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Memento Mori (short story) "Memento Mori" is a short story written by Jonathan Nolan and published in the March 2001 edition of Esquire magazine. It was the basis for the film Memento directed by his brother Christopher Nolan. The name refers to memento mori, a symbolic or artistic expression of the Latin phrase meaning "remember that you will die." Synopsis In the story, a man named Earl has anterograde amnesia. Because of his inability to remember things for more than a few minutes, he uses notes and tattoos to keep track of new information. Earl owes his condition to an attack against him and his wife by an unknown assailant. His wife was raped and killed and Earl suffered severe head injuries, resulting in his amnesia. The story jumps between two timeframes. The first timeframe finds Earl confined to a mental institution in which he learns through written notes he had left himself. The second timeframe finds Earl on the run after he escapes from the mental institution. He learns this through a third person narrative. Earl's goal after escaping the institution is to find the man who murdered his wife and get revenge. Background Jonathan got the idea for the story from his general psychology class at Georgetown University. He pitched the idea to his brother Christopher during a cross-country road trip from Chicago to Los Angeles. His brother responded to the idea, and encouraged him to write a first draft. After Jonathan returned to Washington, D.C., to finish college, he sent his brother a draft two months later, and Christopher set to work on a screenplay, while Jonathan began finishing the short story. Christopher eventually made the feature film Memento, starring Guy Pearce, which was inspired from Jonathan's story, although radically different. For example, in the short story, Earl is confined to a mental institution and the main character in the movie is not. Also, in the movie, the protagonist's attempt to seek revenge on his wife's killer is manipulated by other characters. In the short story, other characters, such as doctors, are only briefly mentioned. Jonathan's short story was eventually published in Esquire magazine, although it can also be found in James Mottram's making-of book about the film, The Making of Memento, and as a hidden special feature on the film's special edition DVD. References External links "Memento Mori", archived 2017, Esquire "Memento Mori" read by Jonathan Nolan Category:2001 short stories Category:Crime short stories Category:Memory disorders Category:Rape in fiction Category:Short stories adapted into films Category:Works by Jonathan Nolan Category:Works originally published in Esquire (magazine)

Long Island Tercentenary half dollar The Long Island Tercentenary half dollar was a commemorative half dollar struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1936. The obverse depicts a male Dutch settler and an Algonquian tribesman, and the reverse shows a Dutch sailing ship. It was designed by Howard Weinman, the son of Mercury dime designer Adolph A. Weinman. The Long Island Tercentenary Committee wanted a coin to mark the 300th anniversary of the first European settlement there. The authorizing bill for this passed through Congress without opposition, but was amended in the Senate to add protections against past commemorative coin abuses, such as low mintages or a multiplicity of varieties. On April 13, 1936, the bill became law with the signature of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The coins were not struck until August of that year, too late for the anniversary celebrations, which had been held in May. The coins were placed on sale to the public, and four-fifths of the 100,000 coins sent to the Tercentenary Committee were sold, a result deemed to be successful given the large issue and a lack of advertising. The remainder was sent back to the Philadelphia Mint for redemption and melting. The half dollar catalogues up to the low hundreds of dollars. Background and inception The first European known to have sighted Long Island, now part of New York State, was Henry Hudson in 1609. At the time of what was later deemed its discovery, 13 tribes of Native Americans inhabited the island. The first European settlement, on Jamaica Bay, was by the Dutch. The first deed for land on Long Island was dated June 16, 1636, for land conveyed to two Dutch colonists. The Dutch named one of their settlements Breuckelen, a name that later became Brooklyn. The Dutch called the island as a whole Lange Eylandt; after the British took possession of the area in the 1660s, they attempted to rename it Nassau, but this never became popularly used. In 1936, commemorative coins were not sold by the government—Congress, in authorizing legislation, usually designated an organization which had the exclusive right to purchase them at face value and tend them to the public at a premium. In the case of the Long Island half dollar, the responsible group was the Long Island Tercentenary Committee, acting through either its president or its secretary. That committee was formed to organize the anniversary celebrations to take place on Long Island. Legislation The political influence of the members of the Tercentenary Committee was sufficient to get a bill into Congress. Introduced into the House of Representatives by John J. Delaney of New York on February 20, 1936, the bill called for a minimum of 100,000 half dollars to be struck (no maximum was stated). The bill was referred to the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. That committee reported back on February 28, 1936, through Andrew Somers of New York, recommending passage. Somers was the committee chair; both he and Delaney represented Brooklyn. John J. Cochran of Missouri brought the bill to the House floor on March 6, saying he was doing so on behalf of Somers and Delaney, and on his motion the bill passed without debate or opposition. In the Senate, the bill was referred to the Committee on Banking and Currency; it was one of several commemorative coin bills to be considered on March 11, 1936, by a subcommittee led by Colorado's Alva B. Adams. Senator Adams had heard of the commemorative coin abuses of the mid-1930s, with issuers increasing the number of coins needed for a complete set

by having them issued at different mints with different mint marks; authorizing legislation placed no prohibition on this. Lyman W. Hoffecker, a Texas coin dealer and official of the American Numismatic Association, testified and told the subcommittee that some issues, like the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar, first struck in 1926, had been issued over the course of years with different dates and mint marks. Other issues had been entirely bought up by single dealers, and some low-mintage varieties of commemorative coins were selling at high prices. The many varieties and inflated prices for some issues that resulted from these practices angered coin collectors trying to keep their collections current. On March 26, the committee, through Senator Adams, issued a report recommending the bill pass once amended. That amendment required that the coins be struck at only one mint, that they only be issued for a year and bear the date of authorization (1936) regardless of when coined. A minimum of 5,000 and a maximum of 100,000 were to be issued. Adams recommended these provisions appear in future commemorative coin bills. The Senate considered the bill on March 27, the last in a series of six commemorative coin bills being considered by that body, and like the others, the Long Island bill was amended and passed without debate or dissent. As the two houses had passed different versions, the bill returned to the House of Representatives, where, on March 30, Cochran asked that the House agree to the Senate amendment. Bertrand H. Snell of New York requested an explanation of the Senate amendment; he was told by Cochran that it was a strengthening of the language to ensure there was no expense to the federal government. The House agreed to the amendment and passed the bill without dissent. It was passed into law, authorizing 100,000 half dollars, with the signature of President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 13, 1936. The provision that the coins only be struck at a single mint and the one requiring that all coins bear the same date were firsts for commemorative coin legislation. Preparation At the recommendation of the federal Commission of Fine Arts (CFA), the Tercentenary Committee engaged sculptor Howard Kenneth Weinman, the son of sculptor Adolph Alexander Weinman. The CFA was responsible for making recommendations on the artistic merit of public artworks, including coins. The elder Weinman was known for designing the Mercury dime and Walking Liberty half dollar and wrote to CFA secretary H.R. Caemmerer on April 2, 1936, relating that Howard Weinman had been hired, and asking for details of the procedure for commemorative coin approval. Caemmerer replied the following day, stating that the designs should be sent to the Philadelphia Mint once the authorization bill had been given final approval. On April 19, Howard Weinman wrote to Caemmerer, stating that due to the Tercentenary Committee having gotten off to a late start, only preliminary sketches had been made, and asking at what stage the designs needed to be submitted for approval. Caemmerer replied on the 21st, stating that for purposes of CFA approval, it would be best to send copies of the photographs of the completed plaster model to himself, and also to Lee Lawrie, sculptor-member of the CFA. Caemmerer also suggested that Howard Weinman consult his father as to the procedure for submission to the Mint, as Adolph Weinman had done it many times. By May, Howard Weinman had completed his models. Lawrie had a few minor suggestions, but was greatly pleased with the work. The CFA concurred on the 26th, having some additional suggestions, such as placing under

the ship on the reverse (something not adopted). After the CFA granted preliminary approval, Adolph Weinman met with the Director of the Mint, Nellie Tayloe Ross, and with the Assistant Director, Mary Margaret O'Reilly, to come to terms on the recommended changes. For example, to ensure greater clarity, the legend , appearing incuse, graven into the surface beneath the ship, was to be engraved on the master die directly by John R. Sinnock, the Chief Engraver. When Howard Weinman wrote to Caemmerer on June 22, he stated that he was working in haste, so that the coins would be available as quickly as possible. The Commission gave its approval; Howard Weinman's models were reduced to coin-sized hubs by the Medallic Art Company of New York City. Design The obverse of the half dollar depicts jugate busts of a Dutch settler and a member of the Algonquin tribe of Native Americans. Howard Weinman wrote of this, "I shall try to infer by the harmonious balance of the heads the peaceful settlement of the island by the Dutch". Texas coin dealer B. Max Mehl described the obverse in 1937 as "conjoined portraits of two rather tough looking gentlemen, but so far I have been unable to ascertain just who they are or who they are supposed to represent". Other critics have compared the two heads, with their lantern jaws and prominent noses, to two boxers about to square off. Also present on the obverse are some of the inscriptions required by law, and . The reverse depicts a Dutch three-masted ship sailing to the right. The design resembles the depiction of Henry Hudson's ship Halve Maen on the 1935 Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar but is more stylized. In the waves the ship rides over is the text, , with the name of the country and the denomination of the coin surrounding the scene, together with the legend, . David Bullowa, in his 1938 volume on commemorative coins, noted that the designs had generally been criticized as a number of previous commemoratives had borne busts in a similar matter to the Long Island piece, and others had depicted ships. Art historian Cornelius Vermeule, in his volume on American coins and medals, took a mixed view of the Long Island half dollar, "The Dutch pioneer looks like a character out of Shakespeare (a peasant part), and the Indian could easily play professional football any Sunday afternoon across the United States. Otherwise, beyond those cliches brought about in an effort to modernize traditionally ideal subjects, the ship has a correct amount of simplicity, and the lettering seems to fade into the background in a satisfying fashion." Distribution A total of 100,053 Long Island Tercentenary half dollars were struck at the Philadelphia Mint during August 1936, with 53 pieces to be retained at the mint to be available for inspection and testing at the 1937 meeting of the annual Assay Commission. The issuance of the half dollar made the Weinmans the second parent and child to have both designed U.S. coins, the first having been Chief Engravers William Barber (1869–1879) and Charles Barber (1880–1917) of the U.S. Mint. Advance sales accounted for almost 19,000 coins. By the time of issue, the celebrations on Long Island had passed, having been held under the auspices of the Tercentenary Committee in May. Arlie Slabaugh wrote in his book on commemoratives, "Even so the Long Island Tercentenary Committee did a surprisingly good job of selling these through local banks". After the coins were delivered from the mint to the National City Bank in Brooklyn, they were sold to the public

at various places for $1 each. The office of the Brooklyn Eagle made 50,000 coins available. In addition, 25,000 coins were offered for sale in Queens, 15,000 in Nassau County and 10,000 in Suffolk County. They were for sale at Brooklyn department stores. Despite arriving late, the coins sold relatively well, with 81,826 coins out of 100,000 disposed of despite almost no advertising. In August 1936, examples of the new half dollar were presented by the Tercentenary Commission to President Roosevelt. Sales continued through the first few months of 1937. As was the norm with other early commemoratives, the remaining unsold coins were returned to the mint for melting. Unlike other commemorative coins of the 1930s, there were no complaints about the manner of distribution, as anyone who wanted one could buy one; nor was there any profiteering. The coin was purchased both by the coin collecting community and by residents of Long Island. Collecting As the coins sold well, the Long Island Tercentenary half dollar is often considered as one of the more common early commemoratives. However, few coins survive in gem condition. Problems commonly encountered include wear or bag marks on the high points of the coin, such as on the cheek of the Dutch settler on the obverse and the sails of the ship on the reverse. One reason for this is that the coin design, especially on the reverse, is relatively flat, thus making it prone to bag marks. Other pieces were handled carelessly while in the hands of the public. Marty Rubenstein, a local coin dealer, stated, "Long Islands don't generally come nice." The Long Island Tercentenary half dollar sold at retail for about $1.25 in uncirculated condition in 1940. It thereafter increased in value, selling for about $4 by 1955, and $140 by 1985. The deluxe edition of R. S. Yeoman's A Guide Book of United States Coins, published in 2018, lists the coin for between $85 and $450, depending on condition. An exceptional specimen sold for $9,988 in 2015. Harry Miller, a Patchogue, Long Island, coin dealer, stated in 2002, "I find most collectors on Long Island want to have one even if they don't specialize in commemoratives". References Sources External links Category:1936 establishments in the United States Category:Early United States commemorative coins Category:Fifty-cent coins Category:Long Island Category:Native Americans on coins Category:Ships on coins Category:Tricentennial anniversaries

PreonVM PreonVM is an implementation of the Java virtual machine developed by Virtenio. The PreonVM was initially developed to run on the Atmel AVR ATmega256, but has been ported to ARM Cortex-M3 systems. Therefore the VM can run on a microcontroller with 8 kB RAM and 256 kB ROM at a minimum. The PreonVM requires no additional operating system and runs directly on the microcontroller. Every class file of the application is transformed via a ClassLinker to strip all parts of class files that is not required. This makes it possible to reduce the class file size by about 80%, which is required for a small device. The ClassLinker builds a .vmm file which combines all application class files in a special format which can be read and executed by the PreonVM on the microcontroller. The VM supports all Java data types incl. long and double, threads, synchronization, Garbage collection with memory defragmentation, exceptions, system properties and IRQ/event system. The PreonVM comes with a library of driver classes for IO like I2C, SPI, USART, CAN, PWM, IRQ, RTC, GPIO, ADC, DAC and with drivers for some sensors and IC's. Code example The following code examples uses an SHT21 sensor and reads the relative humidity. public class SHT21Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { // sensor is connected to I2C bus instance 1 NativeI2C i2c = NativeI2C.getInstance(1); i2c.open(); // create and init SHT21 sensor instance SHT21 sht21 = new SHT21(i2c); sht21.setResolution(SHT21.RESOLUTION_RH12_T14); sht21.reset(); // read and print humidity every second while (true) { sht21.startRelativeHumidityConversion(); Thread.sleep(100); int rawRH = sht21.getRelativeHumidityRaw(); float rh = SHT21.convertRawRHToRHw(rawRH); System.out.println("SHT21: rawRH=" + rawRH + "; RH=" + rh); Thread.sleep(900); } } } See also List of Java virtual machines External links PreonVM site Handbook of Industry 4.0 and SMART Systems - mentions the PreonVM as OS for WSN Intelligent container - uses PreonVM operated radio module Synchronous data acquisition with wireless sensor networks - mentions the PreonVM as option Scalable Web Technology for the Internet of Things - mentions the PreonVM to run the CoAP framework Category:Java virtual machine

Sirivadhanabhakdi Sirivadhanabhakdi is a Thai surname. Notable people with the surname include: Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi (born 1944), Thai billionaire businessman Thapana Sirivadhanabhakdi (born 1974/75), Thai businessman, CEO of ThaiBev

Dolph Briscoe Jr. Library The Dolph Briscoe Jr. Library is the central library of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio library system. It is located in South Texas Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas, US. The award-winning library was designed by Kell Muñoz Architects. It is named after Dolph Briscoe. In 2005, the library was awarded the nation’s highest library award for their outreach programs. The award was presented to the library by the first lady, Laura Bush. Special collections The library is notable for a rare book collection, the only such repository in south and central Texas. The P.I. Nixon collection is home to over 5000 rare medical texts dating from the 15th to the early 20th century: The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna Anatomy of Melancholy by Burton, 1632 edition. De Medicina by Celsus, 1481 edition. The Micrographia by Robert Hooke De Humani Corporis Fabrica by Vesalius, 1543 edition Tables of the Skeleton and Muscles of the Human Body by Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, printed 1749 Original copies also exist by Nostradamus, Galen, Mascagni, Hieronymus Brunschwig, Bernardino Genga, and Withering. References External links Treasures of the P.I. Nixon Rare Book Collection Blog History of Medicine Library Digital Archive Category:Libraries in San Antonio Category:University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Ariana Brewery The Ariana Brewery is a defunct company, founded in 1884 in Sofia, Bulgaria under the name Sofia Brewery, changing to Ariana in 1996. The brewery was bought by Heineken International in 1997, and closed down in 2004, with production of its main brands, Ariana and Stolichno, transferred to the Zagorka Brewery. History Founded by the Czech Proshek brothers in 1884, the Sofia brewery began producing Proshekovo Pivo using Czech brewing practices, leading the beer to be awarded a gold medal at Antwerp in 1891. (Before establishing themselves in central Sofia, the brothers had originally rented a smaller brewery in the nearby village of Knyazhevo.) In 1947, the brewery was nationalized by the communist regime and renamed Vitosha, and the beer was eventually renamed Sofiisko Pivo. A second factory was built in the nearby village of Gorublyane, and in 1978 the brewery in central Sofia was closed. The company changed its name to Ariana brewery in 1996. In 1997, Ariana was bought out by Heineken, and in 2004 production was moved to the Zagorka brewery. Ariana accounts for 50% of total sales of Zagorka AD. The brewery shares its name with the nearby Lake Ariana. References External links Ariana Brewery History – Zagorka.bg Category:Food and drink companies established in 1884 Category:Food and drink companies disestablished in 2004 Category:1880s establishments in Bulgaria Category:2000s disestablishments in Bulgaria Category:Defunct companies of Bulgaria Category:Companies based in Sofia Category:Breweries in Bulgaria Category:Defunct breweries

Frederick Wimble Frederick Thomas Wimble (28 November 1846 – 3 January 1936) was an Australian printer and pioneer ink manufacturer and later a publisher and member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland representing the Electoral district of Cairns. Biography Wimble was born 28 November 1846 at Clerkenwell, London, the thirteenth child (and one of two sons) of Benjamin Wimble and his wife Elizabeth. Benjamin Wimble had pioneered coloured printing ink in England, creating the first supply of red ink to Cambridge University Press. At 21, Wimble travelled to Austria. Suffering poor health, his doctor then suggested a sea voyage and his father paid for him to travel to Australia. He arrived in Melbourne in July 1867. Wimble wrote to his father suggesting a new market for printers inks in Australia and his father replied by sending fresh supplies and his recipes as well as an ink mill, steam engine and other equipment. Wimble produced his first ink on 4 May 1868 and in doing do claimed that the Melbourne Star newspaper was the first to have been published in Australia with locally manufactured ink. The following year he gained contracts in other states by supplying ink for the printing of South Australian postage stamps. On 13 March 1872 he married Harriett Gascoigne, a widow with two children. They had three more children but were later divorced. There were to be three children of the marriage, which ended in divorce. Between 1876 and 1878 he traveled to the United States of America and Britain in an effort to secure new printing contracts and when he returned to Australia he moved his company to Sydney. By 1883, Wimble had had enough of the printing business and moved to Queensland hoping to become a "sugar baron". He bought land in the area but soon returned to printing as founder of the Cairns Post. In 1885 he was elected as an alderman to his local council. He reportedly spent £7000 on a campaign to be elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland seat of Cairns and was elected on 5 May 1888, beating Richard Kingsford. On 16 August 1890, during his term in office, he married Marian Sarah Benjamin. They had three children and they remained married until her death in 1933. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly until 1893 when he stood down and was replaced by future Premier of Queensland, Thomas Joseph Byrnes. He returned to printing and publishing with the production of Wimble's Reminder; as much a catalog as a magazine which ran from 1906 until 1957 (well after his death). In 1924 he published an autobiography, Climbing the Ladder. Wimble was an active Freemason and a member of the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales. Wimble died on 3 January 1936 in Artarmon, Sydney. References Category:1846 births Category:1936 deaths Category:Australian printmakers Category:Australian newspaper editors Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly Category:Australian Freemasons

Oscar D. Hollenbeck Oscar D. Hollenbeck was an American football coach and player. He served as the head football coach at Westminster College in New Wilmington, Pennsylvania for one season, in 1910, compiling a record of 6–2. He played college football at Colgate University, lettering from 1907 to 1909. He spent one year with the Akron Indians of the Ohio League. Head coaching record References Category:Year of birth missing Category:Year of death missing Category:American football centers Category:American football guards Category:Akron Indians (Ohio League) players Category:Colgate Raiders football players Category:Westminster Titans football coaches

Sequeros Sequeros is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 237 inhabitants. References Category:Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca Category:Populated places in the Province of Salamanca

UTC−03:00 UTC−03:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of −03:00. As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter) Europe Greenland Except areas around Danmarkshavn, Ittoqqortoormiit and Pituffik (Thule) Saint Pierre and Miquelon As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer) Principal cities: Halifax North America – Atlantic Time Zone New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Labrador Except the area between L'Anse-au-Clair and Norman Bay Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Greenland Pituffik (Thule) Bermuda As standard time (all year round) Principal cities: São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Montevideo South America Except the western states of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia and Roraima; and offshore islands Magallanes/Antarctic French Guiana Falkland Islands Antarctica Some bases on the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands. See also Time in Antarctica As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer) Principal cities: Santiago, Asunción South America (except Easter Island and Magallanes/Antarctic) Antarctica Some bases on the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands. See also Time in Antarctica Places using UTC−03:00, located outside the 45°W ± 7.5° range El Chaltén, Argentina (72°53′W corresponding to UTC−04:51) Qaanaaq, Greenland (69°13′W corresponding to UTC−04:37) Buenos Aires, Argentina (58°22′W corresponding to UTC−03:53:48) Stanley, Falkland Islands (57°51'W corresponding to UTC−03:51:24) Uruguaiana, Brazil (57°05'W corresponding to UTC–03:48) Montevideo, Uruguay (56°23’W corresponding to UTC-03:44:51) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (56°12′W corresponding to UTC−03:44:40) Upernavik, Greenland (56°08′W corresponding to UTC−03:44:36) Paramaribo, Suriname (55°10′W corresponding to UTC−03:40:40) Kulusuk, Greenland (37°11′W corresponding to UTC−02:28) Recife, Brazil (34°54′W corresponding to UTC−02:19:36) Other uses While Ethiopia officially uses UTC+03:00, Ethiopian culture follows a time system with two 12-hour cycles for day and night, and is 6 hours "slower" than the official time. The day begins with the day cycle at sunrise (6:00 a.m., but designated as 12 o'clock by local rendition) till sunset, followed by the night cycle (official 6:00 p.m., unofficial 12:00 night cycle). Therefore Ethiopia effectively follows UTC-03:00. See also Time in Argentina Time in Brazil Time in Canada Time in Chile Time in Denmark Time in Paraguay Time in Uruguay References Category:UTC offsets Category:Time in Brazil Category:Time in Chile Category:Time in Paraguay Category:Time in Canada

Integrally closed In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the concept of integrally closed has two meanings, one for groups and one for rings. A commutative ring contained in a commutative ring is said to be integrally closed in if is equal to the integral closure of in . An ordered group G is called integrally closed if and only if for all elements a and b of G, if an ≤ b for all natural n then a ≤ 1.

Fenegrò Fenegrò (Comasco: ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about northwest of Milan and about southwest of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,718 and an area of 5.4 km². Fenegrò borders the following municipalities: Cirimido, Guanzate, Limido Comasco, Lurago Marinone, Turate, Veniano. Demographic evolution References External links www.comune.fenegro.co.it Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy

Crossroads Fund The Crossroads Fund is a Chicago-based public foundation that supports community organizations working for social and economic justice in the Chicago area. It is a member of a national network of grantmakers called the Funding Exchange [www.fex.org], all of whom share the motto, "change, not charity." This motto speaks to a shared commitment by Funding Exchange members to support grassroots organizations in their efforts towards system change. Crossroads Fund sees direct service as important, but recognizes that it has a critical role to play in supporting groups working to change the world we live in. . Crossroads Fund has four standing grantmaking programs, including: the Seed Fund, which targets new, emerging, and risk-taking groups working for social change across issues; the Technical Assistance Fund, which support technical and training needs of eligible grantees; the Emergency Fund offers assistance to groups faced by sudden and unexpected problems; and the donor-advised fund provides a way for donors with a specific interest in an issue to pool their resources for concentrated impact. The Crossroads Fund is a left-liberal-progressive organization that gives money to many different kinds of projects in Chicago. Advocacy, arts and activism, radical education, and public health are some of the areas. Many of its grantees have been groups working with the poor or with ethnic and sexual minorities. It has been a frequent supporter of immigrant-rights groups in Chicago and also of LGBT groups. For example, in 2007, it co-sponsored the Tubeho Project Exhibit on the Survivors of the Rwandan genocide at Northwestern University . But Crossroads has also supported other kinds of projects, for example ones aiding senior citizens at Jane Addams Hull House. In international affairs, the group has sponsored Chicago Palestine Film Festival and Committee for a Just Peace in Israel & Palestine. Bibliography Davis, Andrew and Amy Wooten, "Taking Charge: What was Happening in 1985", Windy City Times, Hemmady, Neena, "Neena Hemmady Remembers", Society for Non-Profit Organizations Category:Fraternal service organizations based in Chicago Category:Non-profit organizations based in Chicago Category:Community-building organizations Category:Political advocacy groups in the United States

Uracentron flaviceps Uracentron flaviceps, the tropical thornytail iguana or Amazon thornytail iguana is an elusive species of medium-sized arboreal lizard found in the tropical lowlands of the Amazon Rainforest. The species was described by French zoologist Alphone Guichenot in 1855. They are considered to be ant specialists and exhibit communal nesting and a harem style breeding system in which there is one male to multiple females. Study of this species has been impeded by difficulties collecting and observing the species. Taxonomy The species was originally named Doryphorus flaviceps by Guichenot in 1855. Since its original identification, the species has undergone a number of taxonomic changes. In 1881 it was renamed Uranocentrum flaviceps by O'Shaughnessy. This change did not last very long and the name was changed to Urocentron castor in 1885. There were only minor taxonomic changes after 1885 until a change to Uracentron flaviceps in 1925. This name lasted until 1992 when Darrel R. Frost renamed the species Tropidurus flaviceps. The name switched between Tropidurus flaviceps and Uracentron flaviceps until 2003, when the genus Tropidurus was split into several genera and the Tropical Thornytail Iguana was assigned to Uracentron. Distribution The species has been noted in the lowlands of eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northwestern Brazil, and in the extreme southern regions of Colombia, they may be found in Bolivia as well. Habitat Tropical thornytail iguanas are only found in the Amazon rainforest, and within the rainforest are generally found in lowland tropical rainforest; usually areas with lagoons, rivers, streams, and palm swamps. They are an arboreal species, spending the majority of their life in high tree tops. They prefer trees with high horizontal branches that allow for basking in the sun during the morning hours, and are almost only found in trees that contain hollow areas accessible through entrances in the tree branches and trunks. No specific species of tree has been found to be favored by the lizards, it would appear the tree structure, rather than the tree species, is what the lizards prefer. Physical description Males can reach up to in snout–vent length, while the smaller females only reach . They have a large, flat tail covered in scales that end in a point; the function of these scales is currently unclear. The body is brown in color, speckled with yellow or gold spots. Some specimens found in Ecuador and Peru were noted as having a black collar around their necks. This collar is bordered by narrow light colored edges. Sexual dimorphism Sexually mature males differ from females, and juveniles in appearance, and it has been hypothesized that this may be the result of sexual selection. The males display longer and deeper heads, as well as longer limbs when compared to females. Females are also generally a little bit shorter in length than males. Sexually mature males also display different coloration than females or juveniles. Sexually mature males have an orange head and black body, in contrast to the much more subdued coloring and yellow heads of females, juveniles, and not sexually mature males. Males that reach sexual maturity also have enlarged testes when compared to those of males that have not reached sexual maturity. Feeding and diet Tropical thornytail iguanas are considered a sit and wait, or ambush predator. They are considered ant specialists, and various species of ants that wander the limbs and trunks of the trees inhabited by tropical thornytail iguanas make up a large percentage of their diet. Larger lizards will eat slightly larger prey as well such as stingless bees, hemipterans (also known as true bugs), and beetles. Alates, which have been

established as a prey item of the tropical thornytail iguana are not usually present on the limbs and trunks of trees. It is possible that the lizards will break into the alate nests in the trees, or that they may only eat the species when releases occur. If they do break into the nests it is a highly unusual behavior, as rarely will an ambush predator actively seek its prey. In studies investigating the eating behaviors of this species there was no difference in the amount of prey consumed between male and female specimens. This indicates that resource partitioning is not the reason for the difference in head size between and male and female tropical thornytail iguanas. Behavior The species is diurnal, active during the daytime. The level of activity exhibited is at least partially dependent on the presence of sunlight. Individuals emerge once the sun comes out, and will remain active unless cloud cover reduces sunlight. The approximate times of activity are from 8:30am until 5:00pm and males appear to emerge from holes in trees earlier than females and juveniles. Upon emerging from the tree lizards will bask in the sun to raise their body temperature until activity body temperatures are reached. When approached by humans or startled the lizards will either run into their holes to hide or run out on limbs of the tree to avoid whatever startled them. Social structure The tropical thornytail iguana has a resource defense polygyny social structure in which there is one sexually mature male to a group of females and juveniles. Resource defense polygyny means that the females do not necessarily live in extremely close quarters but the resources the females need are clustered together. This creates a group of females, and the resources they need, that a male can claim as his territory. This allows the male to be polygynous with minimal effort defending a resource-based territory. In the case of tropical thornytail iguanas there is usually one group of lizards per tree with one dominant male. The structure of the system is usually one male, several adult females and various juveniles at different stages. In the few cases where there are two large adult males per tree it was found that the old male would take the dominant role and display the orange head and black body of a sexually mature male, whereas the other male will display the coloration patterns of an adult female. It has been mentioned that the lack of coloration shown by the younger male may be because the presence of a large old male suppresses the reproductive receptivity of the younger male. In cases where there is only one lizard in a tree, it is generally a male without a group of females. Reproduction The breeding season for this species appears to be extended, based on observations of juveniles of different sizes in a single tree. During the breeding season males become more territorial and will engage in displays of head bobbing and body movements to warn away other males who may try to infringe on their territory. These displays are also used to attract a potential mate. Like most reptiles tropical thornytail iguanas are oviparous and lay clutches of eggs. For this species clutches are usually 2 eggs per female, and clutches smaller than 2 eggs are very rare. The eggs are laid in nests deep within the holes of trees inhabited by a group of tropical thornytail iguanas. Conservation The conservation status of the tropical thornytail iguana is currently uncertain, but it is thought that the loss of the species' preferred habitat

to deforestation is the main threat to the species. References Category:Tropiduridae Category:Reptiles of Brazil Category:Reptiles of Colombia Category:Reptiles of Ecuador Category:Reptiles of Peru Category:Reptiles described in 1855

1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be) "1983… (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)" is a song released in 1968 on the third studio album, Electric Ladyland, by the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Written and produced by Jimi Hendrix, the song features flute player Chris Wood of the band Traffic, and at over 13 minutes in duration is the second longest track released by the group (after "Voodoo Chile"). Recording and production Hendrix first recorded a private demo of "1983… (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)" in a New York apartment in March 1968. It is a solo performance with guitar and vocals. In 1995, this recording was included on the companion disc of a book titled Voodoo Child: The Illustrated Legend of Jimi Hendrix. In 2018, it was included on the additional disc of the 50th Anniversary Edition of Electric Ladyland. The first Experience recording of the song took place at New York's Sound Center Studios on March 13, 1968. On April 22, 1968, the backing track was completed at the Record Plant, with Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell on drums, and Chris Wood, then a member of Traffic, on flute. Additional overdubs were added on May 8, and the song was completed and mixed at the Record Plant on June 10. For the released version, Hendrix plays all guitars, vocals, percussion and bass (Redding was absent from the track), with Mitchell on drums and Wood on flute. The track features backwards guitar and flute parts, the sounds of seagulls produced by manipulating microphone feedback, and a flexatone that makes a ringing bell sound. By this time, Chas Chandler had stepped down as Hendrix's producer. Instead, production was led by Hendrix, while the engineering was handled by Eddie Kramer and studio owner Gary Kellgren. Composition and lyrics In the book Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy, Hendrix commentators Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek propose that "1983…" is "a song of firsts and lasts", describing the music as "Jimi's first piece of major orchestration, using the full capacities of the Record Plant's studio facilities", and contrasting the lyrical content as "the last of Jimi's surreal apocalypses; despairing of mankind, he finally returns to the sea, the source of all life". They also note that the song contains references to "Jimi's two favourite metaphors", sand and water, and that some of the phrases within the lyrics connote his "belief in the power of positive thinking apparent in his music, lyrics and interviews through all the rest of his life". In an interview with Jane De Mendelssohn for International Times in 1969, Hendrix explained the significance of the track to be "something to keep your mind off what's happening… but not necessarily completely hiding away from it like some people do". Reception In reviews of Electric Ladyland, "1983… (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)" has often been identified as a highlight of the album. Writing for the BBC in 2007, critic Chris Jones described the track as a "stoned classic", praising the way it "[utilises] washes of backwards tape, jazzy timeshifts and far out fish-friendly lyrics to tell the tale of future apocalypse and return to the oceans". English music magazine Uncut writer John Robinson has summed up the track as a "brain-frying psychedelic epic", while Cub Koda of website Allmusic labels the track simply as "spacy". However, American music magazine Rolling Stone treated the song slightly differently. Dedicating a paragraph of his 1968 review to the track, writer Tony Glover summarised the lyrical content of the song before noting that "With tape loops, melancholy guitar and the flute of Chris Wood …

Hendrix structures a beautiful undersea mood – only to destroy it with some heavy-handed guitar. My first reaction was, why did he have to do that? Then I thought that he created a beautiful thing, but lost faith [in] it, and so destroyed it before anybody else could – in several ways, a bummer". Personnel Musical personnel Jimi Hendrix – guitars, vocals, bass, percussion, production, mixing Mitch Mitchell – drums Chris Wood – flute Additional personnel Eddie Kramer – engineering, mixing Gary Kellgren – engineering Notes References Category:1968 songs Category:The Jimi Hendrix Experience songs Category:Songs written by Jimi Hendrix Category:Song recordings produced by Jimi Hendrix

Battle of Aspern-Essling In the Battle of Aspern-Essling (21–22 May 1809), Napoleon attempted a forced crossing of the Danube near Vienna, but the French and their allies were driven back by the Austrians under Archduke Charles. The battle was the first time Napoleon had been personally defeated in over a decade, but Aspern would be a sign of numerous military defeats and blunders that would soon hinder Napoleon. However, Archduke Charles failed to secure a decisive victory as Napoleon was able to successfully withdraw most of his forces. Background At the time of the battle Napoleon was in possession of Vienna, the bridges over the Danube had been broken, and the Archduke's army was near the Bisamberg, a hill near Korneuburg, on the left bank of the river. The French wanted to cross the Danube. A first crossing attempt on the Schwarze Lackenau on 13 May was repulsed with some 700 French losses. Lobau, one of the numerous islands that divided the river into minor channels, was selected as the next point of crossing. Careful preparations were made, and on the night of 19–20 May the French bridged all the channels on the right bank to Lobau and occupied the island. By the evening of the 20th many men had been collected there and the last arm of the Danube, between Lobau and the left bank, had been bridged. Masséna's corps at once crossed to the left bank and dislodged the Austrian outposts. Undeterred by the news of heavy attacks on his rear from Tyrol and from Bohemia, Napoleon ferried all available troops to the bridges, and by daybreak on the 21st, 40,000 men were collected on the Marchfeld, the broad plain of the left bank, which was also to be the scene of the Battle of Wagram. The Archduke did not resist the passage. It was his intention, as soon as a large enough force had crossed, to attack it before the rest of the French army could come to its assistance. Napoleon had accepted the risk of such an attack, but he sought at the same time to minimize it by summoning every available battalion to the scene. His forces on the Marchfeld were drawn up in front of the bridges facing north, with their left in the village of Aspern (Gross-Aspern) and their right in Essling. Both places lay close to the Danube and could not therefore be turned; Aspern, indeed, is actually on the bank of one of the river channels. The French had to fill the gap between the villages, and also move forward to give room for the supporting units to form up. The corps led by Johann von Hiller (VI), Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde (I) and Prince Friedrich of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (II) were to converge upon Aspern, while Prince Franz Seraph of Rosenberg-Orsini (IV) was to attack Essling. Prince Johann of Liechtenstein's Austrian reserve cavalry was in the center, ready to move out against any French cavalry attacking the heads of the columns. During the 21st the bridges became more and more unsafe, owing to the violence of the current, but the French crossed without intermission all day and during the night. Order of battle Kaiserlich-Königliche Hauptarmee, under the command of Charles of Austria: 1st Column (VI Corps), Hiller: Vanguard: Nordmann Div. Kottulinsky Div. Vincent 2nd Column (I Corps), Bellegarde: Div. Fresnel Div. Vogelsang Div. Ulm Div. Notitz 3rd Column (II Corps), Hohenzollern-Hechingen: Advance Guard Div. Brady Div. Weber 4th Column (IV Corps), Rosenberg/Dedovich: Div. Klenau Div. Dedovich 5th Column (a part of IV Corps), Rosenberg/Hohenlohe: Vanguard: Rohan Div. Hohenlohe Reserve Corps, Liechtenstein: Div.

Hessen-Homburg Div. Kienmayer Div. of grenadiers, Lindenau Div. of grenadiers, d'Aspre TOTAL: 99 000 men; 84 000 infantry, 14 250 cavalry, 288 guns Grande Armée d'Allemagne, under the command of Napoleon I: Imperial Guard: Div. 1 (Young Guard): Curial Div. 2 (Old Guard): Dorsenne Div. 3 (cavalry): Arrighi II Corps, Lannes † : Div. Tharreau Div. Claparède Div. Saint-Hilaire † Div. of reserve, Demont (unengaged) IV Corps, Masséna: Div. Legrand Div. Carra Saint-Cyr Div. Molitor Div. Boudet Brig. Marulaz (cavalry) Div. Lasalle (cavalry) Cavalry Reserve Corps, Bessières: Div. Nansouty Div. Saint-Sulpice Div. d'Espagne † TOTAL (on 22 May): 77 000 men; 67 000 infantry, 10 000 cavalry, 152 guns Battle First day The battle began at Aspern; Hiller carried the village at the first rush, but Masséna recaptured it, and held his ground with remarkable tenacity. The French infantry fought with the old stubborn bravery which it had failed to show in the earlier battles of the year. However, the Austrians also fought with fierceness and tenacity that surprised the French, including Napoleon himself. The three Austrian columns were unable to capture more than half the village. The rest was still held by Masséna when night fell. Meanwhile, nearly all the French infantry between the two villages and in front of the bridges had been drawn into the fight on the flank. Napoleon therefore, to create a diversion, sent forward his center, now consisting only of cavalry, to charge the enemy's artillery, which was deployed in a long line and firing on Aspern. The first charge of the French was repulsed, but second attempt was made by heavy masses of cuirassiers. The French horsemen drove off guns, rode round Hohenzollern's infantry squares, and resisted the cavalry of Lichtenstein, but they were unable to do more, and in the end they retired to their old position. In the meanwhile Essling had been the scene of fighting almost as desperate as that of Aspern. The French cuirassiers made heavy charges on the flank of Rosenberg's force, and delayed an assault. In the villages, Lannes with a single division resisted until night ended the battle. The two armies bivouacked, and in Aspern the French and Austrians lay within pistol shot of each other. The emperor was not discouraged, and renewed efforts to bring up every available man. All through the night more and more French troops came across. Second day At the earliest dawn of the 22nd the battle was resumed. Masséna swiftly cleared Aspern of the enemy, but at the same time Rosenberg stormed Essling. Lannes, however, resisted desperately, and reinforced by St Hilaire's division, drove Rosenberg out. In Aspern, Masséna was driven out by a counter-attack of Hiller and Bellegarde. Meanwhile, Napoleon had launched a great attack on the Austrian center. The whole of the French center, with Lannes on the left and the cavalry in reserve, moved forward. The Austrian line was broken through, between Rosenberg's right and Hohenzollern's left, and the French squadrons poured into the gap. Victory was almost won when the Archduke brought up his last reserve, leading his soldiers with a colour in his hand. Lannes was checked, and with his repulse the impetus of the attack died out all along the line. Aspern had been lost, and graver news reached Napoleon at the critical moment. The Danube bridges, which had broken down once already, had been cut by heavy barges, which had been sent drifting down stream by the Austrians. Napoleon at once suspended the attack. Essling now fell to another assault of Rosenberg, and the French drove him out again. Rosenberg then directed his

efforts on the flank of the French center, slowly retiring on the bridges. The retirement was terribly costly, but Lannes stopped the French from being driven into the Danube. Complete exhaustion of both sides ended the fighting. Aftermath The French lost over 20,000 men including one of Napoleon's ablest field commanders and close friend, Marshal Jean Lannes, who died after being mortally wounded by an Austrian cannonball in an attack on Johann von Klenau's force at Aspern, which was backed up by 60 well-placed guns. French general Louis-Vincent-Joseph Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire also died as a result of injuries from the battle; his leg was torn off by a cannonball. The Austrians had also suffered similar casualties but had secured the first major victory against the French for over a decade. The victory demonstrated the progress the Austrian army had made since the string of catastrophic defeats in 1800 and 1805. The French forces were withdrawn to the island. On the night of the 22nd the last bridge was repaired, and the army awaited the arrival of reinforcements in Lobau. The Austrians, surprised by their victory, failed to capitalize on the situation, allowing the French to regroup. One month later, the French made a second attempt to cross the Danube where Napoleon gained a decisive victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram. The Löwe von Aspern (Lion of Aspern), a large stone sculpture in front of St. Martin's Church, is a monument commemorating the battle. Accounts Patrick Rambaud, a French author, wrote a fictionalized account of the conflict entitled "The Battle" using many first-hand sources. Just looking from the French perspective, the novel provides a rather realistic description of combat in the Napoleonic era, as well as detailed depictions of famous commanders such as Napoleon, Massena, and Lannes. The concept and notes for the book originally came from noted French author Honoré de Balzac. Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot, one of Marshal Lannes aide-de-camps, wrote in his memoirs of the battle, in which he had to observe the last moments of his close friends, and describes the amount of bloodshed and sadness which came to the Grande Armée after the crossing of the Danube. The army surgeon Dominique-Jean Larrey also described the battle in his memoirs and mentions how he fed the wounded at Lobau with a bouillon of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder. References External links Battle of Aspern-Essling by David Johnson in journal Military History, April 2001. Category:Battles involving Austria Category:Donaustadt Category:Battles involving France Category:Battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition Category:Conflicts in 1809 Category:1809 in the Austrian Empire Category:1809 in France Category:19th century in Vienna Category:May 1809 events Category:Austrian Empire–France relations

Hospet Sumitra Hospet Sumitra was the first Bishop in Rayalaseema of the Church of South India. After graduating from the Central College of Bangalore, he studied theology at the United Theological College, Bengaluru between 1910 and 1913 and was among its first students and studied under L. P. Larsen, J. Mathers, F. Kingsbury, G. E. Phillips, W. H. Thorp, D. S. Herrick, and others. He was Moderator of the Church of South India from 1954 to 1962. Sumitra died on 19 January 1970 in Bellary, Karnataka. Further reading Notes Category:1888 births Category:1970 deaths Category:Anglican Bishops of Rayalaseema Category:Telugu people Category:Kannada people Category:20th-century Anglican bishops Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni Category:Church of South India clergy

Åke Olsson (chess player) Åke Olsson (born 3 May 1934), is a Swedish chess player, two-times Swedish Chess Championship medalist (1962, 1966, 1969, 1971). Biography In 1952, Åke Olsson won Swedish Youth Chess Championship. In the 1960s and 1970s he was one of the leading Swedish chess players. In 1969, Åke Olsson shared 1st-3nd place with Ulf Andersson and Börje Jansson in Swedish Chess Championship, but lost in additional tournament. Also he won silver medal in this tournament in 1962, 1966 and 1971. Åke Olsson played for Sweden in the Chess Olympiads: In 1962, at first reserve board in the 15th Chess Olympiad in Varna (+8, =2, -4), In 1968, at first reserve board in the 18th Chess Olympiad in Lugano (+6, =5, -3), In 1970, at second reserve board in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen (+4, =2, -6), In 1972, at first reserve board in the 20th Chess Olympiad in Skopje (+3, =5, -5). Åke Olsson played for Sweden in the World Student Team Chess Championship: In 1960, at second board in the 7th World Student Team Chess Championship in Leningrad (+3, =3, -7). Åke Olsson played for Sweden in the Nordic Chess Cup: In 1970, at second board in the 1st Nordic Chess Cup in Großenbrode (+1, =2, -0) and won team silver and individual gold medals. References External links Åke Olsson chess games at 365chess.com Category:1934 births Category:Living people Category:Swedish chess players Category:Chess Olympiad competitors

Sapag Sapag may refer to: Elías Sapag (1911–1993), Lebanese-born Argentine politician Felipe Sapag (1917–2010), Argentine politician Jorge Sapag (born 1951), Argentine politician Luz Sapag (1944–2010), Argentine mayor

Gabriele Badorek Gabriele Badorek (born 20 September 1952 in Rostock) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics. In 1976 she won the silver medal with the East German team. She played all five matches and scored three goals. External links profile Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Rostock Category:People from Bezirk Rostock Category:German female handball players Category:Handball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic handball players of East Germany Category:Olympic silver medalists for East Germany Category:Olympic medalists in handball Category:Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics

Gargamella lemchei Gargamella lemchei is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Discodorididae. Distribution This species was described from Ballyvaughan Bay, Ireland. References Category:Discodorididae Category:Gastropods described in 1976

Jess Lee (business) Jess Lee (born 1982) is an American venture capitalist. She is a partner at Sequoia Capital and the former chief executive officer of Polyvore. Early life Jess Lee lived in Hong Kong until the age of 17, when she graduated from Hong Kong International School, then moved to California to pursue a bachelor's degree in computer science at Stanford University, though she had initially been interested in attending art school. Career In 2004, Lee was recruited into Google's associate product manager (APM) program, which had been founded and was then still led by Marissa Mayer. Lee started work on Google's shopping engine Froogle before becoming product manager of Google Maps. There she worked with a team of five engineers to create My Maps, a project that allowed users to create maps of their own. She joined Polyvore as a product manager in 2008 after providing co-founder Pasha Sadri with feedback on issues with the website. Lee initially wrote code for Polyvore but later started to handle social media, hiring, and finding new locations for the office. Her role expanded to honorary co-founder in 2010 and she was promoted to CEO in 2012. Lee then guided the company to cut down on features such as the "Ask" section and opened another office in New York City. In 2016, she joined Sequoia Capital as an investing partner, becoming the venture capital firm's first female partner in the United States in 44 years of operation. Hired at age 33, Lee became one of Sequoia's youngest partners. Personal life She currently resides in Mountain View, California. References Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:American women chief executives Category:American chief executives Category:Google employees Category:Stanford University alumni

Come In, Your Time Is Up "Come in, Your Time is Up" is the fourth episode of the eighth series of the British situation comedy Dad's Army. It was originally broadcast on Friday, 26 September 1975. Synopsis Mainwairing's platoon discovers a German aircrew in an inflatable dinghy on a lake. Pike suggests they shoot through the dinghy and sink them, but his Captain reminds him about "being a sporting nation and playing with a straight bat". Wilson comes up with a more civilised strategy, but Pike remains poised with his gun, just in case. Plot Because of a double-booking, the platoon are forced to use the Vicar's Garden for a parade. However Mainwaring's attempts to give them a serious lecture on fieldcraft, are interrupted by the persistent concerns of Mr Blewett. As Mainwaring tries to demonstrate the use of the platoons new bivouac tents, and the best way to eat a hedgehog, Mr Blewett objects to their "improper" use of the Vicar's Garden. The scene ends with the platoon almost accidentally setting fire to the lawn. The following weekend the platoon are in the countryside to try out their bivouac tents. To Mainwaring's annoyance, the Chief Warden's van appears as he has brought out the Sea Scouts for a camp of their own. This will interfere with the platoon’s male bonding, as "comrades under the stars", and he suspects Hodges has brought them to that specific spot to deliberately upset him. The joke is on Hodges, however, when he runs out of petrol and is forced to spend the night out there as well. In the night, a Nazi plane appears overhead, and they get up with their rifles. However, there is nothing they can do about it, and go back to bed. The following morning, they spot three Nazi pilots floating on a rubber dinghy in the middle of the nearby lake, clearly having bailed out of the plane the previous night. Requisitioning the Sea Scouts boat, Mainwaring and his men go out to parley with the pilots, using Hodges as an interpreter because of his knowledge of German. Their efforts meet ridicule and the Germans do not surrender, and instead laugh when Hodges falls in the water. It appears the Germans are waiting for nightfall so they can ship ashore, and escape. Knowing that they cannot shoot men with their hands up, the platoon come up with an elaborate plan involving Jones swimming underwater and bursting the dinghy with his bayonet. With predictably disastrous results, the plan goes wrong, and Hodges once again falls into the water. This time he is taken prisoner by the German raft, who then proceed to open fire on the British boat. An apoplectic Mainwaring orders his own men to fire "Let 'em have it men!", but Wilson points out they will hit Hodges. Pike comes to the rescue, firing a number of arrows into the dinghy, causing it to start sinking. At last the Germans, realising the game is up, try to surrender. Mainwaring shouts out to Hodges "ask the Germans if they can swim" to which Hodges replies "never mind them! I'm the one who can't swim!" Cast Arthur Lowe as Captain Mainwaring John Le Mesurier as Sergeant Wilson Clive Dunn as Lance Corporal Jones John Laurie as Private Frazer Arnold Ridley as Private Godfrey Ian Lavender as Private Pike Janet Davies as Mrs Pike Bill Pertwee as ARP Warden Hodges Frank Williams as The Vicar Edward Sinclair as The Verger Category:Dad's Army (series 8) episodes Category:1975 British television episodes

Amamoor Creek, Queensland Amamoor Creek is a locality in the Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Amamoor Creek had a population of 56 people. History Amamoor Creek was named and bounded on 1 December 2000. Amamoor was the name of a pastoral run in the rea held by J.D. McTaggart in the late 1850s. References Category:Gympie Region Category:Localities in Queensland

Koyo Sato is a Japanese footballer who plays for ReinMeer Aomori on loan from Oita Trinita. Career Koyo Sato joined J2 League club Oita Trinita in 2015. In March, he moved to Japan Football League club Verspah Oita. In June, he backed to Oita Trinita. On September 22, 2016, he professional debuted in Emperor's Cup (v Shimizu S-Pulse). Club statistics Updated to 23 February 2018. References External links Profile at Oita Trinita Category:1996 births Category:Living people Category:Association football people from Ōita Prefecture Category:Japanese footballers Category:J2 League players Category:J3 League players Category:Japan Football League players Category:Oita Trinita players Category:Verspah Oita players Category:ReinMeer Aomori players Category:Association football defenders

Denmark–Sri Lanka relations Denmark – Sri Lanka relations refers to the current and historical relations between Denmark and Sri Lanka. Denmark is represented in Sri Lanka through its embassy in New Delhi, India. Sri Lanka is represented in Denmark through its embassy Oslo, Norway. Bilateral relations are described as warm for a long time. About 13,000 immigrants from Sri Lanka live in Denmark. President of Sri Lanka Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga visited Denmark in March 1995. History Diplomatic relations between Denmark and Sri Lanka were established on 5 January 1953. In 1959, an agreement on air services was signed. On 16 February 1963, both countries signed an agreement on double taxation. Denmark provided a loan to Sri Lanka in 1968. Development assistance In 2003, DANIDA assisted Sri Lanka with 156 million DKK for demining, human rights and conflict resolutions. On 18 February 2009, during the Sri Lankan Civil War, Danish Minister for Development Cooperation Ulla Tørnæs assisted Sri Lanka with 34 million DKK for demining and for the civilians in northern Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission was established on 22 February 2002 under the terms of a ceasefire agreement signed by the Government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, as a body that would monitor the ceasefire and enquire into reported violations of the ceasefire agreement. Its members were drawn primarily from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland. Following the abrogating of the ceasefire agreement in January 2008, the SLMM announced on 3 January 2008 that it would finally terminate its remaining operational activities in Sri Lanka with effect from 16 January 2008. Trade Trade between Denmark and Sri Lanka are described as "impressive". Sri Lankan export to Denmark are mainly rubber tyres, tobacco and clothes, while Danish export to Sri Lanka is fish, milk, Hearing aids ( Oticon A/S) and medicaments. In 2008, Danish export to Sri Lanka amounted 145 million DKK and Sri Lankan export to Denmark amounted 157.9 million DKK. References Sri Lanka Category:Bilateral relations of Sri Lanka

Interventional Neuroradiology Interventional Neuroradiology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering neuroradiology. It was established in 1995 and is published by Sage Publications. The editor-in-chief is Karel Ter Brugge (Toronto Western Hospital). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 0.730. References External links Category:Radiology and medical imaging journals Category:Publications established in 1995 Category:Bimonthly journals Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals Category:Neurology journals Category:English-language journals

Skyfall (disambiguation) Skyfall is a 2012 James Bond film starring Daniel Craig. Skyfall may also refer to: Music "Skyfall" (Adele song), the theme song for the 2012 film of the same name, performed by Adele "Skyfall" (One Ok Rock song), a song by a Japanese rock band, One Ok Rock Skyfall: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, the soundtrack for the film of the same name—does not contain the title song performed by Adele Books Skyfall (novel), a 2004 novel by Catherine Asaro in the Saga of the Skolian Empire series Skyfall, a 1976 novel by Harry Harrison Skyfall, a 2007 novel by Anthony Eaton in the Darklands Trilogy Legends of Skyfall, a series of adventure books by David Tant Other A bar at the top of the Mandalay Bay resort hotel SSC-X-9 Skyfall, the NATO reporting name for the 9M730 Burevestnik See also Spyfall (disambiguation)

Normanby Normanby could be: Places Places in England Normanby, Redcar and Cleveland, North Yorkshire, home of Normanby Hall Normanby, Whitby, North Yorkshire Normanby, Ryedale, North Yorkshire Normanby, North Lincolnshire, home of Normanby Hall Normanby by Spital Normanby by Stow Normanby le Wold Places in Australia Normanby, Queensland Normanby Division, a local government area in Queensland Shire of Normanby, a local government area in Queensland Normanby Island (Queensland) Electoral district of Normanby (disambiguation), Queensland Normanby River, third largest river in Australia and largest Australian river to the Pacific County of Normanby, Victoria Places in Canada Normanby Township, Ontario, a disbanded township in Grey County, Ontario Places in New Zealand Normanby, Otago, a suburb of Dunedin Normanby, Taranaki, a small town in Taranaki Places in Papua New Guinea Normanby Island, Papua New Guinea Other Marquess of Normanby

Robert L. Stovall Robert Luther "Strauss" "Big" Stovall (February 22, 1886 – January 8, 1949) was a college football player and a unit foreman of the state highway department. College football Stovall was a center for the 1908 LSU Tigers football team which went 10–0 and was selected as national champion by the National Championship Foundation. His younger brother Rowson Stovall was also on the team, called "Little" Stovall in contrast to his "Big" brother. Robert was selected All-Southern by Grantland Rice in 1909. References External links Category:1886 births Category:1949 deaths Category:Players of American football from Louisiana Category:LSU Tigers football players Category:All-Southern college football players Category:American football centers Category:People from Dodson, Louisiana

Jatin Wadhwan Jatin Wadhwan (born 15 September 1994) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 10 January 2016. He made his List A debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 8 February 2018. References External links Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:Indian cricketers Category:Jammu and Kashmir cricketers Category:People from Jammu

Myriagon In geometry, a myriagon or 10000-gon is a polygon with 10,000 sides. Several philosophers have used the regular myriagon to illustrate issues regarding thought. Regular myriagon A regular myriagon is represented by Schläfli symbol {10,000} and can be constructed as a truncated 5000-gon, t{5000}, or a twice-truncated 2500-gon, tt{2500}, or a thrice-truncated 1250-gon, ttt{1250), or a four-fold-truncated 625-gon, tttt{625}. The measure of each internal angle in a regular myriagon is 179.964°. The area of a regular myriagon with sides of length a is given by The result differs from the area of its circumscribed circle by up to 40 parts per billion. Because 10,000 = 24 × 54, the number of sides is neither a product of distinct Fermat primes nor a power of two. Thus the regular myriagon is not a constructible polygon. Indeed, it is not even constructible with the use of neusis or an angle trisector, as the number of sides is neither a product of distinct Pierpont primes, nor a product of powers of two and three. Symmetry The regular myriagon has Dih10000 dihedral symmetry, order 20000, represented by 10000 lines of reflection. Dih100 has 24 dihedral subgroups: (Dih5000, Dih2500, Dih1250, Dih625), (Dih2000, Dih1000, Dih500, Dih250, Dih125), (Dih400, Dih200, Dih100, Dih50, Dih25), (Dih80, Dih40, Dih20, Dih10, Dih5), and (Dih16, Dih8, Dih4, Dih2, Dih1). It also has 25 more cyclic symmetries as subgroups: (Z10000, Z5000, Z2500, Z1250, Z625), (Z2000, Z1000, Z500, Z250, Z125), (Z400, Z200, Z100, Z50, Z25), (Z80, Z40, Z20, Z10), and (Z16, Z8, Z4, Z2, Z1), with Zn representing π/n radian rotational symmetry. John Conway labels these lower symmetries with a letter and order of the symmetry follows the letter. r20000 represents full symmetry, and a1 labels no symmetry. He gives d (diagonal) with mirror lines through vertices, p with mirror lines through edges (perpendicular), i with mirror lines through both vertices and edges, and g for rotational symmetry. These lower symmetries allows degrees of freedom in defining irregular myriagons. Only the g10000 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges. Myriagram A myriagram is a 10,000-sided star polygon. There are 1999 regular forms given by Schläfli symbols of the form {10000/n}, where n is an integer between 2 and 5,000 that is coprime to 10,000. There are also 3000 regular star figures in the remaining cases. In popular culture In the novella Flatland, the Chief Circle is assumed to have ten thousand sides, making him a myriagon. See also Chiliagon Megagon References Category:Polygons

Solar-powered radio A solar powered radio is a portable radio receiver powered by photovoltaic panels. It is primarily used in remote areas where access to power sources is limited. History The solar powered radio first came into existence in the 1950s. An experimental model, developed by General Electric, weighed just 10 ounces and was capable of working without light and recharging. It contained seven solar cells, four transistors and a small battery. In 1954, Western Electric began to sell commercial licenses solar powered radio, including other photovoltaic technologies. In 1957 the Acopian Technical Co. of Pohatcong Township, New Jersey, was reported as manufacturing the first solar radios for commercial sale to the general public. Advantages Solar powered radios eliminate the need to replace batteries, which makes operating them cost much less. Since they don't require plugs, they can be used in areas where there is no electrical grid or generators. As a result, people in remote areas with little disposable income can have equal access to news and information. Informative radio programs on human rights, women’s rights, the importance of education (especially for girls), HIV and AIDS, animal husbandry, agriculture, food security, combined with solar powered radios, can be a powerful tool for improving the lives of people in remote areas. References See also Batteryless radio Windup radio Category:Applications of photovoltaics

Stegodyphus Stegodyphus is a genus of velvet spiders that was first described by Eugène Simon in 1873. They are distributed from Africa to Europe and Asia, with two species (S. manaus and S. annulipes) found in Brazil. The name is derived from Ancient Greek (stegos), meaning "covered". At least three species are social spiders, and several are known to use ballooning as a method of dispersal. Species it contains twenty species: Stegodyphus africanus (Blackwall, 1866) – Africa Stegodyphus bicolor (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Southern Africa Stegodyphus dufouri (Audouin, 1826) – North, West Africa Stegodyphus dumicola Pocock, 1898 – Central, Southern Africa Stegodyphus hildebrandti (Karsch, 1878) – Central, East Africa, Zanzibar Stegodyphus hisarensis Arora & Monga, 1992 – India Stegodyphus lineatus (Latreille, 1817) (type) – Southern Europe, North Africa to Tajikistan Stegodyphus lineifrons Pocock, 1898 – East Africa Stegodyphus manaus Kraus & Kraus, 1992 – Brazil Stegodyphus manicatus Simon, 1876 – North, West Africa Stegodyphus mimosarum Pavesi, 1883 – Africa, Madagascar Stegodyphus mirandus Pocock, 1899 – India Stegodyphus nathistmus Kraus & Kraus, 1989 – Morocco to Yemen Stegodyphus pacificus Pocock, 1900 – Jordan, Iran, Pakistan, India Stegodyphus sabulosus Tullgren, 1910 – East, Southern Africa Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch, 1892 – India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar Stegodyphus simplicifrons Simon, 1906 – Madagascar Stegodyphus tentoriicola Purcell, 1904 – South Africa Stegodyphus tibialis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – India, Myanmar, Thailand, China Stegodyphus tingelin Kraus & Kraus, 1989 – Cameroon References Category:Araneomorphae genera Category:Eresidae Category:Spiders described in 1873 Category:Spiders of Africa Category:Spiders of Asia Category:Spiders of Brazil Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon

The Vampire Diaries (season 4) The Vampire Diaries, a one-hour American supernatural drama, was renewed for a fourth season by the U.S. channel The CW on May 3, 2012, seven days before the third season's finale. Unlike the previous seasons that aired in September, it premiered on October 11, 2012, to avoid competition from major television shows. Season 4 consisted of 23 episodes instead of the usual 22 episodes. On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot focused on the Originals, titled The Originals will air on April 25 for series pick-up. On April 26, 2013, The CW announced that The Originals, The Vampire Diaries spin-off series, was picked up for a full season slated to premiere next fall. On February 11, 2013, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season. Cast Main Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert / Katherine Pierce Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore / Silas Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson Recurring Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson David Alpay as Atticus Shane Grace Phipps as April Young Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall Marguerite MacIntyre as Liz Forbes Todd Williams as Connor Jordan Rick Worthy as Rudy Hopkins Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Charlie Bewley as Galen Vaughn Susan Walters as Carol Lockwood Arielle Kebbel as Lexi Branson Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson Special guest Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett Guest Alyssa Diaz as Kim Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Torrey DeVitto as Meredith Fell Paul Telfer as Alexander Scott Parks as Silas Michael Reilly Burke as Pastor Young Camille Guaty as Caitlin Shane Cynthia Addai-Robinson as Aja Blake Hood as Dean Ser'Darius Blain as Chris Madeline Zima as Charlotte Adina Porter as Nandi LaMarche Persia White as Abby Bennett Wilson Charles Michael Davis as Marcel Gerard Daniella Pineda as Sophie Deveraux Leah Pipes as Camille O'Connell Callard Harris as Thierry Vanchure Eka Darville as Diego Malaya Rivera Drew as Jane-Anne Deveraux Lex Shontz Episodes Production On May 3, 2012 The CW renewed The Vampire Diaries for a fourth season. Unlike previous seasons, it started on October 11. Kevin Williamson, Julie Plec, Leslie Morgenstein and Bob Levy are executive producers for the series. The season was concluded on May 16, 2013. Casting The series stars Nina Dobrev who plays Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson and Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson. On August 7, 2012 it was announced that Phoebe Tonkin and Todd Williams will join the show as recurring characters in the fourth season. Phoebe Tonkin will portray Hayley, a friend of Tyler's. Todd Williams will portray Connor, a vampire hunter. The Olympic gymnast Gabby Douglas made an appearance in "My Brother's Keeper" as a volunteer decorator for the Miss Mystic Falls Beauty Pageant. On the CW website, an interview with Douglas shares her experience on set and with the cast. Starting with episode 13, Charlie Bewley will join the show as Vaughn, like Connor a vampire hunter, and Camille Guaty as Professor Shane's dead wife Caitlin, who is going to reveal information about him. On February 2013, it was announced that Daniella Pineda was cast as the witch Sophie for episode 20 "The Originals". This episode serves as a backdoor-pilot for a

possible spin-off series, revolving around the Originals and taking place in the French Quarter of New Orleans. If the series gets picked up for the 2013-2014 season, she'd be a regular cast member. Ratings References External links Season 4 Category:2012 American television seasons Category:2013 American television seasons * Category:Purgatory in fiction

Holloway Road tube station Holloway Road is a station on the London Underground. It is on the Piccadilly line between Caledonian Road and Arsenal stations, and in Travelcard Zone 2. The station opened on 15 December 1906. The station was constructed by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway and was built with two lift shafts, but only one was ever used for lifts. The second shaft was the site of an experimental spiral escalator which was built by the American inventor of escalators, Jesse W. Reno. The experiment was not successful and was never used by the public. In the 1990s, remains of the escalator equipment were excavated from the base of the lift shaft and stored at the London Transport Museum Depot in Acton. From the platforms, a second exit no longer in use is visible and leads to the back of the used lift shaft. The station is adjacent to the site of the former Holloway and Caledonian Road railway station. The station is close to the new Emirates Stadium, the new home of Arsenal football club. As part of the planning permission £5m was due to be spent expanding the current station to cope with increased passenger numbers on match days. However subsequent studies showed that to ensure the station could cope with the numbers the lifts would have to be replaced with escalators which would cost £60m. As a result, the redevelopment plans were put on hold and now at match times the station is exit only, and before a match eastbound trains do not call. Design The architect was Leslie Green who built it for the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (Now part of London Transport). The building is listed by English Heritage as Grade II. Refurbishment, 2007–2008 Refurbishment works completed in 2008 included the installation of a new public address system, replacement of aging customer information screens, and other aesthetic changes to improve the look, feel and security of the station. This includes improved lighting and a dramatic increase in the number of CCTV cameras. Connections London Buses routes 43, 153, 263, 271 and 393 and night bus route N41 serve the station. References Gallery External links Category:Piccadilly line stations Category:London Underground Night Tube stations Category:Former Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway stations Category:Tube stations in the London Borough of Islington Category:Railway stations opened in 1906 Category:Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Islington Category:Leslie Green railway stations Category:Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom

A Saucer of Loneliness "A Saucer of Loneliness" is a short story by American writer Theodore Sturgeon that first appeared in Galaxy Science Fiction n. 27 (February 1953). It was later adapted as a radio play for X Minus One in 1957, and as the second segment of the twenty-fifth episode (the first episode of the second season, 1986–87) of the television series The Twilight Zone, starring actress Shelley Duvall. Summary A man sees a woman on the beach one night—he suspects she will attempt suicide. He spots her in the ocean and plunges in to save her. She struggles but he manages to get her ashore. Subsequently, she tells him her story: Years earlier in Central Park she saw a very small flying saucer hovering about her, small enough to put her arms around it. It floated down next to her and touched itself against her forehead for a second and they then both fell to the ground. While recovering, a small crowd gathers around her. A policeman shows up, the crowd increases in size, and an FBI agent arrives. The girl sits up and says that the saucer spoke to her. The FBI man orders her to shut up and takes both the girl and the now-inanimate saucer into custody. The authorities obtain no information from the saucer or from the girl. They interrogate her about everything but especially about what the saucer had said to her. She refuses to answer, as the saucer was talking only to her, and thinks that it's nobody else's business. Finally, after many months in custody, including jail, she is released. Even though she is plain and awkward, men ask her out in dates, but only in order to find out what the saucer said to her. Every now and then reporters track her down to ask about the saucer. Finally, she resorted to taking a job as a night cleaner so that no one else will see her. In her loneliness and isolation, she takes to throwing messages in bottles into the ocean. The authorities try to collect all the bottles but eventually give up when they find the same message in each bottle. The message in the bottles is a poem about loneliness. The man then explains that he found one of her bottles two years ago and has been looking for her ever since. He heard about the bottles hereabouts and that she had quit throwing them, and he had taken to wandering the dunes at night, looking for her. He knew why she threw them, and, when he thinks that she will attempt suicide, he ran all the way. He tells her that he thinks she is beautiful. He also tells her what the saucer said to her—he knows because it is the same message that she has been putting into her bottles: To the loneliest one...<br/ >There is in certain living souls<br/ >A quality of loneliness unspeakable<br/ >So great it must be shared<br/ >As company is shared by lesser beings<br/ >Such a loneliness is mine; so know by this<br/ >That in immensity<br/ >There is one lonelier than you. "She said nothing, but it was as if a light came from her, more light and far less shadow than the practiced moon could cast. Among the many things it meant was that even to loneliness there is an end, for those who are lonely enough, long enough." And the meaning of the saucer has become clear: it too was a bottle cast into the interplanetary or galactic sea, by some alien being also consumed by loneliness. In 2004,

"A Saucer Of Loneliness" was nominated for a 'Retro Hugo' for Short Story 1954 (Hugo Award for Best Short Story). It was also the title of the seventh book in the anthology series The Collected Short Stories of Theodore Sturgeon, published in 2000. Twilight Zone episode The TV adaptation differs from the short story in several aspects mostly due to TV storytelling requirements. The woman's loneliness, revealed only gradually in the short story, is obvious from the beginning in the episode. The time frame is shorter. The resolution (the orb) is missing in the short story. French TV adaptation In 1982, this short story of Theodore Sturgeon was adapted by the French television, with the title "La soucoupe de solitude" and actress Catherine Leprince playing the main character. The director is Philippe Monnier. The episode itself aired on FR3 (France 3) September 8, 1982. References External links "A Saucer of Loneliness" at the Internet Archive Category:1953 short stories Category:Short stories by Theodore Sturgeon Category:Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction fr:Un mot pour le dire

PeoplesBank Park PeoplesBank Park is a 5,200-seat baseball park in York, Pennsylvania that hosted its first regular season baseball game on June 16, 2007, as the tenants of the facility, the York Revolution, defeated the Newark Bears, 9–6. Located on Codorus Creek, the facility had been in the planning stages since 2003, but local politics and funding temporarily halted the plans. The city of York demolished 20 buildings in the Arch Street neighborhood in June 2006, with construction beginning in September 2006. Due to inclement weather, PeoplesBank Park opened one month later than originally planned. The naming rights were purchased by Sovereign Bank, a banking institution based in nearby Reading, for $2.7 million over ten years. The name was changed to "Santander Stadium" in October 2013 following the 2009 takeover of Sovereign Bank by Santander Bank. In December 2015, it was announced the park would be known as "PeoplesBank Park" under a new naming rights deal with locally owned PeoplesBank. PeoplesBank Park was honored as the "Ballpark of the Year" by the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball following the end of its 2008 regular season. The award recognizes the efforts of the Revolution staff and groundskeepers, judging such criteria as field conditions, stadium operations, cleanliness, and atmosphere. History The city of York had been trying to pursue the construction of a baseball stadium for ten years. It seemed to be coming together in 2003, until politics and financial pressure prevented the ballpark from being built. Many Yorkers hoped to see a team fielded in the same inaugural season as the neighboring Lancaster Barnstormers, but that opportunity slipped away. The ballpark was originally slated to be located at Small Athletic Field, on York City School District property. The district board vetoed the stadium as they believed that their money could be better used for a more practical renovation plan for Small Athletic Field. Over the span of three years, ballpark planning weathered many inclines and declines until a hard-fought agreement was made to build in the Arch Street neighborhood. Other locations that were considered but never came to fruition were Hoffman Field, the home of the former York White Roses, and the Ohio Blender site. PeoplesBank Park hosts the New Year's Revolution, the city's New Year's Eve celebration in which a large White Rose is dropped to count down to the New Year. The event's name alludes to a New Year's resolution and the Revolution baseball team. The former venue for the White Rose drop was the city square. The Revolution hosted the 2011 Atlantic League All-Star Game at PeoplesBank Park on July 14, 2011. The first pitch of the All-Star Game was thrown out by former Dover High School football player and then Green Bay Packer John Kuhn. The Revolution will again host the Atlantic League All-Star Game at PeoplesBank Park in July 2019. Ballpark attractions Brooks Robinson Plaza PeoplesBank Park features the Brooks Robinson Plaza at the homeplate entrance of the ballpark. The plaza features a statue of Brooks Robinson, along with information related to his 23-year career in professional baseball. In 1955, Robinson played with York's previous team, the White Roses, and at the end of the season was signed by in the Baltimore Orioles. The ballpark itself resembles Oriole Park at Camden Yards, in tribute to Brooks Robinson and the Baltimore Orioles, the local Major League favorite. The dimensions are the same as those of the former Memorial Stadium, the Orioles' previous home. In addition to the Brooks Robinson Plaza, the official postal address of PeoplesBank Park was changed to 5 Brooks Robinson Way in the fall

of 2007. The change was made to honor Robinson's baseball career, which started in the city of York. The Arch Nemesis At , the left field wall of PeoplesBank Park is taller than any other fence in professional baseball, including the famous Green Monster at Fenway Park, home to the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball. The Green Monster measures at high, but the Arch Nemesis in York stands taller. The first home run over and the first base hit off the wall came in York's second game at the stadium on June 16, 2007. The height of the left field wall was increased to help compensate for a small stadium site. Architects were challenged to fit a ballpark between Arch Street and a parallel railway line less than away and to provide a minimal amount of onsite parking (200 spaces) in the same plan. The best overall layout for the site placed the left field foul pole close to Arch Street and about from home plate, a condition that is known as a "Short Porch" and represents an easy home run opportunity for professional baseball players. Since moving the foul pole any further from home plate would require expanding the site by disrupting Arch Street (which was not an option), the planners increased the height of the left field fence to make home runs more challenging, given the short foul line. The name alludes to Arch Street and to the wall's ability to act as a primary formidable opponent (or arch nemesis) against home-run attempts. Four scoreboards In addition to a modern, animated, full-color electronic scoreboard in right field, PeoplesBank Park features an old-fashioned, manually operated scoreboard at the base of the "Arch Nemesis" in left field. A manual scoreboard is another characteristic shared between York's tall outfield wall and its counterpart in Boston, Massachusetts. Two additional monochromatic, non-animated electronic scoreboards on the façade of the skybox level, one along the first base line and another along the third base line, display game status. Other ballpark attractions Additional attractions include the Mezzogiorno Picnic Pavilion, with a capacity for 600 fans, that features a menu with traditional ballpark fare as well as regional favorites. Children at PeoplesBank Park can enjoy the Stauffer's DownTown Playground, an amusement section that features a carousel, a jungle web, playground equipment, and various inflatables. The playground is hosted by the Revolution's mascot, DownTown. The First Capital Credit Union Team Store, the York Revolution's official souvenir and apparel vendor, remains open throughout the year at the home plate entrance of PeoplesBank Park. PeoplesBank Park has multiple seating options. A lawn seating area provides room for 1,600 fans. Executives can reserve one of five function rooms that overlook the field, with a total capacity of 300. These rooms include the Keystone Room, the Pennsylvania State Room, the Tri-State Room, the Piedmont Room, and White Rose Hall. The name of each room refers to York's geography: Keystone for Pennsylvania's official nickname, "the Keystone State"; the tri-state area including Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware; the Piedmont plateau region; and York's official nickname, "the White Rose City." The conventional seating at the ballpark includes 5,200 green, chairback seats divided into two levels by an open, 360° concourse. PeoplesBank Park features a miniature, fully functional cannon that is fired when one of the Revolution batters hits a home run or when the team scores a home victory. The cannon is operated by a mascot named Cannonball Charlie, who wears a costume resembling a period Continental Army uniform. Concerts The first major concert at PeoplesBank Park featured the blues-rock band, Blues Traveler,

on June 14, 2008. A couple of months later, the Christian rock band, Sevenglory, played a post-game concert for the Revolution's Faith & Family Day, a celebration of York's Christian community. References External links PeoplesBank Park Ballpark Reviews - PeoplesBank Park Rochester Area Ballparks - PeoplesBank Park Category:Sports venues in Pennsylvania Category:Baseball venues in Pennsylvania Category:Minor league baseball venues Category:Buildings and structures in York, Pennsylvania Category:York Revolution Category:Atlantic League of Professional Baseball ballparks Category:Tourist attractions in York County, Pennsylvania Category:Sports in York, Pennsylvania Category:Sports venues completed in 2007 Category:2007 establishments in Pennsylvania

Meelad Air Meelad Air was a private aviation company and charter airline based in Amman, Jordan, specializing in short and long-term aircraft charter and lease, especially during Hajj and Umra season. It became operational in 2006 and was shut down again in 2008. Fleet The Meelad Air fleet included the following aircraft (as of March 2009): 2 McDonnell Douglas MD-83 (which were operated by Royal Falcon) As of August 2010, Meelad's MD-83s operate under Sky Express' AOC. References External links Official website Category:2006 establishments in Jordan Category:2008 disestablishments in Jordan Category:Defunct airlines of Jordan Category:Airlines established in 2006 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2008

Saunie Salyer Saunie Salyer is an American film critic. She and Siew-Hwa Beh edited the periodical Women in Film, which they founded in 1972. Women in Film Women in Film was the first feminist film periodical. Salyer and Beh were aspiring filmmakers in Los Angeles when they founded it in the early 1970s. According to Constance Penley, Professor of Film & Media Studies at UC Santa Barabara, it published "the first feminist critiques of Hollywood film," promoted alternative films, and researched women's contributions to film history. References Category:American film critics Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people

Xunqueira de Ambía Xunqueira de Ambía is a municipality in Ourense (province) in the Galicia region of north-west Spain. It is located in the centre of the province. References Category:Municipalities in the Province of Ourense Category:Populated places in the Province of Ourense

Ballynafoy Ballynafoy may refer to: Ballynafoy (Annaclone), a townland in Iveagh Upper, Upper Half, County Down, Northern Ireland Ballynafoy (Knockbreda), a townland in Castlereagh Upper, County Down, Northern Ireland

Victor Jorgensen Victor Jorgensen (July 8, 1913 – June 14, 1994) was a former Navy photo journalist who probably is most notable for taking an instantly iconic photograph of an impromptu scene in Manhattan on August 14, 1945, but from a different angle and in a less dramatic exposure than that of a photograph taken by Alfred Eisenstaedt. Both photographs were of the same V-J Day embrace of a woman in a white dress by a sailor. Eisenstaedt's better known photograph, V-J Day in Times Square, was published in Life. On the day after the images were taken by the two photographers, the one taken by Jorgensen was published in The New York Times. His photograph, which was taken while he was on duty, is retained in the National Archives and Records Administration. Biography Jorgensen was born in Portland, Oregon. He attended the University of Oregon and Reed College, graduating in 1936. He married Betty Price on June 17, 1935. After college, he joined the staff of The Oregonian, working his way up from copy boy to night city editor. During his time at the newspaper, he became interested in photography and by the advent of World War II he was becoming a respected photographer. In 1942, Jorgensen enlisted in the Navy and was one of six initial photographers recruited by Edward Steichen to join the Naval Aviation Photographic Unit during the war. He served aboard aircraft carriers USS Lexington in the Gilbert Islands (fall 1943); the USS Monterey in the Mariana Islands (1944); destroyer USS Albert W. Grant and shore duty in Borneo and the Philippines during Douglas MacArthur's return in 1944; and the hospital ship USS Solace off Okinawa, spring 1945. While aboard the USS Monterey, he captured Navy pilots in the forward elevator well of the ship playing basketball during June 1944. One of the subjects, the jumper of the left, is Gerald Ford, who later became the president of the United States upon the resignation of Richard Nixon. On V J Day, 1945, both Jorgensen and Eisenstaedt captured the image of a U.S. sailor grabbing a nurse for an impromptu kiss in the midst of Times Square celebrations. In a 2010 article, The New York Times described it as "a defining image of the American century, one that expressed the joy of a nation at its moment of greatest triumph." In the post-war decade, Jorgensen and his wife traveled the world as a photographer researcher team, contributing to magazines including Fortune, Saturday Evening Post, Collier's, Life, and Ladies Home Journal. Jorgensen served as president of the American Society of Media Photographers, working to establish minimum pay scales and fair practices for the photography industry. Later life After he left the Navy, Jorgensen settled in Maryland. He took over Chesapeake Skipper magazine, renaming it The Skipper and boosted its subscriptions from 1,500 to 50,000 by 1968. He and his wife moved to Portland at that time and started a boaters' consumer report newsletter. Jorgensen died of cancer in 1994 and was survived by his wife; two daughters; and two sisters. References Category:1913 births Category:1994 deaths Category:20th-century American photographers Category:War photographers Category:University of Oregon alumni Category:Reed College alumni Category:Artists from Portland, Oregon Category:The Oregonian people

Merlin (protein) Merlin (also called Neurofibromin 2 or schwannomin) is a cytoskeletal protein. In humans, it is a tumor suppressor protein involved in Neurofibromatosis type II. Sequence data reveal its similarity to the ERM protein family. The name "merlin" is an acronym for "Moesin-Ezrin-Radixin-Like Protein". Gene Human merlin is coded by the gene NF2 in Chromosome 22. Mouse merlin gene is located on chromosome 11 and rat merlin gene on chromosome 17. Fruit fly merlin gene (symbol Mer) is located on chromosome 1 and shares 58% similarity to its human homologue. Other merlin-like genes are known from a wide range of animals, and the derivation of merlin is thought to be in early metazoa. Merlin is a member of the ERM family of proteins including ezrin, moesin, and radixin, which are in the protein 4.1 superfamily of proteins. Merlin is also known as schwannomin, a name derived from the most common type of tumor in the NF2 patient phenotype, the schwannoma. Structure Vertebrate merlin is a 70-kDa protein. There are 10 known isoforms of human merlin molecule (the full molecule being 595 amino acids in length). The two most common of these are also found in the mouse and are called type 1 and type 2, differing by the absence or presence of exon 16 or 17, respectively). All the known varieties have a conserved N-terminal part, which contains a FERM domain (a domain found in most cytoskeletal-membrane organizing proteins). The FERM domain is followed by an alpha-helical domain and a hydrophilic tail. Merlin can dimerize with itself and heterodimerize with other ERM family proteins. Function Merlin is a membrane-cytoskeleton scaffolding protein, i.e. linking actin filaments to cell membrane or membrane glycoproteins. Human merlin is predominantly found in nervous tissue, but also in several other fetal tissues, and is mainly located in adherens junctions. Its tumor suppressor properties are probably associated with contact-mediated growth inhibition. Drosophila merlin is expressed in embryonic hindgut, salivary glands, and imaginal discs, and has apparently a slightly different role than in vertebrates. The phosphorylation of serine 518 is known to alter the functional state of merlin. The signaling pathway of merlin is proposed to include several salient cell growth controlling molecules, including eIF3c, CD44, protein kinase A, and p21 activated kinases. Work in Drosophila identified Merlin as an upstream regulator of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, a function that is conserved in mammals. The Hippo pathway is a well conserved signalling pathway that coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mutations of the NF2 gene cause a human autosomal dominant disease called neurofibromatosis type 2. It is characterized by the development of tumors of the nervous system, most commonly of bilateral vestibular schwannomas (also called acoustic neuromas). NF2 belongs to the tumor suppressor group of genes. Interactions Merlin (protein) has been shown to interact with: CUL4A, DDB1, EZR, HGS, MED28, RIT1, SDCBP, SPTBN1, and VPRBP. References External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Neurofibromatosis 2 FlyBase synopsis of gene Mer Category:Cytoskeleton Category:Peripheral membrane proteins Category:Human proteins

Rape in the United States Rape in the United States is defined by the Department of Justice as "Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." While definitions and terminology of rape vary by jurisdiction in the United States, the FBI revised its definition to eliminate a requirement that the crime involve an element of force. A 2013 study found that rape may be grossly underreported in the United States. Furthermore, a 2014 study suggested that police departments may eliminate or undercount rapes from official records in part to "create the illusion of success in fighting violent crime". For the last reported year, 2013, the annual prevalence rate for all sexual assaults including rape was 0.1% (annual prevalence rate represents the number of victims each year, rather than the number of assaults since some are victimized more than once during the reporting period). The survey included males and females aged 12+. Since rapes are a subset of all sexual assaults, the prevalence of rape is lower than the combined statistic. Of those assaults, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stated that 34.8% were reported to the police, up from 29.3% in 2004. Definitions In the United States, at the Federal level, the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) definitions are used when collating national crime statistics from states across the US. The UCR's definition of rape was changed on January 1, 2013 to remove the requirement of force against a female and to include a wider range of types of penetration. The new definition reads: For 80 years prior to the 2013 change, the UCR's definition of rape was "carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will". At the state level, there is no uniform legal definition of rape ; instead, each state has their own laws. These definitions can vary considerably, but many of them do not use the term rape anymore, instead using sexual assault, criminal sexual conduct, sexual abuse, sexual battery, etc. One legal definition, which is used by the United States Armed Forces is found in the United States Uniform Code of Military Justice [Title 10, Subtitle A, Chapter 47X, Section 920, Article 120], defines rape as: Statistics and data Prevalence and number of incidents Rape prevalence among women in the U.S. (the percentage of women who experienced rape at least once in their lifetime so far) is in the range of 15–20% according to different studies (National Violence against Women survey, 1995, found 17.6% prevalence rate; a 2007 national study for the Department of Justice on rape found 18% prevalence rate.). According to a March 2013 report from the U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female rape or sexual assault declined 58%, from 5.0 victimizations per 1,000 females age 12 or older to 2.1 per 1,000. Assaults on young women aged 12–17 declined from 11.3 per 1,000 in 1994-1998 to 4.1 per 1,000 in 2005-2010; assaults on women aged 18–34 also declined over the same period, from 7.0 per 1,000 to 3.7. The 2018 Uniform Crime Report (UCR), which measures rapes that are known to police, estimated that there were 127,258 rapes reported to law enforcement in 2018. The 2016 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which measures sexual assaults and rapes that may not have been reported to the police, estimated that there were 431,840 incidents of rape or sexual assault in 2015. Other government surveys, such as the Sexual

Victimization of College Women study, critique the NCVS on the basis it includes only those acts perceived as crimes by the victim, and report a much higher victimization rate. Estimates from other sources typically report much higher levels of both rape and sexual assault than either the NCVS or UCR. A 2010 study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control found that around 1 in 5 women and 1 in 71 men(an additional 1 in 21 men were 'made to penetrate' someone else) had experienced an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime. Differences in survey samples, definitions of rape and sexual assault, and the wording of survey questions likely contribute to these differences, and there is no consensus on the best way to measure rape and sexual assault. Both the NCVS and UCR are believed to significantly under-count the number of rapes and sexual assaults that occur. Based on the available data, 21.8% of American rapes of female victims are gang rapes. Shift in the form of crime Over the last four decades, rape has been declining. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the adjusted annual per-capita victimization rate of rape has declined from about 2.4 per 1000 people (age 12 and above) in 1980 (that is, 2.4 persons from each 1000 people 12 and older were raped in 1980) to about 0.4 per 1000 people in 2003, a decline of about 85%. There are several possible explanations for this, including stricter laws and education on security for women. Demographics of attackers and victims The Federal Bureau of Investigation have also collected data cases involving victims and perpetrators of sex offences: Sex offense victims in 2012 (FBI): 67,345 female 12,100 male Convicted sex offenders in 2012 (FBI): 4,394 female 70,930 male Most rape research and reporting to date has concentrated on male-female forms of rape. Male-male and female-male rape has not been as thoroughly researched, and almost no research has been done on female-female rape. A 1997 report by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics found that 91% of rape victims are female and 9% are male, and that 99% of arrestees for rape are male. However, these statistics are based on reports of "forced penetration". This number excludes instances where men were "made to penetrate" another person, which are assessed separately under "sexual violence". Denov (2004) states that societal responses to the issue of female perpetrators of sexual assault "point to a widespread denial of women as potential sexual aggressors that could work to obscure the true dimensions of the problem." A 2014 study of college campus rape statistics by the BJS found that 63% of reported rapes against females aged 18 to 24 are done by white males, 19% are done by black males and 10% are done by another race and 8% are unknown. The study used data from 1995-2013, and show that rape in college are independent of race. The National Violence Against Women Survey found that 34% of American Indian female respondents had experienced attempted or completed rape in their lifetime. The rapist was more likely to be a non-Native than a Native. The 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey found that 13.1% of lesbians, 46.1% of bisexual women, and 17.4% of heterosexual women have been raped, physically assaulted, or stalked. Relationship between attacker and victim An examination of the relationship between the victim and his or her attacker indicates the following: About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim's own home. U.S. Senator Martha McSally, an Arizona Republican, said during a Senate meeting on sexual assault

in the military, she was raped by a superior officer in the U.S. Air Force. McSally was the first female combat pilot in the U.S. Air Force. She said that never reported it because so many people didn't trust the system, blamed herself, was ashamed and confused, thought she was strong but felt powerless. Underreporting A 2014 report by the Department of Justice estimated that 34.8% cases of sexual assaults are reported to the authorities. When sufficient DNA or injury evidence was procured from a woman's body, she was more likely to follow through with the legal process of prosecution as there was more confidence in a favorable outcome for her. Women who experienced forced sexual assault more frequently were less likely to follow through with the legal process than women who do not experience forced sexual assault frequently. Prosecution rate According to FBI statistics, out of 127,258 rapes reported to police departments in 2018, 33.4 percent resulted in an arrest. Based on correlating multiple data sources, RAINN (Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network) estimates that for every 1,000 rapes, 384 are reported to police, 57 result in an arrest, 11 are referred for prosecution, 7 result in a felony conviction, and 6 result in incarceration. This compares to a higher rate at every stage for similar crimes. College and university campuses Definitions of rape can vary, and since not all rapes are reported, researchers instead rely on surveys of student and nonstudent populations to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the prevalence. Survey design including the questions and the sample quality and scope can also create wide ranges in rates. Research estimates anywhere from approximately 10% to 29% of women have been victims of rape or attempted rape since starting college. Methodological differences, such as the method of survey administration, the definition of rape or sexual assault used, the wording of questions, and the time period studied contribute to these disparities. One recent analysis, conducted by U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics, represents a longitudinal study of US women from 1995 to 2013. For the year 2013, the study found that there were more incidents of rape victimization among women aged 18–24 (4.3 per 1,000), compared to women outside that age range (1.4 per 1,000). In an effort to prevent rape on campuses, the Obama administration instituted policies requiring schools to investigate rape cases and adjudicate rape cases under a "preponderance of the evidence" standard. These policies have been sharply criticized by civil libertarians concerned that they are eroding due process and will lead to wrongful convictions of the innocent. A number of lawsuits have been filed against colleges and universities by students claiming to have been wrongfully expelled for rape they did not commit. In 2016 the colleges with the highest rapes included Brown College and UConn tying for 43 rapes a year. Followed by Dartmouth College with 42, Wesleyan University with 35, University of Virginia with 35, Harvard with 33, University of NC at Charlotte with 32, Rutgers in New Brunswick with 32, University of Vermont with 27 and ending with Stanford with 26 rapes per year. Prevention programs vary across college campuses. Norms-based programs to inform students that they are not alone in knowledge of rape victims and perpetrators may encourage students to view sexual assault as a larger problem in their community. Additionally, creative campaigns on college campuses that market consent were found to be effective in raising awareness of campus sexual assaults and issues related to this problem. Number of incidents The mean annual population was 5,130,004 for students and 8,614,853 for

non-students. Criminal punishment The United States is composed principally of fifty states, each with its own criminal code, as well as the federal jurisdiction. Rape is prosecutable in all U.S. jurisdictions, as well as under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, although the terminology used varies by jurisdiction. Among the alternate names that may be used to prosecute a rape charge, the offense may be categorized as sexual assault, sexual battery, or criminal sexual conduct. Jurisdiction In the United States, the principle of dual sovereignty applies to rape, as to other crimes. If the rape is committed within the borders of a state, that state has jurisdiction. If the victim is a federal official, an ambassador, consul, or other foreign official under the protection of the United States, or if the crime took place on federal property or involved crossing state borders, or in a manner that substantially affects interstate commerce or national security, then the federal government also has jurisdiction. If a crime is not committed within any state, such as in the District of Columbia or on a naval or U.S.-flagged merchant vessel in international waters, then federal jurisdiction is exclusive. In cases where the rape involves both state and federal jurisdictions, the offender can be tried and punished separately for each crime without raising issues of double jeopardy. When a state has jurisdiction over a rape case, as a matter of policy, federal prosecution will not be pursued for a rape charge unless the case presents a matter of federal interest, that interest was not adequately addressed by a state-level prosecution, and the government believes that a federal prosecution will be successful. Jurisdiction issues also complicate the handling of campus rape, due in part to overlapping jurisdiction of campus and local law enforcement, and differences in how various police agencies and prosecutors handle sex offenses. Federal law Federal law does not use the term "rape". Rape is grouped with all forms of non-consensual sexual acts under chapter 109a of the United States Code (). Under federal law, the punishment for rape can range from a fine to life imprisonment. The severity of the punishment is based on the use of violence, the age of the victim, and whether drugs or intoxicants were used to override consent. If the perpetrator is a repeat offender the law prescribes automatically doubling the maximum sentence. Whether the victim is an adult or of a child, the U.S. Supreme Court has held that the death penalty is not available as a possible penalty if the victim does not die and death was not intended by the defendant. Capital punishment remains available as a penalty where the victim dies, or where the defendant acts with intent to kill the victim but the victim survives. Different categorizations and maximum punishments for rape under federal law Investigations Medical personnel in the United States of America typically collect evidence for potential rape cases commonly referred to as rape kits. Though normally collected, the rape kits are not always sent off for testing. Reasons given by the police for rape kits not being tested include cost (processing a kit can cost up to $1,500), decisions being made to not prosecute, and victims either recanting or declining to progress the case. As identifying injury is an important part of identifying rape victims, particular attention must be given to examinations of patients with dark skin, particularly the thighs, labia majora, posterior fourchette, and fossa navicularis. Newspaper Northern Virginia Sun drew national attention in the late 1970s when owner Herman J. Obermayer said the Sun would print the name of

accusers in rape cases that came to trial, out of a sense of "fairness" between the two sides. Time magazine reported that Obermayer's policy was "hotly denounced by local feminists, police, prosecutors, hospital officials and nearly all the Sun readers who have written or telephoned Obermayer to comment." Time quoted Benjamin C. Bradlee, executive editor of the Washington Post, as saying, "It's wrong. It's misguided. We wouldn't do it." It is important for lawyers selecting jury members to be aware of the stigmas surrounding rape victims and to be able to determine which jurors would be able to come to a guilty verdict according to the law, without being clouded by one's preconceived ideas of what a "typical" rape victim or perpetrator should look like. Treatment of rape victims Insurance companies have denied coverage for rape victims, claiming a variety of bases for their actions. In one case, after a victim mentioned she had previously been raped 17 years before, an insurance company refused to pay for her rape exam and also refused to pay for therapy or medication for trauma, because she "had been raped before" – indicating a preexisting condition. Some insurance companies have allegedly denied sexual-assault victims mental-health treatment, stating that the service is not medically necessary. The 2005 Violence Against Women Act requires states to ensure that victims receive access to a forensic examination free of charge regardless of whether the victim chooses to report a sexual assault to law enforcement or cooperate with the criminal-justice system. All states must comply with the VAWA 2005 requirement regarding forensic examination in order to receive STOP Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program (STOP Program) funds. Under 42 U.S.C. § 3796gg-4, a State is not entitled to funds under the STOP Program unless the State or another governmental entity "incurs the full out-of-pocket cost of forensic medical exams ... for victims of sexual assault." This means that, if no other governmental entity or insurance carrier pays for the exam, states are required to pay for forensic exams if they wish to receive STOP Program funds. The goal of this provision is to ensure that the victim is not required to pay for the exam. The effect of the VAWA 2005 forensic examination requirement is to allow victims time to decide whether to pursue their case. Because a sexual assault is a traumatic event, some victims are unable to decide whether they want to cooperate with law enforcement in the immediate aftermath of a sexual assault. Because forensic evidence can be lost as time progresses, such victims should be encouraged to have the evidence collected as soon as possible without deciding to initiate a report. This provision ensures victims receive timely medical treatment. Due to bureaucratic mismanagement in some areas, and various loopholes, the victim is sometimes sent a bill anyway, and has difficulty in getting it fixed. Historical context Early American history During the era of slavery, slave women were frequently sexually abused and raped by slave owners, the sons of slave owners, and overseers. The sexual abuse of slaves that occurred prior to the Civil War was so prevalent that it strongly influenced the genetic make-up of the overwhelming majority of African Americans alive today. White men who raped black women were protected by impunity under Southern society, and children of such unions usually inherited the status of their mothers as slaves. Sexual assaults affected girls as young as 12 years old; a young slave girl named Celia was the frequent target of her master, Robert Newsom's abuse. After having three children with him in a relationship that

began when she was only 14, Celia killed her master in self-defense after another attempt at sexual assault. She was found guilty in court and sentenced to death by hanging. Slave women were also subject to sexual abuse by slave traders and were routinely assaulted on slave ships; the perpetrators faced no legal punishment. The rape of slave women was also done by masters to result in a substantial growth of their slaves as property and increase profit. Slave owners would attempt to justify the abuse of black women during slavery through the stereotype of the Jezebel, a seductive woman who wanted to submit to them. According to authors Judith Worell and Pamela Remer, because "African American women were sexually exploited during slavery" and because of stereotypes originating from slavery such as the Jezebel, black women "are not viewed as credible complainants, and are stereotyped (e.g., as promiscuous) in ways that blame them for their rapes." Contemporary history Rape, in many US states, before the 1970s, could incur capital punishment. The 1977 Supreme Court case of Coker v. Georgia held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution forbade the death penalty for the crime of rape of an adult woman. The court held that "Life is over for the victim of the murderer; for the rape victim, life may not be nearly so happy as it was, but it is not over, and normally is not beyond repair". Feminism politicized and publicized rape as an institution in the late 20th century. Feminist writings on rape include Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, by Susan Brownmiller. Concepts such as date rape and marital rape were brought to public attention. The murder of Megan Kanka, which occurred in 1994 in New Jersey, when the seven-year-old girl was raped and murdered by her neighbor, has led to the introduction of Megan's Law, which are laws which require law enforcement to disclose details relating to the location of registered sex offenders. Several developments in regard to rape legislation have occurred in the 21st century. Following the intensely publicized case of the 2005 murder of Jessica Lunsford, a 9-year-old girl from Florida who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by a man with prior convictions for sexual attacks, states have started enacting laws referred to as Jessica's Law, which typically mandate life imprisonment with a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison, and lifetime electronic monitoring, for adults convicted of raping children under 12 years. Furthermore, US sex offender registries contain other sanctions, such as housing and presence restrictions. See also List of anti-sexual assault organizations in the United States Combined DNA Index System Debbie Smith Act Extremities, a play (and later film with Farrah Fawcett) in which a would-be rape victim and her roommates, given the complexities of the judicial system, debate reporting the attack Marital rape in the United States National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape (defunct) Paul Martin Andrews, an American rape victim and an advocate for other rape victims. Prison rape in the United States Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) Rape law in Alabama Rape laws in the United States Sexual assault in the U.S. military Tailhook scandal 2003 U.S. Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal References Further reading External links Center for Disease Control publications on sexual violence FBI Crime Report 2014: Rape The Laws in Your State: summary of sexual assault-related laws, compiled by the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network Category:United States criminal law by topic Category:Crimes against women Category:Violence against women in the United States Category:Crime in the United States United

States

Saint-Martin-des-Besaces Saint-Martin-des-Besaces is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage. Population See also Communes of the Calvados department References INSEE Category:Former communes of Calvados (department) Category:Calvados communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Calmeyer Street Mission House The Calmeyer Street Mission House () was a building located at Calmeyers gate no. 1 in Oslo, Norway. The building served as a religious assembly house for Lutheran gatherings in the Oslo neighborhood around Hausmanns gate (Hausmann Street). History Calmeyer Street Mission House was a Gothic Revival structure designed by the architect Henrik Nissen. Educator and businessman Otto Treider was largely responsible for the mission house being built in 1891. At the time, it contained Scandinavia's largest assembly hall, capable of accommodating over 5,000 people. Kristiania Home Mission Society () took over the building in 1898. This provided a venue for a series of large gatherings, including full-scale revivals in 1905 and 1906 that filled the building night after night. Prime Minister Christian Michelsen also delivered a speech there in 1905. The building was also the location of the Calmeyer Street Meeting (Calmeyergatemøtet) from February 15th to 18th, 1920 during debates between liberal and orthodox theologians within the Church of Norway. During the German occupation (1940–45), the building was requisitioned by the German military. Until the 1950s, the building was frequently used for concerts and as a warehouse until it was razed in 1972. The lot was used as a parking lot, among other purposes, until the Church City Mission (Kirkens Bymisjon) built an office building with rental housing there. After the new building was completed in 1987, the office space was leased to Norwegian Board of Health Supervision (Statens helsetilsyn). See also Jens Frølich Tandberg Ole Hallesby References Related reading Bernt T. Oftestad; Tarald Rasmussen; Jan Scumacher (2001) Norsk kirkehistorie (Universitetsforlaget, Oslo) Category:Culture in Oslo Category:History of Oslo Category:Buildings and structures in Oslo Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1891

2017 Minnesota House of Representatives District 32B special election A special election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on February 14, 2017, to elect a new representative for District 32B in the Minnesota House of Representatives, caused by a ruling by the Minnesota Supreme Court that incumbent Bob Barrett was ineligible to be a candidate in the general election on November 8, 2016. Anne Neu, the Republican nominee, won the special election. Background On August 26, 2016, Minnesota Second District Court judge George Stephenson found that Republican incumbent Bob Barrett did not reside in District 32B. Candidates for the Minnesota Legislature must reside in the district in which they are running for the preceding six months of the election. The case was referred to the Minnesota Supreme Court and on September 8, 2016, it ruled Barrett ineligible to be a candidate in District 32B. A vacancy in nomination less than 80 days of a general election results in an automatic special election. Candidates All the candidates of the general election—except for Barrett—were automatically candidates of the special election. In this case, Laurie Warner was the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) nominee. The Republicans selected Anne Neu to be their nominee. Results See also List of special elections to the Minnesota House of Representatives References External links Information on the special election at the Minnesota Secretary of State website Category:2017 Minnesota elections

Clay drum (archaeology) Clay drums (German Tontrommeln) are ceramic objects in the shape of an hourglass, eggcup or tulip with no feet, with a ring of up to 15 holes at either end. They are typical of southeastern groups within the Funnelbeaker culture, particularly the Walternienburg-Bernburg group, but are also found in southern successor groups of the Michelsberg culture. They are often well decorated and, unlike collar bottles, are often found completely shattered. Find spots Around 200 clay drums have been found in German Megalithic complexes (e.g. Barskamp, Oldendorf in Landkreis Lüneburg), in settlements of the Walternienburg-Bernburg culture (Dölauer Heide) and in pit houses. One richly decorated, smashed clay drum was found in the Lower Franconian cemetery of Großeibstadt. Examples from the Wartburg culture were found in the gallery graves of Calden and Warburg. Another 20 or so examples have been found further afield in Denmark, Kujawy and Czech Republic. Cultures The double cone or tulip shaped clay drums found to date belong to the late Neolithic Globular Amphora Culture and to several subgroups of the Funnelbeaker culture, especially the Walternienburg-Bernburg group, the Havelland group, the Salzmünde group, the Schönfeld group and the Wartberg group. Function Hermann Müller-Karpe raised the question of whether the drums were actually musical instruments in 1974. They could also be beakers for libations, with skin or cloth across the openings. Reports from Großeibstädt mention that they contained liquid, which is not further identified. The question remains open. Bibliography J. Schween. "Trommeln und heilige Hörner" Archäologie in Deutschland 2002/2. M. Stock. "Musik in der Jungsteinzeit" in H. Meller (Ed.), Schönheit, Macht und Tod. 120 Funde aus 120 Jahren Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle. Companion to the 2001 Temporary Exhibition, Halle (Saale), pp. 192f. External links Barskamp Clay drum of the Bernburge culture from Dölauer Heide Category:Funnelbeaker culture Category:Archaeological artefact types Category:Drums

Eatme.io EatMe.io is a freemium massively multiplayer online (MMO) game developed by Junglee Games, released in December 2016. The objective of the game is to eat fish and battle other players in the quest for survival. In this multiplayer arena, bigger fishes eat smaller fishes with mechanics similar to Agar.io. Eatme.io is in the same genre of io games as Agar.io and Slither.io. It was initially released in Canada only for iOS devices and then launched in Europe and Africa followed by a world wide launch. The game is compatible on Android and iOS devices and also available on the web. Game mechanics EatMe.io is an underwater battle where players fight to become the supreme leader of the water kingdom. The game is played in an ocean themed world. Players needs to eat as much food and fishes as possible to grow in size. Each game lasts for 2 minutes and the top 10 players are rewarded with new fish with special skills. A maximum of 15 players can join the game at any given time. Players need to level up to unlock new fish and evolve into other forms of fishes. With each quest, players can unlock other fishes with special skills throughout the game. All the different fish have a unique combat power that is useful while battling other players. For example, the turtle has the ability to shoot a bomb at the player attacking it, the octopus has the ability to eject oil to slow down players who are trailing it, and the shark can use its invisibility feature to eat players. As players advance in levels, new techniques and skills are unlocked to battle opponents. During evolution, a player can transform into a similar but stronger type of underwater species. In addition to its special combat powers, a player can split a fish into two or four fishes for a quick split attack that can help the player dodge an enemy’s attack or catch up and attack a smaller fish who is faster. There are underwater tournaments where players can battle against 20 other players around the world and unlock rewards. The game also supports in-app purchases, where players can purchase in-app items like gold, shells, fish bowls and tanks from the open shop section. Players can send invites to their friends on Facebook for more rewards. Skins Players are offered fishes with default skins of different colors. To unlock new skins, players can purchase them using shells or unlock them by completing levels. New skins include sharks, turtles, etc. Reception Eatme.io was released to a very positive reception. The game has been praised for its graphics and audio effects. John Chau from Android Apps Review described Eatme.io as “a remarkably fun and exciting game to play for users of all ages”. The game was also appreciated for its well designed and friendly ocean life theme. Apps Unveiled described the game as "a real-time experience wherein the players compete against each other instead of competing against a computer." Thomas from Apps Thunder praised the game for its “exquisite graphics, addictive gameplay, smooth animations”. References External links Category:2016 video games Category:Action video games Category:Free-to-play video games Category:Multiplayer online games Category:Multiplayer video games Category: Social casual gaming Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:.io video games

Pottassery-II Pottassery-II is a village in the Palakkad district, state of Kerala, India. It is administered by the Tachampara gram panchayat and the Kanjirampuzha gram panchayat. it is a beautiful village with following places mundakkunnu kanjiram pottassery Demographics India census, Pottassery-II had a population of 10,246 with 4,979 males and 5,267 females. References Pottassery-II

Aguas Verdes Aguas Verdes (literally "green waters"), is a town in the Zarumilla Province of the Tumbes Region in northwestern Peru. It has a population of 2,390 (1999) and is capital of the Aguas Verdes District. Aguas Verdes is located in the border with Ecuador. An international bridge that goes over the Zarumilla River connects it with the Ecuadorian town of Huaquillas. Both towns have an intense commercial life and many formal, as well as informal street sellers that sell goods both in Peruvian soles and US dollars, which is the only currency in Ecuador. A free transit agreement exists and people from both countries can travel freely between these towns. Peruvian and Ecuadorian immigration control posts are located further inland to both sides of the border. Aguas Verdes is located 27 km northeast of Tumbes, the regional capital. Since it is a rather chaotic town, tourists are advised to take a cab when visiting Aguas Verdes. The northern terminus of the Pan-American Highway, the largest road in the country, is located in Aguas Verdes at the border crossing. Category:Ecuador–Peru border crossings Category:Populated places in the Tumbes Region

Mount Sicker Mount Sicker is a small mountain on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It is near Crofton, Chemainus and Duncan. It was named for John J. Sicker, a homesteader in the area. Mining history In the autumn of 1895, three American prospectors—F.L. Sullivan, T. McKay and Henry Buzzard—discovered traces of copper, gold and silver on Mount Sicker and staked their claims. The following spring, they began prospecting and digging a shaft until August, when a forest fire devastated the western face of Mount Sicker. The prospectors fled the site, and their cabin and gear were destroyed in the fire. The fire was, however, a mixed blessing. When Harry Smith, their new partner, returned in the spring of 1897, the burned area revealed a outcropping of copper at the mountain's . The new strike was named Lenora, after Smith's daughter. When news of the discovery became public, a staking rush ensued and within weeks the entire mountain, base to summit, was staked. By 1900, the townsite of Lenora was established and lots were sold -- $75 for corner lots and $50 for inside lots, with 1/3 payable in cash and the remainder payable in three and six months. Throughout the first decade of the 1900s, Mount Sicker was the source of a number of mines—including the Lenora nearest the base of the mountain, the Tyee further uphill and the Richard III still further up the mountain—that would extract copper and send it to the Crofton smelter before being shipped across the world. The two main mines were the Lenora and the Tyee. One mine used an aerial tramway to ship the ore over the mountain to Stratford's Crossing on the E and N Railway. The other mine was served by the Leonora and Mt. Sicker Railway to Crofton. When the smelter closed in 1908, the mountain lost its importance to the economy. The Lenora mine operated between 1898 and 1903 (when it became embroiled in litigation) and in 1907. The Tyee mine was worked intermittently between 1901 and 1909, while the Richard III mine operated between 1903 and 1907. During this time, the three mines reportedly produced 1,107 kilograms of gold, 22,955 kilograms of silver and 9,180 tonnes of copper from 229,000 tonnes of ore extracted largely by hand. The sites have been operated intermittently since 1909. Many houses from the town of Mount Sicker were salvaged and moved to other communities in the Cowichan Valley, but some remained as a ghost town until weather, vandalism, and finally logging erased almost all traces. Mining activity has continued on a sporadic basis; in the 1970s a company was using a leaching process to recover minerals from the tailing piles. There's been core sample drilling around the mine area since then, so mining may return. Location Mount Sicker can be reached from Mount Prevost Road off Somenos Road or from Mt. Sicker Road off Westholme Road. The roads on Mount Sicker are unpaved, unmaintained and not sign-posted, and there may be active logging, so visitors should use common sense and caution. There are good views of the Gulf Islands and Chemainus River valley from the mountain. Weather Radar Station The south face of Mt. Sicker has a doppler radar installation. This station populates the Environment Canada Mt. Sicker Radar Visibility Map. Access to the station is gated, under video surveillance, and fenced. In addition to the main radar dome, there are multiple transmitters that relay data across the Straight of Georgia and to Victoria. References Paterson, T.W. and Basque, G., Ghost Towns & Mining Camps of Vancouver Island, 1989, Sunfire Publications Limited,

Langley, BC, Canada. External links Guide to Mount Sicker, Municipality of North Cowichan Historical Communities: Mount Sicker, University of Victoria Geography Department Category:Vancouver Island Category:Mountains of British Columbia Category:Ghost towns in British Columbia

Muck Glacier Muck Glacier () is a glacier between Campbell Cliffs and Sullivan Ridge in the Queen Maud Mountains. It flows generally northward from Husky Heights, and then eastward around the north end of Sullivan Ridge to enter Ramsey Glacier. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Maj. James B. Muck, USA, of the U.S. Army Aviation Detachment which supported the Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Expedition to this area, 1964-65. Category:Glaciers of the Ross Dependency

Penhill Preceptory Penhill Preceptory was a priory on the northern flanks of Penhill in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England, which functioned from about 1142 to 1308–12. References External links Category:Monasteries in North Yorkshire Category:Wensleydale

Tiger I The Tiger I (), a German heavy tank of World War II, operated from 1942 in Africa and Europe, usually in independent heavy-tank battalions. Its final designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E often shortened to Tiger. The Tiger I gave the German Army its first armoured fighting vehicle that mounted the 8.8 cm KwK 36 gun (derived from the 8.8 cm Flak 36). 1,347 were built between August 1942 and August 1944. After August 1944, production of the Tiger I was phased out in favour of the Tiger II. While the Tiger I has been called an outstanding design for its time, it was over-engineered, using expensive materials and labour-intensive production methods. The Tiger was prone to certain types of track failures and breakdowns, and was limited in range by its high fuel consumption. It was expensive to maintain, but generally mechanically reliable. It was difficult to transport, and vulnerable to immobilisation when mud, ice, and snow froze between its overlapping and interleaved Schachtellaufwerk-pattern road wheels, often jamming them solid. This was a problem on the Eastern Front in the muddy rasputitsa season and during periods of extreme cold. The tank was given its nickname "Tiger" by Ferdinand Porsche, and the Roman numeral was added after the later Tiger II entered production. The initial designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausführung H (literally 'Armored Combat Wagon/Vehicle VI version H, abbreviated PzKpfw VI Ausf. H) where 'H' denoted Henschel as the designer/manufacturer. It was classified with ordnance inventory designation Sd.Kfz. 182. The tank was later re-designated as PzKpfw VI Ausf. E in March 1943, with ordnance inventory designation Sd.Kfz. 181. Today, only seven Tiger I tanks survive in museums and private collections worldwide. Tiger 131 (captured during the North Africa Campaign) at the UK's Tank Museum is the only example restored to running order. Design history Earlier designs Henschel & Sohn began the development of a large tank design in January 1937 when the Waffenamt requested Henschel to develop a Durchbruchwagen ("breakthrough vehicle") in the 30–33 tonne range. Only one prototype hull was ever built and it was never fitted with a turret. The Durchbruchwagen I's general shape and suspension resembled the Panzer III, while the turret resembled the early Panzer IV C turret with the short-barrelled 7.5 cm L/24 cannon. Before Durchbruchwagen I was completed, a request was issued for a heavier 30-tonne class vehicle with thicker armour; this was the Durchbruchwagen II, which would have had 50 mm (2 in) of frontal armour and mounted a Panzer IV turret with a short-barrelled 7.5 cm L/24 gun. Overall weight would have been 36 tonnes. Only one hull was built and no turret was fitted. Further development of the Durchbruchwagen was dropped in 1938 in favour of the larger and better-armoured VK 30.01 (H) and VK 36.01 (H) designs. Both the Durchbruchwagen I and II prototype hulls were used as test vehicles until 1941. Another attempt The VK 30.01 (H) medium tank and the VK 36.01 (H) heavy tank designs pioneered the use of the complex Schachtellaufwerk track suspension system of torsion bar-sprung, overlapped and interleaved main road wheels for tank use. This concept was already common on German half-tracks such as the Sd.Kfz. 7. The VK 30.01 (H) was intended to mount a low-velocity 7.5 cm L/24 infantry support gun, a 7.5 cm L/40 dual purpose anti-tank gun, or a 10.5 cm L/28 field gun in a Krupp turret. Overall weight was to be 33 tonnes. The armour was designed to be 50 mm on frontal surfaces and 30 mm on the side surfaces. Four prototype hulls were completed

for testing. Two of these were later modified to build the "Sturer Emil" (12.8 cm Selbstfahrlafette L/61) self-propelled anti-tank gun. The VK 36.01 (H) was intended to weigh 40 tonnes, with 100 mm (4 in) of armour on front surfaces, 80 mm on turret sides and 60 mm on the hull sides. The VK 36.01 (H) was intended to carry a 7.5 cm L/24, or a 7.5 cm L/43, or a 7.5 cm L/70, or a 12.8 cm L/28 cannon in a Krupp turret that looked similar to an enlarged Panzer IV Ausf. C turret. The hull for one prototype was built, followed later by five more. The six turrets built were never fitted and were used as part of the Atlantic Wall. The VK 36.01 (H) project was discontinued in early 1942 in favour of the VK 45.01 project. Further improvements Combat experience against the French SOMUA S35 cavalry tank and Char B1 heavy tank, and the British Matilda II infantry tanks during the Battle of France in June 1940 showed that the German Army needed better armed and armoured tanks. On 26 May 1941, Henschel and Ferdinand Porsche were asked to submit designs for a 45-tonne heavy tank, to be ready by June 1942. Porsche worked on an updated version of their VK 30.01 (P) Leopard tank prototype while Henschel worked on an improved VK 36.01 (H) tank. Henschel built two prototypes: a VK 45.01 (H) H1 with an 8.8 cm L/56 cannon, and a VK 45.01 (H) H2 with a 7.5 cm L/70 cannon. Final designs On 22 June 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Germans were shocked to encounter Soviet T-34 medium and KV-1 heavy tanks, and, according to Henschel designer Erwin Aders: "There was great consternation when it was discovered that the Soviet tanks were superior to anything available to the Heer.". An immediate weight increase to 45 tonnes and an increase in gun calibre to 8.8 cm was ordered. The due date for the new prototypes was set for 20 April 1942, Adolf Hitler's 53rd birthday. Unlike the Panther tank, the designs did not incorporate sloped armour, an innovation taken from the T-34. Porsche and Henschel submitted prototype designs, each making use of the Krupp-designed turret. They were demonstrated at Rastenburg in front of Hitler. The Henschel design was accepted, mainly because the Porsche VK 4501 (P) prototype design used a troubled gasoline-electric hybrid power unit which needed large quantities of copper for manufacture of its electrical drivetrain components, a strategic war material of which Germany had limited supplies with acceptable electrical properties for such uses. Production of the Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H began in August 1942. Expecting an order for his tank, Porsche built 100 chassis. After the contract was awarded to Henschel, they were used for a new turretless, casemate-style tank destroyer; 91 hulls were converted into the Panzerjäger Tiger (P) in early 1943. The Tiger was still at the prototype stage when it was first hurried into service, and therefore changes both large and small were made throughout the production run. A redesigned turret with a lower cupola was the most significant change. To cut costs, the submersion capability and an external air-filtration system were dropped. Design The Tiger differed from earlier German tanks principally in its design philosophy. Its predecessors balanced mobility, armour and firepower, and were sometimes outgunned by their opponents. While heavy, this tank was not slower than the best of its opponents. However, at over 50 tonnes dead weight, the suspension, gearboxes, and other such items had clearly reached their design

limits and breakdowns were frequent if regular maintenance was not undertaken. Although the general design and layout were broadly similar to the previous medium tank, the Panzer IV, the Tiger weighed more than twice as much. This was due to its substantially thicker armour, the larger main gun, greater volume of fuel and ammunition storage, larger engine, and a more solidly built transmission and suspension. Armour The Tiger I had frontal hull armour thick, frontal turret armour of and a thick gun mantlet. The Tiger had thick hull side plates and 80 mm armour on the side superstructure/sponsons, while turret sides and rear were 80 mm. The top and bottom armour was thick; from March 1944, the turret roof was thickened to . Armour plates were mostly flat, with interlocking construction. The armour joints were of high quality, being stepped and welded rather than riveted and were made of maraging steel. Gun The 56-calibre long 8.8 cm KwK 36 was chosen for the Tiger. A combination of a flat trajectory from the high muzzle velocity and precision from Leitz Turmzielfernrohr TZF 9b sight (later replaced by the monocular TZF 9c) made it very accurate. In British wartime firing trials, five successive hits were scored on a target at a range of . Compared with the other contemporary German tank guns, the 8.8 cm KwK 36 had superior penetration to the 7.5 cm KwK 40 on the Sturmgeschütz III and Panzer IV but inferior to the 7.5 cm KwK 42 on the Panther tank under ranges of 2,500 metres. At greater ranges, the 8.8 cm KwK 36 was superior in penetration and accuracy. The ammunition for the Tiger had electrically fired primers. Four types of ammunition were available but not all were fully available; the PzGr 40 shell used tungsten, which was in short supply as the war progressed. PzGr. 39 (armour-piercing, capped, ballistic cap) PzGr. 40 (armour-piercing, composite rigid) Hl. Gr. 39 (high explosive anti-tank) sch. Sprgr. Patr. L/4.5 (incendiary shrapnel) Engine and drive The rear of the tank held an engine compartment flanked by two separate rear compartments each containing a fuel tank and radiator. The Germans had not developed an adequate diesel engine, so a petrol (gasoline) powerplant had to be used instead. The original engine utilised was a 21.35-litre (1303 cu.in.) 12-cylinder Maybach HL210 P45 developing 485 kW (650 hp) at 3,000 rpm. Although a good engine, it was underpowered for the vehicle. From the 251st Tiger onwards, it was replaced by the upgraded HL 230 P45, a 23.095 litre (1409 cu.in.) engine developing 521 kW (700 hp) at 3,000 rpm. The main difference between these engines was that the original Maybach HL 210 used an aluminium engine block while the Maybach HL 230 used a cast-iron engine block. The cast-iron block allowed for larger cylinders (and thus, greater displacement) which increased the power output to 521 kW (700 hp). The engine was in V-form, with two cylinder banks set at 60 degrees. An inertia starter was mounted on its right side, driven via chain gears through a port in the rear wall. The engine could be lifted out through a hatch on the rear hull roof. In comparison to other V12 and various vee-form gasoline engines used for tanks, the eventual HL 230 engine was nearly four litres smaller in displacement than the Allied British Rolls-Royce Meteor V12 AFV powerplant, itself adapted from the RR Merlin but de-rated to 448 kW (600 hp) power output; and the American Ford-designed precursor V12 to its Ford GAA V-8 AFV engine of 18 litre displacement, which in its original

V12 form would have had the same 27 litre displacement as the Meteor. The engine drove the front sprockets through a drivetrain connecting to a transmission in the front portion of the lower hull; the front sprockets had to be mounted relatively low as a result. The Krupp-designed 11-tonne turret had a hydraulic motor whose pump was powered by mechanical drive from the engine. A full rotation took about a minute. Another new feature was the Maybach-Olvar hydraulically controlled semi-automatic pre-selector gearbox. The extreme weight of the tank also required a new steering system. Germany's Argus Motoren, where Hermann Klaue had invented a ring brake in 1940, supplied them for the Arado Ar 96 and also supplied the 55 cm disc. Klaue acknowledged in the patent application that he had merely improved on existing technology, that can be traced back to British designs dating to 1904. It is unclear whether Klaue's patent ring brake was utilised in the Tiger brake design. The clutch-and-brake system, typical for lighter vehicles, was retained only for emergencies. Normally, steering depended on a double differential, Henschel's development of the British Merritt-Brown system first encountered in the Churchill tank. The vehicle had an eight-speed gearbox, and the steering offered two fixed radii of turns on each gear, thus the Tiger had sixteen different radii of turn. In first gear, at a speed of a few km/h, the minimal turning radius was . In neutral gear, the tracks could be turned in opposite directions, so the Tiger I pivoted in place. There was a steering wheel instead of either a tiller — or, as most tanks had at that time, twin braking levers — making the Tiger I's steering system easy to use, and ahead of its time. Suspension The suspension used sixteen torsion bars, with eight suspension arms per side. To save space, the swing arms were leading on one side and trailing on the other. There were three road wheels (one of them double, closest to the track's centre) on each arm, in a so-called Schachtellaufwerk overlapping and interleaved arrangement, similar to that pioneered on German half-tracked military vehicles of the pre-World War II era, with the Tiger I being the first all-tracked German AFV built in quantity to use such a road wheel arrangement. The wheels had a diameter of in the Schachtellaufwerk arrangement for the Tiger I's suspension, providing a high uniform distribution of the load onto the track, at the cost of increased maintenance. Removing an inner wheel that had lost its solid rubber tire (a common occurrence) required the removal of up to nine other wheels first. During the rainy period that brought on the autumn rasputitsa mud season and onwards into the winter conditions on the Eastern front, the roadwheels of a Schachtellaufwerk-equipped vehicle could also become packed with mud or snow that could then freeze. Presumably, German engineers, based on the experience of the half tracks, felt that the improvement in off-road performance, track and wheel life, mobility with wheels missing or damaged, plus additional protection from enemy fire was worth the maintenance difficulties of a complex system vulnerable to mud and ice. This approach was carried on, in various forms, to the Panther and the non-interleaved wheel design for the Tiger II. Eventually, a new 80 cm diameter 'steel' wheel design, closely resembling those on the Tiger II, with an internally sprung steel-rim tire was substituted, and which like the Tiger II, were only overlapped and not interleaved. To support the considerable weight of the Tiger, the tracks were wide. To meet rail-freight size restrictions, the outermost roadwheel

on each axle (16 total) could be unbolted from a flange and narrower wide 'transport' tracks (Verladeketten) installed. The track replacement and wheel removal took 30 minutes for each side of the tank. However, in service, Tigers were frequently transported by rail with their combat tracks fitted, as long as the train crew knew there were no narrow tunnels or other obstructions on the route that would prevent an oversized load from passing, despite this practice being strictly forbidden. Fording system The Tiger tank's combat weight of 56 tons was often too heavy for small bridges which had 35 ton weight limits, so it was designed to ford bodies of water up to deep. This required unusual mechanisms for ventilation and cooling when underwater. At least 30 minutes of set-up time was required, with the turret and gun being locked in the forward position, and a large snorkel tube raised at the rear. An inflatable doughnut-shaped ring sealed the turret ring. The two rear compartments (each containing a fuel tank, radiator and fans) were floodable. Only the first 495 units were fitted with this deep fording system; all later models were capable of fording water only two metres deep. However, this ability was found to be a limited practical value for its expensive cost and was removed from production lines in August 1943. Crew compartment The internal layout was typical of German tanks. Forward was an open crew compartment, with the driver and radio-operator seated at the front on either side of the gearbox. Behind them the turret floor was surrounded by panels forming a continuous level surface. This helped the loader to retrieve the ammunition, which was mostly stowed above the tracks. Three men were seated in the turret; the loader to the right of the gun facing to the rear, the gunner to the left of the gun, and the commander behind him. There was also a folding seat on the right for the loader. The turret had a full circular floor and 157 cm headroom. Early versions of the Tiger I's turret included two pistol ports however one of these was replaced with a loader escape hatch and the other deleted from later designs. Post-war testing by the Allies found the tank to be uncomfortable and spartan. This was in contrast to German crews who found them to be spacious and comfortable. Cost The main problem with the Tiger was that its production required considerable resources in terms of manpower and material, which led to it being expensive: the Tiger I cost over twice as much as a Panzer IV and four times as much as a StuG III assault gun. Partly because of their high cost, only 1,347 Tiger I and 492 Tiger II tanks were produced. The closest counterpart to the Tiger from the United States was the M26 Pershing (around 200 deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) during the war) and the IS-2 from the USSR (about 3,800 built during the conflict). From a technical point of view it was superior to its contemporaries, and despite the low number produced, shortages in qualified crew and the considerable fuel requirement in a context of ever shrinking resources, Tiger tanks had a large impact in the war with Tigers (including Tiger IIs) destroying at least 10,300 enemy tanks, and 11,380 AT guns and artillery pieces in WW2. This was achieved for the loss of 1,725 Tigers (including large numbers of operational and strategic losses, i.e abandoned, broken down, etc). Production history Production of the Tiger I began in August 1942 at the factory of

Henschel und Sohn in Kassel, initially at a rate of 25 per month and peaking in April 1944 at 104 per month. An official document of the time stated that the first Tiger I was completed in August 4. 1,355 had been built by August 1944, when production ceased. Deployed Tiger I's peaked at 671 on 1 July 1944. It took about twice as long to build a Tiger I as another German tank of the period. When the improved Tiger II began production in January 1944, the Tiger I was soon phased out. In 1943, Japan bought several specimens of German tank designs for study. A single Tiger I was apparently purchased, along with a Panther and two Panzer IIIs, but only the Panzer IIIs were actually delivered. The undelivered Tiger was loaned to the German Wehrmacht by the Japanese government. Many modifications were introduced during the production run to improve automotive performance, firepower and protection. Simplification of the design was implemented, along with cuts due to raw material shortages. In 1942 alone, at least six revisions were made, starting with the removal of the Vorpanzer (frontal armour shield) from the pre-production models in April. In May, mudguards bolted onto the side of the pre-production run were added, while removable mudguards saw full incorporation in September. Smoke discharge canisters, three on each side of the turret, were added in August 1942. In later years, similar changes and updates were added, such as the addition of Zimmerit (a non-magnetic anti-mine coating), in late 1943. Due to slow production rates at the factories, incorporation of the new modifications could take several months. The humorous and somewhat racy crew manual, the Tigerfibel, was the first of its kind for the German Army and its success resulted in more unorthodox manuals that attempted to emulate its style. Variants Among other variants of the Tiger, a citadel, heavily armoured self-propelled rocket projector, today commonly known as the Sturmtiger, was built. A tank recovery version of the Porsche Tiger I (Bergetiger), and one Porsche Tiger I, was issued to the 654th Heavy Tank Destroyer Battalion, which was equipped with the Ferdinand/Elefant. In Italy, a demolition carrier version of the Tiger I without a main gun was built by maintenance crews in an effort to find a way to clear minefields. It is often misidentified as a BergeTiger recovery vehicle. As many as three may have been built. It carried a demolition charge on a small crane on the turret in place of the main gun. It was to move up to a minefield and drop the charge, back away, and then set the charge off to clear the minefield. There is no verification of any being used in combat. Another variant was the Fahrschulpanzer VI Tiger tanks (driving school Tiger tanks). These tanks were Tigers with modified engines to run on either compressed Towngas gas (Stadtgas System) or wood gas (Holzgas System). This was due to shortages in fuel supply. They used a mixture of turreted and turretless hulls. They were used to train Tiger tank crews. They were not used in combat. Designations Hitler's order, dated 27 February 1944, abolished the designation Panzerkampfwagen VI and ratified Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E, which was the official designation until the end of the war. For common use it was frequently shortened to Tiger. Combat history Gun and armour performance A report prepared by the Waffenamt-Prüfwesen 1 gave the calculated probability of perforation at range, on which various adversaries would be defeated reliably at a side angle of 30 degrees to the incoming round. The Wa Pruef report

estimated that the Tiger's 88 mm gun would be capable of penetrating the differential case of an American M4 Sherman from and the turret front from , but the Tiger's 88 mm gun would not penetrate the upper glacis plate at any range. The M4 Sherman's 75 mm gun would not penetrate the Tiger frontally at any range, and needed to be within 100 m to achieve a side penetration against the 80 mm upper hull superstructure. The Sherman's upgraded 76 mm gun might penetrate the Tiger's driver's front plate from 600 m, the nose from 400 m and the turret front from 700 m. The M3 90 mm cannon used as a towed anti-aircraft and anti-tank gun, and later mounted in the M36 tank destroyer and finally the late-war M26 Pershing, could penetrate the Tiger's front plate at a range of 1,000 m using standard ammunition, and from beyond 2,000 m when using HVAP. Soviet ground trial testing conducted in May 1943 determined that the 8.8 cm KwK 36 gun could pierce the T-34/76 frontal beam nose of 140 mm thickness from 1500 m, and the front hull from 1500 m. A hit to the driver's hatch would force it to collapse inwards and break apart. According to the WaPrüf, the Soviet T-34-85's upper glacis and turret front armour would be defeated between , while the T-34's 85 mm gun would penetrate the front of a Tiger between . The 120 mm hull armour of the Soviet IS-2 model 1943 would be defeated between at the driver's front plate and nose. The IS-2's 122 mm gun could penetrate the Tiger's front armour from between . However, according to Steven Zaloga, the IS-2 and Tiger I could each knock the other out in normal combat distances below 1,000 m. At longer ranges, the performance of each respective tank against each other was dependent on the crew and the combat situation. The British Churchill IV was vulnerable to the Tiger at between , its strongest point being the nose and its weakest the turret. According to an STT document dated April 1944, it was estimated that the British 17-pounder, as used on the Sherman Firefly, firing its normal APCBC ammunition, would penetrate the turret front and driver's visor plate of the Tiger out to . When engaging targets, Tiger crews were encouraged to angle the hull to the 10:30 or 1:30 clock position (45 degrees) relative to the target, an orientation referred to as the Mahlzeit Stellung. This would maximize the effective front hull armour to 180mm and side hull to 140mm, making the Tiger impervious to any Allied gun up to 152 mm. The Tiger's lack of slope for its armour made angling the hull by manual means simple and effective, and unlike the lighter Panzer IV and Panther tanks, the Tiger's thick side armour gave a degree of confidence of immunity from flank attacks. The tank was also immune to Soviet anti-tank rifle fire to the sides and rear. Its large calibre 8.8 cm provided superior fragmentation and high explosive content over the 7.5 cm KwK 42 gun. Therefore, comparing the Tiger with the Panther, for supporting the infantry and destroying fortifications, the Tiger offered superior firepower. It was also key to dealing with towed anti-tank guns, according to German tank commander Otto Carius: First actions Eager to make use of the powerful new weapon, Hitler ordered the vehicle be pressed into service months earlier than had been planned. A platoon of four Tigers went into action on 23 September 1942 near Leningrad. Operating in swampy, forested terrain, their

movement was largely confined to roads and tracks, making defence against them far easier. Many of these early models were plagued by problems with the transmission, which had difficulty handling the great weight of the vehicle if pushed too hard. It took time for drivers to learn how to avoid overtaxing the engine and transmission, and many broke down. The most significant event from this engagement was that one of the Tigers became stuck in swampy ground and had to be abandoned. Captured largely intact, it enabled the Soviets to study the design and prepare countermeasures. The 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion was deployed to the Don Front in the autumn of 1942, but arrived too late to participate in Operation Winter Storm, the attempt to relieve Stalingrad. It was subsequently engaged in heavy defensive fighting in the Rostov-on-Don and adjacent sectors in January and February 1943. In the North African Campaign, the Tiger I first saw action during the Tunisia Campaign on 1 December 1942 east of Tebourba when three Tigers attacked an olive grove 5 km west of Djedeida. The thick olive grove made visibility very limited and enemy tanks were engaged at close range. The Tigers were hit by a number of M3 Lee tanks firing at a range of 80 to 100 metres. Two of the Lees were knocked out in this action. The Tiger tanks proved that they had excellent protection from enemy fire; this greatly increased the crew's trust in the quality of the armour. The first loss to an Allied gun was on 20 January 1943 near Robaa, when a battery of the British 72nd Anti-Tank Regiment knocked out a Tiger with their 6-pounder (57 mm) anti-tank guns. Seven Tigers were immobilised by mines during the failed attack on Béja during Operation Ochsenkopf at the end of February. Later actions On July 1943, two heavy tank battalions (503rd and 505th) took part in Operation Citadel resulting in the Battle of Kursk with one battalion each on the northern (505th) and southern (503rd) flanks of the Kursk salient the operation was designed to encircle. However, the operation failed and the Germans were again put on the defensive. The resulting withdraw led to the loss of many broken-down Tigers which were left unrecovered, battalions unable to do required maintenance or repairs. On 11 April 1945, a Tiger I destroyed three M4 Sherman tanks and an armoured car advancing on a road. On 12 April 1945, a Tiger I (F02) destroyed two Comet tanks, one halftrack and one scout car. This Tiger I was destroyed by a Comet tank of A Squadron of the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment on the next day without infantry support. Mobility and reliability The tank's weight significantly limited its use of bridges. For this reason, the Tiger was built with water tight hatches and a snorkel device that allowed it to ford water obstacles four metres deep. The tank's weight also made driving through buildings risky, as the presence of a cellar could result in a sudden drop. Another weakness was the slow traverse of the hydraulically operated turret. Due to reliability problems with the Maybach HL 210 TRM P45, which was delivered within the first production batch of 250 Tigers, performance for its maximum power output at high gear ratio could not be fulfilled. Though the Maybach engines had a maximum of 3,000 rpm, crews were told in the Tigerfibel not to exceed 2,600 rpm. The engine limitation was alleviated only by the adoption of the Maybach HL 230. A British Army test report showed that the turret on the Tiger

E tank turned 360 degrees, at 19º/second, with its power traverse system set at high ratio and with the engine speed at 2,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). The turret could also be traversed manually, but this option was rarely used, except for very small adjustments. Early Tigers had a top speed of about over optimal terrain. This was not recommended for normal operation, and was discouraged in training. An engine governor was subsequently installed, capping the engine at 2,600 rpm and the Tiger's maximum speed to about . Tiger crews report that typical march speed off-road was 10 kilometers per hour (6 mph). However, medium tanks of the time, such as the Sherman or T-34, had on average a top speed of about . Thus, despite the Tiger being nearly twice as heavy, its speed was comparatively respectable. With the tank's very wide tracks, a design feature borrowed from the Soviet T-34, the Tiger had a lower ground pressure than many smaller tanks, such as the M4 Sherman. Tiger I tanks needed a high degree of support. It required two or sometimes three of the standard German Sd.Kfz. 9 Famo heavy recovery half-track tractors to tow it. Tiger crews often resorted to using another Tiger to tow the damaged vehicle, but this was not recommended as it often caused overheating and engine breakdown. The low-mounted sprocket limited the obstacle clearance height. The tracks also had a tendency to override the rear sprocket, resulting in immobilisation. If a track overrode and jammed, two Tigers were normally needed to tow the tank. The jammed track was also a big problem itself, since due to high tension, it was often impossible to split the track by removing the track pins. The track sometimes had to be blown apart with a small explosive charge. The average reliability of the Tiger tank in the second half of 1943 was similar to that of the Panther, 36%, compared to the 48% of the Panzer IV and the 65% of the StuG III. From May 1944 to March 1945, the reliability of the Tiger tank was as good as the Panzer IV. With an average of 70%, the Tiger's operational availability on the Western Front, was better than compared to 62% of Panthers. On the Eastern Front, 65% of Tigers were operationally available, compared to the 71% of Panzer IVs and 65% of Panthers. Tactical organization Tigers were usually employed in separate heavy tank battalions (schwere Panzer-Abteilung) under army command. These battalions would be deployed to critical sectors, either for breakthrough operations or, more typically, counter-attacks. A few favoured divisions, such as the Grossdeutschland, and the 1st SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, 2nd SS Das Reich, and 3rd SS Totenkopf Panzergrenadier Divisions at Kursk, had a Tiger company in their tank regiments. The Grossdeutschland Division had its Tiger company increased to a battalion as the III Panzer Battalion of the Panzer Regiment Grossdeutschland. 3rd SS Totenkopf retained its Tiger I company through the entire war. 1st SS and 2nd SS had their Tiger companies taken away and incorporated into the 101st SS Tiger Battalion, which was part of 1st SS Panzer Corps. The Tiger was originally designed to be an offensive breakthrough weapon, but by the time it went into action, the military situation had changed dramatically, and its main use was on the defensive, as a mobile anti-tank and infantry gun support weapon. Tactically, this also meant moving the Tiger units constantly to parry breakthroughs, causing excessive mechanical wear. As a result, there are almost no instances where a Tiger battalion went into combat at anything close

to full strength. Against the Soviet and Western Allied production numbers, even a 10:1 kill ratio was not sufficient. These numbers must be set against the opportunity cost of the expensive Tiger. Every Tiger cost as much to build as four Sturmgeschütz III assault guns. Allied response British response The British had observed the gradual increase in German AFV armour and firepower since 1940 and had anticipated the need for more powerful anti-tank guns. Work on the 76.2 mm calibre Ordnance QF 17 pounder had begun in late 1940 and in 1942 100 early-production guns were rushed to North Africa to help counter the new Tiger threat. The gun carriage had not yet been developed, and the guns were mounted on the carriages of 25-pounder gun/howitzers and were known by the code name "Pheasant". Efforts were hastened to get cruiser tanks armed with 17-pounder guns into operation. The A30 Challenger was already at the prototype stage in 1942, but this tank was relatively unprotected, having a front hull thickness of 64 mm, and in the end was fielded in only limited numbers (around 200 were ordered in 1943), though crews liked it for its high speed. The Sherman Firefly, armed with the 17-pounder, was a notable success even though it was only intended to be a stopgap design. Fireflies were successfully used against Tigers; in one engagement, a single Firefly destroyed three Tigers in 12 minutes with five rounds. Over 2,000 Fireflies were built during the war. Five different 17-pounder-armed British designs saw combat during the war: the A30 Challenger, the A34 Comet (using the OQF 77mm HV variant), the Sherman Firefly, the 17pdr SP Achilles, and the 17pdr SP Archer self-propelled gun, while one more, the A41 Centurion, was about to enter service as the European war ended. In 1944 the British introduced an APDS round for the 17-pounder, which increased penetration performance considerably. Soviet response Initially, the Soviets responded to the Tiger I by restarting production of the 57 mm ZiS-2 anti-tank gun (production was stopped in 1941 in favour of cheaper and more versatile alternatives – e.g. the ZiS-3 – as the gun's performance was excessive for early German armour). The ZiS-2 had better armour penetration than the 76 mm F-34 tank gun used by most Red Army tanks, or the ZiS-3 76 mm divisional cannon, but was still inadequate against Tigers. A small number of T-34s were again fitted with a tank version of the ZiS-2, the ZiS-4, but it could not fire an adequate high-explosive round, making it an unsuitable tank gun. Firing trials of the new 85 mm D-5T also had proved disappointing. Several captured German Tiger I tanks were shipped to Chelyabinsk, where they were subjected to 85 mm fire from various angles. The 85 mm gun could not reliably penetrate the Tiger I's armour except at ranges within the lethal envelope of the Tiger I's own 88 mm gun. It was still initially used on the SU-85 self-propelled gun (based on a T-34 chassis) from August 1943. The production of KV heavy tanks armed with the 85 mm D-5T in an IS-85 turret was also started. There was a short production run of 148 KV-85 tanks, which were sent to the front beginning in September 1943 with production ending by December 1943. By early 1944, the T-34/85 appeared; this up-gunned T-34 matched the SU-85's firepower, but with the advantage of mounting the gun in a turret. It also matched the firepower of the heavier IS-85 tank in a more cost effective package resulting in a repetition of the events which heralded the

decline of KV-1 production. The IS was subsequently rearmed with the 122 mm D-25T, which with BR–471 AP rounds was capable of going through the Tiger's armour from 1,200 m, and with the improved BR–471B APHEBC rounds at over 2,000 m. The redundant SU-85 was replaced by the SU-100, mounting a 100 mm D-10 tank gun, that could penetrate 149 mm of vertical armour plate at 1,000 m. In May 1943, the Red Army deployed the SU-152, which was replaced in 1944 by the ISU-152. These self-propelled guns both mounted the large, 152 mm howitzer-gun. The SU-152 was intended to be a close-support gun for use against German fortifications rather than armour; however, it shared among the later fielded ISU-152, the nickname Zveroboy ("beast killer"), for its rare ability to knock out German heavy tanks. The 152 mm armour-piercing shells weighed over and could penetrate a Tiger's frontal armour from about . Its high-explosive rounds were powerful enough to cause significant damage to a tank, occasionally ripping the turret off outright. However, the size and weight of the ammunition meant both vehicles had a low rate of fire, and each could carry only 20 rounds. U.S. response The US Army hesitated to place 76 mm M1 guns in action even when they were already available, as combat through early 1944 indicated that the 75 mm M3 was more than adequate for handling the German tank threat. This conclusion was partly based on the correct estimate that Tigers would be encountered in relatively small numbers, and on the assumption that anti-tank gun-fire (as in Tunisia and Sicily) rather than tanks could knock them out. Operators – The main operator. – 13 examples given by Germany. Survivors Tiger 131 On 21 April 1943, a Tiger I of the 504th German heavy tank battalion, with turret number 131, was captured on a hill called Djebel Djaffa in Tunisia. A 6-pounder solid shot from a Churchill tank of the British 48th Royal Tank Regiment hit the Tiger's gun barrel and ricocheted into its turret ring, jamming its traverse and wounding the commander. The crew bailed out and the tank was captured. After repairs, the tank was sent to England for a thorough inspection. The captured tank was officially handed over to the Bovington Tank Museum by the British Ministry of Supply on 25 September 1951. In June 1990, the tank was removed from display at the museum and work began on its restoration. This was carried out both by the museum and the Army Base Repair Organisation and involved an almost complete disassembly of the tank. The Maybach HL230 engine from the museum's Tiger II was installed (the Tiger's original Maybach HL210 had been sectioned for display), along with a modern fire-suppressant system in the engine compartment. In December 2003, Tiger 131 returned to the museum, restored and in running condition. This Tiger was used in the film Fury, the first time an original, fully mechanically operable Tiger I has appeared in a movie since World War II. Others Given the low number of just over 1,300 Tiger Is produced during World War II, very few survived the war and the subsequent post-war scrapping drives. Many large components have been salvaged over the years, but the discovery of a more or less and generally complete vehicle has so far eluded armour enthusiasts and tank collectors. In addition to Tiger 131, six other Tiger I tanks survive as of April 2018 at these following locations: Musée des Blindés in Saumur, France. Indoor exhibit in good condition. Mid-production (1944) version with overlapping 'steel'-type roadwheels adopted from

the Tiger II and fitted with the narrow transport tracks. This Tiger was part of the 2nd company of the SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 102 which fought in the Cauville sector and was later abandoned by her crew after a mechanical breakdown. She was recommissioned as Colmar with the 2nd squadron of the Free French 6th Cuirassier Regiment and joined the new unit in fighting all the way back to Germany. Vimoutiers in Normandy, France. The renowned "Vimoutiers Tiger tank". Abandoned and then destroyed (to prevent enemy capture) by its German crew in August 1944. An outdoor monument in poor condition due to the effect of time and the elements (many original parts such as hatches and both rear exhaust pipes missing). Kubinka Tank Museum in Moscow, Russia. In good condition; displayed as an indoor exhibit (although the outermost row of four roadwheels are missing on this vehicle). Military-Historical Museum of Lenino-Snegiri in Russia. In very bad condition; displayed outdoors. This tank was a former firing-range target and has been badly shot-at and cut up (damage include broken running gear and multiple shell-holes on its armour). Tiger 712 [Hull Number 250031] of the 501st Heavy Panzer Battalion is a part of the United States Army Armor & Cavalry Museum in Fort Benning, Georgia, the US. In good condition; formerly displayed outdoors, it has since been moved indoors. This vehicle appears to have had its left turret and upper-hull sides partially cut open (possibly for vehicle studies and analysis) during or after WWII but the cut openings have since been covered up by false metal plates. The German Panzer Museum in Munster now has a Tiger I on display. This tank was reconstructed by Mr. Hoebig in Germany using parts found in the Trun Scrapyard in Normandy and some other parts found in Kurland (in Latvia). Tanks of comparable role, performance and era Soviet Iosif Stalin 2 United States M26 Pershing See also List of WWII Maybach engines Notes References Citations Bibliography External links Bovington Tank Museum Tiger and Restoration Tiger I Information Center - Comprehensive website about the Tiger I Article, "New German Heavy Tank" from U.S. Intelligence Bulletin, June 1943 "Under The Tiger's Skin" - June 1945 Popular Science Tiger survivors – PDF, Surviving Tiger Tanks Tiger and Tiger II sections from Handbook on German Military Forces Category:Heavy tanks of Germany Category:World War II heavy tanks Category:World War II tanks of Germany Category:History of the tank

Investing.com Investing.com is a global financial portal and internet brand, composed of 33 editions in 24 languages and mobile apps for Android and iOS that provide news, analysis, streaming quotes and charts, technical data and financial tools about the global financial markets. The editions each cover a broad variety of financial vehicles including Stocks, Bonds, Commodities, Currencies, Interest Rates, Futures and Options. Investing.com has offices in Madrid, Spain; Nicosia, Cyprus; Tel Aviv, Israel; Shenzhen, China. History Branded initially as Forexpros.com, the portal launched in 2007 with editions in four languages: English, Spanish, Hebrew and Arabic, offering free data, information, analysis, news and tools over the Forex market for traders. Six additional editions followed in 2008, growing to a total of 18 different localized editions by the end of 2011. During 2009 the brand expanded its offering from Forex data to encompass a wider focus which led to the later rebranding decision. This move culminated in the purchase of the Investing.com domain for $2.45 million at the end of 2012. At the time, it was considered one of the most expensive domain names ever purchased. International editions Investing.com currently offers 33 localized (Language localisation) editions in 22 languages including: Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish and Vietnamese. Additional editions are dedicated to the Australian, Brazilian, Canadian, Hong Kong, Indian, Mexican and South African markets. Investing.com's Android app was launched on September 18, 2013, initially supporting five languages (currently the application supports fifteen). The company spent in excess of one million US dollars on the app's design and development. References External links Category:Financial services companies established in 2007 Category:Financial news agencies Category:Financial data vendors Category:Multilingual news services Category:Economics websites Category:Spanish news websites Category:Internet properties established in 2007 Category:News agencies based in Spain

St. Peter's Church, Akureyri St. Peter's Church () is a religious building of the Catholic Church which is located in Eyrarlandsvegi 26, in the town of Akureyri, Norduland Eystra (Northeast Region) in Iceland, and named after Saint Peter. St. Peter's Church follows the Roman or Latin rite and is located within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland. The church is noted for its red and white colors. The house was built in 1912, acquired by the church in 1952 and rebuilt to the St. Peter's Church in 1998 to 2000. Another church also dedicated to St. Peter is located nearby in Hrafnagilsstræti 2. See also Roman Catholicism in Iceland St. Peter's Church References Category:Roman Catholic churches in Iceland Category:Buildings and structures in Akureyri

Mary Eleanor Power Mary Eleanor Power is an ecology professor in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. Power is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the California Academy of Sciences. She holds an honorary doctorate from Umeå University, Sweden, and is a recipient of the G. Evelyn Hutchinson Award of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (formerly known as the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (2005)), and the Kempe Award for Distinguished Ecologists (2004). Power is a past president of the Ecological Society of America (2009–10) and the American Society of Naturalists (2005-2006). Power and her work are featured prominently in the documentary film, The Serengeti Rules, which was released in 2018. Biography Power earned her Ph.D in Zoology from the University of Washington in 1981 and has been professor in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of California Berkeley since 1987. She has also been a faculty manager of the Angelo Coast Range Reserve in Mendocino County since 1989. Professional work Power's research on river food web ecology, community and landscape ecology has influenced theory on the importance of food webs in ecosystem functioning. Her long-term research has examined how species influence changes in food webs, as well as species interactions in different environmental regimes, with relevance to Biogeomorphology and food web alterations. Power's study of armored catfish was part of the early research on ideal free distribution in the wild. Power has worked primarily on food web, landscape and community ecology in the Eel River of California.. Major publications Power, M.E., D. Tilman, J. A. Estes, B.A. Menge, W.J. Bond, L.S. Mills, G. Daily, J.C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco, and R.T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46: 609-620. Power, M. E. 1992. Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy? Ecology 73: 733-746. Power, M. E. 1990. Effects of fish in river food webs. Science 250: 811-814. References External links Berkeley.edu: Mary Eleanor Power NAS.org: Mary Eleanor Power Category:American ecologists Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:American women biologists Category:Women ecologists Category:People associated with the California Academy of Sciences Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty Category:University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni Category:Scientists from California Category:20th-century women scientists Category:21st-century women scientists Category:20th-century American scientists Category:21st-century American scientists Category:Fellows of the Ecological Society of America Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

North Ipswich Reserve North Ipswich Reserve presently known as Qld Group Stadium and formally Bendigo Bank Oval due to naming rights. It is based in Ipswich, Queensland and is home to the Ipswich Jets, who play in the Queensland Wizard Cup. On occasion the venue plays host to National Rugby League trial matches, most recently when the Sydney Roosters played the Jets. In 2010 Brisbane Roar played an Ipswich invitation side made up of players from Ipswich Knights, Western Spirit FC and Ipswich City FC. Brisbane Roar also played Melbourne Victory in a pre-season game in 2013. Ipswich representative association football sides played the New Zealand All Whites at North Ipswich Reserve in 1922, and the Chinese national football team in 1923 References Category:Sports venues in Queensland Category:Ipswich, Queensland Category:Sports venues in Brisbane Category:Soccer venues in Queensland Category:Rugby league stadiums in Australia Category:Rugby union stadiums in Australia Category:Ipswich Jets

My Heart (Sissel album) My Heart is a 2003 classical-crossover album by Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø released in Norway. In 2004 a new version was released in the US and Japan with several new songs. Track listing Norway release Romance Lascia Che Io Pianga Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix Wait A While Tristezze Hymne Ich hatte viel Bekümmerniss Oblivion Pie Jesu The Sleeping Princess Deborah's Theme US and Japan release Wait A While Lascia ch'io pianga Someone Like You Tristezza Angel Rays Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix Pie Jesu Oblivion You Raise Me Up O Mio Babbino Caro Ave Maria Deborah's Theme (from Once Upon A Time In America) External links Review of My Heart by Norwegian newspaper Adressa (04 December 2003) References www.sissel.net www.discogs.com www.rockipedia.no Category:Sissel Kyrkjebø albums Category:2003 albums

Hogeboom Hogeboom is a surname. Notable people who share this surname include: Gary Hogeboom (born 1958), American football quarterback Gregory Hogeboom (born 1982), Canadian ice hockey player Henry Hogeboom (1809 – 1872), American judge See also Stephen Hogeboom House

Ghalib Museum, New Delhi Mirza Ghalib Museum, New Delhi is a museum on the life and times of the 18th century Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib, under the aegis of the Ghalib Academy, New Delhi. The museum is situated in the vicinity of the tomb of the 13th century Sufi saint Hazrat Khwaja Nizamuddin. About The museum is housed on the third floor of the Ghalib Academy building. It was formally declared open by the 3rd President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain on the occasion of the Ghalib Centenary on 22 February 1969. The museum presents pictures of Ghalib's residences, food habits and attires of the poet and his times. There are seals, coins dating to the mughal era, Postage stamps and specimen of handwriting housed in this museum. Paintings of renowned artists like those of M.F. Hussain, Satish Gujral, Anis Farooqui are some of the main attractions of the museum. Ghalib's poetry calligraphy and other artworks based on Ghalib’s poetry are also on display. The mausoleum of Mirza Ghalib is just next to the Academy building. It lies in the attached courtyard of the building just on the way to the Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin. The Humayun's Tomb is also at a walking distance from the museum. Gallery Artefacts Calligraphy Works Letters Stamps Coins Postage Stamps To remember and commemorate Ghalib, postage stamps were issued not only in India but also in Pakistan as can be seen by the stamps exhibited See also Ghalib Ghalib Academy, New Delhi Ghalib ki Haveli References Category:Museums established in 1969 Category:Museums in Delhi Category:Biographical museums in India Category:Ghalib

Ricardo Palma Manuel Ricardo Palma Soriano (February 7, 1833 – October 6, 1919) was a Peruvian author, scholar, librarian and politician. His magnum opus is the Tradiciones peruanas. Biography According to the official account, Manuel Ricardo Palma y Carrillo was born on February 7, 1833, in Lima, inscribed as the son of Pedro Ramón Palma and Guillerma Carrillo y Pardos, possibly his grandmother. On April 6, 1837, his father married Dominga Soriano y Carrillo, Guillerma's daughter. However, the documentary evidence shows many contradictions that was pointed out by Monsignor Salvador Herrera Pinto who relying on oral traditions and written testimonies concludes that Ricardo Palma was born in the town of Talavera, province of Andahuaylas, Apurímac Region. His family was living in Lima after migrating from the province. His mother was a mestiza with African roots. His parents separated when he was still young. He was educated at a Jesuit school and attended the University of San Carlos on an irregular basis. He suspended his studies to perform voluntary service in the Peruvian navy for six years. From a young age, he dabbled in politics as a member of the liberal camp. In 1860 he was believed to have participated in a failed plot against president Ramón Castilla which resulted in an exile to Chile from which he returned in October 1862. He made a trip to Europe in 1864–1865 and when he returned to Lima in 1865 he became involved again in political affairs and public service until 1876. He held the positions of Consul of Peru in Pará, Brazil, Senator for the Loreto and official in the Ministry of War and Navy. The War of the Pacific (1879–1883) between Chile and Peru disrupted Palma's life and resulted in the virtually complete destruction of his own library as well as that housed in the National Library of Peru. After the war, Palma was named the director of the National Library, a post he held until his retirement in 1912. Palma successfully took on the task of rebuilding the National Library that was ransacked by the occupation forces of the Chilean army in 1881 following the battle of Lima during the War of the Pacific. Palma was able to bring the National Library back from the ashes so that it regained its previous stature and became recognized once again as one of the top libraries in South America. It was through his personal friendship with the then Chilean president Domingo Santa María that Palma was able to recover an estimated 10,000 books from Chilean hands, as well as many other works which were recovered through his own personal efforts. With his lover Clemencia Ramírez in 1872, he had his son Clemente Palma, who became a prominent writer of fantastic tales, usually horror stories, that were influenced by Edgar Allan Poe. In 1876, he married Cristina Román y Olivier with whom he had seven children: Félix Vital, Angélica, Ricardo, Peregrina Augusta, Cristina, Cristián and Renée Cristina. His daughter Angélica Palma was also a writer and a member of the early feminist movement in Peru. Literary work Ricardo Palma published his first verses and became the editor of a political and satiric newssheet called El Diablo (The Devil) at 15. During his early years, Ricardo Palma composed romantic dramas (which he later repudiated) and poetry. His first book of verse, Poesías (Poems), appeared in 1855. He gained an early reputation as a historian with his book on the activities of the Spanish Inquisition during the period of the Viceroyalty of Peru (Anales De La Inquisicion De Lima: Estudio Historico, 1863). He also wrote

for the satirical press of Peru where he distinguished himself as a prolific columnist and one of the bastions of Peruvian political satire in the nineteenth century. He collaborated with the satirical sheet El Burro (The Donkey) and became later one of the principal contributors to the satirical magazine La Campana (The Bell). Later he founded the magazine La Broma (The Joke). He was also a regular contributor to serious publications such as El Mercurio, El Correo, La Patria, El Liberal, Revista del Pacífico and Revista de Sud América. He was further active as a foreign newspaper correspondent during the War of the Pacific. Palma's literary reputation rests upon his creation and development of the literary genre known as tradiciones, short stories that mix history and fiction, written both to amuse and educate, according to the author's declared intention. It was by creatively using poetic license and by deviating from "pure" history that Palma gained his large South American readership. His Tradiciones peruanas span several centuries, with an emphasis on earlier colonial and republican times in Peru. The Tradiciones were published from 1872 to 1910 in a series of volumes, some of which are freely available on the internet (see the bottom of this page for links). There are also many different editions and selections of the Tradiciones commercially available. The Tradiciones peruanas do not meet formal historical standards of accuracy or reliability sufficiently to be considered "history," but Palma never intended them to be read as "pure" history. Since they are primarily historical fiction, they should be understood and enjoyed as such. The author's opinion, the opinions of the other primary sources or oral narrators of the stories he collects and transmits, as well as hearsay, play a large role in his stories. One of the best-known of the Tradiciones, especially within American Spanish literature classes, is "La camisa de Margarita".. Some of the Tradiciones peruanas have been translated into English under the title The Knights of the Cape and Thirty-seven Other Selections from the Tradiciones Peruanas of Ricardo Palma (ed. by Harriet de Onís, 1945) and more recently under the title Peruvian Traditions (ed. by Christopher Conway and translated by Helen Lane, Oxford University Press, 2004). The Tradiciones peruanas are recognised as a considerable contribution to Peruvian and South American literature. Some critics have classified the Tradiciones as part of nineteenth-century Romanticism. Palma's Tradiciones en Salsa Verde were published posthumously. These stories are similar to the Tradiciones peruanas but, because of their bawdy nature, they were not published during Palma's lifetime for fear of shocking the sedate Lima establishment. Throughout his life, Ricardo Palma published various articles and books on history, the results of his own historical research such as the Anales De La Inquisicion De Lima: Estudio Historico (1863) and Monteagudo y Sánchez Carrión (1877). He was a noted linguistic scholar and wrote a number of works on the subject including the Neologismos y americanismos and Papeletas lexográficas. He campaigned for recognition by the Real Academia Española of the Latin-American and Peruvian contributions to the Spanish language. Personal letters In 1999, a well-known London auction house announced the sale of a batch of 50 letters that Ricardo Palma had written to an Argentinian friend. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru persuaded the National Library of Peru to participate in the auction. It had been more than 50 years since Peru had bought cultural heritage abroad. Today these letters are kept at the National Library of Peru. Ricardo Palma University has recently published the letters of Palma in three volumes (2005–2007). Secondary reading sources Avelar, Idelber, "Transculturation

and Nationhood". Literary Cultures of Latin America: A Comparative History. Eds. Mario J. Valdés & Djelal Kadir. 3 vols. Oxford University Press, 2004: III, 251-257. Andreu, Alicia G. "Una nueva aproximación al lenguaje en las Tradiciones peruanas de Ricardo Palma". In David William Foster & Daniel Altamiranda (eds). Spanish American Literature: From Romanticism to "Modernismo" in Latin America. New York & London: Garland, 1997: 175-190. Aviles Pérez, Luis. "Al margen de las Tradiciones de Ricardo Palma". Hispania 20.1 (Feb. 1937): 61-68. Bazán, Dora. Mujeres, ideas y estilo en 'Las tradiciones' de Palma. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma/Universitaria, 2001. Chang-Rodríguez, Raquel. "Elaboración de fuentes en 'Carta canta' y 'papelito jabla lengua'". Kentucky Romance Quarterly 24.4 (1977): 433-439. Cornejo Polar, Antonio. La formación de la tradición literaria en el Perú. Lima: CEP, 1989: 57-66. ___. Escribir en el aire. Ensayo sobre la heterogeneidad socio-cultural en las literaturas andinas. Lima: Editorial Horizonte, 1994:107-112. Compton, Merlin. Ricardo Palma. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982. Conway, Christopher. "Introduction". In Palma, Ricardo, Peruvian Traditions. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004: xix-xxxvii; Durán Luzio, Juan. "Ricardo Palma, cronista de una sociedad barroca". Revista Iberoamericana 140 (julio-septiembre 1987): 581-593. Higgins, James. A History of Peruvian Literature. Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1987: 66-70. Holguín Callo, Oswaldo. "Ricardo Palma y la cultura negra". Holguín Callo, Oswaldo. "Páginas sobre Ricardo Palma (vida y obra)". Universidad Ricardo Palma, Editorial Universitaria URP, Lima, Perú, 2004. Holguín Callo, Oswaldo. "Tiempos De Infancia Y Bohemia: Ricardo Palma, 1833-1860". Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Fondo Editorial, Lima, Perú, 1994. Leavitt, Sturgis E. "Ricardo Palma and the Tradiciones Peruanas. Hispania 34.4 (Nov 1951): 349-353. Lindstrom, Naomi. Early Spanish American Narrative. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004; sobre Palma, 165-170. Mariátegui, José Carlos. "Ricardo Palma, Lima y la Colonia". In siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana. México: ERP, 1988: 218-227; Mariátegui, José Carlos. "Ricardo Palma, Lima and the Colony". In Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality. Trans. Marjory Urquidi. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971: 195-203. Miró, César. Don Ricardo Palma: El Patriarca de las Tradiciones. Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada, 1953. Moreano, Cecilia. Relaciones literarias entre España y el Perú: la obra de Ricardo Palma. Prólogo de Pura Fernández. Lima, Perú: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Editorial Universitaria, 2004. Palma, Edith. "Ricardo Palma y sus Tradiciones peruanas". Tradiciones peruanas completas. Por Ricardo Palma. Madrid: Aguilar, 1964: xvii-xl Palma, Ricardo. Tradiciones peruanas. Eds. Julio Ortega y Flor María Rodríguez-Arenas. Nanterre, France: Allca XXe, Université Paris X, 1996. This edition of the Tradiciones of Ricardo Palma contains numerous excellent articles about the author and his work. Puccini, Darío. "La doble oralidad y otras claves de lectura de Ricardo Palma". Spanish American Literature: From Romanticism to 'Modernismo' in Latin America. Eds. David William Foster & Daniel Altamiranda. New York & London: Garland, 1997: 169-174. Riva-Agüero, José. Carácter de la literatura del Perú independiente. In Obras completas de José de la Riva-Agüero. Lima: Universidad Católica del Perú, 1962. Sobre Palma, pp. 176–179. Rodríguez Chávez, Iván. Otra ventana sobre Ricardo Palma. Lima, Perú: Universidad Ricardo Palma/Editorial Universitaria, 2003. Rodríguez-Peralta, Phyllis. "Liberal Undercurrents in Palma's Tradiciones peruanas". In Spanish American Literature: From Romanticism to 'Modernismo' in Latin America. Eds. David William Foster & Daniel Altamiranda. New York & London: Garland, 1997: 153-167. Sánchez, Luis Alberto. “Ricardo Palma”. Escritores representativos de América. Tres vols. Primera serie. Segunda edicición. Madrid: Gredos, 1963: 2: 96-106. Stowell, Ernest. "Ricardo Palma and the Legal Profession". Hispania 25.2 (May 1942): 158-160. Tanner, Roy L. "The Humour Of Irony And Satire In The Tradiciones Peruanas". Columbia University of Missouri Press, 1986. Tauzin Castellanos, Isabelle. Claves de una coherencia: las "Tradiciones peruanas" de Ricardo Palma. Lima :

Universidad Ricardo Palma, 1999. Valero Juan, Eva Maria. Lima en la tradición literaria del Perú. Lleida: Universidat de Lleida, 2003: 88-93. Vargas Ugarte, Rubén. "Don Ricardo Palma y la historia". Journal of Inter-American Studies 9.2 (Apr 1967): 213-224. Various Authors. Aula Palma: discursos de incorporación, 1998-1999. Lima, Perú: nstituto Ricardo Palma, 1999. Ward, Thomas. La teoría literaria: romanticismo, krausismo y modernismo ante la 'globalización' industrial. University, MS: University of Mississippi, "Romance Monographs", 2004: 138-140. See also Peruvian literature List of Peruvian writers References External links Original works of "Ricardo_Palma" at Wikisource Original works of "Ricardo_Palma" at Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes Los Duendes del Cuzco in Spanish with English Translation Category:1833 births Category:1919 deaths Category:Peruvian historians Category:Peruvian male writers Category:People from Lima Category:Folklorists Category:Terminologists Category:Historians of Peru Category:Peruvian librarians

GAG The Impotent Mystery GAG: The Impotent Mystery (ГЭГ: Отвязное приключение 1997) and its add-on GAG + Harry on Vacation (ГЭГ+ Гарри в отпуске 1999), sequel GAG 2: Back in the Future (ГЭГ 2: Назад в будущее 2002), and spin-off The Adventures of Harry: The evidence Under the Underwear (Приключения Гарри: Улики под нижним бельём) are a series of four Russian adventure games. They are parodies and erotic-themed games emulating the Leisure Suit Larry series, developed by Auric Vision and ZES't Corporation. The player takes the role of Gary Tusker, a secret service agent who specialises in preventing sexual and religious perversion. GAG: The Impotent Mystery is a 1st person, point-and-click and inventory-based adventure game. It is often considered the first Russian game in the quest genre. Absolute Games assessed the sequel as "exceptionally funny", "interesting" and intellectual. References External links Mobygames Category:1997 video games Category:Adventure games Category:Erotic video games Category:Parody video games Category:Video games developed in Russia Category:Windows games

Les Impures Les Impures , is a French drama film from 1954, directed by Pierre Chevalier, written by Juliette Saint-Giniez, starring Micheline Presle and Louis de Funès. The film is known under the titles "Human Cargo" (USA), "The Impure Ones" (international English title). Cast Micheline Presle: Michèle, nightclub singer Louis de Funès: the conductor Raymond Pellegrin: Jean-Marie Leclerc aka Mario, "the man coming out of prison" William Marshall: Charlie, the procurer Dora Doll: Lili, Guy Mairesse: Mario's friend Bob Jacques Duby: pianist Fernand Colette Castel: Michèle's sister Danièle Daniel Cauchy: barkeeper Dédé René Sarvil: Mr Dominique, the pimp from Marseille Jacqueline Noëlle: a friend of Alger Lila Kedrova: the building's concierge Laurence Badie : a housewife References External links Les Impures (1954) at the Films de France Category:1954 films Category:French drama films Category:French-language films Category:French black-and-white films Category:Films directed by Pierre Chevalier Category:French films

Dia Horizon is a Japanese media franchise created by Square Enix. It primarily consists of a smartphone game that was released on Android and iOS devices in August 24, 2017, and an anime television series that aired from October to December 2017. An ONA series was streamed online from August 10 to 21, 2017. A 4-panel manga adaptation is serialized online via the official Dia Horizon website. Another manga series is serialized online via Square Enix's digital publication Manga UP! from August 7, 2017. A novel written by Ghost Mikawa, titled Dia Horizon: Akatsuki no Keiyakusha, is being serialized online via Kadokawa's Kakuyomu website. Development Dia Horizon was announced by Square Enix as a "mixed media project" in July 2017. The smartphone game was released on Android and iOS devices in Japan on August 24, 2017, and an anime television series aired in Japan from October to December 2017. A 4-panel manga adaptation is serialized online via the official Dia Horizon website. Another manga series is serialized online via Square Enix's digital publication Manga UP! beginning from August 7, 2017. A novel written by Ghost Mikawa, titled Dia Horizon: Akatsuki no Keiyakusha, was serialized online via Kadokawa's Kakuyomu website. The game was discontinued on May 31, 2018, along with King's Knight, another Square Enix fantasy mobile game. Anime The anime series was a set of five-minute episodes, which combined elements from the game with a modern office worker's life. Game The game follows the player as a hero leading a group of adventurers to battle monsters in a dungeon. The player forms a team of four characters, purchasing different adventurers with different stats and prices. During battle, the player can either manually control the characters' attacks or let the game control it. References External links Category:2017 video games Category:Android (operating system) games Category:Japanese role-playing video games Category:IOS games Category:Square Enix franchises Category:Media franchises Category:Shōnen manga