Datasets:

Sayankotor

/

WikiEntities

like 0

Agia Varvara (, meaning Saint Barbara) is a suburban town in the western part of the Athens agglomeration in Attica, Greece and a municipality in the West Athens regional unit. ==Geography== Agia Varvara is situated east of the mountain Aigaleo (Greek: Αιγάλεω). It is west of central Athens. The municipality has an area of 2.425 km2. It is served by the Agia Varvara and Agia Marina stations on Line 3 of the Athens Metro. ==Historical population== Year Population 1981 29,259 1991 28,706 2001 30,562 2011 26,550 == References == Category:Municipalities of Attica Category:Populated places in West Athens (regional unit)

['West Athens (regional unit)', 'Saint Barbara', 'Attica', 'Greece', 'Aigaleo', 'Athens', 'Athens Metro']

['Q755173', 'Q192816', 'Q122443', 'Q41', 'Q985455', 'Q1524', 'Q336488']

[[(595, 622)], [(24, 37)], [(109, 115), (559, 565)], [(117, 123)], [(237, 244)], [(85, 91), (155, 161), (285, 291), (411, 417), (600, 606)], [(411, 423)]]

Aamir Liaquat Hussain (; 5 July 1971 – 9 June 2022) was a Pakistani politician, columnist and television host. Hussain was a top ranking TV anchor and was listed three times in The 500 influential Muslims worldwide, and was among 100 popular personalities of Pakistan. He was criticized on media numerous times due to his controversial comments about superstars. He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 to June 2022. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 and served as the Minister of State for Religious Affairs from 2004 to 2007 in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. He died on 9 June 2022 in his room at his residence due to suffocation, as per police his house was full of smoke due to a generator. ==Early life and education== Hussain was born on 5 July 1971 in Karachi to politician Sheikh Liaquat Hussain and columnist Mahmooda Sultana. ~~~~== Educational qualifications == In an interview, Hussain said he received his Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree from Liaquat Medical College Jamshoro in 1995, and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Islamic Studies in 2002 by a now known degree mill, Trinity College and University (based in Spain but incorporated in Dover, Delaware). He has also said that he gained a degree of Master of Arts in Islamic Studies in 2002 from the Trinity College and University.M.A. Siddiqui "Musharraf's Blue Eyed Religious Affairs Minister Turns Out to be Dr. Fake" South Asia Tribune. . Retrieved 6 March 2012 In 2006, the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan declared the BA degree in Islamic Studies of Hussain obtained from Trinity College and University as not recognized and fake. In 2003, The Guardian reported this university as a scam where one could buy a degree for as cheaply as £150 within 28 days. The University of Karachi declared his BA degree as fake earlier in 2005. Hussain declared his BA degree to the election commission of Pakistan while filing his nomination forms for the 2002 Pakistani general elections. It was reported that Hussain had purchased his degrees from Trinity College and University to become eligible for contesting the elections. In 2002, it was made compulsory for contestants of elections for seats in the Provincial and National Assemblies of Pakistan to hold at least a bachelor's degree. Hussain's claim to have received an MBBS degree from Liaquat Medical College Jamshoro in 1995 was also falsified based on the fact that if he did have one, he would not need any fake bachelors, masters or doctorate degrees to contest the 2002 general elections. It was also noted that one cannot study at two different faculties at a same time since Hussain claimed to have both his MBBS degree in 1995 and BA in Islamic Studies from Trinity College in 1995. In 2012, it was reported that Hussain appeared as a candidate for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Karachi from where he graduated in 2008. He was later enrolled in Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology in 2010 from where he received his master's degree in Islamic Studies, but according to officials there, Hussain never attended a class or sat any exams. The officials said that the admission form of Hussain was initially submitted with the photograph of another person and was later replaced with the photograph of Hussain. It was also reported that Hussain did not himself sit the semester exams. In 2015, it was reported that Hussain had acquired a fake degree from Ashwood University. According to the Federal Investigation Agency, his profile was noted in Axact's main server. Hussain confessed that he purchased the fake degree from Ashwood University for $1136. ==Political career== === MQM === Hussain was elected as the Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan for the first time in the 2002 Pakistani general election on the ticket of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement from NA-249 (Karachi-XI) constituency and was appointed Minister of State for Religious Affairs and Zakat and Ushar Division in September 2004 in the Shaukat Aziz cabinet. As the junior minister of Religious Affairs, Hussain asked religious scholars from Pakistan to issue a 'Fatwa' regarding suicide bombings in May 2005. In June 2005, he was attacked by enraged youths during his visit to Jamia Binoria. Police however denied that any incident of manhandling of Hussain had taken place and said that the crowd only chanted slogans.Minister mobbed, manhandled . Dawn. Retrieved 3 March 2012. Hussain was the minister of state for Religious Affairs until July 2007, when his party asked him to resign from his position as Minister, and from his seat as a member of the National Assembly. According to an official statement, the party was unhappy with statements made by Hussain against Salman Rushdie. In 2007, he resigned from politics. Later in 2008, MQM also expelled him from the party. He was the founder of the Memhooda Sultana Foundation. From 2013 to 2015, an annual publication The 500 Most Influential Muslims by Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Jordan included Hussain in their list. In August 2016, after the attack on media houses by MQM workers and the arrest of MQM leaders, Hussain was also taken into custody by Sindh Rangers. In February 2017, an Anti-Terrorism Court in Pakistan instructed the authorities to put the name of Hussain on the Exit Control List, after Hussain was charged with facilitation of hate speech but police failed to produce Hussain in court hearings. === PTI === Hussain joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in March 2018. He was re- elected to the National Assembly as a PTI candidate for constituency NA-245 (Karachi East-IV) in the 2018 Pakistani general election. On 4 October 2021, he resigned from his National Assembly of Pakistan's seat and left Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. === Return to MQM === On 6, April 2022, Hussain tweeted “I am extremely embarrassed [for betraying] MQM leader Altaf Hussain. I am unable to even look into his eyes.” hinting towards his return to MQM. On many occasions, Aamir Liaquat had hailed Altaf Hussain as his “leader” and even advocated for resumption of government-level talks with Altaf to end his self- imposed exile. ==TV career== Hussain was a radio broadcaster on FM101. He is also known for hosting Ramadan transmissions; for Suhur and Iftar, for many years. He started his television career at Pakistan Television Corporation but was fired shortly thereafter. He joined Geo TV as founding member in 2001 where he hosted religious program Aalim Online. In 2010, Hussain left Geo TV and joined ARY Digital Network as managing director of ARY Qtv and as executive director of ARY Digital. He hosted religious program Aalim Aur Aalam there. He then hosted Pehchan Ramazan in 2012, after rejoining Geo TV, and Amaan Ramazan in 2013. In January 2014, he became the vice president of Geo TV, and hosted game show Inaam Ghar. In June 2014, he joined Express Media Group as president and Group Editor of religious content on Daily Express, and hosted Pakistan Ramazan. Hussain then rejoined Geo TV and hosted Subh-e- Pakistan from November 2014, and also became president of Geo Entertainment in November 2015. He then joined BOL media group in 2016, and started hosting current affairs talk show Aisay Nahi Chalay Ga. There, he hosted Ramazan Mein BOL in 2017, during which he also started hosting a game show; Game Show Aisay Chalay Ga. He left BOL in November 2017. In 2019, he joined Pakistan Television Corporation. In January 2016, it was reported that Hussain would make Pakistani film debut in an upcoming film of Syed Noor, alongside Saima Noor as lead cast. In April 2019, he announced that he will play Burhan Wani in Ayub Khoso's upcoming film, based on the Kashmir issue. In April 2020, he started hosting a game show called "Jeeway Pakistan" which airs on Express TV. ==Controversies== In 2008, Hussain in his TV special, Khatmay Nabuwat, criticised the Ahmadi Community founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. The guest scholars in the show declared that anyone associated with the Ahmadi group deserve to get murdered on account of blasphemy. Within two days, two prominent people from the Ahmadi community were killed, one of them being a physician and another being a community leader. In 2010, Hussain claimed in his TV show that the recent losses in cricket matches of Pakistani Cricket team were due to their new shoe soles being green. With green being the color of Pakistani flag and the Dome of Muhammad's tomb, the green soles were supposedly disrespectful towards Islam, and apparently the team was being divinely punished. Hussain claimed that this was a matter of faith. He was subsequently criticised for his views in the media. In 2011, a compilation of behind-the-scenes footage videos were leaked online, showing Hussain using various profanities on the set of his show. In the same video, he is also shown taking a rape related question lightly, mocking his religious guests, spontaneously singing Indian tunes and referring to Bollywood rape scenes.Ahmed, Akbar S. and Hassan, Leena. Dishonourable Conduct: A Summary of the Infamous Aamir Liaquat Video Newsline. Retrieved 1 March 2012Fulton, George. Delusion, denial and 'Dr' Liaquat The Express Tribune. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012 In his defence, Hussain accused the Geo TV of creating the alleged fake video in order to tarnish his credibility, and stated that the video must have been edited and dubbed by "masters of synchronization". However, The New York Times reported that Hussain himself said "It was my lighter side". In 2013, Hussain was criticised for giving out abandoned infants to parents who wanted to adopt babies in Amaan Ramazan transmission. The parents were chosen after background checks were done by the Chhipa association beforehand, and then the baby was handed over to them during the show. Child welfare advocates expressed concern that the lack of confidentiality could expose the children and their families to teasing and stigma in the future. In 2014, a religious cleric in a TV show hosted by Hussain declared Ahmadis the enemies of Islam and Hussain responded by nodding his head in affirmation while the audience burst into applause. The guest cleric went on to use further derogatory language against the Ahmadis for some minutes while the TV show host clapped in appreciation Within five days of the show, an Ahmadi man, Luqman Ahmad Shehzad, was gunned down in Gujranwala. This was the second time that Hussain's show had been linked to attacks on Ahmadis. In June 2016, Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) barred Hussain from hosting his Ramadan show Inaam Ghar for three days on Geo Entertainment, which showed a reenactment by the show's host of a girl committing suicide. In January 2017, a social activist and lawyer Jibran Nasir filed a complaint with PEMRA alleging Hussain of running a "malicious, defamatory and life endangering campaign" against him. The same month, Hussain also claimed that Om Puri was murdered. Following which the PEMRA banned Hussain and his programme Aisay Nahi Chalay Ga on BOL News for preaching hate. In March 2017, Amnesty International slammed the Government of Pakistan for not taking action against Hussain for endangering the lives of journalists, and bloggers, and social activists and urged Interior Minister of Pakistani Nisar Ali Khan to take immediate steps. Later in the month, PEMRA issued a notification against Hussain, directing him to apologise on air to the viewers for hate speech. On 12 December 2017, it was announced that Hussain will be returning to television through 24 News HD, however, on 13 December, he was banned by PEMRA from all forms of media over hate speech allegations. The ban was lifted by the Supreme Court on 7 February 2018. On 26 May 2018, PEMRA again banned Hussain after creating controversy related to religious organization Jamiat Ahle Hadith and Zakir Naik. In May 2020, Hussain apologised for his comments on the deaths of Indian actors Sridevi and Irrfan Khan. In May 2021, Hussain was once again a subject of controversy over his performance of "Nagin Dance" (Dance moves mimicking snake) during his evening special Ramazan transmission. ==Personal life== Hussain had married thrice. He had two children with his first wife, Syeda Bushra Aamir. In June 2018, he confirmed his second marriage to Syeda Tuba Anwar. This marriage lasted for around three years, In February 2022 Amir married 18 year old Syeda Dania Shah. In May 2022, his third wife Syeda Dania Shah filed for divorce, after three months of marriage. ===Death=== Aamir Liaquat Hussain died on 9 June 2022 in Karachi. According to a servant, he heard Liaquat screaming in pain from his locked room. After enquiring and receiving no reply from him, the servant broke down the door and found him lying on the floor unresponsive. He was immediately rushed to Agha Khan Hospital whilst fighting for his life where doctors pronounced him dead confirming that he had already died prior to arrival there. Police suspected that the cause of death was suffocating due to gases from a household generator, however the official cause of death has not been confirmed yet. Foul play has also not been ruled out in respect of his death. His funeral prayer was held on Friday June 10, 2022 and led by his son Ahmed Aamir. He was laid to rest at Abdullah Shah Ghazi graveyard without an autopsy since his family opposed it despite insistence by the police. On 18 June 2022, a local court ordered his exhumation for postmortem examination as a result of petition filed by a civilian. On 16 August 2022 the same local court annulled its previous order and Amir Liaquat's autopsy was never performed. Later in December 2022, FIA arrested his third wife, Dania Shah, for the misconduct of leaking his private data on social media. ==Publications== Hussain's publications include:Aamir Liaquat Hussain's profile on WorldCat *Merī āvāz sāre zamāne kī ṣadā hai, ,1989, 64 p. Patriotic poetry. *Islam and terrorism : an historical and theological enquiry, ، 2002, 142 p. *Hamārī mān̲ K̲h̲adīja tul Kubrá, ، 2009, 900 p. On the life and eminence of Khadījah, d. ca. 619, first wife of Prophet Muhammad, d. 632. *Lāʼūḍ ispīkar, ، 2009, 2 volumes. Collection of articles on social and political conditions of Pakistan; published from 2005 to 2008 in Daily Jang, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. *Ās̲ār-i qiyāmat, ، 2010, 2 volumes. On the Judgment Day in Islam. == References == ==External links== * Category:1971 births Category:2022 deaths Category:Pakistani Muslims Category:Muhajir people Category:Pakistani television hosts Category:Geo News newsreaders and journalists Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MNAs Category:Politicians from Karachi Category:Pakistani game show hosts Category:People who fabricated academic degrees Category:ARY Digital people Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007 Category:BOL Network people Category:Pakistani investigative journalists Category:Muttahida Qaumi Movement MNAs Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023 Category:Pakistan Television Corporation people Category:Islamic television preachers Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya Category:People from Karachi Category:Deaths from asphyxiation

['National Assembly of Pakistan', 'NA-245 (Karachi East-IV)', 'Shaukat Aziz', 'Karachi', 'Sindh', 'Pakistan', 'Geo News', 'Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf', 'Sheikh Liaquat Hussain', 'The 500 Most Influential Muslims', 'Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery', 'Doctor of Philosophy', 'Trinity College and University', 'Ashwood University', 'Federal Investigation Agency', 'Axact', 'Fatwa', 'Jamia Binoria', 'Salman Rushdie', 'Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre', 'The Express Tribune', 'Suhur', 'Iftar', 'Pakistan Television Corporation', 'ARY Digital Network', 'ARY Qtv', 'Amaan Ramazan', 'Inaam Ghar', 'Geo Entertainment', 'Pakistani film', 'Syed Noor', 'Saima Noor', 'Burhan Wani', 'Ayub Khoso', 'Kashmir issue', 'Pakistani Cricket team', 'Pakistani flag', 'Muhammad', 'Islam', 'Bollywood', 'The New York Times', 'Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority', 'Jibran Nasir', 'Om Puri', 'Amnesty International', 'Nisar Ali Khan', '24 News HD', 'Jamiat Ahle Hadith', 'Zakir Naik', 'Sridevi', 'Irrfan Khan', 'Abdullah Shah Ghazi', 'WorldCat', 'Rawalpindi']

['Q1518223', 'Q12857455', 'Q223555', 'Q8660', 'Q37211', 'Q843', 'Q5513202', 'Q284454', 'Q21597875', 'Q16823995', 'Q13948235', 'Q752297', 'Q4974084', 'Q4806210', 'Q2896633', 'Q19647863', 'Q179274', 'Q6146399', 'Q44306', 'Q7374352', 'Q7732865', 'Q1999671', 'Q577401', 'Q3246250', 'Q4653976', 'Q4653987', 'Q16148240', 'Q15972628', 'Q18125070', 'Q15956340', 'Q7660422', 'Q3709843', 'Q21066821', 'Q17402956', 'Q1413732', 'Q182538', 'Q128347', 'Q9458', 'Q432', 'Q93196', 'Q9684', 'Q6833792', 'Q18674417', 'Q80309', 'Q42970', 'Q3342137', 'Q20647024', 'Q6146472', 'Q932829', 'Q270691', 'Q360927', 'Q4666063', 'Q846596', 'Q93230']

[[(386, 415), (3804, 3833), (5798, 5827)], [(5693, 5717)], [(635, 647), (4088, 4100)], [(847, 854), (1864, 1871), (2941, 2948), (3951, 3958), (5701, 5708), (12726, 12733), (14819, 14826), (15255, 15262)], [(5276, 5281)], [(58, 66), (259, 267), (407, 415), (1586, 1594), (1981, 1989), (2037, 2045), (2322, 2330), (3825, 3833), (3865, 3873), (4193, 4201), (5336, 5344), (5567, 5575), (5730, 5738), (5819, 5827), (5844, 5852), (6430, 6438), (7078, 7086), (7144, 7152), (7515, 7523), (7605, 7613), (7873, 7881), (8405, 8413), (8504, 8512), (10622, 10630), (11270, 11278), (11425, 11433), (14399, 14407), (14464, 14472), (14630, 14638), (14681, 14689), (14763, 14771), (14836, 14844), (14947, 14955), (15009, 15017), (15093, 15101), (15127, 15135)], [(14717, 14725)], [(5567, 5591), (5844, 5868), (14763, 14787)], [(869, 891)], [(5025, 5057)], [(1007, 1048)], [(1114, 1134)], [(1196, 1226), (1376, 1406), (1662, 1692), (2126, 2156)], [(3530, 3548), (3700, 3718)], [(3567, 3595)], [(3622, 3627)], [(4214, 4219)], [(4329, 4342)], [(4824, 4838)], [(5061, 5099)], [(9285, 9304)], [(6361, 6366)], [(6371, 6376)], [(6430, 6461), (7515, 7546), (15127, 15158)], [(6628, 6647)], [(6672, 6679)], [(6841, 6854), (9748, 9761)], [(6942, 6952), (10722, 10732)], [(7202, 7219), (10751, 10768)], [(7605, 7619)], [(7649, 7658)], [(7670, 7680)], [(7741, 7752)], [(7756, 7766)], [(7797, 7810)], [(8405, 8427)], [(8504, 8518)], [(8535, 8543), (14285, 14293)], [(1144, 1149), (1343, 1348), (1621, 1626), (2782, 2787), (3115, 3120), (5067, 5072), (8606, 8611), (10179, 10184), (14088, 14093), (14534, 14539), (15175, 15180)], [(9077, 9086)], [(9562, 9580)], [(10622, 10668)], [(10892, 10904)], [(11073, 11080)], [(11222, 11243)], [(11435, 11449)], [(11697, 11707)], [(11975, 11993)], [(11998, 12008)], [(12090, 12097)], [(12102, 12113)], [(13447, 13466)], [(14011, 14019)], [(14452, 14462)]]

Lake Wawasee, formerly Turkey Lake, is a natural lake southeast of Syracuse in Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States. It is the largest natural lake wholly contained within Indiana. It is located just east of Indiana State Road 13. ==History== Lake Wawasee has a long history extending from the Pleistocene epoch, arrival of early settlers, and its growth from the 19th century through today. The lake is named for Miami chief Wawasee (Wau-wuh-see), brother of Miami chief Papakeecha, which translated means "Flat Belly." Lilly, Eli. Early Wawasee Days. Indianapolis: Studio Press Inc., 1960. Lake Wawasee has a history of being a summer vacation area for residents from Indianapolis and Chicago. The Spink's Hotel (now condominiums) overlooking Lake Wawasee was a luxury hotel that hosted famous vacationers including Al Capone. Eli Lilly maintained residence on Lake Wawasee, and his home remains a landmark on the lake. ==Geographic places== Known geographic place names around Wawasee: Black's Point, Black Stump Point, Jones Landing, Willow Grove, Pickwick Park, Kale Island, Oakwood, Lakeview-South Park, Ogden's Island, Sand Point, Johnson's Bay, Buttermilk Bay, Vawter Park, Ideal Beach, Waveland Beach, Conkling Hill, Morrison's Island, and Natti Crow Beach. ===Black Stump Point=== Located at the northwest end of Lake Wawasee, Black Stump Point protrudes northeasterly out into the lake. Roads on this geographic point are E. Waco Drive and N. Waco Point Drive. Businesses located during the 1950s and 1960s were Mocks' Marina and Waco, a boat-in and drive-in restaurant. ===Cedar Beach/Wawasee=== Cedar Beach was established as an unincorporated community in the area, with a post office established under this name in 1879. It was renamed Wawasee in 1893, and the post office remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1938. ===Crow's Bay=== Crow's Bay is located on Wawasee's eastern shore and between Cedar Point to the north and Morrison's Island to the south. Crows Bay is named after Nathaniel Crow who established the Crow's Nest. Natti Crow Beach is a prominent area on the bay's southern end. ===Jarrett's Bay=== Also known in recent years as Buttermilk Bay, Jarrett's Bay is the extreme southern end of Wawasee. Jarrett's Bay extends southeast with Morrison's Island to the east and Clark's Point to the west. This bay was named after Lewis Jarrett who owned a resort known as Buttermilk Point. Also see: Lake Wawasee history: Buttermilk Point ===Johnson's Bay=== Johnson's Bay is located on Wawasee's east side. Ogden Island and Cedar Point serve as the two prominent points of land creating this bay. Johnson's Bay is, for the most part, barren of lakeside homes as its northern, northeastern, and northwestern sections are cat tailed marsh. Due to its location it became a haven for water skiing at least as far back as the 1950s. Cedar Point affords a break from north winds and lacks the heavy boat traffic found on much of the lake. ===Morrison Island=== Morrison Island, originally Eagle Island, is named after William T. Morrison who lived on this island until 1890. Today, the island has a number of homes lining the lakeside (north, south, west) and boat houses lining the eastern side with channel access to Wawasee. The island has seawalls with the ground just a couple of feet from the lake's level. Morrison Island is one of the lowest elevation residential areas on Lake Wawasee. A public grass green space lined with trees occupies the center of the island. Access by car via E. Morrison Island Road. File:Crows Bay Lake Wawasee.png|Crow's Bay in red File:Johnsons Bay Lake Wawasee1.png|Johnson's Bay in red File:Morrisons Island Lake Wawasee.png|Morrison's Island in red ===Main channel=== The main channel is not officially part of Lake Wawasee but does perform as an outlet for water heading north. The main channel begins at the lake's northwest shore with Oakwood Park on its west and Kale Island on its east and flows north through Mudd Lake and finally into Syracuse Lake. The main channel is lined with homes and a marina on its west for its first third of travel. On the channel's east side is a large wetland marsh where a gristmill once stood. ==Recreation== === Marinas === *Griffith's Wawasee Marina was founded in 1946 and is located on Wawasee's southeast end overlooking Buttermilk Bay and tucked behind Morrison Island to the marina's west.Griffith's Wawasee Marina *Main Channel Marina was established in 1976 and is located on the west side of the Main Channel on the northwest side of Wawasee.Main Channel Marina *Johnson's Bay Marina is no longer in service (condos)and used to be located in a channel on the east side of Johnson's Bay. *Wawasee Boat Company was founded in 1929 and is located on Wawasee's north shore off of E. Cornelius Road. ===Wawasee Yacht Club=== The Wawasee Yacht Club (est. 1935) is located on the northeast shore. During the summer season, the club is home to four competitive one-design fleets: 28-foot E-Scow, 19-foot Lightning (dinghy), 20-foot I-20 Scow, and 13-foot Sunfish (sailboat) class boats. Their mission is to foster, promote and encourage the sport of sailboat racing, and to promote the science of seamanship.Wawasee Yacht Club Official Site ===Annual Fireworks=== Independence Day fireworks - The 4th of July weekend on Saturday sports a fireworks display launched from three waterborne platforms and synchronized with music played by a local radio station. There is also a 'Flotilla' which features decorated boats in a parade around the lake. ===Wawascene.com=== Wawascene.com wawascene.com is an online magazine dedicated to life at Lake Wawasee & Syracuse Lake. Formed in 2009, this website hosts a live webcamhttp://www.wawascene.com/webcam.aspx controllable by users, water temperature, photos, blogs, news, video, a local business directory and resident directory. ==Bathymetry== Wawasee's bottom consists of channels and rises. It was noted in 1895 that if the water level in Wawasee were dropped , 4 distinct bodies of water would then be visibly connected by channels 100 to wide and 8–10 feet deep. *The first body would be in front of Crow's Nest (Crow Bay) with a depth of . *The second body would be 50% of Jarrett's Bay with maximum depth of . *The third would be the main body of Wawasee with a decreased width of 50% and maximum depth of . *The fourth would be a small just northwest of Black Stump Point with a maximum depth of . If Wawasee lost of water there would be 4 distinct lakes without channels connecting them.Indiana. Dept. of Geology and Natural Resources, Indiana. Dept. of Statistics and Geology, 1901, p. 168-171 ==Hydrology== === Classification === Lake Wawasee measures in size and is classified as a Trophic Class 1 lake with two major basins. The north basin has a eutrophication index value of 10 and the south basin has a eutrophication index of 12. The maximum depth is and an average depth of . The lake is presently healthy and has a balanced aquatic ecosystem. ===Water sources=== Lake Wawasee is a spring fed lake with exposed springs flowing into Wawasee from south, west, and east sides. Lake Papakeechie, sitting a few feet higher in elevation, provides a vast amount of water from a spillway at Buttermilk Bay at Wawasee's south end. Wawasee's structure is typical of natural lakes in the formerly glaciated portions of the Midwest. It is supplied by a watershed of which starts at Little Knapp Lake and Harper Lake in Noble County and flows down through 10 lakes by way of Turkey Creek into Lake Wawasee. Water exits into through the wetlands of Main Channel and Mudd Lake into Syracuse Lake. The Wawasee Watershed is an area of that encompasses Wawasee, Syracuse, Bonar Lake and Papakeechie lakes as well as the ten lakes in the upper Turkey Creek and Papakeechie subwatersheds. There are two smaller lakes near Wawasee. Syracuse Lake to the north is accessible from Wawasee through the 'Main Channel.' Lake Papakeechie to the south is at an elevation slightly higher than Wawasee. It is not accessible by boat from Wawasee. ==Water quality and wetlands== The community around Wawasee pushes for water clarity and keeping the lake clean for future generations. One of the most active organizations involved in wetland and water quality protection is the Wawasee Area Conservancy Foundation (WACF).Wawasee Area Conservancy Foundation This non profit group has a documented history of action and lake preservation. The WACF was formed in 1991 to anticipate, discover, and correct threats to the Wawasee Area Watershed and to its water quality. The WACF is dedicated to the preservation and enhancement of the area and works hand-in-hand with property owner groups, the State Department of Natural Resources and other governmental and civic organizations that share its concerns. One ongoing battle concerning preservation involves a local farmer who has a permit to open a hog farm in the area. So far the conservancy has been successful in dissuading the local farmer.The Indiana Law Blog Lake Wawasee is unusually clear for a Midwest lake. This is, in part, due to its location just a few miles from a continental divide that separates water that runs off to the Mississippi River basin and Lake Michigan. Another reason for this clarity is that most of the lake's nutrients are tied up in vegetation and zebra mussels. According to a 1995 study, Wawasee's water clarity allows for viewing up to depths, whereas other Midwest lakes, on average, have clarity allowing for viewing depths. Since 1991, invasive Zebra Mussels have been found in Lake Wawasee and have become a nuisance to the local marinas, fishermen, and property owners.Zebra Mussels: Questions and Answers for Inland Lake Managers ==References== ==External links== * *Syracuse-Wawasee Digital Archives Wawasee Wawasee Wawasee Category:Tourist attractions in Kosciusko County, Indiana

['Kosciusko County, Indiana', 'Lake Papakeechie', 'United States', 'Indiana', 'Indiana State Road 13', 'Pleistocene', 'Wawasee', 'Papakeecha', 'Al Capone', 'Vawter Park', 'Natti Crow Beach', 'Syracuse Lake', 'Wawasee Yacht Club', 'E-Scow', 'Lightning (dinghy)', 'Sunfish (sailboat)', 'Midwest', 'Mississippi River']

['Q506376', 'Q6477284', 'Q30', 'Q1415', 'Q760291', 'Q25546', 'Q7975592', 'Q7132405', 'Q80048', 'Q7917535', 'Q6478445', 'Q7346566', 'Q7975593', 'Q5321452', 'Q1056136', 'Q2386473', 'Q186545', 'Q1497']

[[(79, 104), (9885, 9910)], [(7146, 7162), (7965, 7981)], [(106, 119)], [(97, 104), (176, 183), (212, 219), (557, 564), (674, 681), (6550, 6557), (6599, 6606), (9033, 9040), (9903, 9910)], [(212, 233)], [(298, 309)], [(5, 12), (252, 259), (430, 437), (543, 550), (601, 608), (754, 761), (872, 879), (984, 991), (1332, 1339), (1601, 1608), (1755, 1762), (1891, 1898), (2236, 2243), (2443, 2450), (2525, 2532), (3252, 3259), (3419, 3426), (3570, 3577), (3623, 3630), (3684, 3691), (3788, 3795), (4247, 4254), (4300, 4307), (4417, 4424), (4554, 4561), (4708, 4715), (4767, 4774), (4818, 4825), (4844, 4851), (5220, 5227), (5653, 5660), (5899, 5906), (5996, 6003), (6308, 6315), (6463, 6470), (6700, 6707), (7041, 7048), (7104, 7111), (7273, 7280), (7294, 7301), (7557, 7564), (7658, 7665), (7707, 7714), (7874, 7881), (7929, 7936), (8035, 8042), (8078, 8085), (8139, 8146), (8316, 8323), (8359, 8366), (8555, 8562), (9055, 9062), (9409, 9416), (9608, 9615), (9804, 9811), (9829, 9836), (9837, 9844), (9845, 9852)], [(476, 486)], [(822, 831)], [(1173, 1184)], [(1253, 1269), (2061, 2077)], [(4014, 4027), (5663, 5676), (7639, 7652), (7883, 7896)], [(4818, 4836), (4844, 4862), (5220, 5238)], [(5000, 5006)], [(5016, 5034)], [(5067, 5085)], [(7384, 7391), (9088, 9095), (9480, 9487)], [(9225, 9242)]]

New Grub Street is a novel by George Gissing published in 1891, which is set in the literary and journalistic circles of 1880s London. Gissing revised and shortened the novel for a French edition of 1901. ==Plot== The story deals with the literary world that Gissing himself had experienced. Its title refers to the London street, Grub Street, which in the 18th century became synonymous with hack literature; by Gissing's time, Grub Street itself no longer existed, though hack-writing certainly did. Its two central characters are a sharply contrasted pair of writers: Edwin Reardon, a novelist of some talent but limited commercial prospects, and a shy, cerebral man; and Jasper Milvain, a young journalist, hard-working and capable of generosity, but cynical and only semi-scrupulous about writing and its purpose in the modern (i.e. late Victorian) world. New Grub Street opens with Milvain, an "alarmingly modern young man" driven by pure financial ambition in navigating his literary career. He accepts that he will "always despise the people [he] write[s] for," networks within the appropriate social circle to create opportunity, and authors articles for popular periodicals. Reardon, on the other hand, prefers to write novels of a more literary bent and refuses to pander to contemporary tastes until, as a last-gasp measure against financial ruin, he attempts a popular novel. At this venture, he is of course too good to succeed, and he's driven to separate from his wife, Amy Reardon, née Yule, who cannot accept her husband's inflexibly high standards—and consequent poverty. The Yule family includes Amy's two uncles—John, a wealthy invalid, and Alfred, a species of critic—and Alfred's daughter, and research assistant, Marian. The friendship that develops between Marian and Milvain's sisters, who move to London following their mother's death, provides opportunity for the former to meet and fall in love with Milvain. However much Milvain respects Marian's intellectual capabilities and strength of personality, the crucial element (according to him) for marriage is missing: money. Marrying a rich woman, after all, is the most convenient way to speed his career. Indeed, Milvain slights romantic love as a key to marriage: > As a rule, marriage is the result of a mild preference, encouraged by > circumstances, and deliberately heightened into strong sexual feeling. You, > of all men, know well enough that the same kind of feeling could be produced > for almost any woman who wasn't repulsive. Eventually, reason enough for an engagement is provided by a legacy of £5,000 left to Marian by John Yule. Life and death eventually end the possibility of this union. Milvain's initial career advancement is a position on The Current, a paper edited by Clement Fadge. Twenty years earlier, Alfred Yule (Marian's father) was slighted by Fadge in a newspaper article, and the resulting acerbic resentment extends even to Milvain. Alfred refuses to countenance Marian's marriage; but his objection proves to be an obstacle to Milvain only after Yule's eyesight fails and Marian's legacy is reduced to a mere £1,500. As a result, Marian must work to provide for her parent, and her inheritance is no longer available to Milvain. By this time, Milvain already has detected a more desirable target for marriage: Amy Reardon. Reardon's poverty and natural disposition toward ill-health culminate in his death following a brief reconciliation with his wife. She, besides the receipt of £10,000 upon John Yule's death, has the natural beauty and grace to benefit a man in the social events beneficial to his career. Eventually Amy and Milvain marry; however, as the narrator reveals, this marriage motivated by circumstances is not lacking in more profound areas. Milvain, it is said, has married the woman he loves, although the narrator never states this as a fact, merely reporting it as something others have said about Milvain. In fact, in a conversation that ends the book, the reader is left to question whether Milvain is in fact haunted by his love for Marian, and his ungentlemanly actions in that regard. ==Characters== *Jasper Milvain — an "alarmingly modern young man" who rejects artistic integrity for financial gain and social prominence. After a broken engagement with Marian Yule, Milvain marries her cousin (and Edwin Reardon's widow), Amy, who received a legacy of £10,000 on her uncle's death. By the novel's end, Milvain secures an editorship of a periodical "The Current" partly due to determination, partly due to largesse made possible by his wife's inheritance. *Edwin Reardon — a talented writer of uncommercial novels. A modicum of early critical praise is disappointed after his marriage to Amy Yule (and fathering of Willie), when Reardon is unable to provide for his family through his chosen profession. After Reardon fails, he takes refuge in the steady income of a clerkship proffered by a friend. Reardon is deserted by his wife, who cannot endure poverty and social degradation. They are briefly reconciled when their child becomes ill and dies; but Reardon, whose health has been broken by depression and poor living, is himself seriously ill, and his death soon follows. *Alfred Yule — writer. Yule is a vehement foe of Clement Fadge, the editor who provided Milvain's first break. His frustrations over meagre financial prospects and a stalled career are repeatedly visited on his wife whose lower-class background and limited education are a continual source of irritation. He dies blind. *Marian Yule — cousin of Amy Reardon and daughter of Alfred Yule. A sympathetic portrait of a woman torn between family ties, the possibility of marriage, and the need to earn a living. Loyal to her fiancee Jasper Milvain, she ultimately is forced to acknowledge that he is not prepared to marry her after her financial circumstances have been reduced, and indeed does not even love her. She breaks off the engagement, despite still being in love with him. *Harold Biffen — habitually (almost contentedly) down- and-out friend of Reardon. Biffen scrapes an existence from tutoring. The novel he has worked on for many years is eventually published but attracts little notice. Running out of money, and unwilling to ask his brother for more, he commits suicide. *Dora Milvain — Jasper Milvain's younger sister, who moves to London following her mother's death. With Jasper's encouragement, Dora enters onto a career writing for children and encounters early success. Eventually, she marries Mr. Whelpdale. *Maud Milvain — Jasper Milvain's sister, who also moves to London following her mother's death. Begins writing as well, but is not as ambitious as her sister. She marries the wealthy Mr. Dolomore. *Mr. Whelpdale — friend of Milvain and future husband of Dora Milvain. Whelpdale is a compulsive lover with four broken engagements behind him (in each, the woman's choice). Having abandoned fiction-writing, Whelpdale concentrates on a business assisting clients in publishing and revising novels. Eventually, his business finds commercial backing. The character of Whelpdale is based on Lord Northcliffe. At the time of writing, Northcliffe published a few inexpensive weekly papers, most notably Answers — he would later go on to become the preeminent figure in Edwardian popular journalism. ==Publication history== *1891, UK, Smith, Elder (), hardback (3 volume first edition) *1904, USA, Brewster (), hardback (1 volume) *2002, New York, Modern Library (), paperback *2009, New Grub Street: The 1901 Revised Text, edited by Paul Delany. Victoria: ELS Editions () ==Later references== The BBC Radio 4 sitcom Ed Reardon's Week contains characters loosely suggested by the novel. ==References== ==Sources== * Hansen, Harry (1926). "Introduction" to New Grub Street. New York: The Modern Library, pp. v–xii. * Goldring, Douglas (1920). "An Outburst on Gissing." In: Reputations. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 125–132. * Hicks, Granville (1939). "The Changing Novel." In: Figures in Transition. New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 179–203. * Lang, Andrew (1891). "Realism in New Grub Street," The Author, Vol. II, pp. 43–44. * * Thomas, J.D. (1953). "The Public Purposes of George Gissing," Nineteenth- Century Fiction, Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 118–123. == External links == * * (plain text and HTML) * * Bobby Seal's article on New Grub Street on the London Fictions website *New Grub Street at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated) Category:1891 British novels Category:Novels by George Gissing Category:Novels set in London Category:Novels about journalists Category:Victorian novels Category:Novels set in the 19th century

['George Gissing', 'Novel', 'Grub Street', 'Lord Northcliffe', 'BBC Radio 4', "Ed Reardon's Week", 'Internet Archive']

['Q369790', 'Q8261', 'Q3118155', 'Q335193', 'Q795598', 'Q5335311', 'Q461']

[[(30, 44), (8213, 8227), (8549, 8563)], [(7998, 8003), (8539, 8544), (8573, 8578), (8603, 8608), (8663, 8668)], [(4, 15), (331, 342), (429, 440), (865, 876), (7523, 7534), (7795, 7806), (8118, 8129), (8369, 8380), (8417, 8428)], [(7129, 7145)], [(7633, 7644)], [(7652, 7669)], [(8432, 8448)]]

Togo (1913 - December 5, 1929) was the lead sled dog of musher Leonhard Seppala and his dog sled team in the 1925 serum run to Nome across central and northern Alaska. Despite covering a far greater distance than any other lead dogs on the run, over some of the most dangerous parts of the trail, his role was left out of contemporary news of the event at the time, in favor of the lead dog for the last leg of the relay, Balto, whom Seppala also owned and had bred. Deemed at first a mere troublemaker, before being identified as a natural leader and puppy prodigy by Seppala, Togo had already shown extreme feats of dedication and endurance as a puppy, and as an adult continued to show unusual feats of intelligence, saving the lives of his team and musher on more than one occasion. Sled dogs bred from his line have contributed to the 'Seppala Siberian' sleddog line, as well as the mainstream Siberian Husky gene pool. ==Background== Togo was one of the offspring of former lead dog Suggen and the female Siberian import Dolly. Early pedigree records are inconsistent in his birth year, including those kept by his breeder Viktor Anderson and his owner, Seppala; most sources published list his birth year as 1913, but no other form of consensus exists on his exact time of birth. He was named Cugu [tso`go], which means puppy in Northern Sami language, and later after the Japanese Admiral, Tōgō Heihachirō. Initially, he did not look like he had potential as a sled dog. He only grew to about 48 pounds (22 kg) in adulthood and had a black, brown, and gray coat that made him appear perpetually dirty. Togo was ill as a young puppy and required intensive nursing from Seppala's wife. He was very bold and rowdy, thus seen as "difficult and mischievous", showing "all the signs of becoming a ... canine delinquent" according to one reporter. At first, this behaviour was interpreted as evidence that he had been spoiled by the individual attention given to him during his illness. As he did not seem suited to be a sled dog, Seppala gave him away to be a pet dog at 6 months of age. After only a few weeks as a house pet, Togo jumped through the glass of a closed window and ran several miles back to his original master's kennel. This devotion to the team impressed Seppala, so he did not try to give him away again. However, Togo continued to cause trouble by breaking out of the kennel when Seppala took the team out on runs. He would attack the lead dogs of oncoming teams, "as if ... to clear the way for his master". However, one day, he attacked a much stockier malamute leader and was mauled and severely injured. When he recovered, Togo stopped attacking other teams' lead dogs. This would eventually prove a valuable early experience, as it was difficult to teach a lead dog to keep a wide berth of oncoming teams. When Togo was 8 months old, he proved his worth as a sled dog. Seppala had been hired by a client to transport him quickly to a newly discovered gold claim which would be an overnight round trip for the team. Unable to spare extra time dealing with the young Togo's antics, Seppala tethered him inside the kennel with instructions left to not let him free until he and the team were well and gone. A short while after Seppala had left, Togo broke free of the tether and jumped the kennel fence, getting his paw caught in the process. A kennel handler noticed and cut the dog down from the fencing, but before he could grab him, Togo took off to follow the team's trail. He followed them through nightfall and slept, unnoticed, near the cabin where Seppala was spending the night. The next day, Seppala spotted him far off in the distance, and understood why his dogs had been so keyed up. Togo continued to make Seppala's work difficult on the return trip to the kennel, trying to play with the work dogs and leading them in "charges against reindeer", pulling them off the trail. Seppala had no choice but to put him in a harness to control him, and was surprised that Togo instantly settled down. As the run wore on, Seppala kept moving Togo up the line until, at the end of the day, he was sharing the lead position with the lead dog (named "Russky"). Togo had logged 75 miles on his first day in harness, which was unheard of for an inexperienced young sled dog, especially a puppy. Seppala called him an "infant prodigy", and later added that "I had found a natural-born leader, something I had tried for years to breed." Togo began training, and after a few years filled the lead dog position nearly fulltime, often running in single-lead, without a partner. His prowess as a leader consisted of many impressive feats of intelligence and endurance, documented by writers and historians through accounts by Seppala himself. One such occasion was during a crossing of the Norton Sound in a deadly northeast gale; Seppala had ordered Togo to turn in order to avoid a crack forming in the ice, and immediately after doing so Togo abruptly stopped and somersaulted backwards into the rest of the team without being commanded to stop moving. When Seppala arrived at the front of the team to scold the dog, he discovered that Togo had bailed not on the trail, but to avoid an open, growing water channel less than 6 feet from the team which was not visible from the sled, having saved all of them from nearly drowning in the freezing water. Another impressive feat was during the same trip across the Sound. When arriving at the shore of the Bering Sea, the ice floe the team was on top of was too far from land for them to cross or Seppala to jump over. He hitched Togo in single lead with an anchor in the ice and tossed him across to pull the ice closer to the shore. Togo understood and dug in, however the line snapped, suddenly leaving Seppala and the team stranded. Without guidance or prompting, Togo leapt into the water, took the broken line in his mouth, spun around to wrap it around his shoulders twice fashioning a makeshift harness, and pulled the ice floe to shore, his team with it. Togo went on to become one of Seppala's most treasured dogs, a close and mutually beneficial relationship that would continue to the end of Togo's life. At the time of the historic Serum Run, he was 12 years old and had been a lead dog for 7 years. == Great Race of Mercy == In 1925, in response to an epidemic, the first batch of 300,240 units of diphtheria serum was delivered by train from Anchorage to Nenana, Alaska, where it was picked up by the first of twenty mushers and more than 100 dogs who relayed the serum a total of 674 miles (1,085 km) to Nome. Togo and Seppala ran east from Nome to just outside Shaktoolik, where they met the serum relay coming the other way on January 31 (Seppala had expected to go all the way to Nulato and back alone). After the handoff, they returned another to Golovin where they passed the serum to Charlie Olsen's team, having run over across some of the most dangerous and treacherous parts of the run in total. In total, the team traveled 260 miles (420 km) from Nome in three days. The temperature was estimated at −30 °F (−34 °C), and the gale force winds causing a wind chill of −85 °F (−65 °C). The return trip crossed the exposed open ice of the Norton Sound. The night and a ground blizzard prevented Seppala from being able to see the path but Togo navigated to the roadhouse at Isaac's Point on the shore by 8 PM preventing certain death to his team. After traveling 84 miles (134 km) in one day, the team slept for six hours before continuing at 2 AM. Before the night the temperature dropped to −40 °F (−40 °C), and the wind increased to 65 mi/h (105 km/h). The team ran across the ice, which was breaking up, while following the shoreline. They returned to shore to cross Little McKinley Mountain, climbing 5,000 feet (1,500 m). After descending to the next roadhouse in Golovin, Seppala passed the serum to Charlie Olsen, who in turn would pass it to Gunnar Kaasen and Balto. == Aftermath and legacy == In October 1926, Seppala, Togo, and a team of dogs went on a tour from Seattle, Washington to California; Seppala and Togo drew large crowds at stadiums and department stores, and even appeared in a Lucky Strike cigarette campaign. In New York City, Seppala drove his team from the steps of City Hall along Fifth Avenue and made a pass through Central Park. The team appeared multiple times at Madison Square Garden, which was being managed by Tom Rickard, formerly of Nome, and where on December 30, Togo was awarded a gold medal by Roald Amundsen. In New England, they competed in several dog sled races against local Chinooks of Arthur Walden and won by huge margins. The success of Seppala's races and the celebrity afforded to the dogs and mushers by the Serum Run, allowed Seppala to begin a Siberian dog kennel and partnership with Elizabeth M. Ricker in Poland Spring, Maine. Togo was left to live at the Ricker kennel to enjoy a life of luxury in his retirement from sled work, and was bred over the next several years, laying down the foundation for the modern Siberian sled dog breeds, known as the "Seppala Siberian Sleddog", and the Siberian Husky. In 1928, Elizabeth M. Ricker, of Poland Spring, Maine, wrote and published the book Togo's Fireside Reflections. Seppala inked Togo's paw and helped Togo sign some of the books. === Death and posthumous recognition === After several years of retirement at the Ricker Kennel in Poland Spring, Togo was euthanized by Seppala on December 5, 1929, at 16 years old because of joint pain and partial blindness. The headline in The New York Sun Times the next day was "Dog Hero Rides to His Death" (Salisbury & Salisbury, 2003), and he was eulogized in many other papers. After his death, Seppala had him custom mounted. The mounted skin was on display at the Shelburne Museum in Shelburne, Vermont. Alaskan students started a letter campaign to return Togo to Alaska. Today the mounted skin is on display in a glass case at the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race Headquarters museum in Wasilla, Alaska. The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University has his skeleton in their collection. The National Park Service notes that in 1960, Seppala said "I never had a better dog than Togo. His stamina, loyalty and intelligence could not be improved upon. Togo was the best dog that ever traveled the Alaska trail." Togo's reputation earned him enduring fame, but only in 1997 got for the first time a statue, although sitting alongside Balto's statue at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. In 2001, he finally got an individual statue, but of a minor size initially at New York City's Lower East Side and later moved to Seward Park. The popular fictional teen sleuth Nancy Drew named a stray terrier after him in the 1937 novel The Whispering Statue. The dog appears in most of the Nancy Drew novels. In 2011, Time magazine named Togo the most heroic animal of all time: > "The dog that often gets credit for eventually saving the town is Balto, but > he just happened to run the last, 55-mile leg in the race. The sled dog who > did the lion's share of the work was Togo. His journey, fraught with white- > out storms, was the longest by 200 miles and included a traverse across > perilous Norton Sound — where he saved his team and driver in a courageous > swim through ice floes." On September 17, 2022, a bronze statue of Togo was unveiled in Poland Springs, Maine, where Togo spent his last years as a stud dog. Maine musher Jonathan Hayes of the current Poland Spring Seppala Kennels embarked on a 285-mile expedition the previous year with his team of direct descendants of Togo in order to raise funds for the statue, with a documentary to raise awareness for the project. The statue was designed by Maine artist David Smus, and stands outside the historic Maine State Building on the resort campus. ==Film adaptation== A film adaptation about Togo's efforts was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released on December 20, 2019, on Disney+. Willem Dafoe stars in the film as Leonhard Seppala, the owner of Togo.Willem Dafoe to Star in Disney Adventure Movie 'Togo' (Exclusive) Principal production on the film ran from September 24, 2018, to February 2019 in Calgary.Extras sought for Disney's dog-sled adventure film, Togo Togo was portrayed by dog actor Diesel, who is a direct descendant of Togo 14 generations back. A second 2019 film, The Great Alaskan Race from P12 films, also depicts the heroics of both team and does show both Balto and Togo - in this depiction Balto is represented by a large black-and-white Alaskan Malamute - but focuses primarily on Seppala. The film is accurate to an extent, and more-so than some other depictions, but does still deviate from reality and did not include a few major events - however, like the Disney film it does focus on both Togo and Balto, rather than Balto alone - though it did incorrectly give credit to both teams jointly for the last 50 mile stretch. ==See also== *Balto *Hachikō *List of individual dogs == References == Category:1913 animal births Category:1929 animal deaths Category:Dog sledding Category:Individual dogs Category:Pre-statehood history of Alaska Category:Nome, Alaska Category:Dog monuments Category:Tōgō Heihachirō Category:Diphtheria

['Dog', 'Seppala Siberian Sleddog', 'Maine', 'Sled dog', '1925 serum run to Nome', 'Leonhard Seppala', 'Tōgō Heihachirō', 'Alaska', 'Balto', 'Northern Sami', 'Alaskan Malamute', 'Norton Sound', 'Gunnar Kaasen', 'Seattle', 'Lucky Strike', 'Fifth Avenue', 'Central Park', 'Roald Amundsen', 'New England', 'Shelburne Museum', 'Shelburne, Vermont', 'Peabody Museum of Natural History', 'Yale University', 'National Park Service', 'Cleveland Metroparks Zoo', 'Lower East Side', 'Nancy Drew', 'The Whispering Statue', 'Walt Disney Pictures', 'Disney+', 'Willem Dafoe', 'Calgary', 'Hachikō', 'List of individual dogs']

['Q144', 'Q39295', 'Q724', 'Q28997', 'Q1070119', 'Q325118', 'Q296785', 'Q797', 'Q805807', 'Q33947', 'Q21206', 'Q1973692', 'Q5619057', 'Q5083', 'Q753556', 'Q109858', 'Q160409', 'Q926', 'Q18389', 'Q2277827', 'Q1018289', 'Q122945', 'Q49112', 'Q308439', 'Q2978998', 'Q1511813', 'Q1076932', 'Q7774440', 'Q191224', 'Q54958752', 'Q188772', 'Q36312', 'Q186486', 'Q1057619']

[[(9616, 9619), (9996, 9999), (13091, 13094), (13201, 13204)], [(9103, 9127)], [(8869, 8874), (9202, 9207), (11400, 11405), (11454, 11459), (11745, 11750), (11802, 11807)], [(787, 795)], [(109, 131)], [(63, 79), (12022, 12038)], [(1398, 1413), (13224, 13239)], [(160, 166), (6445, 6451), (9847, 9853), (9908, 9914), (10037, 10043), (10347, 10353), (12397, 12403), (12566, 12572), (13163, 13169), (13185, 13191)], [(422, 427), (7958, 7963), (10483, 10488), (10976, 10981), (12483, 12488), (12518, 12523), (12832, 12837), (12851, 12856), (12969, 12974)], [(1336, 1349)], [(12566, 12582)], [(4808, 4820), (7228, 7240), (11228, 11240)], [(7940, 7953)], [(8063, 8070)], [(8191, 8203)], [(8299, 8311)], [(8336, 8348)], [(8526, 8540)], [(8545, 8556)], [(9807, 9823)], [(9827, 9845)], [(10049, 10082)], [(10086, 10101)], [(10144, 10165)], [(10501, 10525)], [(10622, 10637)], [(10704, 10714), (10819, 10829)], [(10765, 10786)], [(11920, 11940)], [(11979, 11986)], [(11988, 12000), (12058, 12070)], [(12206, 12213)], [(12976, 12983)], [(12985, 13008)]]

Altaf Hussain (; ; born 17 September 1953 in Karachi) is a British Pakistani politician who is known as the founder of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement. He holds United Kingdom citizenship and has been living in exile in the UK since the start of Operation Clean-up. Since 2015, he has been a fugitive from the Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan on the charges of murder, targeted killing, treason, inciting violence and hate speech. He went on trial in the UK in January 2022 for promoting terrorism and unrest through hate speech in Pakistan, and was acquitted the next month. He had fled the country in 1992 after a crackdown against his party was launched. ==Early life== Altaf Hussain was born on 17 September 1953 to Nazir Hussain and Khurseed Begum in Karachi. Before the independence of Pakistan, Hussain's parents resided at their ancestral home in Nai ki Mandi, Agra, U.P., British India. His father was an officer with the Indian Railways. His paternal grandfather Mohammad Ramazan was the Grand Mufti of Agra and his maternal grandfather Pir Haji Hafiz Rahim Bakhsh Qadri was a religious scholar. Hussain's siblings include four sisters and six brothers. Following the partition of India in 1947, a wide-scale migration of Muslims ensued, mostly from the various states in the Dominion of India to the newly established Dominion of Pakistan. Hussain's parents were initially reluctant to leave everything behind in Agra to resettle in Pakistan but were later forced by Hussain's elder brother to reconsider. Upon emigrating to Pakistan, the family settled in Karachi. They were provided with government housing in Abyssinia Lines reserved for Muhajirs (people and families migrating from the Dominion of India). Hussain's elder brother Nasir Hussain was later employed by the government and given a small dwelling on Jehangir Road. The family subsequently left their government allotted residence and moved in with Nasir. The family later moved again in the 1970s to a small house in Azizabad, which later became the headquarters of Hussain's political party, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM; formerly the Muhajir Qaumi Movement). ===Education and non-political career=== Hussain received his early education from the Government Comprehensive School in Azizabad. He later enrolled in the Government Boys Secondary School to complete his matriculation in 1969. For the first year of his intermediate education in pre-medical sciences, he attended the National College Karachi. He later moved to City College Karachi for his second year. In 1974, Hussain graduated from the Islamia Science College with a Bachelor of Science. In 1979, he graduated from the University of Karachi with a Bachelor of Pharmacy. After graduating, Hussain began his career as a trainee at the Seventh-day Adventist Hospital in Karachi while simultaneously working for a multinational pharmaceutical company. ===Short-lived military service=== In 1970, General Yahya Khan introduced the National Service Cadet Scheme (NSCS), making it compulsory for higher secondary scholars to enlist with the army. According to the MQM, Altaf Hussain enlisted with the Pakistan Army through the NSCS and was assigned to the 57th Baloch Regiment as soldier number 2642671. Upon completion of his training his regiment was assigned from Hyderabad to Karachi, from where it was sent to East Pakistan via ships. ==Political career== After the Pakistan Civil War came to an end in 1971, Hussain returned to West Pakistan to wilfully join with the regular army. In the MQM's version of events, the selection officer rejected him because his parents were Muhajirs from India, even when he insisted he was born in Pakistan. This is quoted as one of the many instances that formulated Hussain's future political aspirations. The political struggle of the All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organisation (APMSO) shifted to include the issue of stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh, and on 14 August 1979, Hussain participated in a demonstration at the Mazar-e-Quaid for the safe return of stranded Pakistanis, also called Biharis. Following the demonstration, he was arrested and sentenced on 2 October 1979 to nine months imprisonment and flogging with five strokes. Hussain was later released on 28 April 1980 after he had served his sentence. The urban centres of Karachi and Hyderabad had increasingly become ethnically diverse and riots along ethnic lines were commonplace. In May 1985, a Pakhtun minivan driver struck and killed a Muhajir schoolgirl, inciting the first Afghan-Muhajir ethnic riot. Later, following an unsuccessful raid on an Afghan heroin processing and distribution centre in Sohrab Goth by security forces, the Afghans attacked Muhajir residents of Aligarh Colony, which instigated the bloody riots of December 1986. These riots saw the popularity of the MQM and its leader Altaf Hussain rise and the party's ideology was greatly influenced as a result. Before October 1986, the urban city of Hyderabad was largely dominated by the Sindhi nationalist party Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM) founded by G. M. Syed, giving rise to the nationalist slogan Sindhudesh (, ). The only Muhajir political movement countering the JSQM was led by Syed Mubarak Ali Shah, Nawab Zahid Ali Khan and Nawab Muzaffar Hussain. After their deaths, the Urdu- speaking people of Hyderabad were without a charismatic Muhajir leader. On 31 October 1986, Hussain gave his first public address in Hyderabad at the site of the historic Pacco Qillo, where he was greeted by a crowd. After his address, his message was well received by the Urdu-speaking people of Hyderabad, and he was able to fill the void left by the deaths of the Muhajir leaders. Hussain and a few of his companions were arrested by security personnel after his address, implicating him in several alleged criminal cases. His arrest enraged his supporters, who launched public movements for his release. The charges against him and his companions were later dropped and they were released from Karachi Central Prison on 24 February 1987. In 1987 the government began widespread arrests of MQM workers all over Sindh. Hussain surrendered to law enforcement on 30 August 1987 on the condition that the arrests of his party's workers be stopped immediately. During Hussain's imprisonment, the MQM placed highly in the local elections of 1987, and there was pressure to release him. He was released on 7 January 1988. In early 1987, Hussain issued the MQM's Charter of Purpose (), which formed the basis for the party's ideology. The charter was paramount in addressing many of the "long- standing grievances" of Sindhi nationalists, and a cooperative arrangement was worked out between the MQM and various Sindhi nationalist parties in early 1988. Apart from the points stipulated in the party's original resolution, Hussain also introduced the idea of Muhajir being a fifth subnationality of Pakistan alongside the Punjabis, Pathans, Balochis, and Sindhis. Hussain said that while he was admitted to Abbasi Shaheed Hospital in 1988, Late Hameed Gul, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) chief at the time, a sent him a briefcase full of money via Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmed. He said the intention was to bribe him into joining the military establishment-led Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI; ) coalition which was against the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), but he rejected the offer. Later both Ahmed and Gul confirmed the statement. The 1988 general election indicated that the voting patterns in Sindh were based on ethnic lines, as the PPP and the MQM won almost all of the province's seats in the National Assembly. The PPP had derived its support from the Sindhi population in the province, and the MQM from the Muhajirs. In less than four years since its founding, the MQM had emerged as the third-largest political party in Pakistan. The PPP had been successful in Sindh but didn't fare well in the other provinces and had to resort to forming a coalition government. Hussain and his party offered their support, but insisted on a formal agreement between the PPP and the MQM. This 59-point MQM-PPP accord, known as the Karachi Declaration, was signed on 2 December 1988. It reiterated many of the points defined in the earlier MQM charter. However, when Benazir Bhutto came into power, she was unwilling or unable to commit to her part of the bargain. Her reluctance in this matter was largely interpreted by Muhajirs as pro-Sindhi and anti-Muhajir. When the declaration was not implemented violence erupted between the APMSO and the PSF, the student wings of the MQM and the PPP, respectively. After Bhutto's disavowal, Hussain approached Nawaz Sharif, leader of the IJI, which was an opposition coalition opposed to the Bhutto government. As a result of their meeting, a formal agreement between the MQM and the IJI came to pass. However, when Sharif later came into power, he did not honour those commitments either. Hussain became increasingly harsh and hostile in his opinions regarding the governing parties and would often accuse them of political hypocrisy. Due to the perception that striving for justice in a constitutional capacity was futile, ethnic militancy thrived. The gulf between Muhajirs and Sindhis widened, leading to several cases of ethnic cleansing in Hyderabad. Hussain favours peace between India and Pakistan and is a vocal advocate of bridging gaps between the two neighbouring rivals.: "India and Pakistan being the two largest in the region, need to demonstrate magnanimity and the necessary political wisdom and desire to truly seek peace. The confidence building measures contemplated to bring the people of both countries closer must be implemented vigorously." ==Views== ===Seeking support from India=== Hussain, while living in exile in the UK, has urged Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to grant him and his colleagues asylum in India or at least financial assistance to take his case to the International Court of Justice. ===Jammu and Kashmir=== On the issue of Kashmir, Hussain stated that Indo-Pakistani dialogue should be allowed to "proceed on the basis of mutual adjustment and agreement...[and it] should be clear to all concerned that there can be no military solution to any of the contentious issues, let alone the issue of Kashmir." ===Muhajir interests=== While much of the politics of the MQM revolve around fighting for justice for the Muhajir community in Pakistan, Hussain claims that the party "[stands] for equal rights and opportunities for all irrespective of colour, creed, caste, sect, gender, ethnicity or religion". The party started out as a movement for the empowerment of Muhajirs in Pakistan but later modified its underlying ideology to reflect a broader political scope, by changing its name from Muhajir Qaumi Movement to Muttahida Qaumi Movement. ===Partition of India=== He claims that the partition of India "was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, [and] relationships". He stated that the two-nation theory was concocted by the British Empire in order to destroy Hindu-Muslim unity. He further claimed "[w]hen prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) started preaching Islam and people entered Islam, people used to live in tribes and each tribe had its own identity but they were all Muslims believing in the oneness of Allah, embraced Quran as the only divine book and hence they were never one nation." ===Stranded Pakistanis=== Hussain has advocated for the government of Pakistan to assist stranded Pakistanis, who are mostly of the Bihari ethnic group, to be safely repatriated to Pakistan from Bangladesh. ===Taliban=== Hussain is a critic of the Taliban, warning in 2008 against the Talibanisation of Karachi and stating that a "well planned conspiracy to intensify sectarian violence in the city was being hatched." ==Operation Clean-up, ban and other charges== The Pakistani government launched Operation Clean-up in 1992 and sent the military into Karachi to crack down on the MQM. Hussain escaped Karachi one month before the operation began, following an attack on his life on 21 December 1991.Altaf Hussain . pakistanherald.com He fled to London in 1992 and applied for political asylum. In the later months of 1995, the political killings of members from both parties sparked an outcry throughout the city. This involved the killing of the younger brother of PPP's Syed Abdullah Shah, the Chief Minister of Sindh, which subsequently led to the killing of Hussain's 62-year- old brother Nasir and 27-year-old nephew Arif. From 1993 to 1996, the port city of Karachi was a political battleground between Prime Minister Bhutto's PPP and the MQM. In the wake of the ensuing political unrest, the MQM remained vocal about the arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial killings of its members. In 2015, the Lahore High Court banned media coverage of Hussein, with the airing of his image and speeches banned across all electronic and print media. The Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan declared him a fugitive on the charges of treason, inciting violence, and hate speech, and sentenced him to 81 years in prison. In 2017, the Anti Terrorism Court issued non-bailable arrest warrants for Hussain in the murder case of Dr. Imran Farooq, who was a senior member of the MQM. Pakistan asked Interpol to issue a red warrant against Hussain but Interpol refused, saying it does not "intervene in political and religious matters of a state". It was reported that the Karachi police and the paramilitary Rangers force had arrested Nasir Hussain and his son in the Federal B area of Karachi on 4 and 6 December 1995, respectively. In a statement issued on 7 December 1995, the MQM blamed the government and the law enforcement agencies for the unlawful arrests of Nasir and Arif from their residence in Samanabad. On 9 December 1995, the badly mutilated corpses of both Nasir and Arif were found in an isolated area in Gadap Town in Karachi, and were taken to a nearby Edhi centre. Hussain and other leaders of the MQM decried the cases against him, which the party alleges are false, politically motivated cases against the MQM related to the 1990s operation against them. In November 2009 all cases were dropped under the National Reconciliation Ordinance, however the ordinance was later found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. On 20 June 2013 the London Metropolitan Police started a money laundering case against Hussain when it recovered some cash from his residence during a search. On 3 June 2014 he went to a police station for an interview. On 17 September 2016, his bail was cancelled for insufficient evidence. On 13 October 2016, Scotland Yard officially dismissed the money laundering case on the basis of lack of evidence. Pakistan Tehreek- e-Insaf's chairman Imran Khan accused him of inciting violence and soliciting murder in Karachi. In response, numerous complaints were filed with the London Metropolitan Police against Hussain for inciting violence. Scotland Yard couldn't find any credible evidence in the incitement of violence case and subsequently dropped it. On 11 June 2019, Hussain was detained by Scotland Yard in connection with a speech made on 22 August 2016 under Section 44 of the Serious Crime Act 2007 and was acquitted on 15 February 2022. Farooq Sattar, one of the senior members of the MQM in Pakistan, distanced himself from Hussain and the London-based leadership's statements and said the party is not against Pakistan. ==Personal life== Hussain married Faiza Gabol in 2001 and divorced in 2007. He has daughter who was born in 2002. ==References== ===Citations=== ===Cited sources=== * * * * * * * * * Category:1953 births Category:Muttahida Qaumi Movement politicians Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom Category:Pakistani political party founders Category:Fugitives wanted by Pakistan Category:Muhajir people Category:Pakistani prisoners and detainees Category:Research and Analysis Wing activities in Pakistan Category:Pakistan Army personnel Category:Living people Category:Pakistani exiles Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom Category:Politicians from Karachi Category:University of Karachi alumni Category:People from Karachi

['University of Karachi', 'Karachi', 'British Pakistani', 'United Kingdom', 'Operation Clean-up', 'Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan', 'Agra', 'Indian Railways', 'Grand Mufti', 'Dominion of Pakistan', 'Abyssinia Lines', 'Bachelor of Pharmacy', 'General Yahya Khan', 'Pakistan Army', 'Baloch Regiment', 'East Pakistan', 'West Pakistan', 'All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organisation', 'Bangladesh', 'Mazar-e-Quaid', 'Sohrab Goth', 'Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz', 'G. M. Syed', 'Pacco Qillo', 'Sindh', 'Punjabis', 'Balochis', 'Sindhis', 'Abbasi Shaheed Hospital', 'Inter-Services Intelligence', 'Islami Jamhoori Ittehad', "Pakistan People's Party", 'Benazir Bhutto', 'Nawaz Sharif', 'Narendra Modi', 'International Court of Justice', 'Kashmir', 'British Empire', 'Biharis', 'Taliban', 'Talibanisation', 'Syed Abdullah Shah', 'Lahore High Court', 'Imran Farooq', 'Interpol', 'Gadap Town', 'National Reconciliation Ordinance', 'Supreme Court of Pakistan', 'London Metropolitan Police', 'Imran Khan', 'Scotland Yard', 'Serious Crime Act 2007', 'Farooq Sattar']

['Q1661751', 'Q8660', 'Q2580491', 'Q145', 'Q7096903', 'Q4774521', 'Q42941', 'Q819425', 'Q2538679', 'Q2006542', 'Q25654044', 'Q4838816', 'Q333981', 'Q2078095', 'Q4852436', 'Q842931', 'Q2342822', 'Q3612143', 'Q902', 'Q2571455', 'Q7554808', 'Q6172454', 'Q4698642', 'Q7121890', 'Q37211', 'Q854323', 'Q201501', 'Q1258074', 'Q4663901', 'Q274564', 'Q6082125', 'Q186591', 'Q34413', 'Q134068', 'Q1058', 'Q7801', 'Q43100', 'Q8680', 'Q6529576', 'Q42418', 'Q7679499', 'Q27995800', 'Q6473379', 'Q1393247', 'Q8475', 'Q4698659', 'Q3355473', 'Q2989473', 'Q1139213', 'Q155164', 'Q184619', 'Q7454881', 'Q5436154']

[[(2663, 2684), (16147, 16168)], [(45, 52), (753, 760), (1565, 1572), (2475, 2482), (2515, 2522), (2677, 2684), (2811, 2818), (3317, 3324), (4318, 4325), (6008, 6015), (8128, 8135), (11698, 11705), (11948, 11955), (11998, 12005), (12561, 12568), (13450, 13457), (13564, 13571), (13914, 13921), (14842, 14849), (16130, 16137), (16161, 16168), (16197, 16204)], [(59, 76)], [(158, 172), (15748, 15762), (16089, 16103)], [(243, 261), (11816, 11834), (11894, 11912)], [(307, 339), (12943, 12975)], [(866, 870), (1010, 1014), (1421, 1425)], [(928, 943)], [(995, 1006)], [(1326, 1346)], [(1620, 1635)], [(2692, 2712)], [(2936, 2954)], [(3138, 3151), (15980, 15993)], [(3198, 3213)], [(3352, 3365)], [(3471, 3484)], [(3815, 3857)], [(3921, 3931), (11590, 11600)], [(4003, 4016)], [(4651, 4662)], [(5033, 5055)], [(5074, 5084)], [(5481, 5492)], [(5008, 5013), (5038, 5043), (5124, 5129), (6124, 6129), (6623, 6628), (6717, 6722), (6960, 6965), (7499, 7504), (7662, 7667), (7873, 7878), (8434, 8439), (9220, 9225), (12411, 12416)], [(6927, 6935)], [(6946, 6954)], [(6960, 6967), (9220, 9227)], [(7012, 7035)], [(7062, 7089)], [(7263, 7286)], [(7327, 7350)], [(8263, 8277)], [(8649, 8661)], [(9821, 9834)], [(9940, 9970)], [(9985, 9992), (10012, 10019), (10283, 10290)], [(11021, 11035)], [(4073, 4080)], [(11605, 11612), (11643, 11650), (11680, 11687)], [(11680, 11694)], [(12369, 12387)], [(12799, 12816)], [(13212, 13224)], [(13277, 13285), (13329, 13337)], [(13900, 13910)], [(14205, 14238)], [(14302, 14327)], [(14349, 14375), (14904, 14930)], [(14773, 14783)], [(14641, 14654), (14970, 14983), (15125, 15138)], [(15214, 15236)], [(15276, 15289)]]

Junge Welt (English: Young World, stylized in its logo as junge Welt) is a German daily newspaper, published in Berlin. The jW describes itself as a left-wing and Marxist newspaper. German authorities categorize it as a far- left medium hostile to the constitutional order. == History and profile == junge Welt was first published on 12 February 1947 in the Soviet Sector of Berlin. The paper became the official newspaper of the Central Council (Zentralrat) of the Free German Youth (FDJ), the communist youth organisation, on 12 November 1947. With a daily circulation of 1.38 million, junge Welt had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the German Democratic Republic, even higher than the official Communist party organ Neues Deutschland. The paper was published by Verlag Junge Welt GmbH during the East German era. The paper was allegedly sold for a symbolic price of 1 Mark to a West Berlin publishing house in 1991. It was relaunched in 1994, after German reunification and the effective dissolution of the FDJ, as Germany's most left-wing daily newspaper. The new editorial team included both East and West German authors of different left factions. In 1997, a schism between these two camps led to the eventual foundation of the weekly Jungle World, which since strongly denounced anti-Zionist views upheld by their former colleagues. The newspaper has been criticised by six of its own authors and others for not being sufficiently critical of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Iran in relation to their nuclear "ambitions". Junge Welt is published by Verlag 8. Mai GmbH. The cooperative Linke Presse Verlags-Förderungs und -Beteiligungsgenossenschaft (LPG) junge Welt e.G. began preparing to take over the majority of the publishing house in 1997. The cooperative LPG junge Welt e.G. now owns the majority of Verlag 8. Mai GmbH. According to the Annual Report of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, "the national daily newspaper junge Welt is the most important printed medium in the left-wing extremist scene" in Germany.Verfassungsschutzbericht 2011. S. 173. Available online: Junge Welt had an estimated print run of around 25,600–27,900 in 2017. Junge Welt unsuccessfully filed a lawsuit against being named in the report on the protection of the constitution and lost in court in March 2022. Arnold Schölzel, who was editor-in-chief of the newspaper from 2000 to 2016, was a Stasi informant until 1989.Christian Buß, "Spitzel mit Spitzenleistung", Spiegel-online (11 July 2007) == See also == *unsere Zeit *Media cooperative == References == == External links == * Category:Cooperatives in Germany Category:Daily newspapers published in Germany Category:German-language communist newspapers Category:Far-left politics in Germany Category:Left-wing newspapers Category:Marxist organizations Category:Media cooperatives Category:Newspapers published in Berlin Category:Socialism in Germany Category:Newspapers established in 1947

['Berlin', 'Free German Youth', 'German Democratic Republic', 'Communist party', 'Neues Deutschland', 'German reunification', 'Jungle World', 'Mahmoud Ahmadinejad', 'Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution', 'Arnold Schölzel', 'Stasi', 'Media cooperative']

['Q64', 'Q76845', 'Q16957', 'Q233591', 'Q158547', 'Q56039', 'Q315829', 'Q34448', 'Q310522', 'Q96811', 'Q153846', 'Q1534727']

[[(112, 118), (375, 381), (904, 910), (2894, 2900)], [(466, 483)], [(657, 683)], [(715, 730)], [(737, 754)], [(970, 990)], [(1259, 1271)], [(1468, 1487)], [(1882, 1935)], [(2335, 2350)], [(2418, 2423)], [(2550, 2567), (2842, 2859)]]

Tidmarsh is a village in West Berkshire, England. Its development is mainly residential and agricultural, and is centred on the A340 road between Pangbourne and Theale. The rural area is bounded by the M4 motorway to the south. It is centred south of Pangbourne, west of Reading and west of London. ==Geography== Its civil parish council is, unusually in this district, shared with another village and is called Tidmarsh with Sulham. Further east, Sulham Woods separate the villages from Tilehurst, a western suburb of Reading. Its elevation ranges between in the north-east, and AOD in the western projection. The vast majority of the parish (more than 90%) is at more than above the River Pang. Much of the main street is between above the river level. Woodland covers less than a tenth of its total area but about a quarter of the western or south-western higher ground. The Pang flows north through the village and then through the Moor Copse Nature Reserve on its way to join the River Thames at Pangbourne. In December 2006 the reserve was doubled in size, to about .Natural World Spring 2007 p10: "Ratty's Paradise joins eight new reserves" The Tidmarsh and Sulham circular walk, about long, passes through the reserve and both villages. ==History== The Tidmarsh section of the A340 is thought to follow the Roman road from the Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum in Silchester (about south), either to Dorchester-on-Thames (about north) or a river- crossing at Pangbourne. If so, however, the southern portion has been straightened in later years. The earliest mention of Tidmarsh was in 1196. In 1239 there was a land-ownership dispute concerning the manor. There are records of a water corn-mill and a fishery in Tidmarsh in 1305. The 18th century successor to the mill is now Grade II listed and converted to domestic accommodation. There are multiple World War II pillboxes surrounding Tidmarsh, which made up part of the GHQ Line. ==Notable buildings== thumb|upright|St Laurence's Church The most conspicuous listed building in Tidmarsh is the 13th century half-timbered Greyhound Pub, which suffered a serious fire in 2005. Another historic building is the Grade I listed, 12th century church, which is dedicated to St Laurence. The church is particularly notable for its Norman south doorway, "very rare 13th century polygonal apse" and 13th century lancet windows. The church was restored and modified in the 19th century. The old rectory dates from 1856. Other notable buildings include the Grade II listed Round House and Mill House. ==Notable residents== Notable residents include author Lytton Strachey (1880-1932) and the painter Dora Carrington (1893-1932), who lived in the Mill House between 1917 and 1924. Carrington painted the Greyhound Pub sign in the village. Rex Partridge, renamed Ralph by the Bloomsbury set, also settled at Tidmarsh and formed a very 'Bloomsbury' trio with Lytton and Dora. 21st century development in Tidmarsh has included housing at the north end of the village, Strachey Close. ==Demography== Output area Homes owned outright Owned with a loan Socially rented Privately rented Other km2 roads km2 water km2 domestic gardens Usual residents km2 Civil parish 83 81 2 35 5 0.130 0.071 0.171 501 7.02 ==References== ==External links== * Tidmarsh-with-Sulham Website * Berkshire History: Tidmarsh * Moor Copse Website * The Greyhound, Tidmarsh Category:Villages in Berkshire Category:Civil parishes in Berkshire Category:West Berkshire District Category:Former civil parishes in Berkshire

['Village', 'West Berkshire', 'Berkshire', 'A340 road', 'Pangbourne', 'M4 motorway', 'London', 'Tidmarsh with Sulham', 'Sulham Woods', 'Tilehurst', 'River Pang', 'Moor Copse Nature Reserve', 'River Thames', 'Roman road', 'Calleva Atrebatum', 'Silchester', 'World War II', 'GHQ Line', 'Pub', 'Lytton Strachey', 'Dora Carrington', 'Bloomsbury set']

['Q532', 'Q1473780', 'Q23220', 'Q4649145', 'Q3036324', 'Q1638174', 'Q84', 'Q1865257', 'Q7636242', 'Q21716670', 'Q7337692', 'Q6908025', 'Q19686', 'Q194029', 'Q1027253', 'Q1231912', 'Q362', 'Q1501617', 'Q212198', 'Q540427', 'Q242546', 'Q603529']

[[(3397, 3404)], [(25, 39), (3465, 3479)], [(30, 39), (3313, 3322), (3409, 3418), (3446, 3455), (3470, 3479), (3523, 3532)], [(128, 137)], [(146, 156), (251, 261), (1001, 1011), (1465, 1475)], [(202, 213)], [(291, 297)], [(412, 432)], [(448, 460)], [(488, 497)], [(685, 695)], [(936, 961)], [(985, 997)], [(1315, 1325)], [(1349, 1366)], [(1370, 1380)], [(1859, 1871)], [(1930, 1938)], [(2090, 2093), (2760, 2763)], [(2603, 2618)], [(2647, 2662)], [(2821, 2835)]]

The production control room (PCR) or studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place. The production control room is occasionally also called an SCR or a gallerythe latter name comes from the original placement of the director on an ornately carved bridge spanning the BBC's first studio at Alexandra Palace which was once referred to as like a minstrels' gallery. Video of features of Alexandra Palace Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. Master control is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller in size and is a scaled- down version of centralcasting. == Production control room facilities == thumb|A virtual monitor wall in a PCR at RTL Television Facilities in a production control room include: * A video monitor wall, with monitors for program, preview, VTRs, cameras, graphics and other video sources. In some facilities, the monitor wall is a series of racks containing physical television and computer monitors; in others, the monitor wall has been replaced with a virtual monitor wall (sometimes called a "glass cockpit"), one or more large video screens or video walls, each capable of displaying multiple sources in a simulation of a monitor wall. * A vision mixer, a large control panel used to select the multiple-camera setup and other various sources to be recorded or seen on air and, in many cases, in any video monitors on the set. The term "vision mixer" is primarily used in Europe, while the term "video switcher" is usually used in North America. * A professional audio mixing console and other audio equipment such as audio effect units or devices. * A character generator (CG), which creates the majority of the names and full digital on-screen graphics that are inserted into the program lower third portion of the television screen. * Digital video effects, or DVE, for manipulation of video sources. In newer vision mixers, the DVE is integrated into the vision mixer; older models without built-in DVEs can often control external DVE devices, or an external DVE can be manually run by an operator. * Hard drive or SSD docking stations or memory card readers. * A still store, or still frame, device for storage of graphics or other images. While the name suggests that the device is only capable of storing still images, newer still stores can store moving video clips and motion graphics. It may also be integrated into the vision mixer. * The technical director's station, with waveform monitors, vectorscopes and the camera control units (CCU) or remote control panels (RCPs) for the CCUs which are used to control the professional video cameras in the studio floor * In many facilities, a lighting control console used to control the lighting on the studio floor * In some facilities, VTRs, VCRs, CCUs, video servers and video and audio converters, processors and routers may also be located in the PCR, but are also often found in the central apparatus room (CAR). * Intercom and IFB equipment for communication with talent and television crew. * A signal generator to genlock all of the video equipment to a common reference that requires colorburst. == Gallery == File:Aljazeera London 01.jpg|The Al Jazeera English studio control room under construction in London, United Kingdom (August 2007). File:SKY Sport24 PCR.jpg|The production control room for Sky Italia's news channel Sky Sport24 (August 2008). File:NewsHourControlRoom2005.jpg|The production control room for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer during an interview with General Peter Pace (November 7, 2005). File:Aljazeera London 02.jpg|A Vinten remote pan tilt zoom camera controller at the Al Jazeera studios in London, United Kingdom (August 2007). File:Celebro Studios Gallery.jpg|The production control room at Celebro Studios in London, United Kingdom (June 2019). File:Control Room at The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien.jpg|Production control room of a late-night talk show, The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009). == See also == * Broadcast engineering * Engineering technician * Master control room (MCR) * Central apparatus room (CAR) * Technical operator == References == == External links == * * Category:Film and video technology

['BBC', 'Alexandra Palace', 'Master control', 'Digital video effects', 'VCR', 'Intercom', 'Al Jazeera English', 'London', 'United Kingdom', 'Sky Italia', 'Peter Pace', "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien", 'Broadcast engineering', 'Engineering technician', 'Central apparatus room', 'Technical operator']

['Q9531', 'Q254650', 'Q2279569', 'Q5276207', 'Q380616', 'Q2603074', 'Q4296040', 'Q84', 'Q145', 'Q796719', 'Q540453', 'Q3269507', 'Q2176252', 'Q2918463', 'Q5062070', 'Q1970438']

[[(344, 347)], [(366, 382), (461, 477)], [(478, 492), (615, 629), (4294, 4308)], [(2071, 2092)], [(3033, 3036)], [(3210, 3218)], [(3442, 3460)], [(3424, 3430), (3503, 3509), (3824, 3830), (3915, 3921), (4036, 4042)], [(3511, 3525), (3923, 3937), (4044, 4058)], [(3598, 3608)], [(3778, 3788)], [(4093, 4128), (4184, 4219)], [(4245, 4266)], [(4269, 4291)], [(4322, 4344)], [(4353, 4371)]]

Magnus Carl Hedman (; born 19 March 1973) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Beginning his career with AIK in 1990, he went on play in the English Premier League, Scottish Premier League, and Italian Serie A before retiring in 2005. He played 58 matches for the Sweden national team, and represented his country at the 1994 and 2002 FIFA World Cups, as well as UEFA Euro 2000 and 2004. He was awarded Guldbollen in 2000 as Sweden's best footballer of the year. ==Club career== === Early career === Hedman was born in Botkyrka, and began his footballing career with Vårby Gårds IF and IFK Stockholm. He signed with AIK in 1987 and made his Allsvenskan debut for the club during the 1990 Allsvenskan season at only 17 years of age. He won the 1992 Allsvenskan championship with AIK and eventually moved abroad to play for English club Coventry City in July 1997. === Coventry City === Aged 24 on 13 December 1997, Hedman debuted in a 4-0 win over Tottenham Hotspur and only lost his place again in February due to injury. Steve Ogrizovic however was on top form on his return and kept the number 1 shirt almost to the end of the season, Hedman returned for the final three league matches. Hedman made 17 appearances in his first season at Coventry City. Hedman began the 1998-99 campaign as number 1 keeper. Now 41, Ogrizovic was restricted to just two games and Hedman made 42 appearances in all competitions. Hedman remained number 1 in Ogrizovic's final campaign during 1999-2000. The next season saw youngster Chris Kirkland take the shirt from Hedman, but the Sky Blues were relegated from the Premier League during that campaign. Hedman regained his place following Kirkland's transfer to Liverpool after a single game of the 2001–02 season. Hedmans Coventry City career came to an acrimonious conclusion towards the end of that season, when he was approached on the pitch during an away match against Preston North End on 6 April 2002 by a 'fan' who was questioning his commitment to the club. === Celtic, loan at Ancona, and retirement === In the summer 2002 Hedman moved to Celtic in the Scottish Premier League. Hedman made 36 appearances for Celtic in three years, but due to injuries he failed to make a major impact on the number 1 spot, where Rab Douglas and later David Marshall were favoured by manager Martin O'Neill. In January 2004 he had a loan spell at Italian team A.C. Ancona in Serie A. Hedman only played in three games, and it was a time in which he later claimed to have witnessed bribery on part of his Ancona teammates. Magnus Hedman: Mina lagkamrater var mutade , Aftonbladet, 11 September 2004 He returned to Celtic, and played against FC Barcelona and A.C. Milan in the Champions League group stage, before being released by the club in July 2005. He retired from professional football a month later. ===Return to England=== On 9 November 2006, it was announced that Hedman would join reigning Premier League champions Chelsea on a week's trial, due to Chelsea's current lack of fully fit goalkeepers except for Henrique Hilário and youth team keeper Yves Ma-Kalambay. The move was eventually completed on 14 November 2006, with Hedman taking the number 22 shirt previously worn by Eiður Guðjohnsen. At the end of the season Hedman was released from his contract, having made no official appearances for the club. === IK Frej === He was the goalkeeping coach for then third-tier club IK Frej. On 21 June 2013, he made a one-match comeback and played 90 minutes in Frej's 3–1 victory against Selånger FK. == International career == Hedman was chosen as a backup for first-choice keeper Thomas Ravelli in Sweden's squad at the 1994 World Cup alongside Lasse Eriksson. He debuted for the Swedish national team in February 1997, and was chosen for the Swedish squad at the Euro 2000 where he played all Sweden's matches and conceded goals from Bart Goor and Emile Mpenza against Belgium and from Luigi Di Biagio and Alessandro Del Piero against Italy (both lost 2–1). The other match, against Turkey, was 0–0 draw. He won the 2000 Guldbollen award. He also played full-time for Sweden at the 2002 World Cup. He was chosen to represent Sweden at the Euro 2004, where he served as a back-up for keeper Andreas Isaksson. ==Personal life== He is divorced from Magdalena Graaf, a Swedish author, former model and pop singer. The couple have two sons together, including singer Lancelot. == Career statistics == === International === Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Sweden 1997 5 0 1998 6 0 1999 9 0 2000 10 0 2001 11 0 2002 10 0 2003 3 0 2004 4 0 Total 58 0 == Honours == AIK * Allsvenskan: 1992 * Svenska Cupen: 1995–96, 1996–97 Celtic * Scottish Premier League: 2003–04 * Scottish Cup: 2003–04, 2004–05 Sweden * FIFA World Cup third place: 1994 Individual * Stor Grabb: 1999 * Guldbollen: 2000 ==Notes== ==External links== *Swedish national football team 2004 profile * Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Doping cases in association football Category:Swedish sportspeople in doping cases Category:People from Huddinge Municipality Category:Men's association football goalkeepers Category:Swedish men's footballers Category:Sweden men's international footballers Category:Sweden men's youth international footballers Category:Sweden men's under-21 international footballers Category:Swedish expatriate men's footballers Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Italy Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in England Category:IFK Stockholm players Category:AIK Fotboll players Category:Coventry City F.C. players Category:Celtic F.C. players Category:AC Ancona players Category:Chelsea F.C. players Category:Premier League players Category:English Football League players Category:Scottish Premier League players Category:Serie A players Category:Allsvenskan players Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players Category:Footballers from Stockholm County Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland

['Huddinge Municipality', 'IFK Stockholm', 'AIK Fotboll', 'Coventry City F.C.', 'Celtic F.C.', 'Chelsea F.C.', 'IK Frej', 'FIFA World Cup', 'Premier League', 'Serie A', 'UEFA Euro 2000', 'UEFA Euro 2004', 'Guldbollen', 'Allsvenskan', 'Steve Ogrizovic', 'Chris Kirkland', 'Rab Douglas', "Martin O'Neill", 'A.C. Ancona', 'Aftonbladet', 'FC Barcelona', 'A.C. Milan', 'Henrique Hilário', 'Yves Ma-Kalambay', 'Eiður Guðjohnsen', 'Selånger FK', 'Thomas Ravelli', 'Bart Goor', 'Emile Mpenza', 'Luigi Di Biagio', 'Alessandro Del Piero', 'Andreas Isaksson', 'Magdalena Graaf', 'Svenska Cupen', 'Scottish Cup', 'Stor Grabb']

['Q492575', 'Q1513556', 'Q221602', 'Q19580', 'Q19593', 'Q9616', 'Q1162813', 'Q19317', 'Q9448', 'Q15804', 'Q131239', 'Q102920', 'Q786327', 'Q202243', 'Q1893231', 'Q314235', 'Q1647272', 'Q310263', 'Q20706646', 'Q389458', 'Q7156', 'Q1543', 'Q214751', 'Q934207', 'Q187396', 'Q9170668', 'Q313710', 'Q446846', 'Q346735', 'Q314053', 'Q624', 'Q205773', 'Q3843100', 'Q750585', 'Q308822', 'Q2351986']

[[(5133, 5154)], [(621, 634), (5700, 5713)], [(5731, 5742)], [(5760, 5778)], [(5796, 5807)], [(5852, 5864)], [(3385, 3392), (3451, 3458)], [(370, 384), (4818, 4832), (6055, 6069), (6124, 6138)], [(184, 198), (209, 223), (1634, 1648), (2141, 2155), (2961, 2975), (4752, 4766), (5882, 5896), (5964, 5978)], [(237, 244), (2437, 2444), (5996, 6003)], [(398, 412), (6087, 6101)], [(6156, 6170)], [(438, 448), (4094, 4104), (4883, 4893)], [(676, 687), (723, 734), (783, 794), (4682, 4693), (6021, 6032)], [(1057, 1072)], [(1549, 1563)], [(2292, 2303)], [(2354, 2368)], [(2422, 2433)], [(2629, 2640)], [(2702, 2714)], [(2719, 2729)], [(3079, 3095)], [(3118, 3134)], [(3249, 3265)], [(3558, 3569)], [(3652, 3666)], [(3907, 3916)], [(3921, 3933)], [(3959, 3974)], [(3979, 3999)], [(4263, 4279)], [(4319, 4334)], [(4702, 4715)], [(4778, 4790)], [(4864, 4874)]]

Sulham is a village in West Berkshire, England. The larger village of Tidmarsh is adjacent to Sulham on the west side, with Tilehurst on the east side. ==Governance== The two villages of Sulham and Tidmarsh share the combined civil parish of Tidmarsh with Sulham with most local government functions carried out by the West Berkshire council. ==Geography== From the west, Sulham is surrounded by the civil parishes of Tidmarsh, Pangbourne, Purley-on-Thames and Tilehurst to the east. To the south is Theale which has the local roads' junction with the M4 motorway. Sulham Woods and a lengthwise escarpment rises in this area from . Sulham Woods is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and forms one side of the village. Features include many chalk pits and open rolling fields.Magic Map Application The village is dominated by the Sulham Hall estate in the north and is spread out along Sulham Lane which stretches between Pangbourne and Theale, parallel to the River Pang. ==Landmarks== Sulham House is a Grade II listed country house and was built about 1710. This has been the home of the Wilder family and their descendants since 1712. They have owned or rented estates in the parish since 1497. A feature of the parish and estate is the elevated Wilder's Folly, a tower built in 1768 by Reverend Henry Wilder of Sulham House and later used as a dovecote. The ecclesiastical parish church of St Nicholas, built in 1836, stands next to the house and is Grade II listed. This is the main settled area of the village. Sulham Farmhouse is a Grade II* listed building. ==References== ==External links== Category:Villages in Berkshire Category:West Berkshire District Category:Civil parishes in Berkshire Category:Former civil parishes in Berkshire

['Village', 'West Berkshire', 'Berkshire', 'Tidmarsh', 'Tilehurst', 'Tidmarsh with Sulham', 'Pangbourne', 'Purley-on-Thames', 'M4 motorway', 'Sulham Woods', 'Site of Special Scientific Interest', 'River Pang', "Wilder's Folly"]

['Q532', 'Q1473780', 'Q23220', 'Q7800922', 'Q21716670', 'Q1865257', 'Q3036324', 'Q2578642', 'Q1638174', 'Q7636242', 'Q422211', 'Q7337692', 'Q8001075']

[[(1612, 1619)], [(23, 37), (319, 333), (1643, 1657)], [(28, 37), (324, 333), (1624, 1633), (1648, 1657), (1694, 1703), (1738, 1747)], [(70, 78), (198, 206), (242, 250), (418, 426)], [(124, 133), (461, 470)], [(242, 262)], [(428, 438), (924, 934)], [(440, 456)], [(552, 563)], [(565, 577), (632, 644)], [(650, 685)], [(963, 973)], [(1252, 1266)]]

Howard Evan Runner (January 28, 1916 – March 14, 2002) was professor of philosophy at Calvin College from 1951 until his retirement in 1981. Runner was born in Oxford, Pennsylvania and graduated from Wheaton College in Illinois, Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia (where he was deeply influenced by the thought of Professor Cornelius Van Til), and The Free University of Amsterdam. It was at the Free University that he was taught by Herman Dooyeweerd and D. H. Th. Vollenhoven, whose ideas relating to the construction of a whole new way of doing philosophy Christianly from a biblical basis radically changed the direction of his life, and whose teachings he later brought to North America. Runner's dissertation applied D. H. Th. Vollenhoven's problem-historical method to Aristotle's Physics. Runner had also studied at Harvard University, where he was a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows, and at the University of Pennsylvania, where he engaged in intensive studies in Greek and philosophy. Early in his career at Calvin College he organized the Groen van Prinsterer Society (known popularly as the 'Groen Club'), which brought him together with students specifically interested in discussing issues relating Christianity to culture, and the necessity Runner saw of Christian cultural organization. He was also greatly influential in the setting up of the Association for Reformed Scientific Studies (ARSS) in 1956 – which later became the Association for the Advancement of Christian Scholarship (AACS). The AACS eventually became the Institute for Christian Studies (ICS). The ICS's first senior members were all students of Runner. His influence extended to the UK, through the work of Elaine Storkey and Richard Russell who had studied with him in Canada, and through David and Ruth Hanson, who set up the West Yorkshire School of Christian Studies. Currently, both Redeemer University College (RUC) and the ICS have chairs in Runner's honor. RUC has the H. Evan Runner Chair in Philosophy, currently held by Craig Bartholomew, while the ICS has the H. Evan Runner Chair in the History of Philosophy, currently held by Robert Sweetman. == Works == *The Relation of the Bible to Learning Reprint: Toronto: Wedge, 1974. *Scriptural Religion and Political Task Reprint: Toronto: Wedge, 1974. *'ARSS and its reorganization' Calvinist Contact 1962: 5-7 *'Dooyeweerd's Passing: An Appreciation' The Banner April 22, 1977: 20-23. *'Interview with Dr. H. Evan Runner' by Harry Van Dyke and Albert M. Wolters in Hearing and Doing pp. 333–361 *Vollenhoven's History of the Presocratic Philosophers *Verbonds-geschiedenis (Promise and Deliverance) by S.G. De Graaf; Translated by H. Evan Runner and his wife Ellen. == Festschrifts == *Bernard Zylstra, "Preface to Runner," In The Relation of the Bible to Learning (Paideia Press, 1982, 5th edn) extract *John Kraay & Anthony Tol (eds), Hearing and Doing: Philosophical Essays dedicated to H. Evan Runner (Wedge, 1979) *Life Is Religion: Essays in Honor of H. Evan Runner (Paideia Press, 1981) ==References== == External links == *Al Wolters The importance of H. Evan Runner *Theodore Plantinga H. Evan Runner: Man of Passion, Man of Conviction * H. Evan Runner Blog Lecture notes etc. Category:1916 births Category:2002 deaths Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Westminster Theological Seminary alumni Category:Calvin University faculty Category:Calvinist and Reformed philosophers Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni

['Oxford, Pennsylvania', 'Wheaton College (Illinois)', 'Westminster Theological Seminary', 'Herman Dooyeweerd', 'Cornelius Van Til', 'Philosophy', 'Elaine Storkey', 'Albert M. Wolters', 'Bernard Zylstra', 'Calvin College', 'D. H. Th. Vollenhoven', 'Bible', 'Aristotle', 'Harvard University', 'University of Pennsylvania', 'Groen van Prinsterer', 'Institute for Christian Studies', 'Redeemer University College', 'Craig Bartholomew']

['Q777793', 'Q747179', 'Q1073873', 'Q1987739', 'Q1133986', 'Q5891', 'Q5353295', 'Q4710770', 'Q4893777', 'Q2698482', 'Q5203624', 'Q1845', 'Q868', 'Q13371', 'Q49117', 'Q954945', 'Q6039211', 'Q7305718', 'Q5180721']

[[(160, 180)], [(3468, 3494)], [(229, 261), (3339, 3371)], [(448, 465)], [(338, 355)], [(2008, 2018), (2118, 2128)], [(1714, 1728)], [(2511, 2528)], [(2753, 2768)], [(86, 100), (1039, 1053)], [(470, 491), (737, 758)], [(2198, 2203), (2814, 2819)], [(790, 799)], [(838, 856), (3304, 3322)], [(925, 951)], [(1071, 1091)], [(1561, 1592)], [(1895, 1922)], [(2038, 2055)]]

right|thumb|275px|An Alco-Sensor IV law enforcement grade breathalyzer A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser) is a device for measuring breath alcohol content (BrAC). The name is a genericized trademark of the Breathalyzer brand name of instruments developed by inventor Robert Frank Borkenstein in the 1950s. ==Origins== Research into the possibilities of using breath to test for alcohol in a person's body dates as far back as 1874, when Francis E. Anstie made the observation that small amounts of alcohol were excreted in breath. In 1927, Emil Bogen produced a paper on breath analysis. He collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovering that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1 cc of urine. Also in 1927, a Chicago chemist, William Duncan McNally, invented a breathalyzer in which the breath moving through chemicals in water would change color. One suggested use for his invention was for housewives to test whether their husbands had been drinking. In December 1927, in a case in Marlborough, England, Dr. Gorsky, a police surgeon, asked a suspect to inflate a football bladder with his breath. Since the 2 liters of the man's breath contained 1.5 mg of ethanol, Gorsky testified before the court that the defendant was "50% drunk". The use of drunkenness as the standard, as opposed to BAC, perhaps invalidated the analysis, as tolerance to alcohol varies. However, the story illustrates the general principles of breath analysis. In 1931 the first practical roadside breath-testing device was the drunkometer developed by Rolla Neil Harger of the Indiana University School of Medicine. The drunkometer collected a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside the machine. The breath sample was then pumped through an acidified potassium permanganate solution. If there was alcohol in the breath sample, the solution changed color. The greater the color change, the more alcohol there was present in the breath. The drunkometer was manufactured and sold by Stephenson Corporation of Red Bank, New Jersey. In 1954 Robert Frank Borkenstein (1912–2002) was a captain with the Indiana State Police and later a professor at Indiana University Bloomington. His trademarked Breathalyzer used chemical oxidation and photometry to determine alcohol concentrations. The invention of the Breathalyzer provided law enforcement with a quick and portable test to determine an individual's intoxication level via breath analysis. Subsequent breath analyzers have converted primarily to infrared spectroscopy. In 1967 in Britain, Bill Ducie and Tom Parry Jones developed and marketed the first electronic breathalyser. They established Lion Laboratories in Cardiff. Ducie was a chartered electrical engineer, and Tom Parry Jones was a lecturer at UWIST. The Road Safety Act 1967 introduced the first legally enforceable maximum blood alcohol level for drivers in the UK, above which it became an offence to be in charge of a motor vehicle; and introduced the roadside breathalyser, made available to police forces across the country. In 1979, Lion Laboratories' version of the breathalyser, known as the Alcolyser and incorporating crystal-filled tubes that changed colour above a certain level of alcohol in the breath, was approved for police use. Lion Laboratories won the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for the product in 1980, and it began to be marketed worldwide. The Alcolyser was superseded by the Lion Intoximeter 3000 in 1983, and later by the Lion Alcolmeter and Lion Intoxilyser. These later models used a fuel cell alcohol sensor rather than crystals, providing a more reliable curbside test and removing the need for blood or urine samples to be taken at a police station. In 1991, Lion Laboratories was sold to the American company MPD, Inc. ==Chemistry== When the user exhales into a breath analyzer, any ethanol present in their breath is oxidized to acetic acid at the anode: C2H5OH(g) + H2O(l) → CH3COOH(l) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− at the cathode, atmospheric oxygen is reduced: O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− → 2H2O(l) The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water. C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) The electric current produced by this reaction is measured by a microcontroller, and displayed as an approximation of overall blood alcohol content (BAC) by the Alcosensor. == Accuracy == Breath analyzers do not directly measure blood alcohol concentration (BAC), which requires the analysis of a blood sample. Instead, they measure the amount of alcohol in one's breath, BrAC, generally reported in milligrams of alcohol per liter of breathed air. The relationship between BrAC and BAC is complex, and is affected by many factors. ===Calibration=== Calibration is the process of checking and adjusting the internal settings of a breath analyzer by comparing and adjusting its test results to a known alcohol standard. Breath analyzer sensors drift over time and require periodic calibration to ensure accuracy. Many handheld breath analyzers sold to consumers use a silicon oxide sensor (also called a semiconductor sensor) to determine the alcohol concentration. These sensors are prone to contamination and interference from substances other than breath alcohol, and require recalibration or replacement every six months. Higher-end personal breath analyzers and professional-use breath alcohol testers use platinum fuel cell sensors. These too require recalibration but at less frequent intervals than semiconductor devices, usually once a year. There are two ways of calibrating a precision fuel cell breath analyzer, the wet-bath and the dry-gas methods. Each method requires specialized equipment and factory-trained technicians. It is not a procedure that can be conducted by untrained users or without the proper equipment. * The dry-gas method utilizes a portable calibration standard which is a precise mixture of ethanol and inert nitrogen available in a pressurized canister. Initial equipment costs are less than alternative methods and the steps required are fewer. The equipment is also portable allowing calibrations to be done when and where required. * The wet-bath method utilizes an ethanol/water standard in a precise specialized alcohol concentration, contained and delivered in specialized breath simulator equipment. The wet-bath method has a higher initial cost and is not intended to be portable. The standard must be fresh and replaced regularly. In addition, the assumed water-air partition ratio for aqueous ethanol must be taken into account along with its associated uncertainty. Some semiconductor models are designed specifically to allow the sensor module to be replaced without the need to send the unit to a calibration lab. ===Non-specific analysis=== One major problem with older breath analyzers is non-specificity: the machines identify not only the ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) found in alcoholic beverages but also other substances similar in molecular structure or reactivity, "interfering compounds". The oldest breath analyzer models pass breath through a solution of potassium dichromate, which oxidizes ethanol into acetic acid, changing color in the process. A monochromatic light beam is passed through this sample, and a detector records the change in intensity and, hence, the change in color, which is used to calculate the percent alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by it, producing false positives. This source of false positives is unlikely as very few other substances found in exhaled air are oxidizable. Infrared-based breath analyzers project an infrared beam of radiation through the captured breath in the sample chamber and detect the absorbance of the compound as a function of the wavelength of the beam, producing an absorbance spectrum that can be used to identify the compound, as the absorbance is due to the harmonic vibration and stretching of specific bonds in the molecule at specific wavelengths (see infrared spectroscopy). The characteristic bond of alcohols in infrared is the O-H bond, which gives a strong absorbance at a short wavelength. The more light is absorbed by compounds containing the alcohol group, the less reaches the detector on the other side—and the higher the reading. Other groups, most notably aromatic rings and carboxylic acids can give similar absorbance readings. Some natural and volatile interfering compounds do exist, however. For example, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has found that dieters and diabetics may have acetone levels hundreds or even thousands of times higher than those in others. Acetone is one of the many substances that can be falsely identified as ethyl alcohol by some breath machines. However, fuel cell based systems are non-responsive to substances like acetone. Substances in the environment can also lead to false BAC readings. For example, methyl tert-butyl ether, a common gasoline additive, has been alleged anecdotally to cause false positives in persons exposed to it. Tests have shown this to be true for older machines; however, newer machines detect this interference and compensate for it. Any number of other products found in the environment or workplace can also cause erroneous BAC results. These include compounds found in lacquer, paint remover, celluloid, gasoline, and cleaning fluids, especially ethers, alcohols, and other volatile compounds. === Pharmacokinetics === Absorption of alcohol continues for anywhere from 20 minutes (on an empty stomach) to two-and-one-half hours (on a full stomach) after the last consumption, generally taking around 40-50 minutes. During the absorptive phase, the concentration of alcohol throughout the body changes unpredictably, as it is affected by gastrointestinal physiology such as irregular contraction patterns. After absorption, the concentrations in the body settle down and follow predictable patterns. During absorption, the BAC in arterial blood will generally be higher than in venous blood, but post- absorption, venous BAC will be higher than arterial BAC. This is especially clear with bolus dosing, chugging a single large drink. With additional doses of alcohol, the definitions of absorption and post-absorption are less clear. However, once absorption of the last drink has finished, the concentrations will follow standard post-absorption curves. It is also not always clear from a BAC graph when the absorption phase finishes - for example, the body can reach a sustained equilibrium BAC where absorption and elimination are proportional. Across all phases, BrAC correlates closely with arterial BAC. Arterial blood distributes oxygen throughout the body. Breath alcohol is a representation of the equilibrium of alcohol concentration as the blood gases (alcohol) pass from the arterial blood into the lungs to be expired in the breath. The ratio of ABAC:BrAC is 2294 ± 56 across all phases and 2251 ± 46 [2141-2307] in the post-absorption phase. For example, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol characterises approximately 0.0001×2251 g/L, or 0.2251 g/L of arterial blood alcohol concentration (equivalent to 0.2251 permille or 0.02251% BAC). The ratio of venous blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content may vary significantly, from 1300:1 to 3100:1. Assuming a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.07%, for example, a person could have a partition ratio of 1500:1 and a breath test reading of 0.10 g/2100 mL, over the legal limit in some jurisdictions. However, low partition ratios are generally observed during the absorption phase. Post- absorption, the ratio is relatively fixed, 2382 ± 119 [2125–2765], although this ratio was measured in a laboratory environment and variation may be larger in real-world scenarios. Other false positives of high BrAC and also blood reading are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney metabolization and failure. The metabolization rate of related patients with kidney damage is abnormal in relation to percent in alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by kidney and blood filtration, producing false positives. === Breathing pattern === It is sometimes said that the exhaled air analyzed by the breathalyzer is "alveolar air", coming from the alveoli in close proximity to the blood in pulmonary circulation and containing ethanol in concentrations proportional to that blood approximated by Henry's law. However, the alcohol in the exhaled air comes essentially from the airways of the lung, and not from the alveoli. The alcohol acts similarly to water vapor, so it is instructive to study the humidity of lung air. During breathing, the inspired air picks up water and alcohol from the airways. Almost all uptake occurs in the upper airways; thus, the BrAC is most affected by the alcohol concentration in the bronchial circulation, which supplies blood to these airways. When the air reaches the alveoli, it is already near equilibrium - this is why inhaling dry air does not dry out the lungs significantly. With exhalation, water and alcohol are rapidly lost to the airways, primarily within the fifth to fifteenth generations of branching. Nonetheless, as may be evidenced by seeing one's breath in the cold, some water vapor does not get re-absorbed by the airways and is exhaled, and similarly some alcohol is exhaled during breathing. But the relationship of the alcohol concentration of this air to the concentration of alcohol in the blood is somewhat suspect and can be affected by many variables. As air is exhaled, the alcohol concentration of the exhaled air increases over time, rising significantly in the first few seconds and then slowing down after, but not leveling out until the subject stops exhaling. This is not because there is a "dead space" of non-alcoholic air in the airways - the alcohol concentration is nearly identical in all regions of the lung. Rather, it is because, during exhalation, water and alcohol are being redeposited on the airways, primarily the trachea and generations 6 though 12 of the airways. As more fluid is deposited on the mucous surfaces, the remaining fluid travels further, resulting in more alcohol being recorded by the breathalyzer. The recorded alcohol concentrations never reach the alveolar alcohol concentration, even if the subject exhales as deeply as possible. According to Henry's law, alveolar air alcohol concentration would be pulmonary BAC divided by 1756, compared to the BrAC which is arterial blood concentration divided by 2251. When the subject stops exhaling, the alcohol concentration levels off - this does not indicate that alveolar air has been obtained, as it will level off regardless of the point at which the subject stops exhaling. But it does mean that end- exhaled BrAC is readily obtained. This brings up the question of what is meant by reporting BrAC as a single number; is it the "deep-lung air", the highest possible reading obtainable by the subject's full exhalation? Or is it the zero concentration at the initial part of the curve? Hlastala suggests using the average BrAC during the exhalation, which corresponds to the BrAC measured at about the 5-second mark. The Supreme Court of California determined that the BrAC is defined as the alcohol concentration of the last part of the subject’s expired breath. End-exhaled BrAC varies depending on several factors. Most alcohol breath testers require a minimum exhalation volume (normally between 1.1 and 1.5 L) or minimum six-second exhalation time before the breath sample is accepted. This raises concerns for subject with smaller lung volumes - they must exhale a greater fraction of their available lung volume compared with a larger subject. A mathematical model suggests that a 2L-lung-capacity subject's end-exhaled BrAC may read 35% higher than a 6L subject for the same minimum 1.5L exhalation and alveolar alcohol concentration. For exhalation to the maximum extent, such as under typical laboratory conditions, measured BrAC is unaffected by lung size. The subject's body temperature and breath temperature also influence results, with an increase in temperature corresponding to an increase in measured BrAC. Furthermore, the humidity and temperature of the ambient air can decrease results by as much as 10%. The result of these factors is that the breath test is more forgiving for some subjects than others. Nonetheless, the overall variance due to how much one breathes out is usually low, and some breathalyzers compensate for the volume of air. Jones tested several breathing patterns immediately before and during breathalyzer use and found the following changes (in order of effect): * Hyperventilation by rapid inspiration and expiration of room air for 20 seconds before forced expiration - decrease by 10% * Moderate inspiration through mouth and deep expiration - control * Deep expiration without an inspiration - statistically insignificant increase * Inspiration through the nose before a deep expiration. - 1.3% increase * Deep inspiration followed by a slow (20 second) expiration. - 2.0% increase * Mouth closed for 5 minutes (shallow breathing) before nose- inspiration and a forced expiration. - 7.7% increase * Inspiration through the nose followed by breath-holding for 30 seconds before forced expiration. - 12.6% increase * A normal inspiration with breath-holding for 30 seconds before a forced expiration. - 15.7% increase Overall, the results show an increase in measured BrAC with increased contact between the lungs and the measured air. Exercising immediately before the test, such as running up and down a flight of stairs, can also reduce measured BrAC by 13% or more, with the combined effect of exercise and hyperventilation reaching 20%. ===Mouth alcohol=== One of the most common causes of falsely high breath analyzer readings is the existence of mouth alcohol. In analyzing a subject's breath sample, the breath analyzer's internal computer is making the assumption that the alcohol in the breath sample came from the lungs. However, alcohol may have come from the mouth, throat or stomach for a number of reasons.[International Journal of Drug Testing, vol. 3] A very tiny amount of alcohol from the mouth, throat or stomach can have a significant impact on the breath-alcohol reading. Recent use of mouthwash or breath fresheners can also skew results upward, as they can contain fairly high levels of alcohol. Listerine mouthwash, for example, contains 26.9% alcohol, and can skew results for between 5 and 10 minutes. A scientist tested the effects of Binaca breath spray on an Intoxilyzer 5000. He performed 23 tests with subjects who sprayed their throats and obtained readings as high as 0.81—far beyond legal levels. The scientist also noted that the effects of the spray did not fall below detectable levels until after 18 minutes. Other than those, the most common source of mouth alcohol is from belching or burping. This causes the liquids and/or gases from the stomach—including any alcohol—to rise up into the soft tissue of the esophagus and oral cavity, where it will stay until it has dissipated. The American Medical Association concludes in its Manual for Chemical Tests for Intoxication (1959): "True reactions with alcohol in expired breath from sources other than the alveolar air (eructation, regurgitation, vomiting) will, of course, vitiate the breath alcohol results." Acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, can greatly exacerbate the mouth-alcohol problem. The stomach is normally separated from the throat by a valve, but when this valve becomes incompetent or herniated, there is nothing to stop the liquid contents in the stomach from rising and permeating the esophagus and mouth. The contents—including any alcohol—are then later exhaled into the breathalyzer. One study of 10 individuals suffering from this condition did not find any actual increase in breath ethanol. Mouth alcohol can also be created in other ways. Dentures, some have theorized, will trap alcohol, although experiments have shown no difference if the normal 15 minute observation period is observed. Periodontal disease can also create pockets in the gums which will contain the alcohol for longer periods. Also known to produce false results due to residual alcohol in the mouth is passionate kissing with an intoxicated person. To help guard against mouth-alcohol contamination, certified breath-test operators and police officers are trained to observe a test subject carefully for at least 15–20 minutes before administering the breath test. Some instruments also feature built-in safeguards. The Intoxilyzer 5000 features a "slope" parameter. This parameter detects any decrease in alcohol concentration of 0.006 g per 210 L of breath in 0.6 second, a condition indicative of residual mouth alcohol, and will result in an "invalid sample" warning to the operator, notifying the operator of the presence of the residual mouth alcohol. Other instruments require that the individual be tested twice at least two minutes apart. Mouthwash or other mouth alcohol will have somewhat dissipated after two minutes and cause the second reading to disagree with the first, requiring a retest. Many preliminary breath testers, however, feature no such safeguards. ===Myths about accuracy=== There are a number of substances or techniques that can supposedly "fool" a breath analyzer (i.e., generate a lower blood alcohol content). A 2003 episode of the science television show MythBusters tested a number of methods that supposedly allow a person to fool a breath analyzer test. The methods tested included breath mints, onions, denture cream, mouthwash, pennies and batteries; all of these methods proved ineffective. The show noted that using these items to cover the smell of alcohol may fool a person, but, since they will not actually reduce a person's BrAC, there will be no effect on a breath analyzer test regardless of the quantity used, if any, it appeared that using mouthwash only raised the BrAC. Pennies supposedly produce a chemical reaction, while batteries supposedly create an electrical charge, yet neither of these methods affected the breath analyzer results.Mythbusters, season 1, episode 6: "Lightning Strikes Tongue Piercing, Tree Cannon, Beat the Breath Test". First aired November 7, 2003. The MythBusters episode also pointed out another complication: it would be necessary to insert the item into one's mouth (for example, eat an onion, rinse with mouthwash, conceal a battery), take the breath test, and then possibly remove the item — all of which would have to be accomplished discreetly enough to avoid alerting the police officers administering the test (who would obviously become very suspicious if they noticed that a person was inserting items into their mouth prior to taking a breath test). It would likely be very difficult, especially for someone in an intoxicated state, to be able to accomplish such a feat. In addition, the show noted that breath tests are often verified with blood tests (BAC, which are more accurate) and that even if a person somehow managed to fool a breath test, a blood test would certainly confirm a person's guilt. Other substances that might reduce the BrAC reading include a bag of activated charcoal concealed in the mouth (to absorb alcohol vapor), an oxidizing gas (such as N2O, Cl2, O3, etc.) that would fool a fuel cell type detector, or an organic interferent to fool an infrared absorption detector. The infrared absorption detector is more vulnerable to interference than a laboratory instrument measuring a continuous absorption spectrum since it only makes measurements at particular discrete wavelengths. However, due to the fact that any interference can only cause higher absorption, not lower, the estimated blood alcohol content will be overestimated. Additionally, Cl2 is toxic and corrosive. A 2007 episode of the Spike network's show Manswers showed some of the more common and not-so-common ways of attempts to beat the breath analyzer, none of which work. Test 1 was to suck on a copper-coated coin such as a penny. Test 2 was to hold a battery on the tongue. Test 3 was to chew gum. None of these tests showed a "pass" reading if the subject had consumed alcohol. ==Law enforcement== In general, two types of breathalyzer are used. Small hand-held breathalyzers are not reliable enough to provide evidence in court but reliable enough to justify an arrest. These devices may be used by officers in the field as a form of "field sobriety test" commonly called "preliminary breath test" or "preliminary alcohol screening", or as evidential devices in point of arrest testing. Larger breathalyzer devices found in police stations can be used to produce court evidence, These desktop analyzers generally use infrared spectrophotometer technology, electrochemical fuel cell technology, or a combination of the two. All breath alcohol testers used by law enforcement in the United States of America must be approved by the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. === Breath alcohol laws === The breath alcohol content reading may be used in prosecutions of the crime of driving under the influence of alcohol (sometimes referred to as driving or operating while intoxicated) in several ways. Historically, states in the US initially prohibited driving with a high level of BAC, and did not have any laws regarding BrAC. A BrAC test result was merely presented as indirect evidence of BAC. Where the defendant had refused to take a subsequent blood test, the only way the state could prove BAC was by presenting scientific evidence of how alcohol in the breath gets there from alcohol in the blood, along with evidence of how to convert from one to the other. DUI defense attorneys frequently contested the scientific reliability of such evidence. Before September 2011, South Dakota relied solely on blood tests to ensure accuracy. (Lists evidentiary testing procedures for Intoxilyzer 8000 starting 29 September 2011) States responded in different ways to the inability to rely on breathalyzer evidence. Many states such as California modified their statutes so to make a certain level of alcohol in the breath illegal per se. In other words, the BrAC level itself became the direct predicate evidence for conviction, with no need to estimate BAC. In per se jurisdictions such as the UK, it is automatically illegal to drive a vehicle with a sufficiently high breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). The breath analyzer reading of the operator will be offered as evidence of that crime, and challenges can only be offered on the basis of an inaccurate reading. In other states, such as California and New Jersey, the statute remains tied to BAC, but the BrAC results of certain machines have been judicially deemed presumptively accurate substitutes for blood testing when used as directed.California Vehicle Code Section 23152(b) and Cal-Crim 2111: "If the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that a sample of the defendant's (blood/breath/urine) was taken within three hours of the defendant's [alleged] driving and that a chemical analysis of the sample showed a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent or more, you may, but are not required to, conclude that the defendant's blood alcohol level was 0.08 percent or more at the time of the alleged offense." While BrAC tests are not necessary to prove a defendant was under the influence, laws in these states create a rebuttable presumption, which means it is presumed that the driver was intoxicated given a high BrAC reading, but that presumption can be rebutted if a jury finds it unreliable or if other evidence establishes a reasonable doubt as to whether the person actually drove with a breath or blood alcohol level of 0.08% or greater. Another issue is that the BrAC is typically tested several hours after the time of driving. Some jurisdictions, such as the State of Washington, allow the use of breath analyzer test results without regard as to how much time passed between operation of the vehicle and the time the test was administered, or within a certain number of hours of testing. Other jurisdictions use retrograde extrapolation to estimate the BAC or BrAC at the time of driving. One exception to criminal prosecution is the state of Wisconsin, where a first time drunk driving offense is normally a civil ordinance violation. === Breath levels === There is no international consensus on the statutory ratio of blood to breath levels, ranging from 2000:1 (most of Europe) to 2100:1 (US) to 2300:1 (UK). In the US, the ratio of 2100:1 was determined based on studies done in 1930-1950, with a 1952 report of the National Safety Council establishing the 2100:1 figure. The NSC has acknowledged that more recent research shows the actual relationship is most probably higher than 2100:1 and closer to 2300:1, but opines that this difference is of minimal practical significance in law enforcement. The use of the lower 2100:1 factor errs on the side of conservativism and can only favor the driver. In early years, the range of the BrAC threshold in the US varied considerably between States. States have since adopted a uniform 0.08% BrAC level, due to federal guidelines. It is said that the federal government ensures the passage of the federal guidelines by tying traffic safety highway funds to compliance with federal guidelines on certain issues, such as the federal government ensuring that the legal drinking age be the age of 21 across the 50 states. Police in Victoria, Australia, use breathalyzers that give a recognized 20% tolerance on readings. Noel Ashby, former Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner (Traffic & Transport), claims that this tolerance is to allow for different body types. === Preliminary breath tests === The preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening test uses small hand-held breath analyzers (hand-held breathalyzers). (The terms "preliminary breath test" ("PBT") and "preliminary alcohol screening test" reference the same devices and functions.) They are generally based on electrochemical platinum fuel cell analysis. These units are similar to some evidentiary breathalyzers, but typically are not calibrated frequently enough for evidentiary purposes. The test device typically provides numerical blood alcohol content (BAC) readings, but its primary use is for screening. In some cases, the device even has "pass/fail" indicia. For example, in Canada, PST devices, called "alcohol screening devices" are set so that, from 0 to 49 mg% it shows digits, from 50 to 99 mg% it shows the word "warn" and 100 mg% and above it shows "fail". These preliminary breath tests are sometimes categorised as part of field sobriety testing, although it is not part of the series of performance tests generally associated with field sobriety tests (FSTs) or standard field sobriety tests (SFSTs). In Canada, a preliminary non- evidentiary screening device can be approved by Parliament as an approved screening device. In order to demand a person produce a breathalyzer sample an officer must have "reasonable suspicion" that the person drove with more than 80 mg alcohol per 100 mL of blood. The demand must be within three hours of driving. Any driver that refuses can be charged under s.254 of the Criminal Code. With the legalization of cannabis, updates to the criminal code are proposed that will allow a breathalyzer test to be administered without suspicion of impairment. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for preliminary screening use. In the United States, the main use of the preliminary breath test (PBT) is to establish probable cause for arrest. All states have implied consent laws, which means that by applying for a driver's license, drivers are agreeing to take an evidentiary chemical test (blood, breath, or urine) after being arrested for a DUI.DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test, NOLO Press But in US law, the arrest and subsequent test may be invalidated if it is found that the arrest lacked probable cause. The PBT establishes a baseline alcohol level that the police officer may use to justify the arrest. The result of the PBT is not generally admissible in court, except to establish probable cause, although some states, such as Idaho, permit data or "readings" from hand-held preliminary breath testers or preliminary alcohol screeners to be presented as evidence in court. In states such as Florida and Colorado, there are no penalties for refusing a PBT. Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST, PBT, or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory. Refusal to take a preliminary breath test in the State of Michigan subjects a non-commercial driver to a "civil infraction" fine, with no violation "points", but is not considered to be a refusal under the general "implied consent" law. In some states, the state may present evidence of refusal to take a field sobriety test in court, although this is of questionable probative value in a drunk driving prosecution. Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably California, have statutes on the books penalizing preliminary breath test refusal for drivers under 21; however the Constitutionality of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise suspects who refuse a preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening to not engage in discussion or "justifying" the refusal with the police.) === Evidentiary breath tests === thumbnail|right|An evidential breath tester In Canada, an evidentiary breath instrument can be designated as an approved instrument. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for evidentiary use, Infrared instruments are also known as "evidentiary breath testers" and generally produce court- admissible results. ===Drinking after driving=== A common defense to an impaired driving charge (in appropriate circumstances) is that the consumption of alcohol occurred subsequent to driving. The typical circumstance where this comes up is when a driver consumes alcohol after a road accident, as an affirmative defense. This closely relates to absorptive stage intoxication (or bolus drinking), except that the consumption of alcohol also occurred after driving. This defense can be overcome by retrograde extrapolation (infra), but complicates prosecution. While jurisdictions that recognise absorptive stage intoxication as a defense would also accept a defense of consumption after driving, some jurisdictions penalise post-driving drinking. While laws regarding absorption of alcohol consumed before (or while) driving are generally per se, most statutes directed to post-driving consumption allow defenses for circumstances related to activity not related to. In Canada, it is illegal to be over the impaired driving limits within 3 hours of driving (given as 2 hours by CDN DOJ); however, the new law allows a "drinking after driving" defence in a situation where a driver had no reason to expect a demand by the police for breath testing. Note: CDN DOJ lists the "post driving" restriction as two hours. South Africa is more straightforward, with a separate penalty applied for consumption "After An Accident" until reported to the police and if so required, has been medically examined. ===Retrograde extrapolation=== The breath analyzer test is usually administered at a police station, commonly an hour or more after the arrest. Although this gives the BrAC at the time of the test, it does not by itself answer the question of what it was at the time of driving. The prosecution typically provides an estimated alcohol concentration at the time of driving utilizing retrograde extrapolation, presented by expert opinion. This involves projecting back in time to estimate the BrAC level at the time of driving, by applying the physiological properties of absorption and elimination rates in the human body. Extrapolation is calculated using five factors and a general elimination rate of 0.015/hour. ;Example: Time of breath test-10:00pm...Result of breath test-0.080...Time of driving-9:00pm (stopped by officer)...Time of last drink-8:00pm...Last food-12:00pm. Using these facts, an expert can say the person's last drink was consumed on an empty stomach, which means absorption of the last drink (at 8:00) was complete within one hour-9:00. At the time of the stop, the driver is fully absorbed. The test result of 0.080 was at 10:00. So the one hour of elimination that has occurred since the stop is added in, making 0.080+0.015=0.095 the approximate breath alcohol concentration at the time of the stop.Example found in (see Retrograde extrapolation) ==Consumer use== Public breathalyzers are becoming a method for consumers to test themselves at the source of alcohol consumption. These are used in pubs, bars, restaurants, charities, weddings and all types of licensed events. As breathalyzer tests have increased risk of transmission of coronavirus, they were temporarily suspended from use in Sweden. == Breathalyzer sensors == ;Photovoltaic assay: The photovoltaic assay, used only in the dated photoelectric intoximeter, is a form of breath testing rarely encountered today. The process works by using photocells to analyze the color change of a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction. A breath sample is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate, and silver nitrate. The silver nitrate acts as a catalyst, allowing the alcohol to be oxidized at an appreciable rate. The requisite acidic condition needed for the reaction might also be provided by the sulfuric acid. In solution, ethanol reacts with the potassium dichromate, reducing the dichromate ion to the chromium (III) ion. This reduction results in a change of the solution's color from red- orange to green. The reacted solution is compared to a vial of non-reacted solution by a photocell, which creates an electric current proportional to the degree of the color change; this current moves the needle that indicates BAC. Like other methods, breath testing devices using chemical analysis are prone to false readings. Compounds that have compositions similar to ethanol, for example, could also act as reducing agents, creating the necessary color change to indicate increased BAC. ; Infrared spectroscopy: Infrared breathalyzers allow a high degree of specificity for ethanol. Typically evidential breath alcohol instruments in police stations will work on the principle of infrared spectroscopy. ; Fuel cell: Fuel cell gas sensors are based on the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde on an electrode. The current produced is proportional to the amount of alcohol present. These sensors are very stable, typically requiring calibration every 6 months, and are the type of sensor usually found in roadside breath testing devices. ; Semiconductor: Semiconductor gas sensors are based on the increase in conductance of a tin oxide layer in the presence of a reducing gas such as vaporized ethanol. They are found in inexpensive breathalyzers and their stability is not as reliable as fuel cell instruments. == See also == *Coronavirus breathalyzer == References == == External links == Category:Alcohol law Category:Vehicle safety technologies Category:Brands that became generic Category:Driving under the influence Category:Law enforcement equipment Category:Spectroscopy Category:Harm reduction Category:Drug testing

['Robert Frank Borkenstein', 'Francis E. Anstie', 'William Duncan McNally', 'Rolla Neil Harger', 'Indiana University School of Medicine', 'Red Bank, New Jersey', 'Indiana State Police', 'Indiana University Bloomington', 'Tom Parry Jones', 'Cardiff', 'UWIST', "Queen's Award for Technological Achievement", 'National Highway Traffic Safety Administration', "Henry's law", 'Listerine', 'MythBusters', 'Manswers', 'Driving under the influence', 'Victoria, Australia', 'Australia', 'Michigan', 'California', 'South Africa', 'Infrared', 'Fuel cell']

['Q23071237', 'Q5480794', 'Q21664743', 'Q23613407', 'Q2123017', 'Q1010539', 'Q6023438', 'Q1079140', 'Q3449512', 'Q10690', 'Q1035745', 'Q3413988', 'Q1967350', 'Q285804', 'Q944073', 'Q486844', 'Q9088020', 'Q250062', 'Q36687', 'Q408', 'Q1166', 'Q99', 'Q258', 'Q11388', 'Q180253']

[[(311, 335), (2168, 2192)], [(481, 498)], [(865, 887)], [(1667, 1684)], [(1692, 1729)], [(2138, 2158)], [(2228, 2248)], [(2274, 2304)], [(2684, 2699), (2852, 2867)], [(2796, 2803)], [(2886, 2891)], [(3415, 3458)], [(8624, 8670), (25326, 25372), (31813, 31859), (34387, 34433)], [(12670, 12681), (14622, 14633)], [(18692, 18701)], [(21763, 21774), (22606, 22617)], [(24209, 24217)], [(40128, 40155)], [(29856, 29875)], [(29866, 29875)], [(33223, 33231)], [(15463, 15473), (26436, 26446), (26995, 27005), (27199, 27209), (33835, 33845)], [(35938, 35950)], [(7737, 7745), (34527, 34535), (39124, 39132), (39147, 39155)], [(39340, 39349), (39351, 39360)]]

Trompenburgh is a 17th-century manor house in 's-Graveland, the Netherlands, designed by Daniël Stalpaert and built for Admiral Cornelis Tromp, one of the naval heroes of the Dutch Republic. The house is almost entirely surrounded by water and was built to resemble a ship, even with decks and railings. Before the current house was built another buitenplaats Sillisburgh had been built by Joan van Hellemondt The original house dates back to 1654. Through inheritance the house came into the possession of the widow of Van Hellemont Raephorst, who remarried on 25 January 1667, with Cornelis Tromp. The couple redecorated the estate considerably, but the house and their improvements were treasure looted and burned by the French during the rampjaar 1672.Rijksmonument report It was rebuilt from 1675 to 1684 by Tromp, who called it Sillisburgh, after one of his titles. Around 1720, Jacob Roeters came into possession of the estate and renamed it Trompenburgh. Roeters had a gilded plaque with an ode by Gerard Brandt in memory of Tromp installed over the entrance in 1725. == See also == * Top 100 Dutch heritage sites == Footnotes == == External links == * Category:1654 establishments in the Dutch Republic Category:Buildings and structures in North Holland Category:Houses completed in 1654 Category:Houses in the Netherlands Category:Rijksmonuments in North Holland Category:Buildings of the Dutch Golden Age Category:Wijdemeren

["'s-Graveland", 'Daniël Stalpaert', 'Cornelis Tromp', 'Dutch Republic', 'Gerard Brandt', 'Top 100 Dutch heritage sites']

['Q1615351', 'Q2999996', 'Q982247', 'Q170072', 'Q2280680', 'Q1509525']

[[(46, 58)], [(89, 105)], [(128, 142), (584, 598)], [(175, 189), (1197, 1211)], [(1006, 1019)], [(1093, 1121)]]

The Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests is a terrestrial ecoregion of the Ryukyu Islands, also known as the Nansei Islands, in Japan. The Nansei Islands are an island arc that stretches southwest from Kyushu towards Taiwan. The larger islands are mostly volcanic islands and the smaller ones mostly coral. The largest is Okinawa Island. The highest point is Mount Miyanoura on Yakushima Island at 1,936 metres (6,352 ft). The ecoregion is the northernmost in the Indomalayan realm, and shares many plants with subtropical and tropical Asia. ==Climate== The Nansei Islands have a humid climate, which ranges from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The warm Kuroshio Current runs offshore, and sustains coral reefs and the northernmost mangroves in the western Pacific. ==Flora== The natural vegetation of the islands is subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest. The dominant trees are Castanopsis sieboldii, Quercus miyagii, Persea thunbergii, and Schima wallichii ssp. liukiuensis. In the mountain forests of Yakushima Island, conifers including Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Tsuga sieboldii, and Abies firma, are mixed with the broadleaf evergreen trees above 1200 meters elevation.Tagawa, Hideo (1995). "Distribution of Lucidophyll Oak-Laurel Forest Formation in Asia and Other Areas". Tropics Vol. 5 (1/2): 1:40, December 1995. Coastal and swamp plant communities include plants characteristic of the tropical Pacific, including Ipomoea pes-caprae, Spinifex littoreus, Thespesia populnea, Terminalia catappa, and Macaranga tanarius. Mangrove species include Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Heritiera littoralis, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, and Nypa fruticans. Satakentia liukiuensis, the only species in the genus Satakentia, is a palm tree that is endemic to Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island in the Yaeyama Islands. ==Fauna== The ecoregion corresponds to the Nansei Shoto Endemic Bird Area, and is home to several endemic bird species, including the Ryukyu wood pigeon (Columba jouyi), Ryukyu green pigeon (Treron permagnus), and Ryukyu robin (Larvivora komadori). The Okinawa rail (Gallirallus okinawae) and Okinawa woodpecker (Dendrocopos noguchii) are limited to Okinawa, and the Amami woodcock (Scolopax mira), Amami jay (Garrulus lidthi), and Amami thrush (Zoothera major) are limited to the Amami Islands. The Ryukyu minivet (Pericrocotus tegimae) is formerly endemic, but in recent decades has spread to Kyushu, Shikoku, and western Honshu.BirdLife International (2020) Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: Nansei Shoto. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 02/06/2020. Several threatened species live in the ecoregion and in neighboring ones. The Japanese woodpigeon (Columba janthina) lives in the Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands, and islands off Korea's southern coast. The Ryukyu scops owl (Otus elegans) lives in the Nansei Islands as well as Taiwan and Batanes. ==Protected areas== Protected areas include Yakushima National Park (325.53 km²) on Yakushima Island, and Yanbaru National Park (136.22 km²) on Okinawa Island. ==External links== * * Nansei Shoto Endemic Bird Area (BirdLife International) ==References== Category:Ecoregions of Japan Category:Indomalayan ecoregions . Category:Forests of Japan Category:Natural history of the Ryukyu Islands Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Category:Endemic Bird Areas

['Okinawa Island', 'Indomalayan realm', 'Japan', 'Ryukyu Islands', 'Kyushu', 'Taiwan', 'Yakushima Island', 'Kuroshio Current', 'Castanopsis sieboldii', 'Quercus miyagii', 'Persea thunbergii', 'Schima wallichii', 'Cryptomeria japonica', 'Chamaecyparis obtusa', 'Tsuga sieboldii', 'Abies firma', 'Ipomoea pes-caprae', 'Spinifex littoreus', 'Thespesia populnea', 'Terminalia catappa', 'Macaranga tanarius', 'Bruguiera gymnorhiza', 'Heritiera littoralis', 'Rhizophora stylosa', 'Avicennia marina', 'Sonneratia alba', 'Nypa fruticans', 'Satakentia liukiuensis', 'Ishigaki Island', 'Iriomote Island', 'Yaeyama Islands', 'Ryukyu wood pigeon', 'Ryukyu green pigeon', 'Ryukyu robin', 'Okinawa rail', 'Okinawa woodpecker', 'Amami woodcock', 'Amami jay', 'Amami thrush', 'Amami Islands', 'Ryukyu minivet', 'Shikoku', 'Honshu', 'Japanese woodpigeon', 'Ryukyu scops owl', 'Batanes', 'Yakushima National Park', 'Yanbaru National Park']

['Q600614', 'Q757081', 'Q17', 'Q6897416', 'Q13987', 'Q865', 'Q242176', 'Q53842', 'Q846994', 'Q11291842', 'Q5792073', 'Q11892727', 'Q147388', 'Q917187', 'Q1145589', 'Q1718147', 'Q198794', 'Q5703213', 'Q715739', 'Q271179', 'Q3020630', 'Q15386544', 'Q2574713', 'Q15251914', 'Q312094', 'Q1150684', 'Q843726', 'Q1346532', 'Q714339', 'Q432124', 'Q696496', 'Q714093', 'Q28861195', 'Q27075672', 'Q28114050', 'Q21948535', 'Q265279', 'Q715227', 'Q3066642', 'Q453510', 'Q3233109', 'Q13991', 'Q13989', 'Q495139', 'Q716317', 'Q13740', 'Q11465642', 'Q27134534']

[[(330, 344), (3081, 3095)], [(472, 489)], [(136, 141), (2715, 2720), (3214, 3219), (3274, 3279)], [(83, 97), (3312, 3326)], [(210, 216), (2472, 2478)], [(225, 231), (2917, 2923)], [(386, 402), (1032, 1048), (3021, 3037)], [(681, 697)], [(907, 928)], [(930, 945)], [(947, 964)], [(970, 986)], [(1069, 1089)], [(1091, 1111)], [(1113, 1128)], [(1134, 1145)], [(1469, 1487)], [(1489, 1507)], [(1509, 1527)], [(1529, 1547)], [(1553, 1571)], [(1598, 1618)], [(1620, 1640)], [(1642, 1660)], [(1662, 1678)], [(1680, 1695)], [(1701, 1715)], [(1717, 1739)], [(1817, 1832)], [(1837, 1852)], [(1860, 1875)], [(2011, 2029)], [(2047, 2066)], [(2091, 2103)], [(2130, 2142)], [(2170, 2188)], [(2244, 2258)], [(2276, 2285)], [(2309, 2321)], [(2358, 2371)], [(2377, 2391)], [(2480, 2487)], [(2501, 2507)], [(2715, 2734)], [(2846, 2862)], [(2928, 2935)], [(2981, 3004)], [(3043, 3064)]]

George O'Hanlon (November 23, 1912 – February 11, 1989) was an American actor, comedian and writer. He was best known for his role as Joe McDoakes in the Warner Bros.' live-action Joe McDoakes short subjects from 1942 to 1956 and as the voice of George Jetson in Hanna-Barbera's 1962 prime-time animated television series The Jetsons and its 1985 revival. ==Early life== George O'Hanlon was born on November 23, 1912, in Brooklyn, New York. ==Career== ===Film=== From the early 1940s, O'Hanlon was a character actor in feature films, usually playing the hero's streetwise, cynical friend. He appeared in features for various studios while continuing the Joe McDoakes role for Warner Bros. After the McDoakes series lapsed in 1956, O'Hanlon returned to character work, mostly in television (two rare post-McDoakes movie appearances are in Bop Girl Goes Calypso and Kronos, both from 1957). ===Television=== In the 1953–54 season, O'Hanlon appeared several times on NBC's The Dennis Day Show. In 1957, he played Charlie Appleby on an I Love Lucy episode, "Lucy and Superman". O’Hanlon played a character listed as “Caldwell” in a 1958 episode of Maverick, entitled “Rope of Cards”, S1 E17. In 1958, O'Hanlon played a New York publicist for a fashion model in How to Marry a Millionaire. In 1962–63, he voiced one of his most prominent characters, George Jetson in the original The Jetsons, a role he would reprise over 20 years later in two additional seasons from 1985 to 1987. In the autumn of 1964, he appeared as a cab driver in the 13-episode CBS drama The Reporter. In 1966, O'Hanlon appeared opposite Jackie Gleason as Ralph Kramden's loudmouthed "bum brother-in-law", on Gleason's first TV show of the 1966-67 season. He also made various appearances on ABC's Love, American Style, a series for which he wrote the teleplays and also directed several episodes. In 1971, O'Hanlon appeared as a bear trainer on The Partridge Family, season 2, episode 6, "Whatever Happened to Moby Dick?", a drunk in The Odd Couple, season 2, episode 6, "Murray the Fink" and a drunk in Adam-12, season 4 episode 1, "Extortion". ===Writer=== Apart from acting, he wrote screenplays and also wrote the storyboard for nearly all of the Joe McDoakes shorts. He wrote stories for television series in the 1960s such as Petticoat Junction, 77 Sunset Strip, and wrote episodes for Hanna-Barbera's The Flintstones. He also auditioned for the role of Fred Flintstone, but lost to Alan Reed; however, he was remembered when it was time to cast The Jetsons and Morey Amsterdam, the original choice to voice the lead male role, was unavailable due to sponsor conflicts. He once said: "George Jetson is an average man, he has trouble with his boss, he has problems with his kids, and so on. The only difference is that he lives in the next century." ==Personal life== O'Hanlon was married to Inez Witt from 1932 to 1948. After divorcing her, he married actress Martha Stewart in 1949; they divorced in 1952.Andre Soares. "Martha Stewart Still Alive?", altfg.com; accessed February 26, 2016. O'Hanlon and his third wife, Nancy, had two children, George O'Hanlon Jr., and daughter Laurie O'Hanlon. They remained married until his death. ==Death== In the mid-1980s, Hanna-Barbera revived The Jetsons and brought back its original voice cast of O'Hanlon, Daws Butler, Mel Blanc, Don Messick, Penny Singleton, Jean Vander Pyl, and Janet Waldo. O'Hanlon had suffered a stroke and was blind and suffering from limited mobility. He recorded his dialogue in a separate session from the other cast members by having all lines read to him by the recording director Gordon Hunt and then recited one at a time. On February 11, 1989, just after recording dialogue for Jetsons: The Movie, O'Hanlon complained of a headache and was taken to Saint Joseph's Hospital in Burbank, California, where he died of a second stroke. According to Andrea Romano, who was Hanna-Barbera's casting director at the time, O'Hanlon found it difficult to read and hear, and in the end, he died doing what he loved. The film was dedicated to him, along with Jetsons co-star Mel Blanc who died nearly five months later. Jeff Bergman was hired to finish the remaining dialogue for both actors for the movie. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1932 The Death Kiss Bystander / Man Sitting on Curb Uncredited 1933 High Gear Reporter / Spectator in Grandstand Uncredited 1934 Beggar's Holiday Bellhop Uncredited 1935 The Girl Friend Chorus Boy in Play Uncredited 1937 Hollywood Hotel Casting Assistant Uncredited 1938 Blondes at Work Third Newsboy Uncredited Women Are Like That Page Uncredited My Lucky Star Student in Girls of Hampshire Hall Skit Uncredited Secrets of an Actress Flowers Delivery Boy Uncredited Brother Rat Orderly Uncredited 1939 The Adventures of Jane Arden Crapshooter Uncredited Daughters Courageous Dancer Uncredited Hell's Kitchen Usher Uncredited Dust Be My Destiny Man at Bank After Robbery Uncredited Off the Record Messenger Boy Uncredited A Child Is Born Young Husband Uncredited Swanee River Ticket Taker Uncredited 1940 The Fighting 69th Eddie Kearney Uncredited Saturday's Children Office Worker at Party Uncredited Sailor's Lady Sailor The Bride Wore Crutches Copy Boy Uncredited City for Conquest Newsboy Uncredited Spring Parade Peasant Uncredited 1941 The Great Awakening Peppi Navy Blues Sailor Uncredited Moon Over Her Shoulder Bellboy Uncredited 1942 Man from Headquarters Weeks, Reporter Yokel Boy Teller Uncredited A Gentleman After Dark Hotel bellboy Uncredited Remember Pearl Harbor Radio Operator Uncredited Criminal Investigator Powers 1942–1956 Joe McDoakes Joe McDoakes Short film series 1943 Ladies' Day Bond Buyer Uncredited Action in the North Atlantic Navy Pilot Uncredited All by Myself Buck Uncredited Two Tickets to London Sailor Uncredited Hers to Hold Coast Guardsman with Tommy Gun Uncredited Corvette K-225 RCAL Wireless Operator Uncredited Nearly Eighteen Eddie 1944 Resisting Enemy Interrogation American Pilot at Headquarters Uncredited 1947 The Hucksters Freddie Callahan Uncredited The Spirit of West Point Joe Wilson Heading for Heaven Alvin Ponacress 1948 Are You with It? Buster The Counterfeiters Frankie Dodge June Bride Scott Davis 1949 Joe Palooka in the Big Fight Louie Zamba Marvin 1951 The Tanks Are Coming Sergeant Tucker 1952 Room for One More Minor Role Uncredited The Lion and the Horse 'Shorty' Cameron Park Row Steve Brodie Cattle Town Shiloh 1953 So You Want to Learn to Dance Joe McDoakes Short film 1956 Battle Stations Patrick Mosher 1957 Kronos Dr. Arnold Culver Bop Girl Goes Calypso Barney 1958 The Vanishing Duck George (voice) Short film Uncredited 1971 The Million Dollar Duck Parking Attendant 1972 Now You See Him, Now You Don't Ted 1973 Charley and the Angel Harry, Police Chief 1976 Rocky TV Commentator #2 1990 Jetsons: The Movie George Jetson (voice) Released posthumously; dedicated in memory, character finished by Jeff Bergman ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1954 The Dennis Day Show Himself Episode: "The Old Vaudevillian" 1955–1961 Make Room for Daddy Policeman, Chick Unknown episodes 1957 I Love Lucy George Appleby Episode: "Lucy and Superman" 1958 Maverick Morton Connors, Cousin Elmo & Caldwell 3 episodes 1962–1963, 1985–1987 The Jetsons George Jetson, Russian Reporter, Molecular Motors Video Man, Drummer (voices) 75 episodes 1971 The Partridge Family Bear Man Episode: "Whatever Happened to Moby Dick?" 1973 Mission: Impossible Captain Douglas Episode: "The Question" 1974 Sanford and Son Drunk Episode: "Ol' Brown Eyes" Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Herb Evans Episode: "The Whiz Kid and the Mystery at Riverton: Part 1 & 2" 1986–1988 The Flintstone Kids Additional voices 34 episodes 1987 The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones George Jetson (voice) Television film 1988 Rockin' with Judy Jetson 1989 Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration Television special; aired five months after his death ==Production work== Year Title Position Notes 1942–1956 Joe McDoakes Screenwriter for most of the shorts Short film series 1959 The Rookie Director, screenwriter 1959–1960 The Ann Sothern Show Writer 2 episodes 1962–1963 The Gallant Men 2 episodes 1963 Grindl 2 episodes 77 Sunset Strip 2 episodes 1964 For Those Who Think Young Screenwriter 1965 Petticoat Junction Writer 2 episodes 1966 The Flintstones Episode: "Curtain Call at Bedrock" 1965–1966 Gilligan's Island 2 episodes 1966 Jackie Gleason: American Size Magazine Episode: "The Honeymooners: The Adoption" 1967 The Jackie Gleason Show Episode: "The Honeymooners: The Adoption" 1968 I Sailed to Tahiti with an All Girl Crew Story 1973 Love, American Style Segment: "Love and the Model Apartment" ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1912 births Category:1989 deaths Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:20th-century American male actors Category:American male voice actors Category:American male comedians Category:American television writers Category:20th-century American comedians Category:American male television writers Category:People from Brooklyn Category:Male actors from New York City Category:Hanna-Barbera people Category:Burials at Valley Oaks Memorial Park Category:Screenwriters from New York (state) Category:20th- century American screenwriters Category:20th-century American male writers

['Brooklyn, New York', 'Warner Bros.', 'Joe McDoakes', 'George Jetson', 'Hanna-Barbera', 'The Jetsons', 'Bop Girl Goes Calypso', 'I Love Lucy', 'Lucy and Superman', 'Jackie Gleason', 'Love, American Style', 'The Partridge Family', 'Adam-12', 'Petticoat Junction', '77 Sunset Strip', 'The Flintstones', 'Fred Flintstone', 'Alan Reed', 'Morey Amsterdam', 'Daws Butler', 'Mel Blanc', 'Don Messick', 'Penny Singleton', 'Jean Vander Pyl', 'Janet Waldo', 'Jetsons: The Movie', 'Burbank, California', 'Jeff Bergman', 'The Death Kiss', 'Blondes at Work', 'Women Are Like That', 'Secrets of an Actress', 'Brother Rat', 'The Adventures of Jane Arden', 'Daughters Courageous', 'Dust Be My Destiny', 'The Fighting 69th', "Sailor's Lady", 'The Bride Wore Crutches', 'City for Conquest', 'Spring Parade', 'Moon Over Her Shoulder', 'Yokel Boy', 'A Gentleman After Dark', 'Remember Pearl Harbor', "Ladies' Day", 'Action in the North Atlantic', 'Two Tickets to London', 'Hers to Hold', 'Corvette K-225', 'Nearly Eighteen', 'Resisting Enemy Interrogation', 'The Hucksters', 'Heading for Heaven', 'Are You with It?', 'June Bride', 'Joe Palooka in the Big Fight', 'The Lion and the Horse', 'Cattle Town', 'The Vanishing Duck', 'The Million Dollar Duck', "Now You See Him, Now You Don't", 'Charley and the Angel', 'Rocky', 'Make Room for Daddy', 'Sanford and Son', "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color", 'The Flintstone Kids', 'The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones', "Rockin' with Judy Jetson", "Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration", 'The Ann Sothern Show', 'The Gallant Men', 'Grindl', "Gilligan's Island", 'I Sailed to Tahiti with an All Girl Crew']

['Q18419', 'Q126399', 'Q6211209', 'Q3760547', 'Q736464', 'Q457409', 'Q4944155', 'Q181943', 'Q6698596', 'Q454200', 'Q1249367', 'Q654652', 'Q1247605', 'Q1248820', 'Q268543', 'Q201358', 'Q614889', 'Q2068226', 'Q3323951', 'Q2412586', 'Q349690', 'Q645399', 'Q522582', 'Q3174968', 'Q928362', 'Q457382', 'Q39561', 'Q3176428', 'Q3632584', 'Q20949830', 'Q14772334', 'Q7444512', 'Q4975546', 'Q20949815', 'Q5227934', 'Q5316970', 'Q7733812', 'Q7400415', 'Q21527512', 'Q1428084', 'Q671482', 'Q16999616', 'Q21528257', 'Q4656965', 'Q21527986', 'Q18151522', 'Q785333', 'Q391157', 'Q1614495', 'Q1758385', 'Q59551578', 'Q2145748', 'Q1198100', 'Q5689625', 'Q4788481', 'Q2618520', 'Q12125251', 'Q13416894', 'Q15525877', 'Q462595', 'Q2454207', 'Q1366508', 'Q3284825', 'Q188652', 'Q1248905', 'Q1248395', 'Q1247718', 'Q662599', 'Q2392121', 'Q4355003', 'Q10293704', 'Q3985662', 'Q3987161', 'Q5609448', 'Q1141741', 'Q55614220']

[[(421, 439)], [(154, 166), (676, 688)], [(134, 146), (180, 192), (654, 666), (2220, 2232), (5638, 5650), (5651, 5663), (6504, 6516), (8031, 8043)], [(246, 259), (1345, 1358), (2660, 2673), (6871, 6884), (7298, 7311), (7796, 7809)], [(263, 276), (2361, 2374), (3237, 3250), (3917, 3930), (7869, 7882), (9196, 9209)], [(322, 333), (1375, 1386), (2521, 2532), (3259, 3270), (7286, 7297), (7763, 7774)], [(838, 859), (6594, 6615)], [(1032, 1043), (7145, 7156)], [(1054, 1071), (7182, 7199)], [(1606, 1620), (8459, 8473), (8549, 8563)], [(1766, 1786), (8668, 8688)], [(1914, 1934), (7393, 7413)], [(2073, 2080)], [(2301, 2319), (8322, 8340)], [(2321, 2336), (8246, 8261)], [(2377, 2392), (8364, 8379)], [(2429, 2444)], [(2458, 2467)], [(2537, 2552)], [(3325, 3336)], [(3338, 3347), (4112, 4121)], [(3349, 3360)], [(3362, 3377)], [(3379, 3394)], [(3400, 3411)], [(3728, 3746), (6852, 6870)], [(3826, 3845)], [(4157, 4169), (6959, 6971)], [(4298, 4312)], [(4564, 4579)], [(4605, 4624)], [(4706, 4727)], [(4760, 4771)], [(4796, 4824)], [(4848, 4868)], [(4919, 4937)], [(5098, 5115)], [(5195, 5208)], [(5216, 5239)], [(5260, 5277)], [(5297, 5310)], [(5390, 5412)], [(5475, 5484)], [(5503, 5525)], [(5551, 5572)], [(5687, 5698)], [(5721, 5749)], [(5802, 5823)], [(5842, 5854)], [(5897, 5911)], [(5946, 5961)], [(5973, 6002)], [(6050, 6063)], [(6128, 6146)], [(6168, 6184)], [(6225, 6235)], [(6253, 6281)], [(6388, 6410)], [(6450, 6461)], [(6628, 6646)], [(6689, 6712)], [(6736, 6766)], [(6776, 6797)], [(6823, 6828)], [(7086, 7105)], [(7536, 7551)], [(7584, 7622)], [(7708, 7727)], [(7763, 7795)], [(7839, 7863)], [(7869, 7920)], [(8147, 8167)], [(8196, 8211)], [(8228, 8234)], [(8425, 8442)], [(8616, 8656)]]

Joe McDoakes is an American short-film comedy series produced and directed by Richard L. Bare for Warner Bros. A total of 63 black-and-white, live-action, one-reel films were produced and released between 1942 and 1956. The Joe McDoakes shorts are also known as the Behind the Eight Ball series (for the large eight ball behind Joe appeared in the opening credits) or the So You Want... series (as the film titles began with this phrase). The character's name derives from Joe Doakes, which was a popular American slang term for the average man. The theme song of the series is "I Know That You Know" by Vincent Youmans from his Broadway musical Oh, Please! (1926), used later in the MGM musical Hit the Deck (1955). George O'Hanlon, who would later provide the voice of George Jetson in Hanna-Barbera's animated sitcom The Jetsons, starred as the series' title character, Joe McDoakes. These one-reel shorts were written by Bare and O'Hanlon, although Bare usually received sole screen credit as the writer. Art Gilmore served as the narrator through 1948. Gordon Hollingshead, who won five Academy Awards for producing other short subjects for Warner Bros., was also credited as a producer on the series until his death in 1952, although his role on this series was primarily as liaison between the studio and the director. ==History== The series began with So You Want to Give Up Smoking, produced by Bare to teach his students at the University of Southern California the fundamentals of filmmaking. It was acquired by Warner Bros. for $2,500 and became the first of a series of short subjects. Only one more short was produced before World War II caused the suspension of the series, but production resumed in 1945 with So You Think You're Allergic. These first three shorts were filmed silent, with narration added in post-production in the manner of the popular Pete Smith shorts produced at MGM from 1931 to 1955. They also resembled the Smith shorts in their focus on actual, everyday problems (such as smoking cessation, eye care and coping with allergies) in an instructional but humorous way. In 1946, the series began using live sound recording, and the addition of dialogue afforded the films a new dimension. The action was now played strictly for laughs, with many familiar character actors such as Fritz Feld, Ralph Sanford, Philip Van Zandt, Fred Kelsey and Leo White frequently appearing. Semiregular actors included Clifton Young and later Del Moore as Joe's loudmouthed pal Homer, Rodney Bell as dumb Marvin and Ted Stanhope as an all-purpose authority figure. Many of the shorts are domestic comedies in which McDoakes persists in some sort of endeavor, with often disastrous consequences. Warner Bros. contract player Jane Harker costarred as Joe's wife Alice in eight comedies, beginning with So You Want to Play the Horses in 1946 and ending with So You Want to Build a House in 1948. Screen newcomer Phyllis Coates assumed the role of Alice in So You Want to Be in Politics. Coates had married Bare that same year, and the working relationship would survive their later divorce. Former singing star Jane Frazee assumed the role beginning with So You Want to Be Your Own Boss (1954), but Coates returned in 1956 for the last three installments. While the Alice character appeared in most of the shorts, the actresses playing the role were not credited. In several of the films, Alice does not appear, and in some, Joe is a bachelor, as there is no continuity between installments. In the late 1940s, the series won three consecutive Academy Award nominations in the category of Best Short Subject, One-reel for So You Want to Be in Pictures (1947), So You Want to Be on the Radio (1948) and So You Think You're Not Guilty (1949). For most of the series' run, the shorts were the only live-action comedies offered in 10-minute length, making them attractive for theater owners to include in their programs. The series ran until 1956, when the decline of the studio system brought an end to the production of short subjects by Warner Bros. and most of the other Hollywood studios. ==Cast and crew== Appearance credits for uncredited actors may be incomplete or incorrect because of inaccurate sources. ===Billed cast and crew=== * George O'Hanlon - Joe McDoakes * Art Gilmore - Narrator (1942, 1946–1950) *Knox Manning - Narrator (1945) * Richard Bare - Director/Producer * Gordon Hollingshead - Producer (1942-1953) * Cedric Francis - Producer (1953–1956) ===Alice McDoakes=== * Jane Harker (1946–1948) * Phyllis Coates (1948–1953, 1956) * Jane Frazee (1954–1955) ===Character actors with 10 or more appearances=== * Rodney Bell * Fred Kelsey * Ted Stanhope * Clifton Young ===Guest cast notable for other roles=== * Arthur Q. Bryan, the voice of Elmer Fudd, appeared in So You Want a Model Railroad and So You Want to Be a Paper Hanger and substituted for Art Gilmore as the narrator in So You Want to Be a Policeman. * George Chandler and Ronald Reagan, both future presidents of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), appeared in the same short, So You Want to Be in Pictures. * Iron Eyes Cody offered a "scalp" treatment to Joe in So You Want to Keep Your Hair. * The screen duo of Doris Day and Gordon MacRae had a cameo in So You Want a Television Set. * Charlie Hall, who served as the foil in many Laurel and Hardy shorts, made his last screen appearance in So You Want to Play the Piano. * Lyle Talbot, a founding member of SAG, appeared in So You Want to Be Your Own Boss. * Frank Nelson, frequent guest star on The Jack Benny Program and I Love Lucy, appeared in So You're Going to Have an Operation, So You Want to Be an Actor and So You Want to Know Your Relatives. ==Shorts== Title Approximate production dateLiebman, Roy Vitaphone Films – A Catalogue of the Features and ShortsBoxOffice magazine often lists filming dates in various issues BoxOffice back issue scans Release date Notes including key co-stars with George O'HanlonMaltin, Leonard The Great Movie Shorts, pages 180-186 So You Want to Give Up Smoking Early 1942 November 14, 1942 Art Gilmore (narrator) So You Think You Need Glasses Early 1942 December 26, 1942 Art Gilmore (narrator) So You Think You're Allergic June 1945 December 1, 1945 Knox Manning (narrator), Barbara Billingsley (cameo) So You Want to Play the Horses June 1946 October 5, 1946 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Richard Erdman, Leo White, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Keep Your Hair April 1946 December 7, 1946 Art Gilmore (narrator), Leo White, Fred Kelsey, Iron Eyes Cody, Buster Brodie So You Think You're a Nervous Wreck September 1946 December 28, 1946 Art Gilmore (narrator), Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey, Howard M. Mitchell, Ted Stanhope So You're Going to Be a Father December 1946 May 10, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Fred Kelsey, Leo White, Emmett Vogan So You Want to Be in Pictures December 1946 June 7, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), George Chandler, Clyde Cook, Ralph Sanford, Jack Carson, Ronald Reagan, Wayne Morris, Janis Paige. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. So You're Going on a Vacation December 1946 July 5, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Ted Stanhope, Lennie Bremen, Clifton Young So You Want to Be a Salesman February 1947 September 13, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Lennie Bremen, Ted Stanhope, Rose Plumer, Lottie Williams So You Want to Hold Your Wife June 1947 November 22, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Ted Stanhope So You Want an Apartment July 1947 January 3, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Ted Stanhope, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be a Gambler August 1947 February 14, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Clifton Young, Douglas Fowley, Leo White So You Want to Build a House June 1947 May 15, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey, Ralph Peters, Donald Kerr, Ralph Littlefield So You Want to Be a Detective September 1947 June 26, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Lila Leeds, Clifton Young, George Magrill, Olaf Hytten, Fred Kelsey, Howard Mitchell, Charles Horvath, Philo Mccullough, Charles Marsh, Donald Kerr, Kit Guard So You Want to Be in Politics July 1948 October 2, 1948 Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be on the Radio July 1948 November 6, 1948 Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey, Ted Stanhope, Leo White, Jack Lomas. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. So You Want to Be a Baby Sitter March 1948 January 8, 1949 Art Gilmore (narrator), Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Billy Gray So You Want to Be Popular December 1948 March 12, 1949 Art Gilmore (narrator), Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Creighton Hale, Ted Stanhope, Leo White So You Want to Be a Muscle Man March 1949 July 2, 1949 Phyllis Coates, Clarence Ross, Willard Waterman So You're Having In-Law Trouble April–May 1949 August 27, 1949 Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Willard Waterman So You Want to Get Rich Quick August 1949 October 28, 1949 Phyllis Coates, Fred Clark, Joe Turkel, Frank Nelson So You Want to Be an Actor August 1949 December 3, 1949 Art Gilmore (narrator), Fred Clark, Fred Kelsey, Frank Nelson, Ralph Sanford, Clifton Young, Ted Stanhope, Dorothy Vaughan So You Think You're Not Guilty October 1949 December 21, 1949 (preview) April 7, 1950 (release) Phyllis Coates, Ralph Sanford, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey, Willard Waterman. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. So You Want to Throw a Party October 1949 February 4, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Billy Curtis, Willard Waterman, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey, Jack Lomas, Edward Gargan So You Want to Hold Your Husband May 1950 July 1, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey, Monte Blue, Art Gilmore So You Want to Move May 1950 August 19, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Ralph Sanford, Charles Sullivan So You Want a Raise July 1950 September 23, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Willard Waterman, Margie Liszt, Edward Gargan, Fred Kelsey So You're Going to Have an Operation July 1950 December 2, 1950 Fritz Feld, Ted Stanhope, Frank Nelson So You Want to Be a Handy Man July 1950 January 3, 1951 Rodney Bell So You Want to Be a Cowboy November 1950 April 14, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Eddie Gribbon, Harry Wilson. So You Want to Be a Paper Hanger December 1950 June 2, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Arthur Q. Bryan, Anne O’Neal So You Want to Buy a Used Car December 1950 July 28, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Fred Kelsey, Bobby Jellison So You Want to Be a Bachelor June 1951 September 22, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Chester Clute, Jack Rice, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be a Plumber July 1951 November 10, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell So You Want to Get It Wholesale July 1951 January 12, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Frank Nelson, Ted Stanhope, Charles Sullivan, Jack Mower, Georg Penbroke So You Want to Enjoy Life January 1952 March 29, 1952 Del Moore, Fritz Feld , Arthur Q. Bryan So You Want to Go to a Convention January 1952 June 7, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Connie Cezan So You Never Tell a Lie January 1952 August 2, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Emory Parnell, Jack Mower, Anne O’Neal So You're Going to the Dentist July 1952 September 20, 1952 Rodney Bell, Frank Nelson So You Want to Wear the Pants July 1952 November 8, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Fritz Feld So You Want to Be a Musician August 1952 December 14, 1952 Maurice Cass, Philip Van Zandt, Fred Kelsey, Chester Conklin, Paul Maxey, Fritz Feld So You Want to Learn to Dance December 1952 March 28, 1953 Emory Parnell, Jack Mower, Creighton Hale, Jesslyn Fax So You Want a Television Set December 1952 May 23, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Philip Van Zandt, Fred Kelsey, Doris Day, Gordon MacRae So You Love Your Dog December 1952 August 1, 1953 Phyllis Coates So You Think You Can't Sleep August 1953 October 31, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be an Heir August 1953 December 19, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Philip Van Zandt So You're Having Neighbor Trouble November 1953 December 26, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Arthur Q. Bryan So You Want to Be Your Own Boss December 1953 March 13, 1954 Jane Frazee, Rodney Bell, Phil Arnold, Fred Kelsey, Lyle Talbot So You Want to Go to a Night Club December 1953 May 1, 1954 Jane Frazee, Philip Van Zandt, Del Moore, Joi Lansing, Jack Chefe, Ralph Brooks So You Want to Be a Banker April 1954 July 3, 1954 Snub Pollard, Fred Kelsey So You're Taking in a Roomer August 1954 October 30, 1954 Jane Frazee, Rodney Bell, Joi Lansing, Fred Kelsey, Herb Vigran So You Want to Know Your Relatives September 1954 December 18, 1954 Jane Frazee, Frank Nelson, Emory Parnell, Herb Vigran, Iris Adrian So You Don't Trust Your Wife September 1954 January 29, 1955 Jane Frazee, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be a Gladiator December 1954 March 12, 1955 Jane Frazee, Del Moore, Philip Van Zandt, John Doucette So You Want to Be on a Jury December 1954 May 7, 1955 Jackson Wheeler, Phil Arnold, Arthur Q. Bryan, Philip Van Zandt So You Want a Model Railroad December 1954 August 27, 1955 Jane Frazee, Ted Stanhope, Anne O’Neal, Arthur Q. Bryan So You Want to Be a V.P. September 1955 October 29, 1955 Emory Parnell, Del Moore, Joi Lansing, Minerva Urecal, Philip Van Zandt So You Want to Be a Policeman October 1955 December 17, 1955 Arthur Q. Bryan, Joi Lansing, Sandy Sanders So You Think the Grass Is Greener October 1955 January 28, 1956 Jane Frazee, Joi Lansing, Emory Parnell, Del Moore So You Want to Be Pretty December 1955 March 10, 1956 Phyllis Coates, Fritz Feld, Iris Adrian So You Want to Play the Piano December 1955 May 5, 1956 Phyllis Coates, Ralph Sanford, Lester Dorr, Charlie Hall So Your Wife Wants to Work December 1955 July 14, 1956 Phyllis Coates, Emory Parnell, Lester Dorr ==Home video availability== Warner Archive Collection has released the entire series of 63 shorts in DVD-R format as The Joe McDoakes Collection. Individual shorts also appear as extras on DVD and Blu-ray discs of some Warner Bros. films of the period: * So You Want to Give Up Smoking is on the DVD of All Through the Night * So You Think You Need Glasses is on the DVD of The Man Who Came to Dinner * So You Think You're Allergic is on the DVD of Objective, Burma! * So You Think You're a Nervous Wreck is on the DVD of A Night in Casablanca * So You Want to Be in Pictures is on the DVD of The Hasty Heart * So You Want to Be a Detective is on the DVD and Blu-ray of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre * So You Want to Be on the Radio is on the DVD and Blu-ray of Adventures of Don JuanOnVideo Guide to Home Video Releases: DVDs * So You Want to Be an Actor is on the DVD and Blu-ray of My Dream Is Yours * So You Think You're Not Guilty is on the DVD and Blu-ray of White Heat * So You Want to Hold Your Husband is on the DVD of Tea for Two * So You Want to Move is on the DVD of Rocky Mountain * So You Want a Raise is on the DVD of Montana * So You're Going to Have an Operation is on the DVD of The Flame and the Arrow * So You Want to Be a Paper Hanger is on the DVD of Jim Thorpe — All-American * So You Want to Be a Bachelor is on the DVD of Starlift * So You Want to Enjoy Life is on the DVD of Big Jim McLain * So You Want to Wear the Pants is on the DVD of April in Paris * So You Want to Learn to Dance and So You Want a Television Set are on the DVD of By the Light of the Silvery Moon * So You Love Your Dog is on the Blu-ray of Calamity Jane * So You Think You Can't Sleep is on the DVD of Trouble Along the Way * So You Want to Be an Heir is on the DVD of South Sea Woman * So You Want to Know Your Relatives is on the DVD of His Majesty O'Keefe * So Your Wife Wants to Work is on the DVD of The Spirit of St. Louis ==See also== * == Notes == ==References== * Liebman, Roy Vitaphone Films – A Catalogue of the Features and Shorts, McFarland & Company, 2003. * Maltin, Leonard The Great Movie Shorts, Bonanza Books, 1972. ==External links== * Review of The Joe McDoakes Collection at DVD Talk * Appreciation and review by Leonard Maltin Category:Short film series Category:Warner Bros. short films Category:Vitaphone short films Category:Comedy film series

["George O'Hanlon", 'Richard L. Bare', 'Gordon Hollingshead', 'Phyllis Coates', 'Jane Frazee', 'Fred Kelsey', 'Clifton Young', 'Art Gilmore', 'Knox Manning', 'Short film', 'Warner Bros.', 'Vincent Youmans', 'George Jetson', 'Hanna-Barbera', 'The Jetsons', 'University of Southern California', 'Fritz Feld', 'Ralph Sanford', 'Philip Van Zandt', 'Leo White', 'Del Moore', 'Academy Award', 'Arthur Q. Bryan', 'Elmer Fudd', 'George Chandler', 'Ronald Reagan', 'Screen Actors Guild', 'Iron Eyes Cody', 'Doris Day', 'Gordon MacRae', 'Laurel and Hardy', 'Lyle Talbot', 'The Jack Benny Program', 'I Love Lucy', 'Barbara Billingsley', 'Richard Erdman', 'Emmett Vogan', 'Jack Carson', 'Janis Paige', 'Douglas Fowley', 'Lila Leeds', 'George Magrill', 'Olaf Hytten', 'Howard Mitchell', 'Creighton Hale', 'Clarence Ross', 'Willard Waterman', 'Fred Clark', 'Joe Turkel', 'Billy Curtis', 'Edward Gargan', 'Monte Blue', 'Margie Liszt', 'Eddie Gribbon', 'Chester Clute', 'Jack Rice', 'Jack Mower', 'Emory Parnell', 'Maurice Cass', 'Chester Conklin', 'Paul Maxey', 'Jesslyn Fax', 'Phil Arnold', 'Joi Lansing', 'Snub Pollard', 'Herb Vigran', 'Iris Adrian', 'John Doucette', 'Minerva Urecal', 'Lester Dorr', 'Warner Archive Collection', 'DVD', 'Blu-ray', 'The Man Who Came to Dinner', 'Objective, Burma!', 'A Night in Casablanca', 'The Hasty Heart', 'Adventures of Don Juan', 'My Dream Is Yours', 'White Heat', 'The Flame and the Arrow', 'Starlift', 'Big Jim McLain', 'Trouble Along the Way', 'South Sea Woman', "His Majesty O'Keefe", 'DVD Talk', 'Leonard Maltin']

['Q1508018', 'Q3430944', 'Q507485', 'Q1311138', 'Q6152241', 'Q3086867', 'Q5133348', 'Q2864533', 'Q5975157', 'Q24862', 'Q126399', 'Q746951', 'Q3760547', 'Q736464', 'Q457409', 'Q4614', 'Q69645', 'Q3929808', 'Q2464819', 'Q1383202', 'Q1183800', 'Q19020', 'Q2865308', 'Q844904', 'Q3101481', 'Q9960', 'Q1141037', 'Q587113', 'Q104372', 'Q1153004', 'Q33497', 'Q3039327', 'Q1565777', 'Q181943', 'Q284946', 'Q2149430', 'Q5373573', 'Q1393256', 'Q446954', 'Q1252302', 'Q6547476', 'Q1764618', 'Q7082960', 'Q5920432', 'Q1754382', 'Q980610', 'Q8003503', 'Q2484213', 'Q1691628', 'Q863063', 'Q5343066', 'Q1945758', 'Q6760380', 'Q3047268', 'Q5093504', 'Q6114821', 'Q3157279', 'Q3053163', 'Q6792938', 'Q1070698', 'Q7152283', 'Q61698030', 'Q7181662', 'Q519604', 'Q474943', 'Q5733231', 'Q3154408', 'Q598939', 'Q1418567', 'Q3236787', 'Q7969697', 'Q5294', 'Q47770', 'Q7749910', 'Q1194211', 'Q1306530', 'Q1521238', 'Q1214560', 'Q3038238', 'Q607337', 'Q1196413', 'Q3497184', 'Q3847937', 'Q4120752', 'Q3220188', 'Q3796124', 'Q20670005', 'Q731195']

[[(717, 732), (4254, 4269), (5945, 5960)], [(78, 93)], [(1058, 1077), (4397, 4416)], [(2926, 2940), (4529, 4543), (8211, 8225), (8312, 8326), (8535, 8549), (8656, 8670), (8782, 8796), (8893, 8907), (9000, 9014), (9328, 9342), (9522, 9536), (9678, 9692), (9790, 9804), (9900, 9914), (10202, 10216), (10321, 10335), (10437, 10451), (10539, 10553), (10663, 10677), (10750, 10764), (11006, 11020), (11087, 11101), (11298, 11312), (11639, 11653), (11774, 11788), (11847, 11861), (11945, 11959), (12044, 12058), (13525, 13539), (13621, 13635), (13733, 13747)], [(3125, 3136), (4564, 4575), (12150, 12161), (12274, 12285), (12489, 12500), (12621, 12632), (12749, 12760), (12833, 12844), (13066, 13077), (13420, 13431)], [(2360, 2371), (4655, 4666), (6424, 6435), (6529, 6540), (6680, 6691), (6821, 6832), (7616, 7627), (7855, 7866), (8052, 8063), (8242, 8253), (8343, 8354), (9145, 9156), (9373, 9384), (9584, 9595), (9708, 9719), (9963, 9974), (10453, 10464), (10595, 10606), (11416, 11427), (11686, 11697), (11877, 11888), (12189, 12200), (12419, 12430), (12528, 12539), (12762, 12773)], [(2436, 2449), (4684, 4697), (6409, 6422), (6665, 6678), (7220, 7233), (7601, 7614), (7710, 7723), (7840, 7853), (8008, 8021), (8227, 8240), (8328, 8341), (8551, 8564), (8672, 8685), (8909, 8922), (9187, 9200)], [(1009, 1020), (4287, 4298), (4881, 4892), (6074, 6085), (6156, 6167), (6345, 6356), (6494, 6505), (6641, 6652), (6784, 6795), (6915, 6926), (7154, 7165), (7296, 7307), (7449, 7460), (7550, 7561), (7686, 7697), (7803, 7814), (7972, 7983), (8511, 8522), (8632, 8643), (9109, 9120), (9733, 9744)], [(4329, 4341), (6235, 6247)], [(16037, 16047)], [(98, 110), (1146, 1158), (1523, 1535), (2712, 2724), (4050, 4062), (13995, 14007), (16064, 16076)], [(604, 619)], [(771, 784)], [(788, 801)], [(820, 831)], [(1438, 1471)], [(2315, 2325), (10039, 10049), (10917, 10927), (11314, 11324), (11458, 11468), (13541, 13551)], [(2327, 2340), (6968, 6981), (9172, 9185), (9344, 9357), (9819, 9832), (13637, 13650)], [(2342, 2358), (11398, 11414), (11668, 11684), (11961, 11977), (12287, 12303), (12857, 12873), (12990, 13006), (13234, 13250)], [(2376, 2385), (6398, 6407), (6518, 6527), (6834, 6843), (7741, 7750), (8370, 8379), (8717, 8726)], [(2460, 2469), (10906, 10915), (12305, 12314), (12846, 12855), (13194, 13203), (13461, 13470)], [(1092, 1105), (3558, 3571), (7050, 7063), (8405, 8418), (9416, 9429)], [(4741, 4756), (10350, 10365), (10930, 10945), (12073, 12088), (12973, 12988), (13106, 13121), (13312, 13327)], [(4771, 4781)], [(4945, 4960), (6939, 6954)], [(4965, 4978), (6996, 7009)], [(5010, 5029)], [(5098, 5112), (6542, 6556)], [(5202, 5211), (11699, 11708)], [(5216, 5229), (11710, 11723)], [(5322, 5338)], [(5415, 5426), (12202, 12213)], [(5538, 5560)], [(5565, 5576)], [(6260, 6279)], [(6382, 6396)], [(6845, 6857)], [(6983, 6994)], [(7025, 7036)], [(7725, 7739)], [(7996, 8006)], [(8023, 8037)], [(8039, 8050)], [(8065, 8080)], [(8687, 8701), (11555, 11569)], [(8798, 8811)], [(8813, 8829), (8924, 8940), (9386, 9402), (9552, 9568), (9916, 9932)], [(9016, 9026), (9133, 9143)], [(9028, 9038)], [(9538, 9550)], [(9609, 9622), (9948, 9961)], [(9721, 9731)], [(9934, 9946)], [(10232, 10245)], [(10569, 10582)], [(10584, 10593)], [(10825, 10835), (11131, 11141), (11543, 11553)], [(11116, 11129), (11528, 11541), (12648, 12661), (13179, 13192), (13446, 13459), (13749, 13762)], [(11384, 11396)], [(11429, 11444)], [(11446, 11456)], [(11571, 11582)], [(12176, 12187), (12960, 12971)], [(12316, 12327), (12515, 12526), (13205, 13216), (13329, 13340), (13433, 13444)], [(12405, 12417)], [(12541, 12552), (12663, 12674)], [(12676, 12687), (13553, 13564)], [(12875, 12888)], [(13218, 13232)], [(13652, 13663), (13764, 13775)], [(13804, 13829)], [(13877, 13880), (13965, 13968), (14072, 14075), (14143, 14146), (14218, 14221), (14291, 14294), (14362, 14365), (14427, 14430), (14522, 14525), (14601, 14604), (14645, 14648), (14725, 14728), (14800, 14803), (14851, 14854), (14905, 14908), (14969, 14972), (15045, 15048), (15119, 15122), (15173, 15176), (15237, 15240), (15335, 15338), (15474, 15477), (15541, 15544), (15611, 15614), (15677, 15680), (15975, 15978)], [(13973, 13980), (14435, 14442), (14530, 14537), (14653, 14660), (14733, 14740), (15408, 15415)], [(14150, 14176)], [(14225, 14242)], [(14298, 14319)], [(14369, 14384)], [(14541, 14563)], [(14664, 14681)], [(14744, 14754)], [(14976, 14999)], [(15126, 15134)], [(15180, 15194)], [(15481, 15502)], [(15548, 15563)], [(15618, 15637)], [(15975, 15983)], [(16013, 16027)]]