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Year **288 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tremulus and Arvina** (or, less frequently, **year 466 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 288 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor. Ptolemy's fleet appears off Greece, inciting the cities to revolt. * Athens revolts and Demetrius besieges the city. Pyrrhus takes Thessaly and the western half of Macedonia and, with the assistance of Ptolemy's fleet, relieves Athens from Demetrius' siege. * After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. Egypt's maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades is based on this alliance. #### Sicily * Following the death of Agathocles, some of his disbanded mercenaries seize Messana in northeast Sicily and set up a society, calling themselves Mamertines (Sons of Mars). The city becomes a base from which they will ravage the Sicilian countryside. #### Sri Lanka * The Sri Maha Bodhi Sacred Fig tree is planted at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. This is the earliest known planting date for any planted tree still surviving. #### China * King Zhao of Qin and King Min of Qi take the title "Di", (帝 literally emperor), of the west and east respectively. They swear a covenant and begin planning an attack on the State of Zhao. * Qi conquers the State of Song. Births ------ * Archimedes was born in 288 BC in Syracuse, Italy. Deaths ------ *

288 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/288_BC

Year **295** (**CCXCV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the **295th Year** of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 295th year of the 1st millennium, the 95th year and last 6 years of the 3rd century, and the 6th year of the 290s decade. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tuscus and Anullinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1048 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 295 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian defeats the Carpi. * Caesar Galerius completes a series of two campaigns in Upper Egypt, against the rebel cities of Coptos and Boresis, as well as the Blemmyes and Meroitic Nubians. * The jurist Hermogenianus, at the court of Diocletian, produces the Hermogenian Code. This new codification of Roman law complements the Gregorian Code of c. 292. * Diocletian, perhaps through Galerius, issues an edict against incest. #### China * Tuoba Luguan divides the territory of the Tuoba clan into three areas. His nephews Tuoba Yilu and Tuoba Yituo become chieftains of the western and central areas of (Shanxi province). Tuoba Luguan dominates the eastern area (near Hohhot). ### By topic #### Religion * Petra rejoins the province of Palestine, and is converted to Christianity by the Syrian monk Barsauma. Births ------ * Shi Hu, Chinese emperor of Later Zhao (d. 349) Deaths ------ * Maximilian of Tebessa, Berber Christian saint and martyr

295

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/295

Year **297 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rullianus and Mus** (or, less frequently, **year 457 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 297 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Third Samnite War: * The consul Publius Decius Mus intercepts and defeats a force of Apulians near Maleventum, who were intending to reinforce the main Samnite army. * The consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeats an attempted ambush by the Samnite army in the Battle of Tifernum, killing 3400, capturing 830 and causing the army to flee. He then invades Samnium and storms the town of Cimetra. #### Bithynia * Zipoetes I assumes the title of *basileus* (king) in Bithynia. #### Greece * Following Cassander's death from illness, Philip IV, Cassander's eldest son, succeeds his father as King of Macedon, but soon after coming to the throne suffers from a wasting disease and dies. Antipater, the next son, rules jointly with his brother Alexander V. * Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece with the aim of becoming master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor. * Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus (who is a son of Cleopatra of Macedonia and a nephew of Alexander the Great), but soon he has him assassinated. #### India * Chandragupta Maurya goes to Sravana Belagola near Mysore to live in the way of Jains. * Bindusara his son ascends to the Pataliputra throne. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * King Cassander of Macedon, one of the diadochoi ("successors"), the Macedonian generals who have fought over the empire of Alexander the Great after his death (b. c. 358 BC) * Chandragupta Maurya, Emperor of the Maurya Empire in India, r. 322–297 BC (approximate date)

297 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/297_BC

Year **291 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Megellus and Brutus** (or, less frequently, **year 463 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 291 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Demetrius Poliorcetes joins his son, Antigonus, in the siege of Thebes. As the Thebans defend their city stubbornly, Demetrius forces his men to attack the city at great cost. Demetrius finally takes the city after using siege engines to demolish its walls. #### Roman Republic * Third Samnite War: * The proconsul Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges and legate Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus besiege the Samnite town of Cominium Ocritum, but the consul Lucius Postumius Megellus orders Fabius Gurges to relinquish his command and evacuate Samnium, despite the fact that the Senate had appointed Fabius proconsul to campaign against the Samnites. * Fabius Gurges celebrates a triumph, at which the Samnite general Gavius Pontius is beheaded. * Postumius captures Cominium Ocritum, the major city of Venusia and other towns, killing 10,000 and capturing 6200. At the proposal of Postumius, the Senate sends 20,000 colonists to occupy Venusia, the largest Roman colony to date. However, angered by the various crimes of Postumius, the Senate does not choose him as one of the leaders of the colony and denies him a triumph. * Postumius celebrates a triumph on his own authority and dismisses his army before the consuls for the following year can take over. #### China * Generals Sima Cuo and Bai Qi of the State of Qin attack the State of Wei and capture the city of Yuan. Next, Sima Cuo captures the cities of Zhi and Deng. * Bai Qi then captures the city of Wan in the state of Chu. Births ------ * Lü Buwei, Chinese politician and chancellor of the Qin State (d. 235 BC) Deaths ------ * Menander, Athenian dramatist, considered to be a master of Greek New Comedy (b. c. 342 BC) * Dinarchus, Athenian speech writer whose work is generally thought to reflect the gradual decline of Attic oratory (b. c. 361 BC) * Gavius Pontius, Samnite general * Emperor Kōan of Japan, according to legend.

291 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/291_BC

Year **292 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gurges and Scaeva** (or, less frequently, **year 462 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 292 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Lysimachus tries to extend his influence beyond the Danube River, but he is defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae (Dacian) king Dromichaetes (Dromihete). Eventually, Lysimachus is set free and a peace is agreed between the Getae and Lysimachus. This peace agreement is strengthened further by the marriage of Dromichaetes with Lysimachus' daughter. * While Demetrius Poliorcetes is campaigning in Boeotia, he receives news that Lysimachus, the ruler of Thrace, has been taken prisoner by Dromichaetes. Hoping to seize Lysimachus's territories in Thrace, Demetrius, delegates command of his forces in Boeotia to his son, Antigonus and immediately marches north. However, while he is away, the Boeotians rise in rebellion, but are defeated by Antigonus, who bottles them up in the city of Thebes and puts them under siege. #### Roman Republic * Third Samnite War: * The Samnites reappoint Gavius Pontius, the victor of the Battle of Caudine Forks, as general, and in Campania he defeats the consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges. However, Fabius is joined by his father, Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus, as legate and de facto general, and they defeat Pontius in battle and capture the general and his camp. They then capture several towns of the Pentri, a prominent tribe of the Samnites. * The Falisci renew their efforts against Rome. However, the consul Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva, assisted by former consul Spurius Carvilius Maximus, defeats them in an engagement and ravages their territory and those of the Etruscans. The Falisci and Etruscans again sue for peace, and this ends the Etruscan theatre of the Third Samnite War. #### China * General Bai Qi of the State of Qin defeats the State of Wei in a major battle and captures cities in Wei. Wei cedes control of 61 towns and cities. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

292 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/292_BC

Year **297** (**CCXCVII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Valerius and Valerius** (or, less frequently, **year 1050 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 297 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian introduces an empire-wide taxation system based on census and indiction. * Diocletian watches over the Syrian provinces while Caesar Galerius makes preparations for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruits veterans from Illyria and Moesia, recruits new soldiers, and strengthens his army with Gothic mercenaries and the Armenian units of Tiridates III. * August: Domitius Domitianus launches a usurpation against Diocletian in Egypt. He is perhaps aided by popular discontent with Diocletian's taxation reform. * Autumn: Diocletian besieges the rebels in Alexandria. * December: Domitianus dies, but his *corrector* Aurelius Achilleus takes over as the leader of the rebellion. * Battle of Satala: Galerius launches a surprise attack against Narseh's camp in western Armenia. The Romans sack the camp and capture Narseh's wives, sisters and daughters, including his Queen of Queens Arsane. Narseh is wounded and escapes to his empire. Births ------ * Murong Huang, ruler of the Former Yan (d. 348) * Yu Wenjun, empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 328) Deaths ------ * Chen Shou, author of the San Guo Zhi (b. 233) * Tirumalisai Alvar, one of the 12 Alvar saints. (b. 4203 BCE) * Zhou Chu, Jin dynasty general, son of Zhou Fang (b. 236)

297

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/297

Year **295 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. It was known in the Roman Republic as the **Year of the Consulship of Rullianus and Mus** (or, less frequently, **year 459 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 295 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Third Samnite War: * The Semnones defeat the propraetor Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus in Umbria in the Battle of Camerinum. * The proconsul Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens defeats a Samnite army at Mt Tifernus and invades Samnium. * The consuls Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus and Publius Decius Mus march to Sentinum in Umbria. Facing a coalition army of Samnites, Semnones, Etruscans and Umbrians, they order the propraetors Gnaeus Fulvius Maximus Centumalus and Lucius Postumius Megellus, who were initially tasked with defending Rome, to raid Etruria as far as Clusium. This provokes the Etruscans to march to their homeland's defence, taking the Umbrians with them. In the subsequent Battle of Sentinum against the Samnites and Semnones, Decius is killed in an act of Devotio, and Fabius wins the battle. Gellius Egnatius, the mastermind behind the coalition, is cut down in the fighting, along with 25,000 Samnites and Semnones killed and 8000 captured. * A force of Samnite fugitives are defeated by the Paeligni. * Fulvius defeats a united force of Etruscans from Clusium and Perusia, and Fabius marches into Etruria and inflicts a further defeat on the Perusians. * Volumnius and the praetor Appius Claudius Caecus (who is given command over Decius' army) defeat a Samnite army in the Stellate Plains, killing 16,300 and capturing 2700. * August 19 – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges. #### Greece * Athens falls to Demetrius Poliorcetes after a bitter siege, and its tyrant Lachares is killed. * The king of Macedon, Antipater II, murders his mother Thessalonike, accusing her of being too fond of his brother and co-ruler Alexander V. Births ------ * Apollonius of Rhodes, Greek poet and librarian (approximate date) * Ptolemy, son of Pyrrhus of Epirus (d. 272 BC) Deaths ------ * Gellius Egnatius, Roman military leader of the Samnites * Publius Decius Mus, Roman consul (killed in the Battle of Sentinum) * Thessalonike of Macedon, daughter of king Philip II of Macedon and wife of Cassander (b. 352 BC) * Wuling of Zhao, Chinese king of Zhao (b. 340 BC) * Zhuang Zhou, Chinese philosopher (approximate date)

295 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/295_BC

Year **221** (**CCXXI**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gratus and Vitellius** (or, less frequently, **year 974 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 221 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * June 26 – Emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir, and receives the title of Caesar. * July – Elagabalus is forced to divorce Aquilia Severa, and marries his third wife Annia Faustina. After five months he returns to Severa, and claims that the original divorce is invalid. The marriage is symbolic, because Elagabalus appears to be homosexual or bisexual. According to the historian Cassius Dio, he has a stable relationship with his chariot driver, the slave Hierocles. #### Asia * May 15 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and descendant of the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, proclaims himself emperor in Chengdu, Sichuan, and establishes the state of Shu Han. Births ------ * Liu Ling, Chinese poet and scholar (d. 300) * Yang Hu, Chinese general and politician (d. 278) Deaths ------ * August 4 – Lady Zhen, Chinese noblewoman (b. 183) * Dong He (or **Youzai**), Chinese official and politician * Mi Zhu, Chinese general and politician (b. 165) * Yu Jin, Chinese general serving under Cao Cao * Zhang Fei, Chinese general and politician

221

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221

Year **225 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Papus and Regulus** (or, less frequently, **year 529 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 225 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * A coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes (Taurini, Taurisces, Insubres, Lingones, Salasses, Agones, and Boii), reinforced by large numbers of Transalpine adventurers called Gaesatae (Gaesati), invade Italy. Avoiding the Romans at Ariminum, the Gauls cross the Apennines into Etruria and plunder the country. * To meet this invasion, the Romans call on the Insubres' enemies, the Adriatic Veneti, the Patavini, and the Cenomani, who rapidly mobilise defensive forces. These armies are placed under the command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus. After the Battle of Faesulae (near Montepulciano) between the Gauls and a Roman army in which the Romans lose many men, the combined Roman forces succeed in outmaneuvering the Gauls and force the invaders towards the coast of Tuscany. #### Seleucid Empire * Seleucus III Ceraunus succeeds his father Seleucus II Callinicus as ruler of the Seleucid dynasty, and takes up the task of reconquering Pergamum in Anatolia from Attalus. However, Andromachus, the first general whom he sends, is decisively defeated and captured by Attalus. #### China * The state of Qin, its armies led by Wang Ben, conquers the state of Wei. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Seleucus II Callinicus, king of the Seleucid Empire (246-225 BC)

225 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/225_BC

Year **203** (**CCIII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Plautianus and Geta** (or, less frequently, **year 956 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 203 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilds Byzantium, and expands the southern frontier of Africa, with the metropolis Carthage re-fortified. * Gaius Fulvius Plautianus and Publius Septimius Geta become Roman Consuls. * An arch dedicated to Septimius Severus is erected near the Forum. * The Portico of Octavia is reconstructed. #### India * Prince Vijaya becomes king of the Andhra Empire. During his reign, the empire is broken apart into smaller independent principalities. #### China * Battle of Xiakou: Warlord Sun Quan battles his rival Huang Zu along the Yangtze River near Wuhan. ### By topic #### Religion * Origen of Alexandria replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria. Births ------ * Zhuge Ke, Chinese general and politician (d. 253) Deaths ------ * Eulpaso, Korean official and Prime-Minister * Ling Cao, Chinese general under Sun Ce * Perpetua and Felicity, Christian martyrs * Sun Yi, Chinese general and politician (b. 184) * Wu Jing, Chinese general under Sun Ce

203

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203

Year **202 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Nero** (or, less frequently, **year 552 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 202 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Carthage * Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Great Plains, Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob. * October 19 – The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and force Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit. #### Roman Republic * Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the cognomen "Africanus" in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage. #### Egypt * The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian. * Agathocles rule provokes Tlepolemus, the governor of Pelusium (Egypt's eastern frontier city), into action. Tlepolemus marches on Alexandria, where his supporters rouse a mob, compelling Agathocles to resign. * The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed. As a result, the mob searches out and butchers Agathocles and his family. Tlepolemus takes Agathocles' place as regent. However, he soon proves to be incompetent and is removed. * During this period of confusion and change amongst Egypt’s leadership, armies under the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, make serious inroads into the Egyptian territories in Coele-Syria. #### China * Liu Bang and Han Xin defeat the remaining loyalists of Xiang Yu. * 28 February: Liu Bang declares himself Supreme Emperor of China, officially beginning the Han dynasty. * Liu Bang appoints Han Xin the king of Chu, but he deposes him later in the year after accusing him of disloyalty. * The construction of the new Chinese capital Chang'an begins. * Liu Bang gives the area of today's Fujian province to Wuzhu as his kingdom. Wuzhu starts the construction of his own capital Ye (Fuzhou). * The construction of Changsha begins. * The armies of Han, led by Fan Kuai, suppress a rebellion by the State of Yan, defeating its king Zang Tu. Deaths ------ * Hasdrubal Gisco, Carthaginian general who has fought against Rome in Iberia and North Africa during the Second Punic War, customarily identified as the son of Gisco (suicide) * Xiang Yu, rebel leader against the Qin dynasty and nemesis of Liu Bang in the Chu–Han Contention (b. 232 BC)

202 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202_BC

Year **231 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Matho and Maso** (or, less frequently, **year 523 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 231 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Demetrius II, king of Macedonia, seeks military help from Agron, king of Illyria, a loosely organized state on the Adriatic coast north of Epirus, against the advancing Aetolians. The Illyrian army routs the Aetolians and returns home as the victor. #### Roman Republic * The Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there. Births ------ * Hieronymus, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 214 BC) * Han Xin, prominent Chinese general of the early Han Dynasty is born. Deaths ------ * Agron, king of the Ardiaean Kingdom (Western Balkans)

231 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/231_BC

Year **205** (**CCV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Geta** (or, less frequently, **year 958 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 205 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman Consuls. * Hadrian's Wall is restored, after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Britain. * January 22 – Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, a praetorian prefect and father-in-law of Caracalla, is assassinated. * Aemilius Papinianus becomes praetorian prefect, after the death of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. #### China * Battle of Nanpi: Warlord Cao Cao defeats and kills Yuan Tan, the eldest son of his rival Yuan Shao. Births ------ * Cao Rui, Chinese emperor of Cao Wei (d. 239) * Gu Tan, Chinese official and politician (d. 246) * Plotinus, Greek philosopher and writer (d. 270) * Shan Tao, Chinese Taoist scholar and official (d. 283) * Sima Wang, Chinese prince and general (d. 271) * Zhang Xiu (or **Shusi**), Chinese general (d. 245) Deaths ------ * January 22 – Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, Roman consul * Guo Tu (or **Gongze**), Chinese official and politician * Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, Roman consul * Popilius Pedo Apronianus, Roman politician * Yuan Tan, Chinese general and warlord

205

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/205

Year **206 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Philo and Metellus** (or, less frequently, **year 548 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 206 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * In the Battle of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, near Seville) in Spain, the Carthaginian generals, Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, are defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mago retreats to Gades (modern Cádiz) and then sails for the Balearic Islands. * The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province. * The city of Italica (northwest of modern Seville, Spain) is founded by Scipio as a place to settle for the Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa. * After having successfully driven the Carthaginians out of Spain, Scipio returns in triumph to Rome and is elected consul. He then prepares to carry the war into Carthage's territory in North Africa. #### Carthage * Hasdrubal Gisco retreats to the coast and then crosses to North Africa, where he gives his daughter in marriage to Syphax, king of the Numidian Masaesyli tribe, to formalize their military alliance. * After being an ally of Carthage and fighting with them, Numidian chieftain, Masinissa switches sides when the Carthaginians are driven from Spain and offers to assist Rome. Syphax expels his rival Masinissa and claims himself to be King of Numidia. The Romans support Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, the pro-Carthaginian ruler of the Masaesyli tribe. #### Persia * Arsaces II, king of the Parthians, loses territory in battles with Euthydemus I, ruler of Bactria. * Antiochus III marches across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley and renews his friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenus. #### Greece * The war between Macedonia and Rome drags on with no decisive advantage on either side. Rome's interest lies not in conquest, but in keeping Macedon, the Greek city-states and Greek political leagues continually divided and non-threatening. * Philip V of Macedon is able to take advantage of Roman inactivity. After sacking Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia, Philip is able to force the Aetolians to accept a peace treaty based on his terms. #### China * A period of civil war known as the Chu-Han contention begins. * Xiang Yu divides China in a power-sharing arrangement known as the Eighteen Kingdoms, with himself the de facto supreme ruler as Hegemon-King of Western Chu. * Xiang Yu appoints Huai II of Chu as Emperor Yi of China, but he has him assassinated later in the year. * Liu Bang, as the newly appointed king of Hanzhong, and his new General-in-Chief Han Xin, invade Guanzhong, defeat the king of Yong, Zhang Han, and conquer the lands of the Three Qins, thus beginning hostilities with Xiang Yu. * Liu Bang makes Yueyang his capital and begins to expand his realm into the Central Plain. * Xiang Yu campaigns against a rebellion in Qi. * The Jian and Dao swords are created during this time (approximate date). Deaths ------ * Chrysippus, Greek Stoic philosopher (approximate date) * Han Cheng, Chinese ruler of the Eighteen Kingdoms * Han Guang, Chinese ruler of the Eighteen Kingdoms * Scerdilaidas, Illyrian king of the Ardiaean Kingdom * Yi (or **Huai II**), Chinese ruler of the Chu State * Ziying, Chinese ruler of the Qin Dynasty

206 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/206_BC

Year **303 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Aventinensis** (or, less frequently, **year 451 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 303 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * Seleucus I Nicator expands his kingdom throughout Persia as far east as India, but his advance is eventually halted by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya dynasty of India. In a pact concluded by the two leaders, Seleucus agrees to territorial concessions in exchange for 500 war-trained elephants . * Seleucus refounds the town of Orrhoa in northern Mesopotamia as a military colony and mixes Greek settlers with its eastern population. He names Edessa in memory of the ancient capital of Macedon. #### Greece * Cassander and Lysimachus persuade Seleucus and Ptolemy to join them in trying to destroy Antigonus. * Demetrius Poliorcetes invades the Peloponnese and occupies Corinth, Sicyon, and Argos in the Peloponnese, and Achaea, Elis and almost all of Arcadia join his side. #### Italy * The citizens of Tarentum seek the help of the Spartan general, Cleonymus. He is able to pacify the Lucanians with the agreement of the Romans. Births ------ * Xiaowen of Qin, 34th Ruler of Qin (d. 251 BC) Deaths ------

303 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/303_BC

Year **208** (**CCVIII**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Geta** (or, less frequently, **year 961 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 208 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * Spring – Battle of Jiangxia: Sun Quan defeats Huang Zu. * October + Warlord Cao Cao marches south with his army, and captures the enemy fleet at Jiangling. + Battle of Changban: Warlord Liu Bei escapes from Cao Cao. * December 10 – Cao Cao writes *Duǎn Ge Xíng*. * Winter – Zhou Yu and Liu Bei defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs; along with the Battle of Yamen and Battle of Lake Poyang. This is one of the largest naval battles in China's history. #### Parthia * King Vologases VI succeeds his father Vologases V to the throne. His brother Artabanus V begins a rebellion against him in the Parthian Empire. * Ardashir I, ruler of Istakhr (Persia), revolts against his brother and founds the Sassanid Dynasty. #### Roman Empire * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman Consuls. * Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) into Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall). * Britain is divided: in the north, Lower Britain (Britannia Inferior) is administered from the fortress at Eburacum (modern York), and in the south, Upper Britain (Britannia Superior) is controlled by the legions at Deva Victrix (Chester) and Isca Augusta (Caerleon) with its capital at Londinium (London). Births ------ * Cao Li, Chinese imperial prince (d. 229) * Diadumenian, Roman emperor (d. 218) * Sima Shi, Chinese general and regent (d. 255) * Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (d. 235) Deaths ------ * Cao Chong (or **Cangshu**), Chinese warlord (b. 196) * Huang Zu, Chinese general and administrator * Hua Tuo, Chinese physician and surgeon (b. 140) * Kong Rong, Chinese warlord and politician (b. 153) * Liu Biao, Chinese governor and warlord (b. 142) * Liu Fu, Chinese governor and politician * Vologases V, king of the Parthian Empire

208

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Year **209** (**CCIX**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Commodus and Lollianus** (or, less frequently, **year 962 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 209 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Emperor Septimius Severus. * Septimius Severus makes plans to subdue the land to the north of Scotland, ravaging it severely. Road-building and forest-clearing, the Roman army reaches Aber; Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare. #### India * Beginning of the reign of Chandra Shri Satakarni, ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (approximate date). Births ------ * Dongcheon, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 248) * Fu Jia, Chinese official and politician (d. 255) * Guan Lu, Chinese diviner and politician (d. 256) * Sun Deng (or **Zigao**), Chinese crown prince (d. 241) * Xiahou Xuan, Chinese general and politician (d. 254) Deaths ------ * Chen Deng, Chinese general and politician (b. 170) * Jin Xuan (or **Yuanji**), Chinese official and warlord * Li Tong, Chinese general and politician (b. 168) * Liu Qi, Chinese general, governor and politician * Xun Yue, Chinese scholar and official (b. 148)

209

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Year **308** (**CCCVIII**) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was known in the Roman Empire as the **Year of the Consulship of Diocletian and** (**Galerius**) **Maximianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1061 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 308 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Winter: Emperor Galerius wins his third and final victory over the Sarmatians. * April: In Rome, Emperor Maximian attempts to depose his son Maxentius, but the soldiers in Rome side with Maxentius and force Maximian to flee to the court of Constantine I. * The overthrow of Maximian prompts the soldiers of Roman Africa to prop up the vicarius of Africa, Domitius Alexander, as a usurper. * Constantine raids the territory of the Bructeri and builds a bridge across the Rhine at Cologne. * November 11 – The Conference of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, Galerius recalls Diocletian briefly from retirement, and they convene with Maximian. Diocletian persuades Maximian to return to retirement, and he and Galerius declare Maxentius a public enemy. Licinius is proclaimed Augustus of the west, while rival contender Constantine I is again declared Caesar. * Bereft of his father's support, Maxentius increasingly presents himself as the *Conservator Urbis Suae* (Preserver of His Own City). Construction of the Basilica of Maxentius (or **Basilica Nova**), the largest building in the Roman Forum, is begun. * Maxentius institutes toleration of the Christians in his territories. #### Asia * The Han Zhao Dynasty is established in northern China, marking the official inception of the long lasting Uprising of the Five Barbarians. ### By topic #### Religion * May 27 or June 26 – Pope Marcellus I succeeds Pope Marcellinus as the 30th pope. Births ------ * Xie Shang (or **Renzu**), Chinese general (d. 357) Deaths ------ * Adrian of Batanea (or **Eubulus**), Christian martyr

308

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/308

Year **241 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Atticus and Cerco** (or, less frequently, **year 513 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 241 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Eurypontid King of Sparta, Agis IV, is called away from Sparta when Aratus of Sicyon, temporarily Sparta's ally, requests Agis' aid in his war against the Aetolians. Upon his return, Agis finds that his supporters are discontented with the rule of his uncle, Agesilaus, and are disillusioned by the delay in implementing Agis IV's reforms. As a result, the Agiad king of Sparta, Leonidas II, gains power, supported by mercenaries. Rather than engage in a war with Leonidas, Agis takes sanctuary in a temple, but is enticed out, summarily tried and then executed, along with his mother and grandmother. * Archidamus V, son of the Spartan King, Eudamidas II, and grandson of Archidamus IV, flees to Messenia after the murder of his brother Agis IV. * As general of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon defeats the Aetolians at Pellene and then pursues a policy of establishing democracies in the Peloponnese. #### Roman Republic * March 10 – Battle of the Aegates: The Carthaginian fleet sent to relieve the Roman blockade of the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum is totally defeated near the Aegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led by Roman consul and commander Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protracted First Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage. * The Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca are forced to accept severe peace terms and agree to evacuate Sicily. As part of the treaty with Rome, Carthage agrees to abandon all its claims on Sicily, to refrain from sailing her warships in Italian waters and to pay an indemnity of 3,200 talents. However, the Carthaginian army is allowed to return home with its arms. Rome is now the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean basin. * The Falisci people of Falerii Veteres revolt against Rome, but is crushed in six days. Falerii Veteres is destroyed and the people resettled to the less defensible Falerii Novi. #### Carthage * A mercenary army of some 20,000 is transported from Sicily to Carthaginian territory, by Carthaginian commander, Gisco. On arrival in Carthaginian territory, the mercenaries submit a demand to Hanno the Great for payment of their contracts. Hanno attempts, unsuccessfully, to convince the mercenaries to accept smaller payments due to Carthage's impoverished post-war conditions. Negotiations break down. The mercenaries take up arms, march on Tunis, occupy it, and threaten Carthage directly. * Given their strong position, the mercenaries inflate their demands and demand payment for the non-mercenary Libyan conscripts in the army as well. Gesco is sent to negotiate with the mercenaries at Tunis. Negotiations break down, Gisco is captured, and the Mercenary War breaks out. #### Pergamum * Attalus I Soter succeeds his uncle, Eumenes I, to the throne of Pergamum. He defeats the Galatians at the Battle of the Caecus River. #### Egypt * Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia. #### China * Five of the seven major warring states: Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Han, form an alliance to fight the rising power of Qin. King Kaolie of Chu is named the leader of the alliance, and Lord Chunshen the military commander, with Pang Nuan of Zhao also serving as a general. The coalition penetrates as far as the Qin town of Zui, west of the strategic Hangu Pass and in the Qin heartland of Guanzhong, but they are defeated. Afterwards, Chu moves its capital east to Shouchun, farther away from the threat of Qin. Qin counterattacks, sacking the Wei city of Chaoge. Births ------ * Antiochus III the Great, younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus, the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire (d. 187 BC) Deaths ------ * Agis IV, Eurypontid King of Sparta who has failed in his attempt to reform Sparta's economic and political structure (b. c. 265 BC) * Agesistrata, Spartan Queen Consort * Arcesilaus, Greek philosopher, who has become the sixth head of the Greek Academy founded by Plato (b. c. 316 BC) * Eumenes I, ruler of Pergamum from 263 BC, liberator of the city from the overlordship of the Seleucids * Tiberius Coruncanius, Roman consul and military commander for the battles against Pyrrhus of Epirus

241 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/241_BC

The **300s** decade ran from January 1, 300, to December 31, 309. Events ------ ### 300 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian begins construction of a palace that will become the city of Split (approximate date). Diocletian, who plans on abdicating, intends to use this palace as his place of retirement. * Caesar Constantius I wins a victory over the Franks (approximate date). ###### Asia * The lion becomes extinct from Armenia (approximate date). * The Yayoi period ends in Ancient Japan (approximate date). * Wootz steel is developed in India (approximate date). * The *Kama Sutra*, an Indian handbook on the art of sexual love, is probably produced around this time by the sage Vatsyayana. * Micheon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. ###### Africa * The elephant becomes extinct in North Africa (approximate date). * The Atlas wild ass becomes extinct (approximate date). ###### Mesoamerica * The Formative/Preclassic period in Mesoamerica comes to an end (around this year). * The Mayan civilization reaches its most prolific period, the classic period, in what is now Guatemala, Belize and parts of southern Mexico adjacent to the former two. During most of this period, Tikal dominates the Mayan world. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * The magnetic compass for navigation is invented in China (approximate date). * The Panchatantra, a Sanskrit collection of fables and fairy tales, is written in India. * The Tetrarchs are probably made in Egypt. After 330 they are moved to Constantinople and in 1204 they are installed at the corner of the facade of the St Mark's Basilica, Venice (approximate date). * Diocletian's Palace, Split, Croatia, is built. Its model is nowadays kept at the Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome. ###### Religion * Peter of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. * Possible date of the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and Codex Sinaiticus, manuscripts of the Bible written in Greek. * Tiridates III makes his kingdom of Armenia the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion. * Approximate date of the Synod of Elvira in Elvira, Spain, which prohibits interaction with Jews, pagans, and heretics. ### 301 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Caesar Galerius begins a major war against the Carpi and Bastarnae and wins the first of several victories. * September: Emperor Diocletian issues a reform that revalues the Roman currency. * November: Diocletian issues his Edict on Maximum Prices, which, rather than halting rampant inflation, causes widespread panic and an increase in inflation. The measure is quickly abandoned. ###### Armenia * King Tiridates III (**the Great**) proclaims Christianity as the official state religion, making Armenia the first nation to adopt Christianity as its official religion (traditional date). Construction of the original Etchmiadzin Cathedral by Gregory the Illuminator begins. ###### Europe * September 3 – The republic of San Marino is established (approximate date). ###### Asia * February 3 – May 30 – Sima Lun briefly usurps the Jin Dynasty. ### 302 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian persecutes the Manichaeans, accusing them of being a Persian fifth column. * Caesar Galerius wins his second victory over the Carpi. * An invasion of Gaul by the Alemannic Lingones almost traps Caesar Constantius I between the enemy and the walls of a town. Constantius himself is carried onto the wall via a crane. However, within the same day, Constantius sallies forth from the walls and defeats the enemy in a major battle. ###### Persia * Narseh, ruler (Shahanshah) of the Sassanid Empire, dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd II. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Iamblichus of Chalcis writes a treatise on magic and the occult. ###### Religion * Gregory the Illuminator is consecrated as Patriarch of Armenia by Leontius of Caesarea. ### 303 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Great Persecution: Emperor Diocletian launches the last and largest major persecution of Christians in the Empire. Caesar Galerius and Hierocles are said to have been the instigators. In a series of four edicts published from February 23, 303, to 304, the Christians are forbidden to worship in groups, are made to perform sacrifices, and must surrender sacred texts. Churches are destroyed, and the clergy are arrested en masse. The persecution lasts in some parts of the empire until 313, and thousands of Christians are killed. Those put to death include Agnes of Rome, a 12-year-old Christian girl who has refused marriage and consecrated her virginity to God. Hailed as a martyr, she will be honored as the patron saint of chastity, gardeners, rape victims and virgins. * September 25 – On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France. * November 20 – The Augusti Diocletian and Maximian reunite in Rome to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's accession, which is now treated as a joint anniversary for both emperors. A series of columns in the Roman Forum and a triumphal arch are dedicated to the emperors. The two emperors also agree on a plan of abdication. * Galerius wins his third victory over the Carpi and is perhaps joined on campaign by Diocletian. The Arch of Galerius is dedicated in Thessaloniki. * Caesar Constantius I wins a victory over Germanic invaders in the battle of Vindonissa. ###### Armenia * Etchmiadzin Cathedral is completed by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III, king of Armenia. * January 6 – Baptism of Tiridates III of Armenia. ###### America * In Mexico, the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes. #### By topic ###### Religion * March 4 – Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia are martyred. ### 304 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Caesar Galerius, perhaps accompanied by Emperor Diocletian, wins his fourth and final victory over the Carpi. Many of the surviving Carpi and Bastarnae are resettled in the Roman Empire, where they are split up. The Bastarnae are not attested after this time, and the Carpi are attested only once more in the 310s. * Diocletian, while inspecting the Danube border, becomes seriously ill. * Caesar Constantius I besieges a Germanic raiding force on an island in the Rhine and forces their surrender. ###### Asia * Sixteen Kingdoms: The Wu Hu uprising establishes the Han Kingdom, under Liu Yuan. * Sichuan earns its independence from China. * Biryu becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. #### By topic ###### Religion * October 25 – Pope Marcellinus dies at Rome after an 8-year reign. The papal throne will remain vacant until 308. ### 305 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * May 1 – Emperor Diocletian abdicates and retires to his palace at Salona (modern Split) on the Adriatic coast, after a reign of nearly 21 years, in which the last vestiges of republican government have disappeared. * Maximian retires from office, and leaves for Campania or Lucania (southern Italy), to live a life of ease in his luxury villas. * Constantius I and Galerius are declared Augusti; Flavius Valerius Severus and Maximinus Daza are appointed Caesars. * Constantius requests leave for his son Constantine I to join him in the west, who has been living at the courts of Diocletian and Galerius as a hostage. Galerius allows Constantine to return. * Summer – Constantine joins his father at Bononia (Boulogne) in Gaul; they cross the Channel to Britain and make their way to Eboracum (York), capital of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base. They campaign with success against the Picts. * Galerius begins a series of campaigns against the Sarmatians, winning his first victory before the end of the year. * Maximinus Daza persecutes the Christians of Egypt, many of whom take refuge in the desert. In time, this refuge leads to the monastic life. In these monasteries, Coptic writing develops, supporting the propagation of Christian texts. * Patron of Pozzuoli, Saint Proculus, and patron of Naples, Saint Januarius are thrown to wild beasts in Pozzuoli's Flavian Amphitheater, then beheaded at Solfatara. * In this or the following year, the Baths of Diocletian are dedicated; the *thermae* become the largest imperial baths in Rome. ###### Asia * The Daysan River floods Edessa. #### By topic ###### Commerce * Landowners dominate the Roman Empire, and enjoy the title of senator, which exempts them from the crushing taxes imposed on the rest of the population. The Senate has lost all its power and the landowners almost never attend Senate sessions. Members of municipal senates (*curiales* or *decuriones*) are charged with the responsibility of collecting taxes and paying arrears; smaller landowners are held responsible for providing recruits for the Roman army, and with keeping wastelands under cultivation. ###### Religion * Catherine makes a public confession of the Christian gospel at a sacrificial feast ordered by Maximinus Daza at Alexandria. A virgin of royal descent, she is tortured on a spiked wheel (later called the "Catherine Wheel") and beheaded; her remains are spirited to Mount Sinai. * The Council of Illiberis decrees that priests must be celibate. Additionally, it condemns visiting the homes of Jews and prohibits Christian women from marrying Jews, unless they have converted. ### 306 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * July 25 – Constantius I dies outside Eboracum (modern-day York). Constantine, aged 23 or 24, is declared emperor by his troops. Emperor Galerius grants Constantine the title of Caesar, and elevates Flavius Valerius Severus to emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * Constantine institutes toleration of the Christians in his territories. * Constantine establishes his capital in Augusta Treverorum (Trier). He begins a major expansion of the city, strengthening the walls, expanding the palace complex and building the Imperial Baths. * Building on the efforts of Diocletian, Galerius introduces the poll tax to central and southern Italy and truncates the size of the Praetorian Guard, with plans to disband the Guard altogether. * October 28 – Maxentius, son of former Western Emperor Maximian, leads a revolt by the Praetorian Guard and members of the Senate in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. Southern Italy supports Maxentius, as do Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Maxentius recalls Maximian from retirement, who joins his son in Rome. * Winter: Constantine fights with success against the Franks. * Galerius has the Rotunda of Galerius built in Thessaloniki (Macedonia). ###### Asia * The War of the Eight Princes ends in China. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Synod of Elvira concludes with the issue of various canons, including one declaring that killing through a magic spell is a sin and the work of the devil. * Metrophanes becomes bishop of Byzantium. * The Patriarchate of Lisbon is established. * Christianity is established in Roman Britain. British bishops participate in the councils of Arles (314), Nicaea (325) and Arminum (349). ### 307 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Winter: Emperor Galerius wins his second victory over the Sarmatians. * Galerius sends Valerius Severus with the army of northern Italy, to suppress the rebellion in Rome. However, faced with their former emperor Maximian, the soldiers desert him, and Severus flees to Ravenna. Maximian besieges Severus in Ravenna, who then surrenders. Maxentius makes Severus a hostage, in an attempt to keep Galerius at bay. * Summer: Anticipating an offensive by Galerius, Maximian travels to Gaul to make an alliance with Constantine I. * Late summer or autumn: Galerius invades Italy but Maxentius remains behind the walls of Rome. Galerius finds he cannot besiege the city, and the image of an emperor making efforts against Rome hurts Galerius' image among the troops. The fact that Maxentius is his son-in-law does not help, and Maxentius makes an effort to bribe Galerius' troops. Galerius unsuccessfully attempts to negotiate, and recognizing Maxentius' attempts at bribery and the danger of being trapped in Italy by Maximian and Constantine, Galerius chooses to withdraw from Italy. To satiate his troops during the withdrawal, he pillages the Italian countryside. Meanwhile, Maxentius executes Severus. * December: Constantine marries Maximian's daughter Fausta, and is promoted to Augustus by Maximian. * Near the end of the year, Galerius gives his wife (Diocletian's daughter) Galeria Valeria the title of Augusta. ###### China * January 8 – Emperor Hui of Jin dies after a 16-year reign, in which eight dukes of the imperial family have conducted a civil war (War of the Eight Princes) against each other in a struggle for power. Huai of Jin, age 23, succeeds his father and becomes the third ruler of the Jin Dynasty. ### 308 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Winter: Emperor Galerius wins his third and final victory over the Sarmatians. * April: In Rome, Emperor Maximian attempts to depose his son Maxentius, but the soldiers in Rome side with Maxentius and force Maximian to flee to the court of Constantine I. * The overthrow of Maximian prompts the soldiers of Roman Africa to prop up the vicarius of Africa, Domitius Alexander, as a usurper. * Constantine raids the territory of the Bructeri and builds a bridge across the Rhine at Cologne. * November 11 – The Conference of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, Galerius recalls Diocletian briefly from retirement, and they convene with Maximian. Diocletian persuades Maximian to return to retirement, and he and Galerius declare Maxentius a public enemy. Licinius is proclaimed Augustus of the west, while rival contender Constantine I is again declared Caesar. * Bereft of his father's support, Maxentius increasingly presents himself as the *Conservator Urbis Suae* (Preserver of His Own City). Construction of the Basilica of Maxentius (or **Basilica Nova**), the largest building in the Roman Forum, is begun. * Maxentius institutes toleration of the Christians in his territories. ###### Asia * The Han Zhao Dynasty is established in northern China, marking the official inception of the long lasting Uprising of the Five Barbarians. #### By topic ###### Religion * May 27 or June 26 – Pope Marcellus I succeeds Pope Marcellinus as the 30th pope. ### 309 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus, the Praetorian Prefect of Emperor Maxentius, defeats the usurper Domitius Alexander and purges Africa of his supporters. ###### Persia * King Hormizd II, ruler of the Sassanid Empire, dies after a 7-year reign and a power struggle for the succession ensues. He is succeeded by his infant son Shapur II following the brief reign and murder of Adur Narseh. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Marcellus I is banished from Rome by Emperor Maxentius. * April 18 – Eusebius succeeds Marcellus I as the 31st pope, but is himself banished on August 17 to Sicily (these events may have also taken place in 310). East Asia --------- In Yamato (Japan), the Kofun period dominated during this decade. It was an animistic culture which existed prior the introduction of Buddhism. A legend of the 4th century Prince Yamato Takeru alludes to the borders of the Yamato and battlegrounds in the area. A frontier was obviously somewhere close to the later Izumo province (the eastern part of today's Shimane Prefecture). Another frontier, in Kyūshū, was apparently somewhere north of today's Kumamoto prefecture. The legend specifically states that there was an eastern land in Honshū "whose people disobeyed the imperial court", against whom Yamato Takeru was sent to fight. That rivalling country may have been located rather close to the Yamato nucleus area itself, or relatively far away. The today Kai province is mentioned as one of the locations where prince Yamato Takeru sojourned in his said military expedition. Northern frontier of this age was also explained in *Kojiki* as the legend of Shido Shōgun's (四道将軍: Shōguns to four ways) expedition. Out of four shōguns, Ōbiko set northward to Koshi and his son Take Nunakawawake set to eastern states. The father moved east from northern Koshi while the son moved north on his way, and they finally met at Aizu (current western Fukushima). Although the legend itself is not likely to be a historical fact, Aizu is rather close to southern Tōhoku, where the north end of keyhole kofun culture as of late 4th century is located. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **300** * Aemilia Hilaria, Gallo-Roman physician (approximate date) * Flavius Hermogenes, Roman prefect and politician (d. 361) * Frumentius, Syrian missionary and bishop (approximate date) * Hilary of Poitiers, Gallo-Roman bishop (approximate date) * Li Shou, Chinese emperor of the Cheng Han Dynasty (d. 343) * Macarius of Egypt, Coptic Christian monk and hermit (d. 391) * Min of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 318) * Zeno of Verona, Christian bishop and martyr (approximate date) **301** * Xie Ai, Chinese general of the Former Liang state (d. 354) **302** * Sun Sheng (or **Anguo**), Chinese historian (d. 373) **303** * Magnentius, Roman usurper (d. 353) * Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 361) * Xun Guan, Chinese warrior and general **305** * Yu Yi (or **Zhigong**), Chinese calligrapher and general (d. 345) **306** * Ephrem the Syrian, Syriac theologian and hymnodist (d. 373)**307** * Zhang Jun, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 346) **308** * Xie Shang (or **Renzu**), Chinese general (d. 357) **309** * Shapur II (**the Great**), king of the Sassanid Empire (d. 379) Deaths ------ **300** * Jia Mi, Chinese general, official and politician * Jia Nanfeng, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty (b. 257) * Liu Ling, Chinese scholar and poet (b. 221) * Lüzhu, Chinese dancer, singer and music teacher * Pan Yue, Chinese poet and writer (b. 247) * Pei Wei, Chinese philosopher and politician (b. 267) * Shi Chong, Chinese politician and statesman (b. 249) * Sima Yu, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (b. 278) * Sporus of Nicaea, Greek mathematician (approximate date) * Zhang Hua, Chinese official, scholar and poet (b. 232) **301** * June 5 – Sima Lun, Chinese usurper (forced suicide) * Sun Xiu (or **Junzhong**), Chinese official and politician **302** * Cao Huan, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (b. 246) * Narseh (or **Narses**), ruler of the Sassanid Empire * Sima Jiong (or **Jingzhi**), Chinese prince and regent **303** * April 23 – George of Lydda, Roman soldier and martyr * Acacius of Byzantium, Roman centurion and martyr * Anthimus of Rome, Christian priest and martyr * Cao Huan, Chinese emperor of Cao Wei (b. 246) * Cessianus, Christian child martyr * Crescentinus, Roman soldier and martyr * Cyriacus, Roman nobleman and martyr * Devota, Corsican woman and martyr * Erasmus of Formiae, Christian martyr * Expeditus, Roman centurion and martyr * Felix and Adauctus, Christian martyrs * Fermin, Christian bishop and martyr * Lu Ji, Chinese general and writer (b. 261) * Li Liu, Chinese spiritual leader (b. 248) * Li Te (or Xuanxiu), Chinese general * Pantaleon, Christian wonderworker and martyr * Romanus of Caesarea, Christian martyr * Victor Maurus ("the Moor"), Christian martyr * Vitus (or Guido), Christian martyr **304** * October 25 – Pope Marcellinus * December 25 – Saint Anastasia (martyred) * Date unknown + Saint Afra (martyred by fire) + Saint Agape, Chionia, and Irene (martyred) + Saint Agnes (martyred) + Saint Alban (possibly 309) + Bunseo of Baekje, king of Baekje (Korea) + Saint Florian (martyred) + Saint Gorgonius of Nicomedia (martyred) + Saint Juliana of Nicomedia (martyred) + Saint Lucy of Syracuse (martyred) + Saint Margaret (martyred) + Saint Pancras (martyred) + Saint Philomena (martyred) + Sima Ai, Chinese prince of the Jin dynasty (b. 277) + Saints Theodora and Didymus (martyred) + Saint Vincent of Saragossa (martyred) **305** * Januarius I of Benevento, Roman bishop and martyr * Catherine of Alexandria, Christian martyr and virgin * Porphyry of Tyre, Neoplatonist philosopher and writer * Proculus of Pozzuoli (or **Proclus**), Christian martyr * Sossianus Hierocles, Roman proconsul and aristocrat * Tuoba Yituo, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan * Vincent, Orontius, and Victor, Christian martyrs * Wang Rong (or **Junchong**), Chinese politician (b. 234) * Zuo Si (or **Taichong**), Chinese poet and writer (b. 250) **306** * February 17 – Theodore of Amasea, Roman soldier and martyr * March 4 – Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia, Christian martyrs * July 25 – Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (b. c. 250) * August 25 – Maginus, Christian hermit and martyr * Demetrius of Thessaloniki, Roman soldier and martyr * Sima Ying, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (b. 279) * Sima Yong (or **Wenzai**), Chinese prince and regent **307** * January 8 – Hui of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 259) * September 16 – Severus II, Roman emperor (murdered) * Septimius of Iesi, German bishop, martyr and saint * Tuoba Luguan, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan **308** * Adrian of Batanea (or **Eubulus**), Christian martyr **309** * January 16 – Marcellus I, bishop of Rome (b. 255) * Adur Narseh, king of the Sassanid Empire * Elias and companions, Christian martyrs * Hormizd II, king of the Sassanid Empire

300s (decade)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300s_(decade)

Year **302 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Denter and Paullus** (or, less frequently, **year 452 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 302 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor. * Docimus, the regent of Phrygia, and Phoenix, the strategos of Lycia, desert Antigonus. * The Macedonian general, Philetaerus, moves his allegiance from Antigonus to Antigonus' rival, Lysimachus. In return, Lysimachus makes Philetaerus guardian of the fortress of Pergamum with its treasure of some 9,000 talents. #### Greece * Antigonus' son Demetrius Poliorcetes attacks Cassander's forces in Thessaly. Cassander loses his possessions south of Thessaly to Demetrius. Antigonus and Demetrius crown their success by renewing the pan-Hellenic league. Ambassadors from all the Hellenic states (with the exception of Sparta, Messenia and Thessaly) meet at Corinth to elect Antigonus and Demetrius protectors of the new league. * As Antigonus is finding his enemies closing in on him, a truce is made and the gains by Demetrius have to be abandoned. Demetrius reaches Ephesus to support his father. * Pyrrhus is dethroned as King of Epirus by an uprising and joins Demetrius while in exile. Births ------ * Maharani Devi, Mauryan empress and wife of Ashoka * Xiaowen of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (d. 250 BC) Deaths ------

302 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/302_BC

Year **315** (**CCCXV**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantinus and Licinianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1068 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 315 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius battle the Sarmates, the Goths and the Carpians along the Danube. Constantine leads a punitive expedition into Dacia and reestablishes the Roman fortifications of the frontier. * July 25 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum at Rome to commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. As part of the ceremony Constantine is expected to make a sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods, but he refuses to do so. * Constantine I dedicates the Basilica of Maxentius and installs a large statue of himself inside it. * Crucifixion is abolished as punishment in the Roman Empire. * A program of assistance to the poor is established in the Roman Empire. * Immense baths are constructed in *Augusta Treverorum* (modern-day Trier). ### By topic #### Religion * Eusebius becomes bishop of Caesarea (approximate date). * The lamb becomes the symbol of Jesus in Christian art. Births ------ * Flavius Hannibalianus, ruler of Armenia and Pontus (d. 337) * Hilary of Poitiers, Christian bishop and Doctor of the Church * Himerius, Greek sophist and rhetorician (approximate date) * Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, Roman politician (d. 384) Deaths ------ * September 14 – Maternus of Cologne, bishop of Trier * Du Tao (or **Jingwen**), Chinese general and rebel leader * Galeria Valeria, Roman empress and wife of Galerius * Prisca, Roman empress and wife of Diocletian (b. 247) * Valerius of Saragossa, Christian bishop and martyr

315

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/315

Year **317 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Barbula** (or, less frequently, **year 437 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 317 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * Seleucus joins Antigonus against Eumenes and recaptures Babylon. * Battle of Paraitacene: The first battle of Western armies each with an elephant corps who fight for control over Alexander's empire. The armies of Antigonus and Eumenes fight each other near today's Isfahan in Persia with no clear victor. * Armenia's Persian satrap, Ardvates, frees his country from Macedonian control. * After capturing Athens from Macedonia's regent Polyperchon, Cassander entrusts the government of Athens to the Athenian orator, statesman, and philosopher, Demetrius Phalereus. * Polyperchon flees to Epirus, where he joins Alexander the Great's mother Olympias, Alexander's widow Roxana, and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV. He forms an alliance with Olympias, who is acting as regent for Alexander IV, and King Aeacides of Epirus. * While Cassander is occupied in the Peloponnesus, Olympias leads an army into Macedonia. She is initially successful, defeating the army of King Philip III Arrhidaeus and capturing King Philip and his wife, Eurydice, as well as Cassander's brother, Nicanor. She then has them murdered. * Ptolemy marries Berenice, lady-in-waiting to Eurydice, wife of Ptolemy. #### Sicily * Acestorides, a native of Corinth, is made supreme commander by the citizens of Syracuse. * After twice being banished for attempting to overthrow the oligarchical party, Agathocles returns with an army and banishes or murders about 10,000 citizens (including the oligarchs), and sets himself up as tyrant of Syracuse. Acestorides is banished from the city. ### By topic #### Art * Private funeral monuments are banned in Athenian cemeteries. #### Literature * Menander wins the first prize at the Lenaian festival with his play *Dyskolos* (*The Grouch*). Births ------ * Deaths ------ * King Philip III of Macedon (b. c. 359 BC) * Queen Eurydice III of Macedon * Nicanor Macedonian officer of Cassander and the son in law of Aristotle.

317 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/317_BC

Year **306 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tremulus and Arvina** (or, less frequently, **year 448 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 306 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Cyprus * Demetrius Poliorcetes lands on Cyprus and besieges Menelaus, brother of Egypt's ruler, Ptolemy I Soter, at Salamis. Ptolemy Soter, coming to his brother's aid, is decisively defeated in the Battle of Salamis. The battle completely destroys the naval power of Egypt and results in the capture of Cyprus by Demetrius. This gives Demetrius' father, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, control of the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. #### Syria * Antigonus I Monophthalmus proclaims himself king of Asia Minor and northern Syria thus commencing the Antigonid dynasty. He appoints his son Demetrius king and co-regent. #### Sicily * A peace agreement is reached between Syracuse and Carthage. The peace restricts Carthaginian power in Sicily to the area west of the Halycus (Platani) River. This agreement allows the tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, to strengthen his rule over the Greek cities of Sicily. #### Egypt * Antigonus Monophthalmus tries to follow up his victory in Cyprus by invading Egypt with a large army and a formidable fleet, but Ptolemy Soter successfully holds the frontier against him. However, the year's events mean that Ptolemy no longer engages in overseas expeditions against Antigonus. #### Thrace * A four-drachma coin, picturing Alexander the Great, is issued by Lysimachos from this time until 281 BC. At least one of them is now preserved at the British Museum in London. Births ------ Deaths ------

306 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306_BC

Year **206** (**CCVI**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Umbrius and Gavius** (or, less frequently, **year 959 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 206 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Hadrian's Wall is retaken for the first time, since the Pictish uprising of 180. * Emperor Septimius Severus comes to Britain, with his sons Caracalla and Geta. Births ------ * Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor (d. 253) * Wang Jun (or **Shizhi**), Chinese general (d. 286) Deaths ------ * Gao Gan, Chinese warlord, politician * Taishi Ci (or **Ziyi**), Chinese general (b. 166) * Ying Shao, Chinese politician, writer (b. 140)

206

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/206

Year **218** (**CCXVIII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Adventus** (or, less frequently, **year 971 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 218 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * May 16 – Julia Maesa, an aunt of the assassinated Emperor Caracalla, is banished to her home in Syria by the self-proclaimed emperor Macrinus, and declares her grandson Elagabalus, age 14, emperor of Rome. * June 8 – Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats, with the support of the Syrian legions, the forces of Macrinus. Macrinus flees, but is captured near Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia. * Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court, but is captured at Zeugma and also put to death. #### Asia * Spring – Ji Ben (or **Ji Ping**), Chinese court physician, plots a rebellion in the imperial capital Xu (modern-day Xuchang), but the revolt is suppressed and the conspirators are captured and executed. ### By topic #### Commerce * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 43 percent under the reign of Elagabalus, down from 50 percent under Septimius Severus, as he empties the treasury. Births ------ * Gallienus, Roman emperor (d. 268) * Yu Si, Chinese general and politician Deaths ------ * June 8 – Macrinus, Roman emperor (b. 165) * Diadumenian, son of Macrinus (b. 208) * Cao Zizheng, Chinese marquis and warlord * Gu Shao, Chinese official and politician * Ji Ben (or **Ji Ping**), Chinese physician * Theoclia, Syrian Roman noblewoman * Yue Jin (or **Wenqian**), Chinese general

218

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/218

Year **207** (**CCVII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Severus** (or, less frequently, **year 960 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 207 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * Battle of White Wolf Mountain: Warlord Cao Cao defeats the Wuhuan tribes, sending the Wuhuan into decline. Births ------ * Liu Shan (or **Gongsi**), Chinese emperor (d. 271) Deaths ------ * Guo Jia, Chinese adviser and official (b. 170) * Tadun, Chinese chieftain of the Wuhuan tribe * Yuan Shang, Chinese warlord and governor * Yuan Xi (or **Xianyong**), Chinese warlord * Zhang Xiu, Chinese general and warlord

207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/207

Year **21 BC** was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lollius and Lepidus** (or, less frequently, **year 733 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 21 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella Major, and marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus. Births ------ * Naevius Sutorius Macro, Roman prefect and politician (d. AD 38) Deaths ------

21 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_BC

Year **311 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Barbula** (or, less frequently, **year 443 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 311 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * Seleucus reestablishes himself as satrap of Babylonia and asserts control over Media and Susiana (Elam). #### Asia Minor and Syria * Ptolemy tries to occupy Syria. However, Demetrius Poliorcetes wins a battle over Ptolemy's forces and Antigonus enters Syria in force. So, after only a few months, Ptolemy evacuates his forces from Syria. * In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the diadochi confirm the existing boundaries and the freedom of the Greek cities. Ptolemy and Lysimachus are confirmed as satraps of Egypt and Thrace, respectively, and Antigonus and Cassander are confirmed as commanders of the army in Asia and Europe. Antigonus, no longer regent but now titled the strategos (officer in charge) of the whole of Asia, rules in Syria from the Hellespont to the Euphrates, including Asia Minor. * It is agreed by all parties[*according to whom?*] that the young king Alexander IV of Macedon, son of Alexander the Great, will become king of the whole empire when he comes of age in six years' time. * The peace agreement between the diadochi is soon violated. On the pretext that garrisons have been placed in some of the free Greek cities by Antigonus. Ptolemy and Cassander renew hostilities against him. #### Sicily * The Carthaginian general Hamilcar crosses the Mediterranean with an army and wins the Battle of Himera against Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse. * Hamilcar then proceeds with laying siege to Syracuse, where Agathocles had retreated. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

311 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/311_BC

Year **325 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Camillus and Scaeva** (or, less frequently, **year 429 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 325 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * *(around this year)* - Pytheas made a voyage of naval exploration to northwestern Europe, reaching Britain and the Baltic Sea, and mentioning Thule as the farthest island to the north in the Atlantic. #### Macedonian Empire * Alexander the Great leaves India and nominates his officer Peithon, son of Agenor, as the satrap of the region around the Indus. * Alexander the Great orders his admiral, Nearchus, to sail from the Hydaspes River in western India to the Persian Gulf and up the Euphrates River to Babylon while Alexander's army starts marching through Gedrosia (Baluchistan). * While returning to Persia, Alexander's army runs into the Malli clans (in modern day Multan). The ensuing battle severely weakens his army. Alexander sends much of his remaining army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with his general Craterus, while he leads the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through the Gedrosian Desert (now part of southern Iran and Makran in southern Pakistan). * By the end of the year, Alexander's army reaches Persepolis, while his navy, under Nearchus, reaches Susa at around the same time. * The first known reference to sugar cane appears in writings by Alexander the Great's admiral Nearchus, who writes of Indian reeds "that produce honey, although there are no bees". #### Sicily * Agathocles, a rich and ambitious citizen of Syracuse, is exiled for attempting to overthrow the oligarchic party in the city. #### China * Going against his loyalty to the figurehead monarch of the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin ruler, Duke Huiwen, takes on the title of King Huiwen, claiming royal title and sparking a trend amongst other Warring States rulers to do the same. * King Wuling ascends to the throne of Zhao. #### Americas * La Venta, an Olmec island city, is believed to be completely abandoned by this time. ### By topic #### Art * The fourth-century (Late Classical) period of sculpture ends in Ancient Greece and is succeeded by the Hellenistic period (approximate date). #### Philosophy * Aristotle writes *Ta Ethika* on virtue and moral character (approximate date). Births ------ * Euclid, Greek mathematician who will come to live in Alexandria (d. c. 275 BC) * Gongsun Long, Chinese scholar and philosopher (approximate date) * Zhaoxiang of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (d. 250 BC) Deaths ------ *

325 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/325_BC

Year **327** (**CCCXXVII**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Maximus** (or, less frequently, **year 1080 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 327 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine the Great decrees that rural slaves can only be sold in the province where they reside, in order to resolve the shortage of labour in the Roman Empire. ### By topic #### Religion * Construction begins on the cathedral of Antioch (Syria). * Approximate traditional date – Helena, mother of Constantine, returning from her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, founds Stavrovouni Monastery on Cyprus. Births ------ * Urban of Langres, French bishop and saint * Zhang Chonghua, Chinese ruler of Han Zhao (d. 353) Deaths ------ * June 3 – Awtel, Eastern Christian monk and saint * Cleopatra, Christian martyr and saint (or 319) * Jonas and Barachisius, Persian martyrs * Melitius of Lycopolis, Christian bishop

327

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/327

Year **328 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Scapula** or **Decianus and Barbatus** (or, less frequently, **year 426 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 328 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * At Maracanda, Alexander murders Cleitus, one of his most trusted commanders, friend and foster-brother, in a drunken quarrel; but his excessive display of remorse leads the army to pass a decree convicting Cleitus posthumously of treason. * Spitamenes raises all Sogdiana in revolt behind him, bringing in the Massagetae, a people of the Scythian confederacy. He besieges the Macedonian garrison in Maracanda. Alexander the Great sends an army under the command of Pharnuches of Lycia which is promptly annihilated with a loss of more than 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry. * Understanding now the danger represented by his enemy, Alexander moves personally to relieve Maracanda, only to learn that Spitamenes has left Sogdiana. Spitamenes then attacks Bactra, from where he is repulsed with great difficulty by the satrap of Bactria, Artabazus of Phrygia. * Alexander attacks Oxyartes and the remaining Bactrian barons who are holding out in the hills of Paraetacene (modern Tajikistan). The Macedonians seize the crag on which Oxyartes has his stronghold (the Sogdian Rock), and among the captives is his daughter, Roxana. In the reconciliation that follows the battle, Alexander marries Roxana. The rest of Oxyartes' opponents are either won over or crushed. * December – Spitamenes is badly defeated by Alexander's general Coenus. At this point Spitamenes' allies, feeling the situation desperate, kill their leader and send his head as a gift to Alexander. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Cleitus, lieutenant and friend of Alexander the Great (b. c. 375 BC) * Spitamenes, Persian nobleman (b. 370 BC)

328 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/328_BC

Year **256** (**CCLVI**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Claudius and Glabrio** (or, less frequently, **year 1009 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 256 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * February 28 – Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3035, a warrant for the arrest of a Christian, is written. * The Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire, and the Goths appear at the walls of Thessalonica. * The Franks cross the Rhine; the Alemanni reach Mediolanum (Milan) (disputed date). * In Africa, the Berbers massacre Roman colonists. * King Shapur I of the Sasanian Empire invades Mesopotamia and Syria. He conquers and plunders Antioch, destroys Dura-Europos, and sacks the Anatolian city of Zeugma on the Euphrates. A devastating fire and an earthquake soon follow, causing Zeugma to be abandoned. * Cities in the Roman Empire begin to build walls, as the defense of the frontiers begins to crumble; future emperor Aurelian inspects along the Rhine. #### Asia * Peace and unity are finally restored in China, with the victories of the Wei Kingdom in the north. The ruling dynasty is worn out by war, and the kingdom is ruled by ministers on their behalf. ### By topic #### Medicine * The great pandemic of the Roman world strikes violently in Pontus on the Black Sea, and causes enormous loss of life in Alexandria, encouraging thousands to embrace Christianity. #### Religion * Emperor Valerian persecutes Christians. * Pope Stephen I threatens to excommunicate Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, and other bishops in Africa and Asia Minor, unless they stop rebaptizing heretics. Cyprian attacks the Pope in a treatise that gains support from the Council of Carthage. He sends envoys to Rome, raising the specter of a schism between the Roman and Carthaginian Churches. * A Synod of Carthage is held. Births ------ * Arius, Egyptian priest and founder of Arianism (d. 336) * Wang Yan (or **Yifu**), Chinese official and politician (d. 311) Deaths ------ * March 11 – Cao Lin, Chinese prince and son of Cao Cao * October 19 – Sun Jun (or **Ziyuan**), Chinese general and regent (b. 219) * October 21 – Lü Dai (or **Dinggong**), Chinese general (b. 161) * November 12 – Lü Ju (or **Shiyi**), Chinese general and politician * Guan Lu (or **Gongming**), Chinese diviner and politician (b. 209) * Wang Su (or **Ziyong**), Chinese scholar and official (b. 195)

256

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/256

Year **320 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cursor and Philo** (or, less frequently, **year 434 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 320 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * Alexander the Great's various generals control different parts of Alexander's empire. Ptolemy controls Egypt, Seleucus controls Babylon and Syria, Antipater and his son Cassander control Macedon and Greece, Antigonus controls Phrygia and other parts of Asia Minor, Lysimachus controls Thrace and Pergamum and Eumenes controls the Cappadocia and Pontus areas. * Judea and Syria are annexed by Ptolemy and he gives Judea a large measure of self-government. * Eudemus makes himself master of the territories of the Indian king Porus, and treacherously puts that monarch to death. ### By topic #### Biology * Theophrastus begins the systematic study of botany. #### Demography * Alexandria in Macedonian Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking over the lead from Babylon in Macedonian Babylonia. Births ------ * Timocharis of Alexandria, Greek astronomer responsible for the first recorded observation of Mercury and the first star catalogue (d. 260 BC) * Bindusara, the heir to the throne of the Mauryan Empire, is born. (d. 272 BC) Deaths ------ * Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Greek rhetorician and historian (b. c. 380 BC) * Menaechmus, Greek mathematician and geometer * Zoilus, Greek grammarian, cynic philosopher and literary critic from Amphipolis in Macedon (b. c. 400 BC)

320 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/320_BC

Year **222 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Calvus** (or, less frequently, **year 532 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 222 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Mediolanum (modern Milan), stronghold of the Gallic tribe of the Insubres (led by Viridomarus), falls to Roman legions in Lombardy (led by consul, Marcus Claudius Marcellus), in the Battle of Clastidium. Marcus Claudius Marcellus personally slays the chief, Viridomarus. This victory removes the Gallic threat to Rome. Marcellus wins the spolia opima ("spoils of honour": the arms taken by a general who kills an enemy chief in single combat) for the third and last time in Roman history. #### Greece * Cleomenes III of Sparta is defeated in the Battle of Sellasia (north of Sparta) by Antigonus III and his allies, the Achaean League and the Illyrians (under the command of Demetrius of Pharos), and flees to Egypt under the protection of King Ptolemy III. Antigonus III's forces occupy Sparta, which is the first time this city has ever been occupied. * Almost all of Greece falls under Macedonian suzerainty after Antigonus III re-establishes the Hellenic Alliance as a confederacy of leagues, with himself as president. #### Seleucid Empire * The Seleucid forces under their general Achaeus succeed in winning back, from Pergamum, all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia lost six years earlier. * Mithridates II of Pontus gives his daughter Laodice in marriage to the Seleucid king Antiochus III. Another of his daughters, also named Laodice, is married about the same time to Achaeus, a cousin of Antiochus. #### China * The Qin general Wang Jian conquers Wuyue, forcing the capitulation of its ruler. The conquered region becomes the province of Kuaiji. This campaign completes the subjugation of the lands formerly held by the State of Chu, and it also serves as a precursor for the Qin campaign against the Yue tribes. * The Qin generals Wang Ben and Li Xin conquer Liaodong, thereby completing the subjugation of Yan. * Wang Ben conquers Dai, thereby completing the subjugation of Zhao. Deaths ------ * Ctesibius, Greek inventor and mathematician * Eucleidas, king of Sparta (killed in the Battle of Sellasia) * Ptolemy III Euergetes (**the Benefactor**), king of Egypt * Viridomarus, military leader of the Insubres (Gaul) * Xi of Yan, king of the Yan State (Warring States Period)

222 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222_BC

Year **223** (**CCXXIII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Aelianus** (or, less frequently, **year 976 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 223 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia * Battle of Dongkou: The Chinese state of Cao Wei is defeated by Eastern Wu. Births ------ * Ji Kang, Chinese poet and philosopher (d. 262) * Wang Hun, Chinese general and politician (d. 297) Deaths ------ * May 6 – Cao Ren (or **Zixiao**), Chinese general (b. 168) * June 10 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and emperor (b. 161) * August 1 – Cao Zhang, Chinese prince and warlord * August 11 – Jia Xu, Chinese official and politician (b. 147) * Xing Yong (or **Zi'ang**), Chinese official and politician * Zhang Ji (or **Derong**), Chinese official and politician

223

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/223

Year **213 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Gracchus** (or, less frequently, **year 541 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 213 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed. #### Roman Republic * Casilinum and Arpi are recovered by the Romans from Hannibal. #### Sicily * Archimedes's war machines repel the Roman army that is invading Syracuse. #### China * Emperor Qin Shi Huang and Prime Minister Li Si order all Confucian writings destroyed in the burning of books and burying of scholars. Deaths ------ * Aratus of Sicyon, Greek statesman, general and advocate of Greek unity, who, for many years, has been the leader of the Achaean League (b. 271 BC) * Achaeus, Seleucid general and later separatist ruler of most of Anatolia until his defeat and execution by the Seleucid king Antiochus III

213 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/213_BC

Year **217 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Flaminius/Regulus** (or, less frequently, **year 537 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 217 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Gaius Flaminius is re-elected consul with Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, in what is considered to be a rebuke of the Senate's prosecution of the war. Flaminius raises new legions and marches north to meet the Carthaginian general Hannibal. * Hannibal advances to the Arno River and then outmanoeuvres the army of Gaius Flaminius at Arretium and reaches Faesulae (modern Fiesole) and Perugia. * June 21 – On the northern shore of Lake Trasimene, in Umbria, Hannibal's troops all but annihilate Gaius Flaminius' army in the Battle of Lake Trasimene, killing thousands (including Flaminius) and driving others to drown in the lake. Reinforcements of about 4,000 cavalry from Ariminum under the praetor, Gaius Centenius, are intercepted before they arrive and are also destroyed. The Carthaginian troops then march on Rome. * Gaius Flaminius' supporters in the Senate begin to lose power to the more aristocratic factions as the Romans fear Hannibal is about to besiege their city. The Senate appoint Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as dictator. * Quintus Fabius Maximus begins his strategy of "delay". This involves avoiding a set battle with the Carthaginians and creating a "scorched earth" area around Hannibal's army. Manoeuvring among the hills, where Hannibal's cavalry is ineffective, Fabius cuts off his enemy's supplies and harasses Hannibal's forces incessantly. Fabius gains the name *Cunctator* (*The Delayer*) for this strategy. * Hannibal ravages Apulia and Campania; meanwhile the delaying tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus' army allows only skirmishes to occur between the two armies. * Fabius' delaying policy becomes increasingly unpopular in Rome, and Fabius is compelled to return to Rome to defend his actions under the guise of observing some religious obligations. Marcus Minucius Rufus, the master of horse, is left in command and manages to catch the Carthaginians off guard near their camp in Geronium and inflicts severe losses on them in a large skirmish. This "victory" causes the Romans, disgruntled with Fabius, to elevate Minucius to the equal rank of dictator with Fabius. * Minucius takes command of half the army and camps separately from Fabius near Geronium. Hannibal, informed of this development, lays an elaborate trap, which draws out Minucius and his army and then Hannibal attacks it from all sides. The timely arrival of Fabius with the other half of the army enables Minucius to escape after a severe mauling. After the battle, Minucius turns over his army to Fabius and resumes the duties of Master of Horse. #### Egypt * June 22 – Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crush the Seleucid army under Antiochus III in the Battle of Raphia near Gaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future. * Although holding the initiative after the Battle of Raphia, Ptolemy IV, on his chief minister Sosibius' advice, negotiates a peace, and the Seleucid army withdraws from Coele Syria. Antiochus III gives up all his conquests except the city of Seleucia-in-Pieria. #### Greece * Philip V of Macedon, continuing his war with the Aetolian League lays siege to Phthiotic Thebes, captures it and sells the inhabitants into slavery. * Learning of Hannibal's victory over the Romans at Lake Trasimene and seeing a chance to recover his Illyrian kingdom from the Romans, Demetrius of Pharos immediately advises Philip V to make peace with the Aetolians, and turn his attentions toward Illyria and Italy. Philip, at once begins negotiations with the Aetolians. At a conference on the coast near Naupactus, Philip meets the Aetolian leaders and a peace treaty is concluded, ending the three-year-long "Social War". #### Spain * Publius Cornelius Scipio is sent with reinforcements by Rome to Spain as proconsul. In a naval battle on the Ebro River at Tarraco, the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal's fleet is largely destroyed by a daring surprise Roman attack led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. As a result, the Romans are able to strengthen their hold on the Ebro River region. Births ------ * Xin Zhui, a Han Dynasty noblewoman Deaths ------ * Arsaces I, King of Parthia * Gaius Flaminius, Roman consul and general * Pinnes (also Pinneus or Pineus), son of Agron, king of Illyria, and Agron's first wife Triteuta

217 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/217_BC

Year **224 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Flaccus** (or, less frequently, **year 530 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 224 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * After the Spartan King Cleomenes III takes on Pellene, Phlius and Argos, Aratus of Sicyon is forced to call upon King Antigonus III of Macedonia for assistance. Antigonus III's forces fail to pierce Cleomenes' lines near Corinth, but a revolt against Cleomenes at Argos put the Spartans on the defensive. #### Roman Republic * The Romans, led by Consuls Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, decisively defeat the coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes at the Battle of Telamon thus extending Roman influence over northern Italy. On the Roman side Gaius Atilius Regulus, commander of the Roman cavalry, is killed in the battle. On the Gallic side, one of the leaders, Concolitanus, is captured in battle, while the leader of the Gaesatae, Aneroëstes, kills himself when the battle is lost. #### China * Qin begins the invasion of Chu. Initially, the Qin generals Li Xin and Meng Tian capture several cities and defeat the Chu army. * The Qin Prime Minister Lord Changping, who was born in Chu, incites a Chu rebellion against the Qin invaders. He and the Chu general Xiang Yan then surprise and defeat the Qin army led by Li Xin and Meng Tian in the Battle of Chengfu. * Taking command of the Qin war effort, Wang Jian twice defeats Xiang Yan and captures Fuchu, the king of Chu, as well as the Chu capital Chen and the city of Pingyu. * Xiang Yan retreats his forces south of the Huai River and makes Lord Changping the new king of Chu. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Agiatis, Spartan queen * Aneroëstes, leader of the Gallic Gaesatae (suicide) * Dasharatha, Mauryan emperor (approximate date)

224 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/224_BC

Year **264 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caudex and Flaccus** (or, less frequently, **year 490 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 264 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Abantidas, the son of Paseas, becomes tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias. He either banishes or puts to death Cleinias' friends and relations. Cleinias' young son, Aratus, narrowly escapes death. #### Roman Republic * The tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, once more attacks the Mamertines. They ally themselves with a nearby Carthaginian fleet and hold off the Syracusans. However, when the Carthaginians do not leave, the Mamertines appeal to Rome for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist, lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome is unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome therefore enters into an alliance with the Mamertines. By this action, the First Punic War begins and will embroil Rome in a conflict with Carthage that will continue for 23 years. * The Roman consul Appius Claudius Caudex and his two legions are deployed to Sicily, the first time a Roman army has gone into action outside the Italian peninsula. * Appius Claudius Caudex leads his forces to Messina, and as the Mamertines have convinced the Carthaginians to withdraw, he meets with only minimal resistance. The Mamertines hand the city over to Appius Claudius, but the Carthaginians return to set up a blockade. The Syracusans, meanwhile, are also stationed outside the city. * Appius Claudius leads his troops outside the city of Messina to defeat the Syracusans in battle forcing Hiero to retreat back to Syracuse. The next day Claudius defeats the Carthaginians. * The temple to Vertumnus is built on the Aventine Hill in Rome. * Three pairs of gladiators face off in the first recorded gladiatorial combat, held at the funeral games in honour of aristocrat Junius Brutus Pera in the Forum Boarium. #### China * General Bai Qi of the State of Qin attacks the State of Han and captures the city of Jing, defeating its large garrison. He then captures various other towns and cities. * The Confucian philosopher Xunzi visits the State of Qin. He writes of his and others' admiration for the government officials of Qin, whom he says are serious and sincere, free from the tendency to form cliques. The Qin officials are disciplined by a meritocracy of rather harsh methods imposed by the Legalist philosophy. Births ------ * Deaths ------

264 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/264_BC

Year **269** (**CCLXIX**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Claudius and Paternus** (or, less frequently, **year 1022 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 269 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Second Gothic invasion: The Goths and other German tribes attack Bosphorean towns on the coast of the Black Sea. Some 2,000 ships and 320,000 men from the Danube enter Roman territory. Emperor Claudius II defeats the invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces. * Claudius II travels to Sirmium and prepares a war against the Vandals, who raid Pannonia. * The Heruli capture Athens and raid the Aegean Islands as far as Crete and Rhodes. * Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus is killed by his own troops, after not allowing them to sack the city of Mogontiacum. #### Near East * Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, parts of Mesopotamia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia. ### By topic #### Religion * January 5 – Pope Felix I succeeds Dionysius as the 26th pope of Rome. * Paul of Samosata is deposed as Patriarch of Antioch (though he is not removed until 272). Births ------ * Chi Jian (or **Daohui**), Chinese general (d. 339) * Murong Hui, Chinese general and politician (d. 333) Deaths ------ * Jingū, Japanese empress and regent (b. 169) * Justin the Confessor, Christian priest and martyr * Liu Yin (or **Xiuran**), Chinese general and administrator * Lu Kai (or **Jingfeng**), Chinese general and politician (b. 198) * Marcus Aurelius Marius, Gallic general and emperor * Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus, Gallic emperor * Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, Gallic emperor and usurper * Wang Xiang (or **Xiuzheng**), Chinese politician (b. 185) * Xin Xianying, Chinese noblewoman and advisor (b. 191)

269

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/269

Year **328** (**CCCXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ianuarinus and Iustus** (or, less frequently, **year 1081 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 328 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * July 5 – Constantine's Bridge, built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria), is officially opened by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. * December 7 – Lakhmid king Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr dies. His epitaph, the Namara inscription, is an important source for the Arabic Language. ### By topic #### Religion * May 9 – Alexandria's patriarch bishop Alexander dies and is succeeded by his deacon Athanasius. Births ------ * Flavius Julius Valens, Roman emperor (d. 378) * Huan Chong, Chinese general and governor (d. 384) * Yuan Hong, Chinese historian and politician (d. 376) Deaths ------ * Alexander I, pope and patriarch of Alexandria * Papa (or **Papa bar Aggai**), Sassanid bishop * Su Jun, Chinese general and politician * Yu Wenjun, Chinese empress (b. 297)

328

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/328

Year **227** (**CCXXVII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Fulvius** (or, less frequently, **year 980 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 227 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Seius Sallustius is executed for the attempted murder of his son-in-law, Emperor Alexander Severus. Sallustius' daughter, as well as Alexander's wife, Sallustia Orbiana, is exiled to Libya. #### Ireland * The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate). #### Persian Empire * King Ardashir I annexes his new empire from the east to the northwest. He conquers, with his army, the provinces of Chorasmia, Sistan and the island Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. The kings of the Kushan Empire and Turan recognize Ardashir as their overlord. #### Asia * Dongcheon becomes ruler over the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. Births ------ * Herennius Etruscus, Roman emperor (d. 251) * Sima Zhou, Chinese prince and general (d. 283) * Zhuge Zhan, Chinese general and official (d. 263) Deaths ------ * Han Dang (or **Yigong**), Chinese general * He Qi (or **Gongmiao**), Chinese general * Seius Sallustius, Roman usurper (Caesar) * Shi Hui, Chinese official and general (b. 165) * Xu Huang (or **Gongming**), Chinese general

227

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/227

Year **205 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Dives** (or, less frequently, **year 549 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 205 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * Returning via the Persian provinces of Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, Antiochus III arrives in Persis. He then leads a short expedition down the Persian Gulf and receives tribute of 500 talents of silver from the citizens of Gerrha, a mercantile state on the west coast of the Persian Gulf. * Antiochus III returns from his eastern campaigns, after having defeated the Bactrians and subjugated the Parthians and thus being able to partly restore Seleucid power in these provinces by crushing the revolting governors of Media, Persia and Anatolia. Having established a system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopts the ancient Achaemenid title of "great king", and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surname him "the Great", that is to say Antiochus III Megas. #### Greece * Philip V of Macedon makes a temporary peace (the Peace of Phoenice) with Rome on favourable terms for Macedonia ending the First Macedonian War. The treaty formally acknowledges the favourable position of Macedonia, including their capture of Illyria, but in return Philip effectively repudiates his alliance with Hannibal. * After the peace, the Spartan king, Nabis, goes to war with the Achaean League. The Achaean general Philopoemen expels Nabis of Sparta from Messene. * The Peace of Phoenice prohibits Philip from expanding westward into Illyria or the Adriatic Sea, so the king turns his attentions eastwards to the Aegean Sea, where he starts to build a large fleet. After concluding the First Macedonian War, Philip of Macedon, seeing his chance to defeat Rhodes, forms an alliance with Aetolian and Spartan pirates who begin raiding Rhodian ships. The Cretan War begins between Philips' Macedonians, the Aetolian League, several Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna are the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens and Knossos. * With the Rhodian fleet and economy suffering from the depredations of the pirates, Philip begins attacking the lands of Rhodes' allies in Thrace and around the Sea of Marmara. #### Roman Republic * Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army. * The Roman propraetor Quintus Pleminius captures the town of Locri Epizephyrii from the Carthaginians. Hannibal's attempt to recapture the town is foiled by the appearance of Scipio's army. * Scipio sends the Roman general Gaius Laelius to North Africa to prepare the way for his later invasion. * A Carthaginian army under Mago Barca lands in Liguria, capturing Genoa and Savona. * Hannibal erects a bilingual Punic/Greek inscription describing his accomplishments in the temple of Juno Lacinia near Crotone. #### Egypt * The native Egyptian population rises in rebellion against their Greek rulers. The revolt spreads to Upper Egypt. * Ptolemy IV dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son Ptolemy V. However, no public announcement is made about the king's death. #### China * Xiang Yu defeats Liu Bang in the Battle of Pengcheng. * Han Xin captures Feiqiu, the last holdout of Zhang Han, thus completing the Han conquest of the Three Qins. Zhang Han commits suicide. * Han Xin defeats Wei Bao and conquers the kingdom of Wei. * Xiang Yu besieges Liu Bang's forces in Xingyang and Chenggao. * Han Xin begins the conquest of Dai and Zhao, and he defeats Chen Yu in the Battle of Jingxing. * Ying Bu, the king of Jiujiang, allies with Liu Bang. #### Northern Asia * The Xiongnu leader, Modu Chanyu, conquers the neighbouring nomadic Yuezhi and Donghu peoples, thereby establishing the Xiongnu Empire. He appoints a Tuqi King of the left (east) and a Tuqi King of the right (west) to prevent rebellions. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Ptolemy IV Philopator, Greek king of Egypt who has reigned from 221 BC (b. c. 238 BC) * Sima Ang, Chinese ruler of the Eighteen Kingdoms * Zhang Han, Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty

205 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/205_BC

Year **270** (**CCLXX**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Antiochianus and Orfitus** (or, less frequently, **year 1023 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 270 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Claudius II Gothicus fights a drawn-out campaign against the Gothic raiders in the Balkans, with setbacks suffered on both sides. Eventually, many Goths die of plague and others are absorbed into the Roman legions. * Zenobia seizes control of Roman Arabia and Egypt. * Claudius dies of plague in Sirmium while preparing to fight the Vandals and Sarmatians, who have invaded Pannonia. He is succeeded by his brother Quintillus, who briefly holds power over the Roman Empire. * Victorinus besieges and sacks the city of Autun, which had declared allegiance to Claudius. * Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (or **Aurelian**), the cavalry commander who distinguished himself in the previous year at the Battle of Naissus (Serbia), usurps power in Sirmium and marches against Quintillus in Aquileia. Quintillus commits suicide. * Aurelius defeats an incursion by the Iuthungi into Raetia, defeating them as they attempted to re-cross the Danube. #### Asia * Fan Hsiung, aka Pham Hung, comes to power in Champa and raids the Chinese-occupied territory of Tonkin. * Seocheon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. #### Africa * The Kingdom of Aksum (modern Ethiopia) begins minting its own gold coins to facilitate international trade, following the model of Roman coinage. * Anthony the Great, a Christian saint from Egypt, regarded as "Father of All Monks", enters the wilderness to become ascetic. Births ------ * March 15 – Saint Nicholas (Santa Claus) (d. 343) * Liu Kun, Chinese general and poet (d. 318) * Rabbah bar Nahmani, Babylonian 'amora * Saint Spyridon, bishop of Trimythous (d. 348) Deaths ------ * Claudius II (**Gothicus**), Roman emperor (b. 214) * Gregory Thaumaturgus, Christian bishop and theologian * Luo Xian (or **Lingze**), Chinese general and politician * Plotinus, Greek philosopher and founder Neoplatonism * Qiao Zhou (or **Yunnan**), Chinese official and politician * Quintillus, Roman emperor and brother of Claudius II * Shapur I (**the Great**), ruler of the Sassanid Empire * Shi Ji (or **Zhu Ji**), Chinese general and governor * Sun Fen, Chinese prince of the Eastern Wu state

270

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/270

Year **274** (**CCLXXIV**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelianus and Capitolinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1027 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 274 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Battle of Châlons: The Emperor Aurelian invades Gaul to campaign against the Gallic Empire (Gaul and Britain). In the Catalaunian Plains, the Romano-Gallic Emperor Tetricus I surrenders to Aurelian and leaves his army without an emperor. The Gallic army is then crushed by Aurelian in a major battle. With the conquests of the Palmyrene Empire and the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire is united again. However, the heavy losses incurred by the Gallic forces compromises the Rhine frontier. * Rome greets Aurelian as *Restitutor Orbis* ("Restorer of the World") and accords him a magnificent triumph (victory procession), which is graced by his captives Zenobia, Tetricus I, and his son Tetricus II. * Aurelian reforms the Roman currency, replacing the denarius with a new version of the antoninianus that has a slightly improved silver-to-copper ratio. This overhaul of the currency system causes hyper-inflation. * Germanic tribes take advantage of the destroyed Roman forces of the Rhine to raid Gaul. * December 25 – Aurelian has the Temple of the Sun dedicated to Sol Invictus, on the third day after the solstice and day of rebirth of the Sun. This religion, which is in essence monotheistic, becomes the state religion of Rome. #### Africa * The Kingdom of Aksum attains great prosperity thanks to its control of Red Sea trade. ### By topic #### Religion * March 2 – Mani, a sage of Persia, dies at Gundeshapur after 30 years of preaching his "heresy" at the court of the late Sassanian King Shapur I and on long journeys to Khorasan, India and China. He is executed or allowed to die in prison, and claims to be a prophet of God. Mani combines Zoroastrian dualism with Christian theology, and his disciples gain wide support for Manichaeism, despite opposition from Byzantine and Roman Emperors. * December 30 – Pope Felix I dies in Rome after a 5-year reign. #### Transportation * Japanese shipwrights build a 100-foot oar-powered vessel for Emperor Ōjin. The Japanese will not use sails for another seven centuries. Births ------ * Li Xiong, Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (d. 334) * Shi Le, Chinese emperor of the Jie state (d. 333) Deaths ------ * March 2 – Mani, prophet and founder of Manichaeism (b. 216) * August 25 – Yang Yan (or **Qiongzhi**), Chinese empress (b. 238) * December 30 – Felix I, bishop of Rome * Bahram I, king of the Sassanid Empire * Cao Fang, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (b. 232) * Lu Kang (or **Youjie**), Chinese general and politician (b. 226) * Septimia Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire (b. 240) * Xun Yi (or **Jingqian**), Chinese official and politician

274

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/274

Year **279** (**CCLXXIX**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Probus and Paternus** (or, less frequently, **year 1032 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 279 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Probus defeats the Burgundians and Vandals, in Raetia and Pannonia (modern Switzerland and Hungary). #### Asia * Winter – Conquest of Wu by Jin: The Jin Dynasty conquers Eastern Wu, the last of the three contending powers in China during the Three Kingdoms Period. Births ------ * Sima Ying, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 306) Deaths ------ * Johanan bar Nappaha, Jewish compiler of the Talmud * Tiberius Julius Teiranes, Roman prince and client king * Tufa Shujineng, Chinese chieftain of Jin Dynasty

279

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/279

The **340s** decade ran from January 1, 340, to December 31, 349. Events ------ ### 340 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Constantinople, capital of Emperor Constantius II, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Rome, capital of his brother Constans I. * Constantine II, emperor of the western part of the Roman Empire (Britain, Gaul, the Rhine provinces and Iberia), crosses the Alps and attacks the army of his brother Constans I, emperor of the central part of the Roman Empire (Upper Danube, Italy and middle Africa). They clash at Aquileia in northern Italy. Constantine is killed in a skirmish by an ambush of Constans' troops. * Constans is left sole ruler of the Western Roman Empire, with his other brother, Constantius II, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Julius I inveighs against Arianism at the Council of Rome. * Acacius succeeds Eusebius as bishop in the see of Caesarea. * Wulfila evangelizes among the Goths for 7 years. ### 341 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constans I bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals, under penalty of death. * Constans I begins a successful campaign against the Franks. ###### India * Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire, during a decade, extends his kingdom and his influence. A pillar found at Allahabad sings his praises. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Council of Encaenia is held in Antioch. * Paul I is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople. * Thousands of Christians are executed at Seleucia in Mesopotamia. * Coptic Christianity is introduced into Ethiopia by the Syrian apostle Frumentius. He and his colleague Edesius were captured by Ethiopians a year or two ago, and have become civil servants at the Aksumite court of King Ezana. Frumentius becomes the first Bishop of Axum and encourages the Christian merchants present in the country to practise their faith openly. ### 342 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constans I campaigns in Britain against the Picts. * Constans campaigns victoriously against the Franks. * The Senate abolishes gay marriage. ###### = Europe = * A large earthquake strikes Cyprus. ###### Asia * Goguryeo is invaded by Murong Huang of the Xianbei. * Jin Kangdi succeeds his brother Jin Chengdi as emperor of China. #### By topic ###### Religion * Paul I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed and replaced by Macedonius I. * February 15 – The original Hagia Sophia is dedicated in Constantinople. ### 343 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Western Roman Emperor Constans I is in Britain, possibly in a military campaign against the Picts and Scots. The last visit to Britain by a legitimate emperor. * The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius II campaigns in Adiabene, a vassal kingdom of Armenia (Persian Empire). #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Julius I tries to unite the Western bishops against Arianism by convoking the Council of Serdika (later Sofia), which acknowledges the pope's supreme authority and grants him the right to judge cases involving the legal possession of episcopal sees, but only Western and Egyptian bishops attend, and Arianism remains strong. ### 344 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius II campaigns in eastern Mesopotamia, against the Sassanid Persians. * Battle of Singara: The Roman army under Constantius wins a close victory, at the strongly fortified city of Singara (Mesopotamia). His enemy, King Shapur II, is forced to lift the siege, and withdraw the Persian army. * Shapur II, for the second time, besieges the Roman fortress of Nisibis in eastern Mesopotamia, but is repulsed by forces under General Lucilianus. ###### Asia * Jin Mudi, age 1, succeeds his father Jin Kangdi as emperor of China. His mother, Empress Dowager Chu, becomes the ruling authority at court, and serves as regent. * Gye becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. #### By topic ###### Art * The making of a detail of *Admonitions of the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies* (attributed to Gu Kaizhi and being from the Six Dynasties period) begins (approximate year) and is completed in 406. It is now kept at the British Museum, London. ###### Religion * Bishop Eustorgius I brings relics of the Three Magi from Constantinople to Milan, according to a 12th century legend. ### 345 #### By place ###### India * Merchant Knai Thomman and 400 followers visit the Malabar Coast in Kerala (India), and assist the church there. * The Kadamba Dynasty is founded by Mayurasharma. ###### Italy * Constans orders the Basilica di Santa Tecla to be constructed in Lombardy. ### 346 #### By place ###### Asia * In Korea, the Buyeo Kingdom is absorbed by Goguryeo. * Geunchogo becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. #### By topic ###### Religion * Emperor Constans I uses his influence to secure the return of Athanasius. He is restored as Patriarch of Alexandria, and documents are compiled relating to his expulsion, under the title *Apology Against the Arians*. * Macedonius I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed again by Paul I. * Julius Firmicus Maternus writes *De erroribus profanarum religionum*. * The Visigoths are converted to Arianism by Wulfila. ### 347 #### By place ###### China * Li Shi, ruler of Cheng Han, fails in his attempt to halt a Jin expedition under Huan Wen. He flees to the capital Chengdu and surrenders his forces. Emperor Jin Mudi spares his life and makes him a marquess. #### By topic ###### Religion * Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy, and ground rules for bishops are laid down. * The Council of Philippopolis is held as the result of Eastern bishops leaving the Council of Sardica. In Philippopolis (Bulgaria), they excommunicate Pope Julius, and as a result, the Arian controversy is perpetuated. ### 348 #### By place ###### Europe * Wulfila escapes religious persecution by the Gothic chieftain Athanaric, and obtains permission from Constantius II to migrate with his flock of converts to Moesia, and settle near Nicopolis ad Istrum (Bulgaria). ###### Asia * In Persia, women are enrolled in the army to perform auxiliary services. * In India, Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire defeats Rudrasena in battle. ### 349 #### By place ###### Asia * After a brief reign of 183 days, Emperor Shi Zun and his mother Empress Zheng Yingtao are executed; his son Shi Jian succeeds him, as emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao. * The Mou-jong (proto-Mongols) take control of North China. Significant people ------------------ * Constans, Roman Emperor * Constantius II, Roman Emperor * Flavius Philippus, praetorian prefect of the East, consul * Hypatia of Alexandria Births ------ **340** * Aurelius Ambrose, bishop of Milan (approximate date) * Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium (approximate date) * Jerome, priest and Bible translator (approximate date) * Justina, Roman empress and regent (approximate date) * Peter of Sebaste, bishop of Armenia (approximate date) * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, Roman consul (d. 402) **341** * Ai of Jin (or **Qianling**), Chinese emperor (d. 365) **342** * Fei of Jin (or **Sima Yi**), Chinese emperor (d. 386) **343** * Fu Deng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 394) * Jin Mudi, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 361) * Xiao Wenshou (or **Xiaoyi**), Chinese empress dowager (d. 423) * Xie Xuan, Chinese general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 388) **344** * Gu Kaizhi, Chinese painter (approximate date) * Kumārajīva, Buddhist monk and translator (d. 413) * Mary of Egypt, patron Saint (approximate date) * Wang Xianzhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 386) * Zhang Yaoling, ruler of Former Liang (d. 355) **345** * Evagrius Ponticus, Christian monk and ascetic (d. 399) * Afranius Syagrius, Roman politician and administrator * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, Roman consul and intellectual (d. 402) * Tyrannius of Aquileia, historian and theologian (approximate date) **346** * Zhang Tianxi, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (d. 406) **347** * January 11 – Theodosius I, Roman Emperor (d. 395) * March 27 – Saint Jerome, priest and translator of the Bible (approximate date) * Eunapius, Greek sophist and historian * John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date) * Paula, Desert Mother and Saint (d. 404) * Saint Porphyry, bishop of Gaza (approximate date) **348** * Prudentius, Roman Christian poet (d. 413) * Shenoute, monk and saint (d. 466) **349** * John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date) Deaths ------ **340** * October 28 – Cunera (or **Kunera**), Christian martyr * Constantine II, Roman consul and emperor (b. 316) * Kui An, Indian general and minister of Later Zhao * Macrina the Elder, Christian saint (approximate date) * Tao Bao (or **Anbu**), Chinese general of Later Zhao * Yu Liang (or **Yuangui**), Chinese general (b. 279) **341** * Asterius of Cappadocia, Christian theologian and writer * Du Lingyang (or **Du Ling**), Chinese empress (b. 321) * Eusebius of Nicomedia, archbishop of Constantinople * Ge Hong (or **Ko Hung**), Chinese taoist (approximate date) * Paul of Thebes, Christian hermit (approximate date) * Potamon of Heraclea, Christian bishop and martyr **342** * July 26 – Chen of Jin (or **Sima Yan**), Chinese emperor (b. 321) * Barsabias, Christian abbot, missionary and martyr * Paul of Thebes, Christian hermit (approximate date) * Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI, Roman client king **343** * December 6 – Saint Nicholas (or Santa Claus) (b. 270) * Li Shou (or **Wukao**), Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (b. 300) **344** * April 14 + Chusdazat, Syrian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint + Pusai, Syrian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint * August 20 – Heliodorus of Bet Zabdai, bishop and martyr * November 17 – Jin Kangdi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 322) * Biryu of Baekje, king of Baekje (Three Kingdoms of Korea) **345** * February 4 – Abraham of Arbela, Persian bishop and martyr (approximate date) * April 6 + Abdecalas – Persian Orthodox priest and saint + Shemon Bar Sabbae – Persian Orthodox priest and saint * June 16 – Patriarch Gregory of Cappadocia * August 27 – Narnus, Roman Catholic bishop and saint * November 20 – Abiatha, Hathes and Mamlacha, Syrian Orthodox priests, virgins, martyrs and saints * Abdisho, member of the Church of the East * Aphrahat, Syrian Orthodox priest and saint * Stephen I of Antioch, Byzantine bishop and saint **346** * He Chong (or **Cidao**), Chinese politician (b. 292) * Maximin of Trier, German bishop (approximate date) * Zhang Jun (or **Gongting**), Chinese prince (b. 307) **347** * Ursicinus of Brescia, Bishop of Brescia **348** * May 9 – Pachomius the Great, founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism (b. 292) * December 12 – Saint Spyridon, Greek-Cypriot Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 270) * Murong Huang, Chinese ruler of the Former Yan (b. 297) **349** * Empress Liu, wife of Emperor Shi Hu (b. 318) * Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao (b. 295) * Shi Shi, emperor and brother of Shi Zun (b. 339) * Shi Zun, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao * Wei Shuo, calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty (b. 272) * Empress Zhang, wife of emperor Shi Zun * Empress Zheng Yingtao, mother of emperor Shi Zun

340s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/340s

Year **215** (**CCXV**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Laetus and Sulla** (or, less frequently, **year 968 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 215 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Caracalla's troops massacre the population of Alexandria, Egypt, beginning with the leading citizens. The emperor is angry about a satire, produced in Alexandria, mocking his claim that he killed Geta in self-defense. * Caracalla introduces a new coin, the Antoninianus. The weight of this coin is a mere 1/50 of a pound. Copper disappears gradually, and by the middle of the third century, with Rome's economy in crisis, the Antonianus will be the only official currency. #### China * Zhang Liao holds off Sun Quan's invasion force at the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in Hefei, China. #### Caucasus * Vachagan I becomes king of Caucasian Albania. Births ------ * Huangfu Mi (or **Shi'an**), Chinese physician and poet (d. 282) Deaths ------ * Chen Wu, Chinese general serving under Sun Quan * Clement of Alexandria, Greek scholar and philosopher * Han Sui (or **Wenyue**), Chinese general and warlord * Sun Yu, Chinese warlord and cousin of Sun Quan (b. 177) * Zhang Cheng, Chinese official serving under Cao Cao

215

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/215

Year **348 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Laenas** (or, less frequently, **year 406 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 348 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * After being besieged by the Persian forces of King Artaxerxes III, Sidon is taken and its population is punished with great cruelty. #### Greece * The Athenian help to its cities in Macedonia is diverted by a revolt in Euboea which Philip II of Macedon has fomented. He conquers the city of Olynthus in the Chalcidice and he annexes Chalcidice to Macedonia. * The city of Eretria on the island of Euboea successfully rebels against the rule of Athens and Euboea is declared independent. The Athenian statesman and general, Phocion's tactical skills save an Athenian force sent to fight the supporters of Philip II on Euboea. #### Roman Republic * Rome and Carthage make a trade agreement under which Carthage will not attack those Latin states which are faithful to Rome. This agreement demonstrates that Rome is now the dominant power in the Latin League. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Plato, Greek philosopher and author

348 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/348_BC

Year **234** (**CCXXXIV**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pupienus and Sulla** (or, less frequently, **year 987 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 234 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops. #### China * Battle of Wuzhang Plains between the Chinese states of Shu Han and Cao Wei: The army of Shu Han retreats, following an inconclusive result. #### Korea * Saban becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. He is succeeded by Goi of Baekje later in the same year. Births ------ * Porphyry, Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher (d. c. 305) * Wang Rong, Chinese general and politician (d. 305) Deaths ------ * April 21 – Xian of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 181) * Li Miao (or **Hannan**), Chinese official and politician * Li Yan (or **Li Ping**), Chinese general and politician * Liu Yan (or **Weishuo**), Chinese general and politician * Liu Ye (or **Ziyang**), Chinese court adviser and politician * Pan Zhang (or **Wengui**), Chinese general and politician * Sun Huan (or **Jiming**), Chinese nobleman and general * Wei Yan (or **Wenchang**), Chinese general and politician * Xiahou Hui (or **Yuanrong**), Chinese noblewoman (b. 211) * Zhuge Liang, Chinese statesman and strategist (b. 181)

234

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/234

Year **330** (**CCCXXX**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gallicanus and Tullianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1083 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 330 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates the Column of Constantine and Constantinople, or *Nova Roma* (modern-day Istanbul). He had spent four years expanding the city of Byzantium, having chosen the site for its strategic location on the Bosporus. The city is later the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. * The Goths devastate the city of Tanais, in the Don River Delta. #### Africa * Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë. ### By topic #### Religion * Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date). * Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis. * The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila. * Pagan temples begin to be progressively abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, save those that are transformed into churches. Births ------ * Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379) * Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379) * Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405) * Victricius of Rouen, Christian missionary and bishop * Yang Xi, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 386) Deaths ------ * Achillius of Larissa (or **Achilles**), Greek bishop * Arnobius, Numidian apologist and writer * Guo Mo, Chinese general and warlord * Helena (**Augusta**), mother of Constantine I * Tiridates III (**the Great**), king of Armenia * Vicinius of Sarsina, Christian bishop * Zu Yue, Chinese general and warlord

330

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/330

Year **235 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Bulbus** (or, less frequently, **year 519 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 235 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * In Rome, the consul Titus Manlius Torquatus presides over the first ever closing of the gates of the Temple of Janus, signifying peace. #### Asia Minor * Under King Attalus I, Pergamum begins to build up its power and importance. * Antiochus Hierax defeats his brother King Seleucus II Callinicus at the Battle of Ancyra. #### Greece * Aratus of Sicyon brings Megalopolis into the Achaean League. * The ephor, Lysander, claims to have seen a sign from the gods against King Leonidas II of Sparta so Leonidas flees to avoid his trial. In his absence, Leonidas is deposed from the throne and replaced by his son-in-law, Cleomenes III. #### China * The exile Lü Buwei, facing the suspicion of Ying Zheng, commits suicide. ### By topic #### Literature * A work by the Latin epic poet and dramatist Gnaeus Naevius is performed for the first time. Births ------ * Ellalan, king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom (d. 161 BC) Deaths ------ * Aristippus, Greek tyrant of Argos * Lü Buwei, Chinese politician (b. 291 BC)

235 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/235_BC

Year **235** (**CCXXXV**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Quintianus** (or, less frequently, **year 988 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 235 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * March 22 – Emperor Severus Alexander and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers. The soldiers proclaim Maximinus Thrax as emperor. The Severan dynasty ends, marking the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. ### By topic #### Religion * September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians. * November 21 – Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome. Births ------ * Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 264) Deaths ------ * March 22 – Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (b. 208) * Cao Gun, Chinese imperial prince * Chen Zhen (or **Xiaoqi**), Chinese official and politician * Gaius Petronius Magnus, Roman consul and usurper * Guo Nüwang, Chinese emperres * Hippolytus, Christian theologian and writer (b. 170) * Julia Avita Mamaea, mother of Severus Alexander (b. 180) * Tiberius Julius Cotys III (or **Kotys**), Roman client king * Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV, Roman client king * Titius Quartinus, Roman governor and usurper * Xin Pi (or **Zuozhi**), Chinese official and politician * Yang Yi (or **Weigong**), Chinese official and adviser

235

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/235

Year **335** (**CCCXXXV**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Albinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1088 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 335 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * September 14 – Emperor Constantine I consecrates the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. * September 19 – Flavius Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar, with control of Thracia and Macedonia. * Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine I, is made *Rex Regum* ("King of Kings of the Pontic people"). * November 7 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented the corn fleet from sailing to Constantinople. #### Asia * Samudragupta succeeds Chandragupta I as king of the Gupta Empire. * Tuoba Hena ousts Tuoba Yihuai as chieftain of the Tuoba Clan. * Emperor Shi Hu moves the capital of the Later Zhao state to Yecheng. ### By topic #### Religion * First Synod of Tyre: Constantine I convenes a gathering of bishops at Tyre to depose and exile Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria. * Constantine I reinstates the Alexandrian priest Arius (declared a heretic at the First Council of Nicaea in 325) in a synod at Jerusalem about a year before Arius' death. * September 13 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is consecrated. * December 31 – Pope Sylvester I dies at Rome after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by Mark as the 34th pope. Births ------ * Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 357) * Gregory of Nyssa, Christian bishop and saint (approximate date) * Magnus Maximus, Western Roman emperor (approximate date) * Theon of Alexandria, director of the Library of Alexandria (approximate date) Deaths ------ * December 31 – Sylvester I, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 285) * Chandragupta I, Indian king of the Gupta Empire * Cheng, Chinese empress dowager of the Later Zhao state * Lady Xun (or **Yuzhang**), Chinese concubine of Yuan of Jin

335

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/335

This article concerns the period **29 BC – 20 BC**. Events ------ ### 29 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Octavian Caesar becomes Roman Consul for the fifth time. His partner is Sextus Appuleius. He is granted the title of imperator, and for the third time in Roman history the doors of the Temple of Janus are closed, signalling peace. * Octavian celebrates, in Rome, three triumphs on consecutive days (August 13, August 14, and August 15) to commemorate his victories in Illyricum, Actium and Egypt. * Marcus Licinius Crassus campaigns successfully in the Balkans, killing the king of the Bastarnae by his own hand, but is denied the right to dedicate the spolia opima by Octavian. * Sofia, modern day capital of Bulgaria, is conquered by the Romans and becomes known as Ulpia Serdica. * Start of the Cantabrian Wars against Roman occupation in Hispania. #### By topic ###### Literature * March 1 – Horace writes the ode *Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen*. * Composition of *The Aeneid* by Virgil begins. ### 28 BC #### By place #### Iberian Peninsula * In 28BC, the FCTUC ( Faculde de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra) was founded by Viriatus. It remains as the worst faculty in Aeminium aka Coimbra. It started with the first degree (Licenciatura em Design e Multimédia) in which they learned how to use manure. ###### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the sixth time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the second time. * The Roman Senate grants Octavian Caesar the title *imperium maius* (supreme commander) of the Roman armed forces (Around 60 legions). * Augustus initiates a census of the Roman Republic for the first time since 69 BC. #### By topic ###### Astronomy * May 10 – The earliest dated record of a sunspot by Chinese astronomers. ### 27 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic/Empire * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time. * January 16 – Octavian formally returns full power to the Senate; they give him the titles of *Princeps* and *Augustus*. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of *Romulus*, thus becoming first Roman emperor. * Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduces the number of legions to 26 and creates the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men). * Augustus forms the Classis Misenensis, based in the harbor of Portus Julius at Misenum. * Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior into Baetica and Lusitania, and enlarges Hispania Citerior. * Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo). * Marcus Agrippa begins the construction of the old Pantheon, Rome. * Augustus' first census of the Roman Empire (formerly the Roman Republic) reports a total of 4,063,000 citizens. * ### 26 BC #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eighth time. His partner Titus Statilius Taurus becomes Consul for the second time and refounds the old Contestanian Iberian capital of Ilici (Elche), known since then as "Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta". * Cleopatra Selene marries Juba II of Numidia, and as a wedding present Augustus makes her the queen of Mauretania in her own right. * Disastrous campaign of Aelius Gallus in the Arabian Peninsula, then known as "Arabia Felix". * Tiridates II invades Parthia and issues coins dated from March and May, 26 BC. * Gavius Silo, orator, is heard by Caesar Augustus - mentioned by Seneca. * Augustus starts a campaign against the Cantabrians in northern Hispania. He leads an army (8 legions) and consolidates the north-eastern region. ###### Greece * Dioteimus Alaieus is one of the Archons of Athens. ###### Osroene * Abgar III of Osroene is succeeded by Abgar IV Sumaqa. ###### Asia * The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty, and rules over the eastern part of India. #### By topic ###### Astronomy * August 29 – Christian Cross Asterism (astronomy) at Zenith of Lima, Peru. ### 25 BC #### By place ###### Roman empire * Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Consul for the ninth time. His partner is Marcus Junius Silanus. * The temple to Neptune on the Circus Flaminius is built. * Estimation: Rome, capital of the Roman Empire becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Chang'an, capital of China. * Galatia becomes a Roman province after the death of its king. The Roman troops stationed there are relocated to Egypt. * The Roman colony of Emerita Augusta is founded (present-day Mérida). ###### China * The government gives its tributary states 20,000 rolls of silk cloth and about 20,000 pounds of silk floss. ### 24 BC #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus. * Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt to commemorate his final victory over Mark Antony. * Herod the Great marries for a third time, to Mariamne II, after a 4-year hiatus from family life (after putting to death his 2nd wife Mariamne I). ### 23 BC #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Caesar Augustus becomes Roman consul for the eleventh time. His co-consul is Aulus Terentius Varro Murena. * Augustus relinquishes the position of consul, retains that of tribune of Rome, and assumes that of *Princeps*, or "First Citizen." (see Roman Empire). * Augustus gets seriously ill: he gives Agrippa his signet ring and grants him the title *imperium pro consule*. * Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus) falls ill from a fever shortly after his uncle recovers and dies at the age of nineteen while serving as an aedile. * The Nubians, led by queen Kandake Amanirenas, take the initiative against the Roman Empire, and attack the Roman province of Egypt moving towards Elephantine. * In response to Meroë's incursions into Upper Egypt, the Roman legions move south and raze Napata. (History of Sudan). * Herod the Great builds a palace in Jerusalem and the fortress Herodian in Judaea. He also marries his third wife, named Mariamne, the daughter of high priest Simon. * Following coinage reform, the as is struck in reddish pure copper, instead of bronze. The denominations of sestertius and dupondius are introduced as large bronze coins. ###### Osroene * Ma'nu III Saphul becomes ruler of Osroene. #### By topic ###### Architecture * The Roman writer, architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio finishes writing *De Architectura* (known today as *The Ten Books of Architecture*), a treatise in Latin on architecture, and perhaps the first work about this discipline. ###### Poetry * The Roman poet Horace publishes the first three books of Odes. ### 22 BC #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Lucius Munatius Plancus are Censors. * The Roman governor of Egypt, Gaius Petronius, marches up the Nile with legions XXII *Deiotariana* and III *Cyrenaica*, and destroys the Nubian capital of Napata. * King Artaxias II returns, with the support of the Parthians, to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him. ### 21 BC #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella Major, and marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus. ### 20 BC #### By place ###### Roman Empire * May 12 – Emperor Augustus Caesar negotiates a peace with Parthia, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. The captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned. * Based on the scenes and the style of the work, the Portland Vase is believed to have been made in Alexandria some time between this year and AD 100. * King Herod the Great begins renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem. * Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, is built (approximate date). ###### India * The Shakas, a nomadic Iranian tribe, no longer control northwest India (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Literature * Marcus Verrius Flaccus' *De verborum significatu* is published. It is one of the first great dictionaries in history. riiz Significant people ------------------ * Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC–AD 14) Births ------ **27 BC** * Ai of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 1 BC) **25 BC** * Aulus Cornelius Celsus, author of *De Medicina* (d. c. AD 50) **23 BC** * Dong Xian, Chinese politician and general (d. 1 BC) * Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria (Judea) (d. AD 18) **21 BC** * Naevius Sutorius Macro, Roman prefect and politician (d. AD 38) **20 BC** * June 3 – Lucius Aelius Sejanus, advisor of Tiberius (d. AD 31) * Gaius Caesar, grandson of Augustus Caesar (d. AD 4) * Lucius Antonius, grandson of Mark Antony d. AD 25) * Philo of Alexandria, Jewish philosopher (d. AD 50) Deaths ------ **29 BC** * Antiochus II, Armenian prince of Commagene (executed) * Mariamne I, wife of Herod the Great (executed) (or 28 BC) * Ptolemy Philadelphus, Ptolemaic prince of Egypt (b. 36 BC) **28 BC** * Alexandra the Maccabee, Hasmonean princess (approximate date) * Mariamne I, Hasmonean princess and wife Herod the Great (or 29 BC) **27 BC** * Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar and writer (b. 116 BC) **26 BC** * Gaius Cornelius Gallus, Roman politician and poet (b. 70 BC) * Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus, Roman politician **25 BC** * Amyntas of Galatia, King of Galatia **24 BC** * Aulus Terentius Varro Murena, Roman general and politician **23 BC** * Marcus Claudius Marcellus, son of Octavia and nephew of Augustus (b. 42 BC) **22 BC** * Lucius Licinius Varro Murena, Roman politician **20 BC** * Artavasdes I, king of Media Atropatene (approximate date) * Artaxias II, king of Armenia (Artaxiad Dynasty) * Fuzhulei Ruodi, ruler of the Xiongnu Empire * Mirian II (or **Mirvan**), king of Iberia (Georgia) * Mithridates II, king of Commagene (Armenia)

20s BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20s_BC

Year **284** (**CCLXXXIV**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Carinus and Numerianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1037 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 284 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor) on his way home to Rome. Suffering from an inflammation of the eyes, he travels in a closed litter in which soldiers find his decaying corpse. * November 20 – The commander of Numerian's domestici (household troops), Diocles, is chosen to be the new emperor. In a military assembly outside Nicomedia (modern İzmit, Turkey), Diocles claims that the praetorian prefect (and rival for the throne) Arrius Aper murdered Numerian, and he personally stabs and kills the prefect on the spot. The new emperor changes his name to the Latinised 'Diocletian'. Building on existing trends, Diocletian presents his rule as that of a god-like dominus or autocrat. * Sabinus Julianus, the praetorian prefect of Emperor Carinus, exploits the instability and usurps the throne in northern Italy. #### Persian Empire * King of Kings Bahram II installs Mirian III, of the House of Mihran, on the throne of the Kingdom of Iberia. Mirian would rule the kingdom until his death in c. 361. #### Korea * Yurye becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. ### By topic #### Religion * Rufinus succeeds Dometius as Bishop of Byzantium. Births ------ * Fu Hong (or **Pu Hong**), Chinese general and prince (d. 350) * Huai of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 313) Deaths ------ * November 20 – Numerian, Roman emperor (b. 254) * Lucius Flavius Aper, Roman general and praetorian prefect * Sun Hao, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (b. 243)

284

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/284

Year **284 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tucca and Denter/Dentatus** (or, less frequently, **year 470 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 284 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Gallic tribe called the Senones, who have settled on the Adriatic coast north of Picenum, attack Arretium in Etruria. While attempting to relieve this allied city, the Romans under the command of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter suffer a costly defeat in the Battle of Arretium. Aroused by this disaster, a Roman army under Manius Curius Dentatus invades the Senones' territory, defeating them and driving them out of the Italian peninsula. #### Asia Minor * Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor. * Lysimachus' wife, Arsinoe, being keen to gain the succession to the kingdom of Thrace for her sons in preference to Agathocles (the eldest son of Lysimachus), intrigues against him with the help of her brother Ptolemy Keraunos. They accuse him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and Agathocles is put to death. This atrocious deed by Lysimachus and his family arouses great indignation. Many of the cities in Asia Minor revolt and some of his most trusted friends desert him. * Agathocles' widow Lysandra flees with their children and with Alexander, Agathocles' brother, to the court of Seleucus, who at once invades Lysimachus' territory in Asia Minor. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Agathocles, son of King Lysimachus of Thrace * Ardvates, governor and later ruler of Armenia who founds a dynasty that will rule until 211 BC * Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, Roman consul and general (killed in the Battle of Arretium) (b. c. 320 BC)

284 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/284_BC

Year **288** (**CCLXXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximian and Ianuarianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1041 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 288 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian launches a campaign into Germanic territory from the province of Raetia (Switzerland). * Around this time, an army loyal to Maximian, probably led by the future emperor Constantius, defeats the usurper Carausius or his Frankish allies in northern Gaul. In this or the following year, Carausius withdraws his military forces and administrative presence from Gaul, confining himself to Roman Britain. * Maximian makes an alliance with the Frankish king Gennobaudes. * Far from Carausius' fleet, in the rivers of Gaul, Maximian builds a fleet to contest control of the North Sea and re-take Britain. * Around this time, Constantius marries Maximian's stepdaughter, Theodora, and it may also be around this time that the general Galerius marries Diocletian's daughter Galeria Valeria. Births ------ * Li Ban, Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (d. 334) * Wen Jiao (or **Taizhen**), Chinese politician (d. 329) Deaths ------ * Maximilian of Lorch, Christian missionary and martyr * Sebastian, Roman soldier and Christian martyr * Teng Xiu, Chinese general and governor

288

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/288

Year **239 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Turrinus and Falto** (or, less frequently, **year 515 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 239 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Carthage * Concerned that Hamilcar Barca's leniency in pardoning those who he has captured who have participated in the Mercenary War will encourage others to defect, Mathos and Spendius order the mutilation and execution of "about seven hundred" Carthaginian prisoners, including Gesco. With the mercenaries jointly guilty of these atrocities, defectors dare not face Carthaginian justice under Hamilcar. * Carthage is besieged by the mercenary armies, while the city of Utica revolts and attempts to secede from Carthage. Carthage appeals to Hiero II of Syracuse and to Rome for aid against the mercenaries. However, the mercenary leaders reject the efforts of Roman mediators. * Sardinia revolts against Carthage and Rome takes the opportunity to annex the island. #### Greece * Antigonus II, King of Macedonia, dies and is succeeded by his son, Demetrius II. * With Aetolia now as its ally, the Achaean League under the command of Aratus of Sicyon repeatedly attacks Athens and Argos. #### Seleucid Empire * Seleucus II's brother Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid Anatolia, sends an army into Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the "War of the Brothers". #### Persia * Diodotus of Bactria defeats an army of Parthians. He dies shortly thereafter and is succeeded by his son Diodotus II. #### China * Cheng Jiao, the half-brother of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, is sent to attack the State of Zhao, but he attempts to usurp power and is defeated and executed. * Qin Prime Minister Lü Buwei publishes the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Lü Buwei" (*Lüshi Chunqiu*). #### Korea * Haemosu, who is a descendant of the people of the empire of Gojoseon, establishes the ancient kingdom of Bukbuyeo in modern-day Jilin, northeast China. Births ------ * Quintus Ennius, Latin poet and writer, considered the father of Roman poetry (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Antigonus II Gonatas, king of Macedon from 277 BC who has rebuilt his kingdom's power and established its hegemony over Greece (b. c. 319 BC) * Diodotus I, king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (b. c. 285 BC) * Huanhui of Han, Chinese king of the Han State

239 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/239_BC

Year **228** (**CCXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Modestus and Maecius** (or, less frequently, **year 981 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 228 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Domitius Ulpianus, a Roman jurist and prefect, is assassinated by the Praetorian Guard, in the presence of Emperor Severus Alexander. His curtailment of the privileges of the palace guard becomes Ulpianus' downfall, who in the course of a riot at Rome is murdered, between the soldiers and the mob. #### Persian Empire * King Ardashir I, four years after establishing the Sassanid Persian Empire, completes his conquest of Parthia. #### China * c. February–May – Battle of Jieting: The Cao Wei Kingdom decisively defeats the Shu Han Kingdom. * June–October – Battle of Shiting: The Eastern Wu Kingdom defeats the Cao Wei Kingdom. Births ------ * Paul of Thebes, Christian hermit (approximate date) * Wang Fan, Chinese politician and astronomer (d. 266) Deaths ------ * Cao Xiu, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state * Domitius Ulpianus, Roman jurist and prefect (b. 170) * Jia Kui, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state (b. 174) * Lü Fan, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state * Luo Tong, Chinese official and general (b. 193) * Ma Su, Chinese general of the Shu Han state (b. 190) * Meng Da, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state * Wang Lang, Chinese official of the Cao Wei state * Zhuge Qiao, Chinese official and general (b. 204) See also -------- * 2nd Battalion 28th Marines (often simply referred as 2/28). * February 28 Incident (referred to in Chinese as "228").

228

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/228

Year **220 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Laevinus/Catulus and Scaevola/Philo** (or, less frequently, **year 534 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 220 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Together with fellow Illyrian, Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Roman protection and leads a piratical squadron into Greek waters. They unsuccessfully attack Pylos, an Achaean town on the Messenian coast, in the Peloponnesus of Greece. * Scerdilaidas and the Aetolians invade Achaea. With the help of Cynaethan traitors, they attack, seize and burn Cynaetha, a town in the north of Arcadia. * Rome strikes again against the Illyrian pirates precipitating the Second Illyrian War. * Demetrius seeks refuge with Philip V of Macedon, who is very resentful of the Roman interference. Rome occupies Demetrius' chief fortresses, Pharos and Dimillos. * Aratus of Sicyon counters Aetolian aggression by obtaining the assistance of the Hellenic League now under the leadership of Philip V of Macedon. In the resulting Social War, the Hellenic League of Greek states is assembled in Corinth at Philip V's instigation. He then leads the Hellenic League in battles against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis. * The Gortynians occupy Matala, on the island of Crete. #### Seleucid Empire * With Molon occupying significant parts of the Seleucid kingdom and assuming the title of king, on the advice of his chief Minister, Hermeias, Antiochus III abandons a campaign to conquer southern Syria from Egypt. Antiochus III instead marches against Molon, defeating and killing him and his brother Alexander on the far bank of the Tigris. Antiochus goes on to conquer Atropatene, the north-western part of Media. * Meanwhile, the birth of a son to Antiochus III and Laodice (daughter of Mithridates II, king of Pontus) leads Hermeias to consider getting rid of the king so that he can rule under the name of the infant son. Antiochus discovers the scheme and arranges the assassination of Hermeias. #### Anatolia * Antiochus III's commander in Anatolia, Achaeus, having recovered all the districts which Attalus of Pergamum has gained, is accused by Hermeias, the chief minister of Antiochus, of intending to revolt. In self-defence, Achaeus assumes the title of king and rules over the Anatolian parts of the Seleucid kingdom. #### Egypt * Arsinoe III marries her brother, King Ptolemy IV of Egypt. #### Roman Republic * During his censorship, the Roman political leader, Gaius Flaminius, builds the Circus Flaminius on the Campus Martius and constructs the Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini). #### China * Qin Shi Huang begins a system of tree-lined roads to interconnect all parts of China, and begins to join regional walls to form the beginnings of the Great Wall (Wan li chang cheng). * Around this time, Prime Minister Li Si publishes *Cangjiepian*, a primer on the new orthographic standard for all of China, the Small Seal Script. ### By topic #### Art * A bronze statue called *Gallic Chieftain killing his wife and himself* is made (approximate date). A Roman copy after the original statue is today preserved at Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome. * A bronze statue called *Dying Gallic trumpeter* is made (possibly by Epigonos) (230-220 BC). A marble Roman copy after the original statue is today preserved at Museo Capitolino in Rome. Births ------ * Attalus II Philadelphus, king of Pergamon and founder of modern-day Turkish city Antalya (d. 138 BC) * Pacuvius, Roman tragic poet and writer (d. c. 130 BC) * Tiberius Gracchus the Elder, father of the Roman political reformer Tiberius Gracchus (approximate date) (d. 154 BC) Deaths ------ * Conon of Samos, Greek mathematician and astronomer whose work on conic sections (curves of the intersections of a right circular cone with a plane) serves as the basis for the fourth book of the Conics of Apollonius of Perga (b. c. 280 BC) * Molon, general of the Seleucid king Antiochus III who has rebelled against his rule * Hermeias, the favourite and chief minister of the Seleucid king Seleucus III and, for a short time, chief minister to Antiochus III

220 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/220_BC

The **23rd century BC** was a century that lasted from the year 2300 BC to 2201 BC. Events ------ * 2334 BC – 2279 BC: (short chronology) Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Mesopotamia. * c. 2300 BC: Indus Valley civilisation (Harappan) flourishing in modern-day eastern Pakistan - western India. * c. 2300 BC: Metals start to be used in Northern Europe. * c. 2300 BC: Unetice culture emerges in the modern day Czech Republic. * c. 2300 BC: Canal Bahr Yusuf (current name) is created when the waterway from the Nile to the natural lake (now Lake Moeris) is widened and deepened to create a canal. * c. 2300 BC – 2200 BC: "Head of a man from Nineveh" (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq) is made. It is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad. * c. 2300 BC – 2184 BC: Disk of Enheduanna, from Ur, (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) is made. It is now in University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. * c. 2300–2250 BC, reigns of Pepi I Meryre and Merenre Nemtyemsaf I, beginning of Pepi II Neferkares' rule, all of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. * c. 2288 BC: "Queen Merye-ankhnes and her son Pepy II" is sculpted, Sixth dynasty of Egypt. The alabaster statuette is now at The Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York. * c. 2285 BC: Enheduanna, high priestess of the moon god Nanna in Ur, was born. * c. 2254 BC – 2218 BC: Stela of Naram-Sin, probably from Sippar, discovered in Susa (modern Shush, Iran), is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris. * c. 2250 BC: The beginning of the Meghalayan Stage, the last of the three stages of the Holocene. * c. 2250 BC: Earliest evidence of maize cultivation in Central America. * c. 2240 BC: Akkad, capital of the Akkadian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, surpassing Memphis, capital of Egypt. * c. 2220 BC: Scord of Brouster farmstead established in Shetland, Scotland * c. 2220 BC: Mount Edgecumbe (Alaska) volcano erupts near present-day Sitka, Alaska. * c. 2215 BC: A Guti army swept down from the Zagros Mountains and defeated the demoralized Akkadian army. They took Agade, the capital of Akkad, and destroyed it thoroughly. * c. July 2215 BC: Comet Hale-Bopp visits the inner solar system and would not return until the year AD 1997.

23rd century BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_century_BC

Year **222** (**CCXXII**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Antoninus and Severus** (or, less frequently, **year 975 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 222 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * March 11 – Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilated bodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before being thrown into the Tiber. * Alexander Severus succeeds Elagabalus. He is only 13 years old; his mother, Julia Avita Mamaea, governs the Roman Empire with the help of Domitius Ulpianus and a council composed of 16 senators. #### China * Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling: The Chinese state of Shu Han is defeated by Eastern Wu. ### By topic #### Commerce * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 35 percent under emperor Alexander Severus, down from 43 percent under Elagabalus. #### Religion * October 14 – Pope Callixtus I is killed by a mob in Rome's Trastevere after a 5-year reign in which he has stabilized the Saturday fast three times per year, with no food, oil, or wine to be consumed on those days. Callixtus is succeeded by Cardinal Urban I. Births ------ * Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (d. 283) * Du Yu (or **Yuankai**), Chinese general and politician (d. 285) Deaths ------ * March 11 + Elagabalus, Roman emperor (b. 203) + Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus (b. 180) * Annia Faustina, Roman noblewoman and empress * Bardaisan, Syriac scholar and philosopher (b. 154) * Callixtus I, pope of the Catholic Church * Cheng Ji (or **Jiran**), Chinese general * Feng Xi (or **Xiuyuan**), Chinese general * Hierocles, favourite and lover of Elagabalus * Liu Ba (or **Zichu**), Chinese official and politician * Ma Chao, Chinese general and warlord (b. 176) * Ma Liang, Chinese diplomat and politician (b. 187) * Xu Jing (or **Wenxiu**), Chinese official and politician * Zhang Liao (or **Wenyuan**), Chinese general (b. 169)

222

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222

Year **245 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Buteo and Bulbus** (or, less frequently, **year 509 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 245 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Egypt * Babylon and Susa fall to the Egyptian armies of Ptolemy III. * Following a long engagement, Ptolemy III marries Berenice II, the daughter of Magas, king of Cyrene; thereby reuniting Egypt and Cyrenaica. #### Greece * After the death of his nephew, Alexander of Corinth, Antigonus II gives Nicaea, Alexander's widow, to his son Demetrius in marriage. Through this action, Antigonus II regains Corinth which has been independent while under the rule of Alexander of Corinth. * Aratus of Sicyon is elected general (strategos) of the Achaean League. #### China * The Qin general Pao Gong captures the Wei city of Juan. * The Zhao general Lian Po captures the Wei city of Fanyang. Births ------ * Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general and Younger brother of Hannibal (d. 207 BC) Deaths ------ * Apollonius of Rhodes, Greek poet, grammarian, and author of the Argonautica, an epic in four books on the voyage of the Argonauts (b. c. 295 BC)

245 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/245_BC

Year **240 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Centho and Tuditanus** (or, less frequently, **year 514 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 240 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Carthage * Two of Carthage's mercenary commanders – Spendius and Mathos – convince the Libyan conscripts in the mercenary army, that is currently occupying the Carthaginian city of Tunis, to accept their leadership. They persuade the native Libyans that Carthage will take revenge against them for their part in the conflict once the foreign mercenaries are paid and sent home. They then convince the combined mercenary armies to revolt against Carthage and convince the various native Libyan towns and cities to back the revolt. Spendius and Mathos then take the Carthaginian commander Gesco as a hostage. What has started as an argument over pay owed to soldiers by the Carthaginian Government, explodes into a full-scale revolt, known as the Mercenary War. * The Libyan forces loyal to the mercenaries besiege the towns of Utica and Hippacritae, which refuse to defect to the mercenaries. * Hanno the Great is given command of the Carthaginian forces. However, the mercenaries defeat the Carthaginian armies in the Battle of Utica. * Carthage decides to give Hamilcar Barca joint command with Hanno the Great. Hamilcar Barca is able to end the siege of Utica by the mercenaries. He is then placed in complete command of the Carthaginian forces and defeats the mercenaries in the Battle of the Bagradas River. * After the Numidian mercenary leader Narawas defects to Hamilcar Barca, Numidian reinforcements (about 2,000 men) help him defeat the mercenaries again. Hamilcar pardons his captured prisoners, accepting into his army anyone who will fight for Carthage, and exiling anyone who will not. #### Roman Republic * Rome takes over full control of Sicily and stations a legion there. #### China * The Qin general Meng Ao takes the Zhao cities of Long, Hu and Qingdu but then dies en route to the Wei city of Ji. This is then captured by Meng Ao's son Meng Wu. ### By topic #### Literature * The first Latin tragedy by Livius Andronicus, *Achilles*, is first produced. #### Astronomy * May 25 – Chinese astronomers make the first recorded observation of Halley's Comet. * The Hellenistic period Mathematician Eratosthenes estimates the Earth's circumference to be 252,000 stadia, a figure between 2%-20% off modern measurements. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Aratus, Greek poet from Soli in Cilicia, best remembered for his poem on astronomy *Phaenomena* (b. c. 315 BC) * Aristomachos the Elder, Greek tyrant from Argos * Asandhimitra, Mauryan empress and wife of Ashoka * Callimachus, Greek poet and librarian * Posidippus, Greek epigrammatic poet * Zou Yan, Chinese philosopher (b. 305 BC) * Meng Ao, Qin general

240 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/240_BC

Year **247** (**CCXLVII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Philippus and Severus** (or, less frequently, **year 1000 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 247 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Rome becomes 1,000 years old. The 1,000th anniversary is commemorated with the *Ludi Saeculares* festivals, celebrated throughout the Roman Empire. * Marcus Julius Philippus Augustus and his 10-year-old son Marcus Julius Philippus Caesar become Roman Consuls. * The Goths appear on the lower Danube frontier; they invade Ukraine and Romania. * Emperor Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome by holding the *Ludi Saeculares*. * The last of the two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea. #### Asia * Himiko of Yamataikoku, in Japan, begins a war against King Himikoku of Kunukoku. * Cheomhae becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Births ------ * Pan Yue, Chinese poet and writer of the Jin Dynasty (d. 300) * Prisca, Roman empress and wife of Diocletian (d. 315) Deaths ------ * Abba Arikha, Babylonian Jewish scholar and rabbi (b. 175) * Bu Zhi (or **Zishan**), Chinese general, official and statesman * Xiang Lang (or **Juda**), Chinese general, official and politician * Zhang Chunhua, wife of Sima Yi, regent of the Cao Wei state (b. 189)

247

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/247

Year **366** (**CCCLXVI**) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gratianus and Dagalaifus** (or, less frequently, **year 1119 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 366 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * January 2 – The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, and invade the Gallic provinces. They capture Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau. * April – Battle of Thyatira: Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius, bringing an end to his revolt; Serenianus and Marcellus are killed. Procopius flees the battlefield, but is executed by Valens. * Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube, and drives the Visigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing Huns. * Winter – Emperor Valentinian I appoints Jovinus, his Master of the Horse (*Magister Equitum*), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles, and pushes them out of Gaul. ### By topic #### Art and Science * The *Tabula Peutingeriana*, a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time. #### Religion * January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He has spent four months in his ancestral tomb outside Alexandria. * Buddhist monk Lè Zūn has a vision of "golden rays of light shining down on 1,000 Buddhas", resulting in the creation of the Mogao Caves. * October 1 – Pope Liberius dies after a 14-year reign and is succeeded by Damasus I as 37th pope. Romans unhappy with this choice elect the antipope Ursicinus. Births ------ * January 18 – Valentinianus Galates, Roman emperor (d. 370) * Yao Xing, Chinese emperor of the Later Qin Dynasty (d. 416) Deaths ------ * May 16 – Ajabel, Christian priest and martyr * May 27 – Procopius, Roman general and usurper * August 1 – Leo of Montefeltro, Christian bishop and saint * September 24 – Liberius, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 310) ### Date unknown * Acacius of Caesarea, Christian bishop * Marcellus, Roman general and usurper * Marinus, Christian hermit and saint (b. 275) * Serenianus, Roman general of the Imperial Guard * Yu Daolian, Chinese empress and wife of Jin Feidi * Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher (b. 314)

366

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/366

Year **291** (**CCXCI**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tiberianus and Dio** (or, less frequently, **year 1044 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 291 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Winter: The emperors Diocletian and Maximian convene in Milan. * An uneasy peace is established between the emperors Diocletian and Maximian on the one hand, and the rival emperor Carausius on the other. * Perhaps in cooperation with the forces of Maximian, Carausius campaigns successfully against Germanic raids in Gaul and Britain. Also during his reign, Carausius begins building the forts of the Saxon Shore. #### Northern Europe * The Alemanni, having been expelled from part of their territory by the Burgundians, seek to regain their lost lands. These peoples had unsuccessfully invaded Gaul in tandem in 285/6, and the Alemanni had likely been weakened by the Roman counter-invasions of 287 and 288. * A force of Goths defeat the Burgundians. * The Tervingian Goths and Taifali fight the Vandals and Gepids. #### Africa * The Blemmyes invade the Kingdom of Kush. #### Persian Empire * King Bahram II fights against a coalition consisting of his brother Hormizd of Sakastan, Sassanian vassal Hormizd I Kushashah, and the Gilans. #### China * War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan (Jin Wudi), a civil war breaks out among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty. The struggle devastates and depopulates the provinces of northern China. Births ------ * Saint Agnes, Christian martyress (d. c. 304) * Saint Hilarion, anchorite and saint (d. 371) * Li Xiu, female general during the Jin Dynasty * Saint Philomena, Christian martyress (d. c. 304) Deaths ------ * Sima Liang, regent during the reign of Sima Yan * Sima Wei, prince during the Jin Dynasty (b. 271) * Wei Guan, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 220) * Wen Yang, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 238) * Yang Jun, official during the reign of Sima Yan

291

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/291

The **230s** decade ran from January 1, 230, to December 31, 239. Events ------ ### 230 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids, and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire. ###### Persian Empire * King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia. * Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war. ###### Korea * Jobun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. #### By topic ###### Religion * July 21 – Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I, as the 18th pope of Rome. * Patriarch Castinus succeeds Ciriacus I as patriarch Constantinople. * Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa. ### 231 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Alexander Severus accompanies his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria, and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy. ###### China * March–August – Battle of Mount Qi: The Chinese state of Shu Han gains a tactical victory, and the state of Cao Wei a strategic victory. #### By topic ###### Religion * Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is exiled in Caesarea. ### 232 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of King Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated, and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the *status quo*, and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed. #### By topic ###### Religion * Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. * Origen founds a school of Christian theology in Palestine. * Pope Heraclas of Alexandria is the first Bishop of Alexandria to use the appellation of "Pope". ### 233 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his "victory" the previous year over the Persians (in reality, Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I). He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern-day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts, and plunder the countryside at the *Limes Germanicus*. ### 234 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops. ###### China * Battle of Wuzhang Plains between the Chinese states of Shu Han and Cao Wei: The army of Shu Han retreats, following an inconclusive result. ###### Korea * Saban becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. He is succeeded by Goi of Baekje later in the same year. ### 235 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March 22 – Emperor Severus Alexander and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers. The soldiers proclaim Maximinus Thrax as emperor. The Severan dynasty ends, marking the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. #### By topic ###### Religion * September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians. * November 21 – Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome. ### 236 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls. * The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus. * Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium. #### By topic ###### Religion * January 10 – Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope. * Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships. * Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities. ### 237 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni, and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily, and engenders such hostility among them, that they plot against him. ###### Persia * King Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. #### By topic ###### Religion * Patriarch Eugenius I succeeds Patriarch Castinus as Patriarch of Constantinople. * Saint Babylas becomes Patriarch of Antioch. ### 238 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes. * c. March – Roman subjects in Africa revolt against Maximinus. The elderly Gordian yields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year-old son Gordian II. * c. April – Battle of Carthage: Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa with support of Legio III *Augusta*. Gordian II is killed and after a siege, Gordian I commits suicide by hanging himself with his belt. * c. May – The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Ancient Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne. * Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy; his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II *Parthica* kill him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome. * c. August – The Praetorian Guard storms the palace and captures Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged naked through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed the new emperor. Timesitheus becomes his tutor and advisor. * Future Emperor Valerian becomes *princeps senatus*. * The Colosseum is restored after being damaged. * The Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and devastate the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia. * In North Africa, Legio III *Augusta* is dissolved. Until its reconstitution in 253, Africa is defended by auxiliary forces only. ###### China * Sima Yi, a Chinese general of the Cao Wei state, destroys the outlying northeastern warlord Gongsun Yuan in the Liaodong campaign. #### By topic ###### Commerce * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 28 percent under Emperor Gordian III, down from 35 percent under Alexander Severus. ### 239 #### By place ###### Asia * Cao Fang succeeds his adoptive father Cao Rui as emperor of the Cao Wei state, in the Three Kingdoms period of China. * A Chinese expeditionary force from the Eastern Wu state discovers the island of Taiwan. #### By topic ###### Religion * Origen publishes the Old Testament in five languages (approximate date). Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **230** * Gaius Vibius Volusianus, Roman emperor (d. 253) * Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (d. 283) **231** * Cao Xun, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state (d. 244) **232** * August 19 – Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (d. 282) * Cao Fang, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (d. 274) * Sun Chen (or **Zitong**), Chinese general and regent (d. 259) * Zhang Hua, Chinese official, scholar and poet (d. 300) **233** * Chen Shou, Chinese historian and writer of the *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (d. 297) **234** * Porphyry, Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher (d. c. 305) * Wang Rong, Chinese general and politician (d. 305) **235** * Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 264) **236** * Wu of Jin (**Sima Yan**), Chinese emperor (d. 290) * Zhang Ti, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 280) * Zhou Chu, Chinese general and politician (d. 297) **237** * Alexander of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople * Guo Huai (or **Yuhuang**), Chinese noblewoman (d. 296) * Philip II (**the Younger**), Roman emperor (d. 249) **238** * Wen Yang (or Ciqian), Chinese general (d. 291) * Yang Yan (or Wuyuan), Chinese empress (d. 274) Deaths ------ **230** * May 23 – Urban I, bishop of Rome (b. 175) * July 9 – Bian, Chinese empress dowager (b. 159) * Go Uru, Korean prime minister * Liang Xi, Chinese official and politician * Marius Maximus, Roman consul and biographer * Naehae of Silla, Korean ruler * Wu Zhi, Chinese official and general (b. 177) * Zhang Wen, Chinese official and politician (b. 193) * Zhang Yi, Chinese official and politician (b. 167) * Zhong Yao, Chinese official and calligrapher (b. 151) **231** * Cao Zhen, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state * Li Hui (or **De'ang**), Chinese official and politician * Zhang He, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state **232** * January 30 – Hua Xin, Chinese official and politician (b. 157) * October 22 – Demetrius I, patriarch of Alexandria (b. 127) * December 27 – Cao Zhi, Chinese prince and poet (b. 192) * Cao Hong, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state * Sun Lü, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state * Tiberius Julius Sauromates III, Roman client king **233** * June 13 – Cao Rui, Chinese imperial prince of the Cao Wei state * Liu Ji, Chinese official and politician of the Eastern Wu state (b. 185) * Yu Fan, Chinese official and politician of the Eastern Wu state (b. 164) **234** * April 21 – Xian of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 181) * Li Miao (or **Hannan**), Chinese official and politician * Li Yan (or **Li Ping**), Chinese general and politician * Liu Yan (or **Weishuo**), Chinese general and politician * Liu Ye (or **Ziyang**), Chinese court adviser and politician * Pan Zhang (or **Wengui**), Chinese general and politician * Sun Huan (or **Jiming**), Chinese nobleman and general * Wei Yan (or **Wenchang**), Chinese general and politician * Xiahou Hui (or **Yuanrong**), Chinese noblewoman (b. 211) * Zhuge Liang, Chinese statesman and strategist (b. 181) **235** * March 22 – Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (b. 208) * Cao Gun, Chinese imperial prince * Chen Zhen (or **Xiaoqi**), Chinese official and politician * Gaius Petronius Magnus, Roman consul and usurper * Guo Nüwang, Chinese emperres * Hippolytus, Christian theologian and writer (b. 170) * Julia Avita Mamaea, mother of Severus Alexander (b. 180) * Tiberius Julius Cotys III (or **Kotys**), Roman client king * Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV, Roman client king * Titius Quartinus, Roman governor and usurper * Xin Pi (or **Zuozhi**), Chinese official and politician * Yang Yi (or **Weigong**), Chinese official and adviser **236** * January 3 – Anterus, bishop of Rome * July 4 – Dong Zhao, Chinese official and politician (b. 156) * Zhang Zhao, Chinese general and politician (b. 156) **237** * February 7 – Chen Qun, Chinese official and politician * September 22 – Mingdao (or **Mao**), Chinese empress * Wu Yi (or **Ziyuan**), Chinese general of the Shu Han state * Zhang (or **Jing'ai**), Chinese empress of the Shu Han state **238** * April 10 – Han Ji (or Gongzhi), Chinese politician * April 12 + Gordian I, Roman emperor (b. 159) + Gordian II, Roman emperor (b. 192) * July 29 + Balbinus, Roman emperor (b. 165) + Pupienus, Roman emperor (b. 178) * Bu Lianshi, Chinese noblewoman and concubine * Gongsun Yuan (or Wenyi), Chinese warlord * Maximinus Thrax, Roman emperor (b. 173) * Maximinus the Younger, Roman emperor * Zhu Huan (or Xiumu), Chinese general (b. 177) **239** * January 22 – Cao Rui (or **Yuanzhong**), Chinese emperor (b. 206) * Lu Mao (or **Zizhang**), Chinese official and politician * Pan Jun (or **Chengming**), Chinese official and general

230s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/230s

Year **212 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Pulcher** (or, less frequently, **year 542 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 212 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Illyria * After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes Dassaretis, Atintani and Parthini, and the town of Dimale. #### Thrace * Tylis is destroyed by the Thracians. #### Carthage * Syphax, king of the western Numidian tribe, the Masaesyli, concludes an alliance with the Romans and they send military advisers to help Syphax train his soldiers. He then attacks the eastern Numidians (the Massylii) ruled by Gala, who is an ally of the Carthaginians. The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal travels to northern Africa from Spain to stamp out the uprising by the Numidians. #### Spain * The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his elder brother, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, capture Saguntum (modern Sagunto) from the Carthaginians. #### Seleucid Empire * Antiochus III leaves for a campaign in Asia, where he will reach as far as India and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier by Alexander the Great. * Having recovered the central part of Anatolia from the usurper Achaeus, Antiochus III turns his forces to recover the outlying provinces to the north and east of the Seleucid kingdom. * Antiochus III gives his sister Antiochia in marriage to King Xerxes of Armenia, who acknowledges Antiochus III's suzerainty and pays him tribute. #### Roman Republic * Publius Licinius Crassus Dives is elected "pontifex maximus" over more distinguished candidates, despite never having held any major offices. He will hold this position until his death. * The Roman soldiers billeted in Tarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian general Hannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour. * The Roman consuls, Appius Claudius Pulcher and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, besiege Capua with eight legions. Hanno moves to Beneventum to try to help the inhabitants of Capua, but he is defeated by the Romans. * The Capuans then send an appeal for help to Hannibal. In response, Hannibal sends 2,000 Numidian cavalry as reinforcements to Capua. The combined Carthaginian forces defeat the Roman force led by Flaccus and Pulcher, the latter of whom will soon die of wounds he has sustained. * The Battle of the Silarus is fought between Hannibal's army and a Roman force led by praetor Marcus Centenius Penula. The Carthaginians are victorious, effectively destroying Centenius Penula's army. * The Battle of Herdonia is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and Roman forces who are laying siege to Herdonia led by praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of the consul, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Roman army is destroyed, leaving Apulia free of Romans for the year. * After a two year siege, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, gradually forces his way into Syracuse and takes it in the face of strong Carthaginian reinforcements and despite the use of engines of war designed by the Greek mathematician and scientist Archimedes (such as the Claw of Archimedes). * Although Marcellus wishes to spare the lives of the Syracusans, he is unable to prevent the sack of the city by his soldiers, which includes the killing of Archimedes. Marcellus carries off the art treasures of Syracuse to Rome, the first recorded instance of a practice which is to become common. #### China * Construction begins on the Epang Palace. Deaths ------ * Archimedes of Syracuse, Greek mathematician and scientist, who has calculated formulae for the areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders, parabolas and other plane and solid figures. He has also founded the science of hydrostatics, including the principle of the upthrust on a floating body which has led to his cry, "Eureka". Thirdly, he has invented siege-engines for use against the Romans and the Archimedean screw to raise water (b. c. 287 BC) * Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Roman consul from 215 to 213 BC * Xerxes of Armenia (assassinated by his wife Antiochia)

212 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/212_BC

Year **367 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cossus, Maluginensis, Macerinus, Capitolinus, Cicurinus and Poplicola** (or, less frequently, **year 387 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 367 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Theban general, Epaminondas, again invades the Peloponnesus, but this time achieves little beyond winning Sicyon over to an alliance with Thebes. When he returns to Thebes, he is again put on trial, and again acquitted. * Archidamus III, son of Agesilaus II of Sparta, commands a Spartan army which scores a victory over the Arcadians. * Theban leader Pelopidas goes on an embassy to the Persian king Artaxerxes II and induces him to propose a settlement of the Greek states' disputes according to the wishes of the Thebans. Artaxerxes II issues an edict consisting of peace terms for the Greeks, but his edict is not obeyed by any of the Greek states. #### Sicily * Dionysius I of Syracuse dies and is succeeded as tyrant of the city by his son Dionysius II. As the younger Dionysius is weak and inexperienced, Dion, brother-in-law of the elder Dionysius, assumes control and persuades Plato, whose friendship he has acquired, to train the new tyrant in the practical application of his philosophical principles. * Dionysius II makes peace with Carthage on the same terms established after his father's defeat by Carthage in the previous decade. #### Roman Republic * During the ten-year period that Gaius Licinius (Calvus) Stolo is tribune in Rome (376 BC to 367 BC) he does much to reduce the enmity between patricians and plebs by reforming a number of laws. During his term, he proposes the Lex Licinia Sextia, which restores the consulship to the plebs, requires a plebeian consul seat, limits the amount of public land that one person can hold, and regulates debts. The patricians oppose these laws, though they are now finally passed and take effect from 366 BC. * The temple to Concordia on the Forum Romanum in Rome is built by Marcus Furius Camillus. ### By topic #### Philosophy * The Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, goes to Athens as a pupil at Plato's Academy. Births ------ * Ptolemy, Macedonian general, later founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt (d. 282 BC) Deaths ------ * Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (b. 430 BC)

367 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/367_BC

Year **214** (**CCXIV**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Suetrius** (or, less frequently, **year 967 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 214 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The kingdom of Osroene becomes a province of the Roman Empire. * Caracalla's victories in Germany ensure his popularity within the Roman army. * The defences of Rhaetia are reinforced, in the form of an uninterrupted stone wall. #### Korea * The Korean kingdom of Baekje attacks the Mohe tribes. * Gusu becomes king of Baekje. #### China * Battle of Xiaoyao Ford: General Zhang Liao under the command of Cao Cao beats back Sun Quan at Hefei. * Liu Bei takes Yi Province from his clansman Liu Zhang, forming the later basis for Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. * Pang Tong dies in the hands of the enemy in an ambush at the Valley of the Fallen Phoenix. Births ------ * May 10 – Claudius Gothicus, Roman emperor (d. 270) * September 9 – Aurelian, Roman emperor (d. 275) * Cao Gan, Chinese prince and son of Cao Cao (d. 261) * Diophantus, Greek mathematician (approximate date) * Musa al-Mubarraqa, Arab imam (Twelver Shia) (d. 296) * Yang Huiyu, Chinese empress dowager (d. 278) Deaths ------ * Chogo of Baekje, Korean ruler * Fu Shou, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty * Kuai Yue (or **Yidu**), Chinese politician and adviser * Pang Tong, Chinese politician and adviser (b. 179) * Peng Yang (or **Yongnian**), Chinese official (b. 178) * Sun Qian, Chinese diplomat, general and politician * Xun You, Chinese statesman and adviser (b. 157)

214

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/214

Year **226** (**CCXXVI**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Marcellus** (or, less frequently, **year 979 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 226 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * A merchant from the Roman Empire, called "Qin Lun" by the Chinese, arrives in Jiaozhi (modern Hanoi), and is taken to see King Sun Quan of Eastern Wu, who requests him to make a report on his native country and people. He is given an escort for the return trip, including a present of ten male and ten female "blackish-colored dwarfs." However, the officer in charge of the Chinese escort dies, and Qin Lun has to continue his journey home alone. #### Persian Empire * Ctesiphon, until now capital of the Parthian Empire, falls into the hands of the Sasanian Empire, who also make it their capital, after putting an end to the Parthian Dynasty in Iran. Births ------ * Lu Kang, Chinese general and politician (d. 274) * Wang Bi (or **Fusi**), Chinese philosopher (d. 249) Deaths ------ * June 29 – Cao Pi, Chinese emperor (b. 187) * Farn-Sasan, king of the Parthian Kingdom * Shi Xie, Chinese politician and warlord (b. 137) * Xiahou Shang (or **Boren**), Chinese general

226

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/226

Year **204 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Tuditanus** (or, less frequently, **year 550 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 204 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Carthage * Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco, finds a new ally in the Numidian king Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, who, until his defection to Rome, has been betrothed to Masinissa. * Roman forces under Publius Cornelius Scipio besiege Utica in Carthaginia. Scipio is unable to stop the combined forces of the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal Gisco and the Numidians under their chief, Syphax, and he is forced to lift his siege of Utica. #### Egypt * The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III. They arrange for the murder of Arsinoe, and then the five-year-old king is officially elevated to the throne with Sosibius as his guardian. Arsinoe has been popular with the Egyptian population so rioting follows the news of her assassination. #### Roman Republic * The Battle of Crotona is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army, and a Roman force led by Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, with no decisive outcome for either side. #### Seleucid Empire * Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades. #### China * Han Xin completes the conquest of Zhao and receives the surrender of Yan. He captures the Zhao capital of Handan and defeats Chu relief forces sent by Xiang Yu. * Han Xin invades the State of Qi, defeats Qi's armies, captures their capital Linzi and crushes a coalition army of Chu and Qi forces under Long Ju in the Battle of the Wei River. Deaths ------ * Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt, sister and wife of Ptolemy IV (assassinated) (b. c. 246 BC) * Dong Yi, Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty and conferred with the title of "King of Di" * Fan Zeng, Chinese adviser during the Chu-Han Contention (206–202 BC) (b. 277 BC) * Gong Ao, Chinese ruler of the Eighteen Kingdoms during the Chu-Han Contention * Hanno the Elder, Carthaginian general executed by Scipio Africanus * Ji Xin, Chinese general during the Chu-Han Contention * Li Yiji, Chinese politician and adviser (b. 268 BC) * Long Ju, Chinese general and Grand Marshal * Ptolemy IV Philopator, king (Pharaoh) of Egypt * Sima Xin, Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty

204 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/204_BC

Year **248** (**CCXLVIII**) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Philippus and Severus** (or, less frequently, **year 1001 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 248 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The revolts of Pacatianus in Moesia and Iotapianus in Syria are put down by Senator Trajan Decius, by order of Emperor Philip the Arab. * The Roman Empire continues the celebration of the 1,000th anniversary of Rome, with the *ludi saeculares*, organized by Philip the Arab. #### Asia * Jungcheon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo (until 270). ### By topic #### Religion * Cyprian, Christian writer of Berber descent, becomes bishop of Carthage. * Origen writes an eight-volume work, criticizing the pagan writer Celsus. Births ------ * Flavia Iulia Helena, Roman empress (approximate date) * Li Liu (or **Xuantong**), Chinese Grand General (d. 303) * Sima You (or **Dayou**), Chinese prince and politician (d. 283) Deaths ------ * Dongcheon, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (b. 209) * Himiko (or **Shingi Waō**), Japanese queen (b. 170) * Trieu Thi Trinh, Vietnamese female warrior (b. 226) * Wang Ping, Chinese general and politician

248

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/248

Year **249** (**CCXLIX**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gavius and Aquilinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1002 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 249 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Trajan Decius puts down a revolt in Moesia and Pannonia. Loyal legionaries proclaim him emperor, and he leads them into Italy. * Battle of Verona: Decius defeats and kills Emperor Philip the Arab. * Decius begins persecuting Christians, and others refusing to participate in Emperor worship. #### Asia * February 5 – Incident at Gaoping Tombs: In the Chinese state of Cao Wei, regent Sima Yi, in a *coup d'état*, forces his co-regent Cao Shuang to relinquish his power, after taking control of the capital city of Luoyang. Sima Yi issues a memorial, which lists the various crimes he and his associates has committed. ### By topic #### Religion * In Alexandria, the populace pillages the homes of Christians. Births ------ * Shi Chong (or **Jilun**), Chinese politician and statesman Deaths ------ * February 9 + Bi Gui (or **Zhaoxian**), Chinese politician + Cao Shuang, Chinese general and regent + Deng Yang (or **Xuanmao**), Chinese politician + He Yan (or **Pingshu**), Chinese philosopher + Huan Fan (or **Yuanze**), Chinese general + Li Sheng (or **Gongzhao**), Chinese politician * May 18 – Jiang Ji (or **Zitong**), Chinese general * Jotapianus (or **Jotapian**), Roman usurper * Ma Zhong (or **Dexin**), Chinese general and politician * Philip II (**the Younger**), Roman emperor (b. 237) * Philip the Arab, Roman general and emperor (b. 204) * Quan Cong, Chinese general and politician (b. 198) * Wang Bi, Chinese philosopher and politician (b. 226) * Xu Miao (or **Jingshan**), Chinese politician (b. 172) * Zhu Ran, Chinese adviser and general (b. 182)

249

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/249

Year **356** (**CCCLVI**) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Iulianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1109 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 356 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * February 19 – Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire, and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt. * The veneration of non-Christian images is banned in the Roman Empire. * Siege of Autun: Julian receives a report that Augustodunum (Autun) is under attack by the Alemanni. The city walls are in poor state and in danger of falling. * Battle of Reims: Julian is defeated by the Alemanni at Reims (Gaul). * Battle of Brumath: Roman forces pursue Germanic warbands through the Gallic countryside. Julian wins an open battle near Brumath (Alsace). * Rhaetia (Switzerland) is invaded by the Alemanni. * Winter – Siege of Senonae: Julian over-winters at Senonae (Bourgogne). German federated troops (*foederati*) desert and hostile warbands besiege the town. #### Asia * Naemul becomes king of the Silla dynasty (Three Kingdoms of Korea). ### By topic #### Religion * Anthony the Great (*pictured*) dies at his hermitage near the Red Sea in mid-January at age 105 (approximate), having preached against Arianism, and having tried to codify guidelines for monastic life. His followers subsequently establish the Monastery of Saint Anthony, beginning the tradition of Coptic monasticism. * Construction begins on the first basilica of Saint Peter in Rome. Births ------ * 31 March – Aelia Flaccilla, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius I (d. 386) * John II, Byzantine bishop, theologian and writer (d. 417) Deaths ------ * Amasius of Teano, bishop Teano (also known as **St. Paris**) * Anthony the Great, Egyptian monk and Desert Father * Cai Mo (or **Daoming**), Chinese official and politician (b. 281) * Qiang (or **Mingde**), Chinese empress and wife of Fú Jiàn * Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak, Babylonian scholar and rabbi * Sanctinus of Meaux, French bishop and missionary (b. 270) * Vetranio, Roman statesman, usurper and co-emperor * Yin Hao (or **Yuanyuan**), Chinese general and politician

356

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/356

Year **208 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Crispinus** (or, less frequently, **year 546 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 208 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy. * The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is killed in battle while fighting Hannibal inconclusively near Venusia, Apulia. * Hannibal destroys a Roman force at the Battle of Petelia. #### Seleucid Empire * Antiochus III advances into Bactria, which is ruled by the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I, and defeats Euthydemus at the Battle of the Arius. After resisting a siege of his capital Bactra (Balkh) by the Seleucids, Euthydemus obtains an honourable peace by which Antiochus promises Euthydemus' son Demetrius the hand of one of his daughters. #### China * Zhang Han defeats and kills the rebel leader Xiang Liang in the Battle of Dingtao. * Qin Prime Minister Li Si is executed by Qin Er Shi, having been conspired against by the eunuch Zhao Gao, who replaces him as Prime Minister. * Zhang Han seizes the Zhao capital Handan and besieges its king Zhao Xie in Julu. * Xiang Liang's nephew Xiang Yu seizes control of Liang's army. Births ------ * Liu Ruyi, Chinese prince and only son of the first Han emperor Liu Bang (d. 194 BC) * Polybius, Greek historian, famous for his book called "The Histories" or "The Rise of the Roman Empire", covering in detail the period between 220 and 146 BC (d. 120 BC) Deaths ------ * Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Roman general who has captured Syracuse during the Second Punic War and has become known as "the sword of Rome" (b. 268 BC) * Li Si, Chinese philosopher and politician (assassinated) (b. 280 BC)

208 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/208_BC

Year **382** (**CCCLXXXII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Syagrius** (or, less frequently, **year 1135 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 382 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * October 3 – Emperor Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the Visigoths, allowing them to settle south of the Danube. They are installed as *foederati* in Moesia and Thrace with the title of "Allies of the Roman People", in exchange for furnishing a contingent of auxiliary troops to defend the borders. * Emperor Gratian refuses the divine attributes of the Imperial cult and removes the Altar of Victory from the Senate. ### By topic #### Religion * The Council of Rome establishes Biblical canon in the Catholic Church. Pope Damasus I commissions a revision of the Vetus Latina, eventually resulting in the Vulgate of Jerome. * The same council adopts Trinitarianism as doctrine, condemning Apollinarism. Theodosius I orders the death of members of the Manichaean monks. * The first sermons declaring the virginity of Mary are given by John Chrysostom. Births ------ * Jin Andi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 419) * Sima Yuanxian, regent during the Jin Dynasty (d. 402) Deaths ------ * Apollinaris the Younger, bishop of Laodicea in Syria

382

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/382

Year **387** (**CCCLXXXVII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Eutropius** (or, less frequently, **year 1140 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 387 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Spring – Emperor Theodosius I increases the taxes in Antioch. A peasant uprising leads to a riot, and public buildings are set afire. Theodosius sends imperial troops to quell the disturbance, and closes the public baths and theatres. * Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome. He flees with his mother Justina and sisters to Thessaloniki (Thrace). * Winter – The widowed emperor Theodosius I takes Valentinian II under his protection, and marries his sister Flavia Galla. #### Persia * Peace of Acilisene: King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia. ### By topic #### Art and Science * Oribase, Greek doctor, publishes a treatise on paralysis and bleedings. #### Religion * Augustine is baptized on Easter Vigil by Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. Births ------ * Vardan Mamikonian, Armenian military leader (d. 451) Deaths ------ * Aelia Flaccilla, Roman Empress and wife of Theodosius I * Alatheus, chieftain of the Ostrogoths * Saint Monica, mother of Augustine of Hippo * Zhu Fatai, Chinese Buddhist scholar (b. 320)

387

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/387

Year **389 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Poplicola, Capitolinus, Esquilinus, Mamercinus, Cornelius and Albinus** (or, less frequently, **year 365 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 389 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * A Spartan expeditionary force under King Agesilaus II crosses the Gulf of Corinth to attack Acarnania, an ally of the anti-Spartan coalition. Agesilaus is eventually able to draw them into a pitched battle, in which the Acarnanians are routed. * The Athenian general, Thrasybulus, leads a force of triremes to levy tribute from cities around the Aegean and support Rhodes, where a democratic government is struggling against Sparta. On this campaign, Thrasybulus captures Byzantium, imposes a duty on ships passing through the Hellespont, and collects tribute from many of the Aegean Islands. * Due to threats of attack from Akarnania, Kalydon garrisons the Achaeans. * The orator Isaeus gives his earliest known speech, the Dicaeogenes. * **Magna Grecia** + Battle of the Elleporus and the capture of Kroton by Dionysius I of Syracuse #### China * * Wu Qi, the prime minister of the State of Chu, enacts his first series of political, municipal, and martial reforms. Wu Qi gains the ire and distrust of Chu officials and aristocratic elite who are against his crusades to sweep up corruption in the state and limit their power. He is eventually assassinated in 381 BC at the funeral of King Diao of Chu, although his assassins are executed shortly after by the newly enthroned King Su of Chu. * This is the latest possible date for the compilation of the historical text *Zuo Zhuan*, attributed to a blind historian known as Zuo Qiuming. Births ------ * Aeschines, Greek statesman and orator (d. 314 BC) Deaths ------ *

389 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/389_BC

Year **361** (**CCCLXI**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Taurus and Florentius** (or, less frequently, **year 1114 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 361 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * November 3 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, age 44; on his deathbed he is baptised, and declares his cousin Julian the Apostate rightful successor. * December 11 – Julian becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire; he rules from Constantinople, and tries to restore paganism. Constantius II is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles. * Ministers and followers of Constantius II are put on trial, at the Chalcedon Tribunal. #### China * July 10 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Aidi, age 20, succeeds Jin Mudi, as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. ### By topic #### Art * 361–363 – A *Julian the Apostate* coin is issued. It is now kept at the British Museum, London. #### Medicine * Constantinople enforces a strict licensing system for physicians. #### Religion * Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for Christianity. Pope Liberius repudiates the Arian creed, and declares that the Council of Arminium has no authority to issue decrees. * Gregory Nazianzus (Saint Gregory the Theologian) returns to Nazianzus and is appointed a priest by his father, who wants him to assist local Christians. * Construction of the Monastery of Saint Anthony in the Eastern Desert of Egypt begins. * December 24 – George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruding bishop of Alexandria, is murdered in his see and Athanasius of Alexandria returns to his native city in triumph. Births ------ Deaths ------ * November 3 – Constantius II, Roman Emperor (b. 317) * December 24 + George of Cappadocia, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint + George of Laodicea, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint ### Date unknown * Apodemius, Roman officer and secret agent * Eusebius, Roman officer * Jin Mudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 343) * Li Shi, emperor of the Chinese Ba-Di state Cheng Han * Maximus of Naples, Roman Catholic archbishop and saint * Song Hun, regent of the Chinese state Former Liang * Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (b. 303) * Zhu Jingjian, Chinese Buddhist nun (b. 292)

361

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/361

Year **368 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cornelius, Praetextatus, Structus, Capitolinus, Crassus and Cicurinus** (or, less frequently, **year 386 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 368 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * While the previous year's intervention by the Macedonians in Thessaly is successful, after the Macedonian troops withdraw, Alexander of Pherae treats his subjects as cruelly as before. So the Thessalians seek Thebes' support. Pelopidas is sent to their assistance, but is treacherously seized and imprisoned. * In response, Epaminondas is reinstated in command of Theban troops and leads the Theban army into Thessaly, where he outmanoeuvres the Thessalians and secures the release of Pelopidas without a fight. * At the instigation of Alexander's brother-in-law, Ptolemy of Aloros, Alexander II of Macedon is assassinated during a festival. Although Alexander's brother, Perdiccas III becomes the next king, he is under age, and Ptolemy is appointed regent. #### China * Zhou Xian Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. ### By topic #### Philosophy * Plato's *Republic* is completed. It lays down the rules for an ideal, righteous society and suggests that kings ought to be philosophers (or at least taught by philosophers). Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Alexander II, King of Macedonia (assassinated)

368 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/368_BC

Year **250 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Regulus and Longus** (or, less frequently, **year 504 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 250 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Egypt * Ptolemy II forced the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their torah translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint. * Following the death of the King of Cyrene, Magas, Queen Apama II, Magas' widow, and Antigonus II arrange the marriage of Antigonus' half-brother Demetrius the Fair to Berenice of Cyrene, daughter of Magas and Apama. However, when Demetrius the Fair arrives, Apama becomes his lover. In response, Berenice leads an uprising in which Demetrius is killed in Apama's bedroom. #### Roman Republic * In the Punic War, the Romans shift their attention to the southwest of Sicily. They send a naval expedition toward the Carthaginian city of Lilybaeum. En route, the Romans seize and burn the Carthaginian held cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa. The Romans then begin the siege of Lilybaeum. * According to tradition (Horace, Odes, iii. 5), after the defeat of the Carthaginians at the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians release Marcus Atilius Regulus from prison and he is sent to Rome on parole to negotiate a peace or an exchange of prisoners. However, on his arrival, he strongly urges the Roman Senate to refuse both proposals and continue fighting. After this he then honours his parole by returning to Carthage where he is executed by being placed in a spiked barrel, which is then let roll down a hill. #### Persia * Andragoras, a Seleucid satrap of the province of Partahia (Parthia), tries to gain independence from the Seleucid Kingdom under Antiochus II. #### India * According to the Theravāda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council is convened by the Mauryan king Ashoka at Pataliputra (modern Patna), under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa. Its objective is to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions which are being attracted by the royal patronage. * The Mauryan sculpture *Didarganj Yakshi holding a Fly Whisk*, from Patna, Bihar in India, is made (approximate date). It is now kept at the Patna Museum in Patna. * The Mauryan *Lion Capital of Ashoka*, is erected as part of a pillar at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh in India (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Sarnath Museum in Sarnath. #### China * Zichu becomes the king of Qin, with Lü Buwei his Prime Minister. * The Qin general Meng Ao captures the Han cities of Chenggao and Xingyang, thereby establishing the Sanchuan Commandery. Births ------ * Agron, king of the Ardiaean Kingdom (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Erasistratus, Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. He has founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria (b. 310 BC) * Gongsun Long, Chinese scholar and philosopher (b. c. 325 BC) * Hieronymus of Cardia, Greek general and historian (b. 354 BC) * Magas of Cyrene, king of Cyrenaica (modern Libya) (b. c. 320 BC) * Marcus Atilius Regulus, Roman general and consul (executed) * Timaeus, Greek historian who has studied rhetoric under a pupil of Socrates (b. c. 345 BC) * Xiaowen of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (b. 302 BC) * Zhaoxiang of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (b. 325 BC)

250 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/250_BC

Year **253 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caepio and Blaesus** (or, less frequently, **year 501 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 253 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * The second Syrian War between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies ends. Antiochus II regains much of Anatolia from Ptolemy II, including the cities of Miletus and Ephesus, and also the Phoenician coast. * The war is concluded with the marriage of Antiochus to Ptolemy II's daughter, Berenice Syra. Antiochus divorces his previous wife, Laodice, and transfers the succession to Berenice's children. * In recapturing the city of Miletus, Antiochus II overthrows the tyrant of the city. In response, the citizens worship him as a god in thanksgiving leading to the addition of Theos to Antiochus II's name. #### Roman Republic * A second Roman war fleet of 150 ships is wrecked on the voyage from Lilybaeum (in Sicily) to Rome. * Tiberius Coruncanius is the first plebeian to be elected *pontifex maximus* of Rome. #### Greece * Alexander, Antigonus II's nephew and regent, leads a revolt in Corinth with Ptolemy II's help and declares himself an independent monarch. As a result, Antigonus loses Corinth and Chalcis, the two bases from which he has dominated southern Greece. As the Aetolians occupy Thermopylae, Antigonus II is cut off from Athens and the Peloponnese. * Macedonia's involvement in the second Syrian War ceases when Antigonus becomes preoccupied with the rebellion of Corinth and Chalcis, as well as an increase in enemy activity along Macedon's northern frontier. Births ------ * Zhang Cang, Chinese general and prime-minister (d. 152 BC) Deaths ------ *

253 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/253_BC

Year **254** (**CCLIV**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Valerianus and Gallienus** (or, less frequently, **year 1007 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 254 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus and Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus become Roman Consuls. * The Roman Empire is threatened by several peoples on their borders: the Germanic confederations, such as the Franks on the Middle Rhine, the Alemanni on the upper Rhine and Danube, and the Marcomanni facing the provinces at Noricum and Raetia. On land the confederation of Goths threaten the lower Danube provinces, and on the sea they threaten the shores of Thracia, Bithynia et Pontus, and Cappadocia. In the eastern provinces, the Sassanid Persians had the previous year defeated a Roman field army at Barballisos, and afterwards plundered the defenseless provinces. This period of time is called today the Crisis of the Third Century. ### By topic #### Religion * May 12 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I. Deaths ------ * March 5 – Lucius I, bishop of Rome * Li Feng (or Anguo), Chinese official and politician * Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes, Roman client king * Xiahou Xuan (or Taichu), Chinese general and politician (b. 209) * Zhang Ni (or Boqi), Chinese general, official and politician

254

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/254

Year **211** (**CCXI**) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, in the Roman Empire it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Terentius and Bassus** (or, less frequently, **year 964 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 211 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * February 4 – Emperor Septimius Severus, having fallen ill, dies in Eboracum (modern-day York) while on campaign in Britain after an 18-year reign. He is later deified by the Senate. His sons Caracalla and Geta succeed him as joint Roman Emperors. * December 19 – Geta is lured to come without his bodyguards to meet Caracalla, to discuss a possible reconciliation. When he arrives the Praetorian Guard murders him, and he dies in the arms of his mother Julia Domna. * Eboracum becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. #### China * January – Warlord Cao Cao writes *Ràng Xiàn Zì Míng Běn Zhì Lìng* (讓縣自明本志令) * March – September: Battle of Tong Pass: Cao Cao defeats Ma Chao. #### Parthia * Ardashir I becomes king of part of Persia. ### By topic #### Art * Baths of Caracalla construction begins (approximate date). #### Religion * Marcus I is succeeded by Philadelphus, as Patriarch of Constantinople. Births ------ * Sima Zhao, Chinese general and politician (d. 265) * Xiahou Hui (or **Yuanrong**), Chinese noblewoman (d. 234) Deaths ------ * February 4 – Septimius Severus, Roman emperor (b. 145) * December 26 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (b. 189) * Fulvia Plautilla, Roman empress and wife of Caracalla * Serapion of Antioch, patriarch of Antioch

211

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/211

Year **233 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Verrucosus and Matho** (or, less frequently, **year 521 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 233 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * The Zhao general Li Mu defeats the Qin army, led by Huan Yi, in the Battle of Fei. Deaths ------ * Deidamia II, Greek princess and daughter of Pyrrhus II of Epirus (approximate date) * Han Fei, Chinese philosopher who, along with Li Si, has developed Xun Zi's philosophy into the doctrine embodied by the School of Law (or Legalism) (b. c. 280 BC)

233 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/233_BC

Year **397 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Iullus, Albinus, Medullinus, Maluginensis, Fidenas and Capitolinus** (or, less frequently, **year 357 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 397 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Called on by the Ionians to assist them against the Persian King Artaxerxes II, King Agesilaus II of Sparta launches an ambitious campaign in Asia Minor. #### Carthage * Siege of Syracuse: A Carthaginian expeditionary army (some 50,000 men) under Himilco crosses to Sicily. They conquer the north coast and put Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, on the defensive and besiege Syracuse. However, the Carthaginian army suffers from the plague. The Syracuse counterattacked and completely defeat Himilco's army. Himilco has to escape back to Carthage. * The Carthaginians establish the town of Lilybaeum in Sicily to replace Motya. Births ------ * Dionysius II, son of Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 343 BC)

397 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/397_BC

Year **39 BC** was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Saturday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Sabinus** (or, less frequently, **year 715 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 39 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Marcus Antonius dispatches Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor. Labienus retreats into Syria, where he receives Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains. * Publius Ventidius defeats Pharnastanes with his cataphracts at the Amanus Gates, and goes on to reclaim Syria, Phoenicia and Judea. Labienus flees to Cilicia, where he is captured and executed. * Sextus Pompey, styles himself "son of Neptune", controls Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Peloponnesus, and is recognized by the Triumvirate in the Pact of Misenum. The pact helps to assure Rome's grain supply, and the blockade on Roman Italy is lifted. Births ------ * Antonia the Elder, daughter of Mark Antony, grandmother of Nero and Messalina (d. bef. AD 25) * Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus (d. AD 14) Deaths ------ * Quintus Labienus, Roman general (murdered)

39 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39_BC

Year **399 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Augurinus, Longus, Priscus, Cicurinus, Rufus and Philo** (or, less frequently, **year 355 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 399 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * February 15 – The Greek philosopher Socrates is sentenced to death by Athenian authorities, condemned for impiety and the corruption of youth. He refuses to flee into exile and dies by drinking hemlock. * Sparta forces Elis to surrender in the spring. * The Spartan admiral, Lysander, tries to effect a political revolution in Sparta by suggesting that the king should not automatically be given the leadership of the army. He also suggests that the position of king should be elective. However, he is unsuccessful in achieving these reforms, and earns the disfavour of King Agesilaus II of Sparta. * King Archelaus I of Macedon is killed during a hunt, by one of the royal pages, his lover Craterus. #### Egypt * King Amyrtaeus of Egypt is defeated in battle by his successor, Nepherites I of Mendes, and executed at Memphis. King Nepherites I, or Nefaarud I, founds the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. He makes Mendes his capital. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * King Amyrtaeus of Egypt * King Archelaus I of Macedon * Socrates, Greek philosopher (b. c. 470 BC)

399 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/399_BC

Year **242 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Catulus and Albinus** (or, less frequently, **year 512 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 242 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Roman consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, blockades the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum with a fleet of 200 ships. #### Egypt * The destruction of the Egyptian fleet by the Macedonians ends the naval supremacy of the Ptolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories in Syria and the Aegean Sea. #### China * The Qin general Meng Ao annexes 20 towns and cities from the State of Wei, conquering the cities of Suanzao, Yan, Xu, Changping, Yongqiu and Shanyang. He then establishes the Dongjun Commandery. * The Zhao general Pang Nuan defeats the army of the State of Yan and kills its general Chu Xin. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Maharani Devi, Mauryan empress and wife of Ashoka (approximate date)

242 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/242_BC

Year **242** (**CCXLII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gratus and Lepidus** (or, less frequently, **year 995 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 242 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Gordian III begins a campaign against King Shapur I; Greek philosopher Plotinus joins him, hoping to obtain first-hand knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophies. * Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the territory is now controlled by the Goths. #### Persia * Shapur I makes a pre-emptive attack on Antioch to drive out the Romans. Gordian's father-in-law, Timesitheus, leads a Roman army to defeat the Sassanids at Carrhae and Nisibis. * King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid Empire, dies after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his son and co-ruler Shapur I. ### By topic #### Religion * Patriarch Titus succeeds Eugenius I as Patriarch of Constantinople (until 272). Births ------ * Saloninus, Roman emperor (d. 260) Deaths ------ * Ammonius Saccas, Egyptian philosopher (b. 175) * Ardashir I, king of the Sassanid Empire (b. 180) * Cao Hui, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state * Man Chong (or **Boning**), Chinese politician

242

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/242

Year **234 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Ruga** (or, less frequently, **year 520 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 234 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Epirote Alliance is replaced by the Epirote League, which is a federal state with its own parliament (or synedrion). * The city of Pleuron is destroyed by Demetrius II. * After the resignation of Lydiades, the city of Megalopolis joins the Achaean League. #### Roman Republic * Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria rebel unsuccessfully against Rome. #### China * The Qin general Huan Yi wins a major victory over the Zhao general Hu Zhe in the Battle of Pingyang, and captures Pingyang and Wucheng. Births ------ * Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder), Roman statesman, (d. 149 BC) * Mete Khan, Xiongnu emperor, (d. 174 BC) Deaths ------ * Pharnavaz I of Iberia, King of Georgia * Zenodotus of Ephesus, first librarian of the Library of Alexandria

234 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/234_BC

The **250s** (pronounced two-fifties or two-hundred and fifties) was a decade that ran from January 1, 250, to December 31, 259. Events ------ ### 250 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date). * The Goths under King Cniva invade Moesia. They cross the Danube and lay siege to Novae and Marcianopolis. * Battle of Augusta Traiana: The Romans lose the battle against the Goths. * Cniva lays siege to Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv). After a long resistance, Cniva conquers the city and slays its one hundred thousand inhabitants. * The Alamanni drive the Romans from the modern area of Donau-Ries. * An epidemic begins in Ethiopia, moves into Egypt and the Roman colonies in North Africa, and spreads through the Roman Empire (named the Plague of Cyprian, after St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage). ###### Africa * The Kingdom of Aksum (Axum) takes control of commerce on the Red Sea. ###### Asia * The earliest Chinese references to a device known as "emperor's south-pointing carriage" date to this period. ###### Mesomerica * Teotihuacán is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram by Zapotec architects brought from Monte Albán in Oaxaca. * Classic period of Mesoamerican civilization begins. #### By topic ###### Art and science * Diophantus writes *Arithmetica*, the first systematic treatise on algebra. * Approximate date + The family portrait medallion, traditionally called the *Family of Vunnerius Keramus*, is made (it is later placed in the Brescia Cross, and then in the Museo Civico dell'Etá Cristiana, Brescia). + The Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus, depicting battle between the Romans and the Barbarians, is made for use in Rome (it is later moved to the collection of the National Roman Museum). + The Igel Column is erected at Trier in Germany. ###### Religion * January 3 – Decian persecution of Christians is initiated when Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (except Jews) to perform a sacrifice to the gods of religion in ancient Rome. On January 20, Pope Fabian becomes one of the first martyrs of this persecution. * Possible date – Denis, a bishop of Paris, is martyred by beheading. ### 251 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * July 1 – Battle of Abritus: The Goths defeat Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus, on swampy ground in the Dobruja (Moesia). * In Rome, Hostilian, son of Decius, succeeds his father, while Trebonianus Gallus is proclaimed Emperor by the troops. Gallus accepts him as co-emperor, but an outbreak of plague strikes the city, and kills Hostilian. * The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period, as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast. * Gallus makes peace with the Goths; he permits them to keep their plunder, and offers them a bribe not to return. * A 15-year plague begins in the Roman Empire. ###### Persia * Sassanid King Shapur I orders an invasion of Syria, with the intent of finally capturing the city of Antioch during the campaign of 251–254. ###### China * Wang Ling's rebellion against the Wei regent Sima Yi is quelled. * Sima Yi passes away in Luoyang. * Sima Shi, Sima Yi's eldest son, inherits his father's authority. #### By topic ###### Religion * March – Pope Cornelius succeeds Pope Fabian as the 21st pope. ### 252 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I defeats the Roman army (some 70,000 men) at Barbalissos in Syria (approximate date). ###### Persia * Shapur I puts down the revolt in Khorasan (Iran and Turkmenistan), and rejoins his army. * Shapur I invades Armenia and appoints Artavazd VI as the new Armenian king. * Georgia submits peacefully to Shapur I and becomes a vassal of the Sassanid Empire. ###### Asia * Sun Liang succeeds his father Sun Quan, as emperor of the Chinese state of Eastern Wu. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Cornelius is exiled to Centumcellae, by Emperor Trebonianus Gallus. ### 253 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The legions who have campaigned against the Goths on the Danube elect Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances on Rome along the Flaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperor Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimed emperor by their armies to halt the invasion of Germanic tribes. * Aemilianus is proclaimed "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate. Trebonianus Gallus is defeated at Interamna Nahars (Umbria); he flees with Volusianus to the north, but at Foligno they are killed by their own troops. * Aemilianus rules the Roman Empire for three months; he promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of *Pontifex Maximus*. * Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium and Publius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as the new emperor by the Rhine legions. He gives his son Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the title *Augustus*. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths have violated the treaty signed with Rome and invaded Moesia. * Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two; Gallienus taking control of the West and his father ruling the East, where he faces the Persian threat. * Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats a Roman field army at Barbalissos in Syria 2). * Valerian reforms Legio III *Augusta* to fight the "five peoples", a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes in Africa. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Cornelius is sent into exile. * June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope. * Lucius is arrested almost immediately following his election and also exiled. ### 254 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus and Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus become Roman Consuls. * The Roman Empire is threatened by several peoples on their borders: the Germanic confederations, such as the Franks on the Middle Rhine, the Alemanni on the upper Rhine and Danube, and the Marcomanni facing the provinces at Noricum and Raetia. On land the confederation of Goths threaten the lower Danube provinces, and on the sea they threaten the shores of Thracia, Bithynia et Pontus, and Cappadocia. In the eastern provinces, the Sassanid Persians had the previous year defeated a Roman field army at Barballisos, and afterwards plundered the defenseless provinces. This period of time is called today the Crisis of the Third Century. #### By topic ###### Religion * May 12 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I. ### 255 #### By place ###### China * Sima Shi quells Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's rebellion. * March 23 – Sima Shi passes away. * Sima Zhao, Sima Shi's younger brother, inherits his brother's authority. #### By topic ###### Science * Ma Jun, Chinese mechanical engineer from Cao Wei, invents the south-pointing chariot, a path-finding directional compass vehicle that uses a differential gear, not magnetics. ### 256 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * February 28 – Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3035, a warrant for the arrest of a Christian, is written. * The Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire, and the Goths appear at the walls of Thessalonica. * The Franks cross the Rhine; the Alemanni reach Mediolanum (Milan) (disputed date). * In Africa, the Berbers massacre Roman colonists. * King Shapur I of the Sasanian Empire invades Mesopotamia and Syria. He conquers and plunders Antioch, destroys Dura-Europos, and sacks the Anatolian city of Zeugma on the Euphrates. A devastating fire and an earthquake soon follow, causing Zeugma to be abandoned. * Cities in the Roman Empire begin to build walls, as the defense of the frontiers begins to crumble; future emperor Aurelian inspects along the Rhine. ###### Asia * Peace and unity are finally restored in China, with the victories of the Wei Kingdom in the north. The ruling dynasty is worn out by war, and the kingdom is ruled by ministers on their behalf. #### By topic ###### Medicine * The great pandemic of the Roman world strikes violently in Pontus on the Black Sea, and causes enormous loss of life in Alexandria, encouraging thousands to embrace Christianity. ###### Religion * Emperor Valerian persecutes Christians. * Pope Stephen I threatens to excommunicate Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, and other bishops in Africa and Asia Minor, unless they stop rebaptizing heretics. Cyprian attacks the Pope in a treatise that gains support from the Council of Carthage. He sends envoys to Rome, raising the specter of a schism between the Roman and Carthaginian Churches. * A Synod of Carthage is held. ### 257 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Gallienus enters into a joint consulship with his father Valerianus I, having brought some order to the Danube area. * Future emperor Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome. * In Bavaria the *Limes Germanicus* (Upper Raetian Limes) along the river Iller is abandoned by the Romans. * Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubled Illyrian provinces. * Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch, Syria from King Shapur I of Persia. * The Goths build a fleet on the Black Sea. * The Goths separate into the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths. #### By topic ###### Religion * August 30 – Pope Sixtus II succeeds Pope Stephen I as the 24th pope. * Valerian's persecution of Christians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting at the tombs of their deceased. ### 258 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trapezus. * The amount of silver in the Roman currency of the denarius falls below 10%. The crisis ruins craftsmen, tradesmen, and small farmers, who are forced into bartering; landowners grow richer by buying up cheap land. * Valerian II, eldest son of Gallienus, dies, possibly murdered by Pannonia's governor Ingenuus; Emperor Valerian bestows on another one of Gallienus's sons, Saloninus, the title of *Caesar*. * A second Imperial edict prohibits Christianity in the Roman Empire. This edict divides Christians into four categories: priests, who are to be put to death; senators and equestrians, who are to be stripped of their positions and their property confiscated; nuns, who are to be exiled; and imperial civil servants, who are condemned to forced labour. ###### Asia * Sima Zhao quells Zhuge Dan's rebellion, thereby also ending what are known as the Three Rebellions in Shouchun. * Sun Xiu succeeds his brother Sun Liang as emperor of the Chinese state of Eastern Wu. #### By topic ###### Religion * Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, is martyred (decapitation). * Pope Sixtus II, bishop of Rome, is martyred. ### 259 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Valerian leads an army (70,000 men) to relieve Edessa, besieged by the forces of Persian King Shapur I. An outbreak of a plague kills many legionaries, weakening the Roman position in Syria. * Battle of Mediolanum: A Germanic confederation, the Alamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed the Alps, are defeated by Roman legions under Gallienus, near Mediolanum (modern Milan). * Postumus revolts against Gallienus in Gaul. The western provinces of Britain and Spain join his independent realm—which is called in modern times the Gallic Empire. * Postumus, governor of Gaul, declares himself Emperor, and continues to rule the Gallic Empire until 269, when he is killed by his soldiers. * The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260). * The Franks, who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania. ###### Persia * Mesopotamia: Odaenathus, the ruler of the kingdom of Palmyra, sacks the city of Nehardea, destroying its great yeshiva. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Dionysius is elected as the pope. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **250** * March 31 – Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (d. 306) * Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman emperor (d. 311) * Lu Jing (or **Shiren**), Chinese general and writer (d. 280) * Maximian (**Herculius**), Roman consul and emperor (d. 310) * Zuo Si (or **Taichong**), Chinese poet and writer (d. 305) **251** * January 12 – Anthony the Great, Christian monk and saint (d. 356) **252** * Eusignius of Antioch, Roman general and martyr (d. 362) * Wang Jun (or **Pengzu**), Chinese general and warlord (d. 314) * Wei Huacun, founder of the Shangqing sect of Daoism (d. 334) **255** * January 6 – Marcellus I, bishop of Rome (d. 309) * Dorotheus of Tyre, Syrian bishop and martyr (d. 362) * Zhang Gui, Chinese governor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 314) * Zuo Fen, Chinese poet of the Western Jin Dynasty (d. 300) **256** * Arius, Egyptian priest and founder of Arianism (d. 336) * Wang Yan (or **Yifu**), Chinese official and politician (d. 311) **257** * Gregory the Illuminator, Armenian religious leader (approximate date) * Jia Nanfeng (or **Shi**), Chinese empress (d. 300) **258** * Clement of Ancyra, Christian bishop and martyr (d. 312) **259** * Hui of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 307) * Tao Kan (or **Shixing**), Chinese general and politician (d. 334) * Yang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 292) Deaths ------ **250** * January 20 – Fabian (or **Fabianus**), pope of Rome * Du Qiong (or **Boyu**), Chinese official and astronomer * Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius, Christian martyrs * Marcus Minucius Felix, Roman apologist and writer * Peter, Andrew, Paul and Denise, Christian martyrs * Secundian, Marcellian and Verian, Christian martyrs * Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha, Christian martyrs * Zhu Ju, Chinese general and chancellor (b. 194) **251** * February 5 – Cao Lin, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state * June – August + Decius, Roman emperor (killed after the battle of Abritus) + Herennius Etruscus, Roman emperor and son of Decius * June 15 – Wang Ling, Chinese general and politician * August 22 – Zhen, Chinese empress of the Cao Wei state * September 7 – Sima Yi, Chinese general and regent (b. 179) * Agatha of Sicily, Christian martyr and saint (approximate date) * Cao Biao, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state (b. 195) * Deng Zhi, Chinese general, politician and diplomat * Hostilian, Roman emperor (of plague in Rome) * Lü Yi, Chinese official, governor and politician **252** * May 21 – Sun Quan, founder of the Eastern Wu state (b. 182) * Pan (or **Pan Shu**), Chinese empress of the Eastern Wu state * Tian Yu (or **Guorang**), Chinese general and politician (b. 171) * Tiridates II (or **Khosrov**), Roman client king of Armenia **253** * Aemilianus, Roman emperor * Pope Cornelius * Saint Babylas, Patriarch of Antioch * Fei Yi, Chinese statesman, general and regent of the Shu Han state * Sun He, Chinese prince of the Eastern Wu state (b. 224) * Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor * Volusianus, Roman emperor * Zhuge Ke, Chinese general and regent of the Eastern Wu state (b. 203) **254** * March 5 – Lucius I, bishop of Rome * Li Feng (or Anguo), Chinese official and politician * Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes, Roman client king * Xiahou Xuan (or Taichu), Chinese general and politician (b. 209) * Zhang Ni (or Boqi), Chinese general, official and politician **255** * February 23 – Guo Huai (or **Boji**), Chinese general * March 16 – Guanqiu Jian, Chinese general and politician * March 23 – Sima Shi, Chinese general and regent (b. 208) * Fu Gu (or **Lanshi**), Chinese official and politician (b. 209) * Liu Zan (or **Zhengming**), Chinese general (b. 183) * Sun Luyu (or **Xiaohu**), Chinese princess **256** * March 11 – Cao Lin, Chinese prince and son of Cao Cao * October 19 – Sun Jun (or **Ziyuan**), Chinese general and regent (b. 219) * October 21 – Lü Dai (or **Dinggong**), Chinese general (b. 161) * November 12 – Lü Ju (or **Shiyi**), Chinese general and politician * Guan Lu (or **Gongming**), Chinese diviner and politician (b. 209) * Wang Su (or **Ziyong**), Chinese scholar and official (b. 195) **257** * August 2 – Stephen I, bishop of Rome * September 26 – Zhu Yi (or **Jiwen**), Chinese general * Wen Qin (or **Zhongruo**), Chinese general and politician * Zhang Changpu, Chinese concubine (b. 199) **258** * August 6 – Sixtus II, bishop of Rome * September 14 – Cyprian, bishop of Carthage * Anak the Parthian, Parthian nobleman * Chen Zhi (or **Fengzong**), Chinese politician * Novatian, Italian antipope and theologian * Valerian II, son of co-emperor Gallienus * Zhuge Dan (or **Gongxiu**), Chinese general **259** * January 10 – Polyeuctus, Roman soldier and saint * January 18 – Sun Chen, Chinese general and regent (b. 232) * Augurius of Tarragona, Christian Hispano-Roman clergyman * Cao Jun (or **Zi'an**), Chinese prince and son of Cao Cao * Fructuosus of Tarragona, Christian bishop, martyr and saint * Wang Chang (or **Wenshu**), Chinese general and politician

250s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/250s

Year **219** (**CCXIX**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Sacerdos** (or, less frequently, **year 972 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 219 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Quintus Tineius Sacerdos become Roman Consuls. * Julia Maesa arranges, for her grandson Elagabalus, a marriage with Julia Paula. The wedding is a lavish ceremony and Paula is given the honorific title of Augusta. * Legions III *Gallica* and IV *Scythica* are disbanded by Elagabalus after their leaders, Verus and Gellius Maximus, rebel. * Emperor Elagabalus, age 15, is initiated into the worship of the Phrygian gods Cybele and Attis. #### India * The reign of Pulona, Satavahana king of Andhra, begins in India. #### China * The Battle of Mount Dingjun ends with Liu Bei emerging victorious. He declares himself king of Hanzhong afterwards. * Guan Yu floods the fortress at Fan (present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei) in the Battle of Fancheng, while Lü Meng captures his base in Jing Province. Guan Yu retreats to Maicheng, falls into an ambush, and gets captured by Sun Quan's forces. * Cao Cao controls the Yellow River basin and northern China. Sun Quan rules southern China. Liu Bei controls Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). * Tuoba Liwei becomes the first chieftain of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei people. Births ------ * Hua He (or **Yongxian**), Chinese official and historian (d. 278) * Sun Jun (or **Ziyuan**), Chinese general and regent (d. 256) Deaths ------ * Jiang Qin (or **Gongyi**), Chinese general serving under Sun Quan * Lu Ji (or **Gongji**), Chinese scholar, official and politician (b. 188) * Marcus Munatius Sulla Cerialis, Roman governor and politician * Pang De (or **Lingming**), Chinese general serving under Cao Cao * Sima Fang (or **Jianong**), Chinese official and politician (b. 149) * Sun Jiao (or **Shulang**), Chinese general serving under Sun Quan * Xiahou Yuan (or **Miaocai**), Chinese general serving under Cao Cao * Yang Xiu (or **Dezi**), Chinese official, adviser and chancellor (b. 175) * Zhang Zhongjing, Chinese physician and pharmacologist (b. 150)

219

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/219

Year **246** (**CCXLVI**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the **246th Year** of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 246th year of the 1st millennium, the 46th year of the 3rd century, and the 7th year of the 240s decade. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Praesens and Albinus** (or, less frequently, **year 999 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 246 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Philip the Arab fights the Germans along the Danube River. * The first of two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea. #### Korea * Baekje Kingdom under King Goi of Baekje attacks the Chinese commandery of Daifang. Births ------ * Cao Huan, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (d. 303) Deaths ------ * Dong Yun (or **Xiuzhao**), Chinese general and politician * Gu Tan (or **Zimo**), Chinese official and politician (b. 205) * Jiang Wan (or **Gongyan**), Chinese general and statesman

246

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/246

Year **24 BC** was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Flaccus** (or, less frequently, **year 730 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 24 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus. * Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt to commemorate his final victory over Mark Antony. * Herod the Great marries for a third time, to Mariamne II, after a 4-year hiatus from family life (after putting to death his 2nd wife Mariamne I). Births ------ Deaths ------ * Aulus Terentius Varro Murena, Roman general and politician

24 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_BC

The **20th century BC** was a century that lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC. The period of the 2nd Millennium BC ----------------------------------- Events ------ * c. 2000 BC: + Farmers and herders traveled south from Ethiopia and settled in Kenya. + Dawn of the Capacha Culture in modern-day Colima, Mexico. + Humans settle in Matanchén, modern day Nayarit, Mexico + Arrival of the ancestors of the Latins in Italy. + Town of Mantua was founded. + First of the Minoan palaces on Crete. Site of palace complex Knossos started to become occupied. + Bronze Age began in north Ancient China. + Middle Jōmon period ended in Japan. + Decline of Harappan civilization began. + The Harappa Torso was sculpted by a member of the Indus Valley culture. + Vessel, from Asahi Mound, Toyama Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Collection of Tokyo University. + Dogū, from Kurokoma, Yamanashi Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Tokyo National Museum. + Stonehenge construction largely completed. + Dawn of the Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens pilings in the Philippines. + Horses were tamed and used for transport. + The last woolly mammoth goes extinct on Wrangel island. * c. 2000 BC – 1900 BC: the "Priest-king torso" was sculpted at Mohenjo-Daro, part of the Indus Valley civilization. * c. 1995 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies. * c. 1995 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty. * c. 1985 BC: Political authority became less centralized in Ancient Egypt. * c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: + Rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan were made. Twelfth Dynasty. + "Hippopotamus", from the tomb of Senbi (governor) (Tomb B.3) at Meir was made. Twelfth Dynasty. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. * 1974 BC: Erishum I became the thirty-third ruler of Assyria. * February 27, 1953 BC: A very close alignment of the naked-eye planets took place in which these planets are together in a span of 4.3 degrees. * March 5, 1953 BC: A computer calculated alignment of the naked-eye planets took place in a new moon, and in spring season, and is believed by researchers from NASA, to be the starting event for the Chinese calendar, as they followed descriptions from a 1st Century B.C. Chinese passage "Hong Fan Zhuan" by 'Liu Xiang', to search for this astronomical event being described to have happened about 2000 BC at Pegasus constellation (Yingshi). * c. 1942 BC: The so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Sömmerda) was buried in a large barrow within a 66-foot-wide (20 m) stone cairn inside a ring ditch. * 1932 BC: Amorite conquest of Ur. * c. 1928 BC – 1895 BC: "Harvest scene", tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in the tomb of Khnumhotep II, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty. * c. 1920 BC: Jishi Gorge flood. It may have sparked the beginning of the first Chinese dynasty (Xia, Erlitou culture) * 1913 BC – 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war. * c. 1900 BC: Shalim-ahum and his son Ilu-shuma began to rule the city of Assur at around this time. Inventions, discoveries, introductions -------------------------------------- * c. 2000 BC: Glass appears. * 2000 BC: In the Old Assyrian Empire, the Sumerian cuneiform had evolved into Old Assyrian cuneiform, with many modifications to Sumerian orthography. * 1950 BC: The copper bar cubit of Nippur defines the Sumerian cubit (approximately 51.72 cm). * c. 1900 BC: Cacao is domesticated by the Mokaya in Guatemala. Sovereign states ----------------

20th century BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century_BC