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5732a702328d981900601fe1

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENTEE@sEnfEftEsEksmElE@njErz@gOD3dEDrEnaEnmElE@njErz@gOT@k~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzatT@bEgEnENuvT@pE@rE@dOstreElE@andant~rktEkerrimeEndk@nektidandwOrmEkw@tOrE@lk3r@ntsmEkstwETkOlderrant~rktEkwOderzdEstrEbjUdENT@hEterraUndT@w3ldandkEpENglOb@ltemprEtSerzhaEbutwenOstreElE@splEtfrumT@suTernk~ntEn@nterraUndfOrdEfaEvm~T@wOrmEkw@tOrE@lk3r@ntsw3diflektid@weEfrumant~rktEk@and@naEs@leEdidkOldwOdertSan@ldEvel@ptbitwEnT@tUk~ntEn@ntsTEant~rktEkrEdZ@nkUlddaUnandTEOS@nserraUndENant~rktEk@bEgant@frEzsendENkOldwOderandaEsflOznOrDrEEnfOrsENT@kUlENT@prez@ntpaternuvaEseEdZizbEgan@baUtfOrdEmElE@njErz@gOsaEteES@nnEdid

haUloN@gOdEdant~rktEk@andOstreElE@splEt

5732a702328d981900601fe2

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENTEE@sEnfEftEsEksmElE@njErz@gOD3dEDrEnaEnmElE@njErz@gOT@k~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzatT@bEgEnENuvT@pE@rE@dOstreElE@andant~rktEkerrimeEndk@nektidandwOrmEkw@tOrE@lk3r@ntsmEkstwETkOlderrant~rktEkwOderzdEstrEbjUdENT@hEterraUndT@w3ldandkEpENglOb@ltemprEtSerzhaEbutwenOstreElE@splEtfrumT@suTernk~ntEn@nterraUndfOrdEfaEvm~T@wOrmEkw@tOrE@lk3r@ntsw3diflektid@weEfrumant~rktEk@and@naEs@leEdidkOldwOdertSan@ldEvel@ptbitwEnT@tUk~ntEn@ntsTEant~rktEkrEdZ@nkUlddaUnandTEOS@nserraUndENant~rktEk@bEgant@frEzsendENkOldwOderandaEsflOznOrDrEEnfOrsENT@kUlENT@prez@ntpaternuvaEseEdZizbEgan@baUtfOrdEmElE@njErz@gOsaEteES@nnEdid

erraUndhaUmenEjErz@gOEzT@k3r@ntaEseEdZpaternbilEvdt@havbEgun

5732a702328d981900601fe3

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENTEE@sEnfEftEsEksmElE@njErz@gOD3dEDrEnaEnmElE@njErz@gOT@k~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzatT@bEgEnENuvT@pE@rE@dOstreElE@andant~rktEkerrimeEndk@nektidandwOrmEkw@tOrE@lk3r@ntsmEkstwETkOlderrant~rktEkwOderzdEstrEbjUdENT@hEterraUndT@w3ldandkEpENglOb@ltemprEtSerzhaEbutwenOstreElE@splEtfrumT@suTernk~ntEn@nterraUndfOrdEfaEvm~T@wOrmEkw@tOrE@lk3r@ntsw3diflektid@weEfrumant~rktEk@and@naEs@leEdidkOldwOdertSan@ldEvel@ptbitwEnT@tUk~ntEn@ntsTEant~rktEkrEdZ@nkUlddaUnandTEOS@nserraUndENant~rktEk@bEgant@frEzsendENkOldwOderandaEsflOznOrDrEEnfOrsENT@kUlENT@prez@ntpaternuvaEseEdZizbEgan@baUtfOrdEmElE@njErz@gOsaEteES@nnEdid

T@mEksENuvEkw@tOrE@lk3r@ntswETant~rktEkwOderzEnTEE@sEnrEzultidEnwut

5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87b

Geological_history_of_Earth

The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@nOrTernsUperk~ntEn@ntuvlOreEZ@bEgant@breEkupazjUrr@pgrEnl@ndandnOrD@merEk@drEftid@p~rtEnwesternnOrD@merEk@maUntEnbEldENst~rdidEnTEE@sEnandhjUdZleEksfOrmdEnT@haEflatbeEs@nz@muNuplEftsEnjUrr@pT@teDEzsEfaEn@lEvanEStwaElTEuplEftuvTEalpsaEs@leEdidEtsfaEn@lremn@ntT@medEdEreEnE@nandkrEeEdid@nuTerSalOsEwETaEl@nd~rkEpEleEgOzt@T@nOrDTOT@nOrD@tlantEkwuzOp@nEN@landk@nekS@n@pErzt@havrimeEndbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerrEndE@k@ntEnjUdEtsdZ3nE@weEfrumafrEk@andbEganEtsk@lEZ@nwETeEZ@krEeEdENT@hEm@leE@nOr~dZenE

dUrrENwEtSpE@rE@ddEdmaUntEnzfOrmEnT@westernp~rtuvnOrD@merEk@

5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87d

Geological_history_of_Earth

The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@nOrTernsUperk~ntEn@ntuvlOreEZ@bEgant@breEkupazjUrr@pgrEnl@ndandnOrD@merEk@drEftid@p~rtEnwesternnOrD@merEk@maUntEnbEldENst~rdidEnTEE@sEnandhjUdZleEksfOrmdEnT@haEflatbeEs@nz@muNuplEftsEnjUrr@pT@teDEzsEfaEn@lEvanEStwaElTEuplEftuvTEalpsaEs@leEdidEtsfaEn@lremn@ntT@medEdEreEnE@nandkrEeEdid@nuTerSalOsEwETaEl@nd~rkEpEleEgOzt@T@nOrDTOT@nOrD@tlantEkwuzOp@nEN@landk@nekS@n@pErzt@havrimeEndbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerrEndE@k@ntEnjUdEtsdZ3nE@weEfrumafrEk@andbEganEtsk@lEZ@nwETeEZ@krEeEdENT@hEm@leE@nOr~dZenE

EnTEE@sEnEnjUrr@pwEtSsEsEstt@bE

5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87e

Geological_history_of_Earth

The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@nOrTernsUperk~ntEn@ntuvlOreEZ@bEgant@breEkupazjUrr@pgrEnl@ndandnOrD@merEk@drEftid@p~rtEnwesternnOrD@merEk@maUntEnbEldENst~rdidEnTEE@sEnandhjUdZleEksfOrmdEnT@haEflatbeEs@nz@muNuplEftsEnjUrr@pT@teDEzsEfaEn@lEvanEStwaElTEuplEftuvTEalpsaEs@leEdidEtsfaEn@lremn@ntT@medEdEreEnE@nandkrEeEdid@nuTerSalOsEwETaEl@nd~rkEpEleEgOzt@T@nOrDTOT@nOrD@tlantEkwuzOp@nEN@landk@nekS@n@pErzt@havrimeEndbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerrEndE@k@ntEnjUdEtsdZ3nE@weEfrumafrEk@andbEganEtsk@lEZ@nwETeEZ@krEeEdENT@hEm@leE@nOr~dZenE

T@medEdEreEnE@nsEEz@rimeEnENp~rtuvwEtSsEfrumTEE@sEn

5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87c

Geological_history_of_Earth

The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@nOrTernsUperk~ntEn@ntuvlOreEZ@bEgant@breEkupazjUrr@pgrEnl@ndandnOrD@merEk@drEftid@p~rtEnwesternnOrD@merEk@maUntEnbEldENst~rdidEnTEE@sEnandhjUdZleEksfOrmdEnT@haEflatbeEs@nz@muNuplEftsEnjUrr@pT@teDEzsEfaEn@lEvanEStwaElTEuplEftuvTEalpsaEs@leEdidEtsfaEn@lremn@ntT@medEdEreEnE@nandkrEeEdid@nuTerSalOsEwETaEl@nd~rkEpEleEgOzt@T@nOrDTOT@nOrD@tlantEkwuzOp@nEN@landk@nekS@n@pErzt@havrimeEndbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerrEndE@k@ntEnjUdEtsdZ3nE@weEfrumafrEk@andbEganEtsk@lEZ@nwETeEZ@krEeEdENT@hEm@leE@nOr~dZenE

wutbEgant@fOrmEnT@flatbeEs@nzEnnOrD@merEk@dUrrENTEE@sEn

5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87f

Geological_history_of_Earth

The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@nOrTernsUperk~ntEn@ntuvlOreEZ@bEgant@breEkupazjUrr@pgrEnl@ndandnOrD@merEk@drEftid@p~rtEnwesternnOrD@merEk@maUntEnbEldENst~rdidEnTEE@sEnandhjUdZleEksfOrmdEnT@haEflatbeEs@nz@muNuplEftsEnjUrr@pT@teDEzsEfaEn@lEvanEStwaElTEuplEftuvTEalpsaEs@leEdidEtsfaEn@lremn@ntT@medEdEreEnE@nandkrEeEdid@nuTerSalOsEwETaEl@nd~rkEpEleEgOzt@T@nOrDTOT@nOrD@tlantEkwuzOp@nEN@landk@nekS@n@pErzt@havrimeEndbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerrEndE@k@ntEnjUdEtsdZ3nE@weEfrumafrEk@andbEganEtsk@lEZ@nwETeEZ@krEeEdENT@hEm@leE@nOr~dZenE

wEtSOrdZenEwuzkrEeEdidwenEndE@k@laEdidwETeEZ@

5732a8a6328d981900601fe9

Geological_history_of_Earth

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

ant~rktEk@k@ntEnjUdt@bEkummOraEs@leEdidandfaEn@lEdEvel@pt@p3m@n@ntaEskapmaUntEnbEldENEnwesternnOrD@merEk@k@ntEnjUdandTEalpsst~rdidt@raEzEnjUrr@pazTEafrEk@npleEtk@ntEnjUdt@pUSnOrDEntUT@jUreEZ@npleEtaEs@leEdENT@remn@ntsuvteDEzsE@brEfmerrEnENk3S@nm~rksTE3lE~lEgOsEnEnjUrr@pTer@pErzt@h@vbEn@landbrEdZEnTE3lE~lEgOsEnbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerdUrrENTE~lEgOsEnsaUD@merEk@wuzfaEn@lEdEtatStfrumant~rktEk@anddrEftidnOrDt@wOrdnOrD@merEk@EdOlsO@laUdTEant~rktEks3k@mpOlerk3r@ntt@flOrapEdlEkUlENT@k~ntEn@nt

wutp3m@n@ntstruktSerfOrmdonant~rktEk@

5732a8a6328d981900601fea

Geological_history_of_Earth

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

ant~rktEk@k@ntEnjUdt@bEkummOraEs@leEdidandfaEn@lEdEvel@pt@p3m@n@ntaEskapmaUntEnbEldENEnwesternnOrD@merEk@k@ntEnjUdandTEalpsst~rdidt@raEzEnjUrr@pazTEafrEk@npleEtk@ntEnjUdt@pUSnOrDEntUT@jUreEZ@npleEtaEs@leEdENT@remn@ntsuvteDEzsE@brEfmerrEnENk3S@nm~rksTE3lE~lEgOsEnEnjUrr@pTer@pErzt@h@vbEn@landbrEdZEnTE3lE~lEgOsEnbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerdUrrENTE~lEgOsEnsaUD@merEk@wuzfaEn@lEdEtatStfrumant~rktEk@anddrEftidnOrDt@wOrdnOrD@merEk@EdOlsO@laUdTEant~rktEks3k@mpOlerk3r@ntt@flOrapEdlEkUlENT@k~ntEn@nt

T@lEftuvwEtSmaUntEnreEndZEnjUrr@pwuzT@rEzultuvTEafrEk@npleEtmUvENnOrDEntUT@jUreEZ@n

5732a8a6328d981900601feb

Geological_history_of_Earth

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

ant~rktEk@k@ntEnjUdt@bEkummOraEs@leEdidandfaEn@lEdEvel@pt@p3m@n@ntaEskapmaUntEnbEldENEnwesternnOrD@merEk@k@ntEnjUdandTEalpsst~rdidt@raEzEnjUrr@pazTEafrEk@npleEtk@ntEnjUdt@pUSnOrDEntUT@jUreEZ@npleEtaEs@leEdENT@remn@ntsuvteDEzsE@brEfmerrEnENk3S@nm~rksTE3lE~lEgOsEnEnjUrr@pTer@pErzt@h@vbEn@landbrEdZEnTE3lE~lEgOsEnbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerdUrrENTE~lEgOsEnsaUD@merEk@wuzfaEn@lEdEtatStfrumant~rktEk@anddrEftidnOrDt@wOrdnOrD@merEk@EdOlsO@laUdTEant~rktEks3k@mpOlerk3r@ntt@flOrapEdlEkUlENT@k~ntEn@nt

dUrrENwutpE@rE@dwuzTer@landbrEdZdZoEnENjUrr@pandnOrD@merEk@

5732a8a6328d981900601fec

Geological_history_of_Earth

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

ant~rktEk@k@ntEnjUdt@bEkummOraEs@leEdidandfaEn@lEdEvel@pt@p3m@n@ntaEskapmaUntEnbEldENEnwesternnOrD@merEk@k@ntEnjUdandTEalpsst~rdidt@raEzEnjUrr@pazTEafrEk@npleEtk@ntEnjUdt@pUSnOrDEntUT@jUreEZ@npleEtaEs@leEdENT@remn@ntsuvteDEzsE@brEfmerrEnENk3S@nm~rksTE3lE~lEgOsEnEnjUrr@pTer@pErzt@h@vbEn@landbrEdZEnTE3lE~lEgOsEnbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerdUrrENTE~lEgOsEnsaUD@merEk@wuzfaEn@lEdEtatStfrumant~rktEk@anddrEftidnOrDt@wOrdnOrD@merEk@EdOlsO@laUdTEant~rktEks3k@mpOlerk3r@ntt@flOrapEdlEkUlENT@k~ntEn@nt

EnTE~lEgOsEnpE@rE@dsaUD@merEk@brOkfrEfrumwutuTerk~ntEn@nt

5732a8a6328d981900601fed

Geological_history_of_Earth

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

ant~rktEk@k@ntEnjUdt@bEkummOraEs@leEdidandfaEn@lEdEvel@pt@p3m@n@ntaEskapmaUntEnbEldENEnwesternnOrD@merEk@k@ntEnjUdandTEalpsst~rdidt@raEzEnjUrr@pazTEafrEk@npleEtk@ntEnjUdt@pUSnOrDEntUT@jUreEZ@npleEtaEs@leEdENT@remn@ntsuvteDEzsE@brEfmerrEnENk3S@nm~rksTE3lE~lEgOsEnEnjUrr@pTer@pErzt@h@vbEn@landbrEdZEnTE3lE~lEgOsEnbitwEnnOrD@merEk@andjUrr@psEnsT@fOn@zuvT@tUrEdZ@nz~rverEsEmElerdUrrENTE~lEgOsEnsaUD@merEk@wuzfaEn@lEdEtatStfrumant~rktEk@anddrEftidnOrDt@wOrdnOrD@merEk@EdOlsO@laUdTEant~rktEks3k@mpOlerk3r@ntt@flOrapEdlEkUlENT@k~ntEn@nt

wEtSk3r@ntrEzultidEnT@kUlENuvant~rktEk@

5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe6

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENT@mEOsEnk~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzuvT@m~derndZE@l~dZEkfEtSerzOnlET@landbrEdZbitwEnsaUD@merEk@andnOrD@merEk@wuzabs@ntT@subdukS@nzOn@loNT@p@sEfEkOS@nm~rdZEnuvsaUD@merEk@kOzdT@raEzuvTEandEzandT@saUDwerdekstenS@nuvT@mEsO@merEk@np@nEnsjUl@EndE@k@ntEnjUdt@k@laEdwETeEZ@T@teDEzsEweEk@ntEnjUdt@SrENkandTendEs@pErdazafrEk@k@laEdidwETjUreEZ@EnT@t3kESerreEbE@nrEdZ@nbitwEnnaEntEnandtwelvm~aEsEestUDaUz@ndfOrsubsikw@ntuplEftuvmaUntEnzEnT@westernmedEdEreEnE@nrEdZ@nand@glOb@lfOlEnsElev@lzk@mbaEndt@kOz@temperrerEdraEENupuvT@medEdEreEnE@nsErEzultENEnT@mesEnE@nseElEnidEkraEsEsnErTEenduvT@mEOsEn

T@fOrmeES@nuvwEtSmaUntEnreEndZwuzT@rEzultuvuvwutzOn@loNT@p@sEfEkOS@nsaEduvsaUD@merEk@

5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe7

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENT@mEOsEnk~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzuvT@m~derndZE@l~dZEkfEtSerzOnlET@landbrEdZbitwEnsaUD@merEk@andnOrD@merEk@wuzabs@ntT@subdukS@nzOn@loNT@p@sEfEkOS@nm~rdZEnuvsaUD@merEk@kOzdT@raEzuvTEandEzandT@saUDwerdekstenS@nuvT@mEsO@merEk@np@nEnsjUl@EndE@k@ntEnjUdt@k@laEdwETeEZ@T@teDEzsEweEk@ntEnjUdt@SrENkandTendEs@pErdazafrEk@k@laEdidwETjUreEZ@EnT@t3kESerreEbE@nrEdZ@nbitwEnnaEntEnandtwelvm~aEsEestUDaUz@ndfOrsubsikw@ntuplEftuvmaUntEnzEnT@westernmedEdEreEnE@nrEdZ@nand@glOb@lfOlEnsElev@lzk@mbaEndt@kOz@temperrerEdraEENupuvT@medEdEreEnE@nsErEzultENEnT@mesEnE@nseElEnidEkraEsEsnErTEenduvT@mEOsEn

wEtSk~ntEn@ntwuzEndE@k@laEdENwETEnT@mEOsEn

5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe8

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENT@mEOsEnk~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzuvT@m~derndZE@l~dZEkfEtSerzOnlET@landbrEdZbitwEnsaUD@merEk@andnOrD@merEk@wuzabs@ntT@subdukS@nzOn@loNT@p@sEfEkOS@nm~rdZEnuvsaUD@merEk@kOzdT@raEzuvTEandEzandT@saUDwerdekstenS@nuvT@mEsO@merEk@np@nEnsjUl@EndE@k@ntEnjUdt@k@laEdwETeEZ@T@teDEzsEweEk@ntEnjUdt@SrENkandTendEs@pErdazafrEk@k@laEdidwETjUreEZ@EnT@t3kESerreEbE@nrEdZ@nbitwEnnaEntEnandtwelvm~aEsEestUDaUz@ndfOrsubsikw@ntuplEftuvmaUntEnzEnT@westernmedEdEreEnE@nrEdZ@nand@glOb@lfOlEnsElev@lzk@mbaEndt@kOz@temperrerEdraEENupuvT@medEdEreEnE@nsErEzultENEnT@mesEnE@nseElEnidEkraEsEsnErTEenduvT@mEOsEn

wenafrEk@wuzk@laEdENwETjUreEZ@wEtSsEweEsEstt@bEdUrrENT@mEOsEn

5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe9

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENT@mEOsEnk~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzuvT@m~derndZE@l~dZEkfEtSerzOnlET@landbrEdZbitwEnsaUD@merEk@andnOrD@merEk@wuzabs@ntT@subdukS@nzOn@loNT@p@sEfEkOS@nm~rdZEnuvsaUD@merEk@kOzdT@raEzuvTEandEzandT@saUDwerdekstenS@nuvT@mEsO@merEk@np@nEnsjUl@EndE@k@ntEnjUdt@k@laEdwETeEZ@T@teDEzsEweEk@ntEnjUdt@SrENkandTendEs@pErdazafrEk@k@laEdidwETjUreEZ@EnT@t3kESerreEbE@nrEdZ@nbitwEnnaEntEnandtwelvm~aEsEestUDaUz@ndfOrsubsikw@ntuplEftuvmaUntEnzEnT@westernmedEdEreEnE@nrEdZ@nand@glOb@lfOlEnsElev@lzk@mbaEndt@kOz@temperrerEdraEENupuvT@medEdEreEnE@nsErEzultENEnT@mesEnE@nseElEnidEkraEsEsnErTEenduvT@mEOsEn

bitwEnwutpE@rE@duvtaEmdEdT@teDEzdEs@pEr

5732ac1fcc179a14009dabea

Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

dUrrENT@mEOsEnk~ntEn@ntsk@ntEnjUdt@drEftt@wOrdTerprez@ntp@zES@nzuvT@m~derndZE@l~dZEkfEtSerzOnlET@landbrEdZbitwEnsaUD@merEk@andnOrD@merEk@wuzabs@ntT@subdukS@nzOn@loNT@p@sEfEkOS@nm~rdZEnuvsaUD@merEk@kOzdT@raEzuvTEandEzandT@saUDwerdekstenS@nuvT@mEsO@merEk@np@nEnsjUl@EndE@k@ntEnjUdt@k@laEdwETeEZ@T@teDEzsEweEk@ntEnjUdt@SrENkandTendEs@pErdazafrEk@k@laEdidwETjUreEZ@EnT@t3kESerreEbE@nrEdZ@nbitwEnnaEntEnandtwelvm~aEsEestUDaUz@ndfOrsubsikw@ntuplEftuvmaUntEnzEnT@westernmedEdEreEnE@nrEdZ@nand@glOb@lfOlEnsElev@lzk@mbaEndt@kOz@temperrerEdraEENupuvT@medEdEreEnE@nsErEzultENEnT@mesEnE@nseElEnidEkraEsEsnErTEenduvT@mEOsEn

wEtSkraEsEs@k3dt@wOrdzTEenduvT@mEOsEnpE@rE@d

5732ae23cc179a14009dabfa

Geological_history_of_Earth

South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

What is the link between North and South America called?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

saUD@merEk@bEkeEmlENktt@nOrD@merEk@DrUTEEsDm@suvpan@m~dUrrENT@plEOsEnbrENEN@nErlEk@mplEtendt@saUD@merEk@zdEstENktEvm~rsUpE@lfOn@zT@fOrmeES@nuvTEEsDm@shadmeEdZerk~nsEkw@nsizonglOb@ltemprEtSerzsEnswOrmEkw@tOrE@lOS@nk3r@ntsw3kutofand@n@tlantEkkUlENsaEk@lbEganwETkOld~rktEkandant~rktEkwOderzdr~pENtemprEtSerzEnT@naUaEs@leEdid@tlantEkOS@nafrEk@zk@lEZ@nwETjUrr@pfOrmdT@medEdEreEnE@nsEkudENofT@remn@ntsuvT@teDEzOS@nsElev@ltSeEndZizekspOzdT@landbrEdZbitwEn@lask@andeEZ@nErTEenduvT@plEOsEn@baUttUfEftEeEtmElE@njErz@gOT@st~rtuvT@kw@t3nerrEpE@rE@dT@k3r@ntaEseEdZbEganT@pOlerrEdZ@nzhavsEnsunderg~nripEdidsaEk@lzuvgleEsEeES@nandDOripEdENevrEfOrdEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOwunhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz

wutEzT@lENkbitwEnnOrDandsaUD@merEk@kOld

5732ae23cc179a14009dabfb

Geological_history_of_Earth

South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

In which period did North and South America become linked?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

saUD@merEk@bEkeEmlENktt@nOrD@merEk@DrUTEEsDm@suvpan@m~dUrrENT@plEOsEnbrENEN@nErlEk@mplEtendt@saUD@merEk@zdEstENktEvm~rsUpE@lfOn@zT@fOrmeES@nuvTEEsDm@shadmeEdZerk~nsEkw@nsizonglOb@ltemprEtSerzsEnswOrmEkw@tOrE@lOS@nk3r@ntsw3kutofand@n@tlantEkkUlENsaEk@lbEganwETkOld~rktEkandant~rktEkwOderzdr~pENtemprEtSerzEnT@naUaEs@leEdid@tlantEkOS@nafrEk@zk@lEZ@nwETjUrr@pfOrmdT@medEdEreEnE@nsEkudENofT@remn@ntsuvT@teDEzOS@nsElev@ltSeEndZizekspOzdT@landbrEdZbitwEn@lask@andeEZ@nErTEenduvT@plEOsEn@baUttUfEftEeEtmElE@njErz@gOT@st~rtuvT@kw@t3nerrEpE@rE@dT@k3r@ntaEseEdZbEganT@pOlerrEdZ@nzhavsEnsunderg~nripEdidsaEk@lzuvgleEsEeES@nandDOripEdENevrEfOrdEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOwunhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz

EnwEtSpE@rE@ddEdnOrDandsaUD@merEk@bEkumlENkt

5732ae23cc179a14009dabfd

Geological_history_of_Earth

South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

saUD@merEk@bEkeEmlENktt@nOrD@merEk@DrUTEEsDm@suvpan@m~dUrrENT@plEOsEnbrENEN@nErlEk@mplEtendt@saUD@merEk@zdEstENktEvm~rsUpE@lfOn@zT@fOrmeES@nuvTEEsDm@shadmeEdZerk~nsEkw@nsizonglOb@ltemprEtSerzsEnswOrmEkw@tOrE@lOS@nk3r@ntsw3kutofand@n@tlantEkkUlENsaEk@lbEganwETkOld~rktEkandant~rktEkwOderzdr~pENtemprEtSerzEnT@naUaEs@leEdid@tlantEkOS@nafrEk@zk@lEZ@nwETjUrr@pfOrmdT@medEdEreEnE@nsEkudENofT@remn@ntsuvT@teDEzOS@nsElev@ltSeEndZizekspOzdT@landbrEdZbitwEn@lask@andeEZ@nErTEenduvT@plEOsEn@baUttUfEftEeEtmElE@njErz@gOT@st~rtuvT@kw@t3nerrEpE@rE@dT@k3r@ntaEseEdZbEganT@pOlerrEdZ@nzhavsEnsunderg~nripEdidsaEk@lzuvgleEsEeES@nandDOripEdENevrEfOrdEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOwunhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz

T@medEdEreEnE@nwuzkrEeEdidbaET@k@lEZ@nuvjUrr@pandwut

5732ae23cc179a14009dabfe

Geological_history_of_Earth

South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

What period came after the Pliocene?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

saUD@merEk@bEkeEmlENktt@nOrD@merEk@DrUTEEsDm@suvpan@m~dUrrENT@plEOsEnbrENEN@nErlEk@mplEtendt@saUD@merEk@zdEstENktEvm~rsUpE@lfOn@zT@fOrmeES@nuvTEEsDm@shadmeEdZerk~nsEkw@nsizonglOb@ltemprEtSerzsEnswOrmEkw@tOrE@lOS@nk3r@ntsw3kutofand@n@tlantEkkUlENsaEk@lbEganwETkOld~rktEkandant~rktEkwOderzdr~pENtemprEtSerzEnT@naUaEs@leEdid@tlantEkOS@nafrEk@zk@lEZ@nwETjUrr@pfOrmdT@medEdEreEnE@nsEkudENofT@remn@ntsuvT@teDEzOS@nsElev@ltSeEndZizekspOzdT@landbrEdZbitwEn@lask@andeEZ@nErTEenduvT@plEOsEn@baUttUfEftEeEtmElE@njErz@gOT@st~rtuvT@kw@t3nerrEpE@rE@dT@k3r@ntaEseEdZbEganT@pOlerrEdZ@nzhavsEnsunderg~nripEdidsaEk@lzuvgleEsEeES@nandDOripEdENevrEfOrdEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOwunhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz

wutpE@rE@dkeEmafterT@plEOsEn

5732ae23cc179a14009dabfc

Geological_history_of_Earth

South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

saUD@merEk@bEkeEmlENktt@nOrD@merEk@DrUTEEsDm@suvpan@m~dUrrENT@plEOsEnbrENEN@nErlEk@mplEtendt@saUD@merEk@zdEstENktEvm~rsUpE@lfOn@zT@fOrmeES@nuvTEEsDm@shadmeEdZerk~nsEkw@nsizonglOb@ltemprEtSerzsEnswOrmEkw@tOrE@lOS@nk3r@ntsw3kutofand@n@tlantEkkUlENsaEk@lbEganwETkOld~rktEkandant~rktEkwOderzdr~pENtemprEtSerzEnT@naUaEs@leEdid@tlantEkOS@nafrEk@zk@lEZ@nwETjUrr@pfOrmdT@medEdEreEnE@nsEkudENofT@remn@ntsuvT@teDEzOS@nsElev@ltSeEndZizekspOzdT@landbrEdZbitwEn@lask@andeEZ@nErTEenduvT@plEOsEn@baUttUfEftEeEtmElE@njErz@gOT@st~rtuvT@kw@t3nerrEpE@rE@dT@k3r@ntaEseEdZbEganT@pOlerrEdZ@nzhavsEnsunderg~nripEdidsaEk@lzuvgleEsEeES@nandDOripEdENevrEfOrdEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOwunhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz

T@plEOsEnsOTEenduvwutfOn@EnsaUD@merEk@

5732aeedcc179a14009dac04

Geological_history_of_Earth

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

How long ago did the last glacial period end?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@lastgleES@lpE@rE@duvT@k3r@ntaEseEdZendid@baUttenzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz@gOaEsmeltkOzdw3ldsElev@lzt@raEz@baUtD3dEfaEvmEderzwunhundrEdfEftEneftEEnTE3lEp~rtuvT@h~lOsEnEn@dES@nmenEerE@z@buv@baUtfOrdEdigrEznOrDladEtUdh@dbEndiprestbaET@weEtuvT@plestOsEngleESerzandrOzazmutSazwunhundrEdeEdEmEderzfaEvhundrEdnaEntEwuneftEOverT@leEtplestOsEnandh~lOsEnand~rstElraEzENt@deET@sElev@lraEzandtemperrerElanddipreS@n@laUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nzEntUerE@zTat~rnaUf~rfrumT@sEh~lOsEnmerrEnf~s@lz~rnOnfrumv3montkwibek~ntarEOandmESEg@nuTerT@nhaEerladEtUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nz@sOsEeEdidwETgleES@ldipreS@nh~lOsEnf~s@lz~rfaUndpraEmerilEEnleEkbedfludpleEnandkeEvdip~zEtsh~lOsEnmerrEndip~zEts@loNlOladEtUdkOstlaEnz~rrerbEkuzT@raEzEnsElev@lzdUrrENT@pE@rE@deksEdzenElaEklEupDrustENuvn~NgleES@lOrEdZEnpOstgleES@lribaUndEnskandEneEvE@rEzultidEnTEEm3dZ@nsuvkOst@lerE@zerraUndT@boltEksEENklUdENmutSuvfEnl@ndT@rEdZ@nk@ntEnjUzt@raEzstElkOzENwEk3DkweEks@kr~snOrTernjUrr@pTEEkwEv@l@ntiventEnnOrD@merEk@wuzT@ribaUnduvhuds@nbeEazEtSraNkfrumEtsl~rdZerrEmEdE@tpOstgleES@ltEr@lsEfeEzt@nErEtsprez@ntbaUnderrEz

haUloN@gOdEdT@lastgleES@lpE@rE@dend

5732aeedcc179a14009dac06

Geological_history_of_Earth

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@lastgleES@lpE@rE@duvT@k3r@ntaEseEdZendid@baUttenzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz@gOaEsmeltkOzdw3ldsElev@lzt@raEz@baUtD3dEfaEvmEderzwunhundrEdfEftEneftEEnTE3lEp~rtuvT@h~lOsEnEn@dES@nmenEerE@z@buv@baUtfOrdEdigrEznOrDladEtUdh@dbEndiprestbaET@weEtuvT@plestOsEngleESerzandrOzazmutSazwunhundrEdeEdEmEderzfaEvhundrEdnaEntEwuneftEOverT@leEtplestOsEnandh~lOsEnand~rstElraEzENt@deET@sElev@lraEzandtemperrerElanddipreS@n@laUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nzEntUerE@zTat~rnaUf~rfrumT@sEh~lOsEnmerrEnf~s@lz~rnOnfrumv3montkwibek~ntarEOandmESEg@nuTerT@nhaEerladEtUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nz@sOsEeEdidwETgleES@ldipreS@nh~lOsEnf~s@lz~rfaUndpraEmerilEEnleEkbedfludpleEnandkeEvdip~zEtsh~lOsEnmerrEndip~zEts@loNlOladEtUdkOstlaEnz~rrerbEkuzT@raEzEnsElev@lzdUrrENT@pE@rE@deksEdzenElaEklEupDrustENuvn~NgleES@lOrEdZEnpOstgleES@lribaUndEnskandEneEvE@rEzultidEnTEEm3dZ@nsuvkOst@lerE@zerraUndT@boltEksEENklUdENmutSuvfEnl@ndT@rEdZ@nk@ntEnjUzt@raEzstElkOzENwEk3DkweEks@kr~snOrTernjUrr@pTEEkwEv@l@ntiventEnnOrD@merEk@wuzT@ribaUnduvhuds@nbeEazEtSraNkfrumEtsl~rdZerrEmEdE@tpOstgleES@ltEr@lsEfeEzt@nErEtsprez@ntbaUnderrEz

dUrrENwutpE@rE@ddEdsElev@lzraEswunhundrEdfEftEnfEt

5732aeedcc179a14009dac05

Geological_history_of_Earth

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@lastgleES@lpE@rE@duvT@k3r@ntaEseEdZendid@baUttenzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz@gOaEsmeltkOzdw3ldsElev@lzt@raEz@baUtD3dEfaEvmEderzwunhundrEdfEftEneftEEnTE3lEp~rtuvT@h~lOsEnEn@dES@nmenEerE@z@buv@baUtfOrdEdigrEznOrDladEtUdh@dbEndiprestbaET@weEtuvT@plestOsEngleESerzandrOzazmutSazwunhundrEdeEdEmEderzfaEvhundrEdnaEntEwuneftEOverT@leEtplestOsEnandh~lOsEnand~rstElraEzENt@deET@sElev@lraEzandtemperrerElanddipreS@n@laUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nzEntUerE@zTat~rnaUf~rfrumT@sEh~lOsEnmerrEnf~s@lz~rnOnfrumv3montkwibek~ntarEOandmESEg@nuTerT@nhaEerladEtUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nz@sOsEeEdidwETgleES@ldipreS@nh~lOsEnf~s@lz~rfaUndpraEmerilEEnleEkbedfludpleEnandkeEvdip~zEtsh~lOsEnmerrEndip~zEts@loNlOladEtUdkOstlaEnz~rrerbEkuzT@raEzEnsElev@lzdUrrENT@pE@rE@deksEdzenElaEklEupDrustENuvn~NgleES@lOrEdZEnpOstgleES@lribaUndEnskandEneEvE@rEzultidEnTEEm3dZ@nsuvkOst@lerE@zerraUndT@boltEksEENklUdENmutSuvfEnl@ndT@rEdZ@nk@ntEnjUzt@raEzstElkOzENwEk3DkweEks@kr~snOrTernjUrr@pTEEkwEv@l@ntiventEnnOrD@merEk@wuzT@ribaUnduvhuds@nbeEazEtSraNkfrumEtsl~rdZerrEmEdE@tpOstgleES@ltEr@lsEfeEzt@nErEtsprez@ntbaUnderrEz

baEwuthaEtdEdsElev@lzraEzatTEenduvT@lastgleES@lpE@rE@d

5732aeedcc179a14009dac07

Geological_history_of_Earth

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@lastgleES@lpE@rE@duvT@k3r@ntaEseEdZendid@baUttenzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz@gOaEsmeltkOzdw3ldsElev@lzt@raEz@baUtD3dEfaEvmEderzwunhundrEdfEftEneftEEnTE3lEp~rtuvT@h~lOsEnEn@dES@nmenEerE@z@buv@baUtfOrdEdigrEznOrDladEtUdh@dbEndiprestbaET@weEtuvT@plestOsEngleESerzandrOzazmutSazwunhundrEdeEdEmEderzfaEvhundrEdnaEntEwuneftEOverT@leEtplestOsEnandh~lOsEnand~rstElraEzENt@deET@sElev@lraEzandtemperrerElanddipreS@n@laUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nzEntUerE@zTat~rnaUf~rfrumT@sEh~lOsEnmerrEnf~s@lz~rnOnfrumv3montkwibek~ntarEOandmESEg@nuTerT@nhaEerladEtUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nz@sOsEeEdidwETgleES@ldipreS@nh~lOsEnf~s@lz~rfaUndpraEmerilEEnleEkbedfludpleEnandkeEvdip~zEtsh~lOsEnmerrEndip~zEts@loNlOladEtUdkOstlaEnz~rrerbEkuzT@raEzEnsElev@lzdUrrENT@pE@rE@deksEdzenElaEklEupDrustENuvn~NgleES@lOrEdZEnpOstgleES@lribaUndEnskandEneEvE@rEzultidEnTEEm3dZ@nsuvkOst@lerE@zerraUndT@boltEksEENklUdENmutSuvfEnl@ndT@rEdZ@nk@ntEnjUzt@raEzstElkOzENwEk3DkweEks@kr~snOrTernjUrr@pTEEkwEv@l@ntiventEnnOrD@merEk@wuzT@ribaUnduvhuds@nbeEazEtSraNkfrumEtsl~rdZerrEmEdE@tpOstgleES@ltEr@lsEfeEzt@nErEtsprez@ntbaUnderrEz

gleESerrzfrumwutpE@rE@ddiprestT@haEtuvnOrTernlandzbaEfaEvhundrEdnaEntEwunfEt

5732aeedcc179a14009dac08

Geological_history_of_Earth

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?

dZE@l~dZEk@lhEsterrEuv3D

T@lastgleES@lpE@rE@duvT@k3r@ntaEseEdZendid@baUttenzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOjErz@gOaEsmeltkOzdw3ldsElev@lzt@raEz@baUtD3dEfaEvmEderzwunhundrEdfEftEneftEEnTE3lEp~rtuvT@h~lOsEnEn@dES@nmenEerE@z@buv@baUtfOrdEdigrEznOrDladEtUdh@dbEndiprestbaET@weEtuvT@plestOsEngleESerzandrOzazmutSazwunhundrEdeEdEmEderzfaEvhundrEdnaEntEwuneftEOverT@leEtplestOsEnandh~lOsEnand~rstElraEzENt@deET@sElev@lraEzandtemperrerElanddipreS@n@laUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nzEntUerE@zTat~rnaUf~rfrumT@sEh~lOsEnmerrEnf~s@lz~rnOnfrumv3montkwibek~ntarEOandmESEg@nuTerT@nhaEerladEtUdtemperrerEmerrEnENk3S@nz@sOsEeEdidwETgleES@ldipreS@nh~lOsEnf~s@lz~rfaUndpraEmerilEEnleEkbedfludpleEnandkeEvdip~zEtsh~lOsEnmerrEndip~zEts@loNlOladEtUdkOstlaEnz~rrerbEkuzT@raEzEnsElev@lzdUrrENT@pE@rE@deksEdzenElaEklEupDrustENuvn~NgleES@lOrEdZEnpOstgleES@lribaUndEnskandEneEvE@rEzultidEnTEEm3dZ@nsuvkOst@lerE@zerraUndT@boltEksEENklUdENmutSuvfEnl@ndT@rEdZ@nk@ntEnjUzt@raEzstElkOzENwEk3DkweEks@kr~snOrTernjUrr@pTEEkwEv@l@ntiventEnnOrD@merEk@wuzT@ribaUnduvhuds@nbeEazEtSraNkfrumEtsl~rdZerrEmEdE@tpOstgleES@ltEr@lsEfeEzt@nErEtsprez@ntbaUnderrEz

wutsEdEdT@huds@nbeEjUzdt@bE@p~rtuv

5732977f0342181400a20283

Police

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

What does the state want a police force to do?

p@lEs

@p@lEsfOrsEz@k~nstEtUdidb~dEuvp3s@nzempaUerdbaET@steEttUenfOrsT@lOpr@tektpr~perdEandlEmEtsEv@ldEsOrderTerpaUerzENklUdT@l@dZEdEmaEzdjUsuvfOrsT@t3mEzmOstk~m@nlE@sOsEeEdidwETp@lEss3vEsiz@v@s~verrEnsteEtTat~rODerraEzdtUeksersaEzT@p@lEspaUerruvTatsteEtwETEn@difaEndlEg@lOrterEtOrE@lerE@uvrisp~ns@bElidEp@lEsfOrsiz~rof@ndifaEndazbEENsepr@tfrummEl@terEOruTerrOrg@nizeES@nzEnv~lvdEnT@difensuvT@steEt@genstfOr@n@greserzhaUeverdZend~rmerrE~rmEl@terEjUnEtstS~rdZdwETsEv@lp@lEsEN

wutduzT@steEtwont@p@lEsfOrst@dU

5732977f0342181400a20284

Police

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

What are gendarmerie?

p@lEs

@p@lEsfOrsEz@k~nstEtUdidb~dEuvp3s@nzempaUerdbaET@steEttUenfOrsT@lOpr@tektpr~perdEandlEmEtsEv@ldEsOrderTerpaUerzENklUdT@l@dZEdEmaEzdjUsuvfOrsT@t3mEzmOstk~m@nlE@sOsEeEdidwETp@lEss3vEsiz@v@s~verrEnsteEtTat~rODerraEzdtUeksersaEzT@p@lEspaUerruvTatsteEtwETEn@difaEndlEg@lOrterEtOrE@lerE@uvrisp~ns@bElidEp@lEsfOrsiz~rof@ndifaEndazbEENsepr@tfrummEl@terEOruTerrOrg@nizeES@nzEnv~lvdEnT@difensuvT@steEt@genstfOr@n@greserzhaUeverdZend~rmerrE~rmEl@terEjUnEtstS~rdZdwETsEv@lp@lEsEN

wut~rdZend~rmerrE

5732977f0342181400a20285

Police

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

What are police usually separate from?

p@lEs

@p@lEsfOrsEz@k~nstEtUdidb~dEuvp3s@nzempaUerdbaET@steEttUenfOrsT@lOpr@tektpr~perdEandlEmEtsEv@ldEsOrderTerpaUerzENklUdT@l@dZEdEmaEzdjUsuvfOrsT@t3mEzmOstk~m@nlE@sOsEeEdidwETp@lEss3vEsiz@v@s~verrEnsteEtTat~rODerraEzdtUeksersaEzT@p@lEspaUerruvTatsteEtwETEn@difaEndlEg@lOrterEtOrE@lerE@uvrisp~ns@bElidEp@lEsfOrsiz~rof@ndifaEndazbEENsepr@tfrummEl@terEOruTerrOrg@nizeES@nzEnv~lvdEnT@difensuvT@steEt@genstfOr@n@greserzhaUeverdZend~rmerrE~rmEl@terEjUnEtstS~rdZdwETsEv@lp@lEsEN

wut~rp@lEsjUZU@lEsepr@tfrum

573297e560535514009162f8

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

How are police usually paid?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

haU~rp@lEsjUZU@lEpeEd

573297e560535514009162fa

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

When were police used to protect the class system?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

wenw3p@lEsjUzdt@pr@tektT@klassEst@m

573297e560535514009162f9

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

What kind of service are police?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

wutkaEnduvs3vEs~rp@lEs

573297e560535514009162fb

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

What problem do many police forces have?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

wutpr~bl@mdUmenEp@lEsfOrsizhav

573297e90d034c1900ab0035

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

How are police usually paid?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

haU~rp@lEsjUZU@lEpeEd

573297e90d034c1900ab0036

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

What kind of service are police?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

wutkaEnduvs3vEs~rp@lEs

573297e90d034c1900ab0037

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

When were police used to protect the class system?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

wenw3p@lEsjUzdt@pr@tektT@klassEst@m

573297e90d034c1900ab0038

Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

What problem do many police forces have?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@nthaUeverk~nstEtUtsOnlEp~rtuvp@lEsENaktEvidEp@lEsENh@zENklUdid@nerreEuvaktEvidEzEndEfr@ntsEtSUeES@nzbutT@prEd~mEn@ntwunz~rk@ns3ndwETT@prezerveES@nuvOrderrEnsums@saE@dEzEnT@leEteEtEnDand3lEnaEntEnDsentSerrEzTEzdEvel@ptwETEnT@k~ntekstuvmeEnteEnENT@klassEst@mandT@pr@tekS@nuvpraEv@tpr~perdEmenEp@lEsfOrsizsuferfrump@lEskerrupS@ntU@greEderOrleserdigrET@p@lEsfOrsEzjUZU@lE@publEksekters3vEsmEnENTeE~rpeEdDrUtaksiz

wutpr~bl@mdUmenEp@lEsfOrsizhav

57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a12

Police

Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@ntEneEntS@nttSaEn@wuzkarEdaUtbaEprEfektsfOrDaUz@ndzuvjErzsEnsEtdEvel@ptEnbODT@tSUanddZEnkENd@mzuvT@sprENandOdumpE@rE@dEndZEnduz@nzuvprEfektsw3spred@kr~sT@steEtEtShavENlEmEdid@DOrEdEandemploEm@ntpE@rE@dTeEw3r@poEntidbaElOk@lmadZEstreEtshUripOrdidt@haEerr@DOrEdEzsutS@zguvernerzhUEnt3nw3r@poEntidbaETEemperrerandTeEOversOT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@nuvTerprEfektSerOrdZUrrEsdEkS@nunderrEtSprEfektw3subprEfektshUhelptk@lektEvlEwETlOenfOrsm@ntEnTEerE@sumprEfektsw3risp~nsib@lfOrhandlENEnvestEgeES@nzmutSlaEkm~dernp@lEsdEtektEvzprEfektskUdOlsObEwEmEnT@k~nseptuvT@prEfektSersEst@mspredtUuTerkultSerzsutS@zkerrE@anddZ@pan

wEtStSaEnEzkENd@mzdEvel@ptlOenfOrsm@nt

57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a13

Police

Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

What period was the Chu kingdom in?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@ntEneEntS@nttSaEn@wuzkarEdaUtbaEprEfektsfOrDaUz@ndzuvjErzsEnsEtdEvel@ptEnbODT@tSUanddZEnkENd@mzuvT@sprENandOdumpE@rE@dEndZEnduz@nzuvprEfektsw3spred@kr~sT@steEtEtShavENlEmEdid@DOrEdEandemploEm@ntpE@rE@dTeEw3r@poEntidbaElOk@lmadZEstreEtshUripOrdidt@haEerr@DOrEdEzsutS@zguvernerzhUEnt3nw3r@poEntidbaETEemperrerandTeEOversOT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@nuvTerprEfektSerOrdZUrrEsdEkS@nunderrEtSprEfektw3subprEfektshUhelptk@lektEvlEwETlOenfOrsm@ntEnTEerE@sumprEfektsw3risp~nsib@lfOrhandlENEnvestEgeES@nzmutSlaEkm~dernp@lEsdEtektEvzprEfektskUdOlsObEwEmEnT@k~nseptuvT@prEfektSersEst@mspredtUuTerkultSerzsutS@zkerrE@anddZ@pan

wutpE@rE@dwuzT@tSUkENd@mEn

57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a14

Police

Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

What period was the Jin kingdom in?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@ntEneEntS@nttSaEn@wuzkarEdaUtbaEprEfektsfOrDaUz@ndzuvjErzsEnsEtdEvel@ptEnbODT@tSUanddZEnkENd@mzuvT@sprENandOdumpE@rE@dEndZEnduz@nzuvprEfektsw3spred@kr~sT@steEtEtShavENlEmEdid@DOrEdEandemploEm@ntpE@rE@dTeEw3r@poEntidbaElOk@lmadZEstreEtshUripOrdidt@haEerr@DOrEdEzsutS@zguvernerzhUEnt3nw3r@poEntidbaETEemperrerandTeEOversOT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@nuvTerprEfektSerOrdZUrrEsdEkS@nunderrEtSprEfektw3subprEfektshUhelptk@lektEvlEwETlOenfOrsm@ntEnTEerE@sumprEfektsw3risp~nsib@lfOrhandlENEnvestEgeES@nzmutSlaEkm~dernp@lEsdEtektEvzprEfektskUdOlsObEwEmEnT@k~nseptuvT@prEfektSersEst@mspredtUuTerkultSerzsutS@zkerrE@anddZ@pan

wutpE@rE@dwuzT@dZEnkENd@mEn

57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a15

Police

Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@ntEneEntS@nttSaEn@wuzkarEdaUtbaEprEfektsfOrDaUz@ndzuvjErzsEnsEtdEvel@ptEnbODT@tSUanddZEnkENd@mzuvT@sprENandOdumpE@rE@dEndZEnduz@nzuvprEfektsw3spred@kr~sT@steEtEtShavENlEmEdid@DOrEdEandemploEm@ntpE@rE@dTeEw3r@poEntidbaElOk@lmadZEstreEtshUripOrdidt@haEerr@DOrEdEzsutS@zguvernerzhUEnt3nw3r@poEntidbaETEemperrerandTeEOversOT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@nuvTerprEfektSerOrdZUrrEsdEkS@nunderrEtSprEfektw3subprEfektshUhelptk@lektEvlEwETlOenfOrsm@ntEnTEerE@sumprEfektsw3risp~nsib@lfOrhandlENEnvestEgeES@nzmutSlaEkm~dernp@lEsdEtektEvzprEfektskUdOlsObEwEmEnT@k~nseptuvT@prEfektSersEst@mspredtUuTerkultSerzsutS@zkerrE@anddZ@pan

wEtSkuntrEz@d~ptidT@prEfektSersEst@mfrumtSaEn@

57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a16

Police

Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

What did ancient China call its police?

p@lEs

lOenfOrsm@ntEneEntS@nttSaEn@wuzkarEdaUtbaEprEfektsfOrDaUz@ndzuvjErzsEnsEtdEvel@ptEnbODT@tSUanddZEnkENd@mzuvT@sprENandOdumpE@rE@dEndZEnduz@nzuvprEfektsw3spred@kr~sT@steEtEtShavENlEmEdid@DOrEdEandemploEm@ntpE@rE@dTeEw3r@poEntidbaElOk@lmadZEstreEtshUripOrdidt@haEerr@DOrEdEzsutS@zguvernerzhUEnt3nw3r@poEntidbaETEemperrerandTeEOversOT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@nuvTerprEfektSerOrdZUrrEsdEkS@nunderrEtSprEfektw3subprEfektshUhelptk@lektEvlEwETlOenfOrsm@ntEnTEerE@sumprEfektsw3risp~nsib@lfOrhandlENEnvestEgeES@nzmutSlaEkm~dernp@lEsdEtektEvzprEfektskUdOlsObEwEmEnT@k~nseptuvT@prEfektSersEst@mspredtUuTerkultSerzsutS@zkerrE@anddZ@pan

wutdEdeEntS@nttSaEn@kOlEtsp@lEs

57329aaa328d981900601fcb

Police

As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

What war ended in 1479?

p@lEs

azwunuvTerf3staktsafterrenduvT@wOruvT@kastElE@ns@kseS@nEnwunDaUz@ndfOrhundrEdsev@ntEnaEnf3dEnandandEseEbel@EstablEStT@sentr@lEOrg@naEzdandEfES@nthOlEbruTerhUdsant@h3m@ndadaz@naS@n@lp@lEsfOrsTeE@daptid@negzEstENbruTerhUdt@T@p3p@s@v@dZenerr@lp@lEsaktENunderr@fES@lz@poEntidbaETemselvzandendaUdwETgreEtpaUerzuvsumerrEdZUrrEsdEkS@nEv@nEnkapEd@lkeEsizTEerrEdZEn@lbruTerhUdzk@ntEnjUdt@s3vazm~dEstlOk@lp@lEsjUnEtsuntElTerfaEn@ls@preS@nEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdD3dEfaEv

wutwOrendidEnwunDaUz@ndfOrhundrEdsev@ntEnaEn

57329aaa328d981900601fcc

Police

As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

Who formed Spain's first national police force?

p@lEs

azwunuvTerf3staktsafterrenduvT@wOruvT@kastElE@ns@kseS@nEnwunDaUz@ndfOrhundrEdsev@ntEnaEnf3dEnandandEseEbel@EstablEStT@sentr@lEOrg@naEzdandEfES@nthOlEbruTerhUdsant@h3m@ndadaz@naS@n@lp@lEsfOrsTeE@daptid@negzEstENbruTerhUdt@T@p3p@s@v@dZenerr@lp@lEsaktENunderr@fES@lz@poEntidbaETemselvzandendaUdwETgreEtpaUerzuvsumerrEdZUrrEsdEkS@nEv@nEnkapEd@lkeEsizTEerrEdZEn@lbruTerhUdzk@ntEnjUdt@s3vazm~dEstlOk@lp@lEsjUnEtsuntElTerfaEn@ls@preS@nEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdD3dEfaEv

hUfOrmdspeEnzf3stnaS@n@lp@lEsfOrs

57329aaa328d981900601fcd

Police

As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?

p@lEs

azwunuvTerf3staktsafterrenduvT@wOruvT@kastElE@ns@kseS@nEnwunDaUz@ndfOrhundrEdsev@ntEnaEnf3dEnandandEseEbel@EstablEStT@sentr@lEOrg@naEzdandEfES@nthOlEbruTerhUdsant@h3m@ndadaz@naS@n@lp@lEsfOrsTeE@daptid@negzEstENbruTerhUdt@T@p3p@s@v@dZenerr@lp@lEsaktENunderr@fES@lz@poEntidbaETemselvzandendaUdwETgreEtpaUerzuvsumerrEdZUrrEsdEkS@nEv@nEnkapEd@lkeEsizTEerrEdZEn@lbruTerhUdzk@ntEnjUdt@s3vazm~dEstlOk@lp@lEsjUnEtsuntElTerfaEn@ls@preS@nEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdD3dEfaEv

wutwuzspeEnzf3stnaS@n@lp@lEsfOrskOldEnspanES

57329aaa328d981900601fce

Police

As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

What does Santa Hermandad mean?

p@lEs

azwunuvTerf3staktsafterrenduvT@wOruvT@kastElE@ns@kseS@nEnwunDaUz@ndfOrhundrEdsev@ntEnaEnf3dEnandandEseEbel@EstablEStT@sentr@lEOrg@naEzdandEfES@nthOlEbruTerhUdsant@h3m@ndadaz@naS@n@lp@lEsfOrsTeE@daptid@negzEstENbruTerhUdt@T@p3p@s@v@dZenerr@lp@lEsaktENunderr@fES@lz@poEntidbaETemselvzandendaUdwETgreEtpaUerzuvsumerrEdZUrrEsdEkS@nEv@nEnkapEd@lkeEsizTEerrEdZEn@lbruTerhUdzk@ntEnjUdt@s3vazm~dEstlOk@lp@lEsjUnEtsuntElTerfaEn@ls@preS@nEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdD3dEfaEv

wutduzsant@h3m@ndadmEn

57329aaa328d981900601fcf

Police

As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

When did Spain suppress local police units?

p@lEs

azwunuvTerf3staktsafterrenduvT@wOruvT@kastElE@ns@kseS@nEnwunDaUz@ndfOrhundrEdsev@ntEnaEnf3dEnandandEseEbel@EstablEStT@sentr@lEOrg@naEzdandEfES@nthOlEbruTerhUdsant@h3m@ndadaz@naS@n@lp@lEsfOrsTeE@daptid@negzEstENbruTerhUdt@T@p3p@s@v@dZenerr@lp@lEsaktENunderr@fES@lz@poEntidbaETemselvzandendaUdwETgreEtpaUerzuvsumerrEdZUrrEsdEkS@nEv@nEnkapEd@lkeEsizTEerrEdZEn@lbruTerhUdzk@ntEnjUdt@s3vazm~dEstlOk@lp@lEsjUnEtsuntElTerfaEn@ls@preS@nEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdD3dEfaEv

wendEdspeEns@preslOk@lp@lEsjUnEts

57329bc4328d981900601fd5

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wEtStUentidEzEnmedEEv@lfranshadp@lEsdUdEz

57329bc4328d981900601fd6

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

haUw3T@m~rS@landk~nst@b@luvfransfOrm@lEklasifaEd

57329bc4328d981900601fd7

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

What was the Marshal's force called?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wutwuzT@m~rS@lzfOrskOld

57329bc4328d981900601fd8

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

What was the Constable's force called, in English?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wutwuzT@k~nst@b@lzfOrskOldEnENglES

57329bc4328d981900601fd9

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

What was the Constable's force called, in French?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wutwuzT@k~nst@b@lzfOrskOldEnfrentS

57329bc4cc179a14009dab68

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wEtStUentidEzEnmedEEv@lfranshadp@lEsdUdEz

57329bc4cc179a14009dab69

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

haUw3T@m~rS@landk~nst@b@luvfransfOrm@lEklasifaEd

57329bc4cc179a14009dab6a

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

What was the Marshal's force called?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wutwuzT@m~rS@lzfOrskOld

57329bc4cc179a14009dab6b

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

What was the Constable's force called, in English?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wutwuzT@k~nst@b@lzfOrskOldEnENglES

57329bc4cc179a14009dab6c

Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

What was the Constable's force called, in French?

p@lEs

EnfransdUrrENT@mEd@leEdZizTerw3tUgreEt~fEserzuvT@kraUnuvfranswETp@lEsrisp~ns@bElidEzT@m~rS@luvfransandT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@mEl@terEp@lEsENrisp~ns@bElidEzuvT@m~rS@luvfransw3delEgeEdidt@T@m~rS@lzpr~v~sthUzfOrswuznOnazT@m~rS@lsEbEkuzEts@DOrEdEultim@tlEdiraEvdfrumT@m~rS@lT@m~rS@lsEdeEtsbakt@T@hundrEdjErzwOrandsumhEstOrE@nztreEsEtbakt@TE3lEtwelfDsentSerrE@nuTerrOrg@n@zeES@nT@k@nstabjUlerEfrentSk@neEdablEwuzunderT@k@manduvT@k~nst@b@luvfransT@k@nstabjUlerEwuzregjUlerraEzdaz@mEl@terEb~dEEnwunDaUz@ndDrEhundrEdD3dEsev@nunderkENfransEsaEhUreEndwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfEftEnwunDaUz@ndfaEvhundrEdfOrdEsev@nT@m~rreEtS@seEwuzm3dZdwETT@k@nstabjUlerET@rEzultENfOrswuzOlsOnOnazT@m~rreEtS@seEOrfOrm@lET@k@nstabjUlerEandm~rS@lsEuvfrans

wutwuzT@k~nst@b@lzfOrskOldEnfrentS

57329c241d5d2e14009ff867

Police

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

In what year did Paris get a police force?

p@lEs

T@f3stsentr@lEOrg@naEzdp@lEsfOrswuzkrEeEdidbaET@guvernm@ntuvkENlUErOm@nfOrtEnEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nt@p@lEsT@sEdEuvparEsTenT@l~rdZEstsEdEEnjUrr@pT@roE@lEdEktredZEsterdbaET@p~rr@lm@ntuvparEsonm~rtSfEftEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nkrEeEdidTE~fEsuvlUten@ntgeEneEr@ld@p@lEslUten@ntdZenerr@luvp@lEshUwuzt@bET@heduvT@nUparEsp@lEsfOrsanddifaEndT@taskuvT@p@lEsazenSUrrENT@pEsandkwaE@tuvT@publEkanduvpraEv@tEndivEdZU@lzp3dZENT@sEdEuvwutmeEkOzdEst3b@nsizpr@kjUrrEN@bund@nsandhavENEtSandevrEwunlaEv@kOrdENt@TersteES@nandTerdUdEz

EnwutjErdEdparEsget@p@lEsfOrs

57329c241d5d2e14009ff868

Police

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

Who created Paris's police force?

p@lEs

T@f3stsentr@lEOrg@naEzdp@lEsfOrswuzkrEeEdidbaET@guvernm@ntuvkENlUErOm@nfOrtEnEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nt@p@lEsT@sEdEuvparEsTenT@l~rdZEstsEdEEnjUrr@pT@roE@lEdEktredZEsterdbaET@p~rr@lm@ntuvparEsonm~rtSfEftEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nkrEeEdidTE~fEsuvlUten@ntgeEneEr@ld@p@lEslUten@ntdZenerr@luvp@lEshUwuzt@bET@heduvT@nUparEsp@lEsfOrsanddifaEndT@taskuvT@p@lEsazenSUrrENT@pEsandkwaE@tuvT@publEkanduvpraEv@tEndivEdZU@lzp3dZENT@sEdEuvwutmeEkOzdEst3b@nsizpr@kjUrrEN@bund@nsandhavENEtSandevrEwunlaEv@kOrdENt@TersteES@nandTerdUdEz

hUkrEeEdidparEsizp@lEsfOrs

57329c241d5d2e14009ff869

Police

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

What was the largest European city in 1667?

p@lEs

T@f3stsentr@lEOrg@naEzdp@lEsfOrswuzkrEeEdidbaET@guvernm@ntuvkENlUErOm@nfOrtEnEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nt@p@lEsT@sEdEuvparEsTenT@l~rdZEstsEdEEnjUrr@pT@roE@lEdEktredZEsterdbaET@p~rr@lm@ntuvparEsonm~rtSfEftEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nkrEeEdidTE~fEsuvlUten@ntgeEneEr@ld@p@lEslUten@ntdZenerr@luvp@lEshUwuzt@bET@heduvT@nUparEsp@lEsfOrsanddifaEndT@taskuvT@p@lEsazenSUrrENT@pEsandkwaE@tuvT@publEkanduvpraEv@tEndivEdZU@lzp3dZENT@sEdEuvwutmeEkOzdEst3b@nsizpr@kjUrrEN@bund@nsandhavENEtSandevrEwunlaEv@kOrdENt@TersteES@nandTerdUdEz

wutwuzT@l~rdZEstjUrr@pE@nsEdEEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@n

57329c241d5d2e14009ff86a

Police

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?

p@lEs

T@f3stsentr@lEOrg@naEzdp@lEsfOrswuzkrEeEdidbaET@guvernm@ntuvkENlUErOm@nfOrtEnEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nt@p@lEsT@sEdEuvparEsTenT@l~rdZEstsEdEEnjUrr@pT@roE@lEdEktredZEsterdbaET@p~rr@lm@ntuvparEsonm~rtSfEftEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nkrEeEdidTE~fEsuvlUten@ntgeEneEr@ld@p@lEslUten@ntdZenerr@luvp@lEshUwuzt@bET@heduvT@nUparEsp@lEsfOrsanddifaEndT@taskuvT@p@lEsazenSUrrENT@pEsandkwaE@tuvT@publEkanduvpraEv@tEndivEdZU@lzp3dZENT@sEdEuvwutmeEkOzdEst3b@nsizpr@kjUrrEN@bund@nsandhavENEtSandevrEwunlaEv@kOrdENt@TersteES@nandTerdUdEz

wutwuzT@taEd@luvT@heduvparEsizp@lEsEnENglES

57329c241d5d2e14009ff86b

Police

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?

p@lEs

T@f3stsentr@lEOrg@naEzdp@lEsfOrswuzkrEeEdidbaET@guvernm@ntuvkENlUErOm@nfOrtEnEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nt@p@lEsT@sEdEuvparEsTenT@l~rdZEstsEdEEnjUrr@pT@roE@lEdEktredZEsterdbaET@p~rr@lm@ntuvparEsonm~rtSfEftEnwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdsEkstEsev@nkrEeEdidTE~fEsuvlUten@ntgeEneEr@ld@p@lEslUten@ntdZenerr@luvp@lEshUwuzt@bET@heduvT@nUparEsp@lEsfOrsanddifaEndT@taskuvT@p@lEsazenSUrrENT@pEsandkwaE@tuvT@publEkanduvpraEv@tEndivEdZU@lzp3dZENT@sEdEuvwutmeEkOzdEst3b@nsizpr@kjUrrEN@bund@nsandhavENEtSandevrEwunlaEv@kOrdENt@TersteES@nandTerdUdEz

wutwuzT@taEd@luvT@heduvparEsizp@lEsEnfrentS

57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a26

Police

This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

Who was Paris's first head of police?

p@lEs

TEs~fEswuzf3stheldbaEgabrE@lnEk@l@zd@lareEnEhUhadfOrdEfOrk~mEserzd@p@lEsp@lEsk@mES@nerzunderhEz@DOrEdEEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEnTEzk@mES@nerzw3r@sEstidbaEEnspektUrzd@p@lEsp@lEsEnspekterzT@sEdEuvparEswuzdivaEdidEntUsEkstEndEstrEktsp@lEstbaET@k~mEserzEtS@saEndtU@pertEkjUlerdEstrEktand@sEstidbaE@grOENbjUrr~kr@sET@skEmuvT@parEsp@lEsfOrswuzekstendidt@T@restuvfransbaE@roE@lEdEktuv~ktOberwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdnaEntEnaEnrEzultENEnT@krEeES@nuvlUten@ntsdZenerr@luvp@lEsEnOll~rdZfrentSsEdEzandtaUnz

hUwuzparEsizf3stheduvp@lEs

57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a27

Police

This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

How many commissioners worked under Reynie?

p@lEs

TEs~fEswuzf3stheldbaEgabrE@lnEk@l@zd@lareEnEhUhadfOrdEfOrk~mEserzd@p@lEsp@lEsk@mES@nerzunderhEz@DOrEdEEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEnTEzk@mES@nerzw3r@sEstidbaEEnspektUrzd@p@lEsp@lEsEnspekterzT@sEdEuvparEswuzdivaEdidEntUsEkstEndEstrEktsp@lEstbaET@k~mEserzEtS@saEndtU@pertEkjUlerdEstrEktand@sEstidbaE@grOENbjUrr~kr@sET@skEmuvT@parEsp@lEsfOrswuzekstendidt@T@restuvfransbaE@roE@lEdEktuv~ktOberwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdnaEntEnaEnrEzultENEnT@krEeES@nuvlUten@ntsdZenerr@luvp@lEsEnOll~rdZfrentSsEdEzandtaUnz

haUmenEk@mES@nerzw3ktunderreEnE

57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a28

Police

This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

How many policing districts was Paris divided into?

p@lEs

TEs~fEswuzf3stheldbaEgabrE@lnEk@l@zd@lareEnEhUhadfOrdEfOrk~mEserzd@p@lEsp@lEsk@mES@nerzunderhEz@DOrEdEEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEnTEzk@mES@nerzw3r@sEstidbaEEnspektUrzd@p@lEsp@lEsEnspekterzT@sEdEuvparEswuzdivaEdidEntUsEkstEndEstrEktsp@lEstbaET@k~mEserzEtS@saEndtU@pertEkjUlerdEstrEktand@sEstidbaE@grOENbjUrr~kr@sET@skEmuvT@parEsp@lEsfOrswuzekstendidt@T@restuvfransbaE@roE@lEdEktuv~ktOberwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdnaEntEnaEnrEzultENEnT@krEeES@nuvlUten@ntsdZenerr@luvp@lEsEnOll~rdZfrentSsEdEzandtaUnz

haUmenEp@lEsENdEstrEktswuzparEsdivaEdidEntU

57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a29

Police

This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?

p@lEs

TEs~fEswuzf3stheldbaEgabrE@lnEk@l@zd@lareEnEhUhadfOrdEfOrk~mEserzd@p@lEsp@lEsk@mES@nerzunderhEz@DOrEdEEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEnTEzk@mES@nerzw3r@sEstidbaEEnspektUrzd@p@lEsp@lEsEnspekterzT@sEdEuvparEswuzdivaEdidEntUsEkstEndEstrEktsp@lEstbaET@k~mEserzEtS@saEndtU@pertEkjUlerdEstrEktand@sEstidbaE@grOENbjUrr~kr@sET@skEmuvT@parEsp@lEsfOrswuzekstendidt@T@restuvfransbaE@roE@lEdEktuv~ktOberwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdnaEntEnaEnrEzultENEnT@krEeES@nuvlUten@ntsdZenerr@luvp@lEsEnOll~rdZfrentSsEdEzandtaUnz

wenwuzparEsizp@lEssEst@mekspandidt@T@restuvfrans

57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a2a

Police

This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?

p@lEs

TEs~fEswuzf3stheldbaEgabrE@lnEk@l@zd@lareEnEhUhadfOrdEfOrk~mEserzd@p@lEsp@lEsk@mES@nerzunderhEz@DOrEdEEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEnTEzk@mES@nerzw3r@sEstidbaEEnspektUrzd@p@lEsp@lEsEnspekterzT@sEdEuvparEswuzdivaEdidEntUsEkstEndEstrEktsp@lEstbaET@k~mEserzEtS@saEndtU@pertEkjUlerdEstrEktand@sEstidbaE@grOENbjUrr~kr@sET@skEmuvT@parEsp@lEsfOrswuzekstendidt@T@restuvfransbaE@roE@lEdEktuv~ktOberwunDaUz@ndsEkshundrEdnaEntEnaEnrEzultENEnT@krEeES@nuvlUten@ntsdZenerr@luvp@lEsEnOll~rdZfrentSsEdEzandtaUnz

wenw3p@lEsEnspekterzadidt@parEsizp@lEs

57329fe2cc179a14009dab86

Police

The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?

p@lEs

T@w3dp@lEswuzb~rOdfrumfrentSEntUTEENglESlaNgwEdZEnTEeEtEnDsentSerrEbutferr@loNtaEmEd@plaEdOnlEt@frentSandk~ntEnent@ljUrr@pE@np@lEsfOrsizT@w3dandT@k~nseptuvp@lEsEtselfw3dEslaEktaz@sEmb@luvfOr@n@preS@n@kOrdENt@brEtanEk@naEntEnhundrEdElev@nbifOrT@naEntEnDsentSerrET@f3stjUsuvT@w3dp@lEsrikOrdidEnguvernm@ntd~kjUm@ntsEnT@jUnaEdidkENd@mwuzTE@poEntm@ntuvk@mES@nerzuvp@lEsfOrsk~tl@ndEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdfOrtEnandT@krEeES@nuvT@merrEnp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEeEt

wendEdT@frentSlaNgwEdZ@d~ptT@w3dp@lEs

57329fe2cc179a14009dab88

Police

The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?

p@lEs

T@w3dp@lEswuzb~rOdfrumfrentSEntUTEENglESlaNgwEdZEnTEeEtEnDsentSerrEbutferr@loNtaEmEd@plaEdOnlEt@frentSandk~ntEnent@ljUrr@pE@np@lEsfOrsizT@w3dandT@k~nseptuvp@lEsEtselfw3dEslaEktaz@sEmb@luvfOr@n@preS@n@kOrdENt@brEtanEk@naEntEnhundrEdElev@nbifOrT@naEntEnDsentSerrET@f3stjUsuvT@w3dp@lEsrikOrdidEnguvernm@ntd~kjUm@ntsEnT@jUnaEdidkENd@mwuzTE@poEntm@ntuvk@mES@nerzuvp@lEsfOrsk~tl@ndEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdfOrtEnandT@krEeES@nuvT@merrEnp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEeEt

wEtSdEkS@nerEsedp@lEsw3@sEmb@luvfOr@n@preS@n

57329fe2cc179a14009dab87

Police

The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?

p@lEs

T@w3dp@lEswuzb~rOdfrumfrentSEntUTEENglESlaNgwEdZEnTEeEtEnDsentSerrEbutferr@loNtaEmEd@plaEdOnlEt@frentSandk~ntEnent@ljUrr@pE@np@lEsfOrsizT@w3dandT@k~nseptuvp@lEsEtselfw3dEslaEktaz@sEmb@luvfOr@n@preS@n@kOrdENt@brEtanEk@naEntEnhundrEdElev@nbifOrT@naEntEnDsentSerrET@f3stjUsuvT@w3dp@lEsrikOrdidEnguvernm@ntd~kjUm@ntsEnT@jUnaEdidkENd@mwuzTE@poEntm@ntuvk@mES@nerzuvp@lEsfOrsk~tl@ndEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdfOrtEnandT@krEeES@nuvT@merrEnp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEeEt

wutlaNgwEdZdEdfrentSb~rOT@w3dp@lEsfrum

57329fe2cc179a14009dab89

Police

The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

When were the Marine Police created in the UK?

p@lEs

T@w3dp@lEswuzb~rOdfrumfrentSEntUTEENglESlaNgwEdZEnTEeEtEnDsentSerrEbutferr@loNtaEmEd@plaEdOnlEt@frentSandk~ntEnent@ljUrr@pE@np@lEsfOrsizT@w3dandT@k~nseptuvp@lEsEtselfw3dEslaEktaz@sEmb@luvfOr@n@preS@n@kOrdENt@brEtanEk@naEntEnhundrEdElev@nbifOrT@naEntEnDsentSerrET@f3stjUsuvT@w3dp@lEsrikOrdidEnguvernm@ntd~kjUm@ntsEnT@jUnaEdidkENd@mwuzTE@poEntm@ntuvk@mES@nerzuvp@lEsfOrsk~tl@ndEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdfOrtEnandT@krEeES@nuvT@merrEnp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEeEt

wenw3T@merrEnp@lEskrEeEdidEnT@jUkeE

57329fe2cc179a14009dab8a

Police

The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?

p@lEs

T@w3dp@lEswuzb~rOdfrumfrentSEntUTEENglESlaNgwEdZEnTEeEtEnDsentSerrEbutferr@loNtaEmEd@plaEdOnlEt@frentSandk~ntEnent@ljUrr@pE@np@lEsfOrsizT@w3dandT@k~nseptuvp@lEsEtselfw3dEslaEktaz@sEmb@luvfOr@n@preS@n@kOrdENt@brEtanEk@naEntEnhundrEdElev@nbifOrT@naEntEnDsentSerrET@f3stjUsuvT@w3dp@lEsrikOrdidEnguvernm@ntd~kjUm@ntsEnT@jUnaEdidkENd@mwuzTE@poEntm@ntuvk@mES@nerzuvp@lEsfOrsk~tl@ndEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdfOrtEnandT@krEeES@nuvT@merrEnp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEeEt

wutwuzT@f3stjUsuvp@lEsEnT@jUkeE

5732a05ccc179a14009dab90

Police

In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?

p@lEs

EnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEsev@npatrEkk~lkw@haUnwuzeEb@lt@persweEdT@westEndEzm3tS@ntshU~perreEdidatT@pUluvlund@nonT@rEvertemztUEstablES@p@lEsfOrsatT@d~kst@prEventramp@ntDeftTatwuzkOzENanjU@lestimeEdidlosizuvpaUndfaEvhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOTEaEdE@@v@p@lEsazEtTenegzEstidEnfranswuzk@nsEderdaz@p@tenS@lEundEzaEerr@b@lfOr@nEmpOrtEnbEldENT@keEsferT@p@lEsEnT@feEsuvENgl@ndzf3mantaEp@lEssentEm@ntk~lkw@haUnfreEmdT@p@lEdEk@lraS@nalonEk@n~mEkEndikeEderzt@SOTad@p@lEsdedikeEdidt@kraEmprEvenS@nwuzp3fektlEk@ndZEnE@lt@T@prEnsEp@luvT@brEdESk~nstEtUS@nmOrOverhEwentsOf~razt@preEzT@frentSsEst@mwEtShadrEtStT@greEdEstdigrEuvperfekS@nEnhEzestimeES@n

hUk@nvEnstT@westEndEzm3tS@ntsEnlund@ntUEstablESp@lEs

5732a05ccc179a14009dab92

Police

In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?

p@lEs

EnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEsev@npatrEkk~lkw@haUnwuzeEb@lt@persweEdT@westEndEzm3tS@ntshU~perreEdidatT@pUluvlund@nonT@rEvertemztUEstablES@p@lEsfOrsatT@d~kst@prEventramp@ntDeftTatwuzkOzENanjU@lestimeEdidlosizuvpaUndfaEvhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOTEaEdE@@v@p@lEsazEtTenegzEstidEnfranswuzk@nsEderdaz@p@tenS@lEundEzaEerr@b@lfOr@nEmpOrtEnbEldENT@keEsferT@p@lEsEnT@feEsuvENgl@ndzf3mantaEp@lEssentEm@ntk~lkw@haUnfreEmdT@p@lEdEk@lraS@nalonEk@n~mEkEndikeEderzt@SOTad@p@lEsdedikeEdidt@kraEmprEvenS@nwuzp3fektlEk@ndZEnE@lt@T@prEnsEp@luvT@brEdESk~nstEtUS@nmOrOverhEwentsOf~razt@preEzT@frentSsEst@mwEtShadrEtStT@greEdEstdigrEuvperfekS@nEnhEzestimeES@n

werdEdT@westEndEzm3tS@ntsEnlund@nkrEeEt@p@lEsfOrs

5732a05ccc179a14009dab91

Police

In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?

p@lEs

EnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEsev@npatrEkk~lkw@haUnwuzeEb@lt@persweEdT@westEndEzm3tS@ntshU~perreEdidatT@pUluvlund@nonT@rEvertemztUEstablES@p@lEsfOrsatT@d~kst@prEventramp@ntDeftTatwuzkOzENanjU@lestimeEdidlosizuvpaUndfaEvhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOTEaEdE@@v@p@lEsazEtTenegzEstidEnfranswuzk@nsEderdaz@p@tenS@lEundEzaEerr@b@lfOr@nEmpOrtEnbEldENT@keEsferT@p@lEsEnT@feEsuvENgl@ndzf3mantaEp@lEssentEm@ntk~lkw@haUnfreEmdT@p@lEdEk@lraS@nalonEk@n~mEkEndikeEderzt@SOTad@p@lEsdedikeEdidt@kraEmprEvenS@nwuzp3fektlEk@ndZEnE@lt@T@prEnsEp@luvT@brEdESk~nstEtUS@nmOrOverhEwentsOf~razt@preEzT@frentSsEst@mwEtShadrEtStT@greEdEstdigrEuvperfekS@nEnhEzestimeES@n

wendEdT@westEndEzm3tS@ntsEnlund@nkrEeEt@p@lEsfOrs

5732a05ccc179a14009dab93

Police

In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?

p@lEs

EnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEsev@npatrEkk~lkw@haUnwuzeEb@lt@persweEdT@westEndEzm3tS@ntshU~perreEdidatT@pUluvlund@nonT@rEvertemztUEstablES@p@lEsfOrsatT@d~kst@prEventramp@ntDeftTatwuzkOzENanjU@lestimeEdidlosizuvpaUndfaEvhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOTEaEdE@@v@p@lEsazEtTenegzEstidEnfranswuzk@nsEderdaz@p@tenS@lEundEzaEerr@b@lfOr@nEmpOrtEnbEldENT@keEsferT@p@lEsEnT@feEsuvENgl@ndzf3mantaEp@lEssentEm@ntk~lkw@haUnfreEmdT@p@lEdEk@lraS@nalonEk@n~mEkEndikeEderzt@SOTad@p@lEsdedikeEdidt@kraEmprEvenS@nwuzp3fektlEk@ndZEnE@lt@T@prEnsEp@luvT@brEdESk~nstEtUS@nmOrOverhEwentsOf~razt@preEzT@frentSsEst@mwEtShadrEtStT@greEdEstdigrEuvperfekS@nEnhEzestimeES@n

haUmutSk~rgOh@dbEnbEENstOl@nfrumwestEndEzm3tS@ntsEnlund@nEtSjEr

5732a05ccc179a14009dab94

Police

In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

How did Colquhoun praise the French police?

p@lEs

EnwunDaUz@ndsev@nhundrEdnaEntEsev@npatrEkk~lkw@haUnwuzeEb@lt@persweEdT@westEndEzm3tS@ntshU~perreEdidatT@pUluvlund@nonT@rEvertemztUEstablES@p@lEsfOrsatT@d~kst@prEventramp@ntDeftTatwuzkOzENanjU@lestimeEdidlosizuvpaUndfaEvhundrEdzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOTEaEdE@@v@p@lEsazEtTenegzEstidEnfranswuzk@nsEderdaz@p@tenS@lEundEzaEerr@b@lfOr@nEmpOrtEnbEldENT@keEsferT@p@lEsEnT@feEsuvENgl@ndzf3mantaEp@lEssentEm@ntk~lkw@haUnfreEmdT@p@lEdEk@lraS@nalonEk@n~mEkEndikeEderzt@SOTad@p@lEsdedikeEdidt@kraEmprEvenS@nwuzp3fektlEk@ndZEnE@lt@T@prEnsEp@luvT@brEdESk~nstEtUS@nmOrOverhEwentsOf~razt@preEzT@frentSsEst@mwEtShadrEtStT@greEdEstdigrEuvperfekS@nEnhEzestimeES@n

haUdEdk~lkw@haUnpreEzT@frentSp@lEs

5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9a

Police

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?

p@lEs

wETTEEnES@lEnvestm@ntuvpaUndfOrtUhundrEdT@nUtraE@lfOrsuvT@temzrEverp@lEsbEganwET@baUtfEftEmentS~rdZdwETp@lEsEND3dEDrEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3kerzEnT@rEvertreEdzuvhUmk~lkw@haUnkleEmdElev@nzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3nOnkrEmEn@lzandonT@geEmT@fOrswuz@s@ksesafterrEtsf3stjErandhEzmenhadEstablEStTerw3DbaEseEvENpaUndwunhundrEdtwentEtUzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOandbaET@reskjUENuvsevr@llaEvzw3duvTEss@ksesspredkwEklEandT@guvernm@ntpastT@merrEnp@lEsbElontwentEeEtdZUlaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtransfOrmENEtfrum@praEv@tt@publEkp@lEseEdZ@nsEnaUTEOldEstp@lEsfOrsEnT@w3ldk~lkw@haUnpublESt@bUkonTEeksperEm@ntT@k~m3sandp@lEsENuvT@rEvertemzEtfaUndriseptEvOdE@nsizf~raUtsaEdlund@nandEnspaEerdsEmElerfOrsizEnuTersEdEznOd@blEnUjOrksEdEdublEnandsEdnE

wutwuzTEEnES@lsaEzuvT@temzrEverp@lEsfOrs

5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9b

Police

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?

p@lEs

wETTEEnES@lEnvestm@ntuvpaUndfOrtUhundrEdT@nUtraE@lfOrsuvT@temzrEverp@lEsbEganwET@baUtfEftEmentS~rdZdwETp@lEsEND3dEDrEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3kerzEnT@rEvertreEdzuvhUmk~lkw@haUnkleEmdElev@nzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3nOnkrEmEn@lzandonT@geEmT@fOrswuz@s@ksesafterrEtsf3stjErandhEzmenhadEstablEStTerw3DbaEseEvENpaUndwunhundrEdtwentEtUzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOandbaET@reskjUENuvsevr@llaEvzw3duvTEss@ksesspredkwEklEandT@guvernm@ntpastT@merrEnp@lEsbElontwentEeEtdZUlaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtransfOrmENEtfrum@praEv@tt@publEkp@lEseEdZ@nsEnaUTEOldEstp@lEsfOrsEnT@w3ldk~lkw@haUnpublESt@bUkonTEeksperEm@ntT@k~m3sandp@lEsENuvT@rEvertemzEtfaUndriseptEvOdE@nsizf~raUtsaEdlund@nandEnspaEerdsEmElerfOrsizEnuTersEdEznOd@blEnUjOrksEdEdublEnandsEdnE

haUmenEd~kw3kerzw3T@temzrEverp@lEsp@lEsEN

5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9c

Police

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?

p@lEs

wETTEEnES@lEnvestm@ntuvpaUndfOrtUhundrEdT@nUtraE@lfOrsuvT@temzrEverp@lEsbEganwET@baUtfEftEmentS~rdZdwETp@lEsEND3dEDrEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3kerzEnT@rEvertreEdzuvhUmk~lkw@haUnkleEmdElev@nzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3nOnkrEmEn@lzandonT@geEmT@fOrswuz@s@ksesafterrEtsf3stjErandhEzmenhadEstablEStTerw3DbaEseEvENpaUndwunhundrEdtwentEtUzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOandbaET@reskjUENuvsevr@llaEvzw3duvTEss@ksesspredkwEklEandT@guvernm@ntpastT@merrEnp@lEsbElontwentEeEtdZUlaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtransfOrmENEtfrum@praEv@tt@publEkp@lEseEdZ@nsEnaUTEOldEstp@lEsfOrsEnT@w3ldk~lkw@haUnpublESt@bUkonTEeksperEm@ntT@k~m3sandp@lEsENuvT@rEvertemzEtfaUndriseptEvOdE@nsizf~raUtsaEdlund@nandEnspaEerdsEmElerfOrsizEnuTersEdEznOd@blEnUjOrksEdEdublEnandsEdnE

haUmenEd~kw3kerzdEdk~lkw@haUnseEw3krEmEn@lz

5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9e

Police

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

When was the Thames River Police made a public service?

p@lEs

wETTEEnES@lEnvestm@ntuvpaUndfOrtUhundrEdT@nUtraE@lfOrsuvT@temzrEverp@lEsbEganwET@baUtfEftEmentS~rdZdwETp@lEsEND3dEDrEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3kerzEnT@rEvertreEdzuvhUmk~lkw@haUnkleEmdElev@nzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3nOnkrEmEn@lzandonT@geEmT@fOrswuz@s@ksesafterrEtsf3stjErandhEzmenhadEstablEStTerw3DbaEseEvENpaUndwunhundrEdtwentEtUzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOandbaET@reskjUENuvsevr@llaEvzw3duvTEss@ksesspredkwEklEandT@guvernm@ntpastT@merrEnp@lEsbElontwentEeEtdZUlaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtransfOrmENEtfrum@praEv@tt@publEkp@lEseEdZ@nsEnaUTEOldEstp@lEsfOrsEnT@w3ldk~lkw@haUnpublESt@bUkonTEeksperEm@ntT@k~m3sandp@lEsENuvT@rEvertemzEtfaUndriseptEvOdE@nsizf~raUtsaEdlund@nandEnspaEerdsEmElerfOrsizEnuTersEdEznOd@blEnUjOrksEdEdublEnandsEdnE

wenwuzT@temzrEverp@lEsmeEd@publEks3vEs

5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9d

Police

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?

p@lEs

wETTEEnES@lEnvestm@ntuvpaUndfOrtUhundrEdT@nUtraE@lfOrsuvT@temzrEverp@lEsbEganwET@baUtfEftEmentS~rdZdwETp@lEsEND3dEDrEzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3kerzEnT@rEvertreEdzuvhUmk~lkw@haUnkleEmdElev@nzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3nOnkrEmEn@lzandonT@geEmT@fOrswuz@s@ksesafterrEtsf3stjErandhEzmenhadEstablEStTerw3DbaEseEvENpaUndwunhundrEdtwentEtUzE@rOzE@rOzE@rOw3Duvk~rgOandbaET@reskjUENuvsevr@llaEvzw3duvTEss@ksesspredkwEklEandT@guvernm@ntpastT@merrEnp@lEsbElontwentEeEtdZUlaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtransfOrmENEtfrum@praEv@tt@publEkp@lEseEdZ@nsEnaUTEOldEstp@lEsfOrsEnT@w3ldk~lkw@haUnpublESt@bUkonTEeksperEm@ntT@k~m3sandp@lEsENuvT@rEvertemzEtfaUndriseptEvOdE@nsizf~raUtsaEdlund@nandEnspaEerdsEmElerfOrsizEnuTersEdEznOd@blEnUjOrksEdEdublEnandsEdnE

haUmutSk~rgODeftdEdT@temzrEverp@lEsprEventEnEtsf3stjEr

5732a13acc179a14009daba5

Police

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?

p@lEs

k~lkw@haUnzjUdElEterE@n@prOtSt@T@pr~bl@mjUzEN@kostbenEfEt~rgjUm@nttU@bteEns@pOrtfrumbEzn@sizstandENt@benEfEt@laUdhEmtU@tSEvwuthenrEanddZ~nfEldENfeEldfOrTerbOstrEtdEtektEvzunlaEkT@staEp@ndjerrEsEst@matbOstrEtT@rEverp@lEsw3fUltaEmsalerrEd~fEserzpr@hEbEdidfrumteEkENpraEv@tfEzhEzuTerk~ntrEbjUS@nwuzT@k~nseptuvprEventEvp@lEsENhEzp@lEsw3tUaktaz@haElEvEzib@ldEt3r@ntt@kraEmbaETerp3m@n@ntprez@nsonT@temzk~lkw@haUnzEn@veES@nzw3r@krEdEk@ldEvel@pm@ntlEdENupt@r~bertpElznUp@lEsDrEdekeEdzleEder

haUdEdT@bOstrEtgrUppeETeremploEEz

5732a13acc179a14009daba4

Police

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

Who started the Bow Street detectives?

p@lEs

k~lkw@haUnzjUdElEterE@n@prOtSt@T@pr~bl@mjUzEN@kostbenEfEt~rgjUm@nttU@bteEns@pOrtfrumbEzn@sizstandENt@benEfEt@laUdhEmtU@tSEvwuthenrEanddZ~nfEldENfeEldfOrTerbOstrEtdEtektEvzunlaEkT@staEp@ndjerrEsEst@matbOstrEtT@rEverp@lEsw3fUltaEmsalerrEd~fEserzpr@hEbEdidfrumteEkENpraEv@tfEzhEzuTerk~ntrEbjUS@nwuzT@k~nseptuvprEventEvp@lEsENhEzp@lEsw3tUaktaz@haElEvEzib@ldEt3r@ntt@kraEmbaETerp3m@n@ntprez@nsonT@temzk~lkw@haUnzEn@veES@nzw3r@krEdEk@ldEvel@pm@ntlEdENupt@r~bertpElznUp@lEsDrEdekeEdzleEder

hUst~rdidT@bOstrEtdEtektEvz

5732a13acc179a14009daba7

Police

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?

p@lEs

k~lkw@haUnzjUdElEterE@n@prOtSt@T@pr~bl@mjUzEN@kostbenEfEt~rgjUm@nttU@bteEns@pOrtfrumbEzn@sizstandENt@benEfEt@laUdhEmtU@tSEvwuthenrEanddZ~nfEldENfeEldfOrTerbOstrEtdEtektEvzunlaEkT@staEp@ndjerrEsEst@matbOstrEtT@rEverp@lEsw3fUltaEmsalerrEd~fEserzpr@hEbEdidfrumteEkENpraEv@tfEzhEzuTerk~ntrEbjUS@nwuzT@k~nseptuvprEventEvp@lEsENhEzp@lEsw3tUaktaz@haElEvEzib@ldEt3r@ntt@kraEmbaETerp3m@n@ntprez@nsonT@temzk~lkw@haUnzEn@veES@nzw3r@krEdEk@ldEvel@pm@ntlEdENupt@r~bertpElznUp@lEsDrEdekeEdzleEder

hUkeEmupwETT@k~nseptuvT@nUp@lEs

5732a13acc179a14009daba6

Police

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?

p@lEs

k~lkw@haUnzjUdElEterE@n@prOtSt@T@pr~bl@mjUzEN@kostbenEfEt~rgjUm@nttU@bteEns@pOrtfrumbEzn@sizstandENt@benEfEt@laUdhEmtU@tSEvwuthenrEanddZ~nfEldENfeEldfOrTerbOstrEtdEtektEvzunlaEkT@staEp@ndjerrEsEst@matbOstrEtT@rEverp@lEsw3fUltaEmsalerrEd~fEserzpr@hEbEdidfrumteEkENpraEv@tfEzhEzuTerk~ntrEbjUS@nwuzT@k~nseptuvprEventEvp@lEsENhEzp@lEsw3tUaktaz@haElEvEzib@ldEt3r@ntt@kraEmbaETerp3m@n@ntprez@nsonT@temzk~lkw@haUnzEn@veES@nzw3r@krEdEk@ldEvel@pm@ntlEdENupt@r~bertpElznUp@lEsDrEdekeEdzleEder

haUdEdT@temzrEverp@lEspeETeremploEEz

5732a13acc179a14009daba8

Police

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?

p@lEs

k~lkw@haUnzjUdElEterE@n@prOtSt@T@pr~bl@mjUzEN@kostbenEfEt~rgjUm@nttU@bteEns@pOrtfrumbEzn@sizstandENt@benEfEt@laUdhEmtU@tSEvwuthenrEanddZ~nfEldENfeEldfOrTerbOstrEtdEtektEvzunlaEkT@staEp@ndjerrEsEst@matbOstrEtT@rEverp@lEsw3fUltaEmsalerrEd~fEserzpr@hEbEdidfrumteEkENpraEv@tfEzhEzuTerk~ntrEbjUS@nwuzT@k~nseptuvprEventEvp@lEsENhEzp@lEsw3tUaktaz@haElEvEzib@ldEt3r@ntt@kraEmbaETerp3m@n@ntprez@nsonT@temzk~lkw@haUnzEn@veES@nzw3r@krEdEk@ldEvel@pm@ntlEdENupt@r~bertpElznUp@lEsDrEdekeEdzleEder

wutskedZUldEdT@temzrEverp@lEsemploEEzw3k

5732a188cc179a14009dabae

Police

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

Which law established Glasgow's police?

p@lEs

mEnwaElTE@DOrEdEzEnglazgOsk~tl@nds@ksesf@lEp@tES@ndT@guvernm@ntt@pasT@glazgOp@lEsaktEstablESENT@sEdEuvglazgOp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEduTersk~dEStaUnzsUnf~lOdsUtandsetupTerOnp@lEsfOrsizDrUaktsuvp~rl@m@ntEnaEerl@ndTEaErESk@nstabjUlerEaktuvwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtwentEtUm~rktT@bEgEnENuvT@roE@laErESk@nstabjUlerETEaktEstablESt@fOrsEnEtSbar@nEwETtSEfk~nst@b@lzandEnspekterzdZenerr@lunderT@k@ntrOluvT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@natdublEnkas@lbaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdfOrdEwunTEsfOrsnumberdOverreEtsEkshundrEdmen

wEtSlOEstablEStglazgOzp@lEs

5732a188cc179a14009dabaf

Police

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

When was Glasgow's police force established?

p@lEs

mEnwaElTE@DOrEdEzEnglazgOsk~tl@nds@ksesf@lEp@tES@ndT@guvernm@ntt@pasT@glazgOp@lEsaktEstablESENT@sEdEuvglazgOp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEduTersk~dEStaUnzsUnf~lOdsUtandsetupTerOnp@lEsfOrsizDrUaktsuvp~rl@m@ntEnaEerl@ndTEaErESk@nstabjUlerEaktuvwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtwentEtUm~rktT@bEgEnENuvT@roE@laErESk@nstabjUlerETEaktEstablESt@fOrsEnEtSbar@nEwETtSEfk~nst@b@lzandEnspekterzdZenerr@lunderT@k@ntrOluvT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@natdublEnkas@lbaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdfOrdEwunTEsfOrsnumberdOverreEtsEkshundrEdmen

wenwuzglazgOzp@lEsfOrsEstablESt

5732a188cc179a14009dabb0

Police

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

Which law established Ireland's police?

p@lEs

mEnwaElTE@DOrEdEzEnglazgOsk~tl@nds@ksesf@lEp@tES@ndT@guvernm@ntt@pasT@glazgOp@lEsaktEstablESENT@sEdEuvglazgOp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEduTersk~dEStaUnzsUnf~lOdsUtandsetupTerOnp@lEsfOrsizDrUaktsuvp~rl@m@ntEnaEerl@ndTEaErESk@nstabjUlerEaktuvwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtwentEtUm~rktT@bEgEnENuvT@roE@laErESk@nstabjUlerETEaktEstablESt@fOrsEnEtSbar@nEwETtSEfk~nst@b@lzandEnspekterzdZenerr@lunderT@k@ntrOluvT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@natdublEnkas@lbaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdfOrdEwunTEsfOrsnumberdOverreEtsEkshundrEdmen

wEtSlOEstablEStaEerl@ndzp@lEs

5732a188cc179a14009dabb1

Police

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

When was Ireland's police force established?

p@lEs

mEnwaElTE@DOrEdEzEnglazgOsk~tl@nds@ksesf@lEp@tES@ndT@guvernm@ntt@pasT@glazgOp@lEsaktEstablESENT@sEdEuvglazgOp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEduTersk~dEStaUnzsUnf~lOdsUtandsetupTerOnp@lEsfOrsizDrUaktsuvp~rl@m@ntEnaEerl@ndTEaErESk@nstabjUlerEaktuvwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtwentEtUm~rktT@bEgEnENuvT@roE@laErESk@nstabjUlerETEaktEstablESt@fOrsEnEtSbar@nEwETtSEfk~nst@b@lzandEnspekterzdZenerr@lunderT@k@ntrOluvT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@natdublEnkas@lbaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdfOrdEwunTEsfOrsnumberdOverreEtsEkshundrEdmen

wenwuzaEerl@ndzp@lEsfOrsEstablESt

5732a188cc179a14009dabb2

Police

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

What was Ireland's police force called?

p@lEs

mEnwaElTE@DOrEdEzEnglazgOsk~tl@nds@ksesf@lEp@tES@ndT@guvernm@ntt@pasT@glazgOp@lEsaktEstablESENT@sEdEuvglazgOp@lEsEnwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEduTersk~dEStaUnzsUnf~lOdsUtandsetupTerOnp@lEsfOrsizDrUaktsuvp~rl@m@ntEnaEerl@ndTEaErESk@nstabjUlerEaktuvwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdtwentEtUm~rktT@bEgEnENuvT@roE@laErESk@nstabjUlerETEaktEstablESt@fOrsEnEtSbar@nEwETtSEfk~nst@b@lzandEnspekterzdZenerr@lunderT@k@ntrOluvT@sEv@l@dmEnEstreES@natdublEnkas@lbaEwunDaUz@ndeEthundrEdfOrdEwunTEsfOrsnumberdOverreEtsEkshundrEdmen

wutwuzaEerl@ndzp@lEsfOrskOld

5732a37ecc179a14009dabb8

Police

Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

Who was the 'father of modern policing'?

p@lEs

pElwaEdlErig~rdidazT@f~Terruvm~dernp@lEsENwuzhevElEEnflU@nstbaET@sOS@landlEg@lfEl~s@fEuvdZer@mEbenDamhUkOldferr@stroNandsentr@laEzdbutp@lEdEklEnUtr@lp@lEsfOrsferT@meEnt@n@nsuvsOS@lOrderferT@pr@tekS@nuvpEp@lfrumkraEmandtUaktaz@vEzib@ldEt3r@nttU3b@nkraEmanddEsOrderpEldisaEdidt@standerdaEzT@p@lEsfOrsaz@n@fES@lpeEdpr@feS@ntUOrg@naEzEdEn@sEvElE@nfaS@nandt@meEkEdanserr@b@lt@T@publEk

hUwuzT@f~Terruvm~dernp@lEsEN

5732a37ecc179a14009dabb9

Police

Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

Whose philosophy influenced Peel?

p@lEs

pElwaEdlErig~rdidazT@f~Terruvm~dernp@lEsENwuzhevElEEnflU@nstbaET@sOS@landlEg@lfEl~s@fEuvdZer@mEbenDamhUkOldferr@stroNandsentr@laEzdbutp@lEdEklEnUtr@lp@lEsfOrsferT@meEnt@n@nsuvsOS@lOrderferT@pr@tekS@nuvpEp@lfrumkraEmandtUaktaz@vEzib@ldEt3r@nttU3b@nkraEmanddEsOrderpEldisaEdidt@standerdaEzT@p@lEsfOrsaz@n@fES@lpeEdpr@feS@ntUOrg@naEzEdEn@sEvElE@nfaS@nandt@meEkEdanserr@b@lt@T@publEk

hUzfEl~s@fEEnflU@nstpEl

5732a37ecc179a14009dabba

Police

Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

What political position did Bentham think police should have?

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wutp@lEdEk@lp@zES@ndEdbenDamDENkp@lEsSUdhav

5732a37ecc179a14009dabbb

Police

Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

How did Peel standardize police?

p@lEs

pElwaEdlErig~rdidazT@f~Terruvm~dernp@lEsENwuzhevElEEnflU@nstbaET@sOS@landlEg@lfEl~s@fEuvdZer@mEbenDamhUkOldferr@stroNandsentr@laEzdbutp@lEdEklEnUtr@lp@lEsfOrsferT@meEnt@n@nsuvsOS@lOrderferT@pr@tekS@nuvpEp@lfrumkraEmandtUaktaz@vEzib@ldEt3r@nttU3b@nkraEmanddEsOrderpEldisaEdidt@standerdaEzT@p@lEsfOrsaz@n@fES@lpeEdpr@feS@ntUOrg@naEzEdEn@sEvElE@nfaS@nandt@meEkEdanserr@b@lt@T@publEk

haUdEdpElstanderdaEzp@lEs

5732a37ecc179a14009dabbc

Police

Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

How did Peel organize police?

p@lEs

pElwaEdlErig~rdidazT@f~Terruvm~dernp@lEsENwuzhevElEEnflU@nstbaET@sOS@landlEg@lfEl~s@fEuvdZer@mEbenDamhUkOldferr@stroNandsentr@laEzdbutp@lEdEklEnUtr@lp@lEsfOrsferT@meEnt@n@nsuvsOS@lOrderferT@pr@tekS@nuvpEp@lfrumkraEmandtUaktaz@vEzib@ldEt3r@nttU3b@nkraEmanddEsOrderpEldisaEdidt@standerdaEzT@p@lEsfOrsaz@n@fES@lpeEdpr@feS@ntUOrg@naEzEdEn@sEvElE@nfaS@nandt@meEkEdanserr@b@lt@T@publEk

haUdEdpElOrg@naEzp@lEs

5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd4

Police

The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state.

When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?

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