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[ { "docid": "16472", "text": "Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of the Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet. Overview The strongest jet streams are the polar jets around the polar vortices, at above sea level, and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker subtropical jets at . The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere each have a polar jet and a subtropical jet. The northern hemisphere polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia and their intervening oceans, while the southern hemisphere polar jet mostly circles Antarctica, both all year round. Jet streams are the product of two factors: the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large-scale polar, Ferrel, and Hadley circulation cells, and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses. The Coriolis force is caused by the planet's rotation on its axis. On other planets, internal heat rather than solar heating drives their jet streams. The polar jet stream forms near the interface of the polar and Ferrel circulation cells; the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells. Other jet streams also exist. During the Northern Hemisphere summer, easterly jets can form in tropical regions, typically where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes. Low-level jets also are typical of various regions such as the central United States. There are also jet streams in the thermosphere. Meteorologists use the location of some of the jet streams as an aid in weather forecasting. The main commercial relevance of the jet streams is in air travel, as flight time can be dramatically affected by either flying with the flow or against. Often, airlines work to fly 'with' the jet stream to obtain significant fuel cost and time savings. Dynamic North Atlantic Tracks are one example of how airlines and air traffic control work together to accommodate the jet stream and winds aloft that results in the maximum benefit for airlines and other users. Clear-air turbulence, a potential hazard to aircraft passenger safety, is often found in a jet stream's vicinity, but it does not create a substantial alteration of flight times. Discovery The first indications of this phenomenon came from American professor Elias Loomis (1811-1889) in the 1800s, when he proposed the hypothesis of a powerful air current in the upper air blowing west to east across the United States as an explanation for the behaviour of major storms. After the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano, weather watchers tracked and mapped the effects on the sky over several years. They labelled the phenomenon the \"equatorial smoke stream\". In the 1920s Japanese meteorologist Wasaburo Oishi", "title": "Jet stream" }, { "docid": "28473797", "text": "was a Japanese meteorologist. Born in Tosu, Saga, he is best known for his discovery of the high-altitude air currents now known as the jet stream. He was also an important Esperantist, serving as the second board president of the Japanese Esperanto Institute from 1930 to 1945. Jet stream and Esperanto He wrote the first official report from Japan's Aerological Observatory (written in 1926 and in the auxiliary language of Esperanto). In this report (Raporto de Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno) data was stratified by season and used to produce the mean seasonal wind profiles. The profile for winter gave the first known evidence of the persistent strong westerlies over Japan that would later become known as the jet stream. In an attempt to reach an unresponsive foreign audience, Wasaburo Oishi published nineteen reports between 1926 and 1944, all of them written in Esperanto, in total 1246 pages. Wasaburo Ooishi was not only the director of Japan's Tateno atmospheric observatory but also the head of the Japan Esperanto Society. World War II Wasaburo's studies on the jet stream enabled Japan to attack North America during World War II with at least 9,000 incendiary bombs carried by stratospheric balloons and then dropped by a timer mechanism, potentially causing a forest fire. Very few bombs in this bombing campaign, called Project Fu-Go, actually reached their targets. \"Guided by Ooishi's wind charts, 9,000 Fire balloon bombs, called Fu-go, were unleashed by Japan between November 1944 and April 1945.\" Oishi's wind calculations were wrong, and instead of taking 65 hours to reach America from Japan, it took 96 hours on average. Consequently, most of the balloons fell harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean, instead of reaching the American mainland. References Japanese meteorologists Japanese Esperantists 1874 births 1950 deaths", "title": "Wasaburo Oishi" } ]

[ { "docid": "62803925", "text": "The General Electric XA100 is an American adaptive cycle engine demonstrator being developed by General Electric (GE) for the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II and form the basis for the propulsion system for the United States Air Force's sixth generation fighter program, the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD). The three-stream adaptive cycle design can direct air to the bypass third stream for increased fuel efficiency and cooling or to the core and fan streams for additional thrust and performance. The thrust class engine is expected to be significantly more powerful and efficient than existing low-bypass turbofans. Development The U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy began pursuing adaptive cycle engine in 2007 with the Adaptive Versatile Engine Technology (ADVENT) program, a part of the larger Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engines (VAATE) program. This technology research program was then followed by the Adaptive Engine Technology Demonstrator (AETD) program in 2012, which continued to mature the technology, with tests performed using demonstrator engines. GE's ground demonstrator consists of a three-stage adaptive fan and a high pressure compressor derived from CFM LEAP’s ten-stage compressor; the tests in 2015 yielded the highest combined compressor and turbine temperatures in the history of jet propulsion. The follow-on Adaptive Engine Transition Program (AETP) was launched in 2016 to develop and test adaptive engines for sixth generation fighter propulsion as well as potential re-engining of the F-35 from the existing F135 turbofan engine. The demonstrators were assigned the designation XA100 for General Electric's design and XA101 for Pratt & Whitney's. The AETP goal is to demonstrate 25% improved fuel efficiency, 10% additional thrust, and significantly better thermal management. Further contract awards and modifications from Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC) in 2018 increased the focus on re-engining of the F-35, and GE's design became \"F-35 design-centric\"; there has also been investigations on applying the technology in upgrades for F-15, F-16, and F-22 propulsion systems. GE's detailed design was completed in February 2019, and initial testing at GE's high-altitude test facility in Evendale, Ohio was concluded in May 2021. GE expects that the A100 can enter service with the F-35A and C in 2027 at the earliest. Design The XA100 is a three-stream adaptive cycle engine that can adjust the bypass ratio and fan pressure to increase fuel efficiency or thrust, depending on the scenario. It does this by employing an adaptive fan that can direct air into a third bypass stream in order to increase fuel economy and act as a heat sink for cooling; in particular, this would enable greater use of the high speed, low altitude part of the F-35 envelope. The increased cooling and power generation also enables the potential employment of directed energy weapons in the future. When additional thrust is needed, the air from the third stream can be directed to the core and fan streams. In addition to three-stream adaptive cycle configuration, the engine also uses new heat-resistant materials such as ceramic matrix composites (CMC) to enable higher turbine temperatures and improved", "title": "General Electric XA100" }, { "docid": "5167548", "text": "Easy Jet (1967–1992) was a racing champion American Quarter Horse. He was one of only two horses to have been a member of the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) Hall of Fame as well as being an offspring of members. Easy Jet won the 1969 All American Futurity, the highest race for Quarter Horse racehorses, and was named World Champion Quarter Race Horse in the same year. He earned the highest speed rating awarded at the time—AAAT. After winning 27 of his 38 races in two years of racing, he retired from the race track and became a breeding stallion. As a sire, he was the first All American Futurity winner to sire an All American Futurity winner, and went on to sire three winners of that race, and nine Champion Quarter Running Horses. Ultimately, his ownership and breeding rights were split into 60 shares worth $500,000 each—a total of $30 million. By 1993, the year after his death, his foals had earned more than $25 million on the racetrack. Early life Longtime Quarter Horse breeder and racehorse owner Walter Merrick of Sayre, Oklahoma, bred Easy Jet from two future AQHA Hall of Fame members, Jet Deck and Thoroughbred mare Lena's Bar in 1967. His dam, or mother, Lena's Bar, had produced a small number of other offspring, but Easy Jet was her last; she died shortly after he was weaned, or removed from his mother's milk. Both of his parents were descended from Three Bars, who was the sire of Lena's Bar and the grandsire of Jet Deck's dam. Easy Jet is one of only two horses in the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame to have both parents in the Hall of Fame; his two grandsires, Moon Deck and Three Bars, are also in the Hall of Fame. Easy Jet was of sorrel color, a light yellowish-red. When fully grown, he stood about 15.3 hands high (63 inches; 160 cm) and weighed about . He had a large star and a stripe on his face. Of Easy Jet's stamina and busy training regimen, Merrick said, \"I guess he ate at night; I don't know when else. It was unbelievable the amount of energy he had\". Training for the race track generally begins when a horse is a long yearling—between one and a half and two years of age. Easy Jet was so easy to train that Merrick decided to oversee the training himself rather than send the horse away to a professional trainer. In a practice race at the ranch, Merrick matched the yearling against Jet Smooth. Although his elder brother had the advantage of previous race experience, Easy Jet won the 350-yard (320 m) race. Easy Jet's performance prompted Merrick to enter him in a yearling race at Blue Ribbon Downs, which the colt won by more than a length. Racing career Easy Jet raced for two years, starting 38 races. He won 27 of his races, came in second seven times and third twice, and placed", "title": "Easy Jet (horse)" }, { "docid": "384701", "text": "A fountain, from the Latin \"fons\" (genitive \"fontis\"), meaning source or spring, is a decorative reservoir used for discharging water. It is also a structure that jets water into the air for a decorative or dramatic effect. Fountains were originally purely functional, connected to springs or aqueducts and used to provide drinking water and water for bathing and washing to the residents of cities, towns and villages. Until the late 19th century most fountains operated by gravity, and needed a source of water higher than the fountain, such as a reservoir or aqueduct, to make the water flow or jet into the air. In addition to providing drinking water, fountains were used for decoration and to celebrate their builders. Roman fountains were decorated with bronze or stone masks of animals or heroes. In the Middle Ages, Moorish and Muslim garden designers used fountains to create miniature versions of the gardens of paradise. King Louis XIV of France used fountains in the Gardens of Versailles to illustrate his power over nature. The baroque decorative fountains of Rome in the 17th and 18th centuries marked the arrival point of restored Roman aqueducts and glorified the Popes who built them. By the end of the 19th century, as indoor plumbing became the main source of drinking water, urban fountains became purely decorative. Mechanical pumps replaced gravity and allowed fountains to recycle water and to force it high into the air. The Jet d'Eau in Lake Geneva, built in 1951, shoots water in the air. The highest such fountain in the world is King Fahd's Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, which spouts water above the Red Sea. Fountains are used today to decorate city parks and squares; to honor individuals or events; for recreation and for entertainment. A splash pad or spray pool allows city residents to enter, get wet and cool off in summer. The musical fountain combines moving jets of water, colored lights and recorded music, controlled by a computer, for dramatic effects. Fountains can themselves also be musical instruments played by obstruction of one or more of their water jets. Drinking fountains provide clean drinking water in public buildings, parks and public spaces. History Ancient fountains Ancient civilizations built stone basins to capture and hold precious drinking water. A carved stone basin, dating to around 700 BC, was discovered in the ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Lagash in modern Iraq. The ancient Assyrians constructed a series of basins in the gorge of the Comel River, carved in solid rock, connected by small channels, descending to a stream. The lowest basin was decorated with carved reliefs of two lions. The ancient Egyptians had ingenious systems for hoisting water up from the Nile for drinking and irrigation, but without a higher source of water it was not possible to make water flow by gravity, There are lion-shaped fountains in the Temple of Dendera in Qena. The ancient Greeks used aqueducts and gravity-powered fountains to distribute water. According to ancient historians, fountains", "title": "Fountain" }, { "docid": "49238106", "text": "Ready Jet Go! is an animated educational children's television series produced by Wind Dancer Films. The series aired new episodes on PBS Kids from February 15, 2016 to May 6, 2019, although re-runs continue to this day. It was created by animator and Hey Arnold! creator Craig Bartlett, and is produced in cooperation with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The show teaches science and astronomy. The show is aimed at children ages 3 to 8. On August 17, 2016, PBS Kids announced the renewal of the series for a second season, which premiered on April 2, 2018. Plot Jet Propulsion and his family are from the fictional planet Bortron 7 which orbits around a red dwarf called Bortron. They live at Boxwood Terrace in Washington, where they study human customs and Earth environments for a travel guide. Jet has made friends with neighborhood children, including Sydney, Mindy and Sean, whose parents work at the nearby Deep Space Array. The Propulsion's car turns into a flying saucer, which they frequently use to take the older children into space. Their alien identities are known to Sean, Mindy and Sydney, but they otherwise make some effort to conceal their origin. At the end of each episode, scientist Amy Mainzer (also called Astronomer Amy) hosts educational interstitial segments: the segments are not included in the export version. Episodes Characters Main Bortronians Jet Propulsion (voiced by Ashleigh Ball) is the title character of the show and is a humanoid alien. He has red hair and can stretch his body, as his parents can. He is excitable, energetic, and goofy. He is tall for his age. Jet is 63 years old in Bortronian years, as revealed in \"Earthday Birthday\". He was instantly popular with the other children the moment he arrived on Earth. He sees the mundane world as a vast and exciting place, and even thinks that words are exciting, such as \"surprise\", claiming it to be a funny Earth word. He is named after the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He is shown to be extremely kind, even to people who are mean to him, such as Mitchell. He possibly likes Sydney, because he danced with her in \"How Come the Moon Changes Shape?\", and is shown to possibly like Sean in \"Back to Bortron 7\". Sunspot Propulsion is the Propulsion family pet. He is described as a dog or cat to \"Earthies\" not in the know. Sunspot has the ears of a rabbit, the body of a kangaroo, and the tail of a raccoon or a fox. He plays concertina, electric guitar, bugle, pan pipes, and drums. Sunspot is silly and likes to play. His status as a mere \"pet\" may be somewhat of a put-on: He knows how to read, can talk and sing, and can follow conversations, but often seems confused about what behaviors are expected from a pet. He often functions as a deus ex machina, figuring out what is going on and what needs to be done and then conveying that information", "title": "Ready Jet Go!" }, { "docid": "50687", "text": "Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper and plastic substrates. Inkjet printers were the most commonly used type of printer in 2008, and range from small inexpensive consumer models to expensive professional machines. By 2019, laser printers outsold inkjet printers by nearly a 2:1 ratio, 9.6% vs 5.1% of all computer peripherals. The concept of inkjet printing originated in the 20th century, and the technology was first extensively developed in the early 1950s. While working at Canon in Japan, Ichiro Endo suggested the idea for a \"bubble jet\" printer, while around the same time Jon Vaught at Hewlett-Packard (HP) was developing a similar idea. In the late 1970s, inkjet printers that could reproduce digital images generated by computers were developed, mainly by Epson, HP and Canon. In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, HP, Epson and Brother. In 1982, Robert Howard came up with the idea to produce a small color printing system that used piezos to spit drops of ink. He formed the company, R.H. (Robert Howard) Research (named Howtek, Inc. in Feb 1984), and developed the revolutionary technology that led to the Pixelmaster color printer with solid ink using Thermojet technology. This technology consists of a tubular single nozzle acoustical wave drop generator invented originally by Steven Zoltan in 1972 with a glass nozzle and improved by the Howtek inkjet engineer in 1984 with a Tefzel molded nozzle to remove unwanted fluid frequencies. The emerging ink jet material deposition market also uses inkjet technologies, typically printheads using piezoelectric crystals, to deposit materials directly on substrates. The technology has been extended and the 'ink' can now also comprise solder paste in PCB assembly, or living cells, for creating biosensors and for tissue engineering. Images produced on inkjet printers are sometimes sold under trade names such as Digigraph, Iris prints, giclée, and Cromalin. Inkjet-printed fine art reproductions are commonly sold under such trade names to imply a higher-quality product and avoid association with everyday printing. Methods Fluid surface tension naturally pulls a stream into droplets. Optimal drop sizes of require an inkjet nozzle size of about . Fluids with surface tension may be water based, wax or oil based and even melted metal alloys. Most drops can be electrically charged. There are two main technologies in use in contemporary inkjet printers: continuous (CIJ) and drop-on-demand (DOD). Continuous inkjet means the flow is pressurized and in a continuous stream. Drop-on-demand means the fluid is expelled from the jet nozzle one drop at a time. This can be done with a mechanical means with a push or some electrical method. A large electrical charge can pull drops out of a nozzle, sound waves can push fluid from a nozzle or a chamber volume expansion can expel a drop. Continuous streaming was investigated first many years ago. Drop-on-demand was only discovered in the 1920s. Continuous inkjet The continuous inkjet (CIJ) method", "title": "Inkjet printing" }, { "docid": "9633122", "text": "\"Silly Ho\" is a song recorded by American girl group TLC for their third studio album FanMail (1999). The song was written and produced by TLC's long-time collaborator Dallas Austin under his artificial intelligence alter ego pseudonym named Cyptron. Instead of Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes's vocals being on the song due to a busy schedule, Vic-E, the then temporary voice-based fourth member for the group's FanMail era, makes an appearance on the rap verse and provides ad-libs. The song was sent to radio stations as a promotional single prior to the release of FanMail and reached number 21 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song also peaked at number 59 on the Hot 100. \"Silly Ho\" received mixed reviews from music critics, who complimented the track itself while criticizing its misleading feminist lyrics. It also featured on several compilation albums. Composition \"Silly Ho\" is a R&B-techno song that built on a foundation of \"annoying sonic\" burrs and \"cutesy chop-suey\" synths. The song along with \"I'm Good At Being Bad\" were said to crank up the \"raunch level\" for the girls. Two authors Kerry Mallan and Sharyn Pearce analyzed its content in their book Youth Cultures: Texts, Images, and Identities: With the lyrics: ”I ain’t never been no silly bitch/Waiting to get rich/From a nigga bank account,” which David Browne from Entertainment Weekly points out they were talking about taking control of their own finances. However, Complex Julianne Escobedo Shepherd said the track's message was one of total independence, \"and not playing one's self out to sit at the feet of a dude.\" Jet agreed, the publication noticed the song's similar message to \"No Scrubs\", but more about \"a kind of female who can't get her life together.\" Vic-E then raps \"You know you can't get with this.../ Stuck on silly shit/ Boy you know you need to quit\" before declaring \"[she's] out\" on the bridge of the song. Critical reception David Browne from Entertainment Weekly said the song could be a jingle for \"a hip-hop investment firm.\" Kelefa Sanneh described it as, \"a startling single, which I loved: a violent buzzing sound interrupted every few lines, as if the producer, Dallas Austin, were playing a prank\". In a retrospective review by Complex Julianne Escobedo Shepherd, she said Austin was doing his best Timbaland imitation of Aaliyah's \"Are You That Somebody?\" on the track. Billboard Chuck Taylor also compared the two songs, questioning whether the song is a throwaway track to stir interest before knowing if they have made any true progress. Ann Powers from Rolling Stone, however, criticized Austin's attempt at girl power on the song as \"misguided.\" Positively, Robert Christgau and The A.V. Club Nathan Rabin both chose the song as one of Fanmail best tracks. Similarly, Jonathan Bernstein from Spin predicted the track to be a \"future hit\". Release and commercial performance The song was the first song and promotional single released off their album as a teaser for FanMail. Both the song and \"No Scrubs\"", "title": "Silly Ho" }, { "docid": "69694012", "text": "The Turtle Prince or The Tortoise Prince () is a group of South Indian and Sri Lankan folktales in which a prince in turtle form marries a human princess. Scholars like Stith Thompson, Warren Roberts and Stuart Blackburn have related the story and variants to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom. Summary Natesa Sastri's tales First version In his translation of The Dravidian Nights Entertainment, Natesa Sastri translated two stories about the turtle (tortoise) prince. In the first one, titled Faith Is Always Rewarded, King Venkataja, from the city of Mallikârjunapurî, is married to a wife who has not borne him a son. He divorces her, places the former queen in a separate pavilion next to the palace, and marries a second time. The new queen also does not bear him children. The King searches for answers to this problem, and Mahêsvara and the Sûlapânin Isa help him by giving the king a magical mango that he should give to his queen. The king gives the mango to the second queen; she drinks the juice and discards the rest. The first queen's maid hears about the magic mango, finds the discarded seed, and gives it to the first queen. The first queen gives part of the seed to her maid, and they both eat of the magic mango. Consequently, the second queen gives birth to twin boys, the maid to a son, and the first queen to a tortoise. The narrative says that the tortoise son was no ordinary turtle, but a beautiful prince born in Paramêsvara's favour. One night, while spying to find out why food is mysteriously disappearing, the queen sees a human child come out of the tortoise shell; he has been sneaking out of his shell at night and eating rice. When he has gone, she smashes the shell and goes to sleep. When the boy tries to find his shell and sees it destroyed, he wakes his mother. He explains that he needed the shell, and asks her to have a box made to replace the shell. She apologizes for breaking the shell, and consents to his request for a box. Sometime later, the king instructs his twin sons to travel north, to the mountain (\"the frosty mountain\"), and bring back the maiden of the mountain to be their father's third wife. Meanwhile, their half-brother, the tortoise prince, using his gift of (a sort of cosmic awareness or omniscience), learns of the quest and knows their endeavor will fail if he does not go with them. He puts some charcoal on his skin to disguise himself and joins the twin princes on their journey. The twin princes do not recognise him as their brother, but think him to be a mountaineer, and they are glad to let him travel with them because he amuses them with stories. They reach a red-coloured stream and the twin princes drink the water, but the tortoise prince knows that the stream is leftover water from the princess's", "title": "The Turtle Prince (folktale)" }, { "docid": "32270935", "text": "The report Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis was the first of six scientific assessments on global metals to be published by the International Resource Panel (IRP) of the United Nations Environment Programme. The IRP provides independent scientific assessments and expert advice on a variety of areas, including: the volume of selected raw material reserves and how efficiently these resources are being used the lifecycle-long environmental impacts of products and services created and consumed around the globe options to meet human and economic needs with fewer or cleaner resources. About the report Metals were an early priority for the International Resource Panel, since little was known about them, their impacts, their economic importance or their scarcity. The report aimed to calculate the amount of metals present in society and assess the potential for utilising in-use stock to offset demand from virgin metal. Knowing how much metal stock there is in use, and how long the lifespan of the metal is, can help planners know when these metal stocks will enter recycling or waste streams. It suggested that these 'mines above ground' had growing potential for future metals supply; the authors found that there is about 50 kg of above-ground copper for every person on earth, and more than two tons of iron per capita. However, they noted that enormous disparities in global metals stocks existed between developed and developing nations including Brazil, China and India. Calculating ‘anthropogenic stocks’ of metals already in use in society is a precursor to stimulating efforts to increase recycling. The authors reported that very little information is presently known about different metals, making it difficult for policy makers to develop and plan recycling systems. However, what is known is that recycling can not only reduce negative impacts on the environment but also save energy. For example, 95% of the energy used to make aluminium from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material. The authors quantified per capita stocks of the following metals, for some countries (stocks were mostly quantified for developed countries but data was also available for some developing nations). Major engineering metals: aluminium, copper, iron, lead, steel, stainless steel, zinc Precious metals: gold, palladium, platinum, rhodium, silver Specialty metals: antimony, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, tin, titanium, tungsten Extant in-use metal-stock estimations for the major engineering metals: Reasons for recycling Some primary stocks of rare but useful metals are already running low. For example, rhenium only occurs at seven parts per billion in the Earth’s crust, making it one of the rarest elements on the planet. However, its high melting point of 3,186 °C makes it valuable in the manufacture of jet engines. Demand for the metal is rising, with increasing air travel, but its rarity means increasing extraction is not simple. This is where recycling comes in; rhenium is one of the few metals that has witnessed a rise in recycling rates. It is likely that recycling will become a more viable option than extraction for other metals", "title": "Metal Stocks in Society report" }, { "docid": "26475373", "text": "John Blake Galvin, Jr. (born 1965) is a retired American Football Linebacker for New York Jets from 1988 to 1991. He was drafted in the 11th round of the 1988 NFL Draft by the Jets. NFL career Galvin was an NFL Special Teams stiff: In his rookie, 1988 season with the New York Jets, he racked up 25 special teams tackles (3rd on the team). As his old teammate Doug Flutie was heading into town with the rest of the New England Patriots in November, 1988, Galvin was quoted by the New York Times reporter Gerald Eskenazi; ...The way John Galvin talked about Doug Flutie, the little guy the Jets will face Sunday seemed almost human. He's not the player he was in college, said Galvin, who played with Flutie at Boston College. He took over a game in college. Sometimes I didn't even know if he needed the rest of the team. This anticipation that something spectacular can happen at any moment has surrounded Flutie in the pros. Galvin should know. He was in the Orange Bowl, where Flutie outdueled Bernie Kosar and threw a 48-yard touchdown pass to Gerald Phelan as time expired for a 47–45 victory over Miami... The Jets kept New England scoreless in the first half, but eventually lost 14–13. In his one year with the Minnesota Vikings in 1989, he had 7 special teams tackles. The New York Times describes Galvin's trade back to the Jets for the 1990 season;Galvin a Jet Again John Galvin, a linebacker who was a special-teams player for the Jets in 1988, rejoined the club Saturday after he was waived by the Minnesota Vikings, with whom he spent last season. Galvin played for Boston College for four years, and wound up there as the starting right outside linebacker. That is a position that has proved hardest to fill for the Jets this summer. The club's new linebacker coach is Monte Kiffin, who coached Galvin last year with the Vikings. Galvin's immediate role will probably will be on special teams and as a backup linebacker. In 1990, he led the New York Jets team with 21 coverage tackles, with a season high of 4 tackles in week 1 vs. Cincinnati Bengals, and earned the game ball in week 15 vs. New England Patriots with 3 tackles. In Galvin's 1991 season with the Jets, he played in 9 games, and recorded one fumble recovery. In his 4-year, 52-game NFL career, he had two fumble recoveries. Early years Galvin was born July 9, 1965, in Lowell, Massachusetts, and played football for Lowell High School from 1979 to 1983. College years Galvin attended Boston College under head coach Jack Bicknell as a four-year letterman from 1984–1987, and graduated with a degree in speech communications. In 1984, Galvin's freshman year, Heisman Trophy winner Doug Flutie led the '84 BC Eagles to a great 10–2 season topped with the \"Miracle in Miami,\" and a win in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1985, his sophomore year,", "title": "John Galvin (American football)" }, { "docid": "7359952", "text": "In fluid dynamics, the Plateau–Rayleigh instability, often just called the Rayleigh instability, explains why and how a falling stream of fluid breaks up into smaller packets with the same volume but less surface area. It is related to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability and is part of a greater branch of fluid dynamics concerned with fluid thread breakup. This fluid instability is exploited in the design of a particular type of ink jet technology whereby a jet of liquid is perturbed into a steady stream of droplets. The driving force of the Plateau–Rayleigh instability is that liquids, by virtue of their surface tensions, tend to minimize their surface area. A considerable amount of work has been done recently on the final pinching profile by attacking it with self-similar solutions. History The Plateau–Rayleigh instability is named for Joseph Plateau and Lord Rayleigh. In 1873, Plateau found experimentally that a vertically falling stream of water will break up into drops if its length is greater than about 3.13 to 3.18 times its diameter, which he noted is close to . Later, Rayleigh showed theoretically that a vertically falling column of non-viscous liquid with a circular cross-section should break up into drops if its length exceeded its circumference, which is indeed times its diameter. Theory The explanation of this instability begins with the existence of tiny perturbations in the stream. These are always present, no matter how smooth the stream is (for example, in the liquid jet nozzle, there is vibration on the liquid stream due to a friction between the nozzle and the liquid stream). If the perturbations are resolved into sinusoidal components, we find that some components grow with time, while others decay with time. Among those that grow with time, some grow at faster rates than others. Whether a component decays or grows, and how fast it grows is entirely a function of its wave number (a measure of how many peaks and troughs per unit length) and the radius of the original cylindrical stream. The diagram to the right shows an exaggeration of a single component. By assuming that all possible components exist initially in roughly equal (but minuscule) amplitudes, the size of the final drops can be predicted by determining by wave number which component grows the fastest. As time progresses, it is the component with the maximal growth rate that will come to dominate and will eventually be the one that pinches the stream into drops. Although a thorough understanding of how this happens requires a mathematical development (see references), the diagram can provide a conceptual understanding. Observe the two bands shown girdling the stream—one at a peak and the other at a trough of the wave. At the trough, the radius of the stream is smaller, hence according to the Young–Laplace equation the pressure due to surface tension is increased. Likewise at the peak the radius of the stream is greater and, by the same reasoning, pressure due to surface tension is reduced. If this were the only", "title": "Plateau–Rayleigh instability" }, { "docid": "1619576", "text": "Mountain jets are a type of jet stream created by surface winds channeled through mountain passes, sometimes causing high wind speeds and drastic temperature changes. Central America jets The North Pacific east of about 120°W is strongly influenced by winds blowing through gaps in the Central American cordillera. Air flow in the region forms the Intra-Americas Low-Level Jet, a westward flow about 1 km above sea level. This flow, trade winds, and cold air flowing south from North America contribute to winds flowing through several mountain valleys. Along Central America are three main wind jets through breaks in the American Cordillera, on the Pacific Ocean side due to prevailing winds. Tehuano wind blows from the Gulf of Mexico through Chivela Pass in Mexico's Isthmus of Tehuantepec and out over the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific coast. Chivela Pass is a gap between the Sierra Madre del Sur and the Sierra Madre range to the south. Papagayo wind shrieks over the lakes of Nicaragua and pushes far out over the Gulf of Papagayo on the Pacific coast. The Cordillera Central Mountains rise to the south, gradually descending to Gatun Lake and the Isthmus of Panama. Panama winds slice through to the Pacific through the Gaillard Cut in Panama, which also holds the Panama Canal. Cause The air flow is due to surges of cold dense air originating from the North American continent. The meteorological mechanism that causes Tehuano and Papagayo winds is relatively simple. In the winter, cold high-pressure weather systems move southward from North America over the Gulf of Mexico. These high pressure systems create strong pressure gradients between the atmosphere over the Gulf of Mexico and the warmer, moister atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean. Just as a river flows from high elevations to lower elevations, the air in the high pressure system will flow \"downhill\" toward lower pressure, but the Cordillera mountains block the flow of air, channeling it through Chivela Pass in Mexico, the lake district of Nicaragua, and also Gaillard (Culebra) Cut in Panama. Many times, a Tehuano wind is followed by Papagayo and Panama winds a few days later as the high pressure system moves south. The arrival of these cold surges, and their associated anticyclonic circulation, strengthens the trade winds at low latitudes, and this effect can last for several days. The wind flow over Central America is actually composed of the confluence of two air streams; one from the north, associated with cold surges, and the other from the northeast, associated with trade winds north of South America. Local effects The winds blow at speeds of 80 km/h or more down the hillsides from Chivela Pass and over the waters of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, sometimes extending more than 500 miles (800 km) into the Pacific Ocean. The surface waters under the Gulf of Tehuantepec wind jet can cool by as much as 10 °C in a day. In addition to the cold water that is detectable from other satellite sensors, the ocean's", "title": "Mountain jet" }, { "docid": "25610080", "text": "Chain Lightning is a 1950 American aviation film based on the story \"These Many Years\" by blacklisted writer Lester Cole (under the pseudonym \"J. Redmond Prior\"); the screenplay was written by Liam O'Brien and Vincent B. Evans. During World War II, Evans had been the bombardier on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Memphis Belle. The film stars Humphrey Bogart as a test pilot along with Eleanor Parker and Raymond Massey. Cole's credit on the film was officially restored by the Writers Guild of America in 1997. Created in the postwar era to reflect progress in aviation and aeronautics, the film is a fictional account of an American company that builds high-speed jet aircraft. Chain Lightning was one of Bogart's final Warner Bros. films, ending a 20-year association. The film was released in multiple versions for 11 different countries; in Germany, it was known as Des Teufels Pilot. Plot Lt. Colonel Matt Brennan, a B-17 bomber pilot in World War II, runs a civilian flying school in peacetime. He is reunited with an old US Army Air Force buddy, Major Hinkle. Brennan is offered a job at the Willis Aircraft Company as chief test pilot for an experimental high-speed jet fighter known as the JA-3, designed by Carl Troxell, who knows Brennan from the war (having accompanied him on a bombing mission over Germany to evaluate the B-17's real-life performance). In order to prove the new JA-3, capable of speeds up to , Brennan convinces Willis that a record-breaking, very high altitude, long distance flight from Nome, Alaska, to Washington, D.C., over the North Pole will both impress the government and be a press sensation. At the same time, Troxell tries to finish developing a safer version of the revolutionary aircraft, the JA-4. He is killed during a high altitude test flight while testing a pilot escape pod. The record-breaking flight is a big success. Brennan earns $30,000, enough to propose marriage to Jo Holloway, his former wartime flame who is now Willis's secretary. Despite his earlier reservations about the need for safety systems and with Troxell's death in mind, Brennan secretly flies the second JA-4 for the government demonstration. He ejects in the escape pod, proving that Troxell's design is safe for pilots. On safely landing, he falls into Jo's arms. Cast Production Principal filming took place from April 16, 1949 to July 1949, but final production was held back from release until 1950. In order to realistically depict the flight testing, permission was obtained to film at various Air Force bases, including Muroc Army Air Field (now Edwards Air Force Base). Location shooting also occurred at the San Fernando Valley Airport (now Van Nuys Airport). A realistic full-scale JA-3/JA-4 model created by Paul Mantz, the aerial sequence director, was built for $15,000. The origins of the film model stemmed from a derelict Bell P-39 Airacobra fuselage that had been reworked by Vince Johnson, an expert \"lofter\". The Warner Bros. contract called for completion of a realistic (if futuristic) fighter", "title": "Chain Lightning (1950 film)" }, { "docid": "19228318", "text": "The Tropical Easterly Jet (jet stream) is the meteorological term referring to an upper level easterly wind that starts in late June and continues until early September. This strong flow of air that develops in the upper atmosphere during the Asian monsoon is centred on 15°N, 50-80°E and extends from South-East Asia to Africa. The strongest development of the jet is at about above the Earth's surface with wind speeds of up to over the Indian Ocean. The term easterly jets was given by Indian researchers P. Koteshwaram and P.R. Krishnan in 1952 Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) comes into existence quickly after the Sub Tropical Jet (STJ) has shifted to the north of the Himalayas (Early June). The Tropical Easterly Jet flows from east to west over Peninsular India at and over the Northern African region.This jet subsides at somalian coast also known as Mascarene high. The formation of TEJ results in reversal of upper air circulation patterns (high pressure switches to low pressure) and leads to the quick onset of the monsoon. Recent observations have revealed that the intensity and duration of heating of Tibetan Plateau has a direct bearing on the amount of rainfall in India by the monsoons. When the summer temperature of air over Tibet remains high for a sufficiently long time, it helps in strengthening the easterly jet and results in heavy rainfall in India. The easterly jet does not come into existence if the snow over the Tibet Plateau does not melt because this weakens the Tibetan heating. This hampers the occurrence of rainfall in India. Therefore, any year of thick and widespread snow over Tibet will be followed by a year of weak monsoon and less rainfall. References Winds", "title": "Tropical Easterly Jet" }, { "docid": "68075436", "text": "\"Angles\" is a song by American rapper Wale featuring American singer Chris Brown, released on June 18, 2021 through Warner Records as the lead single from Wale's seventh studio album Folarin II. Background and content Wale posted on his social media platforms, announcing that the song would've been released at night. OG Parker, one of the main producers for the song, said that the inspiration came from the hip hop track \"I Need a Girl\": \"Wale creates brilliant poems about his feelings for his leading lady, some of which are light-hearted and others which are sadder.\" Composition The song is written in the key of F Minor, with a tempo of 95 beats per minute. The song was produced by $K, Hitmaka, LouXtwo and OG Parker, it was also samples from \"I Need a Girl\" (2002) by Puff Daddy, Usher and Loon. Wale on the track showcases some of his wordplay: \"You saying the universe ain't grateful / I'll put Infinity Stones on all your fingers\", displaying his feelings: \"Maybe, I got your heart / Maybe I can't love you, 'cause I don't know where to start\", while Chris Brown's hook was deemed \"reflective\" and \"sensual\": \"You know the way to pose, you know, you know your angles / I can't tame you, I can't change you\". Critical reception Rachel George of ABC Audio commented that the song \"is the perfect anthem for any summer song playlist\". The Sources reviewer Shawn Grant stated that Brown on the track \"once again proves to be the hook king\". Ayana Rashed of Revolt praised Wale's \"memorable wordplay and quippy pickups\" on the track, affirming that Brown's chorus is \"sensual\" and \"essential to the song\". Music video An accompanying music video was released on June 22, 2021, and directed by Daniel CZ. The characteristic of video is Wale \"showering his woman with blue and white flowers, before taking her out for a romantic dinner.\" Subsequently nearby a pool, Brown and Wale \"performing the feel-good tune\" in between scenes. Track listing Digital download and streaming (Explicit) \"Angles\" – 2:54 Digital download and streaming (Clean) \"Angles\" [Clean] – 2:54 Digital download and streaming (Club Mix) \"Angles\" [Club Mix] – 2:55 Digital download and streaming (Instrumental) \"Angles\" [Instrumental] – 2:55 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from AllMusic. $K – producer Wale – composer, primary artist, vocals Chris Brown – composer, featured artist, vocals Chrishan – composer Hitmaka – producer LouXtwo – producer OG Parker – producer Kevin Spencer – mastering engineer, mixing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history References 2021 singles 2021 songs Wale (rapper) songs Chris Brown songs Maybach Music Group singles Warner Music Group singles Songs written by Wale (rapper) Songs written by Chris Brown Songs written by OG Parker", "title": "Angles (song)" }, { "docid": "27977609", "text": "Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, or GC×GC, is a multidimensional gas chromatography technique that was originally described in 1984 by J. Calvin Giddings and first successfully implemented in 1991 by John Phillips and his student Zaiyou Liu. GC×GC utilizes two different columns with two different stationary phases. In GC×GC, all of the effluent from the first dimension column is diverted to the second dimension column via a modulator. The modulator quickly traps, then \"injects\" the effluent from the first dimension column onto the second dimension. This process creates a retention plane of the 1st dimension separation x 2nd dimension separation. The oil and gas industry was an early adopter of the technology for the complex oil samples to determine the many different types of hydrocarbons and their isomers. In these types of samples, over 30000 different compounds could be identified in a crude oil with this comprehensive chromatography technology (CCT). The CCT evolved from a technology only used in academic R&D laboratories into a more robust technology used in many different industrial labs. Comprehensive chromatography is used in forensics, food and flavor, environmental, metabolomics, biomarkers and clinical applications. Some of the most well-established research groups in the world that are found in Australia, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, United States, and Brazil use this analytical technique. Modulation: The process In GC × GC two columns are connected sequentially, typically the first dimension is a conventional column and the second dimension is a short fast GC type, with a modulator positioned between them. The function of the modulator can be divided into basically three processes: continuously collect small fractions of the effluent from 1D, ensuring that the separation is maintained in this dimension; focus or refocus the effluent of a narrow band; to quickly transfer the 2D fraction collected and focused as a narrow pulse. Taken together, these three steps are called modulation cycle, which is repeated throughout the chromatographic run. Thermal modulation Thermal modulators use broad temperature differentials (by way of hot and cold jets) to trap and release analytes eluting out of the primary column. Commercial devices typically use two-stage modulation either via a quad jet approach (where there are two pairs of jets to trap and release the analytes on two different sections of the column) or a delay loop (where the column loops back between a single pair of jets). Both approaches ensure there are two opportunities to focus the analytes. There are also different versions of thermal modulators based on what is used to cool the cold jet (a stream of dry gas, usually air or nitrogen). Liquid nitrogen cooled loop system provide the lowest temperature for thermal modulation, meaning it is capable of modulating volatiles from C2. However, there is the compromise that liquid nitrogen is expensive and causes additional health and safety concerns. Alternatively, consumable-free thermal modulators are available that use a closed cycle refrigeration unit to cool the cold jet. Consumable-free thermal modulation This approach eliminates the need for liquid nitrogen for thermal modulation. The", "title": "Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography" }, { "docid": "21090168", "text": "Softwarp is a software technique to warp an image so that it can be projected on a curved screen. This can be done in real time by inserting the softwarp as a last step in the rendering cycle. The problem is to know how the image should be warped to look correct on the curved screen. There are several techniques to auto calibrate the warping by projecting a pattern and using cameras and/or sensors. The information from the sensors is sent to the software so that it can analyze the data and calculate the curvature of the projection screen. Usage The softwarp can be used to project virtual views on curved walls and domes. These are usually used in vehicle simulators, for instance boat-, car- and airplane simulators. To make it possible to cover a dome with a 360 degree view you need to use several projectors. A problem with using several projectors on the same screen is that the edges between the projected images get about twice the amount of light. This is solved by using a technique called edge blending. With this technique a “filter” is inserted on the edge that fades the image from 100% light strength (luminance) to 0% (the lowest luminance depends on the contrast ratio of the projector). History The first warping technologies used a hardware image processing unit to warp the image. This processing unit was inserted between the graphics card and the projector. The problem with this technique is that it depends on the type of signal and the quality of the signal from the graphics card to warp it correctly. The process unit also needs several lines of image information before it can start sending out the warped image. This adds a latency to the display system that could be a problem in simulators that need fast response time, for instance fighter jet simulators. Softwarping eliminates the latency. External links Image Warping by Mikkel B. Stegmann Fly Elise-ng Warpalizer, software using this technique SHOWLOGIX software that warps input from capture cards Cursive-simulation.com: display manipulation for serious games (link does not work) Pixelwarp Evo Wide Screen Warper ImmersaView Warp Image processing Computer vision software", "title": "Softwarp" }, { "docid": "316824", "text": "A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (specially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe. A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy. Types Jet A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject gas or fluid in a coherent stream into a surrounding medium. Gas jets are commonly found in gas stoves, ovens, or barbecues. Gas jets were commonly used for light before the development of electric light. Other types of fluid jets are found in carburetors, where smooth calibrated orifices are used to regulate the flow of fuel into an engine, and in jacuzzis or spas. Another specialized jet is the laminar jet. This is a water jet that contains devices to smooth out the pressure and flow, and gives laminar flow, as its name suggests. This gives better results for fountains. The foam jet is another type of jet which uses foam instead of a gas or fluid. Nozzles used for feeding hot blast into a blast furnace or forge are called tuyeres. Jet nozzles are also used in large rooms where the distribution of air via ceiling diffusers is not possible or not practical. Diffusers that uses jet nozzles are called jet diffuser where it will be arranged in the side wall areas in order to distribute air. When the temperature difference between the supply air and the room air changes, the supply air stream is deflected upwards, to supply warm air, or downwards, to supply cold air. High velocity Frequently, the goal of a nozzle is to increase the kinetic energy of the flowing medium at the expense of its pressure and internal energy. Nozzles can be described as convergent (narrowing down from a wide diameter to a smaller diameter in the direction of the flow) or divergent (expanding from a smaller diameter to a larger one). A de Laval nozzle has a convergent section followed by a divergent section and is often called a convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle (\"con-di nozzle\"). Convergent nozzles accelerate subsonic fluids. If the nozzle pressure ratio is high enough, then the flow will reach sonic velocity at the narrowest point (i.e. the nozzle throat). In this situation, the nozzle is said to be choked. Increasing the nozzle pressure ratio further will not increase the throat Mach number above one. Downstream (i.e. external to the nozzle) the flow is free to expand to supersonic velocities; however, Mach 1 can be a very high speed for a hot gas because the speed of sound varies as the square root of absolute temperature.", "title": "Nozzle" }, { "docid": "10438174", "text": "Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-stream beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting (phase and gain) such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver output. When the receiver has multiple antennas, single-stream beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas. In order to maximize the throughput in multiple receive antenna systems, multi-stream transmission is generally required. In point-to-point systems, precoding means that multiple data streams are emitted from the transmit antennas with independent and appropriate weightings such that the link throughput is maximized at the receiver output. In multi-user MIMO, the data streams are intended for different users (known as SDMA) and some measure of the total throughput (e.g., the sum performance or max-min fairness) is maximized. In point-to-point systems, some of the benefits of precoding can be realized without requiring channel state information at the transmitter, while such information is essential to handle the inter-user interference in multi-user systems. Precoding in the downlink of cellular networks, known as network MIMO or coordinated multipoint (CoMP), is a generalized form of multi-user MIMO that can be analyzed by the same mathematical techniques. Precoding in Simple Words Precoding is a technique that exploits transmit diversity by weighting the information stream, i.e. the transmitter sends the coded information to the receiver to achieve pre-knowledge of the channel. The receiver is a simple detector, such as a matched filter, and does not have to know the channel state information. This technique will reduce the corrupted effect of the communication channel. For example, you are sending the information , and it will pass through the channel , and add Gaussian noise . The received signal at the receiver front-end will be ; The receiver will have to know the information about and . It will suppress the effect of by increasing SNR, but what about ? It needs information about the channel, , and this will increase the complexity. The receiver (mobile units) has to be simple for many reasons like cost or size of mobile unit. So, the transmitter (the base station) will do the hard work and predict the channel. Let us call the predicted channel and for a system with precoder the information will be coded: . The received signal will be . If your prediction is perfect, and and it turns out to be the detection problem in Gaussian channels which is simple. To prevent a potential misunderstanding here, precoding does not cancel out the impact of the channel, but it aligns the vector containing the transmit symbols (i.e. transmit vector) with the eigenvector(s) of the channel. In simple terms, it transforms the transmit symbols' vector in such a way that the vector reaches the receiver in the strongest form that is possible in the given channel. Why do they call it \"coding\"? It is a preprocessing technique that performs transmit diversity and", "title": "Precoding" }, { "docid": "72595490", "text": "Mediterranean California is a Level I ecoregion of North America designated by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) in its North American Environmental Atlas. The region is present only in California and Baja California. Climate Very few places in the world have the Mediterranean climate of California. It is one of the more rare in the world, with only five locations: the Mediterranean Basin, Southwest Australia, the Cape Province—Western Cape of South Africa, the Chilean Matorral, and the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion of California and the Baja California Peninsula. The region is typified by warm dry summers and mild wet winters. This is unusual as most climates have more precipitation in the summer. There are three variations to the Mediterranean climate in California, a cool summer/cool winter variation, a cool summer/cool winter with summer fog variation, and a hot summer/cool winter variation. The average temperatures for the cool summer variations are below in the summer and between in the winter. Average summer temperatures for the hot summer variation are above . Average annual precipitation for this climate is per year. Hydrology Defined by the Pacific Coast on the west, the Sierra Nevada (mountains) and the deserts of California on the east, and the Northern California Coast Ranges on the north, the Mediterranean California ecoregion has unique physical characteristics that play a large role in the natural systems of the region, including hydrology. Precipitation The unusual precipitation pattern of the Mediterranean climate is due to subtropical high-pressure systems in the summer and the polar jet stream in the winter. Rainfall in the summer is uncommon because the marine layer becomes capped with dry sinking air. The marine layer is an air mass over a large body of water brought about by a temperature inversion from the cooling effect of the water on the warmer air. The marine layer is often accompanied by fog. The polar jet stream in the winter brings with it rain and snow. The jet stream is an extremely powerful air current flowing west to east often at over 100 miles per hour. The precipitation in the region is closely associated with winter frontal storms from the Pacific Ocean, which bring cool air and rain to the area. The annual rainfall varies in different elevations, but the average range is between annually. Much of the rain in Central and Northern California flows out the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, which with numerous tributaries run through an upper part of the ecoregion. Fog is also an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle in this ecoregion; the cooling of air over the warm seawater create a dense fog that covers large areas of the coast. This fog affects the vegetation and overall environment on the coast. On the contrary, fire also influences this region. The fire-flood sequence that occurs post-fire can greatly effect populations of species in the region. The combination of the geophysical characteristics, little rainfall, and the bodies of water in the region make it a unique,", "title": "Mediterranean California" }, { "docid": "2014417", "text": "In meteorology, clear-air turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues, such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet. The atmospheric region most susceptible to CAT is the high troposphere at altitudes of around as it meets the tropopause. Here CAT is most frequently encountered in the regions of jet streams. At lower altitudes it may also occur near mountain ranges. Thin cirrus clouds can also indicate high probability of CAT. CAT can be hazardous to the comfort, and occasionally the safety, of air travelers. Definition In meteorology, clear-air turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues, such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet. In aviation, CAT is defined as \"the detection by aircraft of high-altitude inflight bumps in patchy regions devoid of significant cloudiness or nearby thunderstorm activity\". It was first noted in the 1940s. Detection Clear-air turbulence is usually impossible to detect with the naked eye and very difficult to detect with a conventional radar, with the result that it is difficult for aircraft pilots to detect and avoid it. However, it can be remotely detected with instruments that can measure turbulence with optical techniques, such as scintillometers, Doppler LIDARs, or N-slit interferometers. Factors At typical heights where it occurs, the intensity and location cannot be determined precisely. However, because this turbulence affects long range aircraft that fly near the tropopause, CAT has been intensely studied. Several factors affect the likelihood of CAT. Often more than one factor is present. As of 1965 it had been noted that 64% of the non-light turbulences (not only CAT) were observed less than away from the core of a jet stream. Jet stream produces horizontal wind shear at its edges, caused by the different relative air speeds of the stream and the surrounding air. Wind shear, a difference in relative speed between two adjacent air masses, can produce vortices, and when of sufficient degree, the air will tend to move chaotically. A strong anticyclone vortex can also lead to CAT. Background information A jet stream alone will rarely be the cause of CAT, although there is horizontal wind shear at its edges and within it. Rossby waves caused by this jet stream shear and the Coriolis force cause it to meander. Although the altitudes near the tropopause are usually cloudless, thin cirrus cloud can form where there are abrupt changes of air velocity, for example associated with jet streams. Lines of cirrus perpendicular to the jet stream indicate possible CAT, especially if the ends of the cirrus are dispersed, in which case the direction of dispersal can indicate if the CAT is stronger at the left or at the right of the jet stream. A temperature gradient is the change of temperature over a distance in some given direction. Where the temperature of a gas changes, so does", "title": "Clear-air turbulence" }, { "docid": "22130330", "text": "Atmospheric-pressure plasma (or AP plasma or normal pressure plasma) is a plasma in which the pressure approximately matches that of the surrounding atmosphere – the so-called normal pressure. Technical significance Atmospheric-pressure plasmas matter because in contrast with low-pressure plasma or high-pressure plasma, no reaction vessel is needed to maintain pressure. Depending on the generation principle, these plasmas can be employed directly in the production line. This eliminates the need for cost-intensive chambers for producing a partial vacuum as used in low-pressure plasma technology. Generation Various forms of excitation are distinguished: AC (alternating current) excitation DC (direct current) and low-frequency excitation Excitation by means of radio waves Microwave excitation Atmospheric-pressure plasmas that have attained any noteworthy industrial significance are those generated by DC excitation (electric arc), AC excitation (corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge, piezoelectric direct discharge and plasma jets as well as 2.45 GHz microwave microplasma). DC plasma jet By means of a high-voltage discharge (5–15 kV, 10–100 kHz) a pulsed electric arc is generated. A process gas, usually oil-free compressed air flowing past this discharge section, is excited and converted to the plasma state. This plasma passes through a jet head to the surface of the material to be treated. The jet head determines the geometry of the beam, and is at earth potential to hold back potential-carrying parts of the plasma stream. Microwave plasma jet A microwave system uses amplifiers that output up to 200 watts of power radio frequency (RF) power to produce the arc that generates plasma. Most solutions work at 2.45 GHz. A new technology provides ignition and highly efficient operation with the same electronic and couple network. This kind of atmospheric-pressure plasmas is different. The plasma is only top of the electrode. That is the reason the construction of a cannula jet was possible. Applications Manufacturers use plasma jets for, among other things, activating and cleaning plastic and metal surfaces to prepare them for adhesive bonding and painting. Sheet materials up to several meters wide can be treated today by aligning a number of jets in a row. Surface modification achieved by plasma jets is comparable to the effects obtained with low-pressure plasma. Depending on the power of the jet, the plasma beam can be up to 40 mm long and attain a treatment width of 15 mm. Special rotary systems allow a treatment width per jet tool of up to 13 cm. Depending on the required treatment performance, the plasma source is moved at a spacing of 10–40 mm and at a speed of 5–400 m/min relative to the surface of the material being treated. A key advantage of this system is it can be integrated in-line in existing production systems. In addition the activation achievable is distinctly higher than in potential-based pretreatment methods (corona discharge). It is possible to coat varied surfaces with this technique. Anticorrosive layers and adhesion promoter layers can be applied to many metals without solvents, providing a much more environmentally friendly solution. See also Laser Schlieren Deflectometry Dielectric barrier", "title": "Atmospheric-pressure plasma" }, { "docid": "2762233", "text": "The term blowpipe refers to one of several tools used to direct streams of gases into any of several working media. Blowpipes for torches If a stream or jet of air is directed through a flame, fuel air mixing is enhanced and the jet exiting the flame is intensely hot. Jewelers and glassblowers engaged in lampwork have used the blowpipe since ancient times, with the blast being powered by the user's lungs. For small work, a mouth-blown blowpipe may be used with a candle flame or an alcohol lamp, with established techniques for applying oxidizing and reducing flames to the workpiece or specimen. Starting in the late 18th Century, blowpipes have been powered by mechanisms, initially bladders and bellows, but now blowers, compressors and compressed gas cylinders are commonplace. While blowing air is effective, blowing oxygen produces higher temperatures, and it is also practical to invert the roles of the gasses and blow fuel through air. Contemporary blowtorches and oxy-fuel welding and cutting torches can be considered to be modern developments of the blowpipe. In chemistry and mineralogy blowpipes have been used as scientific instruments for the analysis of small samples since about 1738, according to the accounts of Torbern Bergman. One Andreas Swab, a Swedish metallurgist and Counsellor of the College of Mines is credited with the first use of the blowpipe for 'pyrognostic operations', of which no record remains. The next person of eminence who used the blowpipe was Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who put it to the purpose of the discrimination of minerals by means of fusible reagents. In 1770 an English translation of Cronstedt's work was made by Von Engestrom, annexed to which was a treatise on the blowpipe. Despite this opening, assay by blowpipe was for the time an occupation undertaken for the most part in Sweden. Bergman's use of the blowpipe outstripped all of his predecessors, and he widened its application from mineralogy to inorganic chemistry, giving rise to what may be regarded as a masterpiece of philosophical investigation, De Tubo Ferruminatorio, published in Vienna in 1779 (and translated into English in 1788). Bergman's assistant, Johan Gottlieb Gahn, is credited with improving the design and application of the blowpipe. Gahn travelled with a portable blowpipe, applying it to every kind of chemical and mineralogical enquiry, such as proving the presence of copper in the ashes of vegetables. Gahn published a Treatise on the Blowpipe, which was reprinted a number of times in contemporary chemistry textbooks. Jöns Jakob Berzelius worked with Gahn to ascertain in a systematic manner of the phenomena presented by different minerals when acted on by the blowpipe. He established, according to Griffin, the notion that the blowpipe was an instrument of indispensable utility, and his published work, later translated into English, was regarded as one of the most useful books on practical chemistry extant. The blowpipes of all of the foregoing blasted air into a flame. The blow pipe was used by the Egyptians at around 200 BCE and to today. Antoine", "title": "Blowpipe (tool)" }, { "docid": "64379912", "text": "\"Know My Rights\" is a song by American singer 6lack, featuring American rapper Lil Baby. It was released on June 26, 2020, as the third single off 6lack's 6pc Hot EP, released the same day. The track was produced by London Cyr and Fwdslxsh, who also executive-produced 6pc Hot EP. Background and composition Canadian producer London Cyr explained to Genius how the song came about: \"Basically, my boy Fwdslxsh, he executive produced the EP, he's a producer from London. He was like, 'Yo, come to the studio we are going to work on some ideas for 6lack'. I was like alright and then we made the beat the day Kobe [Bryant] died\". Cyr did the melody, while Fwdslxsh \"pulled it up and did a little drum idea on it\" - 808s and hi-hats. British producer Joe Reeves added guitar to the song, and Cyr added another melody and changed around the drum pattern. Cyr further recalled how he envisioned the sound: \"I wanted to create something that was kind of like spacey and floaty. I added a little synth lead on it too, it's just fire. I had made that melody probably like six months before we made the beat. So, yeah when I made the melody I was actually like, 'Lil Baby needs to be on this'. Lyrically, the song finds the two artists flaunting their success and music talents. Music video The official video, directed by JMP, was released concurrently with the song, on June 26, 2020. 6lack is seen surrounded by luxury cars in the visual, recording in studio, racing cars and in front of his jet. Lil Baby does not appear in the video. Concept The video opens with 6lack in his private jet being raided by police. Hypebeasts Nia Groce said that scene \"provides a poignant contrast against the cocky bars he's spitting all the while. Lil Baby's vocals add a confident entrance later on in the song as 6LACK is surrounded by an impressive mix of cars, with the artist making sure to don his face mask as necessary\". Charts References 2020 songs 2020 singles 6lack songs Songs written by 6lack Lil Baby songs Songs written by Lil Baby", "title": "Know My Rights" }, { "docid": "75753085", "text": "All You Need is LSD is a comedy-drama play by Leo Butler commissioned by the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. It was co-produced and performed by Told by an Idiot theatre company, and toured various venues across the UK including Unity Theatre, Liverpool, Tobacco Factory Theatre in Bristol, The Lowry in Salford, and Belgrade Theatre in Coventry. The company of four actors (two male/two female) portrayed hundreds of characters. It was directed by Paul Hunter and Stephen Harper. Synopsis The play begins with the true story of author Leo Butler who is trying to write a play about the history of LSD. He meets former Government Drugs Tsar David Nutt, who persuades Leo to take part in an LSD drug trial as part of his research. After Leo is injected with the drug, the play transforms into a psychedelic history tour of LSD, inspired by Alice in Wonderland and Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, in which public figures such as Timothy Leary, The Beatles, Albert Hofmann and many others - including the author himself -, recount their own psychedelic experiences in a variety of comedic scenes, songs and sketches. The play climaxes with a poignant dramatisation of the death of Aldous Huxley, followed by a fantasy sequence in which Doctor Who visits a utopian future in which Leo Butler's play All You Need is LSD has brought about world peace. At the end of the play, the author leaves the hospital and returns home. Having failed to finish the play, he tells his daughter a bedtime story. Reception In their review of the play, Arts City Liverpool claimed \"All You Need is LSD is quite a party – complete with mind-bending moments and a starring role for a pat of Lurpak butter. It’s a history lesson full of knowing nods and arch asides, and a cerebrally entertaining romp through the Technicolor tale of “the most interesting drug of all time.\" Mark Fisher of The Guardian said Butler's play is \"a formal departure from his customary narrative style to fashion a self-aware theatrical collage full of postmodern meta-commentary.\" Matt Truman, writing for the New York Times, wrote that “All You Need Is LSD\" unfolds as a potted history of LSD — a magical mystery tour. The structure is slippery, freewheeling and associative, with scenes folding back on themselves and historical figures popping up out of the blue.\" The Reviews Hub described the play as \"a trippy stream-of-consciousness flitting from place to place and character to character, assisted by imaginative direction from Paul Hunter & Stephen Harper. It gleefully smashes the fourth wall and congratulates itself un-self-consciously as it does so.\" The Stage remarked \"though it’s something of a muddle, there’s a coherent conceit behind Leo Butler’s new comedy. We get the Swiss scientist Albert Hofmann discovering the drug in 1938 and promptly tripping his nuts off. We get iconic American psychologist Timothy Leary – a yodelling, hyperactive Jack Hunter – protesting about its criminalisation. We even get Butler himself – gender-swapped, and", "title": "All You Need is LSD" }, { "docid": "4666849", "text": "SpyHunter 2 is a video game published by Midway in 2003 for PlayStation 2 and Xbox. This game is the sequel to the 2001 remake of the 1983 game Spy Hunter. The player's first mission begins in Russia, right where the last level left off from leaving Petra, Jordan and the NOSTRA organization completely decimated initializing a sequel from the 2001 remake; he begins his cooperation with Agent Duvelle, traveling in various locations all around the planet including Russia, the United States, Asia, Switzerland and Antarctica. The weapons van is brought back again and equipped this time with an automatic turret / machine gun being that the player can utilize in extreme vehicular combat resolutions. The newly acquired Interceptor SpyHunter vehicle can enter off-road mode and transform itself into a jet-ski, a snow-mobile, a motor-tricycle, and a speedboat. The player can also choose from an arsenal of weapons inspired by James Bond 007 and Mission Impossible. Available weapons include Mines, Smoke Screen, Oil Slick, Machine Guns, Rockets, Missiles, Lasers and Cannons. The soundtrack features the song \"Dark Carnival\" recorded by Vanessa Carlton. Theme song The theme song of this game, \"Dark Carnival\" by Vanessa Carlton, is a reworked version of \"Carnival\", a track on her unreleased debut album, Rinse. Carlton said the song is \"kind of electronica-esque by design\", adding that she had always wanted to write about espionage. It introduced an entire new sound for Carlton that was much darker than her previous work. MTV News described the song, which is about a mysterious femme fatale, as \"[an] edgy and brooding ballad\" that \"gets even more eerie when a sparse, plinky bridge reminiscent of the Halloween theme arises\". The lyrics of \"Carnival\" and \"Dark Carnival\" are different; for example, \"Don't you run from the show, / 'Cause I just want you to know that I love anyway, / And I will not let you go\" was altered to \"When you get your bloody dose / In the still of the night / It is there you'll feel it most / In this dark carnival / Where the end is close\". \"Dark Carnival\" was not included on Carlton's second album, Harmonium (2004). The character Agent Vanessa Duvelle, Alec's partner, was based on her. Plot Alec Sects tries to deal with the remains of Nostra. First, he tries to familiarize himself with the new G-8155 Interceptor and later goes on a reconnaissance mission. Alec then learns about a defector in the Russian Nostra branch, Vladimir Polvac, who was a very influential figure, and has information about the Russian Nostra leader, \"The Cossack\". He needed an escort to an embassy, a transport to an airport, and needed Alec to ensure his plane took off unharmed (As he was trying to leave the country because of his defection). An informant later on revealed large sums of money being diverted to the restoration and fortification of an old nuclear power facility. Alec and fellow agent Vanessa Duvelle investigate the plant and Alec finds unique", "title": "SpyHunter 2" }, { "docid": "1941545", "text": "A vertical stabilizer or tail fin is the static part of the vertical tail of an aircraft. The term is commonly applied to the assembly of both this fixed surface and one or more movable rudders hinged to it. Their role is to provide control, stability and trim in yaw (also known as directional or weathercock stability). It is part of the aircraft empennage, specifically of its stabilizers. The vertical tail is typically mounted on top of the rear fuselage, with the horizontal stabilizers mounted on the side of the fuselage (a configuration termed \"conventional tail\"). Other configurations, such as T-tail or twin tail, are sometimes used instead. Vertical stabilizers have occasionally been used in motor sports, with for example in Le Mans Prototype racing. Function Principle The vertical tail of an aircraft typically consists of a fixed vertical stabilizer or fin on which a movable rudder is mounted. A trim tab may similarly be mounted on the rudder. Together, their role is to enable trim in the yaw direction (compensate moments in yaw generated by any asymmetry in thrust or drag), enable the aircraft to be controlled in yaw (for example, to initiate side slip during a crosswind landing), as well as provide stability in yaw (weathercock or directional stability). The greater its position away from the center of gravity, the more effective the vertical tail can be. Thus, shorter aircraft typically feature larger vertical tails; for example, the vertical tail of the short Airbus A318 is larger than that of its longer counterparts in the A320 family. The effectiveness of the vertical tail depends on its efficiency and the vertical tail volume coefficient (also called volume ratio), which non-dimensionalizes its area and arm with the dimensions of the main wing: (where the indices v and w stand for vertical tail and wing respectively, S stands for area, and L_w is typically the mean aerodynamic chord). Values for the vertical tail coefficient vary only mildly from aircraft one type of aircraft to another, with extreme values ranging from 0.02 (sailplane) to 0.09 (jet aircraft transport). The tail efficiency is the ratio of the dynamic pressure at the tail to that in the freestream. The tail has its maximum capability when immersed in the free stream with an efficiency of one. When partially immersed in a wake its effectiveness is reduced because the wake has a lower dynamic pressure than the free stream. The fin height may need to be increased to restore its required effectiveness in certain flight conditions. The Panavia Tornado had a tall fin for directional stability at high angles of incidence. Trim and control in yaw The rudder is the directional control surface and is usually hinged to the fin or vertical stabilizer. Moving it allows the pilot to control yaw about the vertical axis, i.e., change the horizontal direction in which the nose is pointing. Maximum rudder deflection is usually controlled by a rudder travel limiter. The largest achievable angle of a rudder at a", "title": "Vertical stabilizer" }, { "docid": "19066129", "text": "Michael Theophilus Johnson (born 21 July 1965), better known as Mikey Spice, is a Jamaican reggae singer. Biography Spice sang in his father's church from age seven and learned to play guitar, bass, drums, trumpet, piano, saxophone, flute, and harp as a youngster. Spice began a career as a reggae musician in 1985. One of his best-known singles was a cover of Barry White's \"Practice What You Preach\". Discography Singles & EPs Tony Rebel / Mikey Spice - Who You Are / Acting Like Strangers ((12\") Roof International, 1992) Apache Scratchie / Mikey Spice - Me No Powder / You Caught Me ((12\") Roof International, 1992 You Make Me ((12\") Big Ship, 1993) I'll Be There ((12\") Juggling Records, 1994 Mikey Spice & Luciano - Let's Work It Out ((12\") Big Ship, 1994) Cheat On Me ((7\") Black Scorpio, 1994) Never Say Goodbye ((12\") Big Ship,1994) Practice What You Preach (RAS Records, 1995) When Your Lonely (Digital-B, 1995) Smokey Joe / Mikey Spice - Smokin Hornz ((12\", MP) No Smoking Records, Big Ship,1995) Born Again (Digital-B, 1995) Brotherman ((12\") Juggling Records, 1995) Twiggy & Mickey Spice - Let's Groove ((7\") Digital-B, 1995) I Wanna Know ((7\") Digital-B, 1995) Give It All Up ((7\") Big Yard Music Group, 1995) Mikey Spice / Marcia Griffiths - If Only You Know (Penthouse Records, 1996) Shaggy / Mikey Spice - Shake Your Boody (Big Yard Music Group, 1996) Jah Never Fail I ((12\") Saxon Records, 1996) Mikey Spice Featuring Shaggy / Red Fox / Private P / Big Yard Crew - Shake Your Boody / Wicked Alfred / Woman You Look Good ((12\") Greensleeves Records, 1996) Frankie Paul / Mikey Spice - One Last Memory ((12\") Digital Eclipse, 1996) Karen Smith, Mikey Spice, The Taxi Gang - Make It Easy, Easy Yourself ((7\") Taxi, 1997) Give It Up ((7\") Penthouse Records, 1998) Yes Mi Friend (\"Duppy Conqueror\") ((7\") Big Ship, 2000) Albums Happiness (Ras Records, 1995) Born Again (VP Records, 1996) Close the Door (LP on Charm Records, 1996, CD on Jet Star Records 1998) So Much Things To Say (Jet Star Records, 1996) All About You (Ras, 1996) Jah Lifted Me (VP, 1997) Reggae Max (Jet Star Records, 1997) Mikey Spice VS Garnet Silk : Toe 2 Toe (CD on Jet Star Records, 1998) Harder Than Before (VP, 2000) It's All About Time (Jet Star Records, Firehouse, 2000) Love By You (2 LP on Teflon Records, 2003) My Way (Charm Records, LP 2003, CD 2007) Mikey Spice (Artists Only! 2003) Walk A Mile (VP Records, 2008) Love By You (CD on Ajang Music Production, 2008) I Really Love You (Black Scorpio Records, 2012) I Am I Said (Joe Fraser Records, 2014) Compilations Garnett Silk / Mikey Spice - Toe 2 Toe (LP on Charm Records, 1997) Spice Rack (Who Dun It Records, 1998) References Jamaican reggae musicians Living people 1965 births Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica VP Records artists", "title": "Mikey Spice" }, { "docid": "53309131", "text": "\"Shether\" (sometimes stylized as shETHER) is a diss track by American rapper Remy Ma. The song is aimed at rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on February 25, 2017, by Empire Distribution. The song's title and beat is from the diss track \"Ether\" by Nas. Background and release Disagreements between Remy Ma and Minaj sort of originated in 2007, when Ma took note of Minaj's freestyle record, nicknamed \"Dirty Money\", from her mixtape Playtime Is Over (2007)., which uses the beat to \"Yeah Yeah Yeah\" by Terror Squad, a song that Ma rapped on. In the record, Minaj recites: \"Tell that bitch with the crown to run it like Chris Brown/she won three rounds, I'ma need a hundred thou/like 'Chinatown' — bitches better bow down/oh you ain't know, betcha bitches know now/fuck I got a gun — let her know that I'm the one\"., which some believed to be referencing the crown worn in Ma's video for \"Whuteva\". Minaj reportedly never confirmed or denied that the song was about Ma, however Ma remarked in a 2010 interview, \"To this day I still feel like [the song] is a stab at me; I'm gonna [diss Minaj] back for that one\". Although Ma and Minaj shared words of encouragement in recent years, their relationship soon soured behind the scenes by 2016, and they began releasing verses and songs with lyrics aimed at each other, including Ma's \"Money Showers\" with Fat Joe and Minaj's \"Swalla\" with Jason Derulo & \"Make Love\" with Gucci Mane, which was released two days before \"Shether\". On February 25, 2017, \"Shether\" was released on both SoundCloud and online music stores. At the time of the track's release, Ma tweeted: \"'You wanna see a dead body' (little kid from BoyzNdaHood voice) @nickiminaj\" Upon release, the song was widely shared on social media. The song was later banned from iTunes, SoundCloud and YouTube due to copyright violation, and has since been removed from all radio and online streaming services. According to TMZ, contrary to initial reports, Nas had nothing to do with the ban and that he did approve the use of his beat, and suggested that Universal, which has intellectual ownership of the song, took action to have it removed. Remy also continued her attacks on Minaj by releasing another track titled \"Another One\" on March 2. Writing The lyrics of \"Shether\" contain a number of accusations and allegations regarding Minaj's personal and professional life and conduct towards others, including fellow music artists; Ma makes several accusations about Minaj's sexual affairs with members of Cash Money Records and other celebrities. The song also accuses Minaj of using plastic surgery on her rear to enhance her appearance, and criticizes Minaj for siding with her brother, who, at the time, was facing trial for the alleged rape of a minor. Remy also took aim at longtime rival & Minaj's friend Foxy Brown, talking about Brown's past hearing issues. Brown responded to Remy with the track \"Breaks Over\". Critical reception and response", "title": "Shether" }, { "docid": "3481430", "text": "An oral irrigator (also called a dental water jet, water flosser or, by the brand name of the best-known such device, Waterpik) is a home dental care device which uses a stream of high-pressure pulsating water intended to remove dental plaque and food debris between teeth and below the gum line. Regular use of an oral irrigator is believed to improve gingival health. The devices may also provide easier cleaning for braces and dental implants. However, more research is needed to confirm plaque biofilm removal and effectiveness when used by patients with special oral or systemic health needs. History The first oral irrigator was developed in the 1950s by Dr. C.D. Matteson, who patented the invention in 1955. Dr. Matteson's invention was designed to cleanse the teeth and gums after meals as an alternative to using hand syringes. It attached directly to a sink's faucet and featured a mechanical valve to control water pressure. Later, in 1962, dentist Gerald Moyer and engineer John Mattingly invented Waterpik. The Waterpik featured a built in reservoir and motor to pump water out of a tip at rhythmic pulses. The Waterpik is now sold by Water Pik, Inc. Efficacy Oral irrigators have been evaluated in a number of scientific studies and have been tested for periodontal maintenance, and those with gingivitis, diabetes, orthodontic appliances, and tooth replacements such as crowns, and implants. A 2008 systematic review found improvement in gingival health with irrigation compared with regular oral hygiene, although there was no reduction in plaque. A 2019 meta-analysis found that water-jet irrigation is more effective at reducing bleeding on probing than flossing. Other uses Oral irrigators have also been used to remove tonsil stones (\"tonsiloliths\") in those subject to them. Mode of operation Most oral irrigators use a single stream of water to flush unwanted material from between the teeth. Compared to flossing, oral irrigators are also ideal for narrow teeth or hard-to-reach areas between teeth. The market also offers devices in which it is possible to specifically massage the gums using sophisticated massage heads. In addition, mouthwash solution can be injected into periodontal pockets using the sub-gingival nozzle, used as a nozzle. Cleaning technique After filling the reservoir with water, point the nozzle close to the gum line at an angle of 90 degrees. Then start the device by setting the appropriate pressure value. It is recommended to start irrigation from the back teeth, slowly following the gum line. The water jet should be directed between the tooth spaces, surfaces above the gum line, stopping momentarily at the area to be cleaned. In the case of hard-to-reach areas such as when using braces, in gum pockets, the angle of the nozzle can be changed. Criticism Dentists classify the oral irrigator as a wellness product because it cannot replace medically sensible brushing and flossing. There is only a possible improvement in blood circulation in the gums due to the massage effect. On the other hand, there is a risk that food debris will get", "title": "Oral irrigator" }, { "docid": "25073388", "text": "A jet blast deflector (JBD) or blast fence is a safety device that redirects the high energy exhaust from a jet engine to prevent damage and injury. The structure must be strong enough to withstand heat and high speed air streams as well as dust and debris carried by the turbulent air. Without a deflector, jet blast can be dangerous to people, equipment, vehicles and other aircraft. Jet blast deflectors range in complexity from stationary concrete, metal or fiberglass fences to heavy panels that are raised and lowered by hydraulic arms and actively cooled. Blast deflectors can be used as protection from helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft propwash. At airports and jet engine service centers, jet blast deflectors can be combined with sound-deadening walls to form a ground run-up enclosure within which a jet aircraft engine can safely and more quietly be tested at full thrust. Purpose High energy jet engine exhaust can cause injury and damage. Jet blast has been known to uproot trees, shatter windows, overturn automobiles and trucks, flatten poorly made structures and injure people. Other aircraft in the jet blast, especially lightweight ones, have been blown around and damaged by jet exhaust. Hurricane-force air streams moving at speeds up to have been measured behind the largest jet-powered aircraft at distances of over . A Boeing 777's two General Electric GE90 engines combine to create a thrust of approximately , a level of force which is high enough to kill people. To prevent these problems, jet blast deflectors redirect the air stream in a non-dangerous direction, frequently upward. Airports Jet blast deflectors began to appear at airports in the 1950s. Airports in the 1960s used jet blast deflectors with a height of , but airports in the 1990s needed deflectors that were twice as high, and even up to high for jet airliners such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and MD-11, which have engines mounted in the tail above the fuselage. Airports often place their deflectors at the beginnings of runways, especially when roadways or structures are adjacent. Airports that are in dense urban areas often have deflectors between taxiways and airport borders. Jet blast deflectors usually direct exhaust gases upward. However, a low-pressure zone can form behind the blast fence, causing ambient air and debris to be drawn upward with the jet exhaust, and hot, toxic gases to circulate behind the blast fence. Jet blast deflectors have been designed to counteract this problem by using multiple panels and various angles, and by using slotted panel surfaces. Ground run-up enclosure After a jet engine has been overhauled or has undergone the replacement of parts, it is normal to run the engine up to full thrust to test it. Rural airports rarely provide more than a distant portion of the airfield within which to test engines at full thrust, but urban airports surrounded by residential areas often specify that engine tests be conducted within a ground run-up enclosure (\"hush house\"), so that the engine noise can be reduced for", "title": "Jet blast deflector" }, { "docid": "72533767", "text": "\"December Back 2 June\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Alicia Keys. It was released as the lead single from Keys' Christmas album Santa Baby (2022) through Alicia Keys Records on October 28, 2022. Background and release On October 20, it was announced that Keys would release her first Christmas album Santa Baby the following month and that its lead single \"December Back 2 June\" would be released on October 28. In an interview with NPR, Keys commented that the song: It really is talking about how at this time for Christmas, I don't even need any wishes because I have the love that I'm looking for. And so I think that definitely is the sentiment of the song, that love and this good energy that I think we all call towards us and want for the holidays is something we can have all year round. And so that's why it's called \"December Back 2 June.\" Keys explained that the song \"sounds just like a Jackson 5 sample\" and producer Tommy Parker created the \"Michael Jackson sound\" by pitching up his own voice. Initially, Keys thought that the \"sample-sounding pitch\" voice was from a Jackson 5 song that she hadn't never heard before, and fell in love with the sound, saying \"to me it felt like a ‘You Don’t Know My Name’ or one of these songs that are my style, like that kind of ’70s sample, we’ll put a modern approach on it. And so it totally was 100% me, and he said that he created it with that in mind.” \"December Back 2 June\" was simultaneously released to digital download on iTunes and Amazon and streaming on Spotify, as well as YouTube. Music video for the song was released on November 4, 2022. A live rendition of the song was released on Apple Music Live: Alicia Keys on December 22, 2022. Composition and lyrics \"December Back 2 June\" is an uptempo song that lasts for a duration of 2 minutes 44 seconds. The song was written by Keys, Tayla Parx and produced by Tommy Parker and YNG Josh. According to The Franklin News Post, the song is about \"about a love that spans the seasons\". On the chorus, Keys sings; “For this Christmas / Don’t need wishes / Not since I met you / Every season you give reason to love you / From December back to June”. The song contains a repetitive “it’s just Christmas time” line. According to Daniel Welsh from the Huffpost, on the song's lyrics Keys is \"referencing how the festive season makes her feel nostalgic for the past year with a loved one\". Rated R&Bs Keithan Samuel stated that on the sing \"Keys lets her man know that being with him feels like Christmas every day of the year\" and \"She isn’t pressed for special gifts during the holidays because their bond is more than what she could ask for\". Rachel Brodsky from Stereogum described the \"layered\" song as having \"jingles,", "title": "December Back 2 June" }, { "docid": "68853944", "text": "Streaming conformance checking is a type of doing conformance checking where the deviation (if exists) is reported directly when it happens. Instead of event log, streaming conformance checking techniques take event stream and process model as input and for each received event from the stream, it will be compared with the model. Differences with conformance checking The conventional conformance checking techniques use event log as input. An event log is a static data source recording the business activities over a time span. After the event log is completely recorded, conformance checking techniques are applied and the deviations, if they exist will be shown. However, this kind of doing conformance has several drawbacks: Not enough resources: In the large-scale companies, the size of event log is enormous. The traditional conformance checking techniques are not able to deal with such large data sets, i.e., the data does not fit the main memory. Not monitor in real-time: The conformance checking algorithms perform in a-posteriori fashion, hence, the deviations can only be detected after they have occurred for an amount of time. In some circumstances, where timely corrective action is crucial, e.g., monitoring the health status of patient, finance, etc., the late detection can cause severe consequences. On the other hand, streaming conformance checking techniques use event stream as input. An event stream is a continuous stream of events executed in the context of an underlying business process. Each event from the event stream is denoted as (c, a) where c is the case identifier and a is the activity name of this event. With this kind of data, the conformance checking can be continuously performed along the stream, i.e., for each executed activity, the analysis will be directly calculated if that activity causes any deviation based on a given process model. Hence, this kind of conformance checking provides a continuous way of monitoring a process and detecting the deviations in real-time. Algorithms The fundamental difference between online and offline conformance checking is the completeness of the input. The behavior seen for each event in the event log is complete, i.e., we would know if the according case is still running or already stops. It is not the case with event stream. At the moment, in which one activity from a case is successfully executed, we would not know if the case ever stops or is already complete, i.e., in the future, no new event will belong to this case. Due to this difference, the conventional conformance checking algorithms are not (fully) applicable in the online context and needed to be adjusted. Footprints Input: An event stream and a footprint matrix of the according process model. Algorithm: For each received event (c, a) If a is the start activity of case c, the algorithm examines if a is allowed to start. Otherwise, if a is not the start activity of case c, the algorithm examines if a is allowed to directly follow the last executed activity of case c. To keep track of the", "title": "Streaming conformance checking" }, { "docid": "11956773", "text": "People I Know is a 2002 crime drama film directed by Daniel Algrant. The film stars Al Pacino, Kim Basinger, Ryan O'Neal, and Téa Leoni. People I Know premiered in Italy on October 11, 2002, and was released in the United States on April 25, 2003, by Miramax Films. The film received mixed reviews. Plot Eli Wurman (Al Pacino) is an aging, burnt-out Jewish publicist whose best days are well behind him and wishes to retire from his line of work, but all he knows is how to hustle, cajole, threaten, and persuade. The hazy mania of his everyday life is fuelled by a steady stream of prescription drugs and alcohol. One night, Eli's last remaining \"big client\" Cary Launer (Ryan O'Neal) – an actor considering a campaign for political office – entreats Eli to take care of his latest publicity mess, a dangerous liaison with Jilli Hopper (Téa Leoni), a hard-shelled, quick-tongued television actress with a soft centre and a taste for illegal drugs. The actress takes Eli to a drug-and-sex den, a playground for the rich and famous, where she claims to be looking for a toy. Jilli is escorted off the premises by security. As she demands to know where her toy is, she finds it and tells the guards, \"I got all of you now.\" Eli is too stoned to understand the exchange. Eli takes her back to the hotel room, where he takes more pills and passes out right after witnessing what appears to be the actress's rape and murder. In his opiate daze, he cannot be sure. By the next morning, the memory is buried. Eli needs to pull together a charity benefit. He is tempted to leave New York for good with Victoria (Kim Basinger), Eli's former sister-in-law and widow of his deceased brother. Victoria's feelings for Eli are mutual and she genuinely cares about and desires him. She offers him life away from his current lifestyle. However, Eli is hesitant, for she is his brother's widow. But, his work is interrupted by the police who question him and by acquaintances trying to ascertain how much Eli has seen and recalls. Eli finally realizes he is involved in something politically dangerous, and powerful forces are at play to keep his mouth shut. As he strives to bring together the people he knows – members of the Black and Jewish communities, film stars, and media – for the grand fundraiser, Eli's life is in grave danger. Eli struggles with remembering exactly what happened that night. Through a series of flashbacks combined with visits from the people he knows, the viewer learns that Eli's life is in danger when Eli fails to realize the danger. However, it is revealed that the people Eli trusts are the people who are threatened by the photos. Eli pulls off a successful event surrounded by these individuals. Unfortunately, his success is comprehended after he is killed by the people who made it a success. Cast Filming The filming took", "title": "People I Know" }, { "docid": "57957422", "text": "Mathieu Bordaraud (; born 27 May 1990), better known by his stage name Mathieu Koss, is a French DJ, record producer, and composer from Nancy. In 2017, his cover of \"Big Jet Plane\" by Angus and Julia Stone with the Brazilian DJ Alok peaked at number one in Brazil and in the top 10 in multiple European countries. In 2020, his collaboration with Belgian DJ Lost Frequencies, \"Don't Leave Me Now,\" will receive a Platinum record in Belgium. Biography Mathieu was signed in 2016 to Spinnin' Records. His first single \"Need Your Lovin\", a cover from The Korgis, was released in the summer of 2016. In the same year, Bob Sinclar requested him to remix his song \"Someone Who Needs Me\". Koss's collaboration with Alok, \"Big Jet Plane\", peaked at 19th on the Belgian Wallonia Tip chart. A music video for the song was released. The single gained more than 200 million streams on Spotify, Apple Music and YouTube. \"Big Jet Plane\" was nominated in 2018 for Clip of the Year in the MTV Millennial Awards (MTV MIAW). In 2018, he released his first solo single with French singer Joan Alasta titled \"Best Is Yet To Come\". The single gained more than 5 million streams on Spotify. March 2019 Mathieu release Never Growing Up with the American singer Aloe Blacc. The single will stay 45 weeks in the Airplay charts in Belgium. In 2020 he release \"HOME\" a collaboration with the Bob Marley's son Ziggy Marley. The same year Mathieu receive a Platinum Record for \"Don't Leave Me Now\" his collaboration with the Belgian DJ Lost Frequencies. Discography Charted singles *Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts. Other singles Remixes Bob Sinclar — \"Someone Who Needs Me\" [Yellow Productions/Spinnin' Remixes] (2016) Niels Geusebroek — \"Wildfire\" (Mathieu Koss Remix) [Spinnin' Prenium] (2016) Cazzette — \"Static\" (Mathieu Koss Remix) [Icon/PRMD] (2016) Destiny's Child — \"Say My Name\" (Mathieu Koss Remix) [Free/Ultra] (2016) Kygo featuring Ellie Goulding — \"First Time\" (Mathieu Koss Remix) [Free/Columbia] (2017) Klingande featuring Krishane — \"Rebell Yell\" (Mathieu Koss Remix) [Ultra] (2018) Celestal featuring Rachel Pearl and Grynn — \"Old School Romance\" (Mathieu Koss Remix) [MCA/Casablanca/Universal Music Group] (2018) Noa Kirel — \"Please Don't Suck\" (Mathieu Koss Remix) [Atlantic Records] (2021) Graham Candy — \"Find My Way\" (Mathieu Koss Edit) [V2 Records] (2022) Awards and nominations Certifications References External links Official website AllMusic profile 1990 births French electronic musicians French record producers Living people Musicians from Nancy, France Spinnin' Records artists French electronic dance music DJs", "title": "Mathieu Koss" }, { "docid": "1084822", "text": "Jet, Jets, or The Jet(s) may refer to: Aerospace Jet aircraft, an aircraft propelled by jet engines Jet airliner Jet engine Jet fuel Jet Airways, an Indian airline Wind Jet (ICAO: JET), an Italian airline Journey to Enceladus and Titan (JET), a proposed astrobiology orbiter to Saturn Jet pack, a backpack personal flying device containing a jet motor Fighter jet, a military aircraft Aircraft Business jet Boeing Business Jet Very light jet Cirrus Vision SF50, originally called \"The-Jet by Cirrus\" Eclipse 400, originally called \"Eclipse Concept Jet\" Honda HA-420 HondaJet Piper PA-47 PiperJet Other areas of science, math, and technology Jet (fluid), a coherent stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle or aperture Jet (gemstone), a black or brown semi-precious mineraloid Jet (mathematics), an operation on a differentiable function Jet (particle physics), a narrow cone of hadrons and other particles produced by the hadronization of a quark or gluon Jet bundle, a fiber bundle of jets in differential topology Jet group, a group of jets in differential topology Jet stream, in meteorology, commonly referred to as \"jet\" Astrophysical jet, in astrophysics, a stream of matter emitted along the axis of a rotating astronomical body Joint European Torus, an experimental nuclear fusion machine Junctional ectopic tachycardia, a rare cardiac arrhythmia that sometimes occurs after surgery in infants People Jet (name), given name, generally feminine in Dutch, masculine in English Jet Li (born 1963), Chinese film actor, producer and martial artist Kenny \"the Jet\" Smith (born 1965), American basketball commentator and former player Benny Urquidez (born 1952), kickboxer, choreographer and actor known as \"The Jet\" Jason Eugene Terry (born 1977), American basketball player nicknamed \"JET\" Jay Emmanuel-Thomas (born 1990), English association football player nicknamed \"JET\" Jet (Diane Youdale, born 1970), one of the stars of Gladiators Jet (Monica Carlson), Women's Champion of the first season of American Gladiators Fictional characters Jet (DC Comics), a comic book character from New Guardians The Jets, a gang in the 1957 Broadway musical West Side Story Jet Alone, a character from the Neon Genesis Evangelion anime series Jet Black, a character from the anime Cowboy Bebop, see List of Cowboy Bebop characters Jet Fusion, a cartoon character from The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius Jet Jackson, from the 1950s TV show Jet Jackson, Flying Commando Jett Jackson, from the 1999–2001 TV show The Famous Jett Jackson Jet Jaguar, a character from the 1973 film Godzilla vs. Megalon Jet Link (Cyborg 002), a character from Cyborg 009 Jet the Hawk, a character in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise video games and comics Jet Vac, a video game character from the Skylanders universe; see Skylanders Academy Jet, a fictional dog in the Famous Five book Five on a Secret Trail Jet, a character from the cartoon Avatar: The Last Airbender Jett, a playable video game character from Valorant Arts and entertainment Jet, an alternate name for Ground Control, a 1998 American thriller Jet (video game), a 1985", "title": "Jet" }, { "docid": "13141596", "text": "Jet Propellant Thermally Stable (JPTS) is a jet fuel originally developed in 1956 for the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. History Because of tight security restrictions enforced during the U-2's development, batches of fuel that were delivered to the aircraft's engine manufacturer were initially labeled LF-1. In 1956, a year after the U-2's first flight, a USAF Captain assigned to the Fuels Branch was instructed to buy a tank car load of LF-1 and have it shipped to an engine manufacturer. Not knowing what LF-1 was, he obtained a sample, had it analyzed, and determined that it was paraffinic kerosene, a fluid commonly known as charcoal lighter fluid (hence LF-1). Specification MIL-T-25524 was later written to include an additive for improving JPTS' thermal oxidative stability. Properties JPTS has a flash point of 43 °C (110 °F), a freezing point of -53 °C (-64 °F) and flammability limits of 1 and 6 %. It has an appearance of a water-white clear liquid with specific gravity of 0.816. It is insoluble in water. It is composed of a complex mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons. JPTS has a lower freeze point, lower viscosity, and higher thermal stability than standard aviation fuels. The fuel's low viscosity is needed to overcome the risk of it freezing in the low temperatures encountered during flight at high altitudes. JPTS also serves as coolant of engines and aerodynamically heated surfaces. As the fuel flow to the U-2's engines at cruise altitudes is about sixteen times lower than at sea level, the dwell time over hot surfaces is longer and increases the chances of thermal breakdown; JTPS's high thermal stability is therefore desired to avoid coking and deposition of varnishes in the piping. JPTS is a specialty fuel and is produced by only two oil refineries in the United States. As such, it has limited worldwide availability and costs over three times the per-gallon price of the Air Force's primary jet fuel, JP-8. Research is under way to find a cheaper and easier alternative involving additives to generally used jet fuels. A JP-8 based alternative, JP-8+100LT, is being considered. JP-8+100 has increased thermal stability by 100 degrees F more than stock JP8, and is only 0.5 cents per gallon more expensive; low temperature additives can be blended to this stock to add the desired cold performance. References See also JP-4 JP-6 JP-7 JP-8 Aviation fuel Aviation fuels", "title": "JPTS" }, { "docid": "2061506", "text": "Whakarewarewa (reduced version of Te Whakarewarewatanga O Te Ope Taua A Wahiao, meaning The gathering place for the war parties of Wahiao, often abbreviated to Whaka by locals) is a Rotorua semi-rural geothermal area in the Taupō Volcanic Zone of New Zealand. This was the site of the Māori fortress of Te Puia, first occupied around 1325, and known as an impenetrable stronghold never taken in battle. Māori have lived here ever since, taking full advantage of the geothermal activity in the valley for heating and cooking. Whakarewarewa has some 500 pools, most of which are alkaline chloride hot springs, and at least 65 geyser vents, each with their own name. Seven geysers are currently active. Pohutu Geyser, meaning big splash or explosion, erupts approximately hourly to heights of up to . Many of the thermal features at Whakarewarewa have been adversely affected by Rotorua residents taking advantage of the underlying geothermal fluids of the city by drawing shallow wells ( deep) to extract hot water for both domestic and commercial heating. A bore closure programme in 1987–1988 resulted in 106 wells within of Pōhutu Geyser being cemented shut, with another 120 wells outside the radius being shut due to a punitive royalty charging regime. There has subsequently been a pronounced recovery in the geysers and hot springs at Whakarewarewa. The area features Te Pākira Marae and Wahiao meeting house, a meeting place of the Tūhourangi hapū of Ngāti Puta, Ngāti Uruhina, Ngāti Wāhiao, Tūhourangi and Ngāti Taoi. Geysers Most of the currently active geysers at Whakarewarewa are located on Geyser Flat and aligned on a common fissure. This is a highly complex system, with the activity of one geyser affecting another. Kereru Geyser, about above Puarenga Stream, located at the head of a small apron of blackish sinter, erupts every few days or weeks, in a fan-shaped jet high. No large eruptions occurred between 1972–1988, and it seems its recovery was directly linked to the sudden reduction of well drawoff in 1987. Kereru Geyser is probably independent of other springs on the fissure. Prince of Wales Feathers Geyser, Pōhutu Geyser, Te Horu Geyser (The Cauldron) and Waikorohihi Geyser are on a sinter plateau about above Puarenga Stream. Prince of Wales Feathers Geyser, Pōhutu Geyser's closest neighbour, always precedes Pōhutu, a feeble jet at first but gradually increasing in power until a continuous column is ejected at an angle, when Pōhutu usually erupts also. Sometimes Waikorohihi Geyser erupts a discontinuous jet, then Prince of Wales Feathers will commence, later followed by Pōhutu. Until 1972, Te Horu Geyser erupted high as often as 10–15 times each day, but after that time eruptions and even boiling ceased. The water in Te Horu's vent began to overflow again in 1998. A very direct connection exists between Te Horu and Pōhutu, with air-cooled water erupted from Pōhutu largely falling in Te Horu's vent. This may explain the popular belief that Pōhutu is more active when there is a south wind, because most erupted water", "title": "Whakarewarewa" }, { "docid": "57952659", "text": "The Hurricane Aircat was an airboat used as a riverine patrol boat by the US Army and South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) during the Vietnam War. It was used to conduct various counterinsurgency (COIN) and patrol missions in riverine and marshy areas where larger boats could not go. Background The Viet Cong (VC) insurgents, one of the US Army's main enemies in Vietnam, relied heavily on motorized and paddled sampans to move troops and supplies throughout the canals, streams, swamps, and rivers abundant in Vietnam, particularly in the Mekong River delta. The boats used by US forces prior to the Aircat's 1964 introduction relied on screw-propellers, which would become fouled by aquatic plants and thus rendered useless. US forces sometimes used paddled sampans to avoid this problem, although these sampans had the same speed as the VC ones and so were unable to effectively pursue and defeat them. Because US boats had trouble navigating the waters of the Mekong Delta, the region quickly became home to many Viet Cong strongholds and logistics bases. In 1961, the US Navy brought airboats and pump-jet boats, neither of which rely on propellers in the water, to Vietnam at the behest of ARVN for testing. The Navy found that airboats outperformed pump-jets and screw-propeller boats in all respects except noise, although they concluded that airboats' noise made them unacceptable for use in counterinsurgency operations. Army special forces and others in the US and South Vietnamese militaries disagreed, however. Development and selection In spring of 1964, US Special Forces advisers to ARVN forces in South Vietnam expressed a need for fast, shallow-draft boats. In response, the Commander of the Military Assistance Command in Vietnam, (COMUSMACV) stated an operational requirement in June 1964 for shallow-draft boats capable of carrying 4-5 troops plus crew-served weapons that could negotiate aquatic plants and other obstacles abundant in marshes and rice paddies at speeds of at least . The Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Command (CINCPAC) approved the request on June 19, 1964, and ordered six airboats from two commercial manufacturers—the Hurricane Fiberglass Products Company of Auburndale, Florida and Susquehanna Danville Airport of Danville, Pennsylvania—to evaluate and test them and then select a winner. The Susquehanna airboats were a joint venture between Ken Burrows-owned Danville Airport of Danville and Mari-Mar Industries of Port Trevorton, Pennsylvania. The two models of airboats evaluated were the Hurricane Aircat and the Susquehanna Skimmer. Each Aircat and Skimmer cost about $6,000 each in 1964 (equivalent to about $49,000 in 2018). The Army finished its evaluation by the end of 1965. The Aircat was found to be more durable, maneuverable, and have greater obstacle crossing capabilities than the Skimmer, although the Skimmer outperformed the Aircat in deep water. As such, the Army opted to begin purchasing Aircats in early 1966. Design The Hurricane Aircat had a rectangular hull long with beam. The draft varied with speed but was no more than . At top speed, the Aircat could draw as little as a single inch () of", "title": "Hurricane Aircat" }, { "docid": "40902752", "text": "The St. Jude storm, also known as Cyclone Christian, and other names, was a severe hurricane-force European windstorm that hit Northwestern Europe on 27 and 28 October 2013 causing at least 17 deaths. The highest windspeed was in Denmark, where a gust of was recorded in the south of the country (in Als) on the afternoon of 28 October, the strongest wind recorded in the country's history. Name Although it was reported that the storm was named by a clerk at the UK's Met Office, the Met Office themselves have stated that they do not know who named the storm. The storm was named by the Weather Channel UK meteorologist Leon Brown, after the feast of Saint Jude the Apostle, which takes place on 28 October, the day when the storm was expected to be at its height. The name is reported to have been popularised on Twitter before being adopted by the media in the United Kingdom. The storm was named \"Christian\" on 26 October 2013 by the Free University of Berlin's meteorological institute. According to The Guardian, European Union institutions are officially referring to the storm as \"Christian\". The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute named the storm \"Simone\", based on the Swedish name day list. The European Windstorm Centre, a UK-based forecaster, gave the storm the name \"Carmen\". The Danish Meteorological Institute referred to it as the October storm 2013 (Oktoberstormen 2013), but it was later named \"Allan\" per request from the Minister for Climate, Energy and Building, Martin Lidegaard. Confusion over the name of the storm, particularly in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and subsequent severe impact, led the Met Office and Met Eireann to later start officially naming European windstorms, starting with the inaugural 2015–16 season's first system, Storm Abigail. Meteorological history A depression formed off the east coast of the United States and headed east, assisted by the jet stream. The St. Jude storm formed in the western Atlantic as a secondary low on the southern flanks of an area of low pressure to the east of southern Greenland; this Icelandic Low was named \"Burkhard\" by the Free University of Berlin. The St. Jude storm formed from a wave front on 26 October in the northwest Atlantic off the Eastern seaboard of North America. The developing low moved under the jet stream passing by the remnants of ex-tropical storm Lorenzo situated in the mid Atlantic. The tropical air from this storm provided an input of energy, strengthening the jetstream, and helping to intensify the deepening of the low in an area closer to Europe than usual. This, together with a strong jet stream, led to a rapid deepening of the St. Jude low before it hit western Europe as a strengthening storm. The storm has been cited as both meeting and not meeting the strict criteria of explosive deepening. The storm system was swept across the Atlantic at a rapid pace moving eastwards with an average speed of , and crossed over in less than", "title": "St. Jude storm" }, { "docid": "6234336", "text": "Ampelakia () is a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Tempi, of which it is a municipal unit and a municipal community. Ampelakia is also regarded as the historical seat of the municipality. Administrative division The municipal unit of Ampelakia comprises two separate municipal communities: Ampelakia and Tempi. The municipal unit has an area of 54.447 km2. History The traveler who will feel the need to visit the historical town of Ampelakia (nicknamed \"The jewel of Thessaly\"), has to go up the well made road that starts from the Tempe Valley. After just 5 kilometers is Ampelakia. As we get closer to the town the mansion of George Mavros (Schwartz) stands out. There is an unsure knowledge to exactly when and who established Ampelakia because there are no clear documents that attest to this subject. The inscriptions of churches and the recollections of their liturgical elements are the most reliable records about its foundation. The historian Elias Georgiou (\"History and the Cooperative of Ambelakia\", Athens 1951, p. 9) published the recollection of the Bishop of Platamon Gregorios, in the ritual which Nikos Gameos bought in 1580 and donated to the old church of Saint Paraskevi. Also, at the First Convention of Studies on Ambelakia, on the 13–15 August 1994, Kostas Spanos, the history researcher, stated that Ampelakia has existed as a settlement at least since the 14th century AD, which means that it is one of the Thessalian settlements of the last Byzantine era. As far as concerns the name of the village, Ampelakia, some historians claim that it comes from the corruption of the word \"Amfilakia\" which means a village between two streams. But this is not right because the town is crossed by four streams and not two. The most possible version is that the name of the town comes from the fact that in the village and in the area around it there were a lot of vineyards (\"Ambelia\" in the Greek language). According to a rescued register of the vineyards in the year 1899, we know that there were 700 owners of vineyards who cultivated . Creation of the cooperative Ampelakia, an originally poor village without any navigable rivers and trade routes, had no neighboring towns of industrial significance. Well, how did it manage to present such an important and wondrous achievement which, at the same time, is an epoch-making event. Of course, we mean the foundation, organization and function of the first cooperative in all the world. A cooperative, in which the interests of work wedded to the capital in a marvelous way. The cooperative spirit spread in Greece much earlier than in other European countries. It is a part of the national folk tradition, based on a deep humanitarian spirit and the fair contribution of profits between the people. The first forms of cooperative appear around the 18th century. The most important examples are those of Thrace, sponge-divers of", "title": "Ampelakia, Larissa" }, { "docid": "18086935", "text": "In parts of the Northern Hemisphere, an April shower is rain during the month of April. One of the major causes of the often heavy downpours is the position of the jet stream. In early spring, the jet stream starts to move northwards, allowing large depressions to bring strong winds and rain in from the Atlantic. In one day the weather can change from springtime sunshine to winter sleet and snow. The track of these depressions can often be across Ireland and Scotland bringing bands of rain followed by heavy showers (often of hail or snow) and strong blustery winds. In France, this meteorological phenomenon is known as \"Giboulées de mars\" (March sudden sleet showers). The proverb \"March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers\", first recorded in 1886, and the shorter, trochaic version \"April showers bring May flowers\" (originally \"Sweet April showers/Do spring May flowers\", part of a poem recorded in 1610) are common expressions in English speaking countries. The phrase is referenced in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales: \"Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote\". Meteorological data In London, the smallest chance of a wet day in the year is on April 27. The average sliding 31-day rainfall during April is also fairly low, at about . In Edinburgh, the smallest chance of a wet day in the year is on April 18. The average sliding 31-day rainfall during April is also fairly low, at about . In Dublin, the smallest chance of a wet day in the year is on April 21. The average sliding 31-day rainfall during April is also fairly low, at about . References April events Precipitation", "title": "April shower" }, { "docid": "6187453", "text": "Upper-atmospheric models are simulations of the Earth's atmosphere between 20 and 100 km (65,000 and 328,000 feet) that comprises the stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lower thermosphere. Whereas most climate models simulate a region of the Earth's atmosphere from the surface to the stratopause, there also exist numerical models which simulate the wind, temperature and composition of the Earth's tenuous upper atmosphere, from the mesosphere to the exosphere, including the ionosphere. This region is affected strongly by the 11 year Solar cycle through variations in solar UV/EUV/Xray radiation and solar wind leading to high latitude particle precipitation and aurora. It has been proposed that these phenomena may have an effect on the lower atmosphere, and should therefore be included in simulations of climate change. For this reason there has been a drive in recent years to create whole atmosphere models to investigate whether or not this is the case. Jet stream perturbation model A jet stream perturbation model is employed by Weather Logistics UK, which simulates the diversion of the air streams in the upper atmosphere. North Atlantic air flow modelling is simulated by combining a monthly jet stream climatology input calculated at 20 to 30°W, with different blocking high patterns. The jet stream input is generated by thermal wind balance calculations at 316mbars (6 to 9 km aloft) in the mid-latitude range from 40 to 60°N. Long term blocking patterns are determined by the weather forecaster, who identifies the likely position and strength of North Atlantic Highs from synoptic charts, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns. The model is based on the knowledge that low pressure systems at the surface are steered by the fast ribbons (jet streams) of air in the upper atmosphere. The jet stream - blocking interaction model simulation examines the sea surface temperature field using data from NOAA tracked along the ocean on a path to the British Isles. The principal theory suggests that long term weather patterns act on longer time scales, so large blocking patterns are thought to appear in a similar locations repeatedly over several months. With a good knowledge of blocking high patterns, the model performs with an impressive accuracy that is useful to the end user. Probabilistic forecasting The modelling undertaken at Weather Logistics UK produces regional-seasonal predictions that are probabilistic in nature. Two different blocking sizes are used for the modelling, located at two different locations. The four possible blocking diversions are then ranked in an order, to be combined by logistic regression and generate the appropriate likelihoods of weather events on seasonal time-scales. The raw output consists of 22 different weather conditions for each season that are compared to the average atmospheric conditions. A global warming bias and 1961–1990 climatology of regional British Isles temperatures are added to the anomaly value to produce a final temperature prediction. The seasonal weather forecasts at Weather Logistics UK include several additional weather components (derivatives) including: precipitation anomalies, storm tracks, air flow trajectories, heating degree days for household", "title": "Upper-atmospheric models" }, { "docid": "331907", "text": "The archerfish (also known as spinner fish or archer fish) or Toxotidae are a monotypic family (although some include a second genus) of perciform tropical fish known for their unique predation technique of \"shooting down\" land-based insects and other small prey with jets of water spit from their specialized mouths. The family is small, consisting of ten species in a single genus, Toxotes. Most archerfish live in freshwater streams, ponds and wetlands, but two or three species are euryhaline, inhabiting both fresh and brackish water habitats such as estuaries and mangroves. They can be found from India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, through Southeast Asia, to Melanesia and Northern Australia. Archerfish have deep and laterally compressed bodies, with the dorsal fin and the profile a straight line from dorsal fin to mouth. The mouth is protractile, and the lower jaw juts out. Sizes are fairly small, typically up to about , but T. chatareus can reach . Archerfish are popular exotic fish for aquaria, but are difficult to feed and maintain by average fishkeepers since they prefer live prey over typical fish foods. Capture of prey Archerfish are remarkably accurate in their shooting; an adult fish almost always hits the target on the first shot. Although it is presumed that all archerfish species do this, it has only been confirmed from T. blythii, T. chatareus and T. jaculatrix. They can bring down insects and other prey up to above the water's surface. This is partially due to their good eyesight, but also to their ability to compensate for the refraction of light as it passes through the air-water interface when aiming at their prey. They typically spit at prey at a mean angle of about 74° from the horizontal but can still aim accurately when spitting at angles between 45° and 110°. When an archerfish selects its prey, it rotates its eye so that the image of the prey falls on a particular portion of the eye in the ventral temporal periphery of the retina, and its lips just break the surface, squirting a jet of water at its victim. The archerfish does this by forming a small groove in the roof of its mouth and its tongue into a narrow channel. It then fires by contracting its gill covers and forcing water through the channel, shooting a stream that, shaped by its mouth parts, travels faster at the rear than at the front. This speed differential causes the stream to become a blob directly before impact as the slower leading water is overtaken by the faster trailing water, and it is varied by the fish to account for differences in range. It also makes this one of the few animals that both make and use tools, as they both utilise the water and shape it to make it more useful to them. They are persistent and will make multiple shots if the first one fails. Young archerfish start shooting when they are about long but are inaccurate at first and", "title": "Archerfish" }, { "docid": "20169007", "text": "Before the Mountain Was Moved is a 1970 American documentary film produced by Robert K. Sharpe. The film portrays the struggle by the inhabitants of Raleigh County, West Virginia, to preserve their land from the ravages of strip-mining, and their efforts to pass state legislation to this end. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Synopsis Part I The film depicts mountaineers Ellis Bailey and Ellen Bailey of Clear Fork, West Virginia shoveling landslide debris off of their porch and car. Their house appears to have been covered in mud after rain, allegedly provoked by under-regulated mountaintop removal mining and deforestation. A member of the Raleigh County Community Action Association arrives at the Bailey's house to invite them to a community meeting about the strip-miners, or \"strippers\". Both of the Baileys express doubt that anything can be done for them. Ellen Bailey tells the associate that \"most of the working men are working at the mines... they're afraid to do something that will interfere with their jobs.\" Ellis Bailey expresses that \"I can't fight a big coal company, he's got too much money.\" However, they decide to attend the meeting. Resident Byrd Hendrix overlooks a stream and describes the collapse of minnow and Crayfish populations. Community members are upset when one \"stripper\" claims that the landslides were an Act of God. At the Clear Fork Community Action Center, West Virginian State Senator and former strip-miner Tracy Hilton (credited as Tracy Hylton) speaks about strip-miners. He claims that the current requirement for obtaining strip-mining license is a $10 fee, and includes little to no regulation. Some residents express their discontent at the current laws, and at Hilton's lack of guidance. A group of residents travels to Charleston, West Virginia to speak to state senators at the West Virginia State Capitol. Part II The residents arrive at the West Virginia State Capitol. They have arrived to contribute to discussion on West Virginian Senate bill 61, the \"Strip Mining Bill\". Before entering the building, they express to each other the need to work together and be persistent. They also express fear at being \"laughed at\". They speak briefly to Paul Kaufman, former State Senator of West Virginia. While gathered in the hallway, they are told of the need to register to speak to the gathered lawmakers. The residents express concern about speaking to the large group, and argue about who will speak. In the end, they select ex-Sergeant Major of the Army Clarendon Williams, school teacher Ina Mae Painter, and mountaineer Ellis Bailey to speak to the lawmakers. Beforehand, Painter helps Bailey create notes about what to say, and assuages his fears. In the end, Bailey delivers the following testimony to the legislators in the documentary:\"Well, my name is Ellis Bailey. I was selected by a group of the strippers been damaged, of Clear Fork in Raleigh County. I'm not an educated man, don't know how to speak much, but I'm here to state the facts of what's happening", "title": "Before the Mountain Was Moved" }, { "docid": "67499930", "text": "The Bomber Mafia: A Dream, a Temptation, and the Longest Night of the Second World War is a 2021 book by Malcolm Gladwell that examines the US Bomber Mafia of World War II, which advocated precision aerial bombing as a means to win a war. Gladwell stated the audiobook for The Bomber Mafia came about as an expansion of material from his podcast Revisionist History, and that the print book originated from the audiobook. The book follows the Bomber Mafia, especially Major General Haywood S. Hansell, and the development of a high-altitude precision aerial bombardment strategy in World War II as a means to limit casualties. After difficulties in applying the Bomber Mafia's theoretical strategy, Major General Hansell was replaced by Major General Curtis LeMay, who utilized tactical changes such as attacking Japanese population centers with napalm to ensure a Japanese surrender. Upon release, The Bomber Mafia was met with mixed reviews, with reviewers praising its audiobook version but criticizing the book for a lack of detail and factual accuracy. Author The author of the book is Malcolm Gladwell, an English-born Canadian journalist, author, and public speaker. In 2016, Gladwell started Revisionist History, a history-focused podcast that \"re-examines something from the past – an event, a person, an idea, even a song – and asks whether we got it right the first time\". He devoted four episodes of the fifth season of Revisionist History to air power in World War II, and stated the audiobook served as an expansion of material from the podcast. The Bomber Mafia began as an audiobook, and later transitioned into a print book. Content The book follows the story of the Bomber Mafia, a group of American military officers, especially Major General Haywood S. Hansell, as they developed a military doctrine of daylight strategic bombing as a means to defeat an enemy with precision high-altitude aerial bombardment. This could lead to a minimum of war-time casualties with new technology such as the Norden bombsight. In that regard, this was at odds with Britain's Royal Air Force' doctrine of area bombing under the command of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Arthur Harris. When the United States entered World War II, the Bomber Mafia's doctrine proved of little military use and costly in implementation with the realities of current technology under real-world combat conditions. This especially applied with the aerial bombardment of Japan where previously unaccounted atmospheric conditions such as the jet stream seriously interfered with operations under Hansell's command. The book examines Hansell's replacement by Major General Curtis LeMay, who implemented a series of tactical changes such as ordering bombing at a dramatically lower altitude to avoid the jet stream, removal of most of the bombers' defensive weaponry to increase bomb payload and wholesale nighttime fire bombing with incendiaries like napalm to devastate many of the population centers of Japan. The result furthered the Allies' military objectives leading to Japan's surrender, such as with the Operation Meetinghouse bombing of Tokyo on March 10, 1945.", "title": "The Bomber Mafia" }, { "docid": "65125038", "text": "Lingua Franca is a 2019 Philippine-American drama film edited, written, produced, and directed by Filipina filmmaker-actress Isabel Sandoval. It is Sandoval's third feature film, her first international co-production, her first primarily in English, and her first following her gender affirmation. The film stars Sandoval as Olivia, an undocumented Filipina trans woman who works as a caregiver for Olga, an elderly Russian-Jewish woman in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn. In pursuit of a man willing to provide a marriage-based green card to her, she worries about possible deportation by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement while becoming romantically involved with Olga's adult grandson, Alex. The film's supporting cast includes Eamon Farren, Ivory Aquino, P.J. Boudousqué, Lev Gorn, and Lynn Cohen. Lingua Franca premiered at the Venice Days sidebar of the 76th Venice International Film Festival in 2019. In July 2020, the film was acquired by Ava DuVernay's distribution company, ARRAY, and began streaming in North American territories through Netflix on 26 August 2020. TBA Studios served as the Philippine distributor, releasing the film virtually on 20 November 2020. Lingua Franca received nominations for the John Cassavetes Award at the 36th Independent Spirit Awards and Outstanding Film – Limited Release at the 32nd GLAAD Media Awards. Plot Olivia is a Filipina trans woman who works as a live-in caregiver for the elderly Olga in Brooklyn's Brighton Beach neighborhood. Olga, a Russian-Jewish woman, is in the early stages of dementia and relies on Olivia to confirm her surroundings, which she initially suspects is not her own home. As an undocumented immigrant, Olivia harbors fears of being detained and deported by ICE agents at any moment. Olivia's earnings go towards supporting her family in the Philippines, in addition to installment payments to Matthew, her American-born boyfriend, with the hope of Olivia securing a green card through a marriage of convenience. Olivia's plans are disrupted just as Alex, Olga's adult grandson, arrives to come live with Olga after a stay in rehab. While Olivia is patient with Olga and understands Olga's needs, Alex is hotheaded and doesn't know how to handle his grandmother's care. Alex tries to maintain his sobriety and secures work at his uncle's slaughterhouse. Olivia and Alex form a bond despite their differences, and one night Olivia fantasizes about Alex after he reads his late grandfather's love letters out loud. She confides to him about her undocumented status and how she would need a green card in order to stay in America, which Alex is sympathetic to. The two enter into a romantic relationship, with Alex unaware of Olivia being trans. Alex brings home a drunken male friend, Andrei, who snoops around Olivia's room and steals her money while she is in the shower. Here Andrei discovers Olivia's passport which reveals Olivia's pre-op identity. Andrei shows the passport to Alex, who does not disclose his relationship with Olivia and instead tells Andrei to keep quiet. Alex does not tell Olivia he knows she's trans. When Olivia realizes her belongings were rummaged through, Alex makes", "title": "Lingua Franca (film)" }, { "docid": "16459917", "text": "The El Niño–Southern Oscillation affects the location of the jet stream, which alters rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. The shift in the jet stream also leads to shifts in the occurrence of severe weather, and the number of tropical cyclones expected within the tropics in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans affected by changes in the ocean temperature and the subtropical jet stream. The winter will have a negative phase according to the Arctic oscillation (AO). Temperature During El Niño, the northern tier of the conterminous 48 states and southern Alaska will exhibit above normal temperatures during the fall and winter. The Gulf Coast of the United States will experience below normal temperatures during the winter season. Precipitation Across Alaska, El Niño events do not have a correlation towards dry or wet conditions; however, La Niña events lead to drier than normal conditions. During El Niño events, increased precipitation is expected in Southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico due to a more southerly, zonal, storm track over the Southwest, leading to increased winter snowpack, but a more subdued summer monsoon season. During La Niña, increased precipitation is diverted into the Pacific Northwest due to a more northerly storm track. During La Niña events, the storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal winter conditions (in the form of increased snowfall) to the Midwestern states, as well as hot and dry summers and possibly a wetter summer monsoon season in the Southwest. During the El Niño portion of ENSO, increased precipitation falls along the Gulf Coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal, and more southerly, subtropical jet stream. In the late winter and spring during El Niño events, drier than average conditions can be expected in Hawaii. On Guam during El Niño years, dry season precipitation averages below normal. However, the threat of a tropical cyclone is over triple what is normal during El Niño years, so extreme shorter duration rainfall events are possible. On American Samoa during El Niño events, precipitation averages about 10 percent above normal, while La Niña events lead to precipitation amounts which average close to 10 percent below normal. ENSO is linked to higher average temperatures and abnormal rainfall patterns over Puerto Rico. El Niño has historically been associated with higher rainfall in California. However, this relationship is not consistent, and depends on the \"flavor\" of El Niño. The relationship between El Niño and California rainfall has been described as \"fragile\", as only the \"persistent El Niño\" leads to consistently higher rainfall in the state, while the other flavors of ENSO have mixed effects at best. Historically, El Niño was not understood to affect U.S. weather patterns until Christensen et al. (1981) used entropy minimax pattern discovery based on information theory to advance the science of long range weather prediction. Previous computer models of weather were based on persistence alone and reliable to only 5–7 days into the future. Long range forecasting was essentially random.", "title": "Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the United States" }, { "docid": "2995183", "text": "The Secret Goldfish are a band from Glasgow, Scotland. The group was formed by ex-Fizzbombs singer Katy McCullars, guitarist John Morose, and the rhythm section from The Mackenzies, Graham Lironi and Paul Turnbull. History The band took their name from an imaginary book mentioned in the novel The Catcher in the Rye. They released three albums and several singles in the 1990s, on the Glasgow-based Creeping Bent record label. Their first album, 1996's Aqua Pet...You Make Me, was produced by Stephen Lironi. Their sound has been described as \"sounding much like The Jesus and Mary Chain locked in a public toilet with Jefferson Airplane and The New York Dolls\". An album of B-sides and outtakes, Jet Streams, was released in 1997, and in 1999 they issued the Somewhere in the World EP, the lead track of which was co-written by Vic Godard and featured Francis MacDonald and Stevie Jackson. A second album, Mink Riots followed in 1999. After a lengthy hiatus, The Secret Goldfish returned to live performance in 2016 with a second guitarist (former Orange Juice guitarist James Kirk), with a third album (Petal Split) being released on Creeping Bent in April 2017. Final line-up: Katy McCullars: vocals John Morose: guitar Steven McSeveney: bass Paul Turnbull: drums Releases Albums Aqua Pet... You Make Me (BENT 012) (1996) Jet Streams (MACD 44712) (April 1997) Mink Riots (BENT 044) (1999) E.P.'s and singles \"Seasick\" (BENT004) (1995) \"Come Undone\" (BENT008) (1996) Dandelion Milk Summer e.k.o.k. e.p. (BENT016) (1996) Venus Bonding E.P. (BENT018) (1996) \"Tartan Envy\" (BENT020) (1997) \"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" (BENT024) (1997) (split single with Policecat) \"Punk Drone\" (BENT032) (1998) (split single with Scientific Support Dept.) \"Somewhere In China\" (ER-193) (1998) Somewhere in the World E.P. (November 1998) \"You're Funny 'Bout That Aren't You\" (BENT042) (1999) (split single with Nectarine No. 9) \"4 Excited People\" (BENT048) (1999) (split single with Vic Godard) Album track listings Aqua Pet... You Make Me \"Come Undone\" (3:01) \"Tartan Envy\" (3:09) \"The Boy Who Left Home To Learn Fear\" (5:52) \"Pet Thang\" (1:56) \"Dandelion Milk Summer\" (3:43) \"Venus Bonding : Erotic Mars\" (2:08) \"I Will See You Through\" (4:52) \"I Left One Out, Where Did It Go\" (2:23) \"Seasick\" (2:51) \"Glass Mountain\" (2:09) \"The Catalyst\" (2:20) \"Strawberry St.\" (2:35) \"Another Short Song About Love And Loss\" (2:35) \"Bandovian Curve\" (2:43) Produced by Stephen Lironi & engineered by Larry Primrose, except \"The Catalyst\" & \"I Left One Out, Where Did It Go\", produced by The Secret Goldfish & engineered by Johnny Cameron Mastered by John Davis at Whitfield Street Studios, London All songs by McCullars / Morose, except \"The Catalyst\" written by G Lironex Jet Streams The album includes covers of The Fire Engines, Shangri-Las, Orange Juice, The Velvet Underground and Nirvana songs. \"This Arsehole's Been Burned Too Many Times Before\" (2:42) \"Casanova Killer\" (4:40) \"Ambulance\" (0:43) \"Give Him A Great Big Kiss\" (2:45) \"Wasted In Carluke\" (1:53) \"Blue Sky Yesterday\" (1:23) \"Sunless\" (3:36) \"Tartan Envy (Luv n Haight Version)\" (3:23) \"Allegro\" (0:42) \"Come as", "title": "The Secret Goldfish" } ]

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