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听诊可闻及喘鸣音和湿啰音，重者因支气管管腔阻塞导致呼吸音减弱或消失。 | [
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"entity": "听诊",
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"entity": "听诊可闻及喘鸣音和湿啰音",
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"entity": "支气管管腔",
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"end_idx": 22,
"entity": "支气管管腔阻塞",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "sym"
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"end_idx": 32,
"entity": "呼吸音减弱或消失",
"start_idx": 25,
"type": "sym"
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] |
血气分析可出现低氧血症和高碳酸血症。 | [
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"entity": "血气分析",
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"entity": "血气分析可出现低氧血症和高碳酸血症",
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"entity": "低氧血症",
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"entity": "高碳酸血症",
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必要时行直接喉镜和支气管镜检查，镜下可见喉、气管和支气管黏膜高度红肿，声门及声门下狭窄，气管和支气管内有稠厚分泌物或痂皮阻塞。 | [
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"entity": "喉镜和支气管镜检查",
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"entity": "镜下可见喉、气管和支气管黏膜高度红肿",
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"entity": "镜",
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"entity": "喉",
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"entity": "支气管黏膜",
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"entity": "声门及声门下狭窄",
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"type": "dis"
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"entity": "气管",
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"entity": "气管和支气管内有稠厚分泌物或痂皮阻塞",
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"entity": "支气管",
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值得注意的是，严重缺氧患儿咽喉部检查，甚至用压舌板检查咽部可引起心跳呼吸骤停。 | [
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"entity": "严重缺氧",
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"entity": "咽喉部检查",
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"entity": "压舌板检查咽部",
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"entity": "心跳呼吸骤停",
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本病应与细菌性气管炎相鉴别。 | [
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"entity": "细菌性气管炎",
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后者主要病原是金黄色葡萄球菌，亦可由副流感病毒、卡他莫拉菌、不定型流感嗜血杆菌、厌氧菌引起。 | [
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"start_idx": 4,
"type": "mic"
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"entity": "金黄色葡萄球菌",
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"type": "mic"
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"entity": "副流感病毒",
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"type": "mic"
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"entity": "卡他莫拉菌",
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"type": "mic"
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"entity": "不定型流感嗜血杆菌",
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"type": "mic"
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"entity": "厌氧菌",
"start_idx": 40,
"type": "mic"
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症状与喉、气管、支气管炎相似，但中毒症状重，伴高热，一般治疗无效。 | [
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"entity": "喉、气管、支气管炎",
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"entity": "中毒症状重",
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"entity": "中毒",
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"entity": "高热",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "sym"
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] |
气道分泌物呈脓性，周围血白细胞计数明显升高，出现杆状核细胞。 | [
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"entity": "气道分泌物呈脓性",
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"entity": "周围血",
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"entity": "周围血白细胞计数明显升高",
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"entity": "白细胞计数",
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"entity": "杆状核细胞",
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常需气管切开或插管。 | [
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"entity": "插管",
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GSD依其所缺陷的酶12型，多数属分解代谢上的缺陷，使糖原异常堆积。 | [
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"entity": "缺陷的酶12型",
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"entity": "酶12型",
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"entity": "分解代谢上的缺陷",
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"entity": "糖原异常堆积",
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"entity": "糖原",
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一些患者尽管血糖很低，但无明显的低血糖症状，往往因肝大就诊，经生化检查才发现低血糖。 | [
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"entity": "血糖很低",
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"entity": "生化检查",
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"entity": "低血糖",
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饥饿时做肾上腺素或胰高血糖素试验无反应。 | [
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"entity": "肾上腺素或胰高血糖素试验",
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GSDⅡ型（Pompe病）酸性α-糖苷酶缺陷，全身所有器官都有糖原累积。 | [
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"entity": "GSDⅡ型",
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"entity": "Pompe病",
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"entity": "酸性α-糖苷酶缺陷",
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"entity": "α-糖苷酶",
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"entity": "全身所有器官都有糖原累积",
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"entity": "糖原",
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临床症状和体征：Ⅱ型出生时正常，6个月内出现心脏扩大，随着组织糖原储积增多，心脏重度扩大，可出现心力衰竭，心电图显示P-R间期缩短，T波倒置和巨大QRS波。 | [
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"entity": "心脏",
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"entity": "组织糖原",
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"entity": "组织糖原储积增多",
"start_idx": 29,
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"entity": "心脏",
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"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "心脏重度扩大",
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"end_idx": 51,
"entity": "心力衰竭",
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"type": "dis"
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"entity": "心电图显示P-R间期缩短，T波倒置和巨大QRS波",
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"type": "sym"
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{
"end_idx": 55,
"entity": "心电图",
"start_idx": 53,
"type": "pro"
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] |
胰高血糖素试验血糖反应正常，尿儿茶酚胺排量正常。 | [
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"entity": "胰高血糖素试验",
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"entity": "血糖",
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"entity": "尿",
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{
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"entity": "儿茶酚胺",
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"type": "ite"
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临床症状和体征：中度至重度肝肿大，可无或程度不等的肌张力低下，心脏增大，ECG异常少见，有低血糖。 | [
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"entity": "肌张力低下",
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"entity": "心脏",
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"entity": "心脏增大",
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"entity": "ECG异常少见",
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"entity": "ECG",
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"end_idx": 47,
"entity": "低血糖",
"start_idx": 45,
"type": "dis"
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GSDⅣ型（Andersen病）分支酶缺陷。 | [
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"entity": "Andersen病",
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"type": "dis"
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"entity": "分支酶缺陷",
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{
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"entity": "分支酶",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "bod"
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] |
临床症状和体征：婴儿期出现肝脾肿大，腹水、肝硬化、肝功能衰竭，生长障碍，智能发育正常，常在儿童期死亡。 | [
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"entity": "肝",
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"entity": "脾",
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"entity": "腹水",
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"end_idx": 18,
"entity": "腹",
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"end_idx": 23,
"entity": "肝硬化",
"start_idx": 21,
"type": "dis"
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"end_idx": 29,
"entity": "肝功能衰竭",
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"type": "dis"
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{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "生长障碍",
"start_idx": 31,
"type": "sym"
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] |
GSDⅤ型（McArdle综合征）肌磷酸化酶缺陷。 | [
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"entity": "McArdle综合征",
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"entity": "肌磷酸化酶",
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] |
受累组织为骨骼肌，而肝脏和平滑肌正常。 | [
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"entity": "平滑肌",
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临床症状和体征：运动后骨骼肌无力、肌痛。 | [
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"entity": "骨骼肌",
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"entity": "肌",
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缺血运动试验后血乳酸不升高。 | [
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"entity": "血乳酸",
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GSDⅥ型（Heres病）肝磷酸化酶缺陷，病程较良性，儿童早期开始出现肝大和生长迟缓。 | [
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"entity": "肝磷酸化酶",
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"entity": "生长迟缓",
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低血糖、高脂血症和酮症较少出现，而且表现轻微。 | [
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"entity": "酮症",
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GSDⅦ型（Tarui病）肌磷酸果糖激酶缺陷。 | [
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"entity": "肌磷酸果糖激酶",
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受累组织为骨骼肌和红细胞。 | [
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"entity": "红细胞",
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临床症状和体征：运动后骨骼肌疼痛无力，缺血运动试验后血乳酸不升高，智能发育正常，预后好。 | [
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"entity": "血乳酸",
"start_idx": 26,
"type": "ite"
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受累组织发现大脑糖原增加，电镜显示在大脑神经突触和轴突有糖原堆积形成的α颗粒。 | [
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{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "大脑神经突触和轴突",
"start_idx": 18,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 29,
"entity": "糖原",
"start_idx": 28,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
受累组织为肝和肌肉。 | [
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "受累组织",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "组织",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "肝",
"start_idx": 5,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "肌肉",
"start_idx": 7,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
临床症状和体征：除肝脏和脾明显增大外，患儿一般尚好，6岁以后有反复性肌肉疼痛，无心脏扩大或低血糖，对胰高血糖素无反应。 | [
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "肝脏和脾明显增大外",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "肝脏",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "脾",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 37,
"entity": "反复性肌肉疼痛",
"start_idx": 31,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 35,
"entity": "肌肉",
"start_idx": 34,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 41,
"entity": "心脏",
"start_idx": 40,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "心脏扩大",
"start_idx": 40,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 47,
"entity": "低血糖",
"start_idx": 45,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 54,
"entity": "胰高血糖素",
"start_idx": 50,
"type": "ite"
}
] |
临床症状和体征：酸中毒倾向，生长显著落后，维生素D抵抗性佝偻病，高血脂，尿糖、氨基酸及磷酸排量增高，肾脏大小正常。 | [
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "酸中毒倾向",
"start_idx": 8,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "酸中毒",
"start_idx": 8,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 19,
"entity": "生长显著落后",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 30,
"entity": "维生素D抵抗性佝偻病",
"start_idx": 21,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "高血脂",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 37,
"entity": "尿糖",
"start_idx": 36,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 48,
"entity": "尿糖、氨基酸及磷酸排量增高",
"start_idx": 36,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 41,
"entity": "氨基酸",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 44,
"entity": "磷酸",
"start_idx": 43,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 51,
"entity": "肾脏",
"start_idx": 50,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
6.外周血白细胞DNA分析，进行基因突变检测。 | [
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "外周血白细胞DNA分析",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 21,
"entity": "基因突变检测",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
3.采用低脂饮食预防高脂血症，需注意补充各种微量元素和矿物质。 | [
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "低脂饮食",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "高脂血症",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "微量元素",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 29,
"entity": "矿物质",
"start_idx": 27,
"type": "dru"
}
] |
因此对于糖原累积病患者每年进行肝脏超声检查及定期测定血清α-甲胎蛋白。 | [
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "糖原累积病",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "肝脏超声检查",
"start_idx": 15,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 33,
"entity": "血清α-甲胎蛋白",
"start_idx": 26,
"type": "ite"
}
] |
原发性肾病综合征的病因不清楚，其发病往往因呼吸道感染及过敏反应等而触发，继发性肾病综合征病因则主要有感染、药物、中毒等或继发于肿瘤、遗传及代谢疾病以及全身性系统性疾病之后。 | [
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "原发性肾病综合征",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "呼吸道感染",
"start_idx": 21,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 30,
"entity": "过敏反应",
"start_idx": 27,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "继发性肾病综合征",
"start_idx": 36,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 51,
"entity": "感染",
"start_idx": 50,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 57,
"entity": "中毒",
"start_idx": 56,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 64,
"entity": "肿瘤",
"start_idx": 63,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 72,
"entity": "遗传及代谢疾病",
"start_idx": 66,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 82,
"entity": "全身性系统性疾病",
"start_idx": 75,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
儿童肾病综合征以MCN最常见，Glassock报告在1066例儿童肾病中MCN占66%，而在成人病例中仅占21%。 | [
{
"end_idx": 6,
"entity": "儿童肾病综合征",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "MCN",
"start_idx": 8,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "儿童肾病",
"start_idx": 31,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 38,
"entity": "MCN",
"start_idx": 36,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
常见的有呼吸道感染、泌尿道感染、皮肤蜂窝织炎和丹毒及原发性腹膜炎等。 | [
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "呼吸道感染",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 14,
"entity": "泌尿道感染",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 21,
"entity": "皮肤蜂窝织炎",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 24,
"entity": "丹毒",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 31,
"entity": "原发性腹膜炎",
"start_idx": 26,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
病毒感染多发生在接受皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗的过程中，多为并发水痘、麻疹及带状疱疹等，病情往往较一般患儿为重。 | [
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "病毒感染",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "皮质激素",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 19,
"entity": "免疫抑制剂",
"start_idx": 15,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 32,
"entity": "水痘",
"start_idx": 31,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 35,
"entity": "麻疹",
"start_idx": 34,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 40,
"entity": "带状疱疹",
"start_idx": 37,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
其结果可导致高凝状态，并可发生血栓栓塞并发症，其中以肾静脉血栓形成最为临床重视。 | [
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "高凝状态",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 18,
"entity": "血栓栓塞",
"start_idx": 15,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 32,
"entity": "肾静脉血栓形成",
"start_idx": 26,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 28,
"entity": "肾静脉",
"start_idx": 26,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
急性者表现为骤然发作的肉眼血尿和腹痛，检查有脊肋角压痛和肾区肿块，双侧者有急性肾功能减退。 | [
{
"end_idx": 14,
"entity": "骤然发作的肉眼血尿",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "血",
"start_idx": 13,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 14,
"entity": "尿",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "腹痛",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "腹",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "脊肋角压痛",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 24,
"entity": "脊肋角",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 31,
"entity": "肾区肿块",
"start_idx": 28,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 29,
"entity": "肾区",
"start_idx": 28,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "双侧者有急性肾功能减退",
"start_idx": 33,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 39,
"entity": "肾",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
X线检查患肾增大及输尿管有切迹。 | [
{
"end_idx": 14,
"entity": "X线检查患肾增大及输尿管有切迹",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "X线检查",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "肾",
"start_idx": 5,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "输尿管",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
B超有时能检出，必要时肾静脉造影以确诊。 | [
{
"end_idx": 1,
"entity": "B超",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "肾静脉造影",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
长期禁盐，过多应用利尿剂以及呕吐、腹泻均可导致低钠血症及低钾血症。 | [
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "利尿剂",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "呕吐",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 18,
"entity": "腹泻",
"start_idx": 17,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "腹",
"start_idx": 17,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "低钠血症",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 31,
"entity": "低钾血症",
"start_idx": 28,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
当出现厌食、乏力、懒言、嗜睡、血压下降甚至休克、惊厥时应注意有无低钠血症的可能。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "厌食",
"start_idx": 3,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "乏力",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "懒言",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "嗜睡",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 18,
"entity": "血压下降",
"start_idx": 15,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "血压",
"start_idx": 15,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 22,
"entity": "休克",
"start_idx": 21,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "惊厥",
"start_idx": 24,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 35,
"entity": "低钠血症",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
其原因为：①低血容量，不恰当地大量利尿致肾血液灌注不足，甚至可致肾小管坏死；②严重的肾间质水肿，肾小管为蛋白管型堵塞以致肾小囊及近曲小管内静水压力增高而肾小球滤过减少；③药物引起的肾小管间质病变；④并发双侧肾静脉血栓形成；⑤肾小球严重增生性病变。 | [
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "低血容量",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 18,
"entity": "利尿",
"start_idx": 17,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 22,
"entity": "肾血液",
"start_idx": 20,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "肾血液灌注不足",
"start_idx": 20,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 36,
"entity": "肾小管坏死",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 46,
"entity": "严重的肾间质水肿",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 44,
"entity": "肾间质",
"start_idx": 42,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 50,
"entity": "肾小管",
"start_idx": 48,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 57,
"entity": "肾小管为蛋白管型堵塞",
"start_idx": 48,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 68,
"entity": "肾小囊及近曲小管内",
"start_idx": 60,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 74,
"entity": "肾小囊及近曲小管内静水压力增高",
"start_idx": 60,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 78,
"entity": "肾小球",
"start_idx": 76,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 82,
"entity": "肾小球滤过减少",
"start_idx": 76,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 96,
"entity": "肾小管间质病变",
"start_idx": 90,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 109,
"entity": "双侧肾静脉血栓形成",
"start_idx": 101,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 105,
"entity": "肾静脉",
"start_idx": 103,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 121,
"entity": "肾小球严重增生性病变",
"start_idx": 112,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
不应过分低盐以免出现低钠血症，可予盐1～2g/d。 | [
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "低钠血症",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 23,
"entity": "予盐1～2g/d",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
也可用黄芪、生地、知母及白术等滋阴补气中药治疗。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "黄芪",
"start_idx": 3,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "生地",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "知母",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "白术",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "dru"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "滋阴补气中药",
"start_idx": 15,
"type": "dru"
}
] |
异位的输尿管膨出则可能和其输尿管芽靠近头端，输尿管延迟了从中肾管分离，输尿管末端随之扩张有关。 | [
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "异位的输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "输尿管",
"start_idx": 3,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "输尿管芽",
"start_idx": 13,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 24,
"entity": "输尿管",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 31,
"entity": "中肾管",
"start_idx": 29,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 39,
"entity": "输尿管末端",
"start_idx": 35,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "输尿管末端随之扩张",
"start_idx": 35,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
由于膀胱颈的括约作用，异位输尿管膨出可引起梗阻。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "膀胱颈",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "异位输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "输尿管",
"start_idx": 13,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 22,
"entity": "梗阻",
"start_idx": 21,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
输尿管膨出的外层为膀胱黏膜，中间为薄层肌肉和胶原组织，内层为输尿管黏膜。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 2,
"entity": "输尿管",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "膀胱黏膜",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "薄层肌肉",
"start_idx": 17,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "胶原组织",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "输尿管黏膜",
"start_idx": 30,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
组织学研究发现输尿管膨出顶部肌细胞小且缺乏，膨出的肌肉中没有厚肌原纤维，因此胚胎发育停滞可能在输尿管膨出形成中起到一定作用。 | [
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "组织学研究发现输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "组织学研究",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 7,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "顶部肌细胞",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "顶部肌细胞小且缺乏",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "膨出的肌肉中没有厚肌原纤维",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "肌肉",
"start_idx": 25,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "厚肌原纤维",
"start_idx": 30,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "胚胎发育停滞",
"start_idx": 38,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 39,
"entity": "胚胎",
"start_idx": 38,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 51,
"entity": "输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 47,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
80%发生于重复肾和输尿管的上肾部输尿管。 | [
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "重复肾",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "输尿管",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 19,
"entity": "上肾部输尿管",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
不伴重复肾的异位输尿管膨出罕见，多见于男性。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "重复肾",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "异位输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
异位型输尿管膨出一般较大而开口较小，多位于膀胱基底部近膀胱颈或后尿道内，女孩甚至可脱出尿道，造成尿路梗阻。 | [
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "异位型输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "较大而开口较小",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "膀胱基底部",
"start_idx": 21,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 29,
"entity": "膀胱颈",
"start_idx": 27,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 33,
"entity": "后尿道",
"start_idx": 31,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 44,
"entity": "脱出尿道",
"start_idx": 41,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 44,
"entity": "尿道",
"start_idx": 43,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 51,
"entity": "尿路梗阻",
"start_idx": 48,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
如效果不满意或出现反流，应做膨出切除及抗反流性输尿管膀胱再吻合术，并同时修复输尿管膨出后侧薄弱的膀胱壁。 | [
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "反流",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "膨出切除",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 31,
"entity": "抗反流性输尿管膀胱再吻合术",
"start_idx": 19,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 42,
"entity": "输尿管膨出",
"start_idx": 38,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 50,
"entity": "后侧薄弱的膀胱壁",
"start_idx": 43,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 50,
"entity": "膀胱壁",
"start_idx": 48,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
反之，若过多地供给水分，超出心肾功能的代偿能力时，则也会引起水中毒，导致水肿、水和电解质紊乱、抽搐和循环衰竭。 | [
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "心肾功能",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 32,
"entity": "水中毒",
"start_idx": 30,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 37,
"entity": "水肿",
"start_idx": 36,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 45,
"entity": "水和电解质紊乱",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 48,
"entity": "抽搐",
"start_idx": 47,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 53,
"entity": "循环衰竭",
"start_idx": 50,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
呼气时心率变慢，吸气时心率变快。 | [
{
"end_idx": 6,
"entity": "呼气时心率变慢",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "心率",
"start_idx": 3,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 14,
"entity": "吸气时心率变快",
"start_idx": 8,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "心率",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "ite"
}
] |
偶尔心率可很慢，并出现交界性逸搏。 | [
{
"end_idx": 6,
"entity": "偶尔心率可很慢",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "心率",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "交界性逸搏",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
窦性心律不齐在早产儿常见，特别是心动过缓伴周期性呼吸暂停时。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "窦性心律不齐",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "早产儿",
"start_idx": 7,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 27,
"entity": "心动过缓伴周期性呼吸暂停",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
窦性心动过缓是由于窦房结冲动发放缓慢。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "窦性心动过缓",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "窦房结",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "窦房结冲动发放缓慢",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
一般情况，1岁以内心率在100次/分以下，1～6岁在80次/分以下，6岁以上在60次/分以下可诊断为窦性心动过缓。 | [
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "心率",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 55,
"entity": "窦性心动过缓",
"start_idx": 50,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
诊断依靠肺活组织检查。 | [
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "肺活组织检查",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
典型X线胸片改变为弥漫性羽毛状浸润，从肺门弥散到肺周缘。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "X线胸片",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "X线胸片改变为弥漫性羽毛状浸润",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "从肺门弥散到肺周缘",
"start_idx": 18,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "肺门",
"start_idx": 19,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "肺周缘",
"start_idx": 24,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
亦有报道血清抗GM-CSF抗体测定具有很高的敏感度和特异度。 | [
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "血清抗GM-CSF抗体测定",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "ite"
}
] |
先天性PAP无特效治疗方法。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "先天性PAP",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
如异物较大，阻塞喉腔，可迅速窒息死亡。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "异物较大",
"start_idx": 1,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "阻塞喉腔",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "喉腔",
"start_idx": 8,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "迅速窒息",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "窒息",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
较小尖锐异物，嵌顿于喉部者，出现喉鸣、吸气性呼吸困难、声音嘶哑、疼痛、咯血等。 | [
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "较小尖锐异物，嵌顿于喉部",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "喉部",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "喉鸣",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "吸气性呼吸困难",
"start_idx": 19,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 30,
"entity": "声音嘶哑",
"start_idx": 27,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 33,
"entity": "疼痛",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 36,
"entity": "咯血",
"start_idx": 35,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 36,
"entity": "血",
"start_idx": 36,
"type": "bod"
}
] |
如异物阻塞程度较轻，可仅表现喘鸣；不完全阻塞形成活瓣时造成肺气肿；完全阻塞则造成肺不张。 | [
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "异物阻塞程度较轻",
"start_idx": 1,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "喘鸣",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "不完全阻塞形成活瓣",
"start_idx": 17,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 31,
"entity": "肺气肿",
"start_idx": 29,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 36,
"entity": "完全阻塞",
"start_idx": 33,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 42,
"entity": "肺不张",
"start_idx": 40,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
此外，如长时间植物（如花生）异物停留，可由于化学刺激而发生植物性支气管炎，后者以咳嗽、败血性发热、呼吸困难为特征。 | [
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "异物停留",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 35,
"entity": "植物性支气管炎",
"start_idx": 29,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 41,
"entity": "咳嗽",
"start_idx": 40,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 47,
"entity": "败血性发热",
"start_idx": 43,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 52,
"entity": "呼吸困难",
"start_idx": 49,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
亦可发生慢性化脓性病变。 | [
{
"end_idx": 10,
"entity": "慢性化脓性病变",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
根据异物吸入史、典型症状、体征，结合胸部X线检查，一般诊断不难。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "异物吸入",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 23,
"entity": "胸部X线检查",
"start_idx": 18,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
必要时做支气管镜检查，以确定诊断。 | [
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "支气管镜检查",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
继发感染者选用适当抗生素。 | [
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "继发感染",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "抗生素",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "dru"
}
] |
少数情况下，如植物性异物停留时间过长，可能需要肺叶切除。 | [
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "植物性异物停留时间过长",
"start_idx": 7,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "肺叶切除",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
一般皮肤与70℃热物接触1秒钟即发生水泡，而新生儿却常因50℃的热水袋烫伤。 | [
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "皮肤",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 19,
"entity": "皮肤与70℃热物接触1秒钟即发生水泡",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 36,
"entity": "烫伤",
"start_idx": 35,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
处理时应注意保护创面，保持呼吸道通畅，并迅速建立静脉输液通道，使用镇静和止痛药物。 | [
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "保护创面",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "保持呼吸道通畅",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 29,
"entity": "建立静脉输液通道",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 39,
"entity": "镇静和止痛药物",
"start_idx": 33,
"type": "dru"
}
] |
脑脓肿在任何年龄均可发病，以青壮年最常见。 | [
{
"end_idx": 2,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
新生儿革兰阴性菌和B组溶血性链球菌脑膜炎伴发脑脓肿较多见，婴幼儿脑脓肿相对少见。 | [
{
"end_idx": 19,
"entity": "新生儿革兰阴性菌和B组溶血性链球菌脑膜炎",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 24,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "婴幼儿脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 29,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
在某些高危群体发病率明显增加，如先天性心脏病、免疫缺陷或邻近感染者。 | [
{
"end_idx": 21,
"entity": "先天性心脏病",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "免疫缺陷",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 31,
"entity": "邻近感染",
"start_idx": 28,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
引起脑脓肿的最常见的细菌是链球菌、葡萄球菌、肠道细菌和厌氧菌。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 11,
"entity": "细菌",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "链球菌",
"start_idx": 13,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "葡萄球菌",
"start_idx": 17,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "肠道细菌",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 29,
"entity": "厌氧菌",
"start_idx": 27,
"type": "mic"
}
] |
在慢性中耳炎或粒细胞缺乏症的患者，绿脓杆菌感染的发病率增加。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "慢性中耳炎",
"start_idx": 1,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "粒细胞缺乏症",
"start_idx": 7,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 22,
"entity": "绿脓杆菌感染",
"start_idx": 17,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
在先天性或获得性中性粒细胞缺陷、骨髓移植术后或HIV感染的患者，脑脓肿的发生率明显增加，大多数由真菌引起。 | [
{
"end_idx": 14,
"entity": "先天性或获得性中性粒细胞缺陷",
"start_idx": 1,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "骨髓移植术",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 27,
"entity": "HIV感染",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 49,
"entity": "真菌",
"start_idx": 48,
"type": "mic"
}
] |
常见的真菌是念珠菌和曲霉菌；隐球菌通常引起脑膜炎，但也可引起脑脓肿。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "真菌",
"start_idx": 3,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "念珠菌",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "曲霉菌",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "隐球菌",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 23,
"entity": "脑膜炎",
"start_idx": 21,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 32,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 30,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
芽生菌、组织脑浆菌和球孢子菌等也偶可引起脑脓肿。 | [
{
"end_idx": 2,
"entity": "芽生菌",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "组织脑浆菌",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "球孢子菌",
"start_idx": 10,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 22,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 20,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
其他可引起脑脓肿的致病微生物包括溶组织阿米巴、棘阿米巴、血吸虫、并殖吸虫和弓形体。 | [
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 5,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "致病微生物",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 21,
"entity": "溶组织阿米巴",
"start_idx": 16,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "棘阿米巴",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 30,
"entity": "血吸虫",
"start_idx": 28,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 35,
"entity": "并殖吸虫",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 39,
"entity": "弓形体",
"start_idx": 37,
"type": "mic"
}
] |
各种蠕虫蚴体，如粪性圆线虫、旋毛虫以及豚囊虫等也偶可移行至中枢神经系统引起脑脓肿。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "蠕虫蚴体",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 12,
"entity": "粪性圆线虫",
"start_idx": 8,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "旋毛虫",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "mic"
},
{
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"entity": "豚囊虫",
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"type": "mic"
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{
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"entity": "中枢神经系统",
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"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 39,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 37,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
额叶脑脓肿常见病原是微需氧葡萄球菌、厌氧菌和肠杆菌。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "额叶脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
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{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "病原",
"start_idx": 7,
"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "微需氧葡萄球菌",
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{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "厌氧菌",
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"type": "mic"
},
{
"end_idx": 24,
"entity": "肠杆菌",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "mic"
}
] |
脑脓肿的发生过程大致可分三期：①急性脑炎期：感染波及脑部引起局灶性化脓性脑炎，局部脑组织出现水肿、坏死或软化灶；②化脓期：炎性坏死和软化灶逐渐扩大、融合，形成较大的脓肿，脓腔外周形成不规则肉芽组织，伴大量中性粒细胞浸润，脓肿周围脑组织重度水肿；③包膜形成期：病变逐渐局限形成包膜，一般在病程1～2周即可初步形成，3～8周形成较完整。 | [
{
"end_idx": 2,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 19,
"entity": "急性脑炎",
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"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 27,
"entity": "感染波及脑部",
"start_idx": 22,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 27,
"entity": "脑部",
"start_idx": 26,
"type": "bod"
},
{
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"entity": "局灶性化脓性脑炎",
"start_idx": 30,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "局部脑组织",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 54,
"entity": "局部脑组织出现水肿、坏死或软化灶",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 59,
"entity": "化脓期",
"start_idx": 57,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 64,
"entity": "炎性坏死",
"start_idx": 61,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 75,
"entity": "软化灶逐渐扩大、融合",
"start_idx": 66,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 83,
"entity": "形成较大的脓肿",
"start_idx": 77,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 97,
"entity": "脓腔外周形成不规则肉芽组织",
"start_idx": 85,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 88,
"entity": "脓腔外周",
"start_idx": 85,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 108,
"entity": "伴大量中性粒细胞浸润",
"start_idx": 99,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 106,
"entity": "中性粒细胞",
"start_idx": 102,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 120,
"entity": "脓肿周围脑组织重度水肿",
"start_idx": 110,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 116,
"entity": "脓肿周围脑组织",
"start_idx": 110,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 127,
"entity": "包膜形成期",
"start_idx": 123,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 138,
"entity": "病变逐渐局限形成包膜",
"start_idx": 129,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
脑脓肿如破入脑室则形成化脓性脑室炎，引起病情突然恶化，高热、昏迷，甚至死亡。 | [
{
"end_idx": 2,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "破入脑室",
"start_idx": 4,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 7,
"entity": "脑室",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 16,
"entity": "化脓性脑室炎",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "病情突然恶化",
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},
{
"end_idx": 28,
"entity": "高热",
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"type": "sym"
},
{
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"entity": "昏迷",
"start_idx": 30,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
脑脓肿的临床表现主要包括感染中毒表现、颅内压增高症候和局灶体征。 | [
{
"end_idx": 2,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "感染中毒",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "dis"
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{
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"entity": "颅内压增高症候",
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{
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"entity": "颅内压增高",
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"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 30,
"entity": "局灶体征",
"start_idx": 27,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
在急性脑炎期主要表现为感染中毒症状，常见高热、头痛、呕吐、烦躁、易激惹和惊厥发作。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "急性脑炎期",
"start_idx": 1,
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},
{
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"entity": "感染中毒症状",
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},
{
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"entity": "高热",
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{
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},
{
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"entity": "头",
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"type": "bod"
},
{
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"entity": "呕吐",
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},
{
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"entity": "烦躁",
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},
{
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"entity": "易激惹",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 37,
"entity": "惊厥",
"start_idx": 36,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
如并发脑膜炎则症状尤著，并有典型脑膜刺激征。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "脑膜炎",
"start_idx": 3,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "典型脑膜刺激征",
"start_idx": 14,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
化脓期和包膜形成期主要表现为颅内压增高症候或局灶体征，体温正常或有低热。 | [
{
"end_idx": 2,
"entity": "化脓期",
"start_idx": 0,
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},
{
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"entity": "包膜形成期",
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{
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{
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"entity": "颅内压增高",
"start_idx": 14,
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{
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"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 34,
"entity": "低热",
"start_idx": 33,
"type": "sym"
}
] |
常见剧烈或持续性头痛、喷射性呕吐、意识障碍、血压升高、心率增快、视乳头水肿、头围增大或前囟膨隆以及局灶性惊厥发作等。 | [
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "剧烈或持续性头痛",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 8,
"entity": "头",
"start_idx": 8,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "喷射性呕吐",
"start_idx": 11,
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},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "意识障碍",
"start_idx": 17,
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{
"end_idx": 25,
"entity": "血压升高",
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{
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"entity": "血压",
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{
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"entity": "心率增快",
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{
"end_idx": 28,
"entity": "心率",
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},
{
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"entity": "视乳头水肿",
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},
{
"end_idx": 41,
"entity": "头围增大",
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},
{
"end_idx": 38,
"entity": "头",
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"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 46,
"entity": "前囟膨隆",
"start_idx": 43,
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},
{
"end_idx": 44,
"entity": "前囟",
"start_idx": 43,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 55,
"entity": "局灶性惊厥发作",
"start_idx": 49,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 53,
"entity": "局灶性惊厥",
"start_idx": 49,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
额叶脓肿常见情感异常、淡漠或性格改变、失语；额顶叶脓肿可有对侧偏瘫或感觉障碍，局灶性惊厥发作常见；小脑脓肿可见共济失调、眼球震颤、眩晕以及肌张力低下等。 | [
{
"end_idx": 3,
"entity": "额叶脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 9,
"entity": "情感异常",
"start_idx": 6,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "淡漠或性格改变",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "失语",
"start_idx": 19,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 26,
"entity": "额顶叶脓肿",
"start_idx": 22,
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},
{
"end_idx": 32,
"entity": "对侧偏瘫",
"start_idx": 29,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 37,
"entity": "感觉障碍",
"start_idx": 34,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 45,
"entity": "局灶性惊厥发作",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 43,
"entity": "局灶性惊厥",
"start_idx": 39,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 52,
"entity": "小脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 49,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 58,
"entity": "共济失调",
"start_idx": 55,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 61,
"entity": "眼球",
"start_idx": 60,
"type": "bod"
},
{
"end_idx": 63,
"entity": "眼球震颤",
"start_idx": 60,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 66,
"entity": "眩晕",
"start_idx": 65,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 73,
"entity": "肌张力低下",
"start_idx": 69,
"type": "sym"
},
{
"end_idx": 71,
"entity": "肌张力",
"start_idx": 69,
"type": "ite"
}
] |
C反应蛋白对于鉴别颅内化脓性疾病（如脑脓肿）和非感染性疾病（如肿瘤）有一定的价值。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "C反应蛋白",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "ite"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "颅内化脓性疾病",
"start_idx": 9,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 20,
"entity": "脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 18,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 28,
"entity": "非感染性疾病",
"start_idx": 23,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 32,
"entity": "肿瘤",
"start_idx": 31,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
因此MRI被认为是鉴别颅内化脓性感染的首选诊断性检查。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "MRI",
"start_idx": 2,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 17,
"entity": "颅内化脓性感染",
"start_idx": 11,
"type": "dis"
}
] |
此外，MRI对随诊治疗效果也能提供帮助，获得脑脓肿治疗是否有效的CT信息需1年时间，而MRI的变化在2个月内即可确定。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "MRI",
"start_idx": 3,
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{
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"entity": "脑脓肿",
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{
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"entity": "CT",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 45,
"entity": "MRI",
"start_idx": 43,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
隐源性脑脓肿由于缺少上述外周感染史，临床诊断较为困难，确诊仍依赖神经影像学检查。 | [
{
"end_idx": 5,
"entity": "隐源性脑脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 15,
"entity": "外周感染",
"start_idx": 12,
"type": "dis"
},
{
"end_idx": 38,
"entity": "神经影像学检查",
"start_idx": 32,
"type": "pro"
}
] |
脑内小脓肿多表现为局灶性癫痫发作，因此对于原因不明的局灶性癫痫患儿，应常规进行增强CT扫描，有条件者行MRI检查，以排除脑内小脓肿的可能性。 | [
{
"end_idx": 4,
"entity": "脑内小脓肿",
"start_idx": 0,
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},
{
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"entity": "局灶性癫痫发作",
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},
{
"end_idx": 13,
"entity": "局灶性癫痫",
"start_idx": 9,
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{
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"entity": "局灶性癫痫",
"start_idx": 26,
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},
{
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"entity": "CT扫描",
"start_idx": 41,
"type": "pro"
},
{
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"entity": "MRI检查",
"start_idx": 51,
"type": "pro"
},
{
"end_idx": 64,
"entity": "脑内小脓肿",
"start_idx": 60,
"type": "dis"
}
] |