one of these. Slip Joint Pliers Also known as: water pump pliers Closely related to the adjustable wrench, these pliers have an adjustable fulcrum to alter the width of the jaws. Many variants have notches for the fulcrum’s bolt to slip into when the jaws are open, letting you lock on a specific width. They are often used for plumbing applications and can perform many of the same duties as wrenches. Snap Ring Pliers Also known as: retaining ring pliers, circlip pliers, C clip pliers, lock ring pliers These pliers have short, round jaws to aid in closing snap rings. These rings are open-ended loops that fit into grooves of a dowel or other round object. Once closed, the ring can rotate freely, but is unable to slide sideways.They are commonly used for the gears on mountain bikes and similar vehicles. Tongue and Groove Pliers Also known as: Channel Locks These are an adjustable type of pliers with a toothed groove along the upper handle, allowing the lower jaw to be locked into a number of positions. The angled jaws make this tool useful for turning nuts and bolts. The popular company Channellock officially changed its name to match this tool in 1963, which has been their most famous product line since the name was trademarked by the company in 1949. While the previous pliers are all commonly found in tool kits, there are a number of more specialized pliers that you may never encounter outside of their relat4ed trades. Bail Making Pliers The jaws of this tool consist of two dowels, one larger than the other. Used primarily in jewelry making, wire is wrapped around the jaws to form clasps, ear wires, and a number of other shaped loop components. Used primarily in the automotive industry for maintaining the bolts on car batteries and jumper cables, these pliers have short, angled jaws. The lower jaw is slightly smaller, and both jaws are thick to make them more durable. Bent Nose Pliers This variation of needle nose pliers has a set of jaws that are bent at an angle at the midpoint (most commonly 45 or 90 degrees). This allows them to grip surfaces without getting in the way when multiple pliers are needed or the angle is too difficult to reach with normal needle nose pliers. As a result, they are useful in jewelry making, electrical work, and other occupations which deal with shaping wire. Brake Spring Pliers Another useful automotive tool, these pliers are actually a multi-tool designed specifically for handling the springs found in drum brakes. One jaw tip is rounded for removing springs, while the other is curved to put springs back in. Sometimes, one of the handles also has a ratchet to remove the shoe hold-down pin. Also known as: canvas stretching pliers An invaluable tool for artists, these wide-jawed pliers allow one person to do what normally takes two. The jaws are usually padded to avoid damaging the canvas surface while it’s being stretched onto the frame. Chain Nose Pliers Featuring stubby triangular jaws, chain nose pliers are one of the many tools used in wire shaping and jewelry making. The jaw design allows for bending, crimping, and shaping wire. When working with beads, the tip aids in closing or opening bead tips and jump rings. These multipurpose tools have three separate sections in the jaws. From the tip, the first part is a serrated gripping surface. A round serrated section behind this makes gripping tubes and other thick round objects easier. Finally, the section closest to the fulcrum contains a cutting surface. Often mistaken for linesman pliers, the latter lacks a rounded center section in the jaws. An important component in tailoring, cobbling, and other clothing industries, eyelets allow laces and drawstrings to be added to clothes. These eyelets have a ring and elongated hub which must be crimped down. Most modern eyelet pliers have interchangeable dies to allow for both hole punching and crimping, although some have only crimping surfaces or a wheel in the upper jaw containing various die tips. This curious-looking multi-tool resembles a hammer with two handles when looked at from above. Notches in the fulcrum allow you to cut wires of different gauges, while the side of the left jaw has a hammer surface for driving in staples. The claw of the right jaw can be used for removing staples, and the jaws themselves contain a gripping surface and a rounded grip hole. Flat Nose Pliers Also known as: duckbill pliers The flat, tapered jaws of these pliers are used for gripping and twisting metal, as well as twisting leads and wires. It’s a common tool in both electrical and mechanical work. They can easily make sharp bends and right angles with wire and also work well for straightening. Available with short or long noses. Similar in form and function to eyelet pliers, grommet pliers are used to create holes in tarp and other materials, as well as affixing grommets. Grommets are more heavy-duty than eyelets, making this tool perfect for crafts involving sturdy materials such as tent-making. Also known as: lineman pliers While the name might not seem familiar, chances are you’ve seen or used these at some point. Easily identified by the jaws, which have a shorter gripping surface towards the tip and a cutting surface in the middle, this is a highly versatile tool used most often in electrical work. Due to the multi-tool function and strength of the jaws, this too can be used to bend, twist, and curt metal that might be too tough for other pliers. In some cases, the insulated handles are capable of protecting the user from electrical shocks, although most models are not rated against shock. Also known as: Vise Grips As the name implies, the jaws of these pliers are designed to lock in place, making them excellent for gripping stripped screws and bolts. A wide variety of jaw shapes are available for this tool, allowing you to choose a design that best fits your needs. Nail Puller Pliers Similar in appearance to tongs, the tips of its caws are tapered to allow it to dig under the head of nails and pull them out. Some variations also have a claw on the back of the right jaw to provide additional leverage. Oil Filter Pliers These odd looking pliers have a C-shaped pair of toothed jaws, with one being much longer than the other. They’re used in the automotive industry to remove oil filter casings. Piston Ring Pliers There are two major design of piston ring pliers, both of which are used to remove and replace piston rings in engines. The first has simple curved tips on the jaws that can be used to spread a piston ring for easy removal. The second has a much larger curved set of jaws with several braces to support the ring and reduce the risk of warping. Push Pin Pliers The jaw tips of these pliers are wedge-shaped to allow them to get under the pin cap of plastic anchors. By squeezing the pliers, the push pin will pop out, allowing for the safe removal of anchors. This tool is used in automotive work, as well as other industries where push pin-style anchors are used. Round Nose Pliers Also known as: jewelry pliers, rosary pliers Not to be confused with the similar bail making pliers, the rounded jaws on these pliers are slightly tapered and come together to form a triangular jaw design. They are used to create loops in jewelry, especially rosaries and similar projects. Some also have insulated handles for use in electrical work. Used in creating stained glass crafts, these pliers make a clean break along scored lines in the glass. The wide-tipped jaws can be adjusted to match the thickness of your glass and most have a center line to ensure proper alignment when running along the score. Sheet Metal Pliers Also known as: seamer pliers The wide, rectangular jaws of these pliers are used for bending sheet metal and forming seams. They are commonly found in metal shops and other industries where sheet metal is used. These are sometimes a version of locking pliers specifically designed for metal work. Split Ring Pliers Also known as: fishing pliers Resembling a stubby version of needle nose or chain nose pliers, split ring pliers have a hooked tip on the lower jaw. This tip acts as a wedge, splitting coiled rings apart. Split rings are commonly used in the creation of fishing tackles and keyrings. Soft Jaw Pliers Used for plumbing and scuba diving equipment, soft jaw pliers can include variations of many common types of pliers. The difference is that these pliers have padded jaws to prevent scratches on chrome and other soft metals or exposed surfaces. Spark Plug Pliers The narrow jaws of these pliers are tipped with either insulated tongs or a cylindrical holder. As the name suggests, the tips grip spark plugs by the boot or plug wires, aiding in automotive repairs. The jaws of welding pliers azre similar to those of combination pliers, with the same tip as the jaws of needle nose pliers. This tool performs a number of functions, including spatter removal, gripping wire, cutting, and even hammering. As the name implies, these pliers are used heavily in welding-based trades. Wire Twisting Pliers This unusual tool has short jaws with a cutting edge by the fulcrum. Between the handles is a cylindrical locking mechanism and threaded knob. By locking a piece of wire into the jaws and pulling back on the knob, the entire tool spins, twisting the wire along with it. Most commonly used in jewelry making, these pliers are also frequently used by electricians. - Get a Grip With the Best Bench Vises - Best Bolt and Screw Extractors for Easy Removal - Easy Crimping with the Best RJ45 Crimper

Maybe you remember those dairy ads from a few years back: “Milk — it does a body good.” While there are lots of nutritional benefits in that glass of milk, it’s also true that too much of a good thing can be bad for your child. As a pediatric hematologist (that’s a doctor who treats blood disorders in kids), I see a number of children each year who develop a form of anemia from drinking too much cow’s milk. These are otherwise healthy children, often about 1 year of age — the time when they’re making the transition from breast milk or formula to regular food. Sometimes they’re older, having gone undiagnosed for a few years. The problem is that cow’s milk doesn’t contain enough iron to meet the demands of a growing child — or, to be accurate, it doesn’t have the kind of iron that people’s bodies can easily use. And people need iron to make red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. In children, iron is especially important for the heart, the kidneys and the brain and brain development. Babies get iron from breast milk, and from infant formula and baby cereals, which are fortified with iron. And when most kids make the switch to cow’s milk at about 1 year of age, they’re also starting to eat table foods that contain iron. The kids who become anemic are those who drink bottle after bottle — or cup after cup — of cow’s milk, to the point where they’re not hungry for other foods. Usually the parents don’t even realize how much they’re drinking. I know, because it’s one of the first questions I ask. These aren’t bad parents; on the contrary, they have very good intentions. The baby’s thirsty? Give them milk. Or the kid’s a picky eater but loves milk — so mom or dad serves it, thinking it’s nutritious. Which it is. It just lacks iron. By the time they get to me, these children need treatment to correct the iron deficiency. At minimum, that can mean a prescription iron supplement taken for several months. For severe cases, it could mean a blood transfusion. But fixing the anemia is a two-step process. The second part is preventing it from happening again. Typically I tell parents to limit young children to two cups — or 16 ounces — of milk per day, serving it only with meals (none between mealtimes). Water is a good alternative. But make sure the child is getting a well-balanced diet. Here is some good advice on what to feed kids. The bottom line: milk-related anemia is completely preventable. Limit your child’s milk consumption. And make it part of a balanced diet. Dr. Melissa Frei-Jones is an associate professor of pediatric hematology-oncology at the University of Texas Health Science Center, who practices at University Health System

In this project you will make and demonstrate a simple electric circuit. You will learn about electrical conductors (such as wires and metals), insulators (such as plastic coating on the wire) and the concept of electrical circuits. Part of materials are available from MiniScience.com in the form of kit # KITSEC. Materials may also be

Sustainability Campaign: Social Norms Marketing vs Community Based Social Marketing This activity is for a Social Psychology class, during a segment on Social Influence. Students are should have read an intro textbook chapter on this topic prior to engaging in this activity. Prior to class, students read articles and consider discussion questions on social norms marketing, community based social marketing, and social influence. During class, groups will be assigned to one of several sustainability/pro-environment topics for which they will design a long range and broad based campaign for behavior change. My hope is that by examining the readings first (some of which pertain to health or other non-environment behaviors), students will be better equipped to design a more effective campaign that specifically targets sustainable behaviors. Context for Use Description and Teaching Materials assignment handout (Microsoft Word 37kB Nov13 09) Cialdini article (Acrobat (PDF) 391kB Nov13 09) McKenzie Mohr article (Acrobat (PDF) 166kB Nov13 09) Suls and Green article (Acrobat (PDF) 238kB Nov13 09)

Calculating OEE: Formulas For Peak Performance Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a manufacturing performance metric that is used to identify lost opportunities and measure improvement efforts. OEE combines downtime, speed, and quality losses into one metric to determine how much quality product is produced compared to how much should have been produced in a given time. Essentially, OEE measures the percentage of time that is actually productive. Calculating OEE is done by multiplying three factors together: Unplanned downtime includes changeovers and breakdowns. Available time excludes events that are beyond the control of the operations team, like power outages or production curtailments. Every company has different criteria for calculating available time, but the important thing is to be consistent and always calculate it the same way. Let’s look at an example for one day: The performance factor of OEE shows how well a machine runs by measuring the speed loss that occurs during operating time. Traditionally, the performance factor is calculated on a time basis. The ideal cycle time is the time it should take to produce one unit. A simpler way to calculate the performance factor is to compare the actual quantity produced to the target production rate. Both equations will give the same percentage result, but using production units instead of time is easier for everyone to understand. Here is an example performance factor calculation: Not all products that are produced meet the quality specifications. The quality factor accounts for quality losses by comparing the number of good units to the total number of units produced. If there were 8,749 good units, the quality factor is calculated as follows: Once each of the factors (Availability, Performance, and Quality) have been calculated, they can be multiplied to determine the OEE. Using the values from the above examples: Although each of the individual parameters may seem acceptable on its own, the process is only producing quality product 60% of the time. This seems rather low doesn’t it? Actually, 60% is a typical OEE value for manufacturing operations and values under 50% are quite common. However, OEE is not meant for comparing different processes, or even similar processes with different circumstances. The following example illustrates the problem with OEE comparisons. Both Process A and Process B have an OEE of 66%, but which one would you rather have? Process A has a lot of changeover time from product changes, but when it is running, it runs well. They could benefit from setup reduction or improved production scheduling. On the other hand, Process B has a much higher availability because there is much less changeover time, but would you like to have 91% quality instead of 99% like Process A? You can see that there are many ways to get the same OEE, so care must be taken when making OEE comparisons. The power of OEE comes from analyzing the losses, not the resulting OEE score. The OEE calculation is standard, but collecting the right values is anything but. Every facility is different and has different data collection needs. When using OEE it is important to have a simple and flexible way to collect data and track downtime, speed, and quality losses so action can be taken on the operating floor. Automatic event tracking with real-time displays can help operators log information and make corrective actions in a timely manner. Dedicated OEE software, or a combination of a data historian and data visualization tools can be used to track and analyze production losses and calculate OEE.

Tarsus is the birth place of St.Paul, situated on the edge of the fertile Çukurova plain in the city full of cedar groves city is the meeting place of legendery lovers Antony and Cleopatra. There is the commerative Cleopatra gate, to reach St.Paul’s Well and the St.Paul Church, the old vernacular style streets of the city to be followed. St. Paul Church and Museum The church which is located in the south of the city (Tarsus/ Mersin/ Turkey), about 200 meters south of Ulu Mosque is thought to be built in 11th or 12th Century B.C and dedicated to St. Paul. In recent years, the building underwent restoration work. In the interior, the nave is separated from the aisles by rows of four columns each and covered with vaults. At the center of the ceiling there are frescos depicting Jesus Christ, St. John, St. Matthews, St. Luke and St. Mark, the four Holy Apostles who wrote the four accepted versions of the Holy Bible. The church also has a belfry. There are figures depicting angels and a landscape next to the window opening to the nave. There is also a wooden mezzanine above the entrance to the building supported by two columns. Today, the church is serving as a museum. But pious Christians come here frequently for pilgrimage. The Well of St. Paul The remnants of a house uncovered at a courtyard in a neighborhood of old Tarsus houses about 250 meters north of the Republic Square (Cumhuriyet Meydanı) is believed to belong to St. Paul. There is a well in the courtyard, which is called St. Paul’s Well. During an excavation parts of house walls were discovered in the courtyard believed to belong to St. Paul’s house. The remnants of the house could be seen through a glass covering the excavated walls. The mouth of the well is cylindrical and has a diameter of 1.15 meters. The well itself is rectangular and made of rectangularly hewn rocks. It is 38 meters deep and has water the year round. Christians passing through here on their way to pilgrimage in Jerusalem drink the water of this well, which they consider holy. The church and the surroundings are on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.

Conservation Recommendation – “DEAD SALMON DON’T SPAWN” Conservation Guidelines 2014 – The Forth District Salmon Fishery Board, in consultation with the River Forth Fisheries Trust have issued conservation guidelines for the forthcoming season on a river by river basis. It is expected that all anglers will follow these in order to protect and conserve stocks of migratory fish within the Forth District. The guidelines are published here. CONSERVATION OF SALMON AND SEA TROUT In 1994, when the Government first started collecting data on “Catch and Release” in the Scottish rod and line salmon fishery, about 5% of all salmon caught were returned to the water in order to complete their spawning migrations. Over the last 15 years the practise has become more widespread and now over 60% of all salmon caught are returned alive Scotland-wide. For the spring stock, which are considered to be particularly vulnerable, the returned rate is even higher at 80%. In addition, nearly 60% of all sea trout are also returned annually. So, what do we hope to achieve by “Catch and Release”? In answer, catch and release measures are simply a precaution that attempts to ensure that we do not kill so many fish in the rod and line fishery that there are too few spawning adults left to stock the available habitat with juveniles of the next generation. Scottish salmon stocks are under pressure and runs of fish in recent years have been variable. In particular, the spring stock has shown a marked long term decline. Many anglers will remember the 1960’s and 70’s when spring salmon were abundant and it is clear that the current stock of early running fish is a fraction of its former size and is thus particularly susceptible to over-exploitation. Similarly, over the last few years the summer grilse run appears to have been poor with a decrease in both quality and quantity of fish running. It is therefore imperative that we look after them. Finally, East Coast sea trout catches, though variable, have been at historically low levels and so it is also important that as many of these fish as possible are returned to the river to spawn. Why have these declines occurred and what can we do about it? It is clear that the marine survival of salmon has decreased dramatically since its high point in the 1960’s and 70’s. Though smolts are still going to sea, they are not returning home in the numbers that they did historically. This decline has been linked at various times to factors such as human exploitation, predation, exploitation of prey species and climate change. Whatever the cause, as fishery managers, we can only attempt to control what goes on in the fresh water side of the salmon’s life cycle. We have to ensure that as many smolts as possible go to sea to give a chance for as many salmon, grilse and sea trout as possible to return as adults. What are we doing about it? The Trust has now produced a Fisheries Management Plan. This outlines what we currently know about the state of fisheries within the District and identifies the generic factors that impact on those fisheries. The Board are in the process of establishing Area Management Groups for each of the District’s 12 principle rivers and first task of each group will be to produce a sub-management plan for each river. Those plans will identify projects for habitat improvement, barrier removal and stock restoration and the Board and Trust will assist in the management, co-ordination and facilitation of project delivery. However, whilst improvements to habitat and water quality are self evidently vital in increasing the carrying capacity of the District’s rivers, we must look after the fish we have. Against this backdrop the Forth District Salmon Fishery Board and River Forth Fisheries Trust are calling for anglers to show restraint throughout the season in terms of the number of fish they kill and believe that this is the best achieved by following the code of practise below. The items in this section are requirements under the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 2003: · It is illegal to sell rod caught salmon or sea trout in Scotland · No organic bait of any description may be used between the periods 1st February – 31st May, and 27th August – 31st October · Lures and baits are restricted to one single, double, or treble hooks between the periods 1st February – 31st May, and 27th August – 31st October · Prawns or shrimps or any part of these may not be used at any time The following are Forth District Salmon Fishery Board’s and River Forth Fisheries Trust’s recommendations: · All salmon caught before 1st June should be released · Barbless hooks should be used before 1st June · All coloured fish should be released throughout the season · No angler should kill more than 1 salmon/grilse on any given day · Salmon of 15lbs or over should be returned · All hen salmon should be returned in September and October · Netting operations should be delayed until 1st June · We would prefer it if all sea trout were returned, but no angler should take more than 2 sea trout on any given day · All coloured sea trout to be returned Anglers and Proprietors: · Permits to include Proprietor’s Code of Practice and to have a space to record fish taken or released · Records of all fish taken or released should be completed immediately and submission to the proprietor should be a condition of renewal of permit to fish · Permits to be carried when fishing

15 Strategies For Managing Attention Problems | The listed strategies can be found for enhancing attention and managing attention problems. This listing is as simple as no means exhaustive, but instead is supposed like a spot to begin. The very best helpful information on strategies will be the creative, inventive minds of enlightened assessment professionals, teachers and parents, in partnership using the students they serve. Together they could create multiple alternative strategies. 1. Eliminate the Mystery Away The very first and perhaps most significant management strategy usually is to insure that each one students understand how attention works and identify their particular profiles of attention strengths and weaknesses. Then, students ought to be taught attention management strategies. 2. Understand Consistent Inconsistency Teachers and parents should recognize that the inconsistency of youngsters with attention problems Isn‘t evidence of an undesirable attitude or insufficient motivation. It‘s a section of their biologically based attention dysfunction, and it is beyond their easy control. 3. Explore the Option of Medication For several children and adolescents, medication could be helpful in handling attentional difficulties. Medication can improve mental alertness and also the intensity and duration of concentration. Additionally, it might diminish impulsivity and hyperactivity. A student and his parents may wish to understand more about this method with his physician. 4. Permit Movement and Breaks It‘s helpful for college students that have issues with inconsistent alertness and mental effort to become provided with opportunities to maneuver around. For instance, in school, teachers could ask a student to erase the board, collect papers or have a message towards the office. In your own home, parents and / as well as student could schedule regular breaks and change work sites. That‘s, a student could work several minutes in the kitchen table and many minutes upon the living room floor. Every time the location is changed, a student may experience a burst of mental energy. Additionally, students may should be doing something with the hands while seated. They‘ll doodle, roll a section of clay or perform another manual tasks that enhance their alertness and arousal. 5. Vary Instructional Strategies Teachers should use a number of instructional strategies and these ought to be changed approximately every 15 to twenty minutes. For instance, they might deliver information for quarter-hour via lecture. This strategy could possibly be followed by small group work or cooperative learning for 20 minutes. Next, students could undertake individual seatwork or watch a video. 6. Use Signals The teacher and parents should possess a private method of signaling students when they‘re tuned out. For instance, a gentle tap upon the shoulder can be effective. Also, the student’s teachers and parents should signal him when something important is going to be stated. Looking right at him, his teacher or parent could say, 7. Leverage Interests Attention is enhanced when interest is heightened. Thus, students ought to be encouraged to learn, write and point out subjects during which they‘re interested. Additionally, students’ attention is enhanced when details are personally relevant for them. For instance, if students got to become familiar with a chronological timetable, the teacher could begin with having the scholars attain a chronological timetable from the important events with their own lives. 8. Minimize Noise & Other Distractions Students that are easily distracted should benefit given by a structured auditory environment. They‘ll need preferential seating close to the front from the classroom to ensure that noise and distractions from other students are minimized. 9. Develop Previewing and Planning Skills Teachers and parents may help students develop previewing and planning skills by requiring them to be able to formulate plans for writing reports and completing projects. For instance, when completing a book report, the scholars could submit plans for how they will accomplish this task. They‘re going to likely need specific instruction, followed by modeling, then guided practice, and lastly feedback on performance. The idea of previewing ought to be explained towards the students and that they should know the undeniable fact that the activities they‘re taking part in will enable them to develop previewing / planning skills. It‘s helpful when they are first given practical samples of planning, for example planning for a celebration. 10. Use Behavior Modification and Self-Assessment The usage of behavior modification and self-assessment strategies could be helpful in increasing desired behaviors (e. g., task completion ) and / or decreasing behavior problems (e. g., impulsive blurting out during class ). The specific behaviors that should be changed ought to be identified (e. g., completes reading classwork ; raises hand before answering questions ; brushes teeth before visiting bed ; puts dirty clothes in laundry ). The specific consequences for behavior change should be also identified. The consequence for positive behaviors should be more rewarding towards the student than failure to finish the constructive behavior. For instance, when the child is allowed to remain up an additional quarter-hour inside the evenings, this behavior should be more rewarding than leaving his / her dirty clothes upon the bathroom floor. Additionally, performance from the targeted behavior must function as the best way the student has the capacity to have the reward. Inside the previous example, the child is merely able to remain in the extra quarter-hour through the night if he puts his dirty laundry inside the designated place. School-home notes can be utilized to communicate backwards and forwards between home and school. In both settings, charts and graphs can be utilized to monitor progress toward the aim. Students ought to be encouraged to assess their very own behavior along with being assessed from the adult. They might be given a further reward for accurate self-assessment. 11. Discourage Frenetic Work Patterns To assist students refrain from rushing through their work, teachers and parents could avoid making statements for example, 13. Use Daily Planners Students should make use of a structured daily planner to assist him organize his assignments and activities. A planner that‘s broken down by subject inside the day and also has sufficient room to write down all of the information he needs could be preferred. ELAN Publishing offers numerous good student organizers. Alternately, he will benefit from employing a personal digital assistant (PDA ). 14. Set Up a Home Office In your own home, parents should guide their child / adolescent with establishing his / her own well-organized Parents should schedule a weekly time that their child / adolescent will dedicate to straightening in the office and ensuring all office supplies are well-stocked (e. g., post-its, pencils, pens, highlighters, paper, paper clips, stapler ). A student should find his / her best time (s ) for studying (his / her most alert times during the day ), and post these times as his / her A student also needs to experiment with different sorts of background noise levels that work best for him / her when you are performing homework of studying. Some children / adolescents actually concentrate better inside a noisy environment or while hearing music while others should use ear plugs. 15. Allow Time for them to Wind Down Many students with attention problems have trouble falling asleep through the night. It‘s helpful so that they could have a longtime routine for visiting bed through the night. For instance, they might read a book or possess a book read for them. They could undertake stretching exercises before getting in bed. They might drink a glass of milk or hot chocolate before going to bed. They could also hear quiet, easy music while falling asleep. “White noise, ” say for example a fan, can also be helpful in facilitating sleep. Incoming search terms: - maths paper 1 grade 11 2018 - strategies for managing attentional issues in the classroom

Gianluca Tognon è un biologo specializzato in scienza dell’alimentazione. Ha lavorato per diversi anni come ricercatore presso l’Università di Göteborg in Svezia ed è docente al Master in nutrizione umana dell’Università degli studi di Pavia. In Italia ha pubblicato cinque libri su diversi temi legati all’alimentazione e alla nutrizione ed è co-autore di numerose pubblicazioni scientifiche su riviste internazionali. As a general rule, adverse food reactions that are not triggered by immunological mechanisms are referred to as food intolerances. In this case, the reaction is reproducible and the severity of the symptoms is dose-dependent, in contrast to allergies. Enzymatic food intolerance They are caused by the inability to metabolize some substances present in The part of the food responsible for the adverse reaction is called the antigen or allergen. Foods contain a large number of molecules with antigen power (over 6,000) but fortunately, in most individuals only a few of them induce sensitization. Under normal conditions, our body has effective defence systems: the enzymatic and mucous secretions of How is wine produced? The winemaking process of red, white and rosé wines Wine is an important component of the Mediterranean diet and winemaking is very common in Mediterranean countries. The origin of wine dates back to the times of ancient Greece, the Minoan and Mycenaean periods, and the wine culture has spread to other

Artemis (Diana) never married, living as a sworn virgin in the woods where they where they hunted and danced together. These nymphs also showed lovingly care for Artemis’ body, undressing her, bathing her, and expressing other intimacies together. Depictions of Artemis (Diana) often portray the story of her affection for the nymph Callisto. As Ovid told the story, Artemis loved Callisto, but so did Zeus (Jupiter). So given that Callisto was also a sworn virgin, Zeus disguised himself as Artemis to get in close and seduce Callisto, and then raped her. Callisto got pregnant by Zeus and had a son, who then challenged his mother. To prevent catastrophe, Zeus then put mother and son in the sky as the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, the Big and Little Dippers. For more ancient myths that include gay people and gender variation, click here.

Cement is a ubiquitous product used primarily in the construction industry. In 2016 alone 4.2 billion metric tonnes of cement were used worldwide. However, the production of cement is responsible for 5 – 6 % of the global carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere each year. The carbon dioxide emissions occur during the manufacturing process, when limestone (Calcium Carbonate – CaCO3) is burnt to produce quicklime (Calcium Oxide – CaO). The intense heat (1400 °C) required for the process, which is usually produced by burning fossil fuels, also releases carbon dioxide, further adding to the overall emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from the industry. In the fight to reduce GHG emissions, many countries are looking at innovative ways to decarbonise industrial processes like cement manufacture. Sweden has chosen to become zero-emissions by 2045 and has been examining how it can reduce the CO2 emissions within its industries. Heidelberg Cement (the fourth-largest producer of cement) has a large factory in Degerhamn and is collaborating with environmental scientist Catherine Legrand from Linnaeus University in the Algoland project. The project is using algae to capture the CO2 released during the cement manufacturing process, by bubbling the exhaust fumes from the limestone kilns through algal cultures contained in hundreds of bags. As the algae photosynthesize they use the CO2, removing it from the flue gas, and converting it into food for growth, just as plants do on land. The algae also produce oils and proteins which have many uses e.g. as supplementation to animal or fish feed. This means not only is the cement manufacturing process less environmentally harmful, the algal carbon capture system gives added value benefits. For more information on the revolutionary technology being used in Sweden, click here

As a result of landslides and soil erosion, a substantial amount of soil has been lost in Turkey. Particularly, fertile lands have long been faced with the threat of erosion, largely as a result of traditional (unplanned) land use practices. This threat is more evident in the Black Sea Region with its rough topography and rainy climate. The basic reason for this threat is the lack of organization in land use planning and control. Although proposals, in the context of this requirement, are included in national development plans, they have not been implemented. Accordingly, in this study research based on spatial data evaluation was carried out for Sera Lake located in Akcaabat, Trabzon, Turkey. For this purpose, temporal area, depth and volume changes of the lake were determined by utilizing topographic maps, aerial photographs and hydrographical measurements. To evaluate determined changes in the size of the lake and to produce suggestions to legislators for required sustainable land management activities, information on land use/cover types, land ownership and climate in the vicinity of the lake was utilized. As a result, it was determined that the area, depth and volume of the lake were significantly decreased during the last decades, as a consequence of erosion mainly caused by traditional land use practices; thus, the lake is threatened with the danger of extinction due to erosion. Precautions required for the alleviation of erosion and other adverse environmental effects which largely seem to be caused by harsh physical properties (caused basically by topography) of the region were discussed. In support of the information inherent to the region, traditional arable land use was logically determined as the basic non-natural factor (which is directly prone to erosion) to be rearranged in the context of sustainable land management. In this context, beyond nationwide actions (national agricultural policy and Soil Protection and Land Use law), which may provide the required land management tools in the long term, it is proposed that planning and accordingly land management activities specific to the study area (Sera Valley) should immediately be commenced in close collaboration with the related public (owners or farmers). However, behaviours of different types of land users (engaged in commercial, subsistence and semi-subsistence farming) and also high number of owners and/or farmers (caused by small pieces of land parcels owned/used in shares) make the desired collaboration almost impossible. This socio-economical problem may be solved by further developing the current land registry and cadastre system in terms of customary land use rights, land use/cover changes and updating procedures. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The diagrams show the cross-sections of two tunnels, one joining France and Italy and the other joining two Japanese islands. The figures compare the cross-sections of two tunnels. Figure 1 illustrates a road tunnel joining two European countries, while Figure 2 shows a railway tunnel linking two islands in Japan. Overall, it is clear that the railway tunnel in Japan is much longer than the tunnel under Mont Blanc. Also, the Seikan Railway Tunnel took much longer to build than the Mont Blanc Road Tunnel. The depth of the Mont Blanc Tunnel is 3.5 km at its maximum, compared with only 240m for the Seikan Tunnel. However, whereas the length of the Mont Blanc Tunnel connecting Italy and France is only 11.6 km, the Seikan Tunnel is much longer, at 53.85 km. The construction times of the two tunnels were markedly different. The railway tunnel was built under the sea, connecting two Japanese islands, and its construction took 42 years to complete, starting in 1946 and finishing in 1988. The road tunnel under Mont Blanc, however, was completed in just 8 years, between 1957 and 1965.

The world’s an untranslatable language without words or parts of speech. It’s a language of objects Our tongues can’t master, but which we are the ardent subjects of. If tree is tree in English, and albero in Italian, That’s as close as we can come To divinity, the language that circles the earth and which we’ll never speak. (Wright, 2010) Is it feasible to explore, dissect and live feminism within academia, a system that contributes and feeds into the very discrimination and violence denounced by feminism itself? And if so, what are the tools necessary to dismantle the master’s house to paraphrase Lorde (1984)? What is the role of activism and writing, and how can we incorporate these practices in feminism? Injustice should be greeted with protest and careful, courageous strategic action. But the end goal must remain always in view: as King said so simply: “A world where men and women can live together.” Building such a world takes intelligence, control, and a spirit of generosity. That spirit has many names: Greek philophrosunḕ, Roman humanitas, biblical agapḕ, African ubuntu – a patient and forbearing disposition to see and seek the good rather than to harp obsessively on the bad (Nussbaum, 2016: 249-250)

Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo, lecturer in physical education and PhD holder in health sciences, has shown in his PhD thesis how plyometric training —exercises involving jumping, sprinting and throwing— done by young football players can significantly increase their physical performance and thus, potentially, their competitive performance as well. During his research, carried out at the NUP/UPNA-Public University of Navarre, he conducted five studies on 361 participants: four on male football players between the ages of 10 and 17, one on distance and middle-distance runners, adult men and women. The PhD thesis sought to analyse how effective this type of training is in the physical improvement of sportspeople, bearing in mind also variables like rest times, training frequency and the surface on which this is done. "Unlike other exercises,” explained Rodrigo Ramírez, "plyometric exercises don’t need a lot of equipment, space and time, so they have great practical efficiency within the training plan of sportspeople.” Plyometric exercises may involve jumping, throwing, short sprints and other similar movements, although jumping is the most used. The participants in this study had to do descending jumps (allowing themselves to fall from a 20-60 cm box and then immediately jump as high and as quickly as possible), repeated horizontal and vertical hopping and jumping (several jumps in succession without resting), and interrupted jumps (with breaks between them) with their various combinations. The thesis by Rodrígo Ramírez is entitled “Efectos del entrenamiento pliométrico sobre el rendimiento explosivo y aeróbico. Influencia del periodo de descanso, el volumen y la superficie” [Effects of plyometric training on explosive and aerobic performance. Influence of rest periods, volume and surface]. The plyometric method is used mainly to train young and adult sportspeople; it involves a minimum level of motor skills to ensure the exercises are done properly and safely. It can be applied to sportspeople who compete in contests involving speed, strength, stamina, etc. Some pieces of research have shown that older adults were able to improve their muscle power through exercises of this type. In the course of the research it was shown that young football players can carry out plyometric training sessions on consecutive days, and their performance can improve considerably in this way. “This means a significant paradigm shift, since traditionally it used to be suggested that a break of at least 48 hours would be needed between one session and the next," as the author of the research pointed out. One of the most interesting results had to do with the volume of training; in other words, with the number of repetitions that need to be carried out to achieve an improvement in performance. “It is commonly believed that more means better, but the results showed that this is not the case in plyometric training. We saw that a moderate volume of jumping repetitions (60 per session) was significantly more efficient that a high volume (120 per session).” Another discovery is linked to the resting time that needs to be taken between one set of exercises and another. A break of at least 2 minutes used to be recommended always, but there was little scientific evidence to support this practice. In this study, breaks of 2 minutes, 1 minute or 30 seconds were carried out. “Surprisingly the three breaks turned out to be equally effective when it came to improving the performance of young football players. This suggests important practical applications, since a 30-second break would allow a shorter physical training session, and that way the rest of the time could be devoted to technical and tactical training.” In this respect, Rodrigo Ramírez considers that plyometric training should not take longer than 20 to 30 minutes. Finally, as regards the type of surface on which the training is done, it was found that a hard surface (wooden) offered relatively greater advantages than a soft one (mat), without causing major muscle stiffness or injuries. In this respect, “a certain specificity of training was observed; the results suggest that plyometric training should ideally be done on the surface on which the sportspeople compete; in this case, grass.” Ramírez-Campillo R, Meylan CM, Alvarez-Lepín C, Henriquez-Olguín C, Martinez C, Andrade DC, Castro-Sepúlveda M, Burgos C, Baez EI, Izquierdo M. 2013. The effects of interday rest on adaptation to 6-weeks of plyometric training in young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149758 Ramírez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, Henríquez-Olguín C, Baez EB, Martínez C, Andrade DC, Izquierdo M. 2014 Effects of plyometric training on endurance and explosive strength performance in competitive middle- and long-distance runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(1):97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23838975 Ramírez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, Izquierdo M. 2013. Effects of plyometric training volume and training surface on explosive strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27(10):2714-22.

Much against the popular perception that the Hindu groups began their fight in 1855 for a Ram temple at the place where Babri Masjid stood till 1992, a book claims that it is a great misinterpretation of the facts. The book, titled "Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India" by historian Sarvepalli Gopal, says that the 1855 confrontation was not for Ram temple at Babri Masjid-Janmasthan site. It states that the conflict was over the Hanuman Garhi temple near the disputed site and the last Nawab of Awad Wajid Ali Shah saved the temple from a band of Sunni Muslim fighters in 1855. AYODHYA CONFLICT 162 YEARS AGO Before the Awadh region came under the rule of Nawabs, Ayodhya was not a 'little other than a widlerness' with a few devotees attached to Hindu shrines. But, by the middle of 19th century, it had emerged as a major centre of religious tourism and a lot of credit went to the Nawabs, who gave generous donations for construction of temples. In fact, the land on which Hanuman Garhi temple is located was donated by one of the Nawabs. In 1885, Ayodhya witnessed a major Hindu-Muslim conflict when orthodox Sunni cleric Shah Ghulam Hussain claimed that the temple of Hanuman Garhi was built by destroying a mosque which existed at its place. The Hanuman Garhi was under the possession of Biaragis. They denied the existence of a mosque of the place of temple. Ghulam Hussain led a about 500 of his followers to Hanuman Garhi, which was defended by around 8,000 supporters of the Bairagis. The followers of Ghulam Hussain were comprehensively defeated. The book says that the outnumbered Muslim fighters "gained the Masjid (Babri Masjid) where they were soon surrounded and cut to pieces." It further adds, "Although the Bairagis defeated the Muslims and entered the mosque (Babri Masjid), they did not occupy it; they returned to the Ghurrie (Hanuman Garhi) and other abodes." REACTION FROM MUSLIMS The defeat of Muslims in Awadh ruled by the Nawabs led to anger among the Muslims, both Sunni and Shia. The clerics issued fatwas asking Nawab Wajid Ali Shah "to punish the 'wickedness' and 'enormities' of the infidels." The situation was tense and more communal clashes looked imminent. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah responded with an appeal for peace and constituted a three-member committee of enquiry, consisting of a Muslim, a Hindu and representative of the British in order defuse the tension. The committee found that there was no mosque at the place of Hanuman Garhi, "at least in the past twenty-five to thirty years, and most probably there never had been one." The report led to resentment among the Muslims and another cleric Maulvi Amir Ali Amethavi launched a movement to reclaim the Hanuman Garhi temple. HOW WAJID ALI SHAH RESPONDED? To deal with the new threat, Wajid Ali Shah toyed with the idea of constructing a mosque adjacent to the Hanuman Garhi temple but the move was strongly opposed by the Hindus. Wajid Ali Shah then dropped the idea. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah now took help from the British and ensured that the Hanuman Garhi temple was not attacked by the Muslim forces and also that no further communal clash took place. Wajid Ali Shah died early next year. Commenting on the incident, the book says that the Hanuman Garhi episode of 1855 "has been mistaken by many as dispute over the Babri mosque and Ramjanmasthan." S Gopal has blamed this misinterpretation to historian Michael Fisher stating that others "intentionally or unintentionally...have maintained this confusion."

The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves which together control the entire working of the body. Any malfunctioning of any part of the nervous system can result in trouble moving, swallowing, speaking, breathing, or even learning. Problems with memory, senses, and mood have also been reported. Neurological disorders affect the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves that are found throughout the body and can result in a range of symptoms. Fortis Hospital Kalyan has a well-equipped and highly trained neurology and neurosurgery department to deal with some of the most complex cases and diseases. Our reputed team of doctors and medical staff ensures that you receive timely and appropriate diagnosis and treatment that can guide you back into your routine lifestyle within no time. You might have noticed that you or a loved one may be experiencing some of the common symptoms like headaches regularly, but what causes these neurological disorders? Such dysfunction can be due to extremely diverse reasons. The spinal cord and the brain are structured by numerous membranes that are vulnerable to force and external pressure. These nerves that are located deep under the skin are prone to damage. Neurological disorders range from affecting a single neuron to sometimes an entire neurological pathway. Even the slightest disturbance to the structural pathway of a neuron results in major dysfunction. There are currently more than 600 different types of neurological disorders affecting humans with symptoms ranging from mild to moderate and at times severe. These are tumours that are not cancerous and do not invade nearby tissues. These tumours are made up of cancerous cells and spread rapidly to other tissues. Grand mal seizures These seizures cause violent muscle contractions and involve loss of consciousness. Petit mal seizures The seizures are more common in children than in adults and involve sudden brief lapses in attention that could last for a few seconds. Inherited metabolic disorders These disorders are also called inborn errors of metabolism and are inherited due to a defective gene that results in enzyme deficiency. Also known as Trisomy 21, this genetic disorder causes developmental and intellectual delays due to an abnormal cell division. Toxicity occurs when exposed to certain natural or man-made toxic substances that could alter the usual activity of the nervous system. This is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects mostly movement and causes tremors. Symptoms of this disease often include tremor which begins in one hand, stiffness, loss of balance, and slow movements. This disease starts when a person is in his 30s or 40s and is an inherited condition in which nerve cells present in the brain disintegrate over time. This is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys memory and causes degeneration of important mental functions. This disease results in nerve damage due to the immune system that eats the protective covering of the nerves and eventually disrupts the communication between the brain and the body. This is a painful sensation that can be sensed in any region of the head that can be sharp or dull and could be combined with other symptoms. Migraines are headaches of different intensities and are preceded by warning symptoms and triggers such as certain food and drinks, stress, and hormonal changes. These headaches occur in clusters and last from weeks to months but are also followed by extended periods of relief. Raised intracranial pressure Increasing pressure inside the skull can be caused due to brain injury or any other medical condition. This is a very dangerous condition and the pressure can also injure your brain and spinal cord. This an excruciatingly painful condition that affects the trigeminal nerve in the face. A medical condition in which there is leakage inside the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel. Infections in the brain can be caused due to bacteria and viruses and some of the most common forms of such infections are encephalitis and meningitis. Some neurodegenerative conditions lead to nerve damage, traumatic injuries which can lead to permanent disability and death, these conditions and damages are irreversible. Fortis Kalyan as some of the best neurologist and neurosurgeons and a dedicated team which ensures a comprehensive and patient-centric approach towards the management and treatment of every patient.

Thin straps are used as part of clothing or baggage, or bedding such as a sleeping bag. See for example spaghetti strap, shoulder strap. A strap differs from a belt mainly in that a strap is usually integral to the item of clothing; either can be used in combination with buckles. Straps are also used as fasteners to attach and bind items, to objects, animals (for example a saddle on a horse) and people (for example a watch on a wrist), or even to tie down people and animals, as on an apparatus for corporal punishment. Occasionally a strap is specified after what it binds or holds, e.g. chin strap. Mere two-inch-wide nylon vehicle tow/recovery straps are commonly rated at 20,000 lbs. break strength. Webbing is a particular type of strap that is a strong fabric woven as a flat strip or tube that is also often used in place of rope. Modern webbing is typically made from exceptionally high-strength material, and is used in automobile seat belts, furniture manufacturing, transportation, towing, military apparel, cargo fasteners, and many other fields. Strap is commonly used in the packaging industry to secure or fasten items. It may be made from a wide range of materials, such as plastic, steel, paper, or fabric. Usually the strap is secured to itself through various means, but it may also be secured to other items, such as pallets. - "2 inch nylon strap: Tow Capacity: 10,000 lbs, Break Strength: 20,000 lbs; larger sizes". uscargocontrol.com. - "Various tow straps, ropes, etc, with specifications". northerntool.com. |Look up strap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|

If you’re developing an application, one of your major concerns should be security. Security should always be integrated into your application from the beginning; otherwise you open yourself to a world of piracy concerns and a loss of user trust. Certain platforms, such as the Android platform, require more vigilant security than others. Securing your application data An application is just like any other program: programming it correctly is essential to its integrity. You should always validate the data being sent through your application and you should take steps to prevent SQL injection attacks. Anticipating the ways in which your application is likely to be breached is the only way that you can ensure its security. Encryption should also be used whenever transmitting data, to ensure that the data cannot be listened to even if the user is on an unsecured network. Securing your web server Server security is absolutely critical for those that are running web-based applications. Not only does the server need current SSL certificates, but there are some very basic areas in which developers often fail to secure their server properly. Your server itself needs to be protected with a secure password, and you should ensure that your application uses the appropriate file permissions. Further, any data that is validated on the client side needs to be validated on the server side as well, and your server should have some form of DOS protection. Securing your application against piracy The methods by which you secure your application against piracy strongly depends on the actual nature of your application. Web applications, as an example, are secured against piracy as long as your web server itself is not breached. Mobile applications and Facebook applications, should they tie into your web server, should be authenticated against your server; if authentication against your server fails, the application should refuse to run or should run in a limited capacity. Securing your application with SSL SSL is absolutely essential for the security of applications. SSL can both protect the data that is sent between the application and the server and can be used to authenticate the application itself. SSL pinning will ensure that the SSL certificate that is registered with your application is always identical to your certificate. Using SSL is fairly simple and will greatly increase the security of any application; the only challenge is that you will need to plan for the eventual expiration of the certificate and will need to release an update in a timely fashion so that your users don’t experience any loss of functionality. Selecting the right SSL certificate Which Thawte SSL certificate is right for you? There are two different types of SSL certificate that you’re likely interested in: an SSL certificate and a code signing certificate. An SSL certificate will act as authentication for the application and website itself while the code signing certificate will ensure that the application has not been modified. You can find out more about code signing certificates here.

With approximately 1.6 billion followers (about 23% of the total global human population), Islam currently ranks as the second largest religion in the world. But Islam, like the rest of the world’s religions, is not one thing, but many. Islam is not homogeneous and monolithic, but variegated and diverse. For one thing, Islam, like other major religions, itself formally subdivides into a number of divergent wings, branches, and sects. Just as there are Orthodox Jews, Conservative Jews, and Reform Jews, and just as there are Roman Catholic Christians, and Eastern Orthodox Christians, and all manner of Protestant Christians (Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormons, Pentecostals, non-denominationals, etc.), so likewise there are also different kinds of Muslims, as well. The major doctrinal schism or division within Islam is its split into two primary wings, branches, or “denominations”: the Sunni majority (80% to 90% of Muslims are Sunni Muslims), and the Shi’a minority (10% to 20% of Muslims are Shi’ite Muslims). Shi’ites are a minority throughout most of the Muslim world, except within the four nations wherein they constitute a majority of the population: Iran (which is 90-95% Shi’a), Azerbaijan (85%), Bahrain (65%), and Iraq (60-65%). Sunnis (“traditionalists”) adhere to the Sunnah (“path,” “tradition”), the large body of preserved traditions attributed to Muhammad illustrating the ideal “straight path” or faithful Muslim way of life as demonstrated by the Prophet’s own example, along with how best to understand, interpret, and implement the Quran in daily life. Sunnis further believe that since Muhammad himself appointed no successor to lead the Islamic community after his death, such successive leaders — known as caliphs (“deputies,” “representatives”) — should be selected by the community itself. Shi’ites (“partisans”), by contrast, believe that Muhammad appointed as his successor his own cousin and son-in-law, Ali (hence Shi’ites are “partisans of Ali”). They further believe that all subsequent heads of the Islamic community — referred to in Shi’ism as Imams (“leaders,” “guides”) — should be descendants of Muhammad and Ali, rather than unrelated appointees, who would thereby preside by divine right and enjoy almost pope-like infallibility and authority. Disputes over the legitimacy of the exact line of successive Imams down through subsequent generations has led to further splits and schisms within Shi’a Islam. The Shi’ite community today is now subdivided into such sects as the “Twelvers” (so called because they recognize as legitimate a specific terminal line of twelve hereditary Imams), the “Fivers” (who recognize a shorter line of only five such Imams), and the “Seveners” (who recognize a line of seven such Imams). Yet another variant form of Islam is known as Sufism. However, Sufism constitutes not a denomination or sect per se, but a pan-denominational, pan-Islamic mystical movement. Sufis are the mystics of Islam, practicing their ascetic, meditative, and other sorts of intensive spiritual disciplines in a quest to attain states of mystical union with the Divine. Individual Sufis may be either Sunnis or Shi’ites; Sufi groups may be Sunni, Shi’a, or mixed. Sufi mysticism crosses denominational and sectarian lines. (To be continued, and concluded, in Part Three.)

This program aims to promote the inclusion of women and youth in coffee production to increase productivity, quality and farmer incomes. Why women and youth are good for Tanzania’s coffee sector Tanzania produces about 800,000 bags of coffee a year. And some 955 come from smallholder farmers mainly in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. However, the region faces several challenges in providing a secure livelihood for smallholder coffee farmers: low productivity, deterioration of coffee quality due to lack of facilities, and a volatile market dominated by brokerage.Women and youth with potential to influence the sector have often been left out of the value chain and therefore miss business opportunities and the ability to bring change. How the program uses a special learning system The program uses gender action learning systems (GALS) tools that promote gender and generational equality and women’s empowerment through training aimed at improving agricultural and coffee processing practices.

NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Kentucky is the worst state in the nation when it comes to toxic air pollution from coal-fired power plants, according to a report released Thursday by the Natural Resources Defense Council. The analysis examined emissions from power plants in 2010, the most recent data available. As for the other states bordering Kentucky, Ohio ranked second, Indiana fourth, West Virginia fifth, Tennessee 11th, Virginia 12th, Missouri 15th and Illinois 16th. Delaware was No. 20 in the group's "Toxic Twenty" states. As for Kentucky, Council officials said its power plants are "poorly controlled" and that it has "failed to ... adopt any kind of state law or regulation that requires substantial reduction in mercury or toxic pollution from the power sector." John Lyons, director of the Kentucky Division for Air Quality, disagreed with the findings. "That is absolutely untrue," he said Thursday. "Our fleet of plants in this state is as well-controlled as any other state for that matter," he said. "We just have more plants, therefore we have more emissions." The report said Tennessee was one of the few states to increase its output of toxic air pollutants from 2009 to 2010, spewing out 9.6 million pounds of pollutants from its power plants. Power plants in Tennessee emitted 8.8 million pounds of pollutants in 2009. However, John Walke, the Council's clean air director, said he expects pollution from power plants in Tennessee to decrease in next year's report because of actions under way by the Tennessee Valley Authority. In 2010, the TVA board of directors adopted a new vision for the agency to be one of the nation's leading providers of low-cost and cleaner energy by 2020, according to TVA spokesman Scott Brooks. To achieve its goal, he said TVA is focusing on cleaner air, increased nuclear generation and greater energy efficiency. "TVA continues to take steps to improve the air quality in Tennessee Valley and reduce emissions," Brooks said. "We are working toward a cleaner generation in a planned and deliberate manner, which will further improve air quality, maintain electric reliability and help TVA control consumer electric costs." Nationally, the report found a 19 percent drop in all air toxics emitted from power plants in 2010, compared with 2009 levels. The report said one reason for the drop, which included a 4 percent decrease in mercury emissions, is due to an increased use of natural gas by power companies. "Toxic pollution is already being reduced as a result of EPA's health-protecting standards," Walke said. "Thanks to the agency's latest safeguards, millions of children and their families in the states hardest hit by toxic air pollution from power plants will be able to breathe easier."

Veterans Day is celebrated in the USA every year on November 11th. The “eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month“, signaled the end of World War I in 1918. The 18.2 million veterans currently living in the US, are men and women who come from all walks of life; they are parents, grandparents, friends, neighbors, and coworkers, and are an important part of their communities. In honor of this federal holiday, we are shedding some light on these grants currently available. Health & Wellness Grants: - Families of former and active military personnel can apply for grants of up to $300 to support their children’s activities. Activities include recreational programs, camps, sports, tutoring, driver education, STEM programs, and more. - First responders, military, and veterans may be eligible for sports and fitness programs that enhance their physical and mental well-being. - Grants for nonprofit organizations in multiple states to provide shelter and assistance for the nation’s current and former military personnel. - Distribution programs to support homeless, low-income, and disabled veterans. These in-kind grants of donated goods and services are available to USA organizations. - Nonprofit organizations can apply for these grants to improve the lives of injured military veterans and their families. Housing Grants for Veterans - Financial help to veteran and military families to purchase a home and cover the costs associated with the closing process. - Up to $5,000 is available to cover the costs of purchasing a new home for military personnel and veterans. - Post 9/11 veterans who were severely injured in combat operations may be eligible for specially adapted, custom homes. - Grants up to $10,000, to help cover necessary home modifications, repairs, and rehabilitation. This grant is available to military veterans and active-duty personnel, who have been disabled by military service. - Texas nonprofit organizations and government agencies may be eligible for grants of up to $15,000. This grant is to help low-income former-military personnel and their families upgrade, improve, and maintain housing. COVID Grants for Veterans - Grants to former members of the armed forces who are people of color, women, LGBTQ, or non-religious or religious minorities. - $250 relief grants are available to veterans with disabilities who have lost employment due to the COVID pandemic. - There is financial support upon returning from deployment overseas available, to ease the transition from military service to civilian life. - For veterans facing immediate expenses due to the COVID crisis, financial assistance is available. These expenses can include, but not limited to, rent and mortgage, utilities, and food. - Emergency financial assistance is available to eligible military service members and veterans in the USA. Business & Entrepreneur Grants for Veterans - Opportunities are available for family members of eligible military veterans to participate in an intensive entrepreneurship education and training program. The program provides self-employment training and mentoring for individuals seeking to start a business. - Female veterans and female military spouses may be eligible to attend a small business management and entrepreneurship program. - An intensive business course opportunity is available to USA post-9/11 military veterans with disabilities seeking to initiate an entrepreneurial venture. - Scholarships are available to USA active duty military and recently separated veterans, to attend a business continuity educational course. - Veteran-owned businesses may be eligible for a business development program. This program includes coaching and tools in management, marketing, financial topics, and strategic planning for sustainable business growth. Visit GrantWatch to view more grants currently available for military and veterans.

Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of genetics that predate the advent of molecular biology. A key discovery of classical genetics in eukaryotes, was genetic linkage. The observation that some genes do not segregate independently at meiosis, broke the laws of Mendelian inheritance, and provided science with a way to map characteristics to a location on the chromosomes. Linkage maps are still used today, especially in breeding for plant improvement. After the discovery of the genetic code and such tools of cloning as restriction enzymes, the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechanistic understanding brought by molecular discoveries, but many remain intact and in use. Classical genetics is often contrasted with reverse genetics, and aspects of molecular biology are sometimes referred to as molecular genetics. See also:Genetic linkage

Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below. To test whether increased television viewing is associated with increased total energy intake and with increased consumption of foods commonly advertised on television, and to test whether increased consumption of these foods mediates the relationship between television viewing and total energy intake. Prospective observational study with baseline (fall 1995) and follow-up (spring 1997) measures of youth diet, physical activity, and television viewing. We used food advertising data to identify 6 food groups for study (sweet baked snacks, candy, fried potatoes, main courses commonly served as fast food, salty snacks, and sugar-sweetened beverages). Setting and Participants Five public schools in 4 communities near Boston. The sample included 548 students (mean age at baseline, 11.70 years; 48.4% female; and 63.5% white). Main Outcome Measures Change in total energy intake and intake of foods commonly advertised on television from baseline to follow-up. After adjusting for baseline covariates, each hour increase in television viewing was associated with an additional 167 kcal/d (95% confidence interval, 136-198 kcal/d; P<.001) and with increases in the consumption of foods commonly advertised on television. Including changes in intakes of these foods in regression models provided evidence of their mediating role, diminishing or rendering nonsignificant the associations between change in television viewing and change in total energy intake. Increases in television viewing are associated with increased calorie intake among youth. This association is mediated by increasing consumption of calorie-dense low-nutrient foods frequently advertised on television. Overweight prevalence has increased sharply among all sex and racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Among 12- to 19-year old individuals, overweight (body mass index [BMI] [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters] ≥95th age- and sex-specific percentile) prevalence increased from 4.6% in the mid 1960s to 15.5% in 2000.1 In many cross-sectional2-4 and longitudinal5-10 studies, a positive association exists between hours of television viewing and measures of obesity and overweight in youth. Television viewing time also predicts obesity, development of type 2 diabetes mellitus,11,12 and poor lipid profiles13,14 in adults. In randomized controlled trials10,15-17 among youth, changes in television viewing have been instrumental in reducing overweight. While published studies are consistent with a causal relationship between television viewing and overweight, the mechanisms driving this are not well understood. Television viewing could influence energy balance by reducing energy expenditure relative to other uses of leisure time, by increasing energy intake (eg, through snacking and exposure to food marketing), or by a combination of these. Although television viewing itself is a sedentary activity, contributing little to nonbasal energy expenditure, studies18-20 show only a weak or modest negative correlation between time spent on television viewing and time spent in moderate and vigorous physical activity. A randomized controlled trial21 found that increasing screen time resulted in reduced energy expenditure and increased energy intake. Television's potential role in increasing energy intake must be considered in the context of the extraordinary amount of television-based food advertising that occurs annually. Television advertisements account for roughly 75% of food manufacturers' and 95% of fast food restaurants' advertising expenditures.22 In 1997, when data collection for this study ended, food industries spent $11 billion on advertising.22 Food manufacturers, responsible for most ($7 billion) of this, spent 25% of their advertising dollars promoting candy, cookies, salty snacks, and soft drinks—and 5% promoting fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, meat, poultry, and fish.22 Fast food restaurants spent more than $1 billion on advertising in 1999.23 Studies22,24-28 suggest these dollars are spent effectively—food advertising works. For example, several studies show associations between exposure to advertisements and children's requests for specific foods, food purchasing, and food consumption. Television viewing, a major venue for advertising exposure, is directly associated with calorie intake among adults11 and youth29,30 in cross-sectional studies, and with intake of foods commonly advertised on television (FCAT)—soft drinks, fried foods, and snacks—among youth.3 These types of foods pose risks for overeating and weight gain. Fast food restaurant use, which is heavily promoted on television, is positively associated with calorie intake in youth31 and with BMI among adults.32 In a recent study,30 on days when children ate fast food, they consumed more calories, fat, added sugars, and sugar-sweetened beverages and fewer servings of milk, fruits, and nonstarchy vegetables than on days when they did not eat fast food. Prospective studies33 among children have indicated a positive relationship between intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and obesity incidence. The present study examines whether increases in adolescents' television viewing time are associated with increases in total energy intake (TEI), and whether viewing increases are also associated with increases in intake of FCAT (candy, fast foods, fried potatoes, sweet baked snacks, salty snacks, and sugar-sweetened beverages). We also examine whether changes in intakes of these foods mediate the relationship between change in viewing time and change in TEI. In light of the literature, we hypothesize that increases in television viewing time will result in increases in TEI. One causal pathway will consist of increased consumption of FCAT. To test this hypothesis, we examine a longitudinal observational cohort in which we collected measures of television viewing and food consumption at 2 time points. Statistical models in which change in an independent variable predicts change in a dependent variable may provide stronger evidence for causality than predictions involving the independent variable measured at just 1 point in time (eg, baseline).34 Attenuation of the association between an independent and a dependent variable by the addition of a second independent variable in the causal pathway can provide evidence for mediation in the context of a plausible theoretical framework.35 In addition, a mediator variable is also independently associated with exposure and outcome. Therefore, in our analyses of the relationship of change in television viewing time to change in TEI, we evaluate evidence for the mediating effects of FCAT by examining the associations between television and FCAT; FCAT and TEI; and television, FCAT, and TEI. In our models, we control for other characteristics of respondents that could potentially influence energy intake at follow-up, including baseline BMI, age, sex, indicator variables for race/ethnicity, baseline physical activity of 3.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) or more, change in physical activity of 3.5 METs or more, and school. Data were collected as part of the Planet Health intervention and evaluation, a group randomized controlled trial that took place in 10 schools in 4 communities in the Boston metropolitan area between fall 1995 and spring 1997. Schools were matched and then randomized to the control and intervention conditions, and no differences were observed between these groups on baseline measures, including age, BMI, TEI, television viewing, or physical activity levels. The 548 students composing the analytic sample attended the 5 randomly assigned control schools that did not take part in the intervention designed to reduce obesity prevalence.16 The median annual household income of ZIP code areas where the control schools were located averaged $34 200, according to 1990 census data, lower than that for all households in Massachusetts in 1990 ($41 000), but similar to the US figure ($33 952).36 A total of 780 subjects (64.5% of those eligible) completed the baseline evaluation in fall 1995 at the control schools after excluding individuals who transferred schools at baseline, were in special education classes, were in grades other than sixth or seventh, or did not complete the English-language version of the questionnaire. Follow-up data were collected in spring 1997 for 655 subjects (84.0% of the baseline group), reflecting loss to follow-up of 18.0% for girls and 14.0% for boys. The main reason for lack of follow-up data was school transfer (half of those not followed up) and school absence (one quarter). Of the 571 subjects with complete data on all variables, 548 were included in these analyses after excluding 23 with implausible daily energy intakes (≤500 or ≥7000 kcal). Further details on sampling and exclusions are available elsewhere.16 The study was approved by the Committee on Human Subjects at the Harvard School of Public Health. The 548 subjects were a mean ± SD age of 11.70 ± 0.75 years at baseline, and 48.4% were female. Of the subjects, 63.5% were white, 15.3% were Hispanic, 13.9% were African American, 7.7% were Asian, 0.9% were American Indian, and 7.7% were another ethnicity (this totals >100% because respondents could select multiple descriptors). Anthropometric data and student surveys were collected in fall 1995, when subjects were in either grade 6 or grade 7, and follow-up measurements were collected approximately 19 months later, in spring 1997 (when subjects were in grade 7 or 8). For BMI, height without shoes was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer (Irwin Shorr, Olney, Md) and weight in light clothes was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg on a portable electronic scale (model 770; Seca, Hanover, Md), calibrated using a standard weights “step-up” test (Seca). Assessment of diet, physical activity level, and television viewing Measures of dietary intake, physical activity level, and television viewing were obtained via an optically scannable student food and activity survey, used with permission of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston. Students completed the food and activity survey independently in class under the supervision of teachers who participated in a 1-hour training session before administration. The FCAT were identified from the data of Gallo.22 Comparable foods were identified from the youth food frequency questionnaire component of the food and activity survey, an instrument adapted and validated for use in ethnically and socioeconomically diverse populations.37-39 Six FCAT groups were created to best match the available youth food frequency questionnaire data with information on food advertising22,23: sugar-sweetened beverages, salty snacks, fried potatoes, sweet baked snacks, candy, and main courses commonly served at fast food restaurants. The youth food frequency questionnaire asked how often in the past 30 days food items were consumed. There were 4 to 6 response categories typically offered. For example, response categories for soda (1 of 3 items composing sugar-sweetened beverages) were never or less than 1 can per month, 1 to 3 cans per month, 1 can per week, 2 to 6 cans per week, 1 can per day, or 2 cans or more per day. For each item, the uppermost category was truncated at the highest value (eg, ≥2 glasses per day was assigned a value of 2) and the lowest category was coded as 0.5 per month. If a food item was left blank, it was recoded as a 0. Table 1 describes the food groups and the response categories for each item. Total energy intake was estimated from all foods on the youth food frequency questionnaire by the Channing Laboratory, Boston, using calorie values assigned to standard portion sizes from releases 10 and 11 of the US Department of Agriculture Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. In a separate study,37 the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient for TEI estimated by comparing 2 food frequency questionnaires with three 24-hour recalls was 0.49. Physical activity level was assessed with the youth activity questionnaire component of the food and activity survey. The youth activity questionnaire included 16 items that estimate hours per day spent in moderate and vigorous activities (≥3.5 METs)40 over the past month. Walking was excluded because of low agreement among measures in other studies.36 The youth activity questionnaire is based on a 14-item physical activity questionnaire demonstrated to have good reproducibility and validity in adults41,42 and high school youth.36 In a validation study among 53 participants in Planet Health, using repeat 24-hour physical activity recalls 1 month apart, the 16 youth activity questionnaire items for activity of 3.5 METs or more had a deattenuated correlation43 with the 24-hour recall of r = 0.80, with equivalent means.16 Time spent watching television was measured with the 11-item television and video measure.16 Seven of these questions asked about hours of television typically viewed during each day of the week. The midpoint of each response category was used to estimate total viewing, and the uppermost category (eg, “5 or more hours per day”) was assigned a value of 5. Items were appropriately weighted and summed to obtain a television viewing hour-per-day estimate. Other items in the television and video measure assessed video and computer game use and were not included in this analysis. In the validation sample (n = 53), we found a deattenuated43 correlation of television viewing via the television and video measure and the 24-hour recall of r = 0.54, with equivalent means.16 Television data were imputed among 7 students missing 1 or more days of television data in 1995 and among 3 students in 1997. When weekdays were missing, the imputed value was equal to the mean of the other weekdays for that student. When weekend days were missing, the imputed value was equal to the value for the available weekend day or, for 4 students missing both weekend days in 1995, the mean value for the sample was used. Sample means for television viewing were unchanged by imputation. Age was calculated from birth date and date of anthropometric examinations. Sex was classified at the time of examination by measurers or from school list data. Racial/ethnic categories were derived from the question, “How do you describe yourself?,” to which students could select multiple responses from the following list: white, black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaskan Native, or other. Participants indicating black were classified as African American. Indicator variables were used to classify the 5 schools, with the largest school omitted as the referent. The distribution of subjects from each of the 5 schools was as follows: 261 (47.6%), 122 (22.3%), 79 (14.4%), 48 (8.8%), and 38 (6.9%). SAS statistical software, version 8.2 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC), was used for all analyses. For adjusted analyses, we used PROC SURVEYREG to estimate regressions because these take into account clustering at the school level. PROC SURVEYREG uses an implicit Taylor linearization estimation method. Change variables were calculated as the 1997 value minus the 1995 value to obtain continuous measures. We estimated adjusted associations of change in television viewing with change in TEI in a series of regression models. Predictor variables in each model included baseline television viewing and change in viewing, baseline BMI, TEI, age, sex, indicator variables for race/ethnicity, baseline physical activity of 3.5 METs or more, change in physical activity of 3.5 METs or more, and indicator variables for schools. In the first set of models, the outcome was change in TEI. We evaluated the mediating role of intake of FCAT by adding baseline and change variables for the 6 food groups individually and then simultaneously to create 7 regressions in addition to the basic model for TEI. Foods were considered potential mediating, and not confounding, variables because in our theoretical model, we posit that increases in FCAT intake follow increases in television viewing in a temporal manner and, therefore, are part of the causal pathway. Empirically, this suggests that changes in television viewing predict changes in FCAT intake, and that FCAT intake predicts TEI. Two analyses were undertaken to examine evidence for the hypothesized mediation. First, we assessed evidence for independent associations between changes in intakes of the food groups and change in TEI (all models were significant at P<.05; data not shown). Second, we estimated an additional set of regression models (shown later) to assess whether changes in television viewing predicted change in number of servings per day of each food group. Dietary and activity data are summarized in Table 2. The mean ± SD BMI at baseline was 20.73 ± 3.99. The TEI increased from baseline to follow-up. Although the average hours of television viewing changed little, 152 subjects (27.7%) increased television viewing by 1 h/d or less and 83 (15.1%) increased viewing by more than 1 h/d (data not shown). All mean FCAT intakes increased during the study period. The highest daily number of servings at follow-up were reported for baked sweet snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fast food–type main courses, and the combined category indicated roughly 5 servings of FCAT per day, or 35 per week. In adjusted analyses, baseline viewing and change in television viewing predicted change in daily TEI (Table 3). With no foods in the model, each hour of increase in television viewing was associated with a 167-kcal increment. Baseline television viewing time was also independently associated with change in TEI. The FCAT mediated these associations; coefficients for television viewing time (baseline and change) were greatly reduced, and some were rendered insignificant when foods were added into the models. For example, adjusting for sugar-sweetened beverages reduced the kilocalories associated with a 1-hour increase in television viewing from 167 to 123, a 26% reduction; and adjusting for fast food–type main courses or all FCAT combined rendered the association between television increasing and TEI nonsignificant. Baseline television viewing predicted change in calorie intake when no foods were in the model, but was no longer a predictor in models controlling for change in baked sweet snacks, candy, fast food–type main courses, sugar-sweetened beverages, or all foods combined. In support of the hypothesis of mediation, Table 4 shows that increased television viewing time was also associated with increased intake of FCAT. These relationships are necessary to demonstrate that intakes of these foods can mediate television's effect on TEI. The table shows the coefficients for change in servings per day of these foods associated with baseline and change in television viewing. With the exception of fried potatoes, higher intakes of all foods at follow-up were significantly positively associated with baseline television viewing level. Moreover, change in television viewing was significantly associated with change in consumption of each food group. With each 1-hour increment in television viewing, increases in servings per day ranged from 0.03 (fried potatoes) to 0.21 (baked sweet snacks) across food groups, or 0.2 to 1.4 servings per week. Identifying the mechanisms by which television increases risk of obesity through its influence on energy balance is important in providing evidence for causality for this well-documented observation. We show that, among youth, increases in television viewing predict increases in TEI, and that increasing intakes of FCAT mediate this relationship. These results build on other recent research. Epstein et al21 found that in experimental manipulations, increasing screen time by 50% was associated with a 250-kcal/d increase in energy intake among youth. Increasing consumption of non–nutrient-dense foods high in added sugars and fats, a pattern typical of fast food meals that include a burger, French fries, and soda, may compromise diet quality by increasing energy intake,29-32 displacing more healthful food options,30 and promoting weight gain.33 The growth in fast food consumption in the US population is, therefore, of great concern. While fast food meals accounted for 3% of eating occasions and 3% of daily calorie intake in 1977, in 1995 they accounted for 9% of eating occasions and 12% of calories.44 Concurrent evidence45,46 suggests that total average daily energy intakes among youth have increased, reflecting in part increased intake of added sugars.47 Among adolescents, about 40% of added sugars derive from soda,48 consumption of which increased by 131% between the late 1970s and the mid 1990s.49 Our analyses support a link between television viewing and these unhealthy dietary changes, suggesting that television advertising for food has a powerful influence on diets. Indeed, studies show that television viewing is inversely associated with intake of fruits and vegetables,31,50 which receive little air time22 despite their potential to promote health in various ways and protect against weight gain.51 Several limitations of the analysis relate to measurement error and its attendant effect on regression analyses. The validity of the television measure is limited by recall bias and instrument design, although prior studies indicate modest validity. Dietary intake is typically measured with a large component of random measurement error. In linear regression models with random error in the dependent variable (such as total energy or food intake), regression coefficients will be unbiased, although the R2 value for the model will be reduced; conversely, random measurement errors in independent variables will attenuate regression coefficients and reduce their ability to function effectively as mediating or control variables.52 In using dietary intake, television viewing time, and physical activity measures as independent variables, random error due to questionnaire design, recall error, and within-person variability not captured by the instrument may, therefore, attenuate regression coefficients. When food servings are converted to energy intake, additional errors are introduced because of assumptions about serving size and food composition. Another potential source of error is in the use of television viewing time as a proxy for exposure to advertising. Although we assumed that, on average, youth who watched more television were exposed to more advertisements, we did not assess what programs or channels subjects were exposed to, both of which could affect the total “dose” of advertising. We also had limited ability to control for other potential confounding variables, such as baseline levels of moderate and vigorous physical activity and body composition, which may also have contributed to bias in estimates of association. Causality is suggested but not proved by our findings, which are observational and not experimental. Generalizability may be limited because of the nature of our sample. Further research could address these limitations through a randomized trial to reduce television viewing in a broader population of youth using survey instruments that collected data on sources of food. In conclusion, although children and youth are encouraged to watch what they eat, many youth seem to eat what they watch, and in the process increase their risk for increasing their energy intake. In the absence of regulations restricting food advertising aimed at children, reduction in television viewing is a promising approach to reducing excess energy intake. Although a threshold of safe exposure to television and food marketing has not been empirically demonstrated, the American Academy of Pediatrics has long advocated limiting children to no more than 2 hours of television per day to decrease sedentary time and to decrease exposure to content that may encourage a range of negative behaviors.53 This study adds more evidence in support of this recommendation. Correspondence: Jean L. Wiecha, PhD, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Seventh Floor, Boston, MA 02115 (firstname.lastname@example.org). Accepted for Publication: July 25, 2005. Author Contributions: Dr Wiecha had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Funding/Support: This study was supported by grant HD-30780 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, Md; Prevention Research Centers grants U48/CCU115807 and U48/DP00064-00S1 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga; grant R01DK59240 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Md; and the Charles H. Hood Foundation, Boston. Role of the Sponsor: The funding bodies had no role in data extraction and analyses, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Disclaimer: This work is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or other granting institutions. Acknowledgment: We thank Alice Colby for her assistance with manuscript preparation. Wiecha JL, Peterson KE, Ludwig DS, Kim J, Sobol A, Gortmaker SL. When Children Eat What They Watch: Impact of Television Viewing on Dietary Intake in Youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(4):436–442. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.4.436 Create a personal account or sign in to:

Edited by James W. Goodrich and Lynn Wolf Gentzler Enjoy Missouri history as it was presented in a slower-paced time. In the 1950s and early 1960s, The State Historical Society of Missouri erected 121 historical markers alongside highways throughout the state. Each county and the city of St. Louis received at least one marker, which provided a synopsis of the physical and historical significance of a county, community, or site. Marking Missouri History is a compilation of the markers’ texts, many of which have been moved from their original roadside locations. The volume also features 121 short essays discussing sites or events mentioned on the markers or people who have gained prominence since the installation of the markers. Over 400 illustrations accompany the narratives, providing a visual record of Missouri’s history. The volume is organized regionally, based on the Missouri Division of Tourism’s state vacation regions. Maps show the current location of each marker, and an essay about a regional topic precedes each grouping. Readers who enjoy learning about local historical sites, events, and characters will relish Marking Missouri History.

Commonwealth Games Federation The Commonwealth Games are an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. It is the world's first multi-sport event which inducted equal number of women’s and men’s medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. (Wikipedia) Central America & Caribbean Games The Central American and Caribbean Games (CAC or CACGs) are a multi-sport regional championship event, held quadrennial (once every four years), typically in the middle (even) year between Summer Olympics. The Games are for countries in Central America, the Caribbean, Mexico, and the South American countries of Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.(Wikipedia) The Pan American Games (also known colloquially as the Pan Am Games) is a major sporting event in the Americas featuring summer sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The competition is held among athletes from nations of the Americas, every four years in the year before the Summer Olympic Games. The only Winter Pan American Games were held in 1990. The Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) is the governing body of the Pan American Games movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter.(Wikipedia) Association of National Olympic Committees The Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) is an international organization that affiliates the current 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). 8 National Olympic Committees who are not recognized by International Olympic Committee but recognized by continental associations are its associate members. ANOC was established in June 1979 during the Constitutive General Assembly in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The organization's purpose is for the IOC to manage the general affairs for the National Olympic Committees, to give them their support, advice, cooperation, and recommendations for their development.(Wikipedia)

3 edition of Silicified rock in the Ogallala formation found in the catalog. Silicified rock in the Ogallala formation John Chapman Frye in [Lawrence, Kan.] Written in English |Statement||by John C. Frye and Ada Swineford.| |Series||University of Kansas publications, Kansas. State Geological Survey. Bulletin, 64, pt. 2, Bulletin (Kansas Geological Survey) ;, 64, pt. 2.| |Contributions||Swineford, Ada, 1917- joint author.| |LC Classifications||QE113 .A2 no. 64, pt. 2| |The Physical Object| |Number of Pages||76| |LC Control Number||gs 46000201| Kayenta, Arizona is a settlement in the Navajo reservation.. The Kayenta Formation is a geologic layer in the Glen Canyon Group that is spread across the Colorado Plateau province of the United States, including northern Arizona, northwest Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.. This rock formation is particularly prominent in southeastern Utah, where it is seen in the main attractions of a number of. In Steven Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the filmmaker cast Devil's Tower in Moorcraft, Wyoming as a UFO landing sci-fi film made the formation extremely popular due to its face-time on camera. While some debate about its formation has stunted geologists in the past, the simplest explanation that can be offered is that it is a stock: a body formed by magma . Mancos Shale (Cretaceous) at surface, covers 4 % of this area. In northwest and west-central: Intertongues complexly with units of overlying Mesaverde Group or Fm; lower part consists of a calcareous Niobrara equivalent and Frontier Sandstone and Mowry Shale Members; in areas where the Frontier and Mowry Members (Kmfm), or these and the Dakota Sandstone (Kfd) are distinguished, . Ogallala orthoquartzite (commonly called Bijou Hills silicified sediment or quartzite) is a common material found at some sites in South Dakota along the Missouri River and extending into Nebraska. This change in pore-fluid composition occurred before or during the regional Tertiary uplift and tilting that led to the present hydrologic system. Meteoric recharge of at least the western third of the upper Wolfcamp aquifer occurred during the past 10 to 15 Ma, contemporaneous with deposition of the Neogene Ogallala Formation. The Ogallala formation extends from the north side of the Pecos Valley northward across western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska into southern South Dakota. With its southern limit within the Edwards Plateau, it underlies the upland surface of much . The young clerks tutor enlarged California Real Estate Principles (5th ed) (Prentice Hall Series in California Real Estate) Outline of second five year development plan Proceedings of a Symposium on Waterfowl and Wetlands Management in the Coastal Zone of the Atlantic Flyway Bering Air-Sea-Ice Study (BASICS), February and March 1981 Christian creed and history North and Europe. Zoological park and aquarium fundamentals Ignes speculatorii: or, considerations upon the use of beacons. In a letter from Dublin to the B-----p of B----r Shaolin and Taoist Herbal Training Formulas Public and industrial water supplies of the blue grass region, Kentucky Sarojini Naidu, the traditional feminist Silicified Rock in the Ogallala Formation by John C. Frye and Ada Swineford Originally published in as Kansas Geological Survey Bulle Part 2. This is, in general, the original text as published in Get this from a library. Silicified rock in the Ogallala formation. [John C Frye; Ada Swineford]. Stratigraphy Silicified rock was found to occur at many stratigraphic positions within the Ogallala formation. The lenticular masses of silicified rock in the Ogallala formation of north-central Kansas are more resistant to erosion than any other type of rock occurring in that area. Quartzite occurs in the Ogallala of Rooks County along the south side of Bow Creek Valley in the northwestern corner of the county as shown in Plate 8, and as the cap rock of two buttes referred to as Twin Mounds, 6 miles northeast of Plainville. It is estimated that abouttons of silicified rock is available in the county. References. Allen, V. T.,Terminology of medium-grained sediments: Nat. Research Council, Ann. Rept., App. 1, Rept. of Comm. on Sedimentation forpp. The Ogallala Aquifer (oh-guh-LAH-luh) is a shallow water table aquifer surrounded by sand, silt, clay, and gravel located beneath the Great Plains in the United States. One of the world's largest aquifers, it underlies an area of approximatelysq mi (, km 2) in portions of eight states (South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas). Two types of Ogallala silicified zones have been identified: 1) silicified calcrete; and 2) silcrete (McCoy, ). Silcification of the Ogallala Formation upper caprock caliche layer resulted in the formation of microcrystalline calcite and is classified as silicified calcrete. Deposition of the basal fluvial sediments of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Formation in western Texas and eastern New Mexico was controlled by topography on the underlying erosional surface. Paleovalley-fill facies consist of gravelly and sandy braided-stream deposits interbedded with and overlain by eolian sediments deposited as sand sheets. Silicified beds in the Neogene Ogallala Formation/Group have been collected since the early part of the 20th century, mainly from Kansas, but also in parts of Nebraska and Texas. An amazing place. Don't be fooled by the town or the outside appearance of the gallery and museum. Owned by two wonderful brothers with stories to share and amazing works of art.5/ TripAdvisor reviews. Situated at m above sea level (a.s.l.) on the east edge of Mud Creek valley, a severely eroded area of approximately a hectare (Fig. 3a) exposed Cenozoic Ogallala Formation gravels mixed with cobble- and boulder-sized tabular clasts of silicified white sand. The Ogallala materials are well rounded clasts of quartzite as well as cherts like. Petrified wood is a fossil. It forms when plant material is buried by sediment and protected from decay due to oxygen and organisms. Then, groundwater rich in dissolved solids flows through the sediment, replacing the original plant material with silica, calcite, pyrite, or another inorganic. Higher quality silicified wood is generally suitable for making thin bifacial dart points, while lower quality silicified wood would be made into heavy duty choppers, adzes, and perforators. The redeposited ancient quartzites from the Willis and Queen City formations ultimately derive from the Ogallala Formation on the High Plains and are often. A Ogallala Formation. In Granite Mountains area, [Fremont and Natrona Counties], central Wyoming, rocks previously included by Love () in lower part of Moonstone Formation (areally restricted) and upper part of †Split Rock Formation (abandoned) are reallocated to Ogallala Formation. Correlative with South Pass Formation. The cap rock that makes the upper rim of Palo Duro Canyon is the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Formation. Composed of a tan cliff-forming sandstone, some siltstone, and a basal conglomerate layer, 1 this uppermost unit is thought by evolutionists to have been deposited between 4 to 10 million years ago. 2 Evolutionary geologists have recognized this uniformitarian paradox, stating. Sometime between 20 and 30 million years ago the streams began depositing sand and gravel beyond the divide, and, for another 10 million years or more, stream sediments of the Arikaree and Ogallala Formations spread over the entire Great Plains from Canada to Texas, except where mountainous areas such as the Black Hills stood above the plains. Silicified beds in the Neogene Ogallala Formation/Group have been collected since the early part of the 20th century, mainly from Kansas, but also in parts of Nebraska and Texas. The best known of these silicified beds is the aptly named the “Green Quartzite”, a quartz- to opal-cemented sandstone and/or conglomerate that forms the local. The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Upper Jurassic sedimentary rock found in the western United States which has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone, and limestone and is light gray, greenish gray, or red. Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones, relics of the. Chimney Rock. Hours Closed for renovations. Reopening Summer Phone Number () Address PO Box F Bayard, NE view map. Kansas Geological Survey Constant Ave. Lawrence, KS Comments to [email protected]“ The area is well marked, user-friendly for casual walkers and hikers, features some remarkable wind sculptured red Rock formations, and is within easy reach of the Denver metropolitan area. “ Take the Fountain Valley Trail and be sure to visit the overlooks for stunning views of the red rocks of the Fountain Formation.The Niobrara Formation / ˌ n aɪ. ə ˈ b r ær ə /, also called the Niobrara Chalk, is a geologic formation in North America that was deposited between 87 and 82 million years ago during the Coniacian, Santonian, and Campanian stages of the Late is composed of two structural units, the Smoky Hill Chalk Member overlying the Fort Hays Limestone Member.

From UNESCO website. More than 120 accredited non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as States Parties will gather at UNESCO Headquarters on 18 April 2019 to discuss the ways in which…Read More Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization hereinafter referred to as UNESCO, meeting in Paris, from 29 September to 17 October 2003, at its 32nd session, Referring to existing international human rights instruments, in particular to the Universal Declaration on Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, Considering the importance of the intangible cultural heritage as a mainspring of cultural diversity and a guarantee of sustainable development, as underscored in the UNESCO Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore of 1989, in the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity of 2001, and in the Istanbul Declaration of 2002 adopted by the Third Round Table of Ministers of Culture, Considering the deep-seated interdependence between the intangible cultural heritage and the tangible cultural and natural heritage, Recognizing that the processes of globalization and social transformation, alongside the conditions they create for renewed dialogue among communities, also give rise, as does the phenomenon of intolerance, to grave threats of deterioration, disappearance and destruction of the intangible cultural heritage, in particular owing to a lack of resources for safeguarding such heritage, Being aware of the universal will and the common concern to safeguard the intangible cultural heritage of humanity, Recognizing that communities, in particular indigenous communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals, play an important role in the production, safeguarding, maintenance and re-creation of the intangible cultural heritage, thus helping to enrich cultural diversity and human creativity, Noting the far-reaching impact of the activities of UNESCO in establishing normative instruments for the protection of the cultural heritage, in particular the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, Noting further that no binding multilateral instrument as yet exists for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage, Considering that existing international agreements, recommendations and resolutions concerning the cultural and natural heritage need to be effectively enriched and supplemented by means of new provisions relating to the intangible cultural heritage, Considering the need to build greater awareness, especially among the younger generations, of the importance of the intangible cultural heritage and of its safeguarding, Considering that the international community should contribute, together with the States Parties to this Convention, to the safeguarding of such heritage in a spirit of cooperation and mutual assistance, Recalling UNESCO’s programmes relating to the intangible cultural heritage, in particular the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, Considering the invaluable role of the intangible cultural heritage as a factor in bringing human beings closer together and ensuring exchange and understanding among them, Adopts this Convention on this seventeenth day of October 2003. I. General provisions Article 1 – Purposes of the Convention The purposes of this Convention are: (a) to safeguard the intangible cultural heritage; (b) to ensure respect for the intangible cultural heritage of the communities, groups and individuals concerned; (c) to raise awareness at the local, national and international levels of the importance of the intangible cultural heritage, and of ensuring mutual appreciation thereof; (d) to provide for international cooperation and assistance. Article 2 – Definitions For the purposes of this Convention, 1. The “intangible cultural heritage” means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development. 2. The “intangible cultural heritage”, as defined in paragraph 1 above, is manifested inter alia in the following domains: (a) oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; (b) performing arts; (c) social practices, rituals and festive events; (d) knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; (e) traditional craftsmanship. 3. “Safeguarding” means measures aimed at ensuring the viability of the intangible cultural heritage, including the identification, documentation, research, preservation, protection, promotion, enhancement, transmission, particularly through formal and non-formal education, as well as the revitalization of the various aspects of such heritage. 4. “States Parties” means States which are bound by this Convention and among which this Convention is in force. 5. This Convention applies mutatis mutandis to the territories referred to in Article 33 which become Parties to this Convention in accordance with the conditions set out in that Article. To that extent the expression “States Parties” also refers to such territories. Article 3 – Relationship to other international instruments Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as: (a) altering the status or diminishing the level of protection under the 1972 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of World Heritage properties with which an item of the intangible cultural heritage is directly associated; or (b) affecting the rights and obligations of States Parties deriving from any international instrument relating to intellectual property rights or to the use of biological and ecological resources to which they are parties. II. Organs of the Convention Article 4 – General Assembly of States Parties 1. A General Assembly of the States Parties is hereby established, hereinafter referred to as “the General Assembly”. The General Assembly is the sovereign body of this Convention. 2. The General Assembly shall meet in ordinary session every two years. It may meet in extraordinary session if it so decides or at the request either of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage or of at least one-third of the States Parties. 3. The General Assembly shall adopt its own Rules of Procedure. Article 5 – Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 1. An Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”, is hereby established within UNESCO. It shall be composed of representatives of 18 States Parties, elected by the States Parties meeting in General Assembly, once this Convention enters into force in accordance with Article 34. 2. The number of States Members of the Committee shall be increased to 24 once the number of the States Parties to the Convention reaches 50. Article 6 – Election and terms of office of States Members of the Committee 1. The election of States Members of the Committee shall obey the principles of equitable geographical representation and rotation. 2. States Members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years by States Parties to the Convention meeting in General Assembly. 3. However, the term of office of half of the States Members of the Committee elected at the first election is limited to two years. These States shall be chosen by lot at the first election. 4. Every two years, the General Assembly shall renew half of the States Members of the Committee. 5. It shall also elect as many States Members of the Committee as required to fill vacancies. 6. A State Member of the Committee may not be elected for two consecutive terms. 7. States Members of the Committee shall choose as their representatives persons who are qualified in the various fields of the intangible cultural heritage. Article 7 – Functions of the Committee Without prejudice to other prerogatives granted to it by this Convention, the functions of the Committee shall be to: (a) promote the objectives of the Convention, and to encourage and monitor the implementation thereof; (b) provide guidance on best practices and make recommendations on measures for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage; (c) prepare and submit to the General Assembly for approval a draft plan for the use of the resources of the Fund, in accordance with Article 25; (d) seek means of increasing its resources, and to take the necessary measures to this end, in accordance with Article 25; (e) prepare and submit to the General Assembly for approval operational directives for the implementation of this Convention; (f) examine, in accordance with Article 29, the reports submitted by States Parties, and to summarize them for the General Assembly; (g) examine requests submitted by States Parties, and to decide thereon, in accordance with objective selection criteria to be established by the Committee and approved by the General Assembly for: (i) inscription on the lists and proposals mentioned under Articles 16, 17 and 18; (ii) the granting of international assistance in accordance with Article 22. Article 8 – Working methods of the Committee 1. The Committee shall be answerable to the General Assembly. It shall report to it on all its activities and decisions. 2. The Committee shall adopt its own Rules of Procedure by a two-thirds majority of its Members. 3. The Committee may establish, on a temporary basis, whatever ad hoc consultative bodies it deems necessary to carry out its task. 4. The Committee may invite to its meetings any public or private bodies, as well as private persons, with recognized competence in the various fields of the intangible cultural heritage, in order to consult them on specific matters. Article 9 – Accreditation of advisory organizations 1. The Committee shall propose to the General Assembly the accreditation of non-governmental organizations with recognized competence in the field of the intangible cultural heritage to act in an advisory capacity to the Committee. 2. The Committee shall also propose to the General Assembly the criteria for and modalities of such accreditation. Article 10 – The Secretariat 1. The Committee shall be assisted by the UNESCO Secretariat. 2. The Secretariat shall prepare the documentation of the General Assembly and of the Committee, as well as the draft agenda of their meetings, and shall ensure the implementation of their decisions. III. Safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage at the national level Article 11 – Role of States Parties Each State Party shall: (a) take the necessary measures to ensure the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage present in its territory; (b) among the safeguarding measures referred to in Article 2, paragraph 3, identify and define the various elements of the intangible cultural heritage present in its territory, with the participation of communities, groups and relevant non-governmental organizations. Article 12 – Inventories 1. To ensure identification with a view to safeguarding, each State Party shall draw up, in a manner geared to its own situation, one or more inventories of the intangible cultural heritage present in its territory. These inventories shall be regularly updated. 2. When each State Party periodically submits its report to the Committee, in accordance with Article 29, it shall provide relevant information on such inventories. Article 13 – Other measures for safeguarding To ensure the safeguarding, development and promotion of the intangible cultural heritage present in its territory, each State Party shall endeavour to: (a) adopt a general policy aimed at promoting the function of the intangible cultural heritage in society, and at integrating the safeguarding of such heritage into planning programmes; (b) designate or establish one or more competent bodies for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage present in its territory; (c) foster scientific, technical and artistic studies, as well as research methodologies, with a view to effective safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage, in particular the intangible cultural heritage in danger; (d) adopt appropriate legal, technical, administrative and financial measures aimed at: (i) fostering the creation or strengthening of institutions for training in the management of the intangible cultural heritage and the transmission of such heritage through forums and spaces intended for the performance or expression thereof; (ii) ensuring access to the intangible cultural heritage while respecting customary practices governing access to specific aspects of such heritage; (iii) establishing documentation institutions for the intangible cultural heritage and facilitating access to them. Article 14 – Education, awareness-raising and capacity-building Each State Party shall endeavour, by all appropriate means, to: (a) ensure recognition of, respect for, and enhancement of the intangible cultural heritage in society, in particular through: (i) educational, awareness-raising and information programmes, aimed at the general public, in particular young people; (ii) specific educational and training programmes within the communities and groups concerned; (iii) capacity-building activities for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage, in particular management and scientific research; and (iv)non-formal means of transmitting knowledge; (b) keep the public informed of the dangers threatening such heritage, and of the activities carried out in pursuance of this Convention; (c) promote education for the protection of natural spaces and places of memory whose existence is necessary for expressing the intangible cultural heritage. Article 15 – Participation of communities, groups and individuals Within the framework of its safeguarding activities of the intangible cultural heritage, each State Party shall endeavour to ensure the widest possible participation of communities, groups and, where appropriate, individuals that create, maintain and transmit such heritage, and to involve them actively in its management. IV. Safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage at the international level Article 16 – Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity 1. In order to ensure better visibility of the intangible cultural heritage and awareness of its significance, and to encourage dialogue which respects cultural diversity, the Committee, upon the proposal of the States Parties concerned, shall establish, keep up to date and publish a Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. 2. The Committee shall draw up and submit to the General Assembly for approval the criteria for the establishment, updating and publication of this Representative List. Article 17 – List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding 1. With a view to taking appropriate safeguarding measures, the Committee shall establish, keep up to date and publish a List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, and shall inscribe such heritage on the List at the request of the State Party concerned. 2. The Committee shall draw up and submit to the General Assembly for approval the criteria for the establishment, updating and publication of this List. 3. In cases of extreme urgency – the objective criteria of which shall be approved by the General Assembly upon the proposal of the Committee – the Committee may inscribe an item of the heritage concerned on the List mentioned in paragraph 1, in consultation with the State Party concerned. Article 18 – Programmes, projects and activities for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage 1. On the basis of proposals submitted by States Parties, and in accordance with criteria to be defined by the Committee and approved by the General Assembly, the Committee shall periodically select and promote national, subregional and regional programmes, projects and activities for the safeguarding of the heritage which it considers best reflect the principles and objectives of this Convention, taking into account the special needs of developing countries. 2. To this end, it shall receive, examine and approve requests for international assistance from States Parties for the preparation of such proposals. 3. The Committee shall accompany the implementation of such projects, programmes and activities by disseminating best practices using means to be determined by it. V. International cooperation and assistance Article 19 – Cooperation 1. For the purposes of this Convention, international cooperation includes, inter alia, the exchange of information and experience, joint initiatives, and the establishment of a mechanism of assistance to States Parties in their efforts to safeguard the intangible cultural heritage. 2. Without prejudice to the provisions of their national legislation and customary law and practices, the States Parties recognize that the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage is of general interest to humanity, and to that end undertake to cooperate at the bilateral, subregional, regional and international levels. Article 20 – Purposes of international assistance International assistance may be granted for the following purposes: (a) the safeguarding of the heritage inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding; (b) the preparation of inventories in the sense of Articles 11 and 12; (c) support for programmes, projects and activities carried out at the national, subregional and regional levels aimed at the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage; (d) any other purpose the Committee may deem necessary. Article 21 – Forms of international assistance The assistance granted by the Committee to a State Party shall be governed by the operational directives foreseen in Article 7 and by the agreement referred to in Article 24, and may take the following forms: (a) studies concerning various aspects of safeguarding; (b) the provision of experts and practitioners; (c) the training of all necessary staff; (d) the elaboration of standard-setting and other measures; (e) the creation and operation of infrastructures; (f) the supply of equipment and know-how; (g) other forms of financial and technical assistance, including, where appropriate, the granting of low-interest loans and donations. Article 22 – Conditions governing international assistance 1. The Committee shall establish the procedure for examining requests for international assistance, and shall specify what information shall be included in the requests, such as the measures envisaged and the interventions required, together with an assessment of their cost. 2. In emergencies, requests for assistance shall be examined by the Committee as a matter of priority. 3. In order to reach a decision, the Committee shall undertake such studies and consultations as it deems necessary. Article 23 – Requests for international assistance 1. Each State Party may submit to the Committee a request for international assistance for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage present in its territory. 2. Such a request may also be jointly submitted by two or more States Parties. 3. The request shall include the information stipulated in Article 22, paragraph 1, together with the necessary documentation. Article 24 – Role of beneficiary States Parties 1. In conformity with the provisions of this Convention, the international assistance granted shall be regulated by means of an agreement between the beneficiary State Party and the Committee. 2. As a general rule, the beneficiary State Party shall, within the limits of its resources, share the cost of the safeguarding measures for which international assistance is provided. 3. The beneficiary State Party shall submit to the Committee a report on the use made of the assistance provided for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. VI. Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund Article 25 – Nature and resources of the Fund 1. A “Fund for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage”, hereinafter referred to as “the Fund”, is hereby established. 2. The Fund shall consist of funds-in-trust established in accordance with the Financial Regulations of UNESCO. 3. The resources of the Fund shall consist of: (a) contributions made by States Parties; (b) funds appropriated for this purpose by the General Conference of UNESCO; (c) contributions, gifts or bequests which may be made by: (i) other States; (ii) organizations and programmes of the United Nations system, particularly the United Nations Development Programme, as well as other international organizations; (iii) public or private bodies or individuals; (d) any interest due on the resources of the Fund; (e) funds raised through collections, and receipts from events organized for the benefit of the Fund; (f) any other resources authorized by the Fund’s regulations, to be drawn up by the Committee. 4. The use of resources by the Committee shall be decided on the basis of guidelines laid down by the General Assembly. 5. The Committee may accept contributions and other forms of assistance for general and specific purposes relating to specific projects, provided that those projects have been approved by the Committee. 6. No political, economic or other conditions which are incompatible with the objectives of this Convention may be attached to contributions made to the Fund. Article 26 – Contributions of States Parties to the Fund 1. Without prejudice to any supplementary voluntary contribution, the States Parties to this Convention undertake to pay into the Fund, at least every two years, a contribution, the amount of which, in the form of a uniform percentage applicable to all States, shall be determined by the General Assembly. This decision of the General Assembly shall be taken by a majority of the States Parties present and voting which have not made the declaration referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article. In no case shall the contribution of the State Party exceed 1% of its contribution to the regular budget of UNESCO. 2. However, each State referred to in Article 32 or in Article 33 of this Convention may declare, at the time of the deposit of its instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it shall not be bound by the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article. 3. A State Party to this Convention which has made the declaration referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall endeavour to withdraw the said declaration by notifying the Director-General of UNESCO. However, the withdrawal of the declaration shall not take effect in regard to the contribution due by the State until the date on which the subsequent session of the General Assembly opens. 4. In order to enable the Committee to plan its operations effectively, the contributions of States Parties to this Convention which have made the declaration referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be paid on a regular basis, at least every two years, and should be as close as possible to the contributions they would have owed if they had been bound by the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article. 5. Any State Party to this Convention which is in arrears with the payment of its compulsory or voluntary contribution for the current year and the calendar year immediately preceding it shall not be eligible as a Member of the Committee; this provision shall not apply to the first election. The term of office of any such State which is already a Member of the Committee shall come to an end at the time of the elections provided for in Article 6 of this Convention. Article 27 – Voluntary supplementary contributions to the Fund States Parties wishing to provide voluntary contributions in addition to those foreseen under Article 26 shall inform the Committee, as soon as possible, so as to enable it to plan its operations accordingly. Article 28 – International fund-raising campaigns The States Parties shall, insofar as is possible, lend their support to international fund-raising campaigns organized for the benefit of the Fund under the auspices of UNESCO. Article 29 – Reports by the States Parties The States Parties shall submit to the Committee, observing the forms and periodicity to be defined by the Committee, reports on the legislative, regulatory and other measures taken for the implementation of this Convention. Article 30 – Reports by the Committee 1. On the basis of its activities and the reports by States Parties referred to in Article 29, the Committee shall submit a report to the General Assembly at each of its sessions. 2. The report shall be brought to the attention of the General Conference of UNESCO. VIII. Transitional clause Article 31 – Relationship to the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity 1. The Committee shall incorporate in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity the items proclaimed “Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity” before the entry into force of this Convention. 2. The incorporation of these items in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity shall in no way prejudge the criteria for future inscriptions decided upon in accordance with Article 16, paragraph 2. 3. No further Proclamation will be made after the entry into force of this Convention. IX. Final clauses Article 32 – Ratification, acceptance or approval 1.This Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States Members of UNESCO in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures. 2. The instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Director-General of UNESCO. Article 33 – Accession 1. This Convention shall be open to accession by all States not Members of UNESCO that are invited by the General Conference of UNESCO to accede to it. 2. This Convention shall also be open to accession by territories which enjoy full internal self-government recognized as such by the United Nations, but have not attained full independence in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), and which have competence over the matters governed by this Convention, including the competence to enter into treaties in respect of such matters. 3. The instrument of accession shall be deposited with the Director-General of UNESCO. Article 34 – Entry into force This Convention shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, but only with respect to those States that have deposited their respective instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession on or before that date. It shall enter into force with respect to any other State Party three months after the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Article 35 – Federal or non-unitary constitutional systems The following provisions shall apply to States Parties which have a federal or non-unitary constitutional system: (a) with regard to the provisions of this Convention, the implementation of which comes under the legal jurisdiction of the federal or central legislative power, the obligations of the federal or central government shall be the same as for those States Parties which are not federal States; (b) with regard to the provisions of this Convention, the implementation of which comes under the jurisdiction of individual constituent States, countries, provinces or cantons which are not obliged by the constitutional system of the federation to take legislative measures, the federal government shall inform the competent authorities of such States, countries, provinces or cantons of the said provisions, with its recommendation for their adoption. Article 36 – Denunciation 1. Each State Party may denounce this Convention. 2. The denunciation shall be notified by an instrument in writing, deposited with the Director-General of UNESCO. 3. The denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the receipt of the instrument of denunciation. It shall in no way affect the financial obligations of the denouncing State Party until the date on which the withdrawal takes effect. Article 37 – Depositary functions The Director-General of UNESCO, as the Depositary of this Convention, shall inform the States Members of the Organization, the States not Members of the Organization referred to in Article 33, as well as the United Nations, of the deposit of all the instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession provided for in Articles 32 and 33, and of the denunciations provided for in Article 36. Article 38 – Amendments 1. A State Party may, by written communication addressed to the Director-General, propose amendments to this Convention. The Director-General shall circulate such communication to all States Parties. If, within six months from the date of the circulation of the communication, not less than one half of the States Parties reply favourably to the request, the Director-General shall present such proposal to the next session of the General Assembly for discussion and possible adoption. 2. Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of States Parties present and voting. 3. Once adopted, amendments to this Convention shall be submitted for ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to the States Parties. 4. Amendments shall enter into force, but solely with respect to the States Parties that have ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to them, three months after the deposit of the instruments referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article by two-thirds of the States Parties. Thereafter, for each State Party that ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to an amendment, the said amendment shall enter into force three months after the date of deposit by that State Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. 5. The procedure set out in paragraphs 3 and 4 shall not apply to amendments to Article 5 concerning the number of States Members of the Committee. These amendments shall enter into force at the time they are adopted. 6. A State which becomes a Party to this Convention after the entry into force of amendments in conformity with paragraph 4 of this Article shall, failing an expression of different intention, be considered: (a) as a Party to this Convention as so amended; and (b) as a Party to the unamended Convention in relation to any State Party not bound by the amendments. Article 39 – Authoritative texts This Convention has been drawn up in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, the six texts being equally authoritative. Article 40 – Registration In conformity with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, this Convention shall be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations at the request of the Director-General of UNESCO. DONE at Paris, this third day of November 2003,in two authentic copies bearing the signature of the President of the 32nd session of the General Conference and of the Director-General of UNESCO. These two copies shall be deposited in the archives of UNESCO. Certified true copies shall be delivered to all the States referred to in Articles 32 and 33, as well as to the United Nations. Source: UNESCO’s Website WoMAU organizes a variety of activities to enhance the visibility of the Traditional Martial Arts as the culture. Any traditional martial arts organizations meet the requirements for the WoMAU Membership…Read More The final report of the 2018 Living Heritage Conference is now available (in French), including notably details of the various thematic working groups on elements of intangible heritage in Canada,…Read More

(Last Updated on : 02/03/2016) The Davis Cup by BNP Paribas is structured with a 16 nation World Group, contested over four weekends during the year. The remaining countries are then divided into three regional Zones depending on their location. Davis Cup is contested annually between teams from competing countries in a knock-out format. Davis Cup is described by the organizers as the "World Cup of Tennis", and the winners are referred to as the World Champion team. History of Davis Cup Davis Cup began in 1990. The first game was played between USA and Great Britain. It was held at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston and the Americans astonished their opponents by racing into an unassailable 3-0 lead. Davis Cup has therefore an interesting history and the historical records affirm that American Dwight F. Davis donated the trophy in 1900 and marked the beginning of a new era in the world of Tennis. The main organizer of the Davis Cup was then the International Tennis Federation and is still the organizer. The tournament was initially titled the International Lawn Tennis Challenge although it soon became known as the Davis Cup, after Dwight Davis' trophy. The Davis Cup competition was initially played as a challenge cup. All teams competed against one another for the right to face the previous year's champion in the final round. Only India, Romania and Argentina have contested more than one Final without being crowned champion. In the 1974 Eastern Zone Final, India and Australia established a record for the most number of games in a tie, 327. Format of Davis Cup Davis Cup ties are played over three days, Friday to Sunday. There are five matches, known as rubber s, the winner being the first to win three rubbers. The competition begins with two single rubbers on the first day (Friday), a double rubber on the second day (Saturday) and finally two singles rubbers on the third day (Sunday). All rubbers are the best out of five sets and the home nation chooses the venue and court surface. The tie is hosted by one of the competing nations. The host nation is decided depending on where the two teams played their most recent tie against each other, as long as the tie took place after 1970. Any ties before this date do not count towards the choice of ground. If a nation had home advantage last time then it will be away next time, and vice versa. If the nations have never previously met, last met before 1970, or if they last faced each other at a neutral venue, then the choice of ground is decided by lot. Zone Groups in Davis Cup The Zone Groups are divided into three regions: Americas, Asia/ Oceania and Europe/ Africa. Within each region there are either three or four divisions, Group I being the highest and Group IV being the lowest. The eight nations that win their World Group first round ties progress to play in the quarterfinals, semi-finals and subsequent final, at which the winning team is crowned champion. Davis Cup to India India competed in its first Davis Cup in 1921. But India lost the Davis Cup at first. India finished as runners-up 3 times in 1966, 1974, and 1987. In 1974, there was the final match played between India and South Africa. But the final match was with held and South Africa was awarded the Davis Cup after India refused to participate in the final due to the South African government 's "apartheid" policies. India were strong favorites to win with Vijay Amritraj and Anand Amritraj at their best. They competed in the World Group stage and lost to Serbia at the first round for the 2011 Davis Cup. In the recent era in the world of game in India tennis with its entire glamour has stood apart as one of the popular games in India. With the systematic development of varied tennis tournaments, tennis in India has become a name laced with its sheer brilliance and promise. Current Indian Davis Cup Team The present Indian Davis Cup team includes Leander Paes, Yuki Bhambri , Rohan Bopanna , Somdev DevVarman and Saketh Myneni. Most Successful Team in Davis Cup The most successful countries over the history of the tournament are the United States (winning 32 tournaments and finishing as runners-up 29 times) and Australia (winning 28 times, including four occasions with New Zealand as Australasia, and finishing as runners-up 19 times). The present champions are Great Britain who beat Belgium to win the title for the 10th time in 2015. It was Great Britain's first title in 79 years, and first in the open era. The win moved Great Britain to third on the all time winners list. Davis cup had only been own by Britain and Australia till the year 1973. In 1974 this command was broken by South Africa and India by reaching the final. Indians were strong favourites to win with the legendary tennis player captaining the team. They competed in the World Group stage and lost to Serbia at the first round for the 2011 Davis Cup. The overall Scenario of India's performance in Davis Cup |First year played ||191 (114 - 77) |Years in World Group ||13 (7 - 13) |Most total wins ||Leander Paes (89 - 33) |Most singles wins ||Ramanathan Krishnan(50 - 19 ) |Most doubles wins ||Leander Paes (41 - 11) |Best doubles team ||Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi(25 - 2) |Most ties played ||Leander Paes (52) |Most years played

While there are well-established technologies to produce electricity without fossil fuels, decarbonisation of heat is struggling to get under way. Recommended strategies include expansion of low carbon networked heat and possibly the decarbonisation of gas – though these are still only happening at a scale (and with dubious carbon credentials, see PH+ Iss 15 – district heating). However, the commonest proposed means for decarbonising heat is via electrification. Electrification of heat raises a number of questions about the ability of our power systems to produce enough low carbon electricity and their capacity to transmit it. But it also represents something of a u-turn in building services design. Continue reading

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ||The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. (April 2012)| |The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: estimate.| Estimation is the approximation of a result that one can use even if they are using information that is not clear or is incomplete. It is like making an educated guess.

It’s (not?) rocket science Belfree WRS sensors contain a microprocessor, a 2.4Ghz digital radio and an Inertial Measurement Unit or IMU. The IMU measures minute variations in linear and rotational acceleration. If we read the data from the IMU frequently enough and add it all together we can track the rotation angle of the bell. We compare this angle with the one we measured during the initial calibration phase. When these angles are equal the bell is, at that instant, at the bottom-most point of its rotation (we call this Bottom Dead Centre or BDC). This process is called dead reckoning and is used for nautical, aerial and spatial navigation. (So it is rocket science!) A signal is sent by the radio from the bell tower to the USB dongle in the ringing room whenever the bell passes through BDC. This signal is interpreted by whichever simulator software you are running to determine which bell has been rung.

This Is the One Good Thing About the New COVID Strain, WHO Says WHO's chief scientist said despite the new number of mutations, this one element is good news. You've likely read headline after headline about the new strain of COVID-19 that has emerged in the U.K. And while the timing of the coronavirus taking on a new form just as the vaccine rollout begins seems terrible, the World Health Organization (WHO) has some rare good news for you. Medical experts at the body stressed that the development of new strains is a normal part of a virus's evolution and luckily, the new variant isn't affecting doctors' and scientists' ability to fight the virus. "Even though we have seen a number of changes, a number of mutations, none has made a significant impact on either the susceptibility of the virus to any of the currently used therapeutics, drugs or the vaccines under development and one hopes that will continue to be the case," WHO Chief Scientist Soumya Swaminathan, MD, said at an online briefing on Monday, Dec. 21. The discovery of the new variety of the COVID-19 virus has led to more than 40 countries banning arrivals from the U.K. and freight queues building up at the southern coast after France temporarily closed its borders. The situation escalated over the weekend after U.K. Health Secretary Matt Hancock described the new variant as "out of control" in a television interview and much of London and the south-east of the country was put into stricter lockdown measures to stem rising case numbers. However, the WHO stressed that despite this upheaval, the discovery itself is not yet cause for alarm. "We have to find a balance. It's very important to have transparency, it's very important to tell the public the way it is, but it's also important to get across that this is a normal part of virus evolution," said WHO Executive Director Mike Ryan, MPH, during the briefing. "Being able to track a virus this closely, this carefully, this scientifically in real time is a real positive development for global public health, and the countries doing this type of surveillance should be commended." While the new strain does seem to be spreading faster, here's why the WHO and other medical agencies are cautiously optimistic about the new strain of COVID. And for more of the latest news on COVID-19, check out why Dr. Fauci Advises Against This One COVID Safety Measure. Read the original article on Best Life. There is no evidence that the new COVID strain makes people sicker or more likely to die. In a statement, England's Chief Medical Officer Chris Whitty said: "There is no current evidence to suggest the new strain causes a higher mortality rate … although urgent work is under way to confirm this." any more dangerous or deadly than the strains that are currently out there and that we know about." And for more on what Adams did say about the strain, check out A White House Official Just Gave This Warning About the New COVID Mutation.echoed that assessment on Face the Nation on Dec. 20, saying officials "have no indications" that the new strain "is Mutations recorded so far are happening at a slower rate than those commonly seen with the flu. The flu consistently mutates, which is why you need to get vaccinated against it annually. But the good news is, COVID is mutating more slowly. "SARS-CoV-2 is mutating at a much slower rate than influenza," Swaminathan said at the press briefing. "Flu mutates very rapidly, changes its surface proteins very rapidly. So, we constantly need to get a new flu shot. Some viruses like measles don't change their surface proteins. And so the measles shot we got 20 years ago still works," former FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, said on Face the Nation on Dec. 20. "Coronavirus seems somewhere in the middle." And for more on the difference between the two, check out This One "Wacky" Symptom Means You Have COVID, Not the Flu. Vaccines should work just as well against this new variant as the original one. During a press conference on Dec. 19, Britain's Chief Scientific Adviser Patrick Vallance said that the vaccines have appeared to continue to generate an immune response to the new COVID strain. And on Meet the Press on Dec. 20, President-elect Joe Biden's surgeon general nominee, Vivek Murthy, MD, said that there's "no reason to believe that the vaccines that have been developed will not be effective against this virus as well." Vin Gupta, MD, of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, agreed in an interview with CNBC's Squawkbox Asia on Dec. 21. "There is a strong belief here that the vaccine, as it exists today…will have effectiveness in warding off infection from this new strain in England, in addition to the old strain that we've been contending with for months now," Gupta said. And for more regular updates on COVID, sign up for our daily newsletter. Scientists will be able to develop a new vaccine before any mutation takes a serious toll. On Face the Nation, Gottlieb said that the coronavirus will continue to "mutate and change its surface proteins, but probably slow enough that we can develop new vaccines." Jesse Bloom, an evolutionary biologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, echoed that sentiment, telling The New York Times that "no one should worry that there is going to be a single catastrophic mutation that suddenly renders all immunity and antibodies useless." "It is going to be a process that occurs over the time scale of multiple years and requires the accumulation of multiple viral mutations," he added. "It's not going to be like an on-off switch." And for more on the latest vaccine developments, check out These States Are Getting Less of the COVID Vaccine Than They Were Told.

Hello, people that view this Instructable. Here is an attempt to make a green bioinsecticide from Bacillus L from soil samples. To see how to take samples from soil Please see my Extracting bacteria from soil, etc for more detail. Cry A gene from this genius is very special it ONLY targets specific insects. For example, Cry2ab and Cry3ab toxin are very toxic to ants while others have selectivity to beetles and other insects like Mosquitoes. I have used a good 1000 to 4000 Zero to 60 min centrifuge from eBay to do this. I have bought chemicals and supplies (centrifuge tubes) to do this as well to get a pure sample and kept them frozen to preserve them. My first attempt was on Ants and the medium was a Lemon mix cake with 10 mM per L Potassium bismuth iodide (KBiI4) that reduced other bacteria from growing. It worked quite well I got cultures and spun them down. The solution test on ants on my property was a light brown solution. Step 1: Hazards With Compost and Bacteria. Although it very uniquely please be careful with an unknown bacteria or microorganism. Also, Mold on compost can grow which can be hazardous. If you see black or red mold pour bleach into it to kill those spores and DO not disturb the fungi!!!! This will neutralize the toxins and it safe now. If you have a weakened immune system do not attempt to do this OK. Fair warning with bacteria. As said never grow anything that pathogenic to yourself it also Illegal. Step 2: Growing First Culture. First in a large bottle with Lemon pie crust sugar and Potassium Bismuth Iodide I grew the cultures. Insulated them and put them into bottles. They were grown and filtered once and then sent with iron chloride which turned them black to a filter. 1 g of iron chloride turned black due to some tannins present. Then they were centrifuged at 3000 RPM for 10 minutes. The result was a light brown black material which had biofilm which I tested on Ants. I will tell you later if it worked well. Step 3: Final Prep of Insecticide for Fruit Flies From Sugar, Cocoa and Milk Powder. A mixture of 10 g cocoa, 10 g milk sugar, and 5 g sugar was added to 350 ml of water with culture and allowed to grow for 2-3 weeks until clear biofilm could be seen. By the pics, you can see the pellets that are black (impurities that have been purified by centrifugal force. It was cleaned that way and put into the freezer at -10 degrees C to freeze the liquid and preserve the sample. 3000 RPM for 20 minutes was essential to remove most of the impurities. However the max volume I got before I added it to the bags was 350 ml plus or minus 1 ml. So I lost 14 percent of the sample that way but the loss is not that much but still a loss. Biofilm from 3 weeks and an odd smell were obvious with the culture at 20 degrees C per day. Increasing the temp with Urea and Protein mix did not do anything. See the next Step. Step 4: Growing Same Bacteria With Urea and Cocoa Hemp Protein Mix for 3 Weeks. Good amount of 10 g Urea and 10 g Protein mix was added to 400 ml of tap water with bacteria to produce the culture. It was allowed to grow a few days. Trouble arises when I used a green light halogen it got too hot too much and the bacteria slowed down and took 5 months to grow. It was too slow so it would be useful. It better just with normal temps. Maybe the ammonia produced from Urea and Nitrogen source harmed the bacteria producing waste and spores that stressed the bacteria out. Some good lessons learned about this method too. Step 5: Ant Affect and Fruit Flies Affect With Cultures. These were some of the results. The banana culture compost and regular compost did not stop the fruit flies with this Insecticide. I had issues with the ants too. Also, I think although it was well cultured it was the wrong type of Cry A gene. It was neither Cry2ab or Cry3ab and maybe fruitflies are immune to this toxin as some research said. Although it failed I got a useful info and learned how to grow successfully bacteria cultures. Even if it did not work I know why and can explain it. Once again thank for viewing this Instructable!

Pico computing is nothing new, but this takes it to a whole new level. This particular set up uses a light bulb socket as a mount (but not as a source of power). Conceived, designed, and produced by some students at MIT, this computer uses a pico projector to put a touch display on any surface. The students mounted the computer on a motorized arm, allowing it to track movements. Most people wouldn’t need the arm, but imagine being able to put a touch surface in your kitchen, or garage. At any rate, it’s worth your time to check out the video after the jump. [via Hack A Day]

Early Bird Morning Spellings Select your colour and complete your pyramid spellings today. Can you use them in a sentence? Reading WALT: find answers in a text. In today's lesson, you will read a non-chronological report on penguins. Remember this is a non-fiction text and will give you facts and information. 1. You will need to read the whole text through. 2. You will need to think about the text and summarise what it is about. 3. You will need to answer questions on the text by finding the answers within. 4. You will need to highlight the answers you find in the text and then answer the questions using the information you have found. The text and questions are below. They are in levels of difficulty: tricky, trickier, trickiest and Too Tricky?... WALT: recap knowledge of multiplication and division. Over the past 2 weeks, we have been learning to multiply and divide numbers by 2, 5 and 10. We have looked at these separately and have learnt methods to solve problems. This lesson, we will have a mixture of multiplication and division calculations using either 2, 5 or 10 knowledge. You need to look carefully at the question and apply the appropriate method to solve. When you look at word problems, try to picture in your head what is being asked of you. Extract key numbers and identify which operation you need to use to complete the calculation and solve the problem. PE WALT: be active. You have done lots of fabulous learning so for today's dose of PE, get outside and enjoy the snow! Be sure to keep active, keep warm and keep safe! Click on the link for some ideas of what you can do in that magical winter wonderland out there!

All accountable companies have to prepare an annual statement at the end of the financial year, to determine their tax obligations, among other things. A balance sheet is created according to an established pattern and on a fixed date in the year. The profit and loss report is the basis for a balance sheet, which is important for companies because it provides information on its status and... Do all businesses need to draw up a balance sheet? No, this is a widespread misconception, because not all entrepreneurs need to keep complete double entry accounts. What the best accounting practice for you is depends on a number of factors, like sales or activity field. Here, you will find out what generally needs to be taken into account when it comes to balance sheets, and whether you need to concern yourself with one. What are the advantages and disadvantages to drawing up a balance sheet? Time can be a scarce resource. Creating a balance sheet is unfortunately more time consuming than preparing a simple income surplus calculation. However, at this point it is important to clarify that you are only legally obliged to publish a financial statement if you own a publicly traded company. Financial statements consist of a balance sheet, an income statement and, if necessary, an appendix with explanations. If you are required to prepare financial statements, you should draw up two balance sheets per year: an opening one at the start of the fiscal year, which has assets and liabilities clearly compared, and a final balance sheet at the end of the year. It is important when preparing these to adhere to the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP) to ensure best practice. Although preparing balance sheet can be annoying, it does have some advantages: Advantage of a balance sheet Disadvantage of a balance sheet Transparency: A balance sheet brings clarity to a company’s financial situation. It is easy to lose track of things yourself, especially when your company is growing quickly. Balance sheets also come in handy when seeking external funding from banks or outside investors. Proof of healthy finances is paramount for anyone taking a risk on your business. A balance sheet helps with this. Who is required to prepare a balance sheet? Any company operating in the USA with shares available for purchase to the public is required by law to prepare a balance sheet and issue financial statements. If a company is privately owned, then they are not required to make this information public. The key aspect here is public vs private: it does not matter whether the company is a small business, a large corporation or a sole proprietorship. If the company is publicly owned, then they must make their financial information publicly accessible. If they are privately owned, then they are not obliged. Voluntarily preparing a balance sheet Even if you are not the owner of a publicly traded company, it may still be in your interest to prepare and release financial statements including balance sheets. Preparing a balance sheet ensures that you have a full, accurate picture of your company’s’ finances at a given time. This can be extremely helpful to business owners who get caught up in the minutiae of day-to-day tasks and perhaps miss the bigger picture. Small business owners in particular often do not realize that their business is perhaps not as profitable overall as they expected, since they are dealing with small transactions on a day to day basis. Certain liabilities and depreciating assets, particularly real estate, may create an unhealthy financial situation for your business without you even realizing. Creating a balance sheet is a helpful step in creating accurate, comprehensive accounting records for your company. Having an up to date balance sheet can help you recognize priorities within your business. A balance sheet will include any outstanding debts owed by or to you, and can remind you to focus on these or any other areas of worry that show up in the balance sheet report. Maintaining a cash flow and keeping debts under control are paramount when running a business. Balance sheets can help you adjust any business practices that aren’t serving your interests fully. Aside from personal knowledge, creating a balance sheet can be beneficial if you decide to seek external investment in your company. Many banks, financial incubators and private investors want to see a complete overall picture of a company’s finances before putting their own money on the line. They use the information provided in a balance sheet to calculate financial ratios and determine whether your company is likely to be profitable, as well as whether or not you will be able to repay them. A balance sheet is a good way of providing this information, and has become the common standard request for investors. Creating your balance sheet While it is certainly possible to create your own balance sheet, if you are new to accounting and running a business, then consulting a tax professional is a good option. Hiring an accountant for a one-time job will be far less expensive than the penalties you might face if you publish incorrect financial statements. If you are confident in your skills, then the SBA website has more information, and provides sample templates for a balance sheet.

2) Don’t Overexert Yourself You can’t swallow a loaf of bread but you can have it as slices with utmost ease. Large chunks of information could not be loaded in your brain mechanically. In simple words, imagine you can you lift 100kgs of weight in your gym without practicing. Likewise learning in a phased manner will automatically will help to build neural pathways. The neural pathways could not be developed all at once. Everyone has a prime time to learn. Some learn quickly in the early morning while some learn easily in the evening. Find out the prime time and learn with comfort as your brain may experience a complacent environment to learn. Don’t try to learn or memorize in a hurried way during exams. If you don’t practice the art of learning on a daily basis, then you are naturally pushed to opt for no other choice than to memorize mechanically. Mechanical and hurried learning will not help to construct neural pathways nor will it help in easy retrieval and recall of the information learnt. Even when a small portion is learnt every day, continuous revision is necessary to recall cent percent. While the quantum of information to be learned is more, sufficient relaxation at intervals during the process of learning is essential so that retrieval is easily enabled by neural pathways.

A quick Google search yields pictures and dozens of how-to videos of 3D masterpieces all made from fruit. There is a whole world out there where fruits are carved into animal shapes, from birds to crabs to lions – you name it, it’s there. Apparently it’s big in schools. Moms take the Tutti Frutti challenge very seriously when called upon to create edible creatures for little munchkins to snack on for healthy treat days. Forget your run-of-the mill radish roses or melon balls, these moms mean business and they’re all fighting for the Master of Tutti Frutti crown. It’s a great idea for picky little eaters, especially for those who don’t like eating fruit. And it’s also a fun way to get the kids involved by roping them in to make their own creations. By the time we were one hedgehog down, my eight-year-old had already made a mouse (at least I think that’s what it was) and a pig. I set myself up for failure on the first attempt. I went for something simple and decided on a swan carved from watermelon. This should be a breeze, I thought. I was so wrong! The result was a complete dud. The watermelon flesh kept crumbling, spitting black pips and watermelon peel. On to Plan B and I settled on a hedgehog pear. It turned out to be quite a fun experience and the kids actually ended up eating it afterwards. Here’s how to make it: What you’ll need: - A few firm pears - Green or red seedless grapes - Sharp paring knife Cut a small slice off the bottom of the pear, making sure it has a sturdy base once you place it on a stable surface. Peel off the skin around the neck area right around the pear. Cut off a small tip of the stem, leaving just a small stub exposed. Cut olive in half and place it on exposed stem – this is now the nose. Make two eyes by cutting out two circles on the exposed flesh surface of the pear and place a clove in each “eye socket”. This is where the fun part begins and you can get the kids to help as well. The hedgehog spines are made with grapes pushed through a toothpick and then inserted into the unskinned part of the pear. Proceed to do this until the entire half of the pear is covered in grape “spines”. And voilà, you have a hedgehog! Peel off the skin around the neck area right around the pear. The hedgehog spines are made with grapes pushed through a toothpick and then inserted into the unskinned part of the pear. The finished product

Researchers from Jinan University in Guangzhou, China and Washington State University have developed a novel type of sensor that works by measuring pressure changes induced by the production of oxygen (O2). The technology may miniaturize and make readily available testing of a wide variety of biomarkers. The team of researchers has already demonstrated how the technology can be used to detect thrombin, a blood clotting enzyme, and carcinoembryonic antigen, a protein related to a number of cancers. The sensor consists of a small chamber within which gold-core platinum-shell nanoparticles are allowed to catalyze the breaking up of H2O2 in the presence of a target compound, in the process producing O2. As the oxygen is released, the pressure within the chamber rises ever so slightly. A barometer is then used to detect the increased pressure, confirming the presence of the biomarker being searched for. Besides medical applications, the investigators believe the technology will find use in environmental testing and for screening food for safety. Study in ACS Sensors: Versatile Barometer Biosensor Based on Au@Pt Core/Shell Nanoparticle Probe…

Chester F. Carlson's life was one of hard work and diligence that paid off. At age 14 Carlson supported his ailing parents by working odd jobs. He attended college at night, graduating in 1930 from California Institute of Technology with a B.S. in physics. After working with Bell Telephone Laboratories, Carlson labored in the patents department of a New York electronics firm and began studying patent law at night. To save money, he copied longhand from borrowed textbooks. By day Carlson spent much time obtaining copies of blueprintsand patent descriptions. Because of his experiences of hand copying, Carlsonset out to develop a quick and inexpensive duplicating process. Within threeyears, Carlson received his own "electrophotography" patent. He and a young German physicist and engineer, Otto Kornei, Carlson worked on his system to electrostatically produce copies. Using a mirror Carlson projected an image onto a electrically charged drum coated with selenium. Because selenium will only hold an electric charge in the dark, the charge remained exclusively on theareas where the dark sections of the image were reflected. Carlson then coated the drum with a powder made of carbon and thermoplastic resin. Rolling anelectrically charged sheet of paper along the drum released the image onto the paper, where it was fused into a permanent impression by infrared light. Inhis laboratory on October 22, 1938, Carlson made the first copy of an original document using the process he called xerography, from the Greek for "dry writing." After a six-year search for a backer, in 1947 the Haloid Company purchased the rights to Carlson's photocopier. Haloid, which was renamed Xerox Corporation, hit its stride 12 years later when on September 16, 1959 it introduced its first automatic plain-paper copier, the Xerox 914. Chester Carlsonbecame a very wealthy man and philanthropist, who during his lifetime he donated over $150 million to worthy causes. On September 19, 1968, Carlson died of a heart attack in a New York movie theater.

|Born||Tobias Barreto de Meneses 7 June 1839 Tobias Barreto, Sergipe, Brazil |Died||26 June 1889 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil |Occupation||Poet, philosopher, critic, jurist| |Alma mater||Faculdade de Direito do Recife| Tobias Barreto de Meneses (June 7, 1839 – June 26, 1889) was a Brazilian poet, philosopher, jurist and critic, famous for creating the "Condorism" and revolutionizing Brazilian Romanticism and poetry. He is patron of the 38th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Barreto was born in the city of Vila de Campos do Rio Real (renamed "Tobias Barreto" in his honor in 1909), in the State of Sergipe. He learned his first letters with professor Manuel Joaquim de Oliveira Campos, and studied Latin with priest Domingos Quirino. He was so dedicated to the course that, in the future, he would become a Latin professor in the city of Itabaiana. In 1861 he would go to Bahia in order to enter in a seminary, but after realizing that was not what he wanted, he quit. During 1864 and 1865 he became a particular tutor for many subjects. He tried to become a Latin (and later Philosophy) teacher at the Ginásio Pernambucano, but he couldn't make it either. Barreto was an enthusiast of the German culture, what was inherited to him by his taste of works by Ernst Haeckel and Ludwig Büchner. It influenced him to write a journal in German, Deutsche Kampfer (German for The German Fighter). However, the journal was short-lived and had a small repercussion. During his last years of life, his health deteriorated and he died in 1889, in Recife, at a friend's house. - Brasilien, wie es ist (German for Brazil as it is — 1876) - Ensaio de Pré-História da Literatura Alemã (1879) - Filosofia e Crítica (1879) - Estudos Alemães (1879) - Dias e Noites (1881) - Menores e Loucos (1884) - Discursos (1887) - Polêmicas (1901; posthumous) - Excerpts of works by Tobias Barreto at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (Portuguese) - Tobias Barreto's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (Portuguese) - Another biography of Tobias Barreto (Portuguese) - Poems by Barreto (Portuguese) Brazilian Academy of Letters - Patron of the 38th chair Graça Aranha (founder)

Check Out The Chompers On A Sheepshead Fish – The Fish With Human-Like Teeth [Video] These are not the teeth I even imagined seeing inside a fish’s mouth. But sure enough, this is what the sheepshead fish is packing between its gums. What does a fish need teeth like that for?! Well, it eats a little bit of everything. It is an omnivore that eats plants as well as an assortment of small creatures. These things use those champers to crush like blue crabs, oysters, clams, crustaceans, and other small fish. (Much to the chagrin of their fish dentists I’m sure.) According to ZMEScience, the sheepshead fish, or sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus is common to North American coastal waters, can grow up 91 cm in length and weigh up to 9.6 kg. And people wonder why I don’t like seafood… Here are a view more glimpses into the mouths of these strange fish.

The oldest commercial reactor in Japan is Tsuruga #1 in the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant in Fukui Prefecture. It is operated by the Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC) and was commissioned on March 14, 1970 with a capacity of 357 MW. In March 1981, drainage from this reactor caused a release of radioactivity. The forty-day cover-up of a spill of 16 tons of radioactive primary cooling water was revealed only in April 1981. Tsuruga #1 reactor has been shut down for safety inspection since January 26th, 2011 and has yet to be restarted. A second reactor Tsuruga -#2 was commissioned on February 17, 1987 with 1160 MW capacity. The constructions of two new nuclear reactors, Tsuruga -#3 and Tsuruga -#4 have been planned, but have been delayed due to the need for seismic upgrades even before the March 2011 earthquake. On May 2, 2011, officials in Kyodo announced the presence of higher levels of radioactivity in the cooling water, JAPC admitted technical problems and announced to check for radioactivity daily, instead of the standard procedure of checking once per week. A group of 40 citizens of Otsu prefecture Kyodo started a lawsuit at the Otsu District Court against the Japan Atomic Power Company on November 8, 2011. At that time, the two reactors of the plant were shut down for regular check-ups. They sought a provisional court order to delay the restart of the reactors at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant. They argued that: Lake Biwa, could be contaminated if a nuclear accident occurs at the plant. The people, living in the region of Kansai depended on this largest lake of Japan as the source of drinking water. If an accident happens, it would endanger the health of all residents. The Tsuruga plant is built on a site with a fault under it, and a severe accident could occur during an earthquake. Since it was first operational in 1970, the Tsuruga #1 reactor has been more than 40 years in service. The Tsuruga plant was insufficiently protected against a tsunami. The ongoing regular checks were done under the government’s safety and technological standards, and the nuclear crisis in Fukushima had proven that those regulations were insufficient. The reactors should remain shut down until the cause of the disaster in Fukushima has been fully investigated. Regular checks should be performed under the new safety standards. A fire broke out in Tsuruga #1 reactor on November 12, 2011. After extinguishing the fire JAPC reported that there were no casualties and no leakage of radiation, because the reactor was closed for inspection. On March 5, 2012 a group of seismic researchers revealed the possibility of a 7.4 magnitude or even more potent earthquake under the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant. Prior to this date in 2008 the Japanese governmental Earthquake Research Committee and Japan Atomic Power had calculated that the Urasoko fault was running 39 kilometers near Tsuruga and 250 meters (825 feet) from Tsuruga -#1 and Tsuruga -#2 reactor buildings. This main Uraosko fault and several other smaller faults extending from it and running directly under the Tsuruga -#2 plant could trigger a 7.2 magnitude quake and a 1.7 meter land displacement. On December 10, 2012 a team of experts from the Nuclear Regulation Authority who investigated the geological layer under the plant headed by commissioner Kunihiko Shimazaki reported to fellow members that because of the “highly possible,” the so-called crush zone running underneath Tsuruga -#2 reactor is an active fault restarting reactors at the Tsuruga nuclear plant would be difficult. In a press conference after the meeting, Shimazaki said the fact that a large fault like Urasoko exists on the plant’s premises was also taken into account. “If plant operators know there is an active fault at the site in the first place, they will usually not build (a nuclear complex) there,” he added. The focus of the discussion is a zone of crushed rock called D-1, which is believed to extend from the Urazoko fault toward the plant’s Tsuruga #2 reactor. NRA Chairman Shunichi Tanaka said: “As things stand now, we cannot conduct a safety evaluation of the Tsuruga #2 reactor to resume operation.” If the crush zone beneath the Tsuruga plant is determined to be active, its two reactors would theoretically have to be scrapped because the plant operators are not allowed to build reactors and facilities important for safe operations directly above active faults. Japan Atomic Power Company which runs the plant, said in a statement that the outcome was “totally unacceptable” and vowed to have a separate investigation conducted on the premises. If a different finding isn’t reached, it will have no option, but to scrap the reactors.

THE ECCENTRIC CHEESEMONGER. (Moving Counter Problem The cheesemonger depicted in the illustration is an inveterate puzzle lover. One of his favourite puzzles is the piling of cheeses in his warehouse, an amusement that he finds good exercise for the body as well as for the mind. He places sixteen cheeses on the floor in a straight row and then makes them into four piles, with four cheeses in every pile, by always passing a cheese over four others. If you use sixteen counters and number them in order from 1 to 16, then you may place 1 on 6, 11 on 1, 7 on 4, and so on, until there are four in every pile. It will be seen that it does not matter whether the four passed over are standing alone or piled; they count just the same, and you can always carry a cheese in either direction. There are a great many different ways of doing it in twelve moves, so it makes a good game of "patience" to try to solve it so that the four piles shall be left in different stipulated places. For example, try to leave the piles at the extreme ends of the row, on Nos. 1, 2, 15 and 16; this is quite easy. Then try to leave three piles together, on Nos. 13, 14, and 15. Then again play so that they shall be left on Nos. 3, 5, 12, and 14. Next: THE EXCHANGE PUZZLE. Previous: CATCHING THE MICE.

Protein powders are generally taken as supplements by athletes and bodybuilders who require a large amount of protein to build muscle mass through exercise. Protein is essential for the human body, because muscle and tissue are made from protein amino acids. Although combinations vary, protein powders are made from four basic sources: whey, rice, soy or egg. Whey is a protein that makes up approximately 20 percent of the total protein content in cow’s milk. It is also a byproduct of cheese manufacturing and is used commercially. Whey protein is the name given to globular proteins that are isolated from whey and are usually a combination of alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and serum albumin. It may contain glycomacropeptides as well. According to the Dairy Council of California, whey protein contains a rich amino acid profile. Whey is easily digestible, which facilitates easy absorption of protein, and is useful for building muscle mass. It enhances the flow of nutrients to help rebuild and repair muscle tissue. Rice protein is a vegetarian protein that more easily digestible than whey protein. It is made from brown rice and treated with enzymes that lead to the separation of carbohydrates from proteins. According to RiceProteinConcentrates.com, rice protein is made from non-genetically-modified rice. It is suitable for people with food allergies and gives the body a sufficient amount of protein effectively. Soy protein is derived from soybeans and is packed with multiple health benefits. It is ideal for vegetarians who wish to add protein to their diet and is a good source of protein for those who are lactose-intolerant. Although it is easily digestible, it does not mix well in drinks and shakes. Apart from adding protein to the diet, soy protein has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, lower cholesterol, slow cancer cell growth, build strong bones and lessen symptoms of menopause, according to the Journal of Prenatal Education. Egg protein can be consumed with any meal, as opposed to whey, which should ideally be consumed before or after working out. Egg protein is a healthy source of protein for those allergic to dairy or soy. Additionally, it provides the body with many essential amino acids. Additional ingredients that are generally used in protein powder formulas include natural and artificial flavors, lecithin, creamer, salt, acesulfame potassium and sucralose. Some powders are fortified with selected vitamins and minerals. Since the body uses calcium to break down protein amino acids, many protein powders contain calcium. Additional amino acids may be included in protein powder, such as tryptophan, valine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine and methionine.

Solar Panels – The future of energy Solar Panels or photovoltaics (PV’s) convert the sun’s energy into electricity, which is then used by residential and commercial properties to reduce the amount of electricity used from “the grid”, and lower energy bills. There are many benefits to installing solar panels: - Reduce your energy costs. Solar cells even produce electricity on cloudy days, so your energy costs will be reduced for many years after the initial installation. - Reduce your carbon emissions. Solar is a green, renewable source of energy and does not produce pollutants like carbon dioxide. A stereotypical home installation will save nearly a tonne of CO2 a year, and a commercial install will save many, many times this amount. - Make money. You can sell excess electricity you create back to the grid using the governments feed in tariff scheme. - An investment for the future. The “Big 6” energy companies are charging more and more year after year. This is an upward trend that is unlikely to change. The beauty of solar panels is that we know how much energy will be created and at what price for decades to come, giving you fixed energy costs.

Sometimes, in the midst of summer or winter, a room can be too cold or too hot relative to the rest of the house. You can prevent the heat or air conditioning from making the temperature too extreme in one area of the house or office by adjusting the ceiling vent. Closing the vent will block all air from coming through, and opening it will allow the air to pass through again; the degree to which the vent is open or shut can be adjusted midway to allow some heat or air conditioning to flow through. This lets you control the temperature in one area without changing the thermostat temperature. Place a stool or ladder under the vent you want to adjust. Put the ladder or stool in a locked position, if possible, to prevent it from collapsing. Step up on the ladder or stool until you can comfortably reach the vent. Locate the dial or switch on the vent. If it is a square or round vent, a dial is usually located in the center. If it is a rectangular vent, a switch is located on either the right or left side of it. On some diffusers, you may have to adjust individual blades manually. Turn the dial on the square or round vent to the right to open the vent. Turn it to the left to close the vent. If it is a rectangular vent, move the switch up or down to open or close it. If a switch or dial is not located where mentioned, look for one along the sides or in the center of the vent. Some vents are different styles and a rectangular vent may have a dial and a square vent may have a lever or damper. Michelle Varsallona started writing professionally in 2009. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in literature from The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey. She specializes in writing about all things mobile, gaming, geek-culture and vegan related.

|This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2012)| ||This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia. (July 2013)| |Funk with Golden Party Badge, 1942| |Reich Minister of Economics 5 February 1938 – 1 May 1945 |Preceded by||Hermann Göring| |Succeeded by||Office abolished| |President of the Reichsbank| 19 January 1939 – 8 May 1945 |Preceded by||Hjalmar Schacht| |Succeeded by||Office abolished| |Secretary of State in the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda| 13 March 1933 – 26 November 1937 |Appointed by||Adolf Hitler| |Preceded by||Office created| |Succeeded by||Otto Dietrich| |Born||18 August 1890 Danzkehmen, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire |Died||31 May 1960 (aged 69) Düsseldorf, West Germany |Political party||National Socialist German Workers Party| Walther Funk (18 August 1890 – 31 May 1960) was an economist and prominent Nazi official who served as Reich Minister for Economic Affairs from 1938 to 1945 and was tried as a major war criminal by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Funk was born into a merchant family in 1890 in Danzkehmen (present-day Sosnowka in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast) near Trakehnen in East Prussia. He was the only one of the Nuremberg defendants who was born in the former eastern territories of Germany. He was the son of Wiesenbaumeister Walther Funk the elder and his wife Sophie (née Urbschat). He studied law, economics, and philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin and the University of Leipzig. In World War I, he joined the infantry, but was discharged as unfit for service in 1916. In 1920, Funk married Luise Schmidt-Sieben. Following the end of the first war, he worked as a journalist, and in 1924 he became the editor of the center-right financial newspaper the Berliner Börsenzeitung. Funk, who was a nationalist and anti-Marxist, resigned from the newspaper in the summer of 1931 and joined the Nazi Party, becoming close to Gregor Strasser, who arranged his first meeting with Adolf Hitler. Partially because of his interest in economic policy, he was elected a Reichstag deputy in July 1932, and within the party, he was made chairman of the Committee on Economic Policy in December 1932, a post that he did not hold for long. After the Nazi Party came to power, he stepped down from his Reichstag position and was made Chief Press Officer of the Third Reich. Third Reich career In March 1933, Funk was appointed as a State Secretary (Staatssekretär) at the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda). In 1938, he assumed the title of Chief Plenipotentiary for Economics (Wirtschaftsbeauftragter). He also became Reich Minister of Economics (Reichswirtschaftsminister) in February 1938, replacing Hjalmar Schacht, who had been dropped in November 1937. Schacht had been dismissed in a power struggle with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, who was quick to tie the ministry more closely to his Four Year Plan Office. He boasted that by 1938, the German state had managed to steal Jewish property worth two million marks, using decrees from Hitler and other top Nazis to force German Jews to leave their property and assets to them if they emigrated. They were forced by Göring to pay for the damage caused by the Nazis to their own property on Kristallnacht, and increasingly deprived of their personal wealth and assets as the Second World War approached. They were ultimately murdered in the many death camps, Nazi concentration camps and Ghettoes established by the Nazis. In January 1939, Hitler appointed Funk as President of the Reichsbank, again replacing Schacht, and this way he became also a member of the board of directors of the Bank for International Settlements, based in Switzerland. He was appointed to the Central Planning Board in September 1943. Despite poor health, Funk was tried with other Nazi leaders at the Nuremberg Trials. Accused of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes and crimes against humanity, he argued that, despite his titles, he had very little power in the regime. At the Nuremberg trials American Chief Prosecutor Jackson labeled Funk as "The Banker of Gold Teeth", referring to the practice of extracting gold teeth from Nazi concentration camp victims, and forwarding the teeth to the Reichsbank for melting down to yield bullion. Göring described Funk as "an insignificant subordinate," but documentary evidence and his wartime biography Walther Funk, A Life for Economy were used against him during the trial, leading to his conviction on counts 2, 3 and 4 of the indictment and his sentence of life imprisonment. Funk was held at Spandau Prison along with other senior Nazis. He was released on 16 May 1957 because of ill health. He made a last-minute call on Rudolf Hess, Albert Speer and Baldur von Schirach before leaving the prison. He died three years later at Düsseldorf of diabetes. - 1938 – “The Fateful Year” on the Yad Vashem website - Bank of International Settlements, "Ninth Annual Report: 1 April 1938 – 31 March 1939" p. 135 - Nuremberg: Tyranny on Trial. History Channel. 1995. Television - Bird, Eugene (1974). The Loneliest Man in the World. London: Secker & Warburg. p. 121. ISBN 0436042908. |Wikiquote has quotations related to: Walther Funk|

There has been a lot of research on this topic since the 1980s and a lot of it still holds true today. One study from the 1980s states this: However, most studies have shown that dark characters on a light background are superior to light characters on a dark background (when the refresh rate is fairly high). For example, Bauer and Cavonius (1980) found that participants were 26% more accurate in reading text when they read it with dark characters on a light background. Reference: Bauer, D., & Cavonius, C., R. (1980). Improving the legibility of visual display units through contrast reversal. In E. Grandjean, E. Vigliani (Eds.), Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals (pp. 137-142). London: Taylor & Francis The reason why this matters is because of focus. As this article on UXMovement states, "white stimulates all three types of color sensitive visual receptors in the human eye in nearly equal amounts." It causes the eye to focus by tightening the iris. Since the eye is focused, dark letter forms on light backgrounds are easier to read. When using a dark background with strong light letter forms, the iris opens to allow more light in, but that causes letter forms to blur. Why? People with astigmatism (approximately 50% of the population) find it harder to read white text on black than black text on white. Part of this has to do with light levels: with a bright display (white background) the iris closes a bit more, decreasing the effect of the "deformed" lens; with a dark display (black background) the iris opens to receive more light and the deformation of the lens creates a much fuzzier focus at the eye. Jason Harrison – Post Doctoral Fellow, Imager Lab Manager – Sensory Perception and Interaction Research Group, University of British Columbia Now there seem to be varying factors into contrast and legibility. Room ambient lighting. Brightness of the monitor. Also you can mitigate the straining effects of white (#FFF) on black (#000) by simply lessening the contrast like using a light gray (#EEE, #DDD, #CCC) on a dark background (#111, #222).

Harmonious Migrations has been developed to teach children ages 5-12 about the interconnectivity of the elements in the environment as they relate to crane flyways. This workshop will illustrate how Native people of North America participate in the same planetary dance as the crane and all creations. STORYTELLING: The ancient art of oral storytelling and puppetry are at the core of Harmonious Migrations INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are introduced to the wisdom of the Native American Medicine Wheel, an Indigenous design for living. They will gain knowledge of the Four Directions, four elements, four medicinal herbs, and four stages of life which sustain all living creatures, including Cranes and Humans. EXPERIENCE: Children will create crane puppets, learn about migrational patterns, journey through the flyway, and learn crane dances, and joyfully connect this dance among cranes and humans. EXPLORATION: Between shows, participants can explore the flyways on their own. They will be able to use their puppet to explore the topography of the land and converse about the importance of preserving the flyways. LIFEWAYS CREATION STATIONS: The audience will have the opportunity to create the lifeways crafts experienced in the show. These are crafted objects that reflect the community’s connection to the environment - a decorated feather, a medicinal herb pouch, a corn husk doll and a shell necklace (craft tables are unavailable for international presentations). THE GOAL: Students will leave with a new understanding of interconnectivity through hands on experience. They will also leave with a newfound respect for indigenous cultures. Harmonious Migrations is science with a conscience and a whole lot of fun!

Uterus pain after exercising can be difficult to pinpoint. It will be in your lower abdomen region since this organ is part of your reproduction system. If you regularly experience lower abdomen pain after exercising, consult with your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment. If you're experiencing pain because of your menstrual cycle, your cramps may begin a few days before your period and become more severe once your period begins. Increased blood flow to your organs after exercising can increase the pain you experience. If you have severe cramping from a menstrual period, exercise can seem almost impossible. Endometriosis can cause pain in your uterus a few weeks before your period starts. After physical activity and sex, the pain may be most noticeable. If you have an allergic reaction to exercise, cramping of the uterus is one of the many symptoms and can occur during or after exercising, according to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, or PID can also cause lower abdominal pain after exercise that's sometimes accompanied with unusual discharge and possible pain urinating, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention Your uterus contracts to remove cells and tissues from your body if fertilization has not occurred during the cycle, which results in your period. A hormone-like substance called prostaglandins is often responsible for pain and inflammation you experience with menstrual cramps. Endometriosis is caused by the lining of your uterus growing outside of the uterus, which results in painful scar tissue, according to the UCSF Medical Center. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis is a result of your immune system overreacting to your body's response to exercise and releasing chemicals that cause an allergic reaction, but the cause for the reaction is unknown. PID is usually caused by a sexually transmitted disease, but can also be a result of douching or IUD birth control methods. If you're experiencing menstrual cramps after exercising, take an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and relax on a heating pad. You can also take anti-inflammatory medication to control the pain from endometriosis after exercising. In worse case scenarios, surgery or a hysterectomy will be needed, according to PubMed Health. If you have symptoms that involve difficulties breathing, feeling dizzy, experiencing hives or have low blood pressure that accompany your uterus cramping after exercise, seek emergency medical care. You may need an injection of epinephrine and your doctor will often prescribe an auto-injectable epinephrine in case the problem reoccurs during or after exercising, according to the Carolina Asthma & Allergy Center. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease usually requires you to take a combination of antibiotics. Pain in your uterus after exercising rarely indicates a medical problem. If you've recently had a baby, the tissues of your uterus may be overstretched or torn and the muscles surrounding your uterus may be weak. The muscles surrounding your uterus can have the same problems as muscles in other locations of your body, such as delayed onset muscle soreness after exercising, so continue to exercise unless you have been instructed to discontinue physical activity by your doctor. If you're pregnant, the pain you're experiencing could be from the round ligament stretching which supports your growing uterus.

Batball is one of the fun group games for kids and playground games. This fun activity is played along the lines of baseball but there are only two bases and no pitcher. Make or mark two bases about 35 feet apart, diagonally. One is home plate the other 1st base. It's placed where it normally is (to the right of home). Divide the kids into 2 teams with an equal amount of players. One team spreads out behind 1st base. The other team lines up behind home base and will bat. Player # 1 who's batting, goes onto home base, throws the ball in the air and hits it into the playing area with his palm or fist. When the batter hits the ball, he runs to the other base and then tries to make it back to home base. If a field player catches the ball, the batter is out. If the ball is picked off the ground, the fielding player needs to tag the batting player. She can tag him herself or throw it to a player who is closer to the batter so he can tag the batter. If the batter is tagged, he's out. If he makes it to 1st base and back home, his team gets one point. That team continues to bats until it makes 3 outs. Then the teams switch positions. The team with the highest number of points after 4 or 5 rounds is the winner. Good luck and have fun playing with all of your friends!

This is the documentation page for the SPI_7FETs and I2C_7FETs boards. The board has 7 fets that allow you to pull a pin of a load low. You would normally tie the other end of your load directly to the powersupply. About 1A per output should be possible. Maximum voltage is 20V. Contact us if you require a larger voltage. You will have to provide your own protection circuits (freewheeling diodes) if you are going to drive inductive loads (like a motor). None: the board comes fully assembled. The 7FETS board is capable of sinking about 1A per output. We have tested 1.25A and the FET became slightly warm, as predicted by theory. Although the specifications for the FETs allow a larger current, it is not recommended to exceed the 1A as the contacts of the connectors are not rated for so much, also the PCB is not equipped for such large currents. But if you need to drive several loads in sequence 1A per port is comfortably possible. The manufacturer specifies the maximum current for the case where each fet has the whole board available as a heatsink. For the SPI connector see: SPI_connector_pinout. The output connector is connected as follows: The jumper has: 1: GND, 2: DEV POWER, 3: 5V (from SPI). Put the jumper on 2-3 to use the SPI power (from the arduino? i.e. from USB? -> max at most 400 mA!) Use a connector on 1-2 to provide a more powerful power source for the devices that the board drives. The connector SV2 allows you to connect the "power source". You can chose two configurations: You can use pin 1-2 as ground and power. You can connect up to 15V (*) to pin 2 referenced to GND on pin 1. (*) The datasheet for the used transistors mentions "20V", but is is always prudent to keep some margin. If you want 5V as the power source, you could put a jumper on pin 2-3. In that case you will have to be aware that you're using the 5V power from the rest of the system. This will be limited by e.g. USB power limits, other devices on the SPI bus, cable thickness and connector capability. But for low-current 5V applications this might be useful. See solder jumpers on how to change the solder jumper. By changing the solder jumper SJ1, you can make the connector nearest the board edge into the ICSP programming connector for the attiny44 on the board. To make the 7FETS PCB do things, you need to send things over the SPI or I2C bus to the PCB. The general overview of the protocol is here. The specific commands for the 7fets PCB are explained on the page about the spi_dio board, as the two boards share the same protocol: DIO_protocol . Where the SPI_DIO drives an output high, the 7fets board will drive the output pin LOW when the pin is driven active. For arduino, a sample PDE is available, called ardemo_lcd.pde, also at BitWizard software download directory . This is a demo to send things using SPI to the lcd board. The SPI routines there are applicable for the dio and 7fets boards as well. Future hardware enhancements Future software enhancements TODO: write a library to make handling this board easy. - Initial public release

“The world makes much less sense than you think. The coherence comes mostly from the way your mind works.” – Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow “It’s not supposed to be easy. Anyone who finds it easy is stupid.” – Charlie Munger, Berkshire Hathaway In its most basic form, investing involves allocating money with the expectation of some benefit, or return, in the future that compensates us for the risk taken by investing in the first place. Investing is a decision: buy or sell, stock A or stock B, equities or bonds, invest now or later. But as the great Charlie Munger reminds us above, investing is far from easy. Prior to making an investment decision, we create statistical models, build spreadsheets, use fundamental and technical analysis, gather economic data, and analyze company financial statements. We compile historical information to project future return and risk measures. But no matter how much information we gather or the complexity of our investment process, there isn’t one rule that works all the time. Investing involves so much more than models and spreadsheets. It is an art rather than a science that involves humans interacting with each other—for every buyer, there is a seller. At its core, investing is a study of how we behave. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky are famous for their work on human behavior, particularly around judgment and decision making. Judgment is about estimating and thinking in probabilities. Decision making is about how we make choices under uncertainty (which is most of the time). Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in Economics for their work in 2002, an honor that would have certainly been shared with Tversky had he not passed away in 1996. Their findings challenged the basic premise under modern economic theory that human beings are rational when making judgments and decisions. Instead, they established that human errors are common, predictable, and typically arise from cognitive and emotional biases based on how our brains are designed. In his book, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman describes our brains as having two different, though interconnected, systems. System 1 is emotional and instinctive. It lies in the brain’s amygdala and uses heuristics or “rules of thumb” to simplify information and allow for quick gut decisions. In contrast, System 2 is associated with the brain’s prefrontal cortex. It is slow, deliberate, and calculating. As an example, if I write “2 + 2 =”, your mind without any effort will come up with the answer. That is System 1 at work. If I write “23 x 41=”, your mind most likely switches over to the slower moving System 2. While Systems 1 and 2 are essential to our survival as humans, Kahneman found that both systems, and how they interact with each other, can often lead to poor (and sometimes irrational) decisions. We can apply much of what Kahneman and Tversky discovered to investor behavior. Let’s focus on some of the most common biases and how they impact our decision making. Kahneman and Tversky summarized loss aversion bias with the expression “losses loom larger than gains.” The key idea behind loss aversion is that humans react differently to gains and losses. Through various studies and experiments, Kahneman and Tversky concluded that the pain we experience from investing losses is twice as powerful as the pleasure we get from an equivalent gain. This can lead to several mistakes, such as selling winners too early for a small profit or selling during severe market downturns to avoid further losses. Loss aversion, if left unchecked, can lead to impulse decision making driven by the emotions of System 1. Confirmation bias leads people to validate incoming information that supports their preexisting beliefs and reject or ignore any contradictory information. In other words, it is seeing what you want to see and hearing what you want to hear. As investors, we are prone to spending more time looking for information that confirms our investment idea or philosophy. This can lead to holding on to poor investments when there is clear contradictory information available. Hindsight bias is very common with investor behavior. We convince ourselves that we made an accurate investment decision in the past which led to excellent future results. This can lead to overconfidence that our investment philosophy or process works all the time. On the flip side, hindsight can lead to regret if we missed an opportunity. Why didn’t I buy Amazon in 2001? Why didn’t I sell before this bear market? As I always say, I would put the results of my “Hindsight Portfolio” up against Warren Buffet’s any day! As mentioned above, investors can become overconfident if they have some success. This can lead to ignoring data or models because we think we know better. As Mike Tyson said, “Everyone has a plan until they get punched in the mouth.” Overconfidence can lead to a knockout, and investors must be flexible and open with their process. Recency bias is when investors emphasize or give too much weight to recent events when making decisions and give less weight to the past. This causes short-term thinking and allows us to lose focus on our long-term investment plan. It essentially explains why investors tend to be more confident during bull markets and fearful during bear markets. I could write an entire book on investor psychology. The bottom line is that we cannot eliminate these biases. After all, we are all human. Even Kahneman, who made the study of human behavior his life work, admits he is constantly impacted by his own biases. However, there are certain actions or “nudges” that can help address such biases and avoid making costly mistakes. At Merriman, we have built the firm in such a way to use our knowledge about human behavior in the work we perform for our clients. Below are some of the main examples: We build and design our investment strategies based on academic data going back hundreds of years. We are evidence-based rather than emotionally-driven investors. We think long term and do not let short term noise or recent events impact the process. We build globally diversified portfolios across different asset classes to produce the best risk-adjusted returns. That said, we are consistently researching and studying to find data that might contradict our investment philosophy and will make changes if the evidence supports it. A well-built financial plan is at the core of our client’s long-term success. It is a living document that requires frequent updates based on changes in our lives—retirement, education funding, taxes, change in job, business sale, and estate planning. This forces us to make investment decisions based on the relevant factors of that plan and not on emotions—because at the end of the day, investing is meant to help reach our goals. At Merriman, we do our best to help educate our clients on our investment philosophy. Blogs, quarterly letters, seminars, client events, and video content are all examples of tools we use to educate our firm and clients. Knowledge and awareness are powerful tools to help us make sound decisions. We are all going through an extremely stressful situation right now—both personally and professionally. Now, more than ever, we need to lean on each other and show empathy and support through this unprecedented time. Remember, investing is a study of how humans behave. At Merriman, we want to be your resource to guide you through both calm and turbulent markets, helping you reach your financial goals. Please don’t hesitate to contact us if you’d like to discuss how we can help. There is a good chance you, or a close family member, carry debt. It’s common for the typical American household to carry amounts exceeding six figures (Tsoie & Issa, 2018). Debt can be mysterious in the sense that individuals might owe a similar amount, but perspectives on how to repay debt vary dramatically. Debt is also not always negative and can provide strategic benefits in your financial plan. Consider a home mortgage for example, the underlying asset is likely to increase in value. Mortgages often offer a valuable source of leverage, but loans on depreciating assets like cars can quickly end up with negative equity. Other loans, like high interest credit card debt, can be especially menacing. This article will focus on consumer debt repayment and we will highlight a few common approaches to help the borrowers make real progress on eliminating debt. Many households across the country have debt related to auto loans, credit cards and even personal loans. The decision to take on debt is personal and the need or desire for debt means different things to just about everyone. Below are some common questions to consider when developing a debt repayment plan. How do you organize debt? Which debt should be paid first? Should debt be paid off ahead of investing for retirement? One strategy that many people find effective for debt elimination is using rolling payments. Rolling payments involves focusing on aggressively paying off one loan at a time, while making the minimum payments on other debt. With rolling payments, you throw as many excess dollars in your budget as possible toward repaying one loan. Once the target loan is paid off, roll that loan payment into paying off the next debt beyond the monthly minimums. Keep rolling your payments to the next loan on your list until the ball and chain of your bad debt is paid in full. To illustrate a couple different ways to prioritize your debt list, we are going to look at three approaches for prioritizing debt, including, an interest rate approach, a behavioral approach and a combination strategy that factors in retirement savings. When evaluating debt repayment from an interest rate approach, order all debts from highest interest to lowest, and attack the highest rate first. Focusing on interest rates makes sense because you are reducing the debt with the highest interest rate drag. Although progressive, the downside to this approach is that it might take months or even years until you finally check a loan off your list. Many people become worn out and lose motivation to follow the plan. There will also be cases where a loan with a lower interest rate, but larger balance will be more impactful on the overall repayment plan than a small loan with a higher rate. However, prioritizing debt strictly by interest rates ignores that. Interest Rate Approach Example Let’s meet Steve, who has three outstanding debts. Steve has student loans totaling $22,000 at 6%, a car note of $15,000 at 3.5% and $8,000 of credit card debt at 17% annual interest. Utilizing the interest rate approach, Steve will prioritize his debts according to the table below and use the rolling payment method, we discussed for repayment. Illustrating the Behavioral Approach Now let’s consider Steve’s situation from the behavioral approach. This behavioral method prioritizes starting with the smallest loan regardless of interest rates. Compared to the interest rate approach, you will likely end up paying more interest overall with the behavioral strategy, but the small wins along the way provide motivation and reason to celebrate. This method has been popularized by the personal finance personality, Dave Ramsey, who consistently recommends focusing on behavior. He refers to this approach as the “debt snowball”. You can still take advantage of rolling payments with the behavioral strategy, so once each loan is paid off, roll the payment to the next debt on the list. Combining Perspectives: Debt Repayment and Retirement Savings The power of compounding interest reveals its best to contribute early and often towards retirement savings for maximum growth. If your debt is not too overwhelming, it can be valuable to continue retirement savings while paying down loans. With this in mind, we can utilize a combination approach that addresses both debt reduction and retirement savings. One method is to target either a specific debt reduction or savings goal. Use your primary goal as a minimum benchmark then throw as many extra dollars in the other direction (debt or savings) as possible. Combining goals of retirement savings and debt elimination is best utilized when loan interest is less than the expected return of investments for retirement. Focusing on both savings and paying off debt can be helpful for identifying opportunities to “beat the spread” by investing versus paying off debt. No matter how you decide to repay debt, take comfort in knowing the best strategy is one you can commit to and stick with during tough times. Here at Merriman, we believe in the power of committing to a sound plan for guidance throughout your financial life. If you’re lost on where to start, please take a few minutes to read First Things First by Geoff Curran, which provides a guide toward prioritizing your savings. If you have questions or would like to learn a bit more, please contact a Merriman advisor who can help navigate your specific situation. Tsosie, C., & Issa E.E. (2018, December 10). 2018 American Household Credit Card Debt Study. Retrieved from https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/average-credit-card-debt-household/ “Past performance is no guarantee of future results” is a required compliance disclosure used by money managers when reporting performance. Unfortunately, it is truer in the world of investments than almost anywhere else. When you find a 4.5-star restaurant on Yelp, there is a high probability that you will have a positive experience. Statistically, funds that had the best performance over the past three years (or one year) are no more likely to outperform the following three years than any other fund. The same is true at the portfolio level. In the late 1990s, U.S. growth stocks were the best performing asset class and investors flocked to the S&P 500. We introduced the Merriman MarketWise All-Equity Portfolio in 1995 in the middle of this period. After the first five years, the cumulative return of the Vanguard 500 Index Fund was more than 2.5 times that of MarketWise, as Figure 1 shows. What happened over the next decade from 2000 through 2009? The exact opposite. Over the tumultuous decade from 2000 to 2009, the MarketWise All-Equity Portfolio (after fees) was up 70% compared to the Vanguard 500 Index fund which had lost -10%, as Figure 2 shows. That 10-year period during which the S&P 500, cumulatively lost money is commonly referred to as the lost decade. It was a painful period for many investors. Their faith in the S&P 500 had been strengthened by nine straight years of positive returns (six years exceeded 20%) and by watching it outperform major indices around the globe. While it was a difficult period, the investors who suffered most were those who switched investments based on past performance. Figure 3 starkly illustrates the effect of “chasing” good recent performance. The blue and orange lines show the cumulative returns of the MarketWise All Equity Portfolio and the Vanguard 500 Fund. The gray line shows the cumulative growth of funds invested in the MarketWise All-Equity Portfolio from the 1995 inception through 1999 and then in the Vanguard 500 fund from 2000 through 2009. While after fees, the MarketWise All-Equity Portfolio slightly outperformed the Vanguard 500 Fund, investing in either approach yielded solid growth. The investor who switched from MarketWise to the Vanguard 500 Fund at the top of 1999 ended up with less investment growth than the investor who stuck with either strategy throughout the whole period. 2009 to 2017 the S&P 500 again delivered nine straight years of positive returns and outperformed most major world indices. In 2018, the index was down -6.6% but has quickly rebounded in 2019. No one knows what the next ten years will bring. History suggests that past performance is no guarantee of future results and that tides turn, but when that will happen is anybody’s guess. IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES: The performance results shown are for the Merriman-managed MarketWise All Equity (100%) Portfolio and the nonmanaged Vanguard 500 Fund, during the corresponding time periods. The performance results for the MarketWise All Equity Portfolio do not reflect the reinvestment of dividends or other earnings, but are net of applicable transaction and custodial charges, investment management fees and the separate fees assessed directly by each unaffiliated mutual fund holding in the portfolios. The performance results do not reflect the impact of taxes. Past performance is not indicative of future results. No investor should assume that future performance will be profitable, or equal either the previous reflected Merriman performance or the Vanguard 500 Fund’s performance displayed. The S&P 500 is a market capitalization-weighted index of 500 widely held stocks often used as a proxy for the U.S. stock market. The Vanguard 500 Fund is a core equity index fund that offers investment exposure to the companies represented by the S&P 500 index. Source of VFINX data is Morningstar. One of the biggest ways we as investors can get in the way of meeting our goals is by letting our emotions dictate our investment decisions. Some investors act too late and invest at the top of the market. (more…) The stock market has delivered a very volatile week to investors, perhaps striking a nerve not felt since 2008. As I write this, the S&P 500 has dropped more than 5% in a week and almost as much today, causing many investors to recall the sickening downturn of what some called “The Great Recession.” Since 1980, the average intra-year decline for the S&P 500 has been -14.2%, even though annual returns were positive for 27 of those 35 years, or 77% of the time. The S&P 500 has more than doubled in value from March of 2009 , and we have gone more than 1,400 calendar days without as much as a 10% correction. This is the third longest stretch in over 50 years without such a decline. Since 1928 the S&P 500 has experienced a 10% correction almost once per year with an average recovery of 8 months. Corrections of 20% or more for the S&P 500 have historically occurred at the end of market cycles. In the short run the S&P 500 has pulled back 5% an average of four times per year, or about once per quarter. In fact, the S&P 500 has experienced a 5% or greater pullback every year since 1995. Drawdowns of 2%-3% occur far more often, at least monthly on average. As such, pullbacks alone should not be a reason for panic. In times of increased volatility such as we have experienced, it’s important to revisit these important lessons that are the underpinning of a successful investment strategy. (more…) I’m never surprised when I meet a tech person who is well informed on particular aspects of the market. As voracious readers, I would expect nothing less. However, that knowledge is often limited to the top-selling finance books focusing on one story or perspective of the stock market, or news articles about why certain technology stocks will rise or fall in the next year. This is natural – we tend to gravitate toward what is in the news or what we are currently focused on from a business perspective. What’s amazing to me is when I meet a tech entrepreneur or executive who understands exactly what makes them comfortable or uncomfortable in investing. One individual I talked with had figured out what made her comfortable without fully understanding the technical jargon and the possible ways of investing in the market. Before I asked a question, she told me she believed in diversification across the entire stock market. She didn’t want to waste time and emotion on trying to time particular industries or company stocks – it felt too much like betting. She told me how much money in dollar terms she was not willing to lose from her portfolio, and that she knew this might affect the likelihood of reaching her goals. She wanted to maximize her investment return while following consistent, scientifically proven methods that made sense to her. She felt this way of investing kept her from needing to look at her portfolio daily and feel concerned when particular areas of the stock market had “bad days.” Needless to say, I was blown away. Determining your investment philosophy is usually the hardest part. It requires understanding behavioral biases, asking uncomfortable questions and playing to your strengths in what you can tolerate. From this foundation, you can build an approach to your financial future. Overcoming Behavioral Bias We all want the upside without the downside. I have seen the internal struggle time and time again – how do you balance investing methodically without reacting to stock market news and the emotional rollercoaster that investing entails? Investing is about knowing what drives your decisions, and then acting on it. You know what the right thing to do is, but struggle to implement it due to our inherent psychology. So let’s play a game. First, you are given $10,000. Now you must make a choice… which of the following would you prefer? A sure gain of $1,000 A 50% chance of gaining $2,000, but also 50% chance of gaining nothing Then, another choice… which of these would you prefer? A sure loss of $1,000 A 50% chance of losing $2,000, but also 50% change of losing nothing Were your answers different? If so, this is loss aversion – the fear of losing money more than obtaining increased value in your investment portfolio. This belief drives investors to hold on to losing investments and sell winning investments too quickly. Loss aversion is a classic problem of chasing returns. This thinking leads investors to sell stocks near the bottom of a stock market cycle and then not buy the stock back until a substantial increase in price has already occurred. Here are some other behaviors investors struggle with. Procrastination: Some individuals wish to avoid planning their investing approach altogether. Ben Franklin said it well: “If you fail to plan, you are planning to fail!” Hindsight 20/20: Attempting to time economic shifts and anticipate changes in stock prices may seem obvious when looking back at the event, but it’s very difficult different to accurately predict. Seeing errors in hindsight can makes us overconfident in predicting it “next time,” ahead of the event occurring. Here-and-now reactions: The media has an uncanny ability to focus on particular stories that increase readership and draw the stories out for as long as they can. When looking at economic newscasts, a story is one pin point for an entire outline of what makes the financial markets tick. Last year’s sound bite? It was all about the S&P 500 rising dramatically. When someone uses the S&P 500 as synonymous with the stock market over the last year or two, this indicates a here-and-now reaction. How do you feel about the stock market? This question makes people uncomfortable. I see the shift in their body language and gaze, and suddenly I get the uncomfortable vibes. “Um, I don’t know,” or “I am in a growth strategy… I think.” How you are currently invested may not be the best for you. So what are some driving factors in establishing what is best? Here are some things to consider. What am I willing to lose? How comfortable are you investing in the stock market? How much money (dollar-wise) are you willing to lose from your investment portfolio? The average intra-year S&P 500 stock market drop is 14.7%. How does that make you feel? Surprised, unsettled or unfazed? What are your goals and how much time do you have to save for each goal? What level and kinds of debt do you currently have? How many stock options do you have? What time frame do they vest over? What is your professional plan for the future? What benefits are available to you in your employment agreement? What risks are apparent? What obligations or goals have you set as a family? What drives your decisions around investing? Do you understand the level of risk inherent in different types of investments (i.e. stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, private equity, angel investments, etc.)? All investments involve a degree of risk. Do you know what style of investing you prefer? Active investing – managing your investment portfolio by picking particular investments you believe will outperform the financial markets. You will time when to move in and out of each part of your portfolio using different types of analysis to find opportunities. Passive investing – systematically buying into a strategy you will hold for a long time period. You’re not worried about daily, monthly, or annual price movements. You’re looking to capture the persistent and pervasive opportunities the financial market provides overall. What analysis and strategy will you use in maintaining your investment portfolio? Do you believe the financial markets are unpredictable over the short term? Do you believe in diversification? Do you prefer picking stocks? Are you concerned with trading costs and rebalancing your portfolio? Should you do it yourself or hire a financial advisor? Will you manage your own investments? Do you have the time to manage your investments? How will you choose which stock, bonds, mutual funds, etc., to invest in? Are you aware of the fees involved in investing? How will you track the tax implications of investment choices? Will you hire an advisor? How will you find the right advisor for you? Do you trust them? Do you care if they are a fiduciary required by law to do what is in your best interest? Do you understand the difference between hiring a financial advisor at an investment bank or an independent advising firm? Does the financial advisor understand who you are and where you are going? Your investment philosophy is made up of guiding principles that will govern your future investment decisions. These crucial choices and commitments help you filter through the noise that doesn’t matter and focus on the path to wealth creation, accumulation and maintenance. Be honest with yourself through the process of investing – it’s easy to reach analysis-paralysis quickly and feel overwhelmed. So whether you’re analytical or laid-back in nature, it’s is easier than you think to misstep and begin judging your future moves based on making up for past mistakes. That’s where a good financial advisor can step in and help you remove the emotion from investing, while helping you maintain discipline in the markets.

Song Sparrow - A Distinguished Neighbor In the soggy marshland surrounding Evergreen Lake he sings his heart out. His sweet music includes twenty different tunes and at least 1,000 improvised variations so it’s no wonder they call him the song sparrow. Full of complex rhythm and emotion, his colorful vocalizations are used to attract females and defend territory. His unique, prolonged melody distinguishes him as a neighbor rather than a stranger. This common sparrow is an adaptable bird whose behavior and appearance is extremely variable and unpredictable. He is found throughout North America but individuals from different regions look completely different from each other. In our neck of the woods, the song sparrow is described by brown, heavily streaked plumage, a mottled back and a white throat. His face is gray with a dark eye line and a white jaw line while his reddish crown has a neat gray stripe. The female builds a nest that’s usually concealed somewhere near the ground but he does help collect the building material. An exposed nest is susceptible to being parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds as their eggs are nearly identical to the sparrows'. Before being hammered by heavy snow, the sparrow heads down the hill in order to spend the winter at a more hospitable elevation. Another early migrant, he comes back in the spring feasting on insects, seeds and fruit and singing his symphonic song. |A common sparrow| |Distinguished as a neighbor| |An adaptable bird| |Extremely variable and unpredictable| |He collects building material| |Streaked plumage and a reddish crown| |An early migrant| |He sings a symphonic song|

Victoria DeLee was a South Carolina civil rights activist leader who fought for equality for three decades. She launched a campaign for Congress in 1971 as reported by the New York Amsterdam News. At the young age of 12, DeLee witnessed a lynching and from that moment on her crusade for civil rights began. In the 1940s, she fought for rights to register to vote despite getting repeated death threats. She lived her life by three words, “unbought, unbossed, and unsold.” DeLee describes her attempt to register to vote in Dorchester County, near Charleston, S.C., in 1947, she recalled the registrar asked her to read an entire book. When she finished it, she said, ” ‘Give me my registration certificate.’ I said, ‘If you don’t — I says — ‘Mister, it’s goin’ to be trouble.’ ” She registered to vote in 1947 and was the first black person in her community who had a voter registration certificate. DeLee participated in civil rights marches, including the 1963 March on Washington, and was friends with Jesse Jackson and Martin Luther King Jr. In 1964, she began efforts to integrate South Carolina’s segregated public school system by trying to enroll her children in all-white schools. To avoid being hit by bullets, she along with her children slept on mattresses on the floor. She often received threats by mail from the KKK warning her that booby traps would be set in her home and car. DeLee was a candidate in 1971 for the 1st Congressional District. She ran on the United Citizens’ Party of South Carolina ticket. She also served on the S.C. advisory board of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission.

Zinc deficiencyBMJ 2003; 326 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7386.409 (Published 22 February 2003) Cite this as: BMJ 2003;326:409 Has been known of for 40 years but ignored by global health organisations - Ananda S Prasad, distinguished professor of medicine (email@example.com) - Wayne State University School of Medicine, Internal Medicine, University Health Center 5-C, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA Although it has been known for more than six decades that zinc is essential for the growth of micro-organisms, plants, and animals, until 1961 it was believed that zinc deficiency in humans could never occur. It is now clear that nutritional deficiency of zinc is widely prevalent and its morbidities are severe. This article describes the history of the study of zinc deficiency from a single case report in 1961 to its current state. In 1958, a 21 year old male patient in the Iranian city of Shiraz presented with dwarfism, hypogonadism, hepatosplenomegaly, rough and dry skin, mental lethargy, geophagia, and iron deficiency anaemia.1 This patient had an unusual diet. His intake of animal protein was negligible, and he ate only unleavened bread. In addition, he consumed 0.5 kg of clay daily. His total intake of calories and protein (cereal) was adequate, and except for iron deficiency no other deficiency in micronutrients was documented consistently. In the following three months 10 more patients with a similar illness were seen in the same hospital. The growth retardation and testicular hypofunction in all these patients could not be explained on the basis of iron deficiency—these manifestations are not observed even in iron deficient animals. In animals, among the transitional elements known to have adverse effects … Log in using your username and password Log in through your institution Register for a free trial to thebmj.com to receive unlimited access to all content on thebmj.com for 14 days. Sign up for a free trial

On the 18th March, the Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU) hosted a side event in New York to promote the report “Why Public-Private-Partnerships don’t work”. The report assessed the impact of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) actually undertaken in rich and poor countries. These global case studies show that there is no evidence that PPPs are cheaper or more convenient for governments in the long-term. Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are essentially a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a long-term agreement between government and private sector companies. These can come in different forms, from building roads or schools at a small scale, or even electricity grids on a larger scale. There are several reasons why these partnerships can be beneficial. Governments often are under strict controls and regulations for how public funds are spent and sometimes do not have the capacity or resources to initiate or maintain various services. In contrast, private sector companies often have access to such resources, including large investment capital, and have the capacity to undertake larger scale projects. A private partner delivers and funds public services using a capital asset, sharing the associated risk. The private sector are not willing to invest unless they think they will get a return on their investment. They are for profit and as such it is understandable that the private sector prefer to finance lucrative infrastructure projects. Agreements also allow the private sector to sue the government if they appear to be competing with them --an example given was when drivers avoid a toll road by taking backroads and the villagers get the local authorities to fix or expand that road. The local authorities then got sued by the company who made the toll road for loss of earnings. The report “Why Public-Private-Partnerships don’t work” provides numerous case studies of where PPPs proved to be costly, did not bring new money, masked corruption, and distorted policy priorities. But as one speaker noted, “Shouldn’t we be suspicious when the private sector comes with a bag of money to solve our problems?” The report provides evidence that far from being a solution for countries under fiscal constraints, PPPs can instead “worsen fiscal problems”, as in the cases of Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the UK. Such arrangements can legally lock governments into agreements that they don’t profit from, yet assume the majority of the risk. For example, India is using public finance to “bail out existing PPPs which are now unable to find private finance”. Globally, international consultant firms, are promoting PPPs as a solution to public development financing. The PSIRU report disproves a significant amount of the existing reports or forecasts on why PPPs are a good alternative to public funding. For example, in 2007 McKinsey published a report which “claimed the private sector could provide over half of the $30 billion investment needed to develop healthcare in Africa over the next 10 years… but by 2012 it had resulted in almost no private finance.” (p21). PPPs thus appear counterproductive, expensive and an inefficient. The question remains: are PPPs instrumental in facilitating corruption or push debts beyond political cycles, and who is responsible for monitoring this? Another consideration is whether PPPs are merely an “accounting trick”, a way for governments to navigate around their own constraints on public borrowing while providing long-term state guarantees for profits to private companies. It is clear that for the Post-2015 Development Agenda to succeed, there will need to be both adequate funding for implementation and the political commitment to change. At an international level, there appears to be a focus on partnering with the private sector as a potential solution to the emerging financing gap of “ambitious aspirations” to develop sustainably and the political commitment, but whether PPPs are the best solution to this remains in question. However, in an environment where sovereign debt is growing and there are stricter controls on public borrowing, should PPPs be a used as a stopgap solution for governments? According to the discussion in the side event and the PSIRU report, it seems that the common taxpayer bears the brunt of paying for services that should be funded with public finance and paying for the fallout when things do not go as planned. Despite this, PPPs continue to be promoted by international financial institutions, such as the G20 and OECD, and are even being considered in intergovernmental negotiations at the UN for the Sustainable Development Goals and Financing for Development (Zero Draft Report para 52). It remains unclear why so much emphasis is being placed on PPPs. Questions regarding the political commitment to achieving change remain and there is the ever growing concern that PPPs may just be another way of repackaging special interest and maintaining the status quo. Report: Why Public-Private-Partnerships don’t work Financing for Development Zero Draft Why fighting illicit capital is not a priority? Goals for the Rich: Indispensable for a Universal Post-2015 Agenda Discussion Paper OECD Principles for Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships

Exploring the Possibilities Are you just starting the process of considering what you want to do after graduation? A little anxious or overwhelmed by it all? The most important thing to do at this point (no matter what lies ahead) is to take a deep breathe and relax for a moment. The following information and resources should help you begin. Basic career exploration advice often emphasizes the importance of “knowing yourself.” And that's actually good advice, because understanding your personal values and goals for the future is a valuable tool for successful decision making. Taking the time to examine what makes you happy will help to ensure that you will thrive in the career path you choose. Your level of awareness of your own preferences will determine how much self-exploration you need to do. A number of assessment tools are available to help clarify your values and goals, but you can conduct a quick assessment by asking yourself some fundamental questions, such as: - What do I value? Social interaction? Learning? Leisure time? Being efficient? Monetary compensation? - How do I like to engage with the world? Hands-on? Contemplatively? Practically? The key to making this self-assessment a valuable exercise is answering these questions honestly. Once you affirm your own preferences, you can start comparing them to career options and potential employers. Surveying the Field The next step is to begin surveying various fields to determine how your interests align with opportunities. At this point, don’t get too wrapped up with in-depth examinations of a specific industry or company; you'll be doing that later. Instead seek to gain a basic inclination for the type of work you want to be doing. You may choose from a number of the tools and techniques discussed in our Researching section to get started. It’s helpful to write down your reactions and thoughts as you examine how your interests relate to these options. This searching stage will probably lead you to say such things as, "Well, I know that doesn't sound like I would really like it," and "Now that sounds really interesting and engaging..." It is also important that you allow yourself the freedom to change your mind about anything at this point. This process should be fun, energizing and exciting. To begin mapping out a career direction, we encourage students to visit the Center for Student Professional Development during walk-in hours to meet with one of the professional coaches on staff. If you are unsure about your career interests, the Center offers career coaching and resources to assist with clarification of your goals. When appropriate, a career coach will recommend a career assessment (e.g. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or Career Leader) to boost your understanding of your interests and strengths. The coaching process often leads students to explore professional development opportunities through participating in Center activities. If you already have a field in mind, we will connect you to one of our industry clusters (groups of related industries and career fields). A career coach may suggest that you conduct informational interviews with individuals in your fields of interest or that you investigate shadowing opportunities. Exploring Industry Clusters The professions pursued by Vanderbilt graduates are varied and are often not directly tied to a student’s major. By participating in coaching based on industry clusters (groups of related industries and career fields), you can explore your interests in various fields and investigate applying what you have learned through your curricular and co-curricular experiences to a field of interest. Informational Interviewing & Shadowing A great way to find out if you would like a particular field or job is to ask someone who is already doing that type of work. Sitting down with an industry professional can provide you with an insider's perspective, a stronger network, and sometimes lead to tips about job or internship opportunities. An informational interview is simply a conversation to gain information and insights about a career, industry, or organization. This information can be used in choosing a major, exploring career options, or preparing for a summer or professional job search. Be clear with yourself and with the professional you are interviewing that the discussion is not for the purpose of requesting a job or internship. Learn more about informational interviewing. Job shadowing is another great way to explore career directions. Shadowing gives you the opportunity to watch someone at work in a particular job and experience the nuances of the position, without having to perform the work yourself. This is a great way to test the waters before making a commitment to a specific career direction.

Pioneer Courthouse, originally designed by Alfred B. Mullett, Supervising Architect of the Treasury, is the oldest surviving federal structure in the Pacific Northwest and the second oldest courthouse west of the Mississippi. First completed in 1875 with two west wings added in 1905, the courthouse was originally designed as a Federal Courthouse, customs house and post office. For the last 35 years, Pioneer Courthouse has been home to the U.S. Court of Appeals. In 1996 the General Services Administration made a commitment to embark on the modernization of Pioneer Courthouse while restoring and preserving this National Historic Landmark. The complete renovation of Pioneer Courthouse included architectural, mechanical, electrical and communication systems, as well as numerous site improvements. A major seismic upgrade was performed to structurally isolate the courthouse by using ground-base isolators. Due to this innovative seismic technology, virtually no reconstruction was needed. The primary goal of the rehabilitation was to restore and maintain the bold and elegant design of the original building. Extensive time was spent assessing the existing structure through archaeological, geological and structural investigations. Historic photographs from the Oregon Historical Society archives and early construction photos from the GSA archives were studied. The renovation design maintains the character of the 130 year old building and incorporates details which are historically accurate, or where appropriate, historically compatible. Integrated into the historic fabric is the infrastructure for a building that is up to date with current technology to meet the needs of a Federal Appellate Judicial Court.

- Take the Pain Quiz - First Aid Sprains & Strains Slideshow - Chronic Pain Slideshow - Patient Comments: Rotator Cuff - Injury - Patient Comments: Rotator Cuff - Cause - Patient Comments: Rotator Cuff Disease - Symptoms - Patient Comments: Rotator Cuff Disease - Treatment and Exercise - Find a local Orthopedic Surgeon in your town - Rotator cuff disease facts - What is the rotator cuff? - What causes rotator cuff disease? - What are risk factors for rotator cuff disease? - How is the rotator cuff injured? - What are rotator cuff disease symptoms and signs? - How do health-care professionals diagnose rotator cuff disease? - What is the treatment for rotator cuff disease? - Are there home remedies for rotator cuff disease? - What are complications of rotator cuff disease? - What specialists treat rotator cuff disease? - What is the prognosis (outlook) for rotator cuff disease? - Is it possible to prevent rotator cuff disease? What is the treatment for rotator cuff disease? The treatment of rotator cuff disease depends on the severity of the injury to the tendons of the rotator cuff and the underlying condition of the patient. Mild rotator cuff disease is treated with ice, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications (such as ibuprofen [Advil, Motrin] and others). Generally, physical therapy using gradual exercise rehabilitation is instituted. Exercises are used that are specifically designed for rotator-cuff strengthening. Patients with persistent pain and motion limitation can often benefit by a cortisone injection around the rotator cuff. Repeat injections may be necessary. More severe rotator cuff disease can require surgical repair. Subacromial decompression is the removal of a small portion of the bone (acromion) and soft tissues (bursa) that surround the rotator cuff. This removal can relieve pressure on the rotator cuff in certain conditions and promote healing and recovery. This procedure can be done by arthroscopic or open surgical techniques. Both methods have been reported to be equally successful. The most severe rotator cuff disease, complete full-thickness rotator cuff tears, usually requires surgery for the best results. These procedures, which can also be done by either arthroscopy or open surgery, involve mending the torn rotator cuff by suturing the tissues back together. Ultimately, recovery from rotator cuff disease often requires extended physical therapy and rehabilitation. Are there home remedies for rotator cuff disease? Mild rotator cuff disease is treated with cold packs, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications (such as ibuprofen and others). It is essential to avoid reinjuring the shoulder by avoiding activities that stress the joint. What are complications of rotator cuff disease? The most serious complication of rotator cuff disease is frozen shoulder. Frozen shoulder is a result of scarring that occurs around the inflamed joint and leads to loss of range of motion and function of the joint. Frozen shoulder is also referred to as adhesive capsulitis. What specialists treat rotator cuff disease? Specialists who treat rotator cuff disease include generalists, including general practitioners, family practitioners, and internists, as well as orthopedic surgeons, physiatrists, rheumatologists, and physical therapists.

Staying motivated can be a challenge even for adults, let alone kids who are just starting to learn how to be organized, responsible, and productive. They can easily get distracted by something that seems simply more fun, so they could use a bit of guidance from time to time. Therefore, this year, make your New Year’s resolution about your child and do your best to help them stay (or become) more motivated and healthy. If you don’t know how, here are some ideas. How motivation works First things first, you need to understand how motivation works in order to be able to motivate your child in the right way. For example, if they are studying for a certain subject because you’ve promised to buy them a new laptop if they get an A, then they are not really interested in learning – they only care about the external prize. On the other hand, if they are playing football every day because they want to be a professional football player, then they are actually interested in improving themselves, and such motivation can last much longer. In other words, the reason for their effort influences their motivation. Also, instead of setting long-term goals and focusing on them, your child should start with the short-term, precise, clear, and more easily achievable ones. This way, they will be able to track their progress and see the results of their hard work, which will make them want to work even harder. Focus on the effort, not the result In order to motivate your child, it’s important to focus on their effort, not just the result. If you show them that you appreciate their hard work, you can change their whole perspective on everything they do. It can also help them become less anxious about failing, because they will be more focused on doing their best instead of being the best, and thus, will be more likely to succeed. Encourage their interests First, show your child that you care about their interests – ask about their day, and pay attention when they talk to you, especially when you notice that they are really excited about something. Once you know what they care about, encourage them to dedicate to it. For instance, if they are into drawing, playing sports, or taking care of abandoned animals, there are many interesting extracurricular activities that can help them focus on the things they love and develop their skills. By helping them express themselves through their hobbies and interests and create goals around them, you will also help them become more motivated to achieve those goals. Motivate them to be more active Nowadays, most kids spend too much time in front of their screens, and needless to say, it’s not very healthy. However, nobody can deny that it’s fun, so you need to find a more fun alternative in order to make them more physically active. The best way to do so is to teach by example – make time for sports, and start playing yourself. Before you know it, your child will be asking to join you because they will see how much fun you’re having. Another great idea, although a bit more demanding, is to get them a dog. Almost every child wants to have a dog, and not only can dogs improve your child’s emotional health, but they can also keep them outside for hours. As mentioned before, bribing your children with material gifts is not the right way to motivate them. In some cases, it can even lead to your child refusing to do anything without such rewards. Instead, reward them in an emotional manner – praise them, encourage them, hug them, and spend quality time with them. Again, do so when you can see that they’ve worked hard for something, not just when they get a good grade or win the first prize in some school competition. This type of motivation is much more powerful as it will show your child that you truly care about them, and not just about what they can achieve. Improve their diet Regardless of what they are doing, your child won’t be able to stay motivated for long if they are feeling tired or stressed out. This is why it’s essential that you keep your child healthy by making sure they are getting all the vitamins they need. Unfortunately, most kids prefer junk food, so in order to encourage them to actually eat healthier, try to include them in the process of choosing and preparing their food. This way, they will be able to make their own healthier choices. Also, replace their unhealthy snacks with the healthier ones that are just as tasty, like popcorn, nuts, and fruit. A healthy child has more energy and concentration, and as such, is more capable of gaining and maintaining their motivation. Since your child is still forming valuable long-lasting habits, you as their parent should do your best to teach them some good ones. If they can’t find their motivation, or if they lose it too quickly, they won’t be able to find stability in their life and lead a healthy lifestyle regardless of all their positive qualities. With that in mind, find the right way to motivate them, teach them how to maintain that motivation, and you will surely be setting them on the right path.

With Bluetooth™ initiatives placing bite marks on wireless communications, an associated problem that looms in the horizon in the form of EMI is attributed to electromagnetic emanations from high power ISM devices, such as microwave ovens. Since Bluetooth is largely conceived as an indoor, ad hoc mobile communication facility and, inasmuch as the microwave oven is an indispensable domestic gizmo, the question is how to resolve the compatibility issues on the persisting EMI on the Bluetooth interface caused by microwave leakage from the oven. Suggested in this article is a possible strategy wherein the microwave oven itself is made into a Bluetooth-enabled device, which would function as a master and perform the power control in other Bluetooth communication devices operating in the vicinity. Such devices thereby adjust their signal-to-interference ratio (whenever the oven is turned on) and could possibly remain immune from adverse effects of packet-losses due to the EMI under discussion. Bluetooth technology is an interesting, topnotch technology that has been ushered in and enthusiastically promoted so as to enable devices of all kinds -- from laptops and cell phones, to personal digital assistants and household appliances -- the capability of communicating and interoperating with one another in the wireless medium. Taking a tour into the emerging vista of Bluetooth indicates the underlying concept of this technology as an enabling means towards a transparent wireless RF communication between electronic devices. This mode of communication can offer a set of advantages encompassing a viable voice/data access point, no cumbersome cabling and creation of an as-you-please ad hoc wireless network. Bluetooth technology is characterized by personal connectivity of enabled devices, spontaneous creation of disposable networks and low cost, low power indoor wireless transmissions of short-ranges supporting 721 kbps or 432.6 kbps over asynchronous and synchronous links, respectively.5 However, since the inception of Bluetooth, the hurdles on its technology have also been identified. Such hurdles refer to noisy radio environments in which the Bluetooth communication may take place. Specific compatibility issues of concern stem from the operation of Bluetooth in the proximity of high power microwave appliances, which use the same ISM band designated for the unlicensed spectrum used by the Bluetooth equipment as well. The microwave oven is a typical high power, ISM band specified, indoor piece of equipment. The omnipresence of microwave ovens in the home and at work could pose considerable EMI influence on the operation of Bluetooth communications taking place in the vicinity; this EMI spilling out the inevitable (but permissible) level of microwave leakage (around 2.45 GHz) arising from the oven. Recent studies1,2 suggest that within the allocated ISM band, the emissions from modern microwave ovens could encroach on the working spectrum of nearby Bluetooth units by adversely influencing the associated frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) protocols. In particular, such influences could be significant on lower power Bluetooth systems (operating at 1 to 10 mW transmitter power). It has been observed that relevant operational impairment could occur even when the microwave oven is at a distance ten times further away from the communication units. This situation is still expected to be unfavorable even for higher power Bluetooth units if the oven is closer than tens of meters to the nearest Bluetooth-enabled device. Thus, the persistence of the problem is quite obvious. In essence, the microwave ovens, though a boon to homemakers, could prove to be a nuisance for Bluetooth units, which share the common ISM spectrum with microwave ovens. Now the question is how to resolve the compatibility issues between such sharing partners of the ISM band, namely, the Bluetooth and high power systems. The indoor electromagnetic environment in which Bluetooth communication devices are to be deployed cannot be changed radically. There are millions of microwave ovens (and/or other ISM band high power domestic/industrial appliances) on the market, and an equal number of them have already proliferated households and are in use across the world. Their market and deployment cannot be altered to allow the use of Bluetooth in the absence of microwave ovens in the ambient. As such, a unique situation prevails -- people must live in the world of microwave ovens (present both domestically and within clustered office cubicles) and still make the best use of this new Bluetooth technology. As correctly stated by Buffler and Risman,1 "ISM and communications communities must, (therefore) work together to find some practical solution to the (associated) compatibility problems." Motivated by the above suggestion, a strategy is presented to address the relevant compatibility problems. The proposal is as follows: Why not make (on an ad hoc basis) all microwave ovens (to be manufactured and sold) Bluetooth-enabled so that they can be deployed as masters to control the transmitting power levels of all other Bluetooth communication units in the scattered ad hoc network operating in the vicinity? Presented here are details on the methodology illustrating the proposal. For this purpose, the EMI environment of an operating microwave oven is first described and analyzed so as to identify the possible modes of interference on the Bluetooth equipment; hence, relevant avenues for mitigation strategies are searched and discussed. The concept of Bluetooth as originally conceived and evolved is clear: It allows electronic gadgets and gizmos to talk to each other without wire connectors. In essence, Bluetooth operations are conceived to provide pragmatic alleys of communication access and permit information exchange within the web of information superhighways involving an interplay of a variety of electronic devices/units in a confined locale. As indicated before, though wisely chosen to operate in the freebee spectral band for its universal applications at 2.4 GHz, the Bluetooth technology must face unfavorable alterations of its operating environment caused by the other electronic systems in operation which use the same ISM frequency. In general, such an electronic appliance could be a low power communication unit (for example, a garage door opener) or a high power system like a microwave oven emitting unintentional electromagnetic leakage. Specifically, the high power appliances may operate at nominal microwave power ratings (in the order of 1 kW), but the expected microwave leakage from them could be high enough to cause interference on Bluetooth operation. This has been confirmed via measurements. When microwave ovens came to the market, the original concern about such leakages was mostly directed to limit the specific absorption rate (SAR) dosage, which could otherwise prove harmful to living systems. Health and/or safety regulation bodies around the world prescribed leakage levels permissible in the proximity of microwave ovens so that manufacturers would comply with these regulatory constraints. However, such a permissible SAR is not adequate to ensure EMI-free operation of Bluetooth-enabled equipment. This is because Bluetooth is a battery-operated low power system, and as the active (signal) power levels at the receiver side of a Bluetooth unit become comparable to microwave oven leakage, communication operation could be severely impaired. Typical considerations and spectral emission characteristics of simple microwave ovens (holding a nominal food load) can be enumerated as follows: Microwave ovens may legally emit certain levels of leakage in the ISM band subject to the limits set by SAR-specified international safety standards. During the on-off transient states, the leakage from the oven may pose a spectral spread of approximately 20 MHz centered at 2.45 GHz. During such on-off transient states, the perceived leakage may increase by 5 to 15 percent of the nominal leakage level emitted when the oven is in steady-state on conditions. The emitted microwave leakage level could potentially impair and affect the performance of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)/ FHSS protocols of wireless communications. The emission characteristics (amplitude and spectrum) of the leakage may change radically for different types of food loads placed in the oven, and the leakage levels and spectrum of microwave energy from the oven could also be different for different versions of the ovens (such as a stirrer-type or turntable-type). Mostly, the studies on microwave leakage have been performed with simple water loads, and relevant measurements address the extent of leakage power. This measured data can be directly related to the SAR value as required by health and safety regulations. But these measured artifacts have not been intended to link them as EMI influences on the Bluetooth equipment. (This is because Bluetooth did not exist and interference of relevance was not addressed. Also, the FCC allowed the general use of the ISM frequencies by any potential user as long as the new band inhabitant accepted interference that was caused by the operation of other authorized ISM equipment.) The scenario under discussion is different. It is a conflict in the battlefield of the ISM band assigned for tranquil enjoyment by two parties -- the microwave ovens, which show their dominance with their privileged emission levels, and the low power Bluetooth units that seek to coexist with them. In order to resolve this battle, it is necessary to understand more precisely the EMI due to microwave leakage from the ovens. In the words of Buffler and Risman1 "the allocated ISM band spectral characteristics of modern microwave ovens is far more complex in real life than that which is measured with simple water loads according to standardized methods for immunity and emission testing outside the band." True. But how complex are relevant characteristics, which would directly affect Bluetooth performance? Any mitigatory effort would warrant a straight answer as well as elucidating an imminent data base on appropriate factors encroaching the domain of Bluetooth. First of all, as indicated earlier, the leakage measurements on microwave ovens largely provide the net power level distribution profile around the oven structure and, invariably, no polarization characteristics of the emitted radiation are furnished. Such information on polarization of the emitted microwaves could, on the other hand, be important and can be profitably considered in the mitigation trails with regard to Bluetooth communication deployments. Secondly, the spread or window of leakage spectrum should be critically reviewed to determine possible interference effects over the pseudo-random, frequency-hopped, gaussian-filtered channels adopted for Bluetooth transmissions. The third consideration would refer to bouncing of leakage emissions from the ovens as a result of reflections in an indoor environment. Relevant implications on the performance of Bluetooth units operating in the same indoor locations are crucial while looking into any possible mitigations. Consistent with these considerations (plus the available details in the literature on measured data on power levels and spectral characteristics pertinent to transient and steady-state microwave leakage from the ovens), avenues for mitigations compatible for the protocol structure of the Bluetooth could be sought. Measurements on the missing polarization details of the leakage from a microwave oven were conducted. A standard 800 W microwave oven (which has been in use for over a few years), was adopted as the device under test (DUT). The unit chosen has a single see-through window and a gasketed front opening. A simple water load (in a coffee mug) was used. A diode-detector mounted on a fixture with the ability to sense the E-field in the vertical, horizontal or 45° cross-plane was facilitated. It could be positioned along three-dimensional locations corresponding to the front, top, side and rear aspects of the oven. A grid structure made of parallel conducting wires was used as the Fresnel filter to select vertical, horizontal or cross-polarized fields. For example, when this filter is kept with the wire grids y-directed, it would allow only the y-directed (E-field) on the other side of the grid where a (y-directed) diode probe measures this field. That is, the measured field at the probe is VV (vertical-vertical) polarized. Likewise, HH (horizontal-horizontal) and cross-polarized components were measured at discrete locations around the oven. The measurement locales in front of the oven, for example, are shown in Figure 1. Using the water load, the oven was turned on for a period of three minutes (30 seconds for each measurement position) and the leakage level (of appropriate polarization) was recorded on a chart recorder. A sample set of measured data is shown in Figure 2. A set of repeated measurements performed as described and an ensemble of data compiled thereof indicate that the electromagnetic field of the emitted leakage is largely vertically polarized around the oven. Furthermore, the measured results indicate the maximum leakage is perceived in front of the oven through the see-through window and door gaskets. POSSIBLE MITIGATORY STRATEGIES Using the available information in the literature on microwave oven leakage characteristics, plus the additional details ascertained as described, some possible ways of mitigating EMI relevant to simultaneous operation of Bluetooth units and microwave ovens when placed in the same geographical locations were proposed. Hence, comparing various options, a concrete scheme of mitigatory effort is identified. The microwave oven can be made better-shielded through more stringent gasketing and absorbing see-through windows, thereby constricting the leakage level to much less than the value admissible through health and safety standards. However, the relevant increase in cost of the oven should not be overlooked. This is a prevention method whereby the leakage would not introduce an adverse signal-to-interference ratio on the Bluetooth systems operating close by. The leakage as determined from the measured data is largely vertically polarized. It leads to a conceptual design whereby the Bluetooth transceiver system is made with polarization diversity capability, so as to reject the mainly vertically polarized oven leakage. Again, this method could be limited because of the portability of Bluetooth-enabled devices, which can restrict polarization diversity-based operations. A third option indicated here as a versatile and viable technique is to make the microwave oven Bluetooth-enabled and allow it to be a partner in the Bluetooth piconet. By making the microwave oven itself a Bluetooth-enabled device, the oven is enabled to alert the nearby operating Bluetooth units to boost their transmitted power whenever the oven is switched on. BLUETOOTH-ENABLED MICROWAVE OVENS -- A FOE ENTICED TO BE A FRIEND Among the three options indicated, the provision of excess EMI shielding on the oven could increase the cost of the oven prohibitively, the volume and weight of the oven may increase, or it may have some impact on the aesthetic look of the ovens. The second option is feasible; however, polarization diversity reception considerations on Bluetooth transmissions must be explored more extensively consistent with the available modules and standards. The third option appears to be logical and implementable. With the decreasing cost on Bluetooth modules, making microwave ovens Bluetooth-enabled may not adversely enhance the price of the ovens in the market. The relevant strategy can be described with a brief overview of the operational aspects of Bluetooth. Considering the state-of-the-art profile of Bluetooth technology, shown in Figure 3 are typical piconet topologies of networked Bluetooth devices. To illustrate the concept of the mitigation under discussion, a simple scatternet configuration of the type shown in Figure 4 is considered wherein the microwave oven is assumed to be Bluetooth-enabled and is intended to be a master (client) controlling the power levels of transmissions associated with Bluetooth other master-slave communications devices in the locale. It is assumed that all the Bluetooth devices (including the one installed on the microwave device) in the scatternet are familiar with the presence of the other a priori. Should a new Bluetooth pair (master/slave) enter the scatternet (which is allowed as per existing Bluetooth specifications), certain additional features will be required to be included in the network. Considering the displayed scatternet, there are two states of ambient EMI: Whenever the microwave oven is on, there is a chance of EMI encroaching the other Bluetooth pairs already in communication. When the oven is off, the ambient is assumed to be EMI-free. It is proposed that, whenever the oven is on, the relevant state could be sensed by the Bluetooth device mounted on the microwave oven and the possibility of EMI is conveyed by this device (as an alert) to other Bluetooth devices (in communications sessions) so that those devices can boost their transmitted power levels in order to realize a good carrier-to-interference ratio. The protocol involved in this proposal is shown in Figure 5 where the Bluetooth-enabled microwave oven is indicated as a master (client) and one of the Bluetooth client/server pairs in a communication session is regarded as the server responding to any command from the master (oven). The command to be deliberated by the oven is two-fold: Whenever the oven (master unit) is on, the command tells the slave units to boost the transmitted power levels. When the oven (master unit) is off, the corresponding command would tell the slave units to return to a normal operating power level (so as to save battery life). The flow chart of protocol is self-explanatory. First, there is a logical if-check on the master (oven) pertinent to the oven being on or off. If on, a physical link would be established with the server units (slave). This allows a set of primitives to go down the protocol stack and the slaves receive the alert information to increase their transmission power. This state would remain sustained as long as the oven is on. Once the oven is turned off, however, the corresponding state would be conveyed to the slaves through the (already established) physical link (from the oven) so that the transmission power levels can be returned to normal values. Also, the master (oven) can excuse itself and get released from the scatternet. This scheme is fully consistent with the Bluetooth specifications and protocol stack4 shown in Figure 6. POWER CONTROL METHODS In order to implement the described strategy, the power control methods in Bluetooth that already exist in the marketed devices can be used without resorting to any new techniques. In general, such power control methods refer to either a monotonic step-by-step (discrete) up-down technique or a continuous power control through linear ranging of current-operated (amplifier) circuitry. The power control command from the oven can be used for optimizing the power consumption and overall interference level. The devices equipped with power control capability can optimize the output power through a command in the link LMP (see the flow chart). Normally, this is done by measuring the receive signal strength indicator (RSSI) and reporting whether the power should be increased or decreased. The strategy indicated in the flow chart emulates the relevant RSSI condition via the command received from the master (oven) to implement the power boost or decrease conditions. On the hardware side, the power control adjusts the voltage regulator of the device appropriately or performs a linear analog control on a power amplifier. The operation of Bluetooth devices and a microwave oven in the same locale could lead to EMI problems arising from the leakage of microwave energy from the oven. A plausible means of mitigating such EMI influences by making microwave ovens Bluetooth-enabled has been proposed. With a prevailing trend in the decreasing cost of Bluetooth devices, mounting such devices as a part of the microwave oven may not be considered expensive. On the other hand, it can provide a robust and effective coexistence of microwave ovens and Bluetooth-enabled devices. Relevant operational considerations, specification compatibility and implementation feasibilities are quite evident from the details presented in this article. Besides Bluetooth technology, other wireless communications systems operating in 2.4 GHz, such as wireless local area networks (LAN) (IEEE 802.11), may also be prone to interference due to leakage from microwave ovens. Also, the wireless LAN configuration (that uses either direct sequence or frequency-hopping for CDMA purposes) could itself be a significant interference source for Bluetooth systems. In short, by forcing coexistence, the Bluetooth and wireless LAN devices may pose as interference sources to one another. Consequently, the performance of Bluetooth-enabled devices operating in the same environment with wireless LAN and/or microwave ovens is a topic of concern in wireless telecommunication that warrants additional study. * 1. C.R. Buffler and P.O. Risman, "Compatibility Issues Between Bluetooth and High Power Systems," Microwave Journal, Vol. 43, No. 7, July 2000, pp. 126134. 2. A. Kamerman and N. Erkocevic, "Microwave Oven Interference on Wireless LANs Operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM Band," The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC'97), Vol. 3, 1997, pp. 12211227. 3. Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Specification of the Bluetooth System V1.0B Core, Vol. 1, December 1999. 4. R. Mettala, "Bluetooth Protocol Architecture Version 1.0," Bluetooth Whitepaper, August 1999. 5. "Performing Bluetooth RF Measurements Today," Application Note 1333, Hewlett Packard Co., October 1999. 6. N.J. Muller, Bluetooth Demystified, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000. P.S. Neelakanta received his PhD degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (India) in 1975. He has over 30 years of experience (research, teaching and industrial) over a wide spectrum of interests covering electromagnetics, microwaves, antennas, radar and telecommunications (wireline and wireless). He has published extensively, authoring over 130 research papers and four books, including A Textbook on ATM Telecommunications (CRC Press, 2000). Dr. Neelakanta is a professor of electrical engineering at Florida Atlantic University (FAU), Boca Raton, FL, and his current areas of research are ATM telecommunications, access technology, WLAN/Bluetooth and stealth target RCS. Neelakanta can be reached via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org. J. Sivaraks received his MSEE degree from Oklahoma State University and BEng from King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Thailand. He is currently due to complete his PhD in electrical engineering at FAU. He is on deputation from the International Telecommunication Department of the Telephone Organization of Thailand. He has extensive experience in telecommunication planning and related system analysis. His PhD work is on the system aspects of Bluetooth, WLAN and Mobile IP/CDPD vis-á-vis associated interference issues. Sivaraks can be reached via e-mail at email@example.com. C. Thammakoranonta received his BEng degree from Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand, and is due to complete his MSEE at FAU. He has worked on analysis and fault diagnosis of mobile communication systems and radio base stations. He also has experience in frequency planning and fault correction efforts in wireless technology. His current interest is in wireless communications, including Bluetooth, WLAN and cellular technology. Thammakoranonta can be reached via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com.

We've shown you how to hide your data, as well as ways to encrypt it. But what about data that you're done with – those files and folders that you don't want anyone to ever, ever see? You have to destroy them. And if you think that's as simple as dragging items to the Recycle Bin icon on your desktop, and then emptying it, think again. In other words, thanks to the way computers work, data is not gone for good without some extra work on your part. Hard drives and operating systems make you think data is deleted after you empty the trash, but it isn't. The space is just available for new files. Anyone with the right forensic tools – yes, think CSI if you want – can typically revive data you thought you had got rid of. Luckily, you can recover deleted data too. So when you accidentally delete a file, it doesn't have to be a disaster. But if you want that data truly destroyed, you have to shred it and overwrite where it lived (a few times for good measure), and then you can go on in peace, even if you sell the drive later. Nuke it: Hard drive wipe If you're going to pass an old hard drive on to someone else and you want to make sure the data that used to reside on it is never seen again, you need to securely wipe it with a digital tool that will overwrite the disk several times in order to make it impossible to recover the data. Overwriting usually comes in a couple of forms: The Gutmann method, which calls for overwriting data 35 times, and the US Department of Defence’s recommended method, which is seven overwrites. In addition, there's the Pseudorandom Number Generator (PRNG) Method, which uses random data in just four overwrites. Guess which one takes the longest? Doing 35 overwrites on a large-sized hard drive can take days. Literally. You’ll be absolutely fine with just a few overwrites. In fact, the Gutmann method performs operations that might not even work with modern hard drives, so stick to a small number of overwrites. (Note: You probably don't have to go through this palaver if you're just going to reinstall the OS for yourself. A simple disk format should be fine). A perfect – and free – tool for the job is Darik's Boot and Nuke (DBaN). You can download the software as an image and write it to a DVD or USB flash drive, and then boot your computer with DBaN as the temporary OS with one mission: Keep writing over the disk until it's done. You can pick a quick erase, DoD method (three or seven passes), PRNG, Gutmann, or even a data sanitisation method created by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police that will do one to seven passes. Note that if you’re not going to sell the drive on, or use it again yourself, in other words, if it’s destined for the trash – or the recycling depot, rather – then you can simply hit the hard drive with a hammer. Repeatedly. This is a very easy method of data wiping (though mind your thumbs). Keep hitting the drive until the platters break, and it sounds like a rattle when you shake it – by that stage, nobody will be recovering anything from that disk. Shredders: Selective data wipes There's no lack of file shredding programs out there. What they promise to do is make sure a file is actually deleted when you choose delete. They overwrite the spot where the file(s) once lived on the hard drive, to ensure that forensic software can't recover the data. Just be aware that the overwrite adds time to file deletion, so you may experience some lag when you do a secure wipe. Also, don't neglect the importance of free space scrubbing, where software looks at the supposedly empty space on your hard drive and scrubs it clean. If you are going to sell your computer, for example, you can format the drive, reinstall the OS, and then use the free space scrub to ensure no one ever restores your old files. These days, many security suites include secure file deletion utilities, so it’s worth looking through the menus of your suite to see if that’s an (already installed) option. Otherwise, you can look to a third-party tool – or the OS, in the case of the Mac. Yes, OS X actually has a selection under the Finder menu called Secure Empty Trash, so you can do exactly that with whatever you dragged to the trash. You can also go into Finder Preferences and choose to always empty the trash securely if you want. If you’re using Windows there are numerous options. A couple of free utilities include Hard Disk Scrubber for both free space scrubs and selective shredding, and Eraser, which can even run on a schedule you set. There’s also DeleteOnClick, which allows the user to right click and delete a file right away (once the scrubbing is done). If you simply want to wipe your empty disk space, one of our favourite tools for cleaning up the crap in Windows is Piriform's CCleaner. You can set this to happen automatically with each clean or manually run the Drive Wiper from the tools menu. As with any wipe, if you've got a big drive with lots of space, you'll be waiting a while. What about online files? What about all the data you have in the cloud? What are the options for permanent deletion of that data? Take Google Drive, for example. Google says it's easy to delete a file: Just right click on it, select Remove, then click on the Trash, and click the Empty Trash button. Voila, it’s gone. But did you make sure the file was no longer shared? Did you, in fact, even own the document in question? You'll need to remove other owners, editors and viewers before you can even get as far as moving it to the trash. Even then, you can't count on it being gone. How do you really know what’s going on in Google’s servers? As far back as 2007, it was reported that Google left an image of your document available on its servers – the very image it would make available via a URL for shared viewing. Here's the smartest thing you can do: If your files are truly sensitive, DON'T PUT THEM IN THE CLOUD. Sure, storing data with Google Drive or SkyDrive is not exactly the same as putting pictures on Twitter, by any means, but all it takes is one unscrupulous person to intercept something you don't want to share. Then you've lost control of your own data.

The Learning Journey at St John’s C of E Academy… As your child embarks upon their learning journey at St John’s C of E Academy, the themes, aims, principles and values within the Early Years Foundation Stage will underpin their experience and they will be given opportunities to learn actively through play and exploration whilst being enabled to create and think critically. We will deliver the curriculum in an exciting and creative way, responding as much as possible ‘in the moment’ to the children’s interests, ideas and needs with sensitivity to meet each child’s diverse and unique, spiritual, social, emotional, physical and cognitive learning and development. Learning, Development and Care We begin by making judgements using the Leuven Scales* to identify each child’s levels of well-being and involvement – two important indicators of quality. We use observational assessments to capture each child’s characteristics of effective learning and their learning and developmental stage within each strand of the seven areas of learning. Our day is organised to maximise the periods of sustained uninterrupted play so that we can encourage and facilitate in-depth exploration. During this time we play and interact with the children and consider how best to develop a child’s learning by responding to their interests, needs, thoughts and ideas ‘in the moment’. In September, our observations inform a baseline for each child to establish their starting point and from then on, we begin a cycle of ‘focus groups’, informal observational assessments and spontaneous planning to document learning and development in Rowan Class. Observation outcomes inform our planning and provision and are acted upon immediately. We liaise closely with parents and carers to gather their knowledge of their child and to share ours so that we may work together in the interests of each child. Our aim is, through the vehicle of play and exploration to provide opportunities for each child to learn and develop using indoor and outdoor spaces. We will encourage your child to… The Importance of Play… Play is an important vehicle for taking on new learning and is an essential part of the learning process. It enables children to be active learners in a child centred environment. Play is a powerful medium for the acquisition of knowledge, skills and understanding; it naturally responds to a child’s different developmental needs, their interests and learning styles, providing a play based curriculum ensures children remain at the very heart of our practice. A Positive ‘Sense of Self’… We believe that it is the entitlement of everyone to have a positive sense of self and that this is nurtured when self-esteem is high, positive attitudes are fostered towards learning and the utmost importance is given to celebrating individuality. A ‘sense of self’ is based upon equality of opportunity, kindness, patience, dependability and trust. Effective Teaching and Learning… We understand that effective teaching and learning is presented by practitioners who research alongside their children, who narrate, question, scaffold, hypothesise and test ideas to prompt reflection and learning and, who are themselves playful. Participation, consistency, shared values, motivation, equality and optimism are at the heart of all we do to encourage the children in our care to become autonomous learners with unlimited potential. We believe that optimum learning takes place in an environment that is safe, calm, and secure and one which offers opportunity for enjoyment, exploration and positive relationships. The Leuven Scales Definition of Well-Being Well Being is a state of mind that can be recognised by satisfaction, enjoyment and pleasure. The child is relaxed, they express an inner rest, they feel the energy flow and radiate vitality. They are open to their surroundings and are flexible. Well Being ...When children feel at ease and enjoy life, act spontaneously and are open to the world around them. When they are relaxed and in touch with their feelings and emotions - we know their mental health is secured. Definition of Involvement Involvement is a quality of human activity. It can be recognised by concentration and persistence and is characterised by motivation, interest and fascination. A child displays an openness to stimuli, has intense mental energy, shows deep satisfaction and a strong flow of energy. Involvement...when children are concentrating and focussed, interested, motivated, fascinated and mentally active. when they can fully experience sensation and meaning, enjoy an exploratory drive and are operating at the very limits of their capabilities - we know that deep learning is taking place.

Resources for classes McMurray Library Catalog 8th Grade Supreme Court Resources At kcls.org, two databases are useful for this research project. Gale Virtual Reference Library database provides reliable overviews of your topic(s). Access Video provides videos on your topic(s). At the McMurray website, on Mrs. Jaffe’s teacherweb, three databases (listed on the top of this page) are useful for this research project. eLibrary offers articles from magazines, newspapers, and books; maps, photos, and images; television and radio transcripts; and website links. Often, eLibrary organizes selected resources into user-friendly Research Topics. History Study Center offers content from reference books, essays, journal articles, historical newspaper and magazine articles, maps, rare books, government documents, transcripts of historical speeches, images, and video clips. ProQuest is much like eLibrary in the type of content it offers, but it is a larger database. The username for all three McMurray databases is w402mmcmur. The password for eLibrary is welcome. The password for History Study Center and ProQuest is culture. In addition to providing summaries of cases from 1792 to the present, this site allows you to listen to oral arguments of the more contemporary cases. This site provides summaries and significance of several cases, listed in alphabetical order. In addition to providing summaries and significance of several landmark cases, this site also covers some landmark cases under the tab “Just Change.” A few primary documents are included under the tab “Primary Sources.” This site provides summaries and significance of 17 landmark cases. It also provides other information and documents regarding the cases. “This podcast series features landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases that have shaped history and continue to affect American life. In each episode we briefly discuss a different landmark case with a law professor. We explain the case's background, the key arguments, the decision and why the case is still important today.” Search this site for primary documents: written and spoken words, sound recordings, still and moving images, prints, maps, and sheet music. (In order to view an item, look for instructions like “view this item,” “click here to see full text of this document,” or “click on picture.”) This section of the Annenberg site offers a guide to what each Amendment says, and what it means. Also, be sure to look at “Related News” and “Related Resources” at the bottom of the page. Check here to see if this section of the Annenberg site offers any videos on your topic. This section of the Annenberg site organizes the resources by broad topics. Here, too,, be sure to look at “Related News” and “Related Resources” at the bottom of the page. This section of the Annenberg site offers two-page PDF timeline documents on broad topics. 6th Grade Science Questions, Science News, and Science Experiments Websites Science Concepts Resources for Science Fair Projects 2. Use your KCLS card to access the database Gale Virtual Reference Library Science Questions Websites 2. FAQ Kids Science News Websites Science Experiments Websites 3. Science Bob 4. Try Science 5. Science Kids 6. PBS ZoomSci

Lesson 1 (from Part I) It is important for the reader to understand what events in history contribute to Herman Hesse's writing of "Journey to the East". Hesse is clearly responding to some event or events in his life, and without the historical context it is difficult to understand his story. The objective of this lesson is to understand the historical context of "Journey to the East" and how it impacts Hesse's characterization of the narrator, H.H. 1) Class Discussion: "Journey to the East" was written and published during a time in Western History known as the "between the wars" or "interwar" period. World War I, then simply called The World War, ended and many held high hopes of civil reform and economic progress in both national and international arenas. Hesse's Germany was struggling to regroup as a nation after the ravages of The World War. This resulted... This section contains 11,035 words (approx. 37 pages at 300 words per page)

The Ilinden Monument – Споменик Илинден, also known as the Makedonium – Споменик Македониум This historical landmark and the symbol of Kruševo (Крушево, Krushevo) is a monument to the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 against the Ottoman Empire. The term Ilinden derives from Sveti Ilija (St. Elijah) as it was on the 2nd of August (the day of celebration of St. Elijah on the Orthodox calendar) in 1903 that the Krushevo Republic (Крушевска Република) declared its independence. This monument was created by Jordan Grabuloski and Iskra Grabuloska in 1974. In total, the entire complex covers 12 hectares (30 acres). The monument opened on 2 August 1974, the day of the 30th Session of ASNOM (Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia) and the 71st anniversary of the Ilinden Uprising. “The Ilinden monument signifies disobedience, fighting and the eternal aspiration of the Macedonian people for freedom and an independent state”. Inside the monument is the tomb of Nikola Karev, Macedonian revolutionary and President of the Kruševo Republic.1 In the early 1990s, this monument was featured on some of the bank notes first issued by the Republic of Macedonia. In the series issued in 1992, the monument was on the reverse side of the 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 Denar bank notes. In the series issued in 1993, the monument was featured on the obverse (front) side of the 10 Denar note. Another famous monument connected to the Ilinden Uprising is Mechkin Kamen and it is located very close by to Krushevo. Makedonium Night Shots Exterior Shots of the Monument Inside the Monument Black & White Photos Pictures Taken at Dusk Pitu Guli’s Grave