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The shadowy side of Britain’s well known bard’s personality may have been forgotten for a long time. Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English history, William Shakespeare is mostly know for his sonnets and plays. His historical image is that of a nice, friendly man in everyday life. But a recent study of Aberystwyth University shows that Shakespeare wasn’t just that: he evaded taxes and was a food hoarder in times of crisis. Shakespeare knew a lot about growing crops and storing food, because he describes this on numerous occasions in his plays. He also describes how tradesmen make money of poor people by storing food and selling it during a food crisis. It’s clear now that Shakespeare actually described his own role in this part, making his denunciation of food hoarders that more controversial. Read more on BBC.com

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ACTING students at the University of Iowa have ushered in Black History Month with a historic play about American slavery that, despite its small-scale budget, has large-scale implications. ``The Escape, or A Leap to Freedom'' is the only known play about slavery written by a runaway slave. After fleeing the South in 1835, author William Wells Brown devoted his life to the anti-slavery cause as a self-taught writer and lecturer. During its five performances last weekend, ``The Escape'' generated much public interest, even though it was not a mainstage production of the university's theater department. The play is ``a trip back in time,'' said director Tisch Jones, reached by phone, in an interview last week. It allows modern society ``to reassess where we've been,'' she said. ``Both of my grandmothers' mothers were born in slavery - it really wasn't that long ago.'' The five-act play, published in 1858, is a typical melodrama of the period, with villains and heroes, both black and white, explained Mrs. Jones, a graduate student who presented the work as an ad-hoc project. The plot revolves around two secretly married lovers, both slaves, who flee to Canada to escape an evil master. In writing the play, Brown drew upon his own experiences. While the drama features comic characters, it does not shrink from showing the most appalling characteristics of slavery - whippings, forced black marriages, and family separations. There is also the revealed lust of the white master who is trying to keep the black heroine as his concubine. Jones, who served for the last three years as assistant to the director of Yale Repertory Theatre, has been closely associated with ``The Escape'' ever since she discovered a copy of it in the University of Minnesota Library in the early '70s. The long-out-of-print work has since been included in anthologies of black literature. ``It's not known if the play was ever produced professionally before the Civil War, but it is known that Brown read it aloud at Abolitionist meetings in an effort to persuade Northerners to see the horrors of slavery,'' says Darwin Turner, head of the African-American World Studies program at the University of Iowa (UI). ``The Escape'' has a modern-day twist, however, in the form of an added prologue and epilogue, in which a character, Williams Wells Brown, walks on stage and addresses the people in the audience as though they were Abolitionists meeting together. ``Mr. Brown comes out, and they've all come to this meeting to hear him speak and to hear him introduce his play,'' explains Jones. ``The idea is that they've come to be pepped up - like at a football rally.'' Then the Abolitionists perform Brown's play. To reinforce this make-believe setting, posters for the production read ``Abolitionists Meeting Tonight! Speaker: William Wells Brown,'' says Jones. Audience members were given ``I Am an Abolitionist!'' buttons at the door. Jones says her purpose is ``to look at this document - which is primary information - in the context in which it was originally presented.'' A limited budget for the production actually lent itself to the down-home flavor of the play-within-a-play. In one scene, when the black lovers are escaping by boat, ``we have these cut-out waves that go back and forth,'' Jones says. ``It looks kind of tacky, but that's what it's supposed to be.'' The piano accompaniment, performed by Jones, accents the villain's sneers and the lovers' swoons. ``A 20th-century audience might have some problems, because the play is melodramatic,'' says Prof. Turner. ``But melodrama was the most popular style of American drama during the 19th century.'' Audiences might feel uncomfortable with the comical character of Cato, ``the stereotypical black buffoon,'' Turner adds, but the playwright wanted to create a work that would be entertaining to people in his day. ``He provided comic lines and scenes primarily to encourage an audience to accept his moral message.'' ``The Escape'' was first performed in 1978 by the Penumbra Theatre in St. Paul, Minn., and included the prologue and epilogue written by Phil Blackwell, a New York playwright and collaborator with Jones. Jones herself directed the play several years later in a production staged near New Haven, Conn. According to Turner, Brown's works include essays, a novel, poetry, and a history of black Americans. He believes the bulk of Brown's literature was written before the Civil War, when he was still a fugitive slave. ``I'm surprised that the playwright was able to capture as much of the thematic material [for ``The Escape''] as he did, since he was not a schooled man,'' says J.e. Franklin, a New York-based playwright currently teaching at UI. ``To have written a play of this quality in that period was really remarkable,'' she says. ``It makes one wonder what he might have done had he not been a slave.''

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Galvanized Rebar was used extensively in the construction of the Veracruz Aquarium including its three main exhibit areas: Fresh Water Galleria, Oceanic Tank and Salt Water Galleria. Construction was completed in late 1992 and the Aquarium opened on November 13th, 1992, receiving both national and international visitors. This venue entertains visitors not only by exhibiting diverse aquatic and sub aquatic species, but it also presents an important source of knowledge and serves as a protector for marine life. The Aquarium increasingly obtained more importance thanks to the millions of people that have toured it, and remains a mandatory attraction to visit, when traveling to Veracruz. For this reason, the first stage of an expansion project was begun in 2000. This project included the construction of a shark tank and another one for manatees, in addition to a terrace and a viewpoint at the exterior plaza, giving the visitors one more option to enjoy the ocean in its 300 meter long outer balcony. The area was expanded more than 75%, and finally in 2009, the Dolphinarium opened, an outdoor place for research, where this species can be observed. The social purpose of the Veracruz Aquarium is the preservation of marine ecosystems and it entails an enormous responsibility to maintain and care for the animals held in captivity. The final goal of the Veracruz Aquarium is to consolidate itself as one of the main tourist attractions and aquaculture research centers in the country and be one of the most important Aquariums worldwide.

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The first tunnels in the Mediterranean were built to transport water from distant springs and mountains to arid areas and cities. They also ensured the constant supply of water when cities were under siege. For example, the 533 m (583 yards) Hezekiah tunnel built in the late 8th and early 7th century BCE took water from the Gihon spring to the city of Jerusalem and was built as the city was preparing for an impending siege by the Assyrians. The Romans adopted the construction techniques of other civilizations to build a large number of tunnels in the territories that they controlled in Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. They built tunnels to transport water, to divert rivers, to drain lakes for the irrigation of agricultural lands, and for their road projects and mining operations. The Persians were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in arid areas. In the early first millennium BCE, they introduced the qanat method of tunnel construction which consisted in placing posts over a hill in a straight line and digging vertical shafts at regular intervals. Underground tunnels were excavated between the shafts which ensured that the tunnel did not deviate from its set trajectory. The shafts also provided ventilation to the workers below and were used to take the excavated spoil to the surface using leather bags or baskets lifted by winches. Remarkably, some qanats built by the Persians 2,700 years ago such as the one in the city of Gonabad, Iran are still in use today. Roman Qanat Tunnels The Etruscans adopted the qanat technique in the 6th century BCE to build a large number of water-supply tunnels called cuniculi in the northeast of Rome. They later passed on their know-how to the Romans who also used the qanat method to construct aqueducts. Vitruvius in his On Architecture describes how Roman qanat tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts (called puteus or lumen) dug at 35.5 m (115 ft) intervals, even though in reality intervals could vary between 30 m (98 ft) to 60 m (197 ft). The shafts were equipped with handholds and footholds and were covered with wooden or stone lids. To ensure that the shafts were vertical, Romans hung plumb-bob lines from a rod across the top and made sure that the bob ended in the center down the shaft. Plumb bob lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel with precision. Qanat tunnels were similarly built to divert rivers and drain lakes for agriculture and/or to regulate water levels. For example, Emperor Claudius built the 5.6 km (3.5 miles) long Claudius tunnel in 41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake (Lacus Fucinus). This tunnel had shafts that were up to 122 m deep, took 11 years to build and used approximately 30,000 workers. By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method in which the tunnel was excavated from both ends. It was used to perforate high mountains when the qanat method was not a viable alternative. This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying, mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain. Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems. Builders had to constantly check the tunnel’s advancing direction, for example, by looking back at the light that penetrated through the tunnel mouth, and had to make corrections whenever the tunnel deviated from its set trajectory. Large deviations could happen and errors could either be altimetric or planimetric. Altimetric errors were errors related to altitude or to the vertical direction of the tunnel while planimetric errors were horizontal errors. Altimetric errors were the most serious as they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable. The Saldae aqueduct system (in modern day Bejaia, Algeria) built by the Romans in circa 150 CE and consisting of a 300 m (984 ft) bridge and a 428 m (1,404 ft) tunnel is known for an inscription on a three-sided semi-column written by the surveyor Nonius Danus. The inscription provides unique technical details about the construction of the tunnel of Saldae and the problems faced by the builders. Nonius Danus describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain and how the later construction of a lateral link between the two galleries corrected the initial error. In this instance, the error was planimetric and could be rectified. Road & Mine Tunnels Romans also dug tunnels for their roads whenever they encountered topographical obstacles such as hills or mountains, too high for roads to pass over them. An example is the 37 m (121 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) high Furlo Pass tunnel (Passo del Furlo) built by emperor Vespasian in 69-79 CE which was built for the Via Flaminia using the counter excavation method. Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today. The longest known Roman road tunnel is the 1 km (0.6 miles) long Cocceius tunnel (Grotta di Cocceio) near Naples built in 38-36 BCE using the counter excavation method. The Cocceius tunnel also had shafts which provided ventilation. It connected Lake Avernus with the city of Cumae and was built as Lake Avernus was in the process of being converted into a military port, the Portus Iulius. The tunnel was decorated with a beautiful colonnade and many statues set in niches on its Avernus side. Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction, especially gold. Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground. Traces of such tunnels can still be found at the Dolaucothi gold mines in Wales. When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less planning as the trajectory of the tunnel was determined by the mineral vein. Roman tunnel projects were usually planned by a military librator (surveyor) and built by military personnel often helped by a number of slaves. The length of construction of the tunnel depended on the method being used and the type of rock being excavated. The qanat construction method was usually faster than the counter-excavation as it was more straightforward and because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts. Lack of ventilation, especially for long tunnels without shafts, was also an issue, and made construction work exhausting for tunnel workers. The type of rock could also influence construction times. When the rock was hard, Romans employed a technique called fire-quenching which consisted of heating the rock with fire, and then suddenly cooling it with cold water so that it would crack. Progress through hard rock could be very slow and it was not uncommon for tunnels to take years if not decades to be built. Construction marks left on a Roman tunnel in Bologna shows us that the rate of advance through solid rock was 30 cm (12 inches) per day. In constrast, the rate of advance of the Claudius tunnel can be calculated at 1.4 m (55 inches) per day. Tunnels had to be regularly maintained as debris accumulated or as leaks developed over the years. Leaks were dangerous as they could lead to the subsequent collapse of the tunnel. Maintenance workers used the shafts, when they existed, to reach the tunnel and do maintenance work. Shafts could also be used to release air pressure in water tunnels during periods when the flow of water increased dramatically. Most tunnels had inscriptions showing the name of patrons who ordered construction and sometimes the name of the surveyor or architect. For example, the 1.4 km (0.87 miles) Çevlik tunnel in Turkey, built to divert the floodwaters threatening the harbor of the ancient city of Seleuceia Pieria, had inscriptions on the entrance, still visible today, that indicate that the tunnel was started in 69 CE under Vespasian and was completed by Titus in 81 CE. Just as with other large construction projects, tunnels were a way for emperors to not only show their benevolence but also to project their power throughout the empire. Tunnels were built in the territories that Rome controlled in Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor in order to transport water, to irrigate agricultural lands, for roads and for mining activities. The Romans adopted the qanat construction method invented by the Persians and by the 6th century BCE they also mastered the counter-excavation method to pierce through high mountains. Tunnels could take years to be built and needed to be regularly maintained. Even though they are not as visible as other large ancient construction projects, be they aqueducts, bridges or viaducts, Roman tunnels truly are engineering marvels and a testament to the Romans' great engineering skills.

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And here the question might seem to obtrude itself, whether, in relation to such a fluctuating mass of belief as that just reviewed, in which there appears to be so little common agreement, we can correctly speak of anything as objectively determinable. If illusion and error as a whole are defined by a reference to what is commonly held true and certain, what, it may be asked, becomes of the so-called illusions of belief? This question will have to be fully dealt with in the following chapter. Here it may be sufficient to remark that amid all this apparent deviation of belief from a common standard of truth, there is a clear tendency to a rational consensus. Thought, by disengaging what is really matter of permanent and common cognition, both in the individual and still more in the class, and fixing this quantum of common cognition in the shape of accurate definitions and universal propositions, is ever fighting against and restraining the impulses of individual imagination towards dissociation and isolation of belief. And this same process of scientific control of belief is ever tending to correct widespread traditional forms of error, and to erect a new and better standard of common cognition. This scientific regulation of belief only fails where the experiences which underlie the conceptions are individual, variable, and subjective. Hence there is no definite common conception of the value of life and of the world, just because the estimate of this value must vary with individual circumstances, temperament, etc. All that can be looked for here in the way of a common standard or norm is a rough average estimate. And this common-sense judgment serves practically as a sufficient criterion of truth, at least in relation to such extreme one-sidedness of view as approaches the abnormal, that is to say, one of the two poles of irrational exaltation, or “joy-madness,” and abject melancholy, which, appear among the phenomena of mental disease. The foregoing study of illusions may not improbably have had a bewildering effect on the mind of the reader. To keep the mental eye, like the bodily eye, for any time intently fixed on one object is apt to produce a feeling of giddiness. And in the case of a subject like illusion, the effect is enormously increased by the disturbing character of the object looked at. Indeed, the first feeling produced by our survey of the wide field of illusory error might be expressed pretty accurately by the despondent cry of the poet—

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Expensive Medical Advances Last week, we learned that the obesity drug Wegovy may also reduce the risk of heart disease. But with just 10 percent of Medicare beneficiaries taking the drug, taxpayers could be on the hook for nearly $27 billion a year. The Cost of Low-Value Care One possible solution to afford the latest medical advancements is to stop paying billions of dollars for low-value care. As much as 30 percent of the $3 trillion spent on healthcare annually goes to treatments that don't help patients and may even harm them. Examples of Low-Value Care Doctors continue to prescribe unnecessary opiates or antipsychotics, routinely screen for vitamin D deficiency, and order cancer-screening tests late in life when they are unlikely to provide much benefit. These treatments raise costs, lead to health complications, and interfere with the delivery of more appropriate care. The Fee-for-Service Problem The fee-for-service health system in the United States rewards doctors for providing more care rather than the right care. This makes it difficult to stop the waste associated with low-value care. Even when doctors have no financial incentives to order additional tests or services, it's still challenging to eliminate low-value care. The Challenge of Stamping Out Low-Value Care Despite efforts to identify unnecessary services through campaigns like Choosing Wisely, spending on low-value care has barely budged. Defensive medicine plays a role in some cases, as doctors order extra tests or imaging due to fear of malpractice suits. Additionally, low-value services can become ingrained in the culture and are difficult to eliminate. Individual Efforts to Reduce Low-Value Care While some institutions have successfully reduced low-value care, these efforts are the exception rather than the rule. For example, Children's Hospital Colorado reduced the number of abdominal CT scans in kids by involving surgeons in the decision-making process. A Los Angeles safety-net health system operating on a fixed budget eliminated unnecessary testing before cataract surgeries. The Viable Solution According to Mark Fendrick, director of the University of Michigan Center for Value-Based Insurance Design, eliminating low-value services is the only viable way to pay for medical advancements like Wegovy. The Affordable Care Act already provides a means to do this through Section 4105, which grants the health and human services secretary authority to not cover services with a D rating from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Several years ago, Fendrick estimated that Medicare could save $5 billion over 10 years by not paying for the seven most common D-rated services. However, this only reflects the cost of the services themselves and not the unnecessary care they often lead to. Medicare is still paying for these services, despite the potential for significant savings. Eliminating low-value care is essential to afford the latest medical advances. By focusing on providing the right care instead of simply more care, healthcare costs can be reduced and resources can be allocated to innovations like Wegovy. Hey there! I’m William Cooper, your go-to guy for all things travel at iMagazineDaily. I’m 39, living the dream in Oshkosh, WI, and I can’t get enough of exploring every corner of this amazing world. I’ve got this awesome gig where I blog about my travel escapades, and let me tell you, it’s never a dull moment! When I’m not busy typing away or editing some cool content, I’m out there in the city, living it up and tasting every crazy delicious thing I can find. Join me on this wild ride of adventures and stories, right here at iMagazineDaily. Trust me, it’s going to be a blast! 🌍✈️🍴

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Blue-bellied rollers are native to western and central Africa, from Senegal to southern Sudan. They live in wooded areas often on the edge of open or recently burned areas. You can see blue-bellied rollers at The Maryland Zoo in the African Aviary along the African Journey boardwalk. Blue-bellied rollers are social birds that typically gather in small groups of 3 to 7, sometimes more. They exhibit many social behaviors, including calling to each other, chasing each other, flying together, and defending territory together. They have an interesting hunting style: they sit high in trees – about 30 feet up – and dive-bomb prey on the ground. They plummet toward the ground to snatch up prey, then return to the treetops. They also flock to the scene of forest and brush fires and feed on insects fleeing flames. Blue-bellied rollers are sturdy, pigeon-sized birds with heavy black bills and beautiful, distinctive blue, black, pinkish-cream, and teal coloration. Mature blue-bellied rollers do not worry much about predation because they are agile flyers and can escape most predators with relative ease. Eggs and nestlings are much more vulnerable. During courtship, male and female blue-bellied rollers chase each other in flight, rolling through the sky and calling loudly to each other. Details on breeding and nesting behavior are somewhat sketchy, so it is not entirely clear when and how males invest their parenting time. Reportedly, blue-bellied rollers are mostly monogamous but sometimes polygamous, which means that sometimes a male will choose to breed with more than one female. Females nest in tree holes, and particularly in hollow palm trees. They lay clutches of 2 to 3 eggs, and there is evidence that both males and females spend time incubating the eggs, although females spend more time on the nest than males. Whether or not males who breed with multiple females spend time incubating one or more clutches of eggs is unclear. Incubation lasts 22 to 24 days. While nesting, blue-bellied rollers are very territorial and will attack any other bird that attempts to approach. Parent birds will care for nestlings for about a month after hatching, and the baby birds will fledge in four weeks time. Blue-bellied rollers are well-established across a wide range in Africa and are in no current danger of extinction. Although their overall population may be declining, they are considered a species of least concern by the IUCN, the world’s leading conservation organization.

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Good Nights: a manual for parents/carers who have a child with Autism experiencing difficulties with sleep The manual outlines various factors relative to Autism that may contribute to sleep difficulties. Strategies are provided to help reduce bedtime and sleep problems. The strategies described encompass: environment; communication; behaviour; social routines; sensory issues and more. Some practical resources (schedule visuals, Social Stories) are included. A Manual for parents and carers who have a child with Autism experiencing sleep difficulties.

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Diversity, similarity and trophic guild of chiropterofauna in three southern Pantanal sub-regions, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil/Diversidade, similaridade e guilda alimentar da quiropterofauna em tres sub-regioes do Pantanal Sul, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. The Pantanal is a seasonal floodplain of about 139,000 [km.sup.2], drained mainly by the Paraguay river and its left board tributaries, originated in Brazilian territory. This flooding area varies from 11,000 to 110,000 [km.sup.2] with an average of 53,000 [km.sup.2] and comprises the largest continuous wetland in South America, making part of the Higher Paraguay river Basin (Bacia do Alto Paraguai-BAP) and it is shared by Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay (ALHO, 2003; ALHO; GONCALVES, 2005). According to Oliveira (2007) the geological, geomorphological and climatic characteristics, together with seasonal hydrological variations, form distinct plains, considering the duration and level of flooding, which may vary due to fluctuations of rivers water level, local rainfall distribution and groundwater depth. This author points out that such conditions, combined with the influence of surrounding biomes (Cerrado, Amazon Rainforest, Atlantic Forest and Chaco), result in a mosaic of habitats with different phytophysiognomies (landscape units). According to Silva and Abdon (1998), the Pantanal is divided into 11 sub-regions that receive local names based on regional characteristics, such as Aquidauana, Abobral, Miranda and Nhecolandia sub-regions. Among the existing environmental factors, the seasonal cycle of flood and drought is the most important phenomenon in the Pantanal wetland, an essential condition to nutrient cycling and water availability, to the enhancement of organism diversity and soil fertility level, and for the majority of ponds connected to rivers and influenced by flooding (ALHO; GONCALVES, 2005; OLIVEIRA, 2007; FANTIN-CRUZ et al., 2008). The fauna is also a reflection of the surrounding biomes, with rare presence of endemic species, Cerrado and Pantanal generally share the same fauna, with no relevant differences in the species number (ALHO, 2003; ALHO; GONCALVES, 2005), because a great portion of Pantanal is comprised by vegetation formations of the biome Cerrado. One mammal group with great species diversity in the Pantanal wetland is the order Chiroptera, with six families and thirty-nine species recorded in the Higher Paraguay river Basin (BRASIL, 1997). In the world, this order consists of about 1,120 species, being the second largest mammal order, only surpassed by the order Rodentia, which have more than 2,000 species (SIMMONS, 2005; WILSON; REEDER, 2005). In Brazil, there are approximately 167 species belonging to nine families (REIS et al., 2007). Bats are important to the tropical ecosystem regulation, representing 40 to 50% of the mammal species in some areas (TIMM, 1994), being the determining group on the difference between the mammal diversity patterns in tropical and temperate regions (EISENBERG, 1981). As the chiropterans share resources, especially food, they influence the dynamic of natural ecosystems, acting as seeds dispersers, pollinators and regulators of some animal populations. Moreover, this group is an indicator of environment disturbance levels and good object of study on diversity (FENTON et al., 1992). In the Brazilian Pantanal, virtually no studies on bat communities were performed. However may be cited, among others, Leite et al. (1998), who recorded twenty-nine species belonging to four families during the period May 1997 to June 1998, in the Aquidauana and Nhecolandia sub-regions, Longo et al. (2007), who studied the occurrence of Vampyressa pusilla in southern Pantanal and Caceres et al. (2008), that accomplished a review study recording 60 species of bats in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. As the chiropterofauna in the Pantanal is still poorly known, this work aimed to ascertain the diversity, trophic guild and similarity in three sub-regions of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, State. Material and methods Fieldwork were carried out in Aquidauana, Miranda-Abobral and Nhecolandia sub-regions (Figure 1), Mato Grosso do Sul Sate, Brazil. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The Aquidauana sub-region comprises only the municipality of Aquidauana and is inserted into the sub-regions groups that has approximately 70% of its area occupied by the Cerrado biome, characterized by the presence of woody vegetation and rock formations (SILVA; ABDON, 1998). In this sub-region, sampling were accomplished at the Farms Santa Maria (19[degrees]32.1'17.2" S; 55[degrees]38'69.7" W), Olhos D'Agua (19[degrees]42'12" S; 55[degrees]21'30" W), Conquista (19[degrees]30'13.1" S; 55[degrees]24'57.9" W) and Santa Emilia (19[degrees]30.2'44.5" S; 55[degrees]36.4'57.2" W). The Nhecolandia sub-region aggregates the municipalities areas of Rio Verde (Mato Grosso, State), Corumba and Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, State (SILVA; ABDON, 1998). The dominant vegetation is the Cerrado (about 40-50%), and highlights the occurrence of "baias" (permanent ponds), "salinas" (brackish water ponds), "vazantes" (temporary water channels), "corixos" (permanent water channels) and "cordilheiras" (ridges that rise to about 3 meters above the plain), with flooding periods of three to four months (ALHO; GONCAVES, 2005). In this sub-region the collects were performed at the Farms Campo Neta (18[degrees]45'32.8" S, 56[degrees]17'48.3" W) and Santa Terezinha (19[degrees]22'38.5" S, 56[degrees]03'20.5" W), both in the municipality of Aquidauana and at Guanabara Farm (18[degrees]14'06.5" S, 55[degrees]45'00.9" W), municipality of Corumba. The Miranda-Abobral sub-region, according to Silva and Abdon (1998), aggregates the municipalities areas of Aquidauana, Bodoquena and Miranda, and is one of the smallest Pantanal subregions. Allem and Valls (1987) identify the savannah, forest and grassland as the dominant vegetations in this area, with high concentration of "caranda" (Copernicia australis Becc.) and specially the "paratudo" [Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore]. In this sub-region, sampling were carried out at Estancia Caiman (19[degrees]57'15" S, 56[degrees]18'15" W) located in the municipality of Miranda, at Sao Vicente Farm (20[degrees]48'51.1" S, 56[degrees]42'51.4" W) in the municipality of Bodoquena; and at Passo do Lontra Farm (19[degrees]34'37" S, 57[degrees]00'42" W), located on the border of the municipalities of Miranda and Corumba. Sampling and identification From May 1994 to November 2004, 219 specimens were collected by different researchers group, with authorization of the Ibama (Brazilian Environmental Agency - license number: 014/2005). All captured specimens were deposited in the scientific collection of the Laboratory of Chiroptera of the Anhanguera-Uniderp University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, State. In the Miranda-Abobral sub-region were accomplished 29 collects, 51 in Aquidauana sub-region and 132 in Nheconlandia. The animals were captured at night using mist nets (7 x 3 m), always armed proximate to the ground, in places near to food supplies, possible flight routes and at exits of diurnal roosts, previously located by direct search. The capture effort was 17,148.495 h [m.sup.-2], following the criteria of Straube and Bianconi (2002). To standardize the bat captures, the nets were armed for approximately seven hours and the sampling dates were established according to the lunar phase, avoiding the full and crescent moon nights, periods of lower nocturnal activity of some bat species (MORRISON, 1980; UIEDA, 1992). Diurnal collects were also accomplished directly in the roosts, using dip nets and mist nets armed at the openings and within the roosts. After cervical dislocation, the specimens were transported in cloth bags properly identified to the laboratory or field base. They were measured, fixed using formaldehyde solution (10%) and preserved permanently in ethylic alcohol (70[degrees] GL). For each specimen was assigned a collection number, as well as the location and date of capture. Species identification followed Vizotto and Taddei (1973), Anderson (1997), Taddei (1999) and Gregorin and Taddei (2002), and the trophic guild composition followed Wilson (1973), Findley (1993) and Reis et al. (2007). Shannon diversity index (with base e logarithm) was used for diversity analysis, and Shannon evenness index (J) was utilized to confirm the diversity, because it is less variable. Using PAST software package, the similarity between the environments was estimated by Sorensen index and rarefaction curve, according to Krebs (1989). Results and discussion Were analyzed 2,818 specimens of Chiroptera, belonging to 34 species in 5 families, as follows: Phyllostomidae with 15 species, Molossidae with nine, Vespertilionida with six, and Emballonuridae and Noctilionidae with two species each (Table 1). In Aquidauana sub-region 23 species were recorded, in Miranda-Abobral 23 and in Nhecolandia 30 (Tables 1 and 2). All species found in this study had already been described in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (CACERES et al., 2008), indicating that the majority is widely distributed in the State. Considering that there are 62 bat species recorded in the Pantanal (ALHO, 2003), the captured species in this work represent 54.8% of occurring bats species in this wetland. A previous survey, which verified the occurrence of bat species per regions (Amazon Rainforest, Cerrado, Pantanal, Chaco and Southeast), recorded only 19 bat species for Pantanal: Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Chiroderma villosum, Cynomops planirostris, Desmodus rotundus, Diaemus youngi, Eumops auripendulus, Eptesicus furinais, Glossophaga soricina, Myotis albescens, M. nigricans, M. teminckii, Molossus molossus, M. rufus, Noctilio albiventris, N. leporinus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Rhynchonycteris naso and Sturnira lilium (BRASIL, 1997). Afterward, Leite et al. (1998) recorded 29 species in the Aquidauana and Nhecolandia sub-regions. Hence, the species occurrence described in this study was high for the Aquidauana sub-region (23). Regarding the Brazilian Cerrado, are known about 80 species of bats (MARINHO-FILHO, 1996), in the present study were found 42.5% of species recorded for this biome, showing similarity between these regions. In the study area, the families Molossidae and Phyllostomidae showed highest number of recorded species, 9 and 15, respectively. The samplings also revealed a large number of individuals of certain families, due to captures within and at exits of colonies day roosts, despite the Gomes and Uieda (2004) recommendation, that should not be performed capture inside the roosts, since can cause stress to the resident animals, breaking their social organization and may lead most of colonies members to escape to other roosts. The family Phyllostomidae showed 810 captured individuals, 410 of these A. planirostris, a very abundant species in the Cerrado according to Reis et al. (2007). This family has 160 species recorded in the Neotropics, of which 90 occur in Brazil (SIMMONS, 2005), and fifteen of which were captured in the study areas. The phyllostomids are, usually, abundant in number of specimens and show the largest biodiversity in the mammal communities, besides they occupy different niches (FENTON et al., 1992; KOOPMAN, 1993; REIS et al., 2007). Furthermore, these animals tend to be easily mist netted, allowing an abundant sampling, even though it is selective (PEDRO; TADDEI, 1997). These factors together may explain the higher species number of this family recorded in this study. The family Molossidae had 723 specimens collected, the majority belonging to the species M. molossus (n = 512), characterized by insectivorous trophic habit and is found both in natural as urban areas, in places such as residences ceilings and other buildings (REIS et al., 2007), which would explain their abundance in built environments. Across the globe, this family is represented by 86 species, 26 of which are documented in Brazil (SIMMONS, 2005). In the present study were caught nine species. The high and fast flight, typical of molossids, hinders the captures of this bats through mist nets (GREGORIN; TADDEI, 2002), thus the diversity obtained in this study resulted from the effort to search for day roosts, with colonies previously located by direct search, and capture at exits or directly into the roosts. Regarding the family Vespertilionidae, 708 individuals were captured, of which 587 were represented by M. nigricans, an abundant species in areas with anthropogenic influence, often dependent on built places for roosting (REIS et al., 2007). This is the family with greatest diversity and geographical distribution among Chiroptera, with 48 genera and 407 species, individuals may be found alone, in small or large groups, utilizing every type of roosts (REIS et al., 2007; SIMMONS, 2005). Were collected 574 bats of the family Noctilionidae, the great portion was represented by N. albiventris, an insectivorous bat well known by hunt insects next to the water, frequently found in tropical lowlands associated with watercourses, in colonies of tens to hundreds of individuals, including one genus and two sympatric species, N. albiventris and N. leporinus (EISENBERG, 1981; NOWAK, 1994; REIS et al., 2007), both found in the study area. The family with the lowest number of species (2) and individuals (10) was Emballonuridae. According to Reis et al. (2007) there are 15 species of this family in Brazil, characterized by being small insectivorous bats that capture insects in flight, they form colonies generally with 10-20 individuals, but may reach up to 80, and are usually difficult to capture because their ability to detect the nets. Regarding the diversity (Shannon index), the value obtained for the Aquidauana sub-region was 3.12, for Miranda-Abobral was 2.0 and Nhecolandia 3.33. Which was confirmed by Shannon J evenness index, that considers the existing species richness (Aquidauana: 0.672; Miranda-Abobral: 0.447; Nhecolandia: 0.699). These results indicate that the Nhecolandia sub-region has the greatest species diversity, probably due to the largest number of samplings performed on this sub-region, which in turn presents great environment heterogeneity. Pedro and Taddei (1997) stated that the bat diversity in large extent of the Neotropical region is He' = 2.0, even with the variation of the sampled species. Individually, the Aquidauana sub-region showed the highest diversity (He' = 3.33) and Miranda-Abobral sub-region the lowest (He' = 2.0). Generally, bat species richness is significantly higher in preserved areas than in disturbed areas (FENTON et al., 1992). Whereas values greater than suggested for the Neotropics indicates areas with high species richness, all three studied areas can be regarded as preserved. In the three sub-regions were collected 19 species in common: A. planirostris, C. perspicillata, D. rotundus, D. youngi, G. soricina, L. ega, L. silvicolum, M. temminckii, M. molossus, M. albecens, M. nigricans, M. riparius, M. simus, N. albiventris, N. leporinus, P. discolor, P. hastatus, P. lineatus and S. lilium. The faunal similarity analysis (Sorensen) indicated that the sub-region Aquidauana compared to Nhecolandia showed the value of 0.83, suggesting great similarity. Nhecolandia compared to Miranda-Abobral and Aquidauana to Miranda-Abobral showed equal values (0.78), what demonstrate great similarity between all areas, regarding the composition of bat species. In Aquidauana sub-region were identified two restricted species (Anoura caudfer and Mimon bennettii). In the Miranda-Abobral sub-region, there was just one, Peropteryx macrotis. The Nhecolandia sub-region had the highest number of restricted species (four), Eptesicus furinalis, Cynomops abrasus, C. planirostris and Molossus pretiosus. It is important to emphasize that in Nhecolandia the capture effort was higher, which leaded to greater number of captured bats and, therefore, higher probability to catch different species. The rarefaction curves allow comparisons between different areas, when there is unequal number of samples (MAGURRAN, 1988). In the present work, it demonstrated that Nhecolandia sub-region richness of bat species tends to be stabilized, even if increase the capture effort. The Aquidauana and Miranda-Abrobral subregions showed a tendency to increase their diversity, suggesting that if increase the capture effort, new species will be found (Figure 2). Thus, probably there is a significant number of species not captured in both areas. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] As for the trophic structure found, insectivorous predominated with 58.8% of the species (20), frugivorous with 17.6% (7), nectarivorous, hematophagous and omnivorous with 5.9% each (two species for each food habit), carnivorous and piscivorous with 2.9% each, with one species recorded for both. According to Pedro and De Marco Jr. (2008) there is a trend to increase the number of insectivorous species the extent that enlarges the forest fragment size. As the sampling areas had large extensions of relatively well preserved areas, the predominance of insectivorous species was confirmed. Additionally, insectivorous species also comprise the genera with higher species number recorded in the three sub-regions, as Myotis with four species, and Eumops, Cynomops, Mossolus and Promops with two species each. The other genera with two species were Artibeus, with frugivorous feeding habit, and Phyllostomus, characterized by omnivorous diet. Leite et al. (1998) report that some bat species in the Pantanal are generally well adapted to man-modified environments, using residences ceilings and other buildings to roosting, furthermore there are normally water and various surrounding natural roosts, such as tree canopies, trunks, rock crevices and among others, which can favor the insectivorous species. The existence of man-made structures increases bat populations in these places, because, besides the availability of roosts favorable for the protection of the colony, the farms have artificial light that attracts insects, increasing the food supply, which makes the insectivorous feeding habits predominant, with 58.8% of the recorded species. The presence of horses and other domestic animals may favor hematophagous species like D. rotundus and D. youngi, found in three sub-regions. Their colonies can contain 10-50 individuals with ability to use different substrates as day roosts (BREDT; SILVA, 1996; TADDEI et al., 1991). However, the number of hematophagous specimens captured was not large, which could be explained by netting in areas with insignificant individuals number or the existence of population control effort of the agricultural organizations, to prevent possible outbreaks of bovine rabies in the region. Only one specimen was recorded of Mimon bennettii, Anoura caudfer and Peropteryx macrotis, the first two in Aquidauana sub-region and the last one in Miranda-Abobral. M. bennettii constitutes small colonies (two to four individuals), as well as P. macrotis, which occurs in small groups of six to twelve individuals (NOWAK, 1994). This could explain the low abundance and catch of these species in the present study. On other hand, Anoura caudfer is commonly reported in local surveys, occurring in primary and secondary forests (REIS et al., 2007). Its low sampling indicates that the capture sites were not adequate or that the species has no major colonies in the studied regions. As for the species Promops nasutus, with three captured specimens, no information on the number of individuals per colony was found. However, this family has long and narrow wings, adapted to flying fast and maneuverable (REIS et al., 2007), what perhaps allowed to escape from the nets. For Chiroderma villosum (two captured specimens) no information about the colony size or flight characteristics were found yet. For Chrotopterus auritus, with four captured individuals, Nowak (1994) and Reid (1997) state that this species tends to form small groups (one to seven specimens), which could explain the low sampling of this species. In all three sub-regions were recorded 42.5% of the total species identified in the Cerrado, the families Molossidae and Phyllostomidae showed the greatest species abundance and the predominant genus was Myotis. The greatest species diversity was recorded in Nhecolandia sub-region ([H.sub.e'] = 3.33). The results suggest that the three sub-regions show high similarity between them, with 19 species in common, preponderance of the insectivorous trophic guild (58.8%) and large numbers of individuals of the species Molossus molossus, Myotis nigicans and Noctilio albiventris. Received on July 2, 2009. Accepted on April 29, 2010. This work was supported by Anhanguera-Uniderp University (GIP Project). We are indebted to MSc. Helder Antonio de Souza, for helping in fieldwork. ALHO, C. Conservacao da biodiversidade da Bacia do Alto Paraguai. Campo Grande: Uniderp, 2003. ALHO, C. J. R.; GONCALVES, H. C. Biodiversidade do Pantanal: ecologia e conservacao. Campo Grande: Uniderp, 2005. ALLEN, A. C.; VALLS, J. F. M. Recursos forrageiros ativos do Pantanal Mato-grossense. Brasilia: Embrapa-Cenargem, 1987. ANDERSON, S. Mammals of Bolivia, taxonomy and distribution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, n. 231, p. 1-652, 1997. BRASIL. Programa Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Ministerio do Meio Ambiente. PCBAP (Plano de Conservacao da Bacia do Alto Paraguai). Diagnostico dos Meios Fisicos e Bioticos. Brasilia: PNMA, 1997. BREDT, A.; SILVA, D. M. Morcegos em areas urbanas e rurais: manual de manejo e controle. Brasilia: Fundacao Nacional de Saude, 1996. CACERES, N. C.; CARMIGNOTTO, A. P.; FISCHER, E.; SANTOS, C. F. Mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Check List, v. 4, n. 3, p. 321-335, 2008. EISENBERG, J. F. The mammalian radiations: an analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981. FANTIN-CRUZ, I.; LOVERDE-OLIVEIRA, S.; GIRARD, P. Caracterizacao morfometrica e suas implicacoes na limnologia de lagoas do Pantanal norte. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, v. 30, n. 2, p. 133-140, 2008. FENTON, M. B.; ACHARYA, L.; AUDET, D.; HICKEY, M. B. C.; MERRIMAN, C.; OBRIST, M. K.; SYME, D. M. Phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) as indicators of habitat disruption in the Neotropics. Biotropica, v. 24, n. 3, p. 440-446, 1992. FINDLEY, J. S. Bats: a community perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. GOMES, M. N.; UIEDA, W. Abrigos diurnos, composicao de colonias, dimorfismo sexual e reproducao do morcego hematofago Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffrey) (Chiroptera, Phillostomidae) no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, v. 21, n. 3, p. 629-638, 2004. GREGORIN, R.; TADDEI, V. A. Chave artificial para a identificacao de molossideos brasileiros (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Mastozoologia Neotropical, v. 9, n. 1, p. 13-32, 2002. KOOPMAN, K. F. Classification of bats. In: WALTON, D. W. (Ed.). A chiropteran biology symposium. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1993. p. 22-28. KREBS, C. J. Ecological methodology. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1989. LEITE, A. P.; MENEGHELLI, M.; TADDEI, V. A. Morcegos (Chiroptera: Mammalia) dos Pantanais de Aquidauana e da Nhecolandia, Mato Grosso do Sul. I. Diversidade de especies. Ensaios e Ciencias, v. 2, n. 2, p. 149-163, 1998. LONGO, J. M.; FISCHER, E.; CAMARGO, G.; SANTOS, C. F. Ocorrencia de Vampyressa pusilla (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) no Pantanal sul. Biota Neotropical, v. 7, n. 3, p. 369-372, 2007. MAGURRAN, A. E. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. MARINHO-FILHO, J. Distribution of bat diversity in the southern and southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Chiroptera Neotropical, v. 2, n. 2, p. 51-54, 1996. MORRISON, D. W. Foraging and day-roosting dynamics of canopy fruit bats in Panama. Journal of Mammalogy, v. 61, n. 1, p. 20-29, 1980. NOWAK, R. M. Walker's bats of the world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. OLIVEIRA, A. K. M. Pantanal - alguns parametros fisico-quimico e biologicos. In: BARBOSA, L. M.; SANTOS JUNIOR, N. A. (Org.). A botanica no Brasil: pesquisa, ensino e politicas publicas ambientais. Sao Paulo: Sociedade Botanica do Brasil, 2007. p. 263-266. PEDRO, W. A.; DE MARCO JR., P. Fragmentacao de habitat e sua influencia sobre as comunidades de morcegos no Brasil. In: PACHECO, S. M.; MARQUES, R. V.; ESBERARD, C. E. L. (Org.). Morcegos do Brasil: biologia, sistematica, ecologia e conservacao. Porto Alegre: Armazem Digital, 2008. p. 375-380. PEDRO, W. A.; TADDEI, V. A. Taxonomic assemblage of bats from Panga Reserve, Southeastern Brazil: abundance patterns and trophic relations in the Phyllostomidae (Chiroptera). Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitao, v. 6, p. 3-21, 1997. REID, F. A. A field guide to the mammals of Central America and southeast Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. REIS, N. R.; PERACCHI, A. L.; PEDRO, W. A.; LIMA, I. P. Morcegos do Brasil. Londrina: Nelio R. dos Reis, 2007. SILVA, J. S. V.; ABDON, M. M. Delimitacao do Pantanal brasileiro e suas sub-regioes. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, v. 33, n. esp., p. 1703-1711, 1998. SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, V.; REEDER, D. M. (Ed.). Mammals species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. p. 312-529. STRAUBE, F. C.; BIANCONI, G. V. Sobre a grandeza e a unidade utilizada para estimar esforcos de captura com utilizacao de redes-de-neblina. Chiroptera Neotropical, v. 8, n. 1/2, p. 150-152, 2002. TADDEI, V. A. Chave para determinacao das familias de quiropteros brasileiros. Campo Grande: Uniderp, 1999. TADDEI, V. A.; GONCALVES, C. A.; PEDRO, W. A.; TADEI, W. J.; KOTAIT, I.; ARIETA, C. Distribuicao do morcego vampiro Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) no Estado de Sao Paulo e a raiva dos animais domesticos. Campinas: Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de Sao Paulo, 1991. TIMM, R. M. The mammal fauna. In: MCDADE, L. A.; BAWA, K. S.; HESPENHEIDE, H. A.; HARTSHORN, G. S. (Ed.). La selva: ecology and natural history of a Neotropical rain forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. p. 229-237. UIEDA, W. Periodo de atividade alimentar e tipos de presas dos morcegos hematofagos no sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, v. 52, n. 4, p. 563-573, 1992. VIZOTTO, L. D.; TADDEI, V. A. Chave para determinacao de quiropteros brasileiros. Revista da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Sao Jose do Rio Preto. Boletim de Ciencias, v. 1, p. 1-72, 1973. WILSON, D. E. Bat faunas: a trophic comparision. Systematic Zoology, v. 22, n. 1, p. 14-29, 1973. WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. Mammal species of the world. Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. Ademir Kleber Morbeck de Oliveira (1), Marilizi Duarte de Oliveira (2) , Silvio Favero and Larissa Figueiredo de Oliveira (2) (1) Programa de Pos-graduacao em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Regional, Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp. Av. Alexandre Herculano, 1400, 79037-280, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. (2) Laboratorio de Chiroptera, Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. *Author for correspondence: E-mail: email@example.com Table 1. Bat families, species and trophic guild found in three sub-regions (Aquidauana - Aq; Miranda-Abobral - MA; Nhecolandia -Nh) of southern Pantanal in the period of 1994 to 2004. Families/Species/Regions Aq. MA. Family Emballonuridae Gervais, 1955 Peropteryx macrotis (Wagner, 1843) - 01 Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) 08 01 Family Molossidae Gervais, 1955 Eumops auripendulus (Schaw, 1800) 02 - Eumopsglaucinus (Wagner, 1843) - 01 Cynomops abrasus (Temminck, 1827) - - Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1865) - - Molossops temminckii (Burmeister, 1854) 07 06 Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766) 28 74 Molossus pretiosus (E. Geofroy, 1905) - - Promops centralis (Thomas, 1915) 17 - Promops nasutus (Spix, 1823) 01 - Family Noctilionidae Gray, 1821 Noctilio albiventris (Desmarest, 1818) 17 90 Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 03 08 Family Phyllostomidae Bonaparte, 1845 Anoura caudifer (E. Geoffroy, 1818) 01 - Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) 10 - Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) 172 31 Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) 08 07 Chiroderma villosum (Peters, 1860) 01 - Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856) - 01 Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy, 1810) 11 17 Diaemus youngi (Jentink, 1893) 03 01 Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) 12 14 Lophostoma silvicolum (d'Orbigny, 1836) 05 01 Mimon bennetii (Gray, 1838) 01 - Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843) 02 01 Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767) 05 02 Platyrrhinus lineatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810) 28 19 Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810) 09 09 Family Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821 Eptesicus furinalis (d'Orbigny, 1847) - - Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1855) 01 01 Myotis albecens (E. Geoffroy, 1906) 04 36 Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) 29 451 Myotis riparius (Handley, 1960) 07 01 Myotis simus (Thomas, 1901) 02 04 Families/Species/Regions Nh. Trophic guild * Family Emballonuridae Gervais, 1955 Peropteryx macrotis (Wagner, 1843) - Insectivorous Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) - Insectivorous Family Molossidae Gervais, 1955 Eumops auripendulus (Schaw, 1800) 32 Insectivorous Eumopsglaucinus (Wagner, 1843) 06 Insectivorous Cynomops abrasus (Temminck, 1827) 41 Insectivorous Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1865) 20 Insectivorous Molossops temminckii (Burmeister, 1854) 28 Insectivorous Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766) 410 Insectivorous Molossus pretiosus (E. Geofroy, 1905) 39 Insectivorous Promops centralis (Thomas, 1915) 09 Insectivorous Promops nasutus (Spix, 1823) 02 Insectivorous Family Noctilionidae Gray, 1821 Noctilio albiventris (Desmarest, 1818) 432 Insectivorous Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 24 Piscivorous Family Phyllostomidae Bonaparte, 1845 Anoura caudifer (E. Geoffroy, 1818) - Nectarivorous Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) 02 Frugivorous Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) 207 Frugivorous Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) 03 Frugivorous Chiroderma villosum (Peters, 1860) 01 Frugivorous Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856) 03 Carnivorous Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy, 1810) 01 Hematophagous Diaemus youngi (Jentink, 1893) 08 Hematophagous Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) 33 Nectarivorous Lophostoma silvicolum (d'Orbigny, 1836) 15 Insectivorous Mimon bennetii (Gray, 1838) - Insectivorous Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843) 07 Omnivorous Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767) 25 Omnivorous Platyrrhinus lineatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810) 102 Frugivorous Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810) 32 Frugivorous Family Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821 Eptesicus furinalis (d'Orbigny, 1847) 12 Insectivorous Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1855) 09 Insectivorous Myotis albecens (E. Geoffroy, 1906) 30 Insectivorous Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) 107 Insectivorous Myotis riparius (Handley, 1960) 03 Insectivorous Myotis simus (Thomas, 1901) 11 Insectivorous * Trophic guild according to the criteria proposed by Wilson (1973), Findley (1993) and Reis et al. (2007). |Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback| |Author:||de Oliveira, Ademir Kleber Morbeck; de Oliveira, Marilizi Duarte; Favero, Silvio; de Oliveira, Laris| |Publication:||Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences (UEM)| |Date:||Jan 1, 2012| |Previous Article:||Testing hypotheses for morphological differences among populations of Miconia sellowiana (Melastomataceae) in southern Brazil/Testando hipoteses para...| |Next Article:||The study of fractals among ecologists/O estudo dos fractais entre os ecologos.|

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The modern world can be a very confusing and scary place. Often there is so much going on and so much being reported in the 24-hour news cycle that it’s hard to keep up. People have pacified themselves with social media and other distractions, but unfortunately, it has become harder to get away from all the societal ills we experience every day. Dran, an artist who is also known as the French Banksy, illustrates these problems in his artwork. His cartoons criticize society and what he feels are the things that are holding all of us back. One of his main thesis statements in his work is that art is still meaningful and should have a place in our lives. These 25 works by Dran illustrate how we see the world, and what we may be missing when we are not looking close enough. Society can’t change unless we are willing to change it. 1) TV becomes our window to the world: It’s easy to get lost in the things that entertain us. Whether that’s a TV show or a sporting event, we can get sucked in so easily that we don’t pay attention to what is going on in the rest of the world. 2) Staying in touch but never touching: Technology has brought us closer together in some ways, but it has also been pushing us apart in others. Sure, we can transmit our thoughts and communicate instantly, but what if our communication is suffering because of that? What are we really saying to each other?

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Tonight – August 6, 2017 – the moon may look full and round in your sky. Yet this August full moon falls tomorrow, on August 7 at 18:11 UTC, which is during the daylight hours on August 7 for us in the Americas. Normally, it’s not vital whether the crest of the moon’s full phase falls in daylight or darkness for your part of the globe. The coming full moon is a bit different, however, because it will undergo a shallow partial lunar eclipse. We in the Americas will miss it because the full moon crests in daylight, for us. And a full moon is always opposite the sun, up all night. Thus the moon will be below our horizon when the eclipse takes place. In North America, we often call the August full moon the Sturgeon Moon, Green Corn Moon or Grain Moon. Hence the cool image at top by Hope Carter Photography; it’s an August full moon and ripening corn in her home state of Michigan. Click here for full-sized image. At U.S. time zones, full moon comes on August 7 at 2:11 p.m. EDT, 1:11 p.m. CDT, 12:11 p.m. MDT and 11:11 a.m. PDT. You have to be in our world’s Eastern Hemisphere to see this month’s moon when it’s precisely full. People on that half of the globe will see the partial eclipse on the night of August 7-8, 2017. Read more about the August, 2017 partial lunar eclipse. Technically speaking, the moon is full for a only fleeting instant – when the moon is 180o from the sun in ecliptic longitude. The worldwide map below shows you the day and night sides of the world at the instant of the August 7 full moon. You have to be on the nighttime side of the world to see the moon at the exact instant that it turns full. If the moon turns full during the daylight hours – as this August 2017 moon does in North and South America – then the moon is below your horizon. Astronomically speaking, we in North and South America will be watching an almost-full waxing gibbous moon on the night of August 6-7 and an almost-full waning gibbous moon on the night of August 7-8. Everyone around the word, however, will see a full-looking moon in the east at dusk or nightfall on August 6 and 7, highest up for the night around midnight and sitting low in the west at dawn. The moon stays more or less opposite the sun for the duration of the night after darkness falls for these next few days. Bottom line: In North America, we sometimes call the August full moon the Sturgeon Moon. Watch it light up the nighttime from dusk August 6 until dawn August 7, 2017. Bruce McClure has served as lead writer for EarthSky's popular Tonight pages since 2004. He's a sundial aficionado, whose love for the heavens has taken him to Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and sailing in the North Atlantic, where he earned his celestial navigation certificate through the School of Ocean Sailing and Navigation. He also writes and hosts public astronomy programs and planetarium programs in and around his home in upstate New York.

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What Do You Mean There’s No Hot Water?! Believe it or not, tankless water heaters have been around for a long time. In 1868, a painter from England named Benjamin Waddy Maughan invented the first tankless water heater called the geyser. It used hot gases to heat water flowing through a pipe and into a tub. Today tankless heaters work in a similar way but with added features like flue gas exhaust. Tankless heaters can be installed centrally to provide hot water for the entire home or they can be installed at the point of use for a fixture or group of fixtures. They are sized based on the fixture flow rate and have a higher energy input than tanked equivalents because of how quickly the water is heated. Why go tankless? Tankless water heaters are ideal for a number of reasons. Whether you want one central heater or multiple point-of-use heaters, here are the reasons to go tankless: 1) You save energy by not having to keep 60 gallons of water hot all day while the house is empty. Tanked heaters also have losses through the tank walls, further adding to the energyconsumed. 2) There’s no wait time for water to reach the right temperature in a tank. Water has a high heat capacity, which means that it needs a lot of heat to raise the temperature by one degree. In a tank situation, this means time waiting for the water to heat up if you happen to be the unfortunate one who gets in the shower last. Tankless heaters eliminate this problem by heating the water to the right temperature while it flows to you. In addition to eliminating the wait times for heating a tankful of water, there’s no limit on how long you can run a tankless before the water gets cold. So even if you just finished a full load of laundry and need to wash the dishes, you’ll always have the hot water you need. 3) Tankless heaters are smaller and take up less room than tanked heaters. So if space is tight, you can reclaim an average of ten square feet of your home’s floor space for other important items. 4) They last longer than tanked heaters. Typical tankless heaters have a life expectancy of 20 years as opposed to the 10-15 years of tanked heaters. If you want to find out whether tankless is ideal for you and to assess how to make it work for your family, give us a call and we can help you get these benefits with special pricing! 801-375-COOL | TimeForComfort.com Five Reasons You Need an AC Tune-Up » « Do You Need All That Stuff?

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SEPTEMBER 3, 1963 -- Col. Al Lingo led dozens of state troopers along U.S. 280 into Birmingham. The Birmingham City Council urged them to leave. "We are confident in the ability of our local law enforcement agencies," a council statement read. More than 200 people converged on Birmingham City Hall calling for schools to close rather than integrate. The Birmingham Board of Education, meanwhile, refused an offer from Gov. George Wallace to seek an injunction stopping school integration. Macon County residents were angry at the presence of state troopers there with one calling it "an armed invasion." Huntsville, at Wallace's request, delayed the opening of newly integrated schools. "We would have had no trouble" had schools opened, said Huntsville Mayor R.B. Searcy. Attorney General Richmond Flowers criticized Wallace, saying his actions might bring federal troops to Alabama. "If they come, he will back down again as he did at The University of Alabama. What does this profit the state?"

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Context and Overview Today, we move forward with the story of Charlotte's Web by reading the chapter, "Last Day." We will analyze the chapter with text dependent questions and by looking closely at a particular quote. We will also meet in a Socratic Seminar for discussion. Then, students will have the opportunity to respond in writing to synthesize their understandings. Last, they will have a chance to share those responses with their peers. After sharing the objective from the rug, I turn to my students and ask, "What Makes A Good Friend?" This the heart of the matter in discussing this chapter today, and it's a key theme in the book as a whole. I have them partner up with their carpet partner first before a few of them share out loud. I take their responses and record them on a Chart. In this way, I am validating their knowledge and making it public. I can also reference the chart if I need to during the lesson. Now we are reading the chapter, "Last Day," with Text Dependent Questions. These questions hone in on Wilbur's transformation in his perception about Charlotte and what Charlotte now means to him. I make sure to make this explicit: Why Would Wilbur Give His Life For Charlotte? Wilbur's character is that of a child relying on Fern and Charlotte as mother figures for guidance and protection. It is Charlotte's love and guidance that helps him see past Charlotte's exterior: Charlotte Saves Wilbur's Life...Wilbur Changes His mind I stop reading and asking questions on page 165. I don't want to overwhelm my students with too many questions. I want to make sure they are still experiencing joy in reading. For the rest of the chapter, the students read along with E.B. White. I gather the students on the carpet again to discuss the friendship between Wilbur and Charlotte. I review the rules for participation and remind of the process to hand-off to one another in discussing this idea. I proceed by drawing my students' attention to the quote on page 164. Wilbur asks Charlotte why he did what she did for him, and this is what Charlotte states: "You have been my friend." I take a few moments to analyze What does Charlotte mean? While this quote is not fully understood by my students, I am impressed by two students who attempt to tackle it. In analyzing text, it helps to be prepared with follow up questions, so instead of replying to the second student with the question, "Do you think Charlotte wants to die?" a better question would have been "Why do you say that?" Additionally, "What have you read so far that makes you think that way?" Questions that ask students to probe their thinking and redirect them back to the text are helpful to keep the conversation moving. For my students to feel comfortable about this process, I have posted in my classroom two charts my students can reference if they need to remind themselves of our expectations: I am attaching a document that details fully how I implement Socratic Seminar in my classroom in case you'd like to know more: Socratic Seminar Rules. We continue to further analyze the text. Now students are seated at their desks with the quote from page 164: "You have been my friend..." I want them to continue looking at it closely as I strive to make this concept more concrete for them and give them other/more opportunities for critical thinking. Also, I want them to become comfortable with analyzing text on this level. My students need as much practice with academic language as I can give them, so, after they finish highlighting, I ask them to pair share with each other about what they what they highlighted and why. As they keep on reading and highlighting, I walk and monitor their engagement and ask them about what they are finding that is of interest to them and why. Here is the response of one student: Highlighted, You Have Been My Friend. I am taking the lines, "You have been my friend. That in itself is a tremendous thing." from the quote and I am having them respond to it in writing in this way: The students are pasting the quote in their journals and then responding to the questions. I am walking making sure they are setting up their journals properly by writing their response underneath the quote. Then I walk around and give support in asking questions, in giving support with spelling, lending support with rereading part of the quote and/or restating the objective again. Here are some work samples: Now my students get the opportunity to share their work with their peers on the carpet: Then students provide feedback to the speakers. I have taught how to give speakers feedback about the content of their work using the following framework: This time on the carpet also helps to revisit the objective and declare whether we met it or not.

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Parents all know that English is a vital skill to have in order to succeed in school. Students use English not only in English class, but in writing for science, social studies, journalism classes and more! English knowledge can improve students grades in all classes. Here at AGA we have come up with some tips for your students to get the most out of their English lessons at school and at their enrichment academy. Have Your Kids Read! (and Read Aloud) This would be one of the best suggestions for getting the most out of English lessons. Start your kids out at an early age with reading, so they are familiar with sounds and words when they get into school. Choose books that are fun and tailored to their interests. Do they like cooking? Read a cookbook together and make the recipe. Do they love animals and scenery? Read a travel book and talk about the pictures! It doesn’t matter what they are reading, but try to read at least one book with them each day. Reading not only helps students recognize and learn grammar patterns, different ways of writing to audiences, and allows them to learn new words and sounds, but reading things about their interests makes it seems less like work and more fun. For smaller children, picture books, books with lots of color or interactive books can help keep their attention. Once the English lesson rolls around, students will already be used to recognizing letters, words, tenses, and different sounds. An extra tip would be to make sure students, especially younger students, are reading aloud. This way they can make sure that they are working through words and sounds they don’t know, and building up fluency and speed. Also, make sure your kids have a safe reading environment. Let Them Be Creative and Have Fun! English lessons don’t need to be boring. English class is where students get to invent their own stories and use their imaginations! If students have to use vocabulary to write sentences, they can make those sentences funny and silly or write things about family and friends. Try to let kids be creative and come up with unusual situations or ways to use the vocabulary. When writing stories, have them write about favorite places and people, and think outside the box to come up with unusual and interesting situations. Students can entertain themselves as well as the reader while they write! At home, show kids pictures with no words and let them make up a fun story. Ask questions and encourage them to think outside the norm. It’s not a good idea to have students sit in the back of class in silence. Participate! Kids should engage in the lesson, listen and talk to their peers. It will be much more fun if they interact, give answers and ask questions. Class will go by faster and kids will get more out of the lesson by being alert and talking to their teacher and fellow students. Participating in class also might allow them to make new friends, and therefore look forward to coming to class to be with friends! Students can share their opinions and thoughts in English class because there is more room for independent thought than in a math class. Make Sure They Do Their Homework! This one might not be as fun, but doing homework is necessary to really drive the concepts home, to get extra practice, and to find issues with things they don’t quite understand. The more students practice, the easier class will be to follow. Also, come test time, they won’t need to be nervous or cram the night before because they will have been studying all along. Homework is also important to pinpoint concepts that are a little more difficult so students can ask for their teacher’s or parent’s help before they fall too far behind. Getting students to do homework can be challenging, but it’s vital to success. Encourage Them to Ask Questions! Again, asking questions will help in class, and better to ask questions right away before the concept gets too confusing. Chances are if your student is confused about something, a classmate probably is, too. Encourage students to tell their teacher if they are confused or need things clarified. Shy students can ask questions at the end of the class after their peers have left if they really don’t want to do it during class. If doing all of these things seems overwhelming, choose a couple tips to focus on that your student might struggle with. For example, a shy student might need more encouragement participating or asking questions. Also, students that have fallen behind in reading may become shyer to participate, so focusing on reading can help with participation, too! Using these tips will really help your students get the most out of their English lessons in school and at after-school programs. Do you have any tips that you have tried with your child that have worked for them? Or are there things you tried that haven’t worked, and you’re looking for a way to tweak your approach? Let us know in the comments! Author: Elisa Travalio, Teacher and Editor at A Grade Ahead

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Winter crops in November 2016. Photo by Wren Vile The benefits of crop rotations are to optimize the health and fertility of the land; maximize productivity; reduce pests, diseases and weeds; meet Organic Certification requirements and make the planning work easier on the brain. On a more invisible level, crop rotations help maintain the soil food web — a balance of the tiny soil micro-organisms which keep the soil organic matter healthy and able to fend off pathogens. One of the core tenets of organic farming is that continuous production of the same crop in the same field or plot can never be justified, not for any reason, even though this involves competing against the “efficiency” of industrial agriculture monoculture. Most crops will grow well in a hoophouse, but not all can provide the return to make the venture profitable. The art and science is to grow a range of crops that will provide good income year-round, while taking good care of the soil, so that the business is sustainable. Part of the crop planning process can include grouping crops that do well together, and not grouping plants that share diseases. Outdoors, mixed plantings can help reduce insect pests and diseases, but in the cramped quarters of a hoophouse, nothing airborne is far from anything else. Outdoors, planned rotations also optimize the opportunities to plant cover crops, but in hoophouses, most growers relinquish the advantages of cover crops in favor of bringing in sources of fertility from outside in order to maximize crop production from the covered space. We do not have a fixed rotation in our hoophouse, although this possibility is worth considering, as it makes the brainwork much less, compared to ad-hoc rotations. We certainly have a few sequences that work, that we repeat from year to year, but we also have had wrinkles (timing, height and shading) causing us to juggle the rotation and make new plans. The biggest example is our need to manage nematodes, which I will write more about another time. Rotating crops in the hoophouse is its own special challenge: we want to grow the same crops every year, in a very limited space. When planning we aim to avoid growing any family in the same place as it was the previous year. We try to do this by whole beds or half beds, rather than smaller areas. Two years isn’t a long rotation, but we rationalize that the time spent growing four or five other unrelated crops acts to even out the soil nutrients, discourage pests and diseases, and make the soil ready to grow that crop family again. Our winter hoophouse crops fall into three main families: brassicas (turnips and radishes as well as the more obvious leafy types), lettuce (this group would include chicories and endives if we grew them), and chenopods (spinach, chard and beets). We plant smaller amounts from two other crop families: legumes and alliums. Our approach is to rotate the main families each cool season, and fit in the less common families (alliums and legumes) to fill out the space, ad hoc, still avoiding putting them in the same place as the previous winter if possible. Our three winter crop families are something I keep in mind when making salad mixes too. In order to maximize the nutritional variety, I try for 50% lettuce, 25% spinach/beet greens/baby chard and 25% small brassica leaves. Our summer crops are mostly nightshades (three beds) cucurbits (two beds) and legumes. Tomatoes are really too tall to go in the narrow, short-height edge beds (which also suffer from being colder), so the nightshades rotate on/off the six main beds each year. We then juggle the other crops, paying more attention to new homes for the cucurbits than for the legumes. We are also influenced by when the winter greens will be finished. This is an extract from my new book The Year-Round Hoophouse, which will be published November 20, 2018. See that book for information about some well-thought-out hoophouse crop rotations in New York, Michigan, Maine and Hawaii. In there I also have information about alternatives to crop rotations, as well as intercropping, relay planting, double cropping, fast catch crops, and suggestions for crop sequences (follow-on crops). All you need to cram your hoophouse full of good food crops! Pam Dawling has worked at Twin Oaks Community in central Virginia for more than 27 years, growing vegetables for 100 people on 3.5 acres and training many members in sustainable vegetable production. She is the author of Sustainable Market Farming and The Year-Round Hoophouse. Pam often presents workshops at MOTHER EARTH NEWS FAIRs and at sustainable agriculture conferences. She is a contributing editor with Growing for Market magazine, and a weekly blogger on SustainableMarketFarming.com. Read all of Pam’s MOTHER EARTH NEWS posts here. All MOTHER EARTH NEWS community bloggers have agreed to follow our Blogging Guidelines, and they are responsible for the accuracy of their posts. To learn more about the author of this post, click on their byline link at the top of the page.

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Latest research shows that location of “slip-ready fault” key to cause of induced-seismicity A hydraulic fracturing operation in northeast BC was shut down on Nov. 29 after triggering earthquakes of 3.4 to 4.5, the BC Oil and Gas Commission announced Friday. Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. (CNRL) stopped fracking after its seismic monitoring equipment detected the quakes. BCOGC regulations normally require suspending activity at 4.0, but a special order issued in May lowered the threshold to 3.0 for the project operating in the Septimus field of the Montney formation southeast of Fort St. John. Companies operating within the area confirmed to the Commission there will be no fracking over the next 30 days during the investigation and they require permission to restart operations. The Commission is the first North American regulator to identify the link between fracking and induced seismicity, publishing studies in 2012 and 2014 that identified hundreds of small micro-earthquakes (between 1.8 and 3.0) caused by the process of pumping water, sand, and chemicals into rock formations to free trapped oil so that it can be pumped to the surface. Research by University of Alberta and the Alberta Geological Survey published earlier this year showed that the volume of hydraulic fracturing fluid and the location of well pads control the frequency and occurrence of measurable earthquakes. Researchers were stuying large earthquakes over 4.0 in the Fox Creek, Alberta region. Seismologist Ryan Schultz found that when increased volumes were injected in susceptible locations, with a nearby slip-ready fault, the increased pressure on the fault line led to more numerous measurable earthquakes. This is a new insight, says Schultz. Scientists have understood the connection between volume and induced seismicity since the 1950s, but the influence of well pad location was not well known. “If there is a pre-existing fault, but you’re not connected to it by some sort of fluid pathway, you can hydraulically fracture the formation, and you’re probably not going to cause a significant earthquake,” said Schultz. “It’s conceptually quite simple, but actually determining those things underground is really hard to do in practice.” Public concern about fracking-induced earthquakes has been on the rise over the past few years after Oklahoma reported a high number of seismic events linked to oil and gas production. Investigators found that most of those events were caused by wastewater injection wells, which pump produced water from operations underground at high pressure over a number of years. Texas also reported a rise in induced seismicity, especially in the northern of the state encompassed by the Barnett Shale formation, which primarily produces natural gas. Regulators in almost all oil and gas producing jurisdictions have since introduced hydraulic fracturing regulations and protocols that require enhanced seismic monitoring, stop orders if earthquakes are detected, and investigations before fracking is allowed to resume. Be the first to comment

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[b-hebrew] Evidence for the Exodus segall at umich.edu Thu Aug 5 14:16:41 EDT 2004 An explanation for why Moses had a Cushite wife is given in "Understanding the Exodus and Other Mysteries of Jewish History". See www.etzhaimpress.com. It also explains what might have happened to Moses' previous wife Tziporah. On Thu, 5 Aug 2004, Jonathan D. Safren wrote: > Sometimes the authentic info may contained in slips of the pen or "between > the lines" or in cryptic passages or passages that seem out of place. > Take for example Num. 12:1, where both Miriam and Aaron seem to be angry > with Moses over his Cushite wife, "for he took a Cushite wife". What has > this to do with the berit, the Exodus, the desert wanderigs (unless yu want > to claim that these particular Cushites were a Sinai sesert tribe) or the > consquest of Canaan? > To me this appears to be an authentic piece of information about Moses the > Egyptian who, while still in Egypt, married a woman from Nubia or Ehtiopia, > which wouldn't be very out of the way if you were an Egyptian or even a > Hebrew living in Egypt. > Or take 1 Sam. 2:17, in which the anonymous "man of God" begins his reproof > of Elis and his sons with the cryptic "Did I not reveal myself to your > family (lit. 'father's house') when they were in Egypt belonging to/working > for Pharaoh?" > This appears to me to be an authentic notive of the presence of an Israelite > priestly family in Egypt, where they may even have been Egyptian priests > (the names Hofni, Phineas??) > These examples are not hard historical evidence in the strict sense of the > word (after all, they're in the Bible and not on some tablet or papyrus), > but strong indications that there may be something behind the Exodus > traditions after all. > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Peter Kirk" <peterkirk at qaya.org> > To: <bill.rea at canterbury.ac.nz> > Cc: <b-hebrew at lists.ibiblio.org> > Sent: Wednesday, August 04, 2004 11:34 PM > Subject: Re: [b-hebrew] Evidence for the Exodus > > On 04/08/2004 22:22, Bill Rea wrote: > > > ... > > > > > >If you look for natural explanations of the signs and wonders in the > > >text you miss (probably deliberately) what the text is trying to tell > > >you. Often you end up only having pushed the sign or wonder into a > > >different aspect of the event, here the preservation of Moses' life. > > >It's a bit like the mess in Dr Suess's Cat in the Hat - the miraculous > > >just moves it doesn't go away. (That's an imperfect analogy.) > > > > > > > > > > > This reminds me of a joke, which I will repeat here because it is > > relevant and make's Bill's point clearly. > > A teacher was telling a class the story of the parting of the Red Sea. > > When he got to the point where YHWH turns the sea into dry land, he was > > interrupted by a child shouting "Hallelujah! Praise the Lord!" "What do > > you mean?" asked the teacher. The child said "What a wonderful miracle, > > God parting the sea like that!" The teacher replied "Well, not really. > > The water there was only a few inches deep, the wind could easily blow > > it back." And he continued with the story. > > But when he got to the part where the Egyptian army was all drowned, he > > was again interrupted by "Hallelujah! Praise the Lord!" "What is it > > now?" asked the teacher. The same child said "This time it really must > > have been a miracle, the whole army drowning in a few inches of water!" > > -- > > Peter Kirk > > peter at qaya.org (personal) > > peterkirk at qaya.org (work) > > http://www.qaya.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > > b-hebrew mailing list > > b-hebrew at lists.ibiblio.org > > http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/b-hebrew > > This mail was scanned via Beit Berl PineApp > b-hebrew mailing list > b-hebrew at lists.ibiblio.org More information about the b-hebrew

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The variable resistor is mainly used for adjusting resistance values, and often applied in the voltage divider biasing circuit of the transistor. The following talks about its function and features: Function and Features First, the variable resistor is a kind of resistor, so it plays the role of a resistor in the electronic circuit. However, its resistance can be continuously changed within a certain range. Due to the structure and uses of variable resistors, the failure rate is significantly higher than that of ordinary resistors. Variable resistors are usually used in small signal circuits, and large signal variable resistors are also used in a few occasions such as valve amplifiers. Appearance and Features of Variable Resistor The appearance of a variable resistor is very different from that of a common resistor. It has the following features, and according to these features, we can find out the variable resistor in the circuit board : (1) The volume of the variable resistor is larger than that of the common resistor. And there are fewer variable resistors in the circuit, which can be easily found in the circuit board. (2) The variable resistor has three pins, and they are different from each other. One is the moving plate pin, as shown in the Figure below. The other two are fixed plate pins. The two fixed plated pins can be used interchangeably. but the moving plate pin and the fixed plate pin cannot be interchanged. (3) There is an adjustment port on the variable resistor. Put a straight screwdriver to into this adjustment port. Rotate the screwdriver to change the position of the moving plate and adjust the resistance. (4) The nominal resistance value is on the variable resistor. This value refers to the resistance value between two moving plate pin, or between one fixed plate pin and the moving plate pin. (5) Vertical variable resistors are mainly used in small signal circuits. Its three pins are vertically downward and mounted on the circuit board vertically, and the resistance adjustment port is in the horizontal direction. (6) Horizontal variable resistors are also used in small signal circuits. Its three pins are at 90° to the plane of the resistor, vertically downward. It’s installed on the circuit board horizontally, with the resistance adjusting port facing upward. (7) The variable resistor with a small plastic case has a smaller volume. It has a circular structure, as shown in Figure 1(a), with its three pins facing downwards and the resistance adjusting port facing upwards. (8) Figure 1(b) shows a variable resistor (wire-wound structure) used in high power occasions. It has a large volume and the moving plate can slide left and right to adjust the resistance. Figure 1. Variable Resistor Diagram Most of us kept the ordinary microprocessor in hands, but hardly anyone had an idea to cut and examine it under a scanning electronic microscope. This is precisely what made the Swedish teacher Kristian Storm to demonstrate to students the device of microchip. Photos are stunning: the quality allows us to consider the individual layers of the processor. Apparently, Soviet engineers did the same procedure that took apart and copied the western high technology. Much the same is being done now to examine the products of competitors. All photos are clickable and available in high definition.

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He said nothing, void of emotion. The history of Mexico from 1884 to 1910 was almost void of political strife. Alex was gone from their lives, leaving a void no one could fill. His death left a void in the queen's life which nothing could ever fill. It was cold, sandy – and completely void of any other signs of life for miles. Acting on this, Cranmer tried the divorce case before his court, which declared the marriage with Catherine void and that with Anne Boleyn, which had been solemnized privately in January, valid. While the brief conversation was welcome, it left a party's-over void when it ended. Knowledge is nothing to these men if it does not show them the infinite reality which is able to fill the aching void within. Beneath him was originally nothing but a huge void with muddy black water at the bottom, in which his image was reflected, becoming ultimately solidified into P'tahil, his son, who now partakes of the nature of matter. The void spaces between the atoms count for nothing. The senate declared the proceedings null and void, because thunder had been heard; Saturninus replied that the senate had better remain quiet, otherwise the thunder might be followed by hail. Hastings recorded in an official minute that he had found Francis's private and public conduct to be "void of truth and honour." The atoms, they said, do not fill up the universe; there are void spaces between them. So long as the reserve was available it was drawn upon to supply the void; but when that also was exhausted recourse was had to expedients, such as the borrowing, or rather seizure, of the vakuf revenues (1622) and the sale of crown properties; then ensued a period of barefaced confiscation, until, to restore public confidence in some measure, state budgets were published at intervals, viz. But a dispute with Francis, more than usually embittered, led in August 1780 to a minute being delivered to the council board by Hastings, in which he stated that "he judged of the public conduct of Mr Francis by his experience of his private, which he had found to be void of truth and honour." A pupil of Nessus, or, as some accounts prefer, of Democritus himself, he was a complete sceptic. He accepted the Democritean theory of atoms and void and the plurality of worlds, but held a theory of his own that the stars are formed from day to day by the moisture in the air under the heat of the sun. This direction was beyond the terms of the reference, and the award, when made, was repudiated by the United States as void for excess. From some of these peoples and at one of these holy places, a group of Israelite tribes adopted the religion of Yahweh, the God who, by the hand of Moses, had delivered them from Egypt.2 The tribes of this region probably belonged to some branch of the great Arab stock, and the name Yahweh has, accordingly, been connected with the Arabic hawa, " the void " (between heaven and earth), " the atmosphere," or with the verb hawa, cognate with Heb. Of Sweden, whereby the former renounced the throne of Poland in favour of Stanislaus Leszczynski - a treaty which Augustus declared null and void after Charles XII.'s defeat at Poltava (8th of July 1709); (2) the treaty of the 31st of August 1707, by which the emperor Joseph I. The title was declared void by the Virginia government in 1778, but' Henderson and his associates received 200,000 acres in compensation, and all sales made to actual settlers were confirmed. The plot, however, has little to do with history, and is improbable and void of interest. Declaring the treaty of Altranstadt void and renewing his alliance with Russia and Denmark, he quickly recovered the Polish crown. Schumann 2 have shown, however, that with the help of spectroscopes void of air and specially prepared photographic plates, spectra can be registered as far down as lzoo A. He teaches how to eat, drink, cohabit, void excrement and urine, and the like, elevating what is mean, and does not falsely excuse himself by calling these things trifles. Where a person enters and pays rent under a lease for years, void either by law or by statute, or without any actual lease or agreement, or holds over after the determination of a lease whether for years or otherwise. And this being the case, the complete conditioning causes of the miracle will be found in God and nature together, and in that eternal action and reaction between them which perhaps, although not ordered simply according to general laws, is not void of regulative principles. Liabilities arising out of agreements concluded after May 6 1915 are null and void if not sanctioned by the Government. New loans were made during the Civil War, but they were repudiated by the constitution of 1866, and were made void by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal constitution. The disappearance, too, of the pagan mysteries must have left a void in many hearts, and the clerics tried to fill it up by themselves masquerading as hierophants. The king's agents secured the opinion of a number of prominent universities that his marriage was void, and an assembly of notables, which he summoned in June 1530, warned the pope of the dangers involved in leaving the royal succession in uncertainty, since the heir was not only a woman, but, as it seemed to many, of illegitimate birth. Its main object was ecclesiastical reform, but the provision that a copy of Magna Carta should be hung in all cathedral and collegiate churches seemed to the king a political action, and parliament declared void any action of this council touching on the royal power. Their use was chiefly astrological, and their highly figurative names - " Great Splendour," " Immense Void," "Fire of the Phoenix," &c. - had reference to no particular stars. This resolution read as follows: Resolved, that the several states composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that by compact under the style of a Constitution for the United alien and sedition laws unconstitutional and therefore " void and of no force," principally on the ground that they provided for an exercise of powers which were reserved to the state. It was usual to evidence the feoffment by writing in a charter or deed of feoffment; but writing was not essential until the Statute of Frauds; now, by the Real Property Act 1845, a conveyance of real property is void unless evidenced by deed, and thus feoffments have been rendered unnecessary and superfluous. According to the presidential plan of reorganization, a provisional governor for Alabama was appointed in June 1865; a state convention met in September of the same year, and declared the ordinance of secession null and void and slavery abolished; a legislature and a governor were elected in November, the legislature was at once recognized by the National government, and the inauguration of the governor-elect was permitted after the legislature had, in December, ratified the thirteenth amendment. C. 17 declared void all contracts where the interest was more than 8%. The skull looked up through hollow eyes, just as the flashlight died, plunging the pair into a blackened void of darkness. The " Second Wheeling Convention" met according to agreement (11th June), and declared that, since the Secession Convention had been called without the consent of the people, all its acts were void, and that all who adhered to it had vacated their offices. But under the Statute of Frauds (1677), ss., 1, 2) leases, except those the term of which does not exceed three years, and in which the reserved rent is equal to two-thirds at least of the improved value of the premises, were required to be in writing signed by the parties or their lawfully authorized agents; and, under the Real Property Act 1845, a lease required by law to be in writing is void unless made by deed. Forfeiture only renders a lease void as regards the lessee; it may be waived by the lessor, and acceptance by the landlord of rent due after forfeiture, with notice of such forfeiture. The one may regard it as a mere image, picture or representation of the higher being, void in itself of value or power. When he pronounced the treaty of Westphalia null and void; of Pius IX. Ready cash could alone fill up the void; and it was to the hoards of native princes that Hastings's fertile mind at once turned. Equally contemptible in its political results and void of historical interest was the brief visit of John of Bohemia, son of Henry VII., whom the Ghibellines next invited to assume their leadership. He sold a few privileges, conferred a few titles, and recrossed the Alps in 1333. Fruit-pigeons are an effective means of transport in the tropics by the undigested seeds which they void in their excrement. GAIUS MANILIUS, Roman tribune of the people in 66 B.C. At the beginning of his year of office (Dec. 67) he succeeded in getting a law passed (de libertinorum suffragiis), which gave freedmen the privilege of voting together with those who had manumitted them, that is, in the same tribe as their patroni; this law, however, was almost immediately declared null and void by the senate. Precosmically the Will is potential and the Reason latent, and the Will is void of reason when it passes from potentiality to actual willing. A husband may, however, convey his real estate, other than a homestead, by his separate deed, whereas a wife's deed for her real estate is void without the joinder of her husband. This precipitated a bitter campaign States and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving each state to itself the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: That to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an integral party, its co-states forming, as to itself, the other party: That the government created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among parties having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress. Declining to appear, she was declared contumacious, and on the 23rd of May the archbishop gave judgment declaring the marriage null and void from the first, and so leaving the king free to marry whom he pleased. The sentence was null and void, he said. Cranmer suggested that if the canonists and the universities should decide that marriage with a deceased brother's widow was illegal, and if it were proved that Catherine had been married to Prince Arthur, her marriage to Henry could be declared null and void by the ordinary ecclesiastical courts.

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The oil and gas industry faces several challenges in the supply of oil and gas, both as energy and sources of chemical raw materials. There are a large number of areas in the world where reservoirs are in decline and a number of new reservoirs that are more challenging to produce from. Both present major technical challenges to the oil and gas operators. Of equal difficulty is maintaining the number of engineers within the industry who have the necessary skills and knowledge needed to produce oil and gas. This programme was developed to provide engineers entering the oil and gas industry with the background and knowledge of these challenges. Traditionally in the UK, the vast majority of engineers enter the industry through two routes; either as facilities or surface engineers or through the petroleum engineering or sub-surface engineering route. This programme was been designed with the help of the industry to provide a cross over between surface and sub-surface engineering functions with the intent that future oil and gas operations can be better optimised to enhance recovery of the reserves. In order to maximise recovery, surface engineers in an operating company must communicate effectively with the reservoir and production engineers within their own company as well as develop relationships with and assess the work of contractors and vendors when designing and constructing facilities. Therefore, surface engineers need to be competent not only in the areas of process design, pipeline engineering, but also be familiar with reservoir engineering, production technology and a variety of other engineering and management subjects, such as safety and control, management of projects, economics and planning, etc. The programme is organised and managed through the School of Engineering and Physical Sciences and offers courses in process, mechanical and petroleum engineering. It is suitable for those with a background in chemical and process engineering, mechanical engineering and related engineering disciplines. Taught courses cover topics in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, pipeline engineering, materials, corrosion, process engineering, reservoir engineering, economics and petroleum production technology. - 12 months for the MSc

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A new paper in the October 1 issue of G&D elucidates the genetics of heart formation in the sea squirt, and lends surprising new insight into the genetic changes that may have driven the evolution of the multi-chambered vertebrate heart. Brad Davidson and colleagues in Michael Levine's lab at UC Berkeley have discovered that the transcription factor Ets1/2, along with the signaling molecule FGF, controls early heart formation in the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis. Sea squirts are most commonly found in shallow ocean waters attached to algae, rocks or seaweed. They have been used for over 100 years as a highly useful experimental model organism for the study of animal development. A simple chordate, Ciona is being used in the lab to study the heart development of higher organisms because it shares several characteristics with vertebrates - although ultimately, Ciona, develops a heart with just one chamber (as opposed to vertebrates' multi-chambered heart). All of the cells that form the Ciona heart are originally derived from two early embryonic cells (called bastomeres). These cells divide into separate lineages: the smaller rostral cells become heart muscle, while the larger caudal cells become tail muscle. Davidson and colleagues found that Ets1/2 underlies the cells' decision to become either heart or tail. When activated, Ets1/2 instructs cells to form heart muscle. When the scientists blocked Ets1/2 activity (either by inhibiting the Ets1/2 gene, itself, or its upstream modulators), Ciona heart specification was likewise blocked. Alternatively, the over-expression of Ets1/2 in caudal cells caused the cells to switch their fate from tail to heart. The expanded cardiac field in Ets1/2-activated mutants results in a proportion of animals having a functional, two-chambered heart. "The conversion of a simple heart tube into a complex heart was discovered by chance, but has general implications for the evolutionary origins of animal diversity and complexity", says Mike Levine, a co-author of the paper. Cite This Page:

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Why Some Memories Seem Like Movies: 'Time Cells' Discovered In Human Brains If you fall off a bike, you'll probably end up with a cinematic memory of the experience: the wind in your hair, the pebble on the road, then the pain. That's known as an episodic memory. And now researchers have identified cells in the human brain that make this sort of memory possible, a team reports in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The cells are called time cells, and they place a sort of time stamp on memories as they are being formed. That allows us to recall sequences of events or experiences in the right order. "By having time cells create this indexing across time, you can put everything together in a way that makes sense," says Dr. Bradley Lega, the study's senior author and a neurosurgeon at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Time cells were discovered in rodents decades ago. But the new study is critical because "the final arbitrator is always the human brain," says Dr. György Buzsáki, Biggs Professor of Neuroscience at New York University. Buzsáki is not an author of the study but did edit the manuscript. Lega and his team found the time cells by studying the brains of 27 people who were awaiting surgery for severe epilepsy. As part of their pre-surgical preparation, these patients had electrodes placed in the hippocampus and another area of the brain involved in navigation, memory and time perception. In the experiment, the patients studied sequences of 12 or 15 words that appeared on a laptop screen during a period of about 30 seconds. Then, after a break, they were asked to recall the words they had seen. Meanwhile, the researchers were measuring the activity of individual brain cells. And they found a small number that that would fire at specific times during each sequence of words. "The time cells that we found, they are marking out discrete segments of time within this approximately 30-second window," Lega says. These time stamps seemed to help people recall when they had seen each word, and in what order, he says. And the brain probably uses the same approach when we're reliving an experience like falling off a bike. The results help explain why people who have damage to the hippocampus may experience odd memory problems, Buzsáki says. In one experiment, he says, scientists compared the memories of a group of people who had just finished a tour at the University of California, San Diego – a tour that included several staged events. All of the participants remembered most of the things they had done, including locking up a bike and getting a drink from a water fountain. But people with damage to the hippocampus were unable put these events in the right order. "These sequences are completely and absolutely gone in people with hippocampal lesions," Buzsáki says. The new study suggests that's because their brains don't have time cells, which would allow them to re-create the entire tour in their minds. But even though time cells are critical in creating sequences, Buzsáki says, they really aren't like clocks, which tick at a steady pace. Instead, the ticks and tocks of time cells are constantly speeding up or slowing down, depending on factors like mood. "When you have to wait for the elections, then every day is a long day," Buzsáki says. "The same thing is true when we are asking when is COVID over. It's very, very slow. But when you are having a good time, time flies." Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

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Let me show you how it's done This week, I thought I’d give you insight into how I go about the editing process and what’s involved. I hope this week’s blog will also show you how much better an editor can make your manuscript. I’m using (with permission from the author) an example from some work I performed recently on a book about the uses of 3D printing. The sentences began the editing process looking like this: The 3D printed attachment was used for a microsphere fluorescence immunoassay of anti-recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) antibodies in milk extract. It consisted of (1) a cellphone holder, (2) a sample tray, (3) twelve UV LEDs (wavelength = 380 nm), (4) two white light LEDs, (5) a battery compartment, (6) a mechanical lid, (7) an optical filter, and (8) an aspherical lens, as shown in Figure 3.1. As you read through the second sentence, the flow of reading gets stopped every time you get to a number in brackets. If the second sentence was a caption for a figure, and the figure had the parts labelled with numbers, then this list would work well. But as this sentence was in the middle of a paragraph, the numbers were not appropriate. So, as the editor, I took the numbers out. The difficult sentence then looked like this: It consisted of a cellphone holder, a sample tray, twelve UV LEDs (wavelength = 380 nm), two white light LEDs, a battery compartment, a mechanical lid, an optical filter, and an aspherical lens, as shown in Figure 3.1. After my initial edit, the manuscript went back to the author for his input. When he got to the sentence he was worried by it. He thought that without the numbering, the list of parts looked too long. He wrote his concerns in a comment and sent the manuscript back. I really appreciated his feedback and could see what he was saying. His comment made me look back at the sentence again and see if we could make it both clear and easy to read. I had a look at the figure (Figure 3.1) to see if all the parts were labelled, and it turned out that some of the parts were labelled but some were not mentioned. That led me to change the sentence again. This time it looked like this: The 3D printed attachment (shown in Figure 3.1) was used for a microsphere fluorescence immunoassay of anti-recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) antibodies in milk extract. As well as the components shown in Figure 3.1, the attachment contained an optical filter, and an aspherical lens. But there was a loss of information in changing the sentence this way. The white and UV LEDs were labelled in the figure, but the figure did not state how many of each LED there were. So I also adjusted a sentence further down in the manuscript: The two white LEDs were used to perform dark-field imaging of all the microspheres, and the twelve UV LEDs were used to excite fluorescent QD-labeled antibodies. Now all the information was present in the manuscript and the paragraph was easy to read. I hope you can see from this little story how an editor and author can work together to make something of beauty from a rough manuscript. If you would like your manuscripts to be polished to make it beautiful, upload your manuscript to fixmyenglish.com.au or write me an email at Ruth@fixmyenglish.com.au I am happy to help you out.

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Losing weight and having an increased appetite might seem like incongruent symptoms, but certain conditions can cause both to happen to a person at the same time. Feeling the urge to eat more, yet losing weight could be the sign of a serious medical abnormality or even an eating disorder. Talk to your doctor if you notice changes in your appetite or major changes in your weight over a short period of time. When your thyroid produces too much of a chemical called thyroxine, increased appetite and weight loss are two of the common symptoms due to an accelerated metabolism, according to MayoClinic.com. An increased and unusually high heart rate, nervousness and irritability are other signs of this condition, as well as sweating, tremors, sensitivity to heat and swelling of the thyroid. Left untreated, hyperthyroidism can cause heart problems, weakening of bones and eye problems. Causes of hyperthyroidism include a condition called Graves' disease, in which antibodies in your system stimulate overproduction of thyroxine by your thyroid. Thyroiditis, in which the thyroid becomes inflamed for any number of reasons, can spark an overproduction of the chemical as well. Bulimia is a serious eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by purging, usually through vomiting or sometimes through the repeated use of diuretics. People with bulimia have the overwhelming urge to eat large amounts of food in one sitting, followed by feelings of shame, guilt and problems with self-image. Bulimia is most common among teen girls and women in their 20s and early 30s, according to MedlinePlus. Increased appetite with weight loss are two of the classic signs of bulimia. Some other signs of bulimia include excessive exercising, going to the bathroom after meals on a regular basis, and buying large amounts of food that are completely gone a short time later. It can be difficult to know when losing weight is a serious issue. According to MedlinePlus, if you lose more than 5 percent of your body weight over a 6- to 12-month period without modifying your diet or increasing your rate or level of exercise, you should consult a doctor. Hyperthyroidism is usually treated through medication prescribed by your doctor. Some of these medications include radioactive iodine, which shrinks the thyroid, and medications such as propylthiouracil and methimazole, which block the thyroid from producing hormones such as thyroxine. In extreme cases, some people who experience hyperthyroidism have the thyroid completely removed through surgery. Treatment for bulimia includes hospitalization to treat the immediate effects of the binge-and-purge cycle, including dehydration and malnutrition. In addition, many bulimic patients undergo psychological evaluation and treatment or therapy to handle the underlying issues causing the eating disorder. If you notice someone who you think might have an eating disorder such as bulimia, contact a health care professional immediately. Over time, bulimia can lead to serious medical complications, such as pancreatitis, inflammation of the throat and tearing of the esophagus wall due to the excess acid from frequent vomiting.

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Mr. Fluffles may be in his golden years, but his old age brings increased risk of heart problems. Cardiomyopathy is the most common heart disease in senior cats. Early detection of heart problems and prompt treatment of their underlying conditions may slow your cat’s progression of heart disease. Cardiomyopathy is disease of the heart muscle. It is most often seen in cats 5 to 7 years old, according to the petMD website. Mr. Fluffles may experience loss of appetite, abnormal heart sounds, labored breathing, weak pulse, lethargy and other symptoms. Cardiomyopathy has three basic types: dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive. Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the walls of the heart to balloon out, resulting in a larger, rounder and thin-walled heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs when the walls of the heart thicken, making it harder for the heart to pump blood. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is caused from scarring of the heart, making it difficult for the heart to presume normal pumping. If Mr. Fluffles is diagnosed with cardiomyopathy, he may need medication to control his condition. Feline arterial thromboembolic disease is caused by a formation of a blood clot in the heart. As the clot moves through the heart, it can become lodged in an artery, preventing oxygen from reaching the tissues below it. Arterial thromboembolic disease is often the first sign of cardiac disease in cats. With this illness, Mr. Fluffles may experience acute pain and loss of use of his hind limbs, or lack of circulation in the rear legs. According to Dr. Donna Mensching, DVM of PetSide.com, approximately two-thirds of all cases of arterial thromboembolic disease occur in male cats, due to the higher occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in males. Thromboembolic disease is almost always caused by an underlying condition, meaning that your vet will need to determine the cause of your cat’s blood clots and treat accordingly. Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure is caused by the heart’s inability to pump blood throughout the body. Mr. Fluffles' congestive heart failure may be right- or left-sided. Right-sided congestive heart failure occurs when the valve between the heart chambers have weakened, causing blood to flow back into the atrium. When this happens, the heart becomes congested and the fluid backs up into the veins that lead to the heart. Common signs of right-sided failure include swelling of the legs, weight gain due to fluid retention, enlargement of the abdomen or chest, and distension of the veins. Left-sided congestive heart failure occurs when blood fails to pump into the systemic circulation and begins to build up in the lungs. This condition is often associated with shallow, rapid breathing, restlessness, shortness of breath and coughing. Heart problems in cats are often caused by an underlying condition. In older cats, hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common culprit. Hypertension can cause damage to the body’s blood vessels, especially those in the retina of the eye. Hypertensive damage can lead to widely dilated pupils, disorientation and sometimes even sudden blindness. Elevated blood pressure can also cause the walls of the heart to thicken, making the heart work harder to pump and causing small blood vessels to rupture. Some cats are more prone to heart disease than others. Main Coon cats, American and British short-haired breeds, Persian cats and Siamese cats are all susceptible to various conditions of the heart. Other Heart Problems Cats can be born with heart disease, a condition called congenital heart disease, or heart disease can occur later on in life. In older cats, the cause of heart illness is typically due to damage to the heart structure or from hereditary conditions that progress as the cat ages. While hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most commonly acquired heart disease in cats, secondary heart diseases can develop over time, such as heartworm disease, myocardial disease and hypertensive myocardial disease. Heart disease in cats is often accompanied by a heart murmur that your vet might be able to hear during a routine examination. - petMD: Heart Disease (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) in Cats - PetSide.com: Arterial Thromboembolic Disease (Feline) - Feline Advisory Board: Cardiomyopathy in Cats - 2ndChance.info: Cardiomyopathy in Your Cat - When Your Pet’s Heart Fails - Whitney Veterinary Hospital: Heart Disease – Congestive Heart Failure in Cats and Dogs - VCA Hospitals: Heart Disease in Cats - PeaceLovePets: Heart Disease in Cats: Signs Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment & Prognosis by Long Island Veterinarian - Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images

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Here is what the people making those devices are trying to tell you.1) the If vs. Vfwd curve comes the led datasheet.2) The thick green curve comes from those nice folks at Atmel. They are the I-V curve of a mcu's pin.The two curves together determines the output current on the led, without any resistors. It is about 15ma If and 3v Vfwd. That's due to the pin's internal resistance (0.3v / 15ma = ohm).If the pin had no output resistance, its I-V curve would be like that red line at 3.3v. The output current would then be at 30ma.That is essentially the basis why some designs have no serial resistors.

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Minimum Wage Reports These reports contain data on and analyses of statistical information on the demographic characteristics of Pennsylvanians who earn at or below the minimum wage. They answer questions such as: How many people earn at or below the minimum wage in Pennsylvania? What percent of those employed and those earning hourly wages do they represent? Who are they? Are they concentrated in specific groups of age, race, gender, marital status, educational attainment, etc.) Are the demographic characteristics of minimum wage workers the same as those who earn above the minimum wage? Which industries employ minimum wage workers and in what occupations do they work? How has this number and composition of minimum wage workers changed over time? In addition, these reports analyze, in an historical context, the impact of inflation on the purchasing power of the minimum wage and compares the annual income derived from the minimum wage to federal poverty thresholds. Lastly, to provide context on a national level, the recent history of Pennsylvania’s minimum wage is compared to those of other states. Minimum Wage Reports:

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During the late 1800s, travellers to Cape Town in South Africa witnessed a very odd sight at the Uitenhage train station: the signalman, operating the levers in the control tower, was a baboon named Jack. That’s right, he was a signalbaboon – and the story is a good one. Jack – who has his own Wikipedia page – was paid 20 cents a week, plus half a bottle of beer to help the railroad. Jack was the eventual companion of signalman James ‘Jumper’ Wide, who worked for the Cape Town – Port Elizabeth Railway service. Jumper had a habit of leaping from one railway car to the next, even on moving trains. One fateful day in 1877, he leaped once too often, falling underneath a moving train. Jumper survived, but the train severed both his legs at the knee. Jumper was devastated but picked himself up with a post at the Uitenhage station, fashioning two wooden peg legs and constructing a trolley to help get around. Despite this, he was still unable to perform every duty required to route trains safely. During a visit to a market in the town, Jumper spotted a baboon leading an ox wagon, and was impressed with his intelligence. The owner was reluctant to give up his well-trained pet, but took pity on Jumper, and accepted money for him. Jumper was now Jack’s owner. The pair struck up a friendship, living in a cottage just under a kilometre from the railroad station. Jack learned to push Jumper to work on the trolley, including up and down hills. Initially while at work, Jumper operated the signals as normal while Jack watched, but Jack was a fast learner. Four blasts from a train whistle meant that a key was needed by a train engineer to the railway’s coal sheds. Jumper would usually make his way out slowly to give the key on his crutches. Jack learned, after just a few days, that the key was needed by a driver. Jumper only had to give the key to Jack, who knew what to do next. Jack soon learned to operate the railways signals while under supervision. Jumper trained Jack by holding up one or two fingers, and Jack would then pull the corresponding lever. Jack learned the wider nature of his job, and in the end needed no instructions. “A baboon working the tracks?!” While many people came to see Jack at work – a baboon operating train signals is entertainment in any day and age – not everyone was impressed. A concerned member of the public notified the higher railroad authorities about the baboon working on signals. While Jumper working with an assistant was known to management, it was not apparent that Jack was actually a monkey. A track manager and other staff visited the station, and Jumper and Jack were fired. Jumper pleaded for their jobs, offering that the system manager test Jack’s competency. The manager instructed an engineer to sound his train’s whistle, requiring Jack to make signal changes. Jack made all the changes without fail, and was said to be carefully looking in the direction of the engineer’s train to make sure of his work. The railroad system manager was so impressed with Jack passing all of the tests that he gave Jumper his job back. Furthermore Jack was officially hired, becoming the only baboon in history to work for the railroad. The story goes that in nine years on the job, Jack never made a mistake. Jack passed away from tuberculosis but his skull is still on display in the Albany Museum in Grahamstown. The story of Jack is best documented in Michael Williams’ book Stranger than Fiction: The Lincoln Curse. (Note: the referral link to Amazon gives proceeds to your choice of charity.) Photos from Uitenhage SAR.

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The Western Australian Legislative Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Western Australia, an Australian state. The Parliament sits in Parliament House in Perth; the Legislative Assembly today has 59 members, elected for four-year terms from single-member electoral districts. Members are elected using the preferential voting system; as with all other Australian states and territories, voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the legal voting age of 18. Most legislation in Western Australia is initiated in the Legislative Assembly; the party or coalition that can command a majority in the Legislative Assembly is invited by the Governor to form a government. That party or coalition's leader, once sworn in, subsequently becomes the Premier of Western Australia, a team of the leader's, party's or coalition's choosing can be sworn in as ministers responsible for various portfolios; as Australian political parties traditionally vote along party lines, most legislation introduced by the governing party will pass through the House of Assembly. The Legislative Assembly was the first elected legislature in Western Australia, having been created in 1890, when Western Australia gained self-government. It consisted of 30 members, all of whom were elected, although only male landowners could vote; this replaced a system where the Governor was responsible for most legislative matters, with only the appointed Legislative Council to guide him. Suffrage was extended to all adult males in 1893, although Indigenous Australians were excluded. Women gained the right to vote in 1899, making Western Australia the second of the Australian colonies to do so. In 1921, Edith Cowan became the first woman to be elected to parliament anywhere in Australia when she won the Legislative Assembly seat of West Perth for the Nationalist Party. For many years, Western Australia used a zonal electoral system for both houses of parliament. In most Australian jurisdictions, each state electorate represents an equal number of voters. However, in Western Australia, until 2008 an MP represented 28,519 voters in greater Perth or 14,551 country voters. At the 2006 census taken on 8 August 2006, 73.76% of Western Australia's residents lived in and around Perth, but only 34 of Western Australia's 57 Legislative Assembly seats, representing 60% of the total, were located in the metropolitan region. There has been strong support over time in some quarters for the principle of one vote, one value from the Labor Party who were at particular disadvantage under the system. Up until 2005, reform had proceeded gradually—the most dramatic changes had occurred with the enactment of the Electoral Districts Act 1947 and the Acts Amendment Act 1987, the latter of which raised the number of metropolitan seats from 29 to 34. Effective on 20 May 2005, the Electoral Amendment and Repeal Act 2005 abolished the country-metropolitan distinction for the Legislative Assembly, but all seats in place remained until the following election on 6 September 2008. A redistribution of seats announced by the Western Australian Electoral Commission on 29 October 2007 places 42 seats in Perth and 17 in the country, with a variation of ±10% from the average population permitted. The only distinction for rural seats is that any seat with an area of 100,000 square kilometres or greater may have a variation of +10%–20% from the average, using an adjusted population based on the seat's area in square kilometres. 30 votes as a majority are required to pass legislation. 2021 Western Australian state election Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 2017–2021 Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly Electoral districts of Western Australia Western Australian Legislative Council Parliaments of the Australian states and territories William L. Dickinson High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school located in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as part of the Jersey City Public Schools. Dickinson occupies a prominent location on Bergen Hill overlooking lower Jersey City and the New York Harbor; the school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1929. As of the 2017-18 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,780 students and 140.0 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 12.7:1. There were 1,250 students eligible for 88 eligible for reduced-cost lunch; the school was the 304th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 302nd in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 308th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 295th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 291st in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. In 1999, student Samir Kapadia placed fourth at the Annual Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his project "Identification and Targeting Multiple Myeloma Cancerous Tumors."In 2002–03, students Juliet R. Girard and Roshan D. Prabhu won the team competition of the Siemens Westinghouse Competition for "Identification and High Resolution Mapping of Flowering Time Genes in Rice." The duo shared a $100,000 scholarship with their victory. In 2007, Abdullah Anwar, a student was recognized as a semi-finalist in the 2007 New Jersey Business Idea Competition conducted by Fairleigh Dickinson University. Named Jersey City High School, the property was purchased in 1904 and the new building opened on September 6, 1906, in an attempt to relieve overcrowding in the city's public schools, it was the first public secondary school in the city. When the school opened, it housed a 2,000 seat auditorium that saw extensive public use, hosted such events as a lecture by Helen Keller and political rallies for United States Presidents Taft and Roosevelt. The original school was expanded with the construction of a second building in 1912 to further industrial skills education; this building contained a foundry, print shop, vocational classrooms. In 1913, the school was renamed William L. Dickinson High School for the superintendent who had advocated for creation of the school during his term from 1872 to 1883; the school was expanded again in 1933 with the addition of an annex containing a swimming pool and gymnasium. The rear of the building is the site of a late 1800s-era cannon mount built to protect the Hudson River shoreline from early invaders. Given the location of the cannon and the associated technology of the time, it is doubtful that the cannon would have been effective as a defensive emplacement. While the cannon has since been removed, the original mounting was reused as the site of a black-granite monument to the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. In 1946, students went on strike to protest a proposal by the city's board of education to extend the end of the school day from 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM, with striking students arguing that the longer school day would interfere with their part-time jobs. The William L. Dickinson High School Rams compete in the Hudson County Interscholastic League, following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. With 1,649 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2015–16 school year as North II, Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,114 to 4,800 students in that grade range. In 1930, Walt Singer and his identical twin brother Milton led the Dickinson football team to a 9–0 record as it became the second-ever Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association champion; the Dickinson Rams football team had been led by head coach Rich Glover who used to play as a defensive lineman for the New York Giants. In February 2010, the Jersey City Public Schools cut funding for interscholastic sports and ended the football program at Dickinson. The Dickinson football tram was re-established in 2012 after a few years in hiatus; the boys indoor track team was the state public school champion in both 1937 and 1938, won the Group IV state championship in 1966. The boys track team won the indoor relay state championships in 1966 and 1967; the boys cross country team won the Group IV state championships in 1948 and 1955. The team won the North I Group IV state championship in 1967; the boys' baseball team won the North I Group IV state sectional championship in 1966, the only time that the team has won a state title in the post-1958 playoff era. The Dickinson High School boys' basketball team won the 2000 Public Sectionals – North I, Group IV, edging Memorial High School 43–41 in the tournament final. In 2009, the boys soccer team went on to the state tournament, losing to Ridge High School by a score of 2–0 in the tournament final, finishing with a record of 17–8–0 and marking the first time in Dickinson history that the boys varsity soccer team made it to state finals, under the coaching of Rene "Toro" Portillo and Tom Worley. The principal is Frederick D. Williams John C. White, the Louisiana state education superintendent since 2012, taught English at Dickinson from 1998 to 2001; the school requires its students to wear school uniforms, consisting of a burg Like any supplier of goods or services, a translator bears ethical and legal obligations toward his patron or employer. This has turned to be of enormous importance with the development of the language industry at global scale. For the protection of both parties, standards have been developed that seek to spell out their mutual duties. Standards of quality and documentation were developed for manufacturing businesses. Codes for all types of services are now maintained by standardization organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization. Standards of this type include those of the ISO 9000 series; as interest in quality management has grown, specific quality standards have been developed for translation services. These have included the Italian UNI 10574, the German DIN 2345, the Austrian Önorm D 1200 and Önorm D 1201, the Canadian CAN CGSB 131.10. In 2015, EN 15038 was replaced by ISO 17100:2015; the European EN 15038 translation-services standard went into effect on August 1, 2006, replacing the previous standards of the 30 individual CEN member countries. It aims to unify the terminology used in the translation field, define basic requirements for language-service providers and create a framework for the interaction of customers and service providers in terms of their rights and obligations. It defines certain services, in addition to translation, that may be offered by language-service providers. A strong focus is on administrative, documentation and revision processes, as well as on the functions of different specialists who guide the translation project over its duration. Appendices to the standard provide information and suggestions on how best to comply with the standard. On May 12, 2009, the Language Industry Association of Canada, AILIA launched the latest standards certification program in the world; the certification is based on CAN/CGSB-131.10-2008, Translation Services, a national standard developed by the Canadian General Standards Board and approved by the Standards Council of Canada. It involved the participation of representatives from AILIA, professional associations, academia, purchasers of service, other stakeholders. The Canadian Standard for Translation Services CAN CGSB 131.10 - 2008 establishes and defines the requirements for the provision of translation services by translation service providers. This National Standard of Canada is a modified adoption of the European Committee for Standardization standard EN 15038 Translation Services; this document was prepared with the intent to harmonize where possible with the provisions of EN 15038 Translation Services. Variances in wording and content with EN 15038 reflect the Canadian perspective. Conformity assessment and certification based on this standard are in place. With the recent development of national and regional standards for translation services, many translation service providers and internationally, are now in the process of either considering or seeking certification of the services they provide in meeting the demands of the marketplace; the standard specifies the requirements for the provision of translation services by the translation service provider. There are three key points common to all standards: Select your human resources with care. Come to an agreement on your project specifications before translation begins. Follow the specifications at every step of the project; the CGSB 131.10 discuss the following: Scope Definitions Human Resources Technical Resources Quality Management System Client-TSP Relationship TSP Project Management Procedures Translation Process Notes Appendixes: A. Project Recording B. Pre-Translation Processing C. Additional ServicesThe standard does not apply to terminology services. TSPs interested in getting certified can review the AILIA Certification Preparation Guide The AILIA Translation Committee takes care of the promotion of the Canadian Translation Standard and its certification; the American translation-services standard is the ASTM F2575-06 Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in Translation. It provides a framework for customers and translation-service providers desirous of agreeing on the specific requirements of a translation project. It does not provide specific criteria for translation or project quality, as these requirements may be individual, but states parameters that should be considered before beginning a translation project. As the document's name suggests, it is a guideline, informing stakeholders about what basic quality requirements are in need of compliance, rather than a prescriptive set of detail instructions for the translator. There is, however, a view within the translation industry that, while not doing any actual harm, an over-reliance on such standards can give a false sense of security. Blindly following translation standards does not on its own provide real assurance regarding translation quality; the argument is that the path to quality in translation is by focusing more on providing on-going training and feedback to translators. Translation EN 15038 Medical translation Translation project Translation criticism Tim Martin, Directorate-General for Translation: Managing risks and resources: a down-to-earth view of revision William John Richard Squance was a Welsh trade unionist. Born in the Landore area of Swansea, Squance found work as a cleaner for the Great Western Railway in 1894, four years became a fireman on the railway, he joined the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, at which time he was based in Aberdare. In 1907, Squance became an engine driver, he moved to Goodwick to take up the post, was elected as secretary of the local branch of ASLEF, he maintained leading roles in local branches as he moved, first to Newport to Llanelli. There, he chaired a joint committee of unions during the railway strike of 1911. Radical, he supported two drivers who refused to move Irish freight during the 1913 Dublin lock-out, organising solidarity action which led to most of the South Wales railway workers going on strike. ASLEF set up a GWR Delegation Board in 1915, Squance was chosen as its first secretary. In 1920, he was appointed to the National Wages Board. Following Squance's presidency, he became the union's full-time organising secretary. Active during the UK general strike of 1926, he was imprisoned for his role, but this only increased his prestige in the union, in 1927 he was promoted to Assistant General Secretary. Squance was a member of the Labour Party, was selected as the Prospective Parliamentary Candidate for Bassetlaw at the 1935 UK general election. However, ASLEF decided that, if he were elected, he would need to resign his union posts, Squance decided instead to stand down as PPC. During the early 1930s, ASLEF's general secretary, John Bromley, suffered from poor health, Squance deputised for him; as such, when Bromley retired in 1936, Squance was the natural choice as his successor. He served on the General Council of the Trades Union Congress from 1936, until his retirement in 1939; as general secretary, Squance was known as an outspoken anti-fascist, close to the Communist Party of Great Britain. He took a leading role in the People's Convention of 1940/41, as a result was expelled by the Labour Party Out Run Europa, is a driving video game developed by Probe Software and published by U. S. Gold for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Game Gear, Sega Master System and ZX Spectrum in 1991, it is a spinoff from the arcade game Out Run. Levels in Out Run Europa are set across Europe, with the player passing road signs for places like Paris and Berlin; the player must escape from the police using a variety of vehicles, from the standard sports cars from Ferrari and Porsche to motorbikes and jet skis. Some levels arm the player with a weapon. Out Run Europa's development was first announced in 1988, the game's release was delayed until 1991; the Spectrum version was well received, with Your Sinclair awarding the game 83%, praising the big sprites and smooth animation when compared to the original game Eugène Olivier was a French fencer and Olympic épée champion. He received a bronze medal in épée individual and a gold medal in épée team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. Eugene Olivier est medecin et collectionneur Francais. Membre de l'equipe de France d'épée, il est champion olympique par equipe aux Jeux de Londres de 1908. Il remporte egalement la medaille de bronze dans le concours individual. Il est member fondateur et le premier president du Paris Universite Club. Docteur es Sciences et professeur agrege d'Anatomie, il est elu member de l'Academie de Chirurgie en 1953. Heraldiste et philateliste, president de l'Academie de philatelie de 1957 a 1964, il a rassemble des collections de timbres, de marques postales, d'ex libris et de relieures armoriees, et est l'auteur d'un Manuel de l'Amateur des Relieures Armoriees francaises en 30 volumes ainsi que de nombreuses publications d'anatomie. Il avait une large collection de livre anciens signees et annotes entre autres par Balzac, Victor Hugo, Celine

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By: Claudia Maciel-Contreras, Co-Site Director NASA MAA Eighteen dual enrolled students stopped by to learn about Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). STEM was a new concept to them, they knew it had to do with math but that was it. Maggie Melone director of the K12 STEM Programs greeted them with a description of STEM and the benefits of pursuing a career in STEM. She makes STEM relevant by tying it to their everyday lives. If you have not heard her toilet talk, you are missing out. Using an empty classroom we brought out some everyday supplies and gave the students an engineering design challenge. The students went from being students to becoming NASA Engineers. Their mission for the next 45 minutes was to solve the problem of making sure that the Astronauts arrive to the moon safely. Their cup rockets along with their marshmallow astronauts need to land gently and the astronauts need to remain inside the vessel. Brainstorming: What kind of shock absorber can be made from the materials to help soften a landing? They had straws, mini marshmallows, tape, and index cards that can be folded into accordions to be more supportive. How will you make sure the lander doesn’t tip over as it falls through the air? They had to calculate the weight at the top and make sure the bottom is heavier so it doesn’t tip over as it moves down. After 30 minutes of designing and testing they were ready to test their vessels. Some landed right side up and some were not as lucky. They all had an opportunity to think and behave like Engineers. It was a very successful day.

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All about the world of price |July 6, 2009||Posted by Fred Foldvary under Progress Report, The Progress Report| All about the world of price Microeconomics in one Lesson by Fred E. Foldvary, Senior Editor, July 6, 2009 Demand means a list of prices and the quantities that people buy or would buy at those prices, holding all other variables constant. The demand can be either during a time interval or at a moment in time. The amount purchased at a particular price is the quantity demanded. Demand is graphed with the price on the vertical and the quantity on the horizontal. Each price can only have one quantity demanded. Demand is thus a relationship between price and quantity, when all else is held constant. The relationship is the law of demand, by which a higher price will not be associated with a greater quantity. Usually, a lower price has a greater quantity demanded, thus demand curves slope down. But demand curves can also be vertical or horizontal. A vertical or fixed demand means that the same quantity is demanded regardless of price, such as perhaps for urgent medicine. A change in demand means that at the various prices, the quantities change. If anything changes other than price, the demand shifts. If the price changes, then demand is unchanged, as the result is a change in quantity demanded, not the relationship between the prices and quantities. Supply means a list of prices and the quantities that are sold at those prices. The amount produced or sold at some price is the quantity supplied. For produced goods, higher prices are associated with greater quantities supplied. Spatial land is fixed in supply, as the quantity supplied does not change with the rent and purchase price of land. With supply curves sloping up or vertical and demand curves sloping down, the market price and quantity are set by the intersection, where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. That is called the market-clearing point or equilibrium. If the price is higher than equilibrium, quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded, and there is a surplus. If the price is lower than equilibrium, there is a shortage. Market dynamics eliminate a surplus or shortage by entrepreneurs moving the price towards equilibrium to eliminate the surplus or shortage. Price controls such as a minimum wage perpetuate shortages and surpluses. A shortage is different from scarcity. A good is scarce if the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at a price and cost of zero. Scarce goods fetch positive market prices. Utility is the satisfaction from or the subjective importance of goods. Marginal utility is the gain in utility from an extra amount of a good. There is diminishing marginal utility as extra amounts of a good eventually provide ever less utility. Consumers maximize their utility when the marginal utility of all goods, relative to their prices, is equal. An opportunity cost is what is given up to get something. A comparative advantage means a lower opportunity cost. Trade takes place because one provides the other with goods that have a lower opportunity cost in exchange for those with a higher opportunity cost. Elasticity is the responsiveness of a variable to a change in another variable. The price elasticity of demand means the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. A good is elastic if it is very responsive, and inelastic if its response is relatively small. A consumer surplus is the difference between the highest price one would pay and what is actually paid. The benefit of goods is that surplus. Economists call the difference between the price and the cost of producing that next quantity the producer surplus, but it is usually rent that is paid to be located in more productive locations. The social surplus is the total of the consumer and the producer or land-rent surplus, which is maximized in a free market, since price controls and taxes on producers and consumers reduce the surplus. The supply of a produced good is based on the cost of production. A tax raises the price by the amount of the tax, and the higher price reduces the quantity purchased and sold and produced. The reduction in the quantity creates a misallocation and waste of resources, called a deadweight loss or excess burden. When the supply is vertical or completely inelastic, as with spatial land, there is no deadweight loss. A tax on land rent or land value reduces the price of land, since it has no cost of production, and the tax cannot be passed on to tenants, since if it were, it would create vacancies, and the landlords would lower the rent back to equilibrium. An externality is an uncompensated effect on others. A negative externality such as pollution comes from a lack of property rights, such as to the atmosphere, and can be remedied in some cases by negotiation, in others by lawsuits, and for large-scale pollution, by charging polluters for the social cost. Traffic congestion can be avoided with tolls just high enough to let traffic flow. A collective of public goods is used by a group at the same time. Public goods such as streets and parks increase land rent. A levy on the rent pays back value received and avoids a subsidy to landowners that takes place when the public goods are financed from taxes on wages. An accounting profit is revenue minus the explicit costs, those paid to others. The implicit cost is the opportunity cost of foregone wages or investment yields. The economic profit is the revenue minus all costs, explicit and implicit. The real gain is the economic profit. Markets have various types of competitive structures. An industry with atomistic or perfect competition has many small firms producing an identical product. In that case, the price efficiently equals the marginal cost of a good, the cost of producing the next good. An absolute monopoly is an industry or product with one seller, such as because of a patent. Firms maximize profit at the quantity at which the marginal cost equals the marginal (extra) revenue from one more unit. In monopolistic competition, there are many firms producing varieties of goods that are close substitutes, like different brands. An oligopoly is an industry with few firms, or a few dominant firms, in which case the actions of the other firms or the largest ones affect the others. To minimize the excess burden of taxation and to avoid pollution and environmental damage, public revenue should come from land rent and pollution levies, as well as user fees. Maximum prosperity requires free trade, the removal of restrictions and taxes on exchange. The replacement of taxes on wages, goods, and enterprise with a land value tax (LVT) and pollution tax would provide maximum productivity, greater equality, and minimum pollution. – Fred Foldvary Copyright 2008 by Fred E. Foldvary. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, which includes but is not limited to facsimile transmission, photocopying, recording, rekeying, or using any information storage or retrieval system, without giving full credit to Fred Foldvary and The Progress Report. Moving Up Shows Wages are Not Enough While the 2008 recession set some new records Popular investment consultant faults government distortion What are your views? Share your opinions with The Progress Report!

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With the world becoming ever more crowded with the drastic increase in population, the current practices of production and consumption of food and beverages are not sustainable. We need a momentous shift in consumption practices towards sustainability if an estimated 9.7 Billion people are to inhabit earth by 2050. Regardless of the industry, we can all agree that a discard rate of 30% of all end products is inefficient [verifiable source for the 30% figure??]. This is precisely what is happening with the food and beverage industry. Besides, two-thirds of solid waste from packaging is from food and beverage packaging. The current packaging methods are inefficient when environmental costs are factored in, and the system is plagued by the lack of recycling and responsible use. These problems need to be solved by businesses if they are to succeed in a world that is witnessing a tectonic shift towards sustainability. Let’s look at some positive trends in the F&B sector that merit our attention: F&B businesses are innovating to make sustainability a reality - Corrective action targeted at the root of the problem. Many companies such as Heineken and Unilever have agreed to sustainably source raw materials by 2020. Such definitive goals generally display tangible and measurable results. - Coca Cola has invested in research and development to produce a 30% plant-based plastic bottle rather than traditional fossil-fuel packaging. Plastic bottles being the primary pollutant in water bodies must be eliminated urgently. - Corporates willing to integrate Sustainability as part of core processes and daily responsibilities instead of treating it as a standalone program, have demonstrated real progress. - Procurement and transportation of food and beverage when automated can lead to reduction of fuel consumption. Ginsberg’s Foods, for example, which uses a transportation management system for dynamic routing of its trucks used for delivery and procurement was able to reduce its miles driven by up to 6.7%. - The F&B industry which utilizes the largest share of warehouse spacing is moving towards sustainability. An example would be replacing conventional lighting technology with LEDs, and combining that with motion sensing technology in large warehouses. Yusen Logistics was able to reduce its power consumption by up to 60% at many of its warehouses. - Similarly, cold storages, which are primarily contracted by food and beverage companies, are spending more on insulating their facilities as they are being heavily regulated and penalised for increasing energy consumption. Americold Logistics has gone one step further by installing fast-closing doors in order to maintain storage temperatures much more efficiently. Doing your part as a consumer for a better tomorrow - You, as a consumer, can play a huge part in ensuring sustainability in food and beverage consumption. Consumer eating habits must shift towards a more plant-based and fresh food diet. More locally sourced food must be consumed to reduce transportation and packaging to a minimum. Using Technology to meet sustainability goals - Nerd farming, despite its not-so-flattering connotation must be one of the most efficient ways to ensure sustainability. These are farming methods that integrate cutting edge technology with agriculture. Like high-density indoor farming, which has sensor-controlled hydrophobic and aeroponic agriculture systems that have been pioneered by the Open Agriculture Initiative. - Food fabrication, robotics-based food manufacturing techniques could possibly be scaled up to make them mainstream. 3D food printing and digital gastronomy techniques have made it possible to completely customize food products. Meat as a product, has been artificially grown in the lab. With successful scaling this would lead to the reduction of deforestation and greenhouse gases which are primarily related to the meat industry. The company Beyond Meat is an example of innovation in this space. - The hunt for high-calorie and nutrition-dense low environmental impact food has led to the development of edible insects. They contain high-quality protein, vitamins and amino acids while having a minuscule impact on the environment. Entocube and Bugsolutely are a few of the companies that are leading the front. Algae Factory is working on a similar alternate source of food by turning microalgae into appealing and sustainable food. A pragmatic approach would require that all of these innovations combine collectively to yield scalable and positive solutions to sustainability.

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How Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Works IMRT is an advanced form of noninvasive radiation therapy that utilizes computer-guided x-rays to precisely target and destroy cancer cells while avoiding healthy tissue. Using high-speed computers and special imaging devices, the Coastal radiation oncology team is able to control the intensity and size of a radiation beam and adjust it hundreds of times throughout a single treatment. The result is that a beam of radiation can be shaped around a cancerous tumor to avoid healthy tissue. Furthermore, the intensity of the beam can be blocked, filtered and adjusted to most effectively radiate a tumor and destroy a cancer cells’ DNA—preventing a tumor from growing and spreading. In order to precisely target a tumor using IMRT, Coastal’s expert radiation oncologists and experienced treatment specialists will collect a variety of diagnostic images using three-dimensional computed tomographic (3DCT) scans and/or magnetic resonance images (MRI) to learn the exact location of a cancerous tumor. Depending on the placement of a tumor and the sensitivity of the surrounding tissue, the treatment team may utilize a positioning device to help a patient stay perfectly still while undergoing treatment. In some cases, our treatment team may also implant tiny gold seeds in or near a tumor to help them identify it clearly on imaging devices and ensure the most effective treatment. IMRT is commonly used to treat prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, and cancers of the central nervous system. These sensitive areas require the utmost precision so IMRT is often an optimal treatment option. IMRT may also be used in treating some cases of breast, thyroid, lung, gastrointestinal, and gynecologic cancers.

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“THE MOST COMPLETE WORK OF ITS KIND… A PRODUCTION OF UNRIVALLED INTEREST AND BEAUTY”: MICHAUX’S LANDMARK NORTH AMERICAN SYLVA WITH NUTTALL’S CONTINUATION, CONTAINING 277 HAND-COLORED PLATES MICHAUX, François André. The North American Sylva, Or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. Three volumes. WITH: NUTTALL, Thomas. The North American Sylva… Not Described in the Work of F. Andrew Michaux. Three volumes. Philadelphia: Robert P. Smith, 1854-55. Six volumes in all. Octavo, original green cloth pictorially stamped in gilt. Splendid 1854 edition of Michaux’s landmark work and its continuation by Nuttall, an early combined edition of the two works, richly illustrated with a total of 277 splendid hand-colored plates, many by Redouté. First published in 1810 and translated into English in 1817, Michaux’s Sylva was the result of ten years of research in North America. The 156 hand-colored plates were drawn by the Redouté brothers, Pierre Joseph and Henri Joseph, and Pancrace Bessa, and upon its publication the work was recognized as an authority in the discipline. The continuation of the Sylva was executed by Thomas Nuttall, an experienced American botanist and ornithologist whose Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada (1832) rivaled Audubon and Wilson in terms of strictly scientific contributions. Nuttall’s botanical work, first published from 1842 to 1849, added 121 hand-colored plates to the 156 originally issued in Michaux. “Of the two works united, it is no exaggeration to remark that it is the most complete work of its kind, and is a production of unrivalled beauty, giving descriptions and illustrations of all the forest trees of North America, from the arctic limits of arborescent vegetation to the confines of the tropical circle” (Sabin). Plates in Volume I of Nuttall are complete, but the numbering omits 30 and 31, and instead includes additional plates at numbers 5 and 10 (60 total plates in Volume I, as issued). See Nissen 1361, 1458; Sabin 48695, 56351. Plates clean and bright. Scattered foxing to texts. Only light rubbing to some extremities of original cloth. An especially attractive set in near-fine condition.

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Crockett makes an arrowhead - Credit: Jonny Crockett Ever wondered how to make your very own arrowhead? Read on… Normally in Sporting Shooter we read about rifles and ammunition. This month we’re going to look at what our ancestors used: rather than a .243 round, they used flint arrowheads. A little known fact about arrowheads is this: the very best arrowheads were never fired in anger, if indeed at all. Instead, they were kept for more ceremonial uses, such as adornment and decoration. Our ancestors may have been primitive but they weren’t stupid. A hunting arrowhead only needed to be sharp, pointed, attachable to a shaft and capable of puncturing an animal’s body. They wouldn’t have worried about aesthetics. Also, their successful conversion rate from a piece of flint to working arrowhead wasn’t 100%. Midden mounds show literally heaps of failures. The trick is to spot the potential failure and move on to the next piece. If you’re starting out on making your first flint arrowhead, don’t get down-hearted if it doesn’t work first time. The arrowhead below took no more than four or five minutes. Step 1: When striking flint, tiny razor sharp shards go everywhere. For your own protection, you should wear eye defence and gloves where necessary. You also need: hammer stones (one big and one small; rounded and smooth river or beach stones are best), a soft hammer – for this I’m using the butt end of a red deer antler I retrieved from a trip to Scotland recently – and a retouché, which is the point from an antler with a 4mm copper rod in the sharp end. You will also need a tough leather patch at least the size of your hand. The single most important item you need, though, is a lump of flint. If you are doing this in an area where people are likely to sit or kneel, put a tarpaulin down to collect the shards that drop off so people won’t cut themselves. Step 2: Find an edge to your lump of flint that has an internal angle less than 45°. If you don’t have one, you’ll have to make one. Strike down on this with your large hammer stone. Step 3: Once you have your 45° angle, strike down with your soft hammer. Step 4: The act of striking the top of the 45° angle sends a percussion shockwave through the flint and knocks a slice off the bottom. - 1 Watch: Insane Canada goose morning flight! - 2 Gun test: Mossberg 590 Mariner - 3 Gundogs: avoiding toxins in the field Step 5: Strike the end to create smaller flakes. Step 6: Despite flint being a lifeless rock, it does talk to you. Hold up your flakes to the light and you can see what it holds. In this case, it holds a perfect isosceles triangle that would make a superb hunting arrowhead. Step 7: With your small river pebble, dress the edge of the flint until it is the size and shape that you want. At this point you’ll be able to see if it is going to work for you or not. Step 8: Next you need your leather patch and a glove to hold the flint within the palm of your hand. Use your retouché to push in and down on the edges. This will put pressure on the tiny flakes around the edge, forcing them off and thereby creating a sharp edge. You normally end up with a scalloped effect all the way around the arrow head. This does take practice, but with patience and by taking fractions of millimetres at a time, you should achieve success in a relatively short space of time. Step 9: The result is an arrowhead that looks right. This one isn’t perfect, but it works. That’s all we’re after for an arrow. Happy hunting!

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The loss of a friend or loved one is among the most traumatic events that a person can experience. The emotions of grief and the grieving process are painful but natural, expected and necessary parts of healing and recovery. There is no one way and no right or wrong way to grieve, and there is no schedule or deadline for the resolution of and recovery from loss. Everybody grieves and incorporates the experience of a loss in his or her own way. Nevertheless, many bereaved persons share some common feelings and reactions. Common Reactions to Loss Emotions and Feelings - Sadness, yearning, depressed mood, mood changes - Feelings of helplessness & loss of control - Panic and anxiety - Fear of death - Shock, denial, numbness - Guilt, shame, remorse - Tearfulness, crying - Changes in sleep and/or eating patterns - Anxiety/autonomic nervous system arousal - Exaggerated startle response - Increased somatic complaints or physical illnesses Changes in Behavior - Social withdrawal and/or isolation - Preoccupation with the deceased - Avoiding stimuli that are reminders of the deceased - Increased use of alcohol or substances - Changes in activity level Changes in Thinking - Poor concentration - Confusion, forgetfulness - Feelings of unreality Factors That May Complicate Grieving Sometimes other circumstances affect the grieving process and the responses of the bereaved. These include the age of the deceased and the circumstances of death, whether the loss was sudden or expected, and the cause of death, particularly if violence was involved (e.g. suicide, disaster, crime, etc.). The nature and quality of the relationship between the deceased and the bereaved person is important, too. Earlier unresolved losses, whether occurring through death, parental divorce, or broken relationships for example, may also complicate an individual’s recovery. How to Help Yourself - Gather information. Develop your understanding of the grieving process. Talk with members of bereavement support organizations and/or clergy. Use bibliographic resources to learn more. - Participate in rituals/say goodbye . Ceremonies and rituals help us to make the "unreal" more real and to move toward accepting and integrating our loss. Attend the funeral or memorial service. Mark important anniversaries in ways that are meaningful to you. - Care for yourself physically. Get adequate rest, nutrition and exercise. - Care for yourself emotionally. Give yourself permission to grieve. Allow quiet time alone to reflect and to explore and experience your thoughts and feelings. Allow time to heal without setting unrealistic goals and deadlines. Resist/delay makiang major decisions/changes in your life. - Express your feelings. Allow opportunities to express the full range of your emotions. This includes sadness, but also perhaps, fear, guilt, anger, resentment, and relief. Avoiding emotions through excessive activity, denial, or abuse of substances complicates and prolongs the pain of loss. - Seek support. Gathering and using social support is essential. Support from others reduces isolation and loneliness and increases one’s sense of security, safety and attachment. Talk to friends openly about your loss. If religion or spirituality are important to you, talk with a member of the clergy or a spiritual advisor. Consider joining a support group for people who have experienced a similar loss. - Consider seeking professional help. CAPS offers individual counseling, support groups and workshops on grief. We can also refer you to resources in the community. For more information, call us at 654-1053 (or for TTY service at 654-1949) or stop by the the third floor of Mercer Hall, between the hours of 8AM and 5PM , Monday through Friday. How to Help a Friend - Talk openly to the bereaved person about his/her loss and feelings. Don’t try to offer false cheer or minimize the loss. - Be available. Call, stop by to talk, share a meal or activity. Your presence and companionship are important. - Listen/be patient. Listening is an often overlooked gift of yourself. Allow the bereaved person to vent feelings. Don’t judge the person’s thoughts or feelings. Don’t feel you need to offer advice. Listening itself is very powerful. - Take some action. Send a card, write a note, call. This is important not just immediately after the loss, but especially later, when grief is still intense but when others have resumed their daily lives and support for the bereaved may dwindle. - Encourage self care. Encourage your friend to care for himself or herself physically, emotionally, and socially. Encourage your friend to seek out support and/or professional help, if appropriate. CAPS offers confidential individual counseling, support groups, workshops, and referral services. For more information, call CAPS at 654-1053 (or at 654-1949 for TTY services) or stop by between the hours of 8AM and 5PM , Monday through Friday. The Center is located on the third floor of Mercer Hall. - Accept your own limitations. Accept that you cannot eliminate the pain your friend is experiencing. Grief is a natural, expected response to loss and each person must work through it in his/her own way and at his/her own pace. Be supportive, but care for yourself too.

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Sea ice estimates for seasonal sea ice melt might not be accurate, they might be overestimating by as much as 25 percent. Researchers who have been measuring the ice found that estimates of thickness are likely off due to salt in the snow cover over the top of the ice. This finding was released by the University of Calgary on Tuesday and published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters last week. Specifically, the researchers involved found that seasonal sea ice thickness was likely overestimated by up to 25 percent. This measurement issue is due to the fact that the salt in the snow cover over the top of the ice can cause the ice to actually melt far sooner than expected, essentially causing premature sea ice melt. Typically, satellites are used to measure sea ice but they can offer restrictive data because they give one vantage point and not much other data. “But that ice is covered in snow and the snow is salty close to where the sea ice surface is. The problem is, microwave measurements from satellites don’t penetrate the salty snow very well, so the satellite is not measuring the proper sea ice freeboard and the satellite readings overestimate the thickness of the ice,” the lead author on the study, Vishnu Nandan, told University of Calgary. To correct this measurement, Nandan and other researchers worked to come up with a correction factor that would allow them to measure the salinity and take the melt it could cause into account when measuring the sea ice. They did this by combining microwave theory as well as snow property data from the Arctic in Canada. By combining the two factors they could come up with an amount of extra melt that could be expected. Now instead of estimates that sea ice is declining about 17 percent per decade, the generally agreed upon rate, the researchers involved think that the ice might melt at an even faster rate during the summer months. The extra melt caused by the salt on the ice as well might mean that the ice will disappear during the summer months even sooner than expected. This would cause major problems in the Arctic for the ecosystems there as well as significant sea level rise and it would impact weather patterns around the globe. If the researchers involved in the study are correct, the Arctic could be without seasonal sea ice during the summer months long before it was expected to. Nandan estimates that it would be gone sometime between 2040 and 2050.

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Liberia - education |Liberia was first founded by slaves who had been freed by America, after the War of Independence, in 1847 and is the oldest republic in Africa. Because of the background of those first founding inhabitants it is perhaps not surprising in the least that the educational system was based on the American one so it is unique on the African continent in that respect. Schools, both primary and secondary, were set up to serve the needs of the children of the new settlers during the 19th Century but funds were limited and little could be spared for the education of the indigenous population in the country's interior. A strong Christian faith amongst the newcomers meant that churches were established with a firm foundation and these developed their own schools too, eventually. UK based? Do you need very short term car insurance, 1 day's cover, in fact? Try here for car insurance for only one day After the harsh treatment that the Liberians had experienced at the hands of the slave owners - a terrible title - it is hardly surprising that they were eager for their descendants to have a better start in life than they had had themselves and so educational standards were raised to ensure that those passing through the system were trained for white-collar work rather than manual labour so a new middle-class generation emerged, ready to work in the professions such as law, science, theology etc as well as more routine office careers. Just before the First World War a cabinet minister was appointed to oversee a more centralised system of education but until the end of the Second World War around three quarters of Liberia's schools were still privately run or church controlled apart from a few colleges and secondary schools and the majority of the indigenous population was still waiting to receive the benefits of a sound education. However, economic growth after the war created greater disposable wealth enabled an extension of schooling to some of these people, but to this day there are still only a fraction of them who benefit fully from it. Copyright 2008 liberiamediacenter.org

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One dollar in bitcoin requires about 17 megajoules (MJ) of energy to mine, a study by the Oak Ridge Institute in Cincinnati reported. This compared with four, five and seven MJ for copper, gold and platinum, respectively. It takes 1 MJ to lift about 110,000 tonnes, 1 metre off the ground. The research in the journal Nature Sustainability estimated a cost-per-dollar of 7MJ for ethereum and 14MJ for the privacy-focused cryptocurrency monero. Although aluminium takes 122MJ to mine one dollar’s worth of ore, explaining why bauxite refining often takes place next to hydropower plants. A bitcoin is generated by using an open-source computer programme to solve maths problems, which is called mining. Every bitcoin has a unique fingerprint and is defined by a public address and a private key that give each an identity. They are also characterised by their position in a public database of all bitcoin transactions, called a blockchain – a global running tally of every bitcoin transactions –maintained by computers around the world. The immense energy requirements of cryptocurrency mining has encouraged innovation into green, renewable energy sources. Cryptocurrency “mining” refers to how blockchains, like those underpinning cryptocurrencies, are regulated and verified. Bitcoin is backed by its many “miners” because of the lack of a centralised authority confirming transactions. Bitcoin miners enter repeated competitions doing numerous arithmetic puzzles per a second. One competitor wins around US$80,000 worth of cryptocurrency and the chance to verify all transactions made in the preceding 10 minutes. The mining of bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin and monero is responsible for between three and 16 million tonnes of carbon-dioxide emissions, the researchers estimate. One estimate said bitcoin production was emitting the same annual carbon emissions as 1 million trans-Atlantic flights. The US study said: “The comparison is made to quantify and contextualise the decentralised energy demand that the mining of these cryptocurrencies requires and to encourage debate on whether these energy demands are both sustainable and appropriate given the product that results from relatively similar energy consumption.” Bitcoin was launched in 2009 under the name Satoshi Nakamoto and then adopted by a group of enthusiasts. Nakamoto disappeared as the cryptocurrency began to spread. Kursk. Cryptocurrency mining has been happening in Russia’s nuclear power plants. Picture credit: Wikimedia

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In 585, politics in the lands of the Franks was disrupted by a man named Gundovald (or Gundoald), who claimed to have been a long-lost son of the Merovingian Dynasty’s King Chlotar (d. 561). The late king, as well as his sons, denied Gundovald’s claims, labeling him as a pretender to the throne. Nevertheless, Gundovald was more than willing to recruit disgruntled or opportunist lords and clergymen. By 585, he had recruited various counts, dukes and bishops to his cause. Yet, before he could rally this rag-tag band of followers into a truly threatening force, the patriarch of the Merovingian Dynasty at that time, King Guntram (r. 561-593), rallied his own forces with the intention of hunting down the pretender. Fleeing from Guntram’s approaching army, Gundovald dragged his forces from town to town, eventually ending up in a place called Comminges. After giving the locals his usual speech about his dubious ties to royalty, the people of Comminges invited Gundovald’s army into the town with open arms. Gundovald reportedly informed the people of the city that an enemy force would soon be approaching, and he proposed that they gather any friends, family and belongings that happened to be outside of the town walls and bring them into the safety of the city. The gullible and trusting people of Comminges followed their guest’s suggestions, concentrating all of their supplies and belongings in the city. When this was completed, Gundovald launched a mischievous plan. The scene that reportedly followed was recorded by the bishop and historian, Gregory of Tours (c. 539-594): “Gundovald remained in Comminges. He addressed the inhabitants a second time. ‘The enemy army is approaching,’ he said. ‘You must sally forth and fight.’ They marched out to do battle. Gundovald’s men then seized the gates, slammed them to and so shut out the people of Comminges and their Bishop. They thereupon took possession of everything which they could find in town” (The History of the Franks, VII.34). Thus, Gundovald allegedly took possession of the belongings of an entire community. He did not, however, have long to enjoy the plunder. King Guntram’s army quickly closed in on Comminges and successfully besieged Gundovald in the city. Trapped by the king’s military, Gundovald’s coalition of supporters began questioning their loyalty. Before the end of 585, Gundovald was betrayed by his supporters and faced execution. Written by C, Keith Hansley Picture Attribution: (Swordsman illustrated by H. Pyle, c. 1888, [Public Domain] via Creative Commons). - The History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours, translated by Lewis Thorpe. New York: Penguin Classics, 1971.

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Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, the latest operating system and Windows makeover, were released in fall 2012. For programmers, many new APIs were included in the features added. Several of the new features focus on the venerable sockets interface, the basic network paradigm first introduced in Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX in the early 1980s. Sockets still form the basis for networking on all of the major platforms including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, iOS, and Android. You might want to consider these new Windows socket APIs for your next project when writing new apps or refactoring older applications for Windows. New Windows 8 features for sockets programming are found at both ends of the network spectrum: - Window Runtime (WinRT) sockets: Used for low-level networking in Windows Store apps. - High-performance sockets: Used in writing network servers for desktop apps that need low network latency and the highest performance. - WebSockets: The other new networking APIs are socket-related, at least in name; these are extensions to the HTTP protocols for the creation of a special Web socket that is fully bidirectional once the connection is established, either endpoint can initiate or send packets. Herein I provide a brief introduction to these new networking socket features available on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. The focus will be more on WinRT sockets, since these will appeal to a larger set of developers. Sockets and Windows The original Berkeley socket implementation developed in 1983 was very simple, based on the design of UNIX file I/O. A network socket became a special type of file handle. BSD networking functions were basic: socket (open or create), connect (for TCP), close. Several types of sockets were supported including TCP (stream), UDP (datagram), and later UNIX domain sockets. For TCP servers and applications receiving UDP packets, the listen functions would bind to a network address and listen for incoming packets. For use with UDP, there were the recvfrom functions. A few other functions were provided for getting and setting socket options, getting a host by name or address; and there were the poll functions to check on the state of a socket. With the adoption of Windows Sockets (Winsock) in 1993, Microsoft added support for sockets to Windows. The initial Winsock 1.1 API was relatively modest with calls similar to BSD UNIX plus a number of Windows-specific extension functions. Over time, the Winsock API has grown larger and larger. The current reference documentation for Windows Sockets for desktop apps lists more than 140 functions and 80 structures along with several hundred IOCTLS and socket options. This doesn't include functions used by the Winsock Service Provider Interface (SPI). The existing Winsock API has become very large, complex, and challenging for new users. The new socket APIs introduced with Windows 8/Windows Server 2012 provide much simpler, stripped-down APIs for sockets programming closer to the spirit of the original BSD sockets. Windows 8: Two for the Money Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce a new graphical user interface (GUI) that represents a major redesign of the Windows user experience. The changes are targeted primarily for touch-enabled devices, with tiles used to represent apps and new system navigation features (charms, settings, etc.). On traditional Intel/AMD x86/x64 hardware, Windows 8 can be thought of as an operating system for two different types of apps: - Windows Store apps: New apps that run on Windows 8 only. These apps are limited to using the WinRT APIs and a few other APIs (some classes from the .NET framework along with a few desktop functions) that are exposed for use by Windows Store apps. - Windows desktop apps: Traditional Windows apps that provide developers access to all of the Windows APIs except the WinRT APIs (unless the WinRT class has a special DualApiPartitionAttribute). These represent the traditional applications that ran on Windows 7 and older versions of the OS. If you use new Windows 8 desktop APIs, then the app will only be able to run on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 or later versions. On ARM-based hardware (in the original Microsoft Surface tablet, for example), Windows 8 has been stripped down so only Windows Store apps can be installed and used. Windows 8 apps using WinRT are installed by purchasing and downloading them from the Microsoft App Store (many apps are free). Windows and app upgrades are also downloaded and installed from the Microsoft Store. Sideloading apps on these WinRT-based devices is mostly restricted, except when Visual Studio 2012 is installed. Sideloading allows developers to test apps they write before submitting them for publication on the Windows App Store. (Note: The Windows App Store is not the Microsoft.com online store that sells versions of Windows, Office, other Microsoft software, and some hardware. There is also a separate Windows Phone App Store for purchasing and downloading apps for Windows phones.) Windows Runtime and Sockets The WinRT APIs used by Windows Store apps provide a set of managed APIs that are designed for several different languages and presentation schemes: - C#/VB.NET with XAML: Designed for existing C#/VB.NET developers and others using managed code (Java developers). - C++ with XAML: Designed for core C++ desktop and COM developers as well as others using similar languages (Objective-C developers). Developers are free to choose whatever language and presentation they prefer. In fact, the same app can be written in any of these languages. Microsoft provides downloadable samples for Windows Store apps, many of which are implemented in multiple languages for illustration. For example, the downloadable StreamSocket sample and the DatagramSocket sample are implemented in all three language combinations.

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April 01, 2017 Is there a simple way to diagnose sleep apnea? Q: Based on his snoring, I think my husband may have sleep apnea. However, he doesn't want to get tested because he doesn't want to spend a night hooked up to a bunch of equipment. Is there an easier way to know? There are simpler ways to initially rule out sleep apnea. However, this may not negate the need for eventually having a sleep study to make a definitive diagnosis. Obstructive sleep apnea is a potentially serious condition in which tissues in your throat temporarily block your airway while you sleep. You may unknowingly stop breathing for several brief periods throughout the night, causing disruption in your sleep cycle. Not surprisingly, this can lead to daytime sleepiness and fatigue that can be severe enough to cause embarrassment — or even car accidents. Obstructive sleep apnea can also lead to other problems such as heart disease or reflux. An evaluation by your doctor is a fairly quick and easy way to assess for obstructive sleep apnea. Your doctor may simply ask a few questions, such as if you're tired during the day or if you have morning headaches. You may be asked if you or a partner has noticed loud snoring with intermittent pauses of breathing during sleep and gasping or choking noises. Obesity and a large neck circumference — greater than 17 inches in men or 16 inches in women — also are hallmark risks of obstructive sleep apnea. Your doctor can take a quick look at your airway to see if throat tissues are crowding the area. If you have three or more of the factors mentioned above — or other telltale signs — you're at high probability of having obstructive sleep apnea. A sleep study is the next step for a definitive diagnosis. Interested in full access to articles like this and more?

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According to Assistance Dogs UK, “Over 7,000 disabled people in the UK rely on an assistance dog to help with practical tasks – offering emotional support and independence.” These include guide dogs for the blind, hearing dogs for deaf people, assistance in disability and medical detection dogs. Additionally to the fully trained ones, many dogs support children with autism, people with dementia and people with mental health problems. In so many ways, dogs improve people’s wellbeing, health and make them less socially isolated. And yet despite all that they do for humans, we repay them by regularly letting off fireworks that cause distress to at least half of them. The latest obsession with fireworks is now throughout December, when people may go with all the family, including the dog member of the family, to a switch on the Christmas lights event. One lady went with her dog and fireworks were unknowingly let off, leaving the dog in fear of going out for weeks after. Most pet owners know of the terrible distress caused to animals because of fireworks. They don’t know what is happening, their hearing is more sensitive than ours and their fear can last for hours and days. All for a few minutes of very environmentally unfriendly chemicals and toxins thrown into the air for the sake of ‘fun’. An example of how this impacts someone who depends on her assistance dog, in order to live life as normally as possible, is Ellen Watson. Ellen works as a clerk in the House of Commons and shared a video of her lovely labrador, Skipp, shaking with fear after the colourful rockets went off when they were out walking. The fireworks went off in the late afternoon the day before bonfire night and left Skipp rooted to the ground, shaking with fear and Ellen’s safety was at risk. “This is my Guide Dog, on our way home from work at 5pm, rooted to the spot & shaking with fear after fireworks went off nearby. Not only do fireworks cause extreme distress for dogs & humans, they pose risk to disabled ppls safety. This has to stop. Fireworks NEED to be regulated pic.twitter.com/yAJs8rJZJV” For Ellen, who is deaf blind after being diagnosed with Usher Syndrome, in order to fit around people’s random letting off of fireworks, Ellen had to change her work schedule and get home early on the days around fireworks. The challenge nowadays, is that these go on for months and now as per the example with Christmas lights, they are even in December and New Year – sometimes even Christmas Day. Shouldn’t society encompass everyone within it and be considerate of the needs of all? How wrong that Ellen has had to modify her life – which is already massively modified compared to how it was – in order to accommodate a few people letting off fireworks. We really need to start being more considerate. The general public needs to become more aware and therefore considerate of the impact of their actions. At least half of pets, PLUS animals out in fields with no shelter are impacted by fireworks. Per our previous blogs, people with PTSD can suffer from them, as does the environment, through toxins and chemicals thrown into the air. It’s time to ban the sale of fireworks to the public in consideration of pets, assistance dogs, their humans, sufferers of PTSD and the environment. There are kinder, more considerate ways to celebrate and have fun. We don’t need to let them off at every opportunity – and particularly spontaneously when no one is prepared for them. So when you are organising Christmas lights, New Year, or a wedding, please consider the substantial number of people impacted by your desire to celebrate – and whether it’s worth it, for the few minutes of pleasure you have. If you know people organising any of the above, please ask them not to let off fireworks in consideration for most people who are against them. This obsession with fireworks at everything damages our world, the animals and many humans that live in it. Please be considerate.

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1. A hanging screen intended to darken or conceal, and admitting of being drawn back or up, and reclosed at pleasure; esp., drapery of cloth or lace hanging round a bed or at a window; in theaters, and like places, a movable screen for concealing the stage. 2. Fort. That part of the rampart and parapet which is between two bastions or two gates. See Illustrations of Ravelin and Bastion. 3. Arch. That part of a wall of a building which is between two pavilions, towers, etc. 4. A flag; an ensign; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Behind the curtain, in concealment; in secret. Curtain lecture, a querulous lecture given by a wife to her husband within the bed curtains, or in bed. --Jerrold. A curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering. --W. Irving. -- The curtain falls, the performance closes. The curtain rises, the performance begins. To draw the curtain, to close it over an object, or to remove it; hence: (a) To hide or to disclose an object. (b) To commence or close a performance. To drop the curtain, to end the tale, or close the performance. Cur·tain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtained p. pr. & vb. n. Curtaining.] To inclose as with curtains; to furnish with curtains. So when the sun in bed Curtained with cloudy red. --Milton. n 1: hanging cloth used as a blind (especially for a window) [syn: drape, drapery, mantle, pall] 2: any barrier to communication or vision; "a curtain of secrecy"; "a curtain of trees" v : provide with drapery; "curtain the bedrooms" (1.) Ten curtains, each twenty-eight cubits long and four wide, made of fine linen, also eleven made of goat's hair, covered the tabernacle (Ex. 26:1-13; 36:8-17). (2.) The sacred curtain, separating the holy of holies from the sanctuary, is designated by a different Hebrew word (peroketh). It is described as a "veil of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen of cunning work" (Ex. 26:31; Lev. 16:2; Num. 18:7). (3.) "Stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain" (Isa. 40:22), is an expression used with reference to the veil or awning which Orientals spread for a screen over their courts in summer. According to the prophet, the heavens are spread over our heads as such an awning. Similar expressions are found in Ps. 104:2l; comp. Isa. 44:24; Job 9:8.

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Why do children misbehave? It is often difficult for parents to understand why children continue to do things you do not want them to do. Children's behaviour is their way of telling you how they are feeling. Understanding the reasons for your children's misbehaviour will assist you in finding ways to help them behave differently. There could be a number of reasons for misbehaviour: - to gain attention - lack of skills to deal with the situation differently - a cry for help or frustration - unreasonable rules or expectations - forgetting the rules or limits. Children need limits. They need safe rules within which they can make choices, have responsibility and experience success. Limits must be clear and consistent! Inconsistency leaves children uncertain about what they can and cannot do. Set simple rules for everyone to follow and give reasons for these. Be aware of your reasons for setting the limit and make sure they are reasonable. Constantly remind children of the rules and limits. Consequences for breaking rules should: - happen as soon as possible - be short or they will lose their meaning - be linked to the original problem - always be safe and respectful of a child Be firm but fair. You can help your children by: - Listening to them and keeping lines of communication open - Acknowledging their feelings - Being consistent - Making sure your expectations are realistic - Giving them your time and attention - Encouraging their own problem solving - Praising them for good behaviour. - All children are different and may require different parenting approaches. - No approach will work all the time! Be creative. - Parenting styles must change and grow with the age, abilities and needs of a child.

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In addition to the type of house in which you live a small apartment or a large house and the number of residents, your behavior regarding energy consumption is particularly important. The savings mentioned are calculated per year and the largest savings are at the top. Even if you only try a few tips, you can save a lot. The best Energy providers are there now. Do you want to save energy but don’t know where to start? Then the Energy Desk has housing wishes coaches. They will visit you free of charge for a housing wish scan. They help you make your home more comfortable, healthier, and safer and more energy-efficient. Saving energy is saving money and it is also good for the environment. Energy comparison, therefore, lists essential tips for you to save energy. Below you will find an overview of the eight best tips at the moment. You save energy now. Invest in renewable energy, such as solar energy or a solar boiler. Make sure that your solar panels or solar water heater work optimally. Regular maintenance is important. Invest in better insulation. Think of floor insulation, roof insulation, cavity wall insulation, exterior wall insulation and window insulation. Check if your existing insulation is good or if there are possible improvements. Provide good ventilation windows, doors and your ventilation system. This ensures fresh air in the home and also saves energy. Invest in new, environmentally friendly ventilation. Control the daily activity Eat less meat. This is because a lot of CO2 is released during the production of meat. Beef, in particular, has a high environmental impact. Don’t buy new stuff if you don’t actually need it. Opt for locally produced food. Only buy clothing that is produced in an environmentally friendly and responsible manner. Also, don’t buy unnecessary clothes. Make less use of parcel delivery services, but pick up the parcel yourself, for example by bicycle. Avoid the boat and plane if at all possible. On average, they consume more energy than the train, bus or car. Get advice from an independent energy advisor or go to an energy counter in your municipality. They can help you with tips to save energy. Saving energy starts with yourself but also make sure that your family, friends and colleagues are aware of ways to save energy. Invest in companies that contribute to a sustainable society and promote energy savings. Invest in a heat pump and good insulation. Then you can get rid of the gas. Do not set the heating above 20 degrees. If you’re cold, put on a sweater. Every degree colder saves an average of 5 percent on your energy bill. There’s no point in setting the thermostat higher to make your house heat up faster. It only ensures that it is on longer and that you consume unnecessary energy. Program your heating so that it is only on when you are at home. Consider a smart thermostat that you can control via an app or your phone. If you have forgotten to turn off the heating, you can always switch it off remotely. Replace your old boiler with an economical and high-quality HR boiler. Have your central heating checked regularly and have your boiler set correctly. Short maintenance often means that you can reduce your consumption by 5 percent. Bleed the radiator at least once a year. Make sure your heating is at least 10 centimeters away from the furniture. That is more efficient.

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A World of Ideas The ebook format is available for PC or Mac, iPad, iPod Touch, smartphone, Kindle, Kindle Fire, Nook, or any other ereader. The first and bestselling reader of its kind, A World of Ideas introduces students to great thinkers whose ideas have shaped civilizations throughout history. When students hear names like Aristotle, Martin Luther King, Jr., or Sigmund Freud, they recognize the author as important — and they rise to the challenge of engaging with the text and evaluating it critically. No other composition reader offers a comparable collection of essential readings along with the supportive apparatus students need to understand, analyze, and respond to them. - File Size: 36876 KB - Print Length: 960 pages - Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin’s; 9 edition (January 4, 2013) - Publication Date: February 8, 2013 - Sold by:Macmillan Higher Education - Language: English - ASIN: B00HQO08HI Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.

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Even during a recession, we expect towns and villages to expand. New housing estates are, after all, part of modern life. It is rather depressing, and even shocking, to see dilapidated houses in towns or ruined farmhouses in the country. Yet in earlier centuries, roofless buildings, grass-covered streets and redundant houses were commonplace. We could take the story back to the decay of Roman cities and villas in the fourth and fifth centuries, or the abandonment of the farms founded to replace them in the countryside of the Anglo-Saxon period. This article, however, focuses on thousands of hamlets and villages – and a handful of towns – that were deserted from around 1300 until recent times, but have left traces of their existence in the modern landscape, many of which can still be visited. By the year 1100, concentrations of houses and people in villages with between 12 and 50 dwellings had developed in the Midlands, the north-east and central southern England, and parts of eastern Scotland and south Wales. However, elsewhere in Britain most people lived in hamlets or scattered farms. Villages thrived through the cultivation of grain in large open fields, and generally grew in size until about 1300. They began to run into trouble when the population fell in the 14th century. This meant less grain was required, which could then be sold only at low prices. These problems were exacerbated when the peasant cultivators tried to adjust their farming by bringing in more animals, leading to disputes with neighbours over grazing land. As a result, families moved out, and heirs did not take over their parents’ holding of land. Sometimes, the balance tipped completely over to pasture, and the cultivators became redundant. So, from around 1380 until the early 16th century, many villages were either deserted or severely shrunken. Sometimes the problem came from within, as ambitious peasants took over their neighbours’ land, drove hundreds of sheep over the common fields, and newcomers were discouraged from moving in. These developments made communities quarrelsome and fractious. Worse still, they often doomed them to failure. Sometimes the lords of the village or their agents – such as the farmers who managed the lord’s own share of the village fields – killed off the village by expanding their own flocks and herds, forcing tenants out, or buying up land. In many cases, after a period of decay, the landlord removed the remaining vestiges of a once-thriving community in order to profit from the wool and meat that could be reared on the site. The problems of outward migration, land being concentrated in fewer hands and lords pursuing higher profits continued to afflict villages well into the 17th century. Then, in the 18th century, villages came under attack from a different source: the owners of stately homes. The gentry were often blamed for removing villages that ‘spoilt the view’ when creating their landscape parks. However, the villages they removed were often in poor health by the time this landscaping was taking place. Villages weren’t the only settlements to disappear from the landscape. Hamlets and farmsteads were also abandoned – but for different reasons. Those on high ground were blighted by poor weather, while those engaged in managing pastures were no longer needed when the pastures were permanently settled, or when grazing was reorganised. Occasionally, even towns were consigned to history. Dunwich in Suffolk was washed away by the waves; others were damaged in wars. Yet there was usually some underlying economic problem, such as shifts in trade, which weakened larger settlements and made them vulnerable to accidents of environment and politics. Plagues, weather and wars have all been blamed for destroying Britain’s villages – often without justification. Some people claim that the changing climate or soil exhaustion made the land uninhabitable, but these are only likely to have been decisive factors in extreme environments like high moorlands. Disease rarely killed everyone in a village, and many abandoned by 1450 were still flourishing in 1380, 30 years after the Black Death. Wars rarely caused damage that could not be repaired. So what remains of these deserted villages? Occasionally a ruined building marks the site. Yet these are usually part of a castle, manor house or church as they would have been the only stone structures in the village. A typical peasant house may have had a low, stone foundation wall, but was built mainly of timber and wattle and daub, with a thatched roof, which either decayed or was carried away to be recycled when the village was abandoned. Yet all is not lost. The sites of houses are usually visible as grassed-over foundations or platforms on which the building stood. You can sometimes see roads and lanes as sunken hollow ways, while the boundaries of the enclosures (tofts) in which the houses stood are sometimes marked by banks and ditches. Once the village had gone, the lord often built a mansion on or near the site. It is in the fields surrounding these mansions that you can sometimes identify the grassed-over banks and hollows of walkways, flower beds and water features which formed part of the garden that occupied the site of the village. Look closely and you might see the prospect mounds (for visitors to view the garden) or the pillow mounds for rabbit warrens. 8 villages that disappeared 1. Brenig Valley, Clwyd We do not know what this settlement was called, but its modern name is Hafod y Nant Criafolen. Hafod refers to a seasonal settlement, which accommodated herdsmen moving from their permanent homes in the valley to look after their livestock in the summer. The nearby lake is a modern reservoir – the site originally lay on the edge of an area of pasture, and consisted of seven houses with enclosures of irregular shape attached. The finds from the excavations of these houses showed that they were occupied in the 15th and 16th centuries, but also revealed something of life on the summer pastures. Spindle whorls were used to weight distaffs when spinning woollen yarn in preparation for cloth making, but the main task for the women living here would have been milking cows and ewes, and making butter and cheese. The men rode about in the hills, judging from the horse shoes and spurs that were found. Later sources from Ireland tell us of the pleasures of life on the hills when the young dairywomen and herdsmen were freed from the restrictions and conventions of life in the valley settlement. The finds from Brenig, however, included pieces of a sword and a pistol, a reminder of the insecurities of living on a remote hillside. This hafod, located in the Brenig Valley, was probably abandoned when farming was reorganised in the 17th century. 2. Gelligaer Common, Glamorgan This piece of open moorland at a height of 400 metres lies surrounded by the industrial and post-industrial landscape of the south Wales coalfield. A group of six 13th-century houses lay in a row on a shelf of land on the edge of the moor, overlooking the valley through which the small river of the Bargoed-Rhymney runs. Each house was built on a relatively level platform created by digging into the slope at the higher end, and piling the earth excavated at the lower end. The dwellings were each about 15–20 metres long, built with a low stone foundation wall and a framework of timber. When some of the houses were excavated in the 1930s, hearths were found in the middle of the floor. So was this a permanent settlement? Metal working went on there, suggesting it was more than a summer camp, but its most likely use would have been as a hafod. The houses were abandoned soon after 1300, judging by the pottery excavated in and around them. This may have been the result of the deteriorating climate. Or perhaps the peasants were left impoverished by the huge fines levied on them after a rebellion against the English lords of Caerphilly Castle in 1314. 01938 552 525 3. Godwick, Titteshall parish, Norfolk The striking feature of this site is the ruin of the church tower, which was rebuilt soon after the whole church fell down in 1600. The long hollow way defines the village street, with the banks and ditches defining the closes in which houses stood. These well-preserved earthworks are not often seen in Norfolk, mainly because so many sites have been ploughed up in modern times. The long street, however, shows that the elongated plan – the one-street village – was established in East Anglia as well as in other parts of the country. Another recurring feature is the early modern garden visible around the existing house, with a deep hollow way and a series of rectangular enclosures. This reflects the effects of the wealthy landowner on the landscape after the village had gone. Godwick was always a small place, with 14 peasants recorded in Domesday Book in 1086. It paid a modest amount of taxation in 1334, which declined as the community shrank in the 15th century. Only five households paid tax in 1525 when the village was, in reality, already ceasing to exist. 4. Quarrendon, Buckinghamshire Quarrendon was sited on the low-lying clays of Buckinghamshire, which is good land for pasturing animals and growing crops. This is, in some ways, typical of the deserted villages found in Midland counties, because the village was large, with at least 300 inhabitants around 1330 and their 60 houses grouped closely together. The peasants lived chiefly from growing grain in open fields. An unusual feature was that there was a pair of settlements, a quarter of a mile apart. Their remains can still be seen in the modern grassland. The irregular shape of the settlements suggests that they were not deliberately planned, but had roads (now marked by sunken hollow ways) meeting at a centre, perhaps a small green, surrounded by clusters of platforms, and small enclosures or yards. The houses were built from timber and wattle and daub, with low stone foundations. Fragments of the stone-built church can still be seen lying between the two settlements. The number of families living at Quarrendon declined after 1350, and fell rapidly in the 16th century, with only four remaining in 1563. The land was taken over by the Lee family, who began as butchers and who, with the profits, bought land, rose to become commercially-minded landed gentry. They built a house with an elaborate garden, which occupies the space between the two deserted village sites. On the western village site, paddocks can be seen where cattle were kept after the desertion. On the other site are pillow mounds. These were man-made warrens for rabbits, which were symbolic of privilege and a leisured style of life. The village’s role was to allow peasants to gain a living from farming. It was replaced by a landscape designed for aristocratic pleasure and prestige. 5. Hound Tor, Devon On the slopes of Dartmoor, surrounded by bracken, lie the granite foundations of 11 buildings, including houses, barns and bakehouses which have kilns and ovens. The hamlet probably began life c1000 AD as a shieling – a summer settlement for herdsmen. Houses for permanent occupation were added in the 13th century, and the inhabitants cultivated part of the moorland, where traces of ploughed fields can still be seen. Yards and gardens lay next to the buildings. The house foundations have survived so well that visitors can see doorways and internal partition walls that divided the hall (the room where people ate and socialised) from the chamber (for sleeping and storage). It was once thought that the hamlet was abandoned in the early 14th century, perhaps because the climate was worsening, but now it’s believed that people finally left in the late 14th century, following the Black Death. The inhabitants weren’t killed by the plague, however. Instead, the general fall in population made it possible for peasants to move to more hospitable places in the valley. 6. New Winchelsea, Sussex The coastline of the English Channel on the Sussex/Kent border was unstable, and the port of Old Winchelsea was being destroyed by flooding when, between 1283 and 1288, Edward I founded a new town to accommodate the displaced population. He set about the task systematically, rather like the planners of Milton Keynes and Telford in the 20th century, buying the land which had belonged to the hamlet of Iham and laying out a grid of streets, set exactly at right angles, before surveying lines of house plots along the streets. Old Winchelsea had been a sizable town, and its successor was assigned 802 plots, enough for a population of 5,000. The town did quite well out of the wine trade, fishing, and wood and timber from the Sussex Weald, but it was raided by the French, the estuary eventually silted, and the sea retreated. Today’s visitors can see gates and part of the town’s walls. The church, once very big, has been reduced in size, and around it sit the remaining houses. Demonstrating that they stand on the sites of the original merchants’ houses, some of these buildings have medieval cellars underneath. Most of the south and west parts of the old town are now fields, and the footpath towards the New Gate is an old sunken way, with building stone and roofing tiles clearly visible on either side. 7. Glenochar, Scottish Borders Over this 17th-century site stands the ruined remains of a bastle, a characteristic domestic and defensive building of the Scottish borders, and a ‘ferm toun’, a hamlet for peasant cultivators found everywhere in Scotland. The bastle had two storeys, and was built as a precaution against raiding parties from northern England, or indeed other parts of Scotland. Often cattle were kept on the ground floor and the family lived on the upper storey. The bastle’s builders were wealthy enough to afford a substantial house, and had property worth protecting. Around this structure were six peasant houses, all of one storey, with accommodation for people at one end and animals at the other. These long houses were in use in western and northern England as well as Scotland. The houses were attached to small yards, and the peasants grew crops and pastured animals nearby. The people were not hopelessly poor, and were in contact with a wider world, as the finds from excavations – coins, tobacco pipes and pottery made in Staffordshire – demonstrate. The settlement was abandoned soon after 1700 but we do not know why. 8. Wharram Percy, North Yorkshire (formerly East Riding) Wharram Percy, perhaps the best-known English deserted village, took 40 years to excavate. Visitors to the village see the ruined church first, sitting in a steep-sided valley near some unoccupied Victorian terraced cottages and a pond. A single farmhouse stood here in the 19th century, which farmed land thatonce provided a living for 40 peasant families. On the plateau above the valley are rows of small rectangular enclosures, about 40 in all, containing house sites, sometimes still with visible foundation walls. The walls of the manor houses and its farm buildings can also be seen, as well as hollow ways, boundary banks and enclosed crofts. The village was clearly planned because the rows of houses are set out in a regular pattern. Perhaps a lord of the manor did this, but when? The tenth century is possible, but it could have happened as late as the 12th century. By about 1280 there were around 40 peasant families farming about 18 acres each, and cultivating wheat and barley in the fields stretching out from the village over the chalk wolds. The community suffered from Scottish raids, famine, disease and economic troubles, and had halved in size by the 14th century. By about 1500 there were only four large farms left, and these were turned into a single sheep pasture over the next half century. The church reflects the history of the village it served, founded in the tenth century, expanding until about 1300, and then losing aisles and shrinking over the next two centuries. Excavations revealed houses with low chalk walls, once supporting timber frames and thatched roofs. Judging from their rather drab pottery, the villagers of the 13th and 14th centuries did not have a wide range of possessions, and the bones of the villagers buried in the churchyard reveal hunger, disease and high mortality. A large house from about 1500, perhaps belonging to a greedy villager who had swallowed up neighbours’ land, was prosperous enough to burn coal and drink ale from German stoneware jugs. Christopher Dyer is professor of regional and local history at the University of Leicester and co-editor of Deserted Villages Revisited, (Univ of Hertfordshire Press, 2010). You can buy this book from BBC History Bookstore for £14.99 (RRP £14.99).

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For anyone who enjoys reading history, the "what ifs" of history can be just as interesting as what actually happened. What would have happened if the other side had won the battle, or the other party had won the election, or this significant person had died at the wrong moment? Historians have contributed to these speculations, including several collections of essays in the What If? series edited by Robert Cowley. Among the scenarios explored here are what if American had lost the Revolution and what if JFK had lived? But historians can’t really compete with the imaginations of fiction writers who have created the popular genre of alternate history, found somewhere on the borders of science fiction and fantasy. Alternate histories are almost always dystopian, perhaps because it’s a lot more fun to write about dystopias rather than utopias. Where’s the conflict and possibilities for plot if everyone is happy, holding hands, and singing kumbaya? So when authors look to history for inspiration, they look for pivotal moments when everything could have gone wrong. No wonder then that Hitler winning World War II is frequently the starting point for novels of alternate history. Classics of this subgenre include Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle (recently made into a TV series) and Fatherland by Robert Harris. Another key moment is the Spanish Armada in 1588. Harry Turtledove, indefatigable author of dozens of alternate history books with themes as diverse as the South winning the Civil War and the Soviet Union winning the Cold War, goes Elizabethan in Ruled Britannia. The Spanish Armada is victorious and the English resistance movement tasks William Shakespeare with writing a play to foment rebellion. The most persuasive alternate history novels rest on some kernel of fact, making them more plausible, and more terrifying. This could so easily have happened, we think. The actual historical existence of a group of aristocratic British fascists makes Jo Walton’s brilliant Small Change trilogy all the more powerful. Farthing starts out as seemingly a traditional English country house murder mystery, but with one chilling difference. A Star of David is pinned to the victim’s body. In this alternate 1940’s England, a group of fascist sympathizers known as the Farthing Set gain control of the government and make peace with Hitler. England becomes a fascist state of identity cards, expulsion of foreigners, and persecution of Jews and gays. The two other novels in the series, Ha’Penny and Half a Crown, follow the rise of an underground resistance movement. Philip Roth’s novel The Plot Against America rests on the historical fact of Charles Lindbergh’s fascist sympathies and involvement with the America First movement. In Roth’s alternate America Lindbergh runs against Franklin Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential election. His star status as an aviation hero and sympathy over the kidnapping and murder of his son make him a compelling candidate. He successfully whips up isolationist fears and wins. Roth uses the actual text of Lindbergh’s speech in which he accused the British and the Jews of conspiring to force America into war. The Lindbergh administration makes peace with Hitler and enacts laws limiting freedom of religion, which eventually lead to pogroms. Told from the perspective of an ordinary Jewish family living in New Jersey, the novel is a chilling and all too plausible portrait of an America that might have been. For more alternate history reading suggestions check out these lists: A list of over 3,300 novels, stories, and essays

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MOUNT ST. HELENS, Wash. –Where were you on May 18, 1980? The massive eruption of Mount St. Helens that day is one of those seminal events on par with 9/11 or the JFK assassination. Hard to believe it's been thirty years. The blast zone is once again teeming with life. Even scientists are amazed. Correspondent Tom Banse has more on the wider lessons ecologists draw on this anniversary. “I can hear the mountain behind me rumbling. An enormous mud and water slide washed out the road...” That's KOMO-TV cameramen David Crockett scrambling to escape unimaginable devastation. David Crockett: “My God, this is hell...I just can't describe it. It's pitch black, just pitch black. This is hell on earth I'm walking through." In Seattle that day, university student Peter Frenzen watched the eruption unfold on TV. Thirty years later, Frenzen is the staff scientist for the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. Bucolic trails now lead over the once charred landscape. Peter Frenzen: “We are actually standing on what was the top and insides of Mount St. Helens. The original surface here would be about 150-200 feet below us. If we had been here on May 17, 1980, we would have been drifting over the landscape about 150-200 feet in the air.” But with our feet firmly planted on the ground, we wander down a trail. Tall alders grow around ponds that weren't here before. Multitudes of frogs and salamanders will appear soon as it warms up. Elk hoof prints cross the way. Willows and lupines sprout on exposed hillsides. Peter Frenzen: “The change has been amazing. And one of things that we've learned here at Mount St. Helens is that things that initially look dead are usually anything but dead. Those things that look messy to our eye are in fact the critical ingredients of the next thriving ecosystem.” Like Frenzen, Washington State University botanist John Bishop has also spent much of his professional career in the blast zone. John Bishop: “What we've realized as we've spent a lot of time here and we've quantified the plants and the animals is that we actually have extraordinary levels of diversity here, of biological diversity.” More richness now than an old growth forest. The patchy jumble of habitats has become a stronghold for critters otherwise in decline such as elk, the yellow warbler and Western toad. John Bishop: “This recognition might lead us to be more careful as we decide what to do with disturbed areas. So it could be applied to areas that have experienced large forest fires for example.” Peter Frenzen: “Of course it's not as productive in terms of lumber or other material that you're trying to get. But in terms of the animals and plants out here, it's fundamentally more productive in terms of the diversity of the ecosystem that results.” Peter Frenzen says the human tendency is to rush in and restore or replant things. He and his colleagues have become evangelists for letting nature run its course, at least some of the time. Forest Service researcher Charlie Chrisafulli and seven other scientists published a journal article to that effect this spring. It's the latest in a flurry of recent papers that try to draw wider implications from the explosion of new life at the volcano. Charlie Chrisafulli: “Lessons from Mount St. Helens have application to wildfire for example. But also areas that were inundated following tsunamis, or from windstorms and ice storms and even from harvesting practices or strip mines.” In fact, Chrisafulli says industry consultants did call him recently for advice on restoring closed mine sites. He told them to plant lupines because those colonists were so good at creating new soil at the volcano.

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Nutrition and Dental Policy 2. Dental care - Nutrition in childhood influences growth, activity, intellectual and emotional development. A healthy eating pattern is a foundation for good health throughout life. Essential nutrients in food are the building blocks of growth and development and children should learn to eat and enjoy the wide variety of food needed for good health. - The centre wishes to provide nutritional food for the children in its care and wishes to encourage healthy eating habits. - The centre aims to offer its children at least 50% of their daily recommended dietary intake of nutrients in the form of safe and appetising food. - The centre will respect individual tastes and special needs of each child, particularly in relation to allergies and diversity in background. - By providing a variety of foods that depict various cultures and include all the components of the five food groups, the children will develop healthy eating patterns for life. - The centre’s menu is developed by the cook, Director, staff and parents. Parents are encouraged to become involved in menu planning by providing the cook with examples of popular children’s recipes. - The menu is displayed in the foyer and menus are rotated weekly, in a six week cycle. - When creating the menu, preference will be given to fresh food over processed food as much as possible. - In light of the recent obesity epidemic in Australia and the importance of good nutrition in child hood, attention will also be given to portion sizes. In addition, morning tea will consist of fresh fruit and vegetables. Special dietary requirements and allergies - Alternative food and drink options will be made available to children who have particular dietary or cultural requirements. - As some children have severe food allergies, no food is to be brought into the centre by children or their parents without the prior consent of the centre’s director. - The centre is nut and egg free. - Exceptions are only likely to be granted on the basis of medical requirements and are at the discretion of the director. - Should a child require formula it is to be supplied by the child’s family. - It is to be supplied to the Centre in its original packaging. It will be prepared onsite by the educators. - Formula will be discarded one month after opening and the educators will alert parents of the need for its replacement. - All food will be offered to all children (with the exception of children suffering from food allergies, food intolerances or children subject to other special dietary requirements) and children will be encouraged to try a bit of everything. - Food will never be used to attempt to alter the children’s behaviour. - For children arriving before 8.00 am, breakfast consisting of a healthy cereal will be on offer. - Morning tea will consist of: fresh seasonal fruit and a choice of low fat milk, soy milk or water. - Lunch varies daily, but the centre aims to offer lunches of a high nutritional value, incorporating all components of the five food groups. - Afternoon tea will consist of fresh seasonal fruit and a wholegrain snack and a choice of low fat milk, soy milk or water. - To encourage healthy eating habits servings will be kept small to encourage children to finish their meals, but seconds will be on offer. - Children will not be rushed during mealtimes and for poor eaters very small servings will be offered to establish a pattern of finishing a meal. - Foods will be provided that depict cultural foods the children may eat at home. Food and education - Lunch is provided in a variety of settings to maintain a variety of interests. Social interaction is fostered amongst the children and staff through eating meals indoors and outdoors in a variety of settings. - On occasions the children at the centre will eat meals together in one room to celebrate festivals or to set up a restaurant atmosphere or smorgasbord. - Staff members shall provide a positive role model and display positive attitudes about food to the children and will keep the atmosphere relaxed and pleasant. - Staff will discuss the colour, texture and smell of the food with the children and will explain the importance of healthy eating to the children. - From time to time, the children will be encouraged to participate in food preparation and food service activities that are educational. When this occurs, staff will ensure that all children and staff wash their hands before handling food. Staff will also explain the importance of food safety to children. - Age appropriate table manners will be encouraged. Birthdays and other special occasions - To protect the wellbeing of children with allergies and special dietary requirements, parents are not allowed to bring birthday cakes into the centre that contain certain allergens, such as nuts, nut oils or egg. - When parents do bring in a cake, they need to provide the staff members with the ingredients so that staff can take the needs of children with allergies/intolerances into account. - Children who have allergies or intolerances will be provided with an alternative treat. - If parents wish to bring in a birthday cake, the Centre prefers cakes without icing and without additional lollies or toppings. The cake, or small cup cakes, should be able to be divided into 20 small portions. Some alternatives to cake are jelly cups, popcorn, chocolate crackles. - To protect the wellbeing of children with special dietary requirements and allergies and to allow the centre to manage the six weekly nutritional intake of the children, children are asked not to hand out cards (such as birthday, Christmas or Easter cards) that include treats such as chocolates or lollies. - The opportunity for pre-school aged children to access dental care is limited. The Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991 data found that only 26% of these children had visited a dentist in the previous two years. - The centre wishes to encourage awareness of maintaining healthy teeth in early childhood to help: - reduce or prevent dental decay - increase healthy gums - promote healthy nutrition practices to ensure ongoing oral health. - A program of oral health will be developed and implemented in the Centre on an on-going basis. The program will be carried out daily and with resource support provided by the Centre, staff and parents. Learning about healthy teeth - Children are encouraged to participate in planned oral health experiences in the program, which includes cleaning their teeth after a meal by eating or finishing a meal with a piece of apple or a drink of water and by talking about the importance of cleaning teeth regularly - Staff will encourage children to explore and learn about dentists and dental experiences through role-play with resources provided. They will also learn about baby teeth and losing their teeth. - The children will learn about the importance of eating nutritious and healthy food – and limiting special occasion food – to help maintain oral health. - Emergency and referral information about where to seek appropriate dental care for children will be made available to parents if required. Staff will ensure that this is done discretely if they believe that parents may need assistance with this. - The Centre will invite dental professionals to visit the Centre and the children to educate them on the importance of dental hygiene. Use of dummies and bottles - As prolonged use of dummies and bottles can cause damage to teeth (misalignment and decay), staff will discuss giving up dummies and/or bottles with parents of children that use dummies and/or bottles. - Parents are provided with information regarding the program and child oral health issues such as development of children’s teeth, care of children’s teeth, and good nutrition. - Food for health: Dietary guidelines for Australians - A guide to healthy eating. Australian Government, Department of Health and Aging, 2005 - Oral Health Promotion: A Resource Pack for Children’s Services. Health Promotion Division, Dental Health Services Victoria Policy adopted: 13 December 2011 Policy amended: 19 March 2014 Review: June 2015

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Modern computer displays and printers enable the widespread use of color in scientific communication, but the expertise for designing effective graphics has not kept pace with the technology for producing them. Historically, even the most prestigious publications have tolerated high defect rates in figures and illustrations [Cleveland, 1984], and technological advances that make creating and reproducing graphics easier do not appear to have decreased the frequency of errors. Flawed graphics consequently beget more flawed graphics as authors emulate published examples. Color has the potential to enhance communication, but design mistakes can result in color figures that are less effective than gray scale displays of the same data. Empirical research on human subjects can build a fundamental understanding of visual perception [Ware, 2004] and scientific methods can be used to evaluate existing designs, but creating effective data graphics is a design task and not fundamentally a scientific pursuit. Like writing well, creating good data graphics requires a combination of formal knowledge and artistic sensibility tempered by experience: a combination of “substance, statistics, and design” [Tufte, 1983, p. 51]. Unlike writing, however, proficiency in creating data graphics is not a main component of secondary or postsecondary education. This article provides some concrete suggestions to help geoscientists use color more effectively when creating data graphics. The article explains factors to consider when designing for color-blind viewers, offers some example color schemes, and provides guidance for constructing and selecting color schemes in the form of design patterns. Because scientific authors frequently misuse spectral color, the particular focus here is on better alternatives to such schemes. Designing for Color-blind Viewers One of the commonly overlooked considerations in scientific data graphics is perception by individuals with color-deficient vision. The significance of “color-blindness” increases for geoscience publications whose readers are disproportionately male because, while 0.4% of women exhibit some form of color-vision deficiency, the figure is approximately 8% for Caucasian men. Among the predominantly male readership of Eos, as many as one in fifteen may have difficulty interpreting the rainbow hues frequently used in maps, charts, and graphs. Figure 1 simulates how one spectral color scheme, and a better alternative, may appear to color-blind readers. Color-blind individuals see some colored data graphics quite differently from the general population. The human visual system normally perceives color through photosensitive cones in the eye that are tuned to receive wavelengths in the red, green, and blue portions of the visible spectrum. People who lack cones sensitive to one of the three wavelengths are called dichromats [Fortner and Meyer, 1997]. Individuals whose receptors are shifted toward one or the other end of the spectrum are called anomalous trichromats. The term “color deficient” encompasses dichromats and anomalous trichromats, as well as those who exhibit rarer forms of impaired color vision. Because a sex-linked recessive gene is implicated in the condition, color-vision deficiency is far more common in men than in women. Algorithms based on psychophysical observations make it possible to simulate the appearance of colored images to color-deficient viewers [Brettel et al., 1997]. Data maps of the type shown here serve two main purposes: detection of large-scale patterns and determination of specific grid-cell or point values. The saturated spectral scale (Figure 1a) creates a region of confusion centered on the North American continent where achieving either purpose becomes nearly impossible for dichromat readers. Large negative temperature anomalies keyed to violet and blue appear on the map adjacent to large positive temperature anomalies depicted in red and orange; but to the color-deficient viewer, the hues form a continuous progression of “blue”such that they can not distinguish large positive anomalies from large negative anomalies (Figure 1b).The two-hued red and blue image (Figure 1c) displays the same map region such that both color-deficient (Figure 1d) and normally sighted readers can detect patterns and look up values. Improving Color Schemes While Accomodating Color Deficiency Designing effective color schemes demands attention to the needs of readers who are unable to perceive certain colors. Color schemes that accommodate red or green-blind dichromats will accommodate most other forms of color deficiency [Rigden, 2002]. By designing with the severest forms of red and green colorblindness in mind, authors can create data graphics that work for all readers. The following suggestions can help authors make rainbow-colored graphics accessible to more of their readers and can be used to improve both spectral and nonspectral color schemes. - Avoid the use of spectral schemes to represent sequential data because the spectral order of visible light carries no inherent magnitude message. Readers do not automatically perceive violet as greater than red even though the two colors occupy opposite ends of the color spectrum. Rainbow color schemes are therefore not appropriate if the data to be mapped or graphed represent a distribution of values ranging from low to high. With suitable modification, however [Brewer, 1997], spectral schemes can work for continuously distributed diverging data, such as anomalies and residuals (Figure 2c) and for the display of categorical data (Figure 2e). - Use yellow with care and avoid yellow-green colors altogether in spectral schemes. Readers with color-deficient vision often confuse yellow-green with orange colors. Yellow appears brightest among the primary colors and stands out visually for color-impaired and normally sighted readers alike. The yellow portion of the scheme should therefore be aligned with the midpoint of the data distribution if emphasizing the midpoint of a diverging distribution is a clear goal of the presentation. However, yellow may lead to misperceptions when the midpoint critical value of the data is not significant to the presentation or is not precisely known. - Use color intensity (or value) to reinforce hue as a visual indicator of magnitude. Hue is what we typically refer to as color; red, blue, green, and orange are all hues. Intensity or value may also be referred to as lightness, brightness, or luminosity. While it is possible to select hue sequences that are distinguishable by individuals with either color-deficient or normal vision, intensity readily provides perceptual ordering for all readers. Using intensity as well as hue also makes the quality of color reproduction less critical to the presentation and helps make even gray scale photocopies somewhat legible. The results of human-subject studies may inform designers, but design skill comes primarily from experience and example. Design patterns [Alexander, 1979; Gamma et al., 1995] for data graphics can communicate experience to nonexpert designers and may help integrate scientific knowledge into the design process. Design patterns make well-proven design knowledge explicit using a specific literal form: “Each pattern is a three-part rule, which expresses a relation between a certain context, a problem, and a solution” [Alexander, 1979, p. 247]. Table 1 documents two design patterns for the use of color in data graphics. Every design pattern carries a descriptive name (in bold italic in Table 1) and contains instructions to the designer for creating a specific instance of the pattern. Collectively, the names form a shared vocabulary for communicating about designs. Example Color Schemes Computer graphics tools make changing color palettes easy, but devising new color schemes for effective data graphics remains a challenging design task. The color schemes in Figure 2 have been tried and tested for print and online display and evaluated for legibility by readers with color-deficient vision. They should work well with a range of Earth science data. Accurate reproduction of color for print and computer displays is a complex problem in its own right. Computer displays typically reproduce colors using an additive (RGB) color model, while print reproduction usually uses a subtractive (CMYK) color model [Fortner and Meyer, 1997]. Detailed specifications for reproducing these and other color schemes using both RGB and CMYK models are available on the Web site: http://geography.uoregon.edu/datagraphics/. Others are provided by Brewer et al. . The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Aileen Buckley, Peter Killoran, Sarah Shafer, and Jacqueline Shinker to this work, and the improvements to the manuscript suggested by Cindy Brewer and Henry Shaw. National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration- Cooperative Institute for Research and Environmental Sciences’ Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/). Research was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation grant ATM-9910638.

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Drawing Surrealism features 250 works from surrealist artists from around the world and is on view at LACMA through January 6, after which it travels to the Morgan Library and Museum in New York. Hollis Goodall, curator of Japanese art, discusses the origins and influence of surrealism in Japan. In my studies on Japanese art, either modern or pre-modern, I often find that the groundwork for a seemingly entirely foreign or new style was laid in past times. How did surrealism catch on in Japan and become such a dominant force, eventually involving nearly three thousand artists? Like Art Nouveau, which was popular earlier in urban Japan, having originated in Europe based upon imported Japanese Rinpa-style painting and decorative arts, surrealism may have had a familiar antecedent. In Drawing Surrealism, works by Eikyū and Hirai Terushichi in particular show cutting and reassemblage of parts, in which newly juxtaposed fragments create a sense of strange disconnect and stimulate in the viewer a new level of perception. Montage and seemingly random juxtaposition were popular expressive manners in both Japanese film and advertisement of the 1920s and 1930s, and those methods were already familiar to the consumer to which they appealed through woodblock print composition of the preceding century. Back in the 1840s through the 1860s, particularly, the artists Utagawa Hiroshige (1797-1858) and Utagawa Kunisada (1786-1865), related only by school affiliation, often combined efforts in a print series by juxtaposing seemingly random images within a single print sheet. This form of play worked as a puzzle for the viewer, who had to use his or her knowledge of popular urban culture to figure out the connections. Though not speaking to the viewer on the psychological level of surrealism, the jarring disconnect of some of these images created a habit of looking that carried forward into the modern era. Another member of the Utagawa school, Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797-1862) created portraits consisting of a head assembled from bodies of nude men and also portrayed urbanites with the heads of fish, cats, or sparrows. These dream-like fantasies had a long history in Japanese pictorial art, but spoke to the subversive element in late Edo period (1615-1868) urban Japan. It was certainly not with these thoughts in mind, though perhaps lying dormant in their subconscious, that artists developed the surrealist movement in Japan. Artists and writers revolted against the “academy” of government-sponsored art exhibitions, which had been displaying “fine art” of Japanese or European method in juried exhibitions since 1907. Avant-garde artists began to practice and disseminate Dadaist work through journals and exhibitions in 1924, a year after the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake had obliterated much of Tokyo, killing more than 100,000 people and burning more than half a million residences. The era of reconstruction in Tokyo, which was increasing in population then and where now half of the Japanese populace lives, stimulated an authentic leap forward into modernism in art and literature. By 1927, the first surrealist poetic journal was edited and published by Kitasono Katue (1902-1978), and in 1928 and 1931 respectively the surrealist poet Nishiwaki Junzaburō returned from studying at Oxford and the painter Fukuzawa Ichirō came back to Tokyo from study in Paris, each becoming an informational nexus in their respective worlds. The surrealism that these artists brought with them from Europe, and that which had been conveyed in preceding years to Japan through journals and exhibitions, was mixed through a filter of the absurdist Dada style along with Futurist painting manners. New, more authentically surrealist works from Europe were displayed in a major exhibition in 1931, which traveled around the country and brought a much larger group of artists into the surrealist orbit. In addition, a photography exhibition of more than 1100 images from Germany toured the country the same year, helping to engender a movement in New Photography, with adherents such as Yamamoto Kansuke and Hirai Terushichi, who, along with other photographers in Osaka, Kobe, and Nagoya, practiced a much more subjective version of surrealist photography than had been seen in Tokyo. With these stimuli, mature surrealism developed throughout Japan in the 1930s becoming the dominant non-realistic European-derived artistic manner until the government’s “thought police” in 1941 began to arrest artists who they felt conveyed a message that ran counter to the interests of the nation.

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