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Wilhelm Vocabulary |
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================== |
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[![GitHub workflow status badge][GitHub workflow status badge]][GitHub workflow status URL] |
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[![Apache License Badge]][Apache License, Version 2.0] |
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<!-- TOC --> |
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- [Wilhelm Vocabulary](#wilhelm-vocabulary) |
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- [Data Format](#data-format) |
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- [Encoding Table in YAML](#encoding-table-in-yaml) |
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- [Data Pipeline](#data-pipeline) |
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- [How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database](#how-data-vocabulary-is-stored-in-a-graph-database) |
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- [Why Graph Database](#why-graph-database) |
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- [Base Schema](#base-schema) |
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- [Inflections](#inflections) |
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- [Basic Graph Query](#basic-graph-query) |
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- [Languages](#languages) |
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- [German](#german) |
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- [Noun Declension](#noun-declension) |
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- [Declension Templates](#declension-templates) |
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- [Masculine](#masculine) |
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- [Feminine](#feminine) |
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- [Neuter](#neuter) |
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- [(Attributive) Adjective Declension](#attributive-adjective-declension) |
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- [Pronoun Declension](#pronoun-declension) |
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- [Verb Conjugation](#verb-conjugation) |
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- [Ancient Greek](#ancient-greek) |
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- [Diacritic Mark Convention](#diacritic-mark-convention) |
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- [Noun Declension](#noun-declension-1) |
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- [Adjective Declension](#adjective-declension) |
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- [Verb Conjugation](#verb-conjugation-1) |
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- [Latin](#latin) |
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- [Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)](#classical-hebrew-coming-soon) |
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- [Korean](#korean) |
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- [License](#license) |
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<!-- TOC --> |
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Data Format |
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----------- |
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The data that serves [wilhelmlang.com](https://wilhelmlang.com/). They are written in YAML format, because |
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1. it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines |
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2. it is human-readable and, thus, easy to read and modify |
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3. it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for language data |
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### Encoding Table in YAML |
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To encode the inflections which are common in most Indo-European languages, an |
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[application-specific YAML](https://stackoverflow.com/q/30894438/14312712) that looks like the following are employed |
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throughout this repository: |
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```yaml |
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- term: der Kaufmann |
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definition: (male) trader |
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declension: |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural, plural ] |
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- ["", indef., def., noun, def., noun ] |
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- [nominative, ein, der, Kaufmann, die, "Kaufmänner, Kaufleute" ] |
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- [genitive, eines, des, "Kaufmannes, Kaufmanns", der, "Kaufmänner, Kaufleute" ] |
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- [dative, einem, dem, Kaufmann, den, "Kaufmännern, Kaufleuten"] |
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- [accusative, einen, den, Kaufmann, die, "Kaufmänner, Kaufleute" ] |
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``` |
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> [!NOTE] |
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> |
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> - A list under `declension` is a table row |
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> - All rows have the same number of columns |
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> - Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell |
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The declension (inflection) table above is equivalent to |
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<table><thead> |
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<tr> |
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<th></th> |
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<th colspan="3">singular</th> |
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<th colspan="2">plural</th> |
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</tr></thead> |
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<tbody> |
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<tr> |
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<td></td> |
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<td>indef.</td> |
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<td>def.</td> |
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<td>noun</td> |
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<td>def.</td> |
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<td>noun</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>nominative</td> |
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<td>ein</td> |
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<td>der</td> |
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<td>Kaufmann</td> |
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<td>die</td> |
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<td>Kaufmänner, Kaufleute</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>genitive</td> |
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<td>eines</td> |
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<td>des</td> |
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<td>Kaufmannes, Kaufmanns</td> |
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<td>der</td> |
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<td>Kaufmänner, Kaufleute</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>dative</td> |
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<td>einem</td> |
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<td>dem</td> |
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<td>Kaufmann</td> |
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<td>den</td> |
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<td>Kaufmännern, Kaufleuten</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>accusative</td> |
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<td>einen</td> |
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<td>den</td> |
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<td>Kaufmann</td> |
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<td>die</td> |
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<td>Kaufmänner, Kaufleute</td> |
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</tr> |
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</tbody> |
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</table> |
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Data Pipeline |
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------------- |
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![Data pipeline](data-pipeline.png "Error loading data-loading.png") |
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How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database |
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--------------------------------------------------- |
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### Why Graph Database |
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Graph data representation assumes universal connectivity among world entities. This applies pretty well to the realm of |
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languages. Multilanguage learners have already seen that Indo-European languages are similar in many aspects. The |
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similarities not only signify the historical facts about Philology but also surface a great opportunity for |
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multilanguage learners to take advantages of them and study much more efficiently. What's missing is connecting the dots |
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using Graph Databases that visually presents these vastly enlightening links between the related languages in a natural |
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way. |
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### Base Schema |
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```yaml |
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vocabulary: |
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- term: string |
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definition: list |
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``` |
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_The meaning of a word is called the `definition`_. A term has a natural relationship to its definition(s). For example, |
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the German noun "[Ecke](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ecke#Noun)" has at least 4 definitions: |
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![Relationship between term and defintion(s)](./definition.png "Error loading definition.png") |
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<div align="center"> |
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Graph data generated by <a href="https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-python-sdk">wilhelm-python-sdk</a> |
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</div> |
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> [!TIP] |
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> |
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> The parenthesized value at the beginning of each `definition` item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the |
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> relationship between `term` and `definition` in graph database loaded by |
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> [Wilhelm SDK](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-python-sdk). For example, both German words |
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> |
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> ```yaml |
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> - term: denn |
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> definition: |
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> - (adv.) then, thus |
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> - (conj.) because |
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> ``` |
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> |
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> and |
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> |
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> ```yaml |
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> - term: nämlich |
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> definition: |
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> - (adj.) same |
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> - (adv.) namely |
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> - (adv.) because |
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> ``` |
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> |
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> can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows: |
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> |
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> ![error loading example.png](./example.png) |
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> |
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> __Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain__ who is exceedingly good at memorizing |
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> patterns |
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### Inflections |
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Indo-European languages are mostly inflected. The way inflections are encoded are documented for each language |
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separately: |
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- [German declension](#german-declension) |
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- [German conjugation](#german-conjugation) |
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- [Ancient Greek declension](#greek-declension) |
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- [Ancient Greek conjugation](#greek-conjugation) |
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### Basic Graph Query |
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- Search for a vocabulary with all its links: |
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```text |
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MATCH (term:Term)-[r]-(x) WHERE term.name = "der Amerikaner" RETURN term, r, x; |
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``` |
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Languages |
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--------- |
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### [German](./german.yaml) |
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#### Noun Declension |
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__Declension__ is the inflection for nouns and adjectives. |
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> [!TIP] |
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> |
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> __The declension tables for all nouns are sourced from |
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> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kaufmann#Declension)__ |
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##### Declension Templates |
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###### Masculine |
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`term` with a _definite article_ of __der__ signifies a __masculine noun__ which has a declension table template of the |
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following form: |
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```yaml |
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declension: |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural, plural] |
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- ["", indef., def., noun, def., noun ] |
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- [nominative, ein, der, ████████, die, ██████] |
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- [genitive, eines, des, ████████, der, ██████] |
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- [dative, einem, dem, ████████, den, ██████] |
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- [accusative, einen, den, ████████, die, ██████] |
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``` |
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For example: |
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```yaml |
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- term: der Gegenstand |
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definition: |
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- object |
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- thing |
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declension: |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural, plural ] |
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- ["", indef., def., noun, def., noun ] |
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- [nominative, ein, der, Gegenstand, die, Gegenstände ] |
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- [genitive, eines, des, "Gegenstandes, Gegenstands", der, Gegenstände ] |
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- [dative, einem, dem, Gegenstand, den, Gegenständen] |
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- [accusative, einen, den, Gegenstand, die, Gegenstände ] |
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``` |
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> [!CAUTION] |
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> |
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> [Adjectival nouns](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/German/Grammar/Nouns/Adjectival_Nouns), however, do NOT follow the |
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> template above. Instead, it uses [adjective declension table template](#attributive-adjective-declension) |
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> |
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> The definition of the adjectival nouns begins with "__(Adjectival nouns)__"`. For example: |
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> |
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> ```yaml |
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> - term: der Kranker |
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> definition: (Adjectival nouns) the sick person |
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> declension: |
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> strong declension (without article): |
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> - ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] |
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> - ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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> - [nominative, Kranker, N/A, N/A, Kranke ] |
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> - [genitive, Kranken, N/A, N/A, Kranker] |
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> - [dative, Krankem, N/A, N/A, Kranken] |
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> - [accusative, Kranken, N/A, N/A, Kranke ] |
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> weak declension (with definite article): |
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> - ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] |
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> - ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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> - [nominative, der Kranke, N/A, N/A, die Kranken] |
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> - [genitive, des Kranken, N/A, N/A, der Kranken] |
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> - [dative, dem Kranken, N/A, N/A, den Kranken] |
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> - [accusative, den Kranken, N/A, N/A, die Kranken] |
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> mixed declension (with indefinite article): |
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> - ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] |
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> - ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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> - [nominative, ein Kranker, N/A, N/A, (keine) Kranken] |
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> - [genitive, eines Kranken, N/A, N/A, (keiner) Kranken] |
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> - [dative, einem Kranken, N/A, N/A, (keinen) Kranken] |
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> - [accusative, einen Kranken, N/A, N/A, (keine) Kranken] |
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> ``` |
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> |
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> Note that since "Kranker" is masculine, all feminine and neuter declensions are undefined and, thus, are marked with |
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> "N/A". |
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###### Feminine |
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`term` with a _definite article_ of __die__ signifies a __feminine noun__ which has a declension table template of the |
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following form: |
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```yaml |
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declension: |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural, plural] |
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- ["", indef., def., noun, def., noun ] |
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- [nominative, eine, die, ████████, die, ██████] |
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- [genitive, einer, der, ████████, der, ██████] |
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- [dative, einer, der, ████████, den, ██████] |
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- [accusative, eine, die, ████████, die, ██████] |
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``` |
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###### Neuter |
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`term` with a _definite article_ of __das__ signifies a __neuter noun__ which has a declension table template of the |
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following form: |
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```yaml |
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declension: |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural, plural] |
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- ["", indef., def., noun, def., noun ] |
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- [nominative, ein, das, ████████, die, ██████] |
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- [genitive, eines, des, ████████, der, ██████] |
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- [dative, einem, dem, ████████, den, ██████] |
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- [accusative, ein, das, ████████, die, ██████] |
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``` |
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#### (Attributive) Adjective Declension |
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> [!TIP] |
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> |
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> - Predicate adjectives (e.g. kalt in mir ist kalt "I am _cold_") are undeclined |
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> - An adjective can both be predicative (a _brave_ boy) or attributive (The boy is _brave_). Only attributive |
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> adjectives are declined. |
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There are 3 types of declensions for German adjectives |
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1. [strong declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Strong_inflection), |
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2. [week declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Weak_inflection), and |
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3. [mixed declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Mixed_inflection) |
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Each type bears a separate declension table. __To master German adjectives, we will need to memorize all of the three__. |
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There is also [adjective comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_adjectives#Adjective_comparison) which throws |
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in potentially 6 more tables. But the |
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[rules for comparative and superlative forms are quite universal](https://www.reddit.com/r/German/comments/i5mfrq/how_do_you_remember_adjective_declension/) |
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so we __ignore the two and focus only on the positive form__, which is the basic form of the adjective. |
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The [template](https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/generate-custom-code-constructs-using-live-templates.html) of the |
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adjective is as follows: |
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```yaml |
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declension: |
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strong declension (without article): |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural] |
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- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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- [nominative, █████████, ████████, ████████, ██████] |
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- [genitive, █████████, ████████, ████████, ██████] |
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- [dative, █████████, ████████, ████████, ██████] |
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- [accusative, █████████, ████████, ████████, ██████] |
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weak declension (with definite article): |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural] |
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- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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- [nominative, der █████, die ████, das ███, die ██] |
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- [genitive, des █████, der ████, des ███, der ██] |
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- [dative, dem █████, der ████, dem ███, den ██] |
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- [accusative, den █████, die ████, das ███, die ██] |
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mixed declension (with indefinite article): |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] |
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- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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- [nominative, ein █████, eine ███, ein ███, (keine) █████] |
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- [genitive, eines ███, einer ██, eines █, (keiner) █████] |
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- [dative, einem ███, einer ██, einem █, (keinen) █████] |
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- [accusative, einen ███, eine ███, ein ███, (keine) █████] |
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``` |
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Here is an example of the adjective declension for |
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"[unterschiedlich](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unterschiedlich#Declension)": |
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```yaml |
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- term: unterschiedlich |
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definition: (adj.) different |
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declension: |
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strong declension (without article): |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] |
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- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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- [nominative, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedliche, unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ] |
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- [genitive, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher] |
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- [dative, unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlichen] |
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- [accusative, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedliche, unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ] |
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weak declension (with definite article): |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] |
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- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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- [nominative, der unterschiedliche, die unterschiedliche, das unterschiedliche, die unterschiedlichen] |
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- [genitive, des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen] |
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- [dative, dem unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, dem unterschiedlichen, den unterschiedlichen] |
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- [accusative, den unterschiedlichen, die unterschiedliche, das unterschiedliche, die unterschiedlichen] |
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mixed declension (with indefinite article): |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] |
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- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] |
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- [nominative, ein unterschiedlicher, eine unterschiedliche, ein unterschiedliches, (keine) unterschiedlichen ] |
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- [genitive, eines unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, eines unterschiedlichen, (keiner) unterschiedlichen] |
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- [dative, einem unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, einem unterschiedlichen, (keinen) unterschiedlichen] |
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- [accusative, einen unterschiedlichen, eine unterschiedliche, ein unterschiedliches, (keine) unterschiedlichen ] |
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``` |
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> [!TIP] |
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> |
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> __The declension tables for all adjectives are sourced from |
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> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unterschiedlich#Declension)__ |
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#### Pronoun Declension |
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Declension tamplate: |
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```yaml |
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declension: |
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- ["", masclune, feminine, neuter, plural] |
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- [nominative, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████] |
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- [genitive, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████] |
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- [dative, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████] |
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- [accusative, ████████, ████████, ██████, ██████] |
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``` |
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#### Verb Conjugation |
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The conjugation is the inflection paradigm for a German verb. Those with `conjugation` field denotes a __verb__; its |
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definition also begins with an _indefinite form_, i.e. "to ..." |
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There are __3__ persons, __2__ numbers, and __4__ moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and subjunctive) to |
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consider in conjugation. There are __6__ tenses in German: the present and past are conjugated, and there are four |
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compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German: |
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[weak and strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb)[^1]. In addition, |
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[strong verbs are grouped into 7 "classes"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb#Strong_verb_classes) |
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[^1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_verbs#Conjugation |
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The conjugation table of German verb on Wiktionary is hard to interpret for German beginner. It does, however, presents |
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a very good Philology reference. For example, it tells us which of the 7 "classes" a strong verb belongs to. __We, |
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therefore, leave the Wiktionary links to the conjugation table of that verb for data processing in the future__, for |
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example, |
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```yaml |
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- term: aufwachsen |
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definition: to grow up |
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conjugation: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aufwachsen#Conjugation |
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``` |
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and advise user to employ a much more practical method to learn daily conjugation as follows. We take "__aufwachsen__" |
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as an example. |
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> [!IMPORTANT] |
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> I'm not advertising for any organizations. I'm simply sharing good resources. |
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[Netzverb Dictionary](https://www.verbformen.com/) is the best German dictionary _targeting the vocabulary inflections_. |
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[Search for "aufwachsen"](https://www.verbformen.com/?w=aufwachsen) and we will see much more intuitive conjugation |
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tables listed. |
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This pretty much serves our needs, but what makes Netzverb unpenetrable by other alternatives is that _every_ verb comes |
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with |
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1. [A printable version that looks much better than the browser's Control+P export](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/aufwachsen.pdf) |
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- There is also a "Sentences with German verb aufwachsen" section with a |
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[link](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/examples/aufwachsen.htm) that offer a fruitful number of conjugated |
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examples getting us familiar with the inflections of the verb |
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2. [An on-the-fly generated flashcard sheet](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/worksheets-exercises/lernkarten/aufwachsen.pdf) |
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which allows us to make a better usage of our random free time |
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3. [A YouTube video that offers audios of almost every conjugated form](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCtUrSn030A), |
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which helps with pronunciations a lot |
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> [!TIP] |
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> |
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> - __It is, thus, strongly recommended to study the conjugation through |
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> [Netzverb Dictionary](https://www.verbformen.com/) separately__ |
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> - Netzverb Dictionary, however, lacks a programmable API. Wiktionary [has a good one](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/) |
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> instead. This is why we left the conjugation link to Wiktionary for now and it will definitely serve us well as I'm |
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> trying to make it happen |
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### [Ancient Greek](./greek.yaml) |
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> [!TIP] |
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> |
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> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Pronunciation) and |
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> [Logos Bible Study Platform](https://www.youtube.com/@logosbiblesoftware/search?query=Greek) are the best sources as |
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> pronunciation guides. Due to the scarcity of the audio resources among AG lerners, [a separate project](https://github.com/QubitPi/ancient-greek-reader) has been |
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> initiated to expand the audio practice materials by AI |
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[Ancient Greek is still an under-attesting language](https://latin.stackexchange.com/a/17432), what that means is no |
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textbook is "complete". One will frequently see a certain grammar does not apply to or some inflections are missing for |
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a word. Therefore, the best strategy to make inflection data of Ancient Greek is to crawl the entire inflection table of |
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every word. This would be impractical manually but practical automatically using |
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[wilhelm-python-sdk](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-python-sdk). The sections below will make references to the |
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certain parts of SDK. |
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#### Diacritic Mark Convention |
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We employ the following 3 diacritic signs only in vocabulary: |
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1. the __acute__ (ά) |
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2. the __circumflex__ (ᾶ), and |
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3. the __grave__ (ὰ) |
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In fact, it is called the [_medium diacritics_](https://lsj.gr/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%82) and the |
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same convention used in [Loeb Classical Library prints](https://ryanfb.xyz/loebolus/) from Harvard. Notice that, |
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however, the commonly sourced [Wiktionary uses full diacritics](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%82#Declension), |
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including the [breve diacritic mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve); we don't do that. |
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#### Noun Declension |
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The vocabulary entry for each noun consists of its nominative and genitive forms, an article which indicates the noun's |
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gender, and the English meaning. For example. |
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```yaml |
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- term: τέχνη τέχνης, ἡ |
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definition: |
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- art, |
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- skill, |
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- craft |
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``` |
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the vocabulary entry above consists of the following 4 items: |
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1. τέχνη: nominative singular |
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2. τέχνης: genitive singular |
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3. ἡ: nominative feminine singular of the article, which shows that the gender of the noun is feminine |
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4. a list of English meanings of the word |
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The declension of the entry is not shown because to decline any noun, we can take the genitive singular, remove the |
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genitive singular ending to get the stem, and then add the proper set of endings to the stem based on its declension |
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class[^2]. |
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[^2]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.20_ |
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For example, to decline _τέχνη τέχνης, ἡ, art_, take the genitive singular _τέχνης_, remove the genitive singular ending |
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_-ης_, and add the appropriate endings to the stem which gives following paradigm: |
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| Case | Singular | Plural | |
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|:----------:|:--------:|:-------:| |
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| nominative | τέχνη | τέχναι | |
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| genitive | τέχνης | τεχνῶν | |
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| dative | τέχνῃ | τέχναις | |
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| accusative | τέχνην | τέχνᾱς | |
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| vocative | τέχνη | τέχναι | |
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#### Adjective Declension |
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Declension template: |
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```yaml |
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declension: |
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- ["", singular, singular, singular, dual, dual, dual plural, plural, plural] |
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- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter] |
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- [nominative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████] |
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- [genitive, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████] |
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- [dative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████] |
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- [accusative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████] |
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- [vocative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████] |
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``` |
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#### Verb Conjugation |
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The Greek verb has __6__ principal parts. All 6 must be learned whenever a new verb is encountered: |
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1. (first person singular) present indicative active |
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2. (first person singular) future indicative active |
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3. (first person singular) aorist indicative active |
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4. (first person singular) perfect indicative active |
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5. (first person singular) perfect indicative passive |
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6. (first person singular) aorist indicative passive |
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> [!TIP] |
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> |
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> The minimum number of forms which one must know in order to generate all possible forms of a verb are called the |
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> __principal parts__ of that verb. |
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From the 6 forms above, various verb forms (i.e. stems & endings) can be derived by rules[^4] |
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[^4]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.44_ |
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In practice, however, |
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[obtaining precise and complete principal parts for some verbs has been proven to be impossible](https://latin.stackexchange.com/a/17432). |
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While the best efforts have been made for reconstructing the complete principal parts, we also put a link to the |
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Wiktionary of each verb for |
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[wilhelm-python-sdk](https://sdk.wilhelmlang.com/en/latest/#module-wilhelm_python_sdk.ancient_greek_wiktionary_parser), |
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which will dynamically load the complete conjugation tables into graph database. |
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What's also being loaded are the reconstructed principal parts with a list of references that validate the |
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reconstruction. |
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In conclusion, the entry of a verb, thus, has the form of: |
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```yaml |
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- term: string |
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definition: list |
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conjugation: |
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wiktionary: string |
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principal parts: |
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- ["", Attic, (Possibly other dialects)] |
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- [(first person singular) present indicative active, █████, ... ] |
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- [(first person singular) future indicative active, █████, ... ] |
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- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, █████, ... ] |
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- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, █████, ... ] |
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- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, █████, ... ] |
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- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, █████, ... ] |
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references: list |
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``` |
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For example: |
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```yaml |
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- term: λέγω |
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definition: |
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- to say, speak |
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- to pick up |
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conjugation: |
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wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/λέγω#Verb_2 |
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principal parts: |
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- ["", Attic , Koine ] |
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- [(first person singular) present indicative active, λέγω , λέγω ] |
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- [(first person singular) future indicative active, λέξω , ἐρῶ ] |
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- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, ἔλεξα , εἶπον/εἶπα ] |
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- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, (missing), εἴρηκα ] |
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- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, λέλεγμαι , λέλεγμαι ] |
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- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, ἐλέχθην , ἐρρέθην/ἐρρήθην] |
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references: |
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- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/λέγω#Inflection |
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- http://atticgreek.org/downloads/allPPbytypes.pdf |
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- https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0264/ch25.xhtml |
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- https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/lego |
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- https://koine-greek.fandom.com/wiki/Λέγω |
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``` |
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### [Latin](./latin.yaml) |
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```yaml |
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vocabulary: |
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- term: string |
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definition: list |
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``` |
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### Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon) |
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The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand [Biblical Hebrew](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm#mp3). A |
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[complementary audio](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm) helps well with the pronunciation. |
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### [Korean](./korean.yaml) |
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中国人学习韩语有先天优势,加之韩语本身也是一门相当简单的语言,所以这里将语法和词汇合并在一起; |
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每一项也只由 `term`(韩)和 `definition`(中)组成, |
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```yaml |
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vocabulary: |
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- term: string |
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definition: list of strings |
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example: |
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- Korean: 제가 아무렴 그쪽 편에 서겠어요 |
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Chinese: 我无论如何都会站在你这边 |
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- Korean: ... |
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Chinese: ... |
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``` |
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不用费太多功夫记牢简单的语法和词汇,剩下的就是拿韩语字幕剧不停练习听说读写既成。`example` 中的例句均来自[韩国本土语料](https://www.amazon.com/Korean-book-%EB%82%98%EC%9D%98-%EC%95%84%EC%A0%80%EC%94%A8-%EC%A0%842%EA%B6%8C/dp/8933871756) |
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> [!NOTE] |
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> |
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> 韩语不属于汉藏语系,因其所属语系非常狭小,无法和其它语言产生足够关联,因此其数据暂时不被存入图数据库进行数据分析 |
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License |
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------- |
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The use and distribution terms for [wilhelm-vocabulary]() are covered by the [Apache License, Version 2.0]. |
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[Apache License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Apache%202.0-F25910.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=Apache&logoColor=white |
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[Apache License, Version 2.0]: https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 |
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[GitHub workflow status badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white&label=Database%20Loading |
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[GitHub workflow status URL]: https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml |
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