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wilhelm-vocabulary

Modalities:
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German
Latin
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Natural Language Processing
NLP
Vocabulary
German
Latin
Ancient Greek
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---
license: apache-2.0
pretty_name: Wilhelm Vocabulary
language:
- en
- de
- la
- grc
configs:
- config_name: Graph Data
data_files:
- split: German
path: german-graph-data.jsonl
- split: Latin
path: latin-graph-data.jsonl
- split: AncientGreek
path: ancient-greek-graph-data.jsonl
tags:
- Natural Language Processing
- NLP
- Vocabulary
- German
- Latin
- Ancient Greek
- Knowledge Graph
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
---
Wilhelm Vocabulary
==================
[![Hugging Face dataset badge]][Hugging Face dataset URL]
[![Vocabulary count - German]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Vocabulary count - Latin]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Vocabulary count - Ancient Greek]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Docker Hub][Docker Pulls Badge]][Docker Hub URL]
[![GitHub workflow status badge][GitHub workflow status badge]][GitHub workflow status URL]
[![Hugging Face sync status badge]][Hugging Face sync status URL]
[![Apache License Badge]][Apache License, Version 2.0]
<!-- TOC -->
* [Wilhelm Vocabulary](#wilhelm-vocabulary)
* [Development](#development)
* [Environment Setup](#environment-setup)
* [Installing Dependencies](#installing-dependencies)
* [Data Format](#data-format)
* [Encoding Table in YAML](#encoding-table-in-yaml)
* [Data Pipeline](#data-pipeline)
* [How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database](#how-data-vocabulary-is-stored-in-a-graph-database)
* [Why Graph Database](#why-graph-database)
* [Base Schema](#base-schema)
* [Languages](#languages)
* [German](#german)
* [Pronoun](#pronoun)
* [Noun](#noun)
* [Verb](#verb)
* [Ancient Greek](#ancient-greek)
* [Diacritic Mark Convention](#diacritic-mark-convention)
* [Pronoun](#pronoun-1)
* [Noun](#noun-1)
* [Adjective Declension](#adjective-declension)
* [Verb Conjugation](#verb-conjugation)
* [Latin](#latin)
* [Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)](#classical-hebrew-coming-soon)
* [Korean](#korean)
* [License](#license)
<!-- TOC -->
__wilhelm-vocabulary__ is the data sources used for the flashcard contents on [wilhelmlang.com]. Specifically it's a
datasource manually made from the accumulation of the daily language studies of [myself](https://github.com/Qubitpi):
- [German](./german.yaml)
- [Latin](./latin.yaml)
- [Ancient Greek](./ancient-greek.yaml)
The data is available on ๐Ÿค— [Hugging Face Datasets][Hugging Face dataset URL]
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary")
```
> [!TIP]
>
> If `dataset = load_dataset("QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary")` throws an error, please upgrade the `datasets` package to
> its _latest version_
In addition, a Docker image has been made to allow us exploring the vocabulary in Neo4J browser backed by a Neo4J
database. To get the image and run the container, simply do:
```console
docker run \
--publish=7474:7474 \
--publish=7687:7687 \
--env=NEO4J_AUTH=none \
--env=NEO4J_ACCEPT_LICENSE_AGREEMENT=yes \
-e NEO4JLABS_PLUGINS=\[\"apoc\"\] \
--env NEO4J_browser_remote__content__hostname__whitelist=https://raw.githubusercontent.com \
--env NEO4J_browser_post__connect__cmd="style https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/refs/heads/master/graphstyle.grass" \
jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary
```
> [!NOTE]
>
> The image is based on Neo4J Enterprise 5.23.0.
- When container starts, access neo4j through browser at http://localhost:7474
- Both __bolt://__ and __neo4j://__ protocols are fine.
- Choose __No authentication__ for _Authentication type_
- Then hit __Connect__ as shown below
![Connecting to Neo4J Docker](docs/neo4j-docker-connect.png "Error loading neo4j-docker-connect.png")
We have offered some queries that can be used to quickly explore the vocabulary in graph representations:
- Search for all Synonyms: `MATCH (term:Term)-[r]-(synonym:Term) WHERE r.name = "synonym" RETURN term, r, synonym`
- Finding all [gerunds](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#gerund):
`MATCH (source)-[link:RELATED]->(target) WHERE link.name = "gerund of" RETURN source, link, target;`
- Expanding a word "nรคmlich" (reveals its relationship to other languages):
```cypher
MATCH (term:Term{label:'nรคmlich'})
CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "LINK", null, 1, 3)
YIELD path
RETURN path, length(path) AS hops
ORDER BY hops;
```
![Expanding "nรคmlich"](docs/german-greek-latin.png "Error loading german-greek-latin.png")
- In German, "rice" and "travel" are related:
```cypher
MATCH (term:Term{label:'die Reise'})
CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "LINK", null, 1, 3)
YIELD path
RETURN path, length(path) AS hops
ORDER BY hops;
```
![Declension sharing](docs/german-rice-travel.png "Error loading german-rice-travel.png")
- `MATCH (term:Term{label:'die Schwester'}) CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "LINK", null, 1, -1) YIELD path RETURN path, length(path) AS hops ORDER BY hops;`
- How German, Latin, and Ancient greek expresses the conjunction "but":
```cypher
MATCH (node{label:"ฮดฮญ"})
CALL apoc.path.expand(node, "LINK", null, 1, 4)
YIELD path
RETURN path, length(path) AS hops
ORDER BY hops;
```
![Conjuction - but](docs/but.png "Error loading but.png")
Development
-----------
### Environment Setup
Get the source code:
```console
git clone git@github.com:QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary.git
cd wilhelm-vocabulary
```
It is strongly recommended to work in an isolated environment. Install virtualenv and create an isolated Python
environment by
```console
python3 -m pip install --user -U virtualenv
python3 -m virtualenv .venv
```
To activate this environment:
```console
source .venv/bin/activate
```
or, on Windows
```console
./venv\Scripts\activate
```
> [!TIP]
>
> To deactivate this environment, use
>
> ```console
> deactivate
> ```
### Installing Dependencies
```console
pip3 install -r requirements.txt
```
### Data Format
The raw data is written in YAML format, because
1. it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines
2. it is human-readable and, thus, easy to read and modify
3. it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for language data
The YAML data files are
- [german.yaml](./german.yaml)
- [latin.yaml](./latin.yaml)
- [ancient-greek.yaml](./ancient-greek.yaml)
These YAML files are then [transformed](huggingface/generate_datasets.py) to Hugging Face Datasets formats in
[CI/CD](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml)
### Encoding Table in YAML
To encode the inflections which are common in most Indo-European languages, an
[application-specific YAML](https://stackoverflow.com/q/30894438/14312712) that looks like the following are employed
throughout this repository:
```yaml
- term: der Gegenstand
definition:
- object
- thing
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Gegenstand, Gegenstรคnde ]
- [genitive, "Gegenstandes, Gegenstands", Gegenstรคnde ]
- [dative, Gegenstand, Gegenstรคnden]
- [accusative, Gegenstand, Gegenstรคnde ]
```
> [!NOTE]
>
> - A list under `declension` is a table row
> - All rows have the same number of columns
> - Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell
The declension (inflection) table above is equivalent to
<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>singular</td>
<td>plural</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>nominative</td>
<td>Gegenstand</td>
<td>Gegenstรคnde</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>genitive</td>
<td>Gegenstandes, Gegenstands</td>
<td>Gegenstรคnde</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dative</td>
<td>Gegenstand</td>
<td>Gegenstรคnden</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>accusative</td>
<td>Gegenstand</td>
<td>Gegenstรคnde</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Data Pipeline
-------------
![Data pipeline](docs/data-pipeline.png "Error loading data-pipeline.png")
> [!CAUTION]
>
> When the graph database is Neo4J, all constrains relating to the __Term__ node must be using:
>
> ```cypher
> SHOW CONSTRAINTS
> DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
> ```
>
> This is because certain vocabulary has multiple grammatical forms. This vocabulary is spread out as multiple entries.
> These multiple entries, because they have lots of common properties, often triggers constraint violations in Neo4J on
> load
### How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database
#### Why Graph Database
Graph data representation assumes universal connectivity among world entities. This applies pretty well to the realm of
languages. Multilanguage learners have already seen that Indo-European languages are similar in many aspects. The
similarities not only signify the historical facts about Philology but also surface a great opportunity for
multilanguage learners to take advantages of them and study much more efficiently. What's missing is connecting the dots
using Graph Databases that visually presents these vastly enlightening links between the related languages in a natural
way.
#### Base Schema
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
audio: string
```
The `audio` field is an URL that points to a `.mp3` or `.ogg` file that contains the pronunciation of this word.
_The meaning of a word is called the `definition`_. A term has a natural relationship to its definition(s). For example,
the German noun "[Ecke](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ecke#Noun)" has at least 4 definitions:
![Relationship between term and defintion(s)](docs/definition.png "Error loading definition.png")
<div align="center">
Graph data generated by <a href="https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-data-loader">wilhelm-data-loader</a>
</div>
> [!TIP]
>
> The parenthesized value at the beginning of each `definition` item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the
> relationship between `term` and `definition` in graph database dumped by
> [data loader](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-data-loader). For example, both German words
>
> ```yaml
> - term: denn
> definition:
> - (adv.) then, thus
> - (conj.) because
> ```
>
> and
>
> ```yaml
> - term: nรคmlich
> definition:
> - (adj.) same
> - (adv.) namely
> - (adv.) because
> ```
>
> can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows:
>
> ![error loading example.png](docs/example.png)
>
> __Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain__ who is exceedingly good at memorizing
> patterns
Languages
---------
### [German](./german.yaml)
#### Pronoun
The declension table of a pronoun follows:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", masclune, feminine, neuter, plural]
- [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [genitive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [dative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
```
#### Noun
`term` with a _definite article_ of `der`/`die`/`das` signifies a __noun__ which has the entry format with the
declension table of the following template:
```yaml
- term:
definition:
audio:
declension:
- ["", singular, plural]
- [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [genitive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [dative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
```
For example:
```yaml
- term: das Gesprรคch
definition: the conversation
audio: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/De-Gespr%C3%A4ch.ogg
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Gesprรคch, Gesprรคche ]
- [genitive, "Gesprรคches, Gesprรคchs", Gesprรคche ]
- [dative, Gesprรคch, Gesprรคchen]
- [accusative, Gesprรคch, Gesprรคche ]
```
> [!TIP]
>
> __The declension tables for nouns are almost all sourced from
> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kaufmann#Declension)__ and tiny from (if not present in Wiktionary)
> [Verbformen](https://www.verbformen.com/)
> [!CAUTION]
>
> [Adjectival nouns](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/German/Grammar/Nouns/Adjectival_Nouns), however, do NOT follow the
> template above but employs the following template:
>
> ```yaml
> declension:
> strong:
> - ["", singular, plural]
> - [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [genitive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [dative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> weak:
> - ["", singular, plural]
> - [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [genitive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [dative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> mixed:
> - ["", singular, plural]
> - [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [genitive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [dative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> - [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
> ```
#### Verb
The conjugation is the inflection paradigm for a German verb. Those with `conjugation` field denotes a __verb__; its
definition also begins with an _indefinite form_, i.e. "to ..."
The reason for choosing [verbformen.com] is because of its comprehensive inflection info of German vocabulary provided.
There are __3__ persons, __2__ numbers, and __4__ moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and subjunctive) to
consider in conjugation. There are __6__ tenses in German: the present and past are conjugated, and there are four
compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German:
[weak and strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb)[^1]. In addition,
[strong verbs are grouped into 7 "classes"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb#Strong_verb_classes)
[^1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_verbs#Conjugation
The conjugation table of German verb on Wiktionary is hard to interpret for German beginner.
[Netzverb Dictionary](https://www.verbformen.com/) is the best German dictionary _targeting the vocabulary inflections_.
[Search for "aufwachsen"](https://www.verbformen.com/?w=aufwachsen) and we will see much more intuitive conjugation
tables listed.
This pretty much serves our needs, but what makes Netzverb unpenetrable by other alternatives is that _every_ verb comes
with
1. [A printable version that looks much better than the browser's Control+P export](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/aufwachsen.pdf)
- There is also a "Sentences with German verb aufwachsen" section with a
[link](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/examples/aufwachsen.htm) that offer a fruitful number of conjugated
examples getting us familiar with the inflections of the verb
2. [An on-the-fly generated flashcard sheet](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/worksheets-exercises/lernkarten/aufwachsen.pdf)
which allows us to make a better usage of our random free time
3. [A YouTube video that offers audios of almost every conjugated form](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCtUrSn030A),
which helps with pronunciations a lot
The entry for a German verb, hence, has an extra `verbformen` field that includes the links to the 3 pieces of
information above
```yaml
- term:
definition:
audio:
verbformen:
video:
conjugation:
flashcards:
```
For example:
```yaml
- term: aufwachsen
definition: to grow up
audio: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/De-aufwachsen.ogg
verbformen:
video: https://youtu.be/LCtUrSn030A
conjugation: https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/aufwachsen.pdf
flashcards: https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/worksheets-exercises/lernkarten/aufwachsen.pdf
```
> [!IMPORTANT]
>
> Note that the `verbformen` might not exist for some verbs and any of its sub-fields can be non-existing due to the
> limiting number of verbs on records from [verbformen.com]
### [Ancient Greek](./ancient-greek.yaml)
Unless otherwise mentioned, we are always talking about _Attic_ Greek.
> [!NOTE]
>
> Ancient Greek vocabulary come from the following sources
>
> - [Greek Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College](https://dcc.dickinson.edu/greek-core-list)
> - Aristotle - Logic I: Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics
#### Diacritic Mark Convention
We employ the following 3 diacritic signs only in vocabulary:
1. the __acute__ (ฮฌ)
2. the __circumflex__ (แพถ), and
3. the __grave__ (แฝฐ)
In fact, it is called the [_medium diacritics_](https://lsj.gr/wiki/แผ€ฮณฮฑฮธฯŒฯ‚) and the same convention used in
[Loeb Classical Library prints](https://ryanfb.xyz/loebolus/) from Harvard. Notice that, however, the commonly sourced
[Wiktionary uses full diacritics](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/แผ€ฮณฮฑฮธฯŒฯ‚#Declension), including the
[breve diacritic mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve); we don't do that.
#### Pronoun
The source of pronouns and their declensions are the following
- [Greek Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College](https://dcc.dickinson.edu/greek-core-list)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part I](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/11/)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part II](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/12/)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part III](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/25/)
- [Ancient Greek for Everyone, Pronouns: Part IV](https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/26/)
- Wiktionary
- [Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://pdfcoffee.com/4-hansen-hardy-quinn-gerald-m-greek-an-intensive-course-5-pdf-free.html)
- Unit 6, Section 49. The Relative Pronoun
> [!TIP]
>
> More grammar about pronouns can be found in these great articles from _Ancient Greek for Everyone_ above
The declension table of a pronoun follows:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", singular, plural]
- [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [genitive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [dative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [vocative, N/A, N/A ]
```
#### Noun
The vocabulary entry for each noun consists of its nominative and genitive forms, an article which indicates the noun's
gender all in its `term` attribute. The English meaning(s) come as a list under `definition` attribute. For example.
```yaml
- term: ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮท ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮทฯ‚, แผก
definition:
- art,
- skill,
- craft
declension class: 1st
```
The vocabulary entry above consists of the following 5 items:
1. ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮท: nominative singular
2. ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮทฯ‚: genitive singular
3. แผก: nominative feminine singular of the article, which shows that the gender of the noun is feminine. Gender will be
indicated by the appropriate form of the definite article "the":
- `แฝ` for the masculine nouns
- `แผก` for the feminine nouns
- `ฯ„ฯŒ` for the neutor nouns
4. a list of English meanings of the word
5. the noun employs the first declension. The 3 classes of declensions are
1. first declension (`1st`)
2. second declension (`2nd`)
3. third declension (`3rd`)
The declension of the entry is not shown because to decline any noun, we can take the genitive singular, remove the
genitive singular ending to get the stem, and then add the proper set of endings to the stem based on its declension
class[^2].
[^2]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.20_
For example, to decline _ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮท ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮทฯ‚, แผก, (art)_, take the genitive singular _ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮทฯ‚_, remove the genitive singular ending
_-ฮทฯ‚_, and add the appropriate endings to the stem which gives following paradigm:
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|:----------:|:--------:|:-------:|
| nominative | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮท | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮฑฮน |
| genitive | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮทฯ‚ | ฯ„ฮตฯ‡ฮฝแฟถฮฝ |
| dative | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝแฟƒ | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮฑฮนฯ‚ |
| accusative | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮทฮฝ | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝแพฑฯ‚ |
| vocative | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮท | ฯ„ฮญฯ‡ฮฝฮฑฮน |
#### Adjective Declension
Declension template:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", singular, singular, singular, dual, dual, dual plural, plural, plural]
- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter]
- [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [genitive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [dative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
- [vocative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
```
#### Verb Conjugation
The Greek verb has __6__ principal parts. All 6 must be learned whenever a new verb is encountered:
1. (first person singular) present indicative active
2. (first person singular) future indicative active
3. (first person singular) aorist indicative active
4. (first person singular) perfect indicative active
5. (first person singular) perfect indicative passive
6. (first person singular) aorist indicative passive
> [!TIP]
>
> The minimum number of forms which one must know in order to generate all possible forms of a verb are called the
> __principal parts__ of that verb.
From the 6 forms above, various verb forms (i.e. stems & endings) can be derived by rules[^4]
[^4]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.44_
In practice, however,
[obtaining precise and complete principal parts for some verbs has been proven to be impossible](https://latin.stackexchange.com/a/17432). Best efforts have
been made to find them with URL references being provided in a `references` list field for each verb entry What's also
being recorded here are the reconstructed principal parts with a list of references that validate the
reconstruction. In conclusion, the entry of a verb, thus, has the form of:
```yaml
- term: string
definition: list
conjugation:
principal parts:
- ["", Attic, (Possibly other dialects)]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ... ]
references: list
```
For example:
```yaml
- term: ฮปฮญฮณฯ‰
definition:
- to say, speak
- to pick up
conjugation:
wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ฮปฮญฮณฯ‰#Verb_2
principal parts:
- ["", Attic , Koine ]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, ฮปฮญฮณฯ‰ , ฮปฮญฮณฯ‰ ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, ฮปฮญฮพฯ‰ , แผฯแฟถ ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, แผ”ฮปฮตฮพฮฑ , ฮตแผถฯ€ฮฟฮฝ/ฮตแผถฯ€ฮฑ ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, (missing), ฮตแผดฯฮทฮบฮฑ ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, ฮปฮญฮปฮตฮณฮผฮฑฮน , ฮปฮญฮปฮตฮณฮผฮฑฮน ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, แผฮปฮญฯ‡ฮธฮทฮฝ , แผฯฯฮญฮธฮทฮฝ/แผฯฯฮฎฮธฮทฮฝ]
references:
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ฮปฮญฮณฯ‰#Inflection
- http://atticgreek.org/downloads/allPPbytypes.pdf
- https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0264/ch25.xhtml
- https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/lego
- https://koine-greek.fandom.com/wiki/ฮ›ฮญฮณฯ‰
```
### [Latin](./latin.yaml)
> [!NOTE]
> The vocabulary and declensions come from the following sources
>
> - [Latin Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College](https://dcc.dickinson.edu/latin-core-list1)
> - Wiktionary
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
```
### Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)
The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand [Biblical Hebrew](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm#mp3). A
[complementary audio](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm) helps well with the pronunciation.
### [Korean](./korean.yaml)
ไธญๅ›ฝไบบๅญฆไน ้Ÿฉ่ฏญๆœ‰ๅ…ˆๅคฉไผ˜ๅŠฟ๏ผŒๅŠ ไน‹้Ÿฉ่ฏญๆœฌ่บซไนŸๆ˜ฏไธ€้—จ็›ธๅฝ“็ฎ€ๅ•็š„่ฏญ่จ€๏ผŒๆ‰€ไปฅ่ฟ™้‡Œๅฐ†่ฏญๆณ•ๅ’Œ่ฏๆฑ‡ๅˆๅนถๅœจไธ€่ตท๏ผ›
ๆฏไธ€้กนไนŸๅช็”ฑ `term`๏ผˆ้Ÿฉ๏ผ‰ๅ’Œ `definition`๏ผˆไธญ๏ผ‰็ป„ๆˆ๏ผŒ
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list of strings
example:
- Korean: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ ด ๊ทธ์ชฝ ํŽธ์— ์„œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”
Chinese: ๆˆ‘ๆ— ่ฎบๅฆ‚ไฝ•้ƒฝไผš็ซ™ๅœจไฝ ่ฟ™่พน
- Korean: ...
Chinese: ...
```
ไธ็”จ่ดนๅคชๅคšๅŠŸๅคซ่ฎฐ็‰ข็ฎ€ๅ•็š„่ฏญๆณ•ๅ’Œ่ฏๆฑ‡๏ผŒๅ‰ฉไธ‹็š„ๅฐฑๆ˜ฏๆ‹ฟ้Ÿฉ่ฏญๅญ—ๅน•ๅ‰งไธๅœ็ปƒไน ๅฌ่ฏด่ฏปๅ†™ๆ—ขๆˆใ€‚`example` ไธญ็š„ไพ‹ๅฅๅ‡ๆฅ่‡ช[้Ÿฉๅ›ฝๆœฌๅœŸ่ฏญๆ–™](https://www.amazon.com/Korean-book-%EB%82%98%EC%9D%98-%EC%95%84%EC%A0%80%EC%94%A8-%EC%A0%842%EA%B6%8C/dp/8933871756)
> [!NOTE]
>
> ้Ÿฉ่ฏญไธๅฑžไบŽๆฑ‰่—่ฏญ็ณป๏ผŒๅ› ๅ…ถๆ‰€ๅฑž่ฏญ็ณป้žๅธธ็‹ญๅฐ๏ผŒๆ— ๆณ•ๅ’Œๅ…ถๅฎƒ่ฏญ่จ€ไบง็”Ÿ่ถณๅคŸๅ…ณ่”๏ผŒๅ› ๆญคๅ…ถๆ•ฐๆฎๆš‚ๆ—ถไธ่ขซๅญ˜ๅ…ฅๅ›พๆ•ฐๆฎๅบ“่ฟ›่กŒๆ•ฐๆฎๅˆ†ๆž
License
-------
The use and distribution terms for [wilhelm-vocabulary]() are covered by the [Apache License, Version 2.0].
[Apache License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Apache%202.0-F25910.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=Apache&logoColor=white
[Apache License, Version 2.0]: https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
[Docker Pulls Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary?style=for-the-badge&logo=docker&color=2596EC
[Docker Hub URL]: https://hub.docker.com/r/jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary
[Hugging Face dataset badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Datasets-wilhelm--vocabulary-FF9D00?style=for-the-badge&logo=huggingface&logoColor=white&labelColor=6B7280
[Hugging Face dataset URL]: https://huggingface.co/datasets/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary
[Hugging Face sync status badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white&label=Hugging%20Face%20Sync%20Up
[Hugging Face sync status URL]: https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml
[GitHub workflow status badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white&label=CI/CD
[GitHub workflow status URL]: https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml
[Vocabulary count - German]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2Fgerman%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Words&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=German&color=4581C3
[Vocabulary count - Latin]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2Flatin%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Words&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=Latin&color=4581C3
[Vocabulary count - Ancient Greek]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2FancientGreek%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Words&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=Ancient%20Greek&color=4581C3
[wilhelmlang.com]: https://wilhelmlang.com/