metadata

license: cc-by-4.0
annotations_creators:
  - crowdsourced
language_creators:
  - crowdsourced
language:
  - pt
multilinguality:
  - monolingual
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
  - original
task_categories:
  - text-classification
task_ids: []
pretty_name: TuPy
language_bcp47:
  - pt-BR
tags:
  - hate-speech-detection
configs:
  - config_name: multilabel
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: multilabel/multilabel_train.csv
      - split: test
        path: multilabel/multilabel_test.csv
    default: true
  - config_name: binary
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: binary/binary_train.csv
      - split: test
        path: binary/binary_test.csv

Portuguese Hate Speech Dataset (TuPy)

The Portuguese hate speech dataset (TuPy) is an annotated corpus designed to facilitate the development of advanced hate speech detection models using machine learning (ML) and natural language processing (NLP) techniques. TuPy is comprised of 10,000 (ten thousand) unpublished, annotated, and anonymized documents collected on Twitter (currently known as X) in 2023. This repository is organized as follows:

root.
    ├── binary     : binary dataset (including training and testing split)
    ├── multilabel : multilabel dataset (including training and testing split)
    └── README.md  : documentation and card metadata

Security measures

To safeguard user identity and uphold the integrity of this dataset, all user mentions have been anonymized as "@user," and any references to external websites have been omitted

Annotation and voting process

To generate the binary matrices, we employed a straightforward voting process. Three distinct evaluations were assigned to each document. In cases where a document received two or more identical classifications, the adopted value is set to 1; otherwise, it is marked as 0.Raw data can be checked into the repository in the project repository The subsequent table provides a concise summary of the annotators' profiles and qualifications:

Table 1 – Annotators

Annotator	Gender	Education	Political	Color
Annotator 1	Female	Ph.D. Candidate in civil engineering	Far-left	White
Annotator 2	Male	Master's candidate in human rights	Far-left	Black
Annotator 3	Female	Master's degree in behavioral psychology	Liberal	White
Annotator 4	Male	Master's degree in behavioral psychology	Right-wing	Black
Annotator 5	Female	Ph.D. Candidate in behavioral psychology	Liberal	Black
Annotator 6	Male	Ph.D. Candidate in linguistics	Far-left	White
Annotator 7	Female	Ph.D. Candidate in civil engineering	Liberal	White
Annotator 8	Male	Ph.D. Candidate in civil engineering	Liberal	Black
Annotator 9	Male	Master's degree in behavioral psychology	Far-left	White

Data structure

A data point comprises the tweet text (a string) along with thirteen categories, each category is assigned a value of 0 when there is an absence of aggressive or hateful content and a value of 1 when such content is present. These values represent the consensus of annotators regarding the presence of aggressive, hate, ageism, aporophobia, body shame, capacitism, lgbtphobia, political, racism, religious intolerance, misogyny, xenophobia, and others. An illustration from the multilabel TuPy dataset is depicted below:

{
text: "e tem pobre de direita imbecil que ainda defendia a manutenção da política de preços atrelada ao dólar link",
aggressive: 1, hate: 1, ageism: 0, aporophobia: 1, body shame: 0, capacitism: 0, lgbtphobia: 0, political: 1, racism : 0,
religious intolerance : 0, misogyny : 0, xenophobia : 0, other : 0
}

Dataset content

Table 2 provides a detailed breakdown of the dataset, delineating the volume of data based on the occurrence of aggressive speech and the manifestation of hate speech within the documents

Table 2 - Count of non-aggressive and aggressive documents

Label	Count
Non-aggressive	8013
Aggressive - Not hate	689
Aggressive - Hate	1298
Total	10000

Table 3 provides a detailed analysis of the dataset, delineating the data volume in relation to the occurrence of distinct categories of hate speech.

Table 3 - Count of documents for hate categories

Label	Count
Ageism	53
Aporophobia	61
Body shame	120
Capacitism	92
LGBTphobia	96
Political	532
Racism	38
Religious intolerance	28
Misogyny	207
Xenophobia	70
Other	1
Total	1298

Acknowledge

The TuPy project is the result of the development of Felipe Oliveira's thesis and the work of several collaborators. This project is financed by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and the Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE).