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[275][276][277] In 1994, Paula Jones initiated a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by Judge Susan Webber Wright on the grounds that it lacked legal merit.[278] Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.[279] In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas. Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing "a pack of lies" and "an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States" funded by Clinton's political enemies.[280] Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.[281] Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.[282] During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,[283] Clinton denied having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury.

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[284] In 1998, Kathleen Willey alleged that Clinton had groped her in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave "false information" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.[285] On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released an affidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.[286] An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former Independent Counsel for prosecutorial misconduct.[287] Linda Tripp's grand jury testimony also differed from Willey's claims regarding inappropriate sexual advances.[288] Also in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.[289] To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.

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[290] Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any "unwelcome sexual advances" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.[289] In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly.[289] The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.[291] In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.[292] During the 2018 Congressional elections, The New York Times alleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.

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[291] However, former DNC interim chair Donna Brazile previously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senator Kirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal.[293] Alleged affairs Clinton admitted to having extramarital affairs with singer Gennifer Flowers and Monica Lewinsky.[294] Actress Elizabeth Gracen,[295] Miss Arkansas winner Sally Perdue,[296] and Dolly Kyle Browning[297] all claimed that they had affairs with Clinton during his time as governor of Arkansas. Browning later sued Clinton, Bruce Lindsey, Robert S. Bennett, and Jane Mayer, alleging they engaged in a conspiracy to attempt to block her from publishing a book loosely based on her relationship with Clinton and tried to defame him. However, Browning's lawsuit was dismissed.[298] Post-presidency (2001–present) Main article: Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Clinton greets a Hurricane Katrina evacuee, September 5, 2005. In the background, second from the right, is then-Senator Barack Obama. Bill Clinton has continued to be active in public life since leaving office in 2001, giving speeches, fundraising, and founding charitable organizations,[299] and has spoken in prime time at every Democratic National Convention.

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[300] Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,[301][302] and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).[303] In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at the United Nations Climate Change conference in Montreal.[304] The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.[305] Clinton released a best-selling autobiography, My Life, in 2004.[306] In 2007, he released Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became a New York Times Best Seller and garnered positive reviews.[307] Former president George H. W. Bush and Clinton in the White House Library, January 2005 In the aftermath of the 2004 Asian tsunami, U.N. secretary-general Kofi Annan appointed Clinton to head a relief effort.[308] After Hurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.

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[309] As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in a Super Bowl XXXIX pre-game show,[310] and traveled to the affected areas.[311] They also spoke together at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin in April 2007.[312] Based on his philanthropic worldview,[313] Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. The Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as global public health, poverty alleviation and religious and ethnic conflict.[314] In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.[315] Clinton's foundation joined with the Large Cities Climate Leadership Group in 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.[316] The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.

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[317] In 2008, Foundation director Inder Singh announced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.[318] Clinton also spoke in favor of California Proposition 87 on alternative energy, which was voted down.[319] 2008 presidential election Clinton speaking at the 2008 Democratic National Convention During the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.[320] Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rival Barack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.[321] Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.[322] Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.[323] Such remarks led to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election.

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Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is "ready to lead".[324] After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt.[325][326] After the 2008 election Clinton with then-President Barack Obama and Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett in July 2010 Clinton, his wife Hillary, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New York City on September 29, 2014 In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalists imprisoned there. Euna Lee and Laura Ling had been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.[327] Jimmy Carter had made a similar visit in 1994.[327] After Clinton met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon.[328][329] Since then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.[330] Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to "build back better".

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[331] In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.[332] Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she and Cheryl Mills worked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have a key tenant.[331] In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration of NTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.[333][334] At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama.

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[335] 2016 presidential election and after Clinton campaigning at an election rally for his wife Hillary who was running for President of the United States, 2016 Clinton speaking at the 2016 Democratic National Convention During the 2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.[336] In a series of tweets, then-President-elect Donald Trump criticized his ability to get people out to vote.[337] Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York.[338] He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mate Tim Kaine. The state funeral of George H. W. Bush in December 2018 On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities.[339] In 2020, Clinton again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris.

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[340][341] Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.[342] In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.[343] On February 11, 2010, he was rushed to New York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospital in Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had two coronary stents implanted in his heart.[342][344] After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctors Dean Ornish and Caldwell Esselstyn.[345] However, he has since incorporated fish and lean proteins at the suggestion of Dr. Mark Hyman, a proponent of the pseudoscientific ethos of functional medicine.[346] As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan.[347] In October 2021, Clinton was treated for sepsis at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center.[348][349] In December 2022, Clinton tested positive for COVID-19.[350] Wealth The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.[351] Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.

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[352] In 2016, Forbes reported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240 million in the 15 years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).[353] Also in 2016, CNN reported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153 million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.[354] In May 2015, The Hill reported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25 million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5 million or more from her book, Hard Choices, during the same time period.[355] In July 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth between $5 million and $25.5 million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17 million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.[356] Clinton earned more than $104 million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.

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[357] In June 2014, ABC News and The Washington Post reported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100 million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008, The New York Times reported that the Clintons' income tax returns[358] show they made $109 million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92 million from his speaking and book-writing.[352][359][360][361] His books include two novels. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.[354][362][363][364] Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech in Moscow.[365][366] Hillary Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially "broke" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. "We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education."

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She added, "Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members."[360] Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights on Jeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.[367][368] In 2002, a spokesperson for Clinton praised Epstein as "a committed philanthropist" with "insights and generosity".[369] While Clinton was president Epstein visited the White House at least 17 times.[370][371] Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, "President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip.

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[...] He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade."[367][372][373] However, later reports showed that Clinton had flown on Epstein's plane 26 times.[374][375] In another statement Clinton said "one meeting with Epstein in his Harlem office in 2002, and around the same time made one brief visit to Epstein’s New York apartment with a staff member and his security detail."In July 2019 it was reported that that Clinton attended a dinner with Epstein in 1995, a meeting with Epstein that Clinton had not previously disclosed.[376] Personal life At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park Place Baptist Church in Hot Springs, Arkansas and remained a member of a Baptist church.[377] In 2007, he worked with Jimmy Carter in the establishment of the New Baptist Covenant organization.[378][379] On October 11, 1975, in Fayetteville, Arkansas, he married Hillary Rodham, whom he met while studying at Yale University. They had Chelsea Clinton, their only child, on February 27, 1980.[380] He is the maternal grandfather to Chelsea's three children.

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[381] Honors and recognition Main article: List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, including Doctorate of Law degrees[382][383] and Doctor of Humane Letters degrees.[384] He received an honorary degree from Georgetown University, his alma mater, and was the commencement speaker in 1980.[385] He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as a Rhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.[386][387] Schools have been named for Clinton,[388][389][390] and statues have been built to pay him homage.[391][392] U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,[393] Arkansas,[394] Kentucky,[395] and New York.[396] He was presented with the Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary of Defense William Cohen in 2001.[397] The Clinton Presidential Center was opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001.[398] He has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,[399] Papua New Guinea,[400] Germany,[401] and Kosovo.

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[391] The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during the Kosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city of Pristina as Bill Clinton Boulevard and added a monumental Clinton statue.[402][403][404] Clinton was selected as Time's "Man of the Year" in 1992,[405] and again in 1998, along with Ken Starr.[406] From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century.[407] In 2001, Clinton received the NAACP's President's Award.[408] He has also been honored with a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children, a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,[409] a TED Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),[410] and was named as an Honorary GLAAD Media Award recipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community.[411] In 2011, President Michel Martelly of Haiti awarded Clinton with the National Order of Honour and Merit to the rank of Grand Cross "for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010".

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Clinton declared at the ceremony that "in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise".[412] U.S. president Barack Obama awarded Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 20, 2013.[413] Secretary of Defense Cohen presents President Clinton the DoD Medal for Distinguished Public Service. Bill Clinton statue in Ballybunion, erected to commemorate his 1998 golfing visit Bill Clinton statue in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo Former President Bill Clinton is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by then president Barack Obama.

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Electoral history Main article: Electoral history of Bill Clinton Year Office Jurisdiction Democratic Republican Other 1974 Arkansas 3rd congressional district Arkansas Bill Clinton 48% John Paul Hammerschmidt 52% 1976 Arkansas Attorney General Arkansas Bill Clinton Unopposed 1978 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 63% Lynn Lowe 37% 1980 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 48% Frank White 52% 1982 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 55% Frank White 45% 1984 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 63% Woody Freeman 37% 1986 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 64% Frank White 36% 1990 Governor of Arkansas Arkansas Bill Clinton 57% Sheffield Nelson 42% 1992 President of the United States United States of America Bill Clinton 43% George H. W. Bush 37% Ross Perot (I) 19% 1996 President of the United States United States of America Bill Clinton 49% Bob Dole 41% Ross Perot (Reform) 8% Authored books .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Putting People First: How We Can All Change America.

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New York: Three Rivers Press. September 12, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8129-2193-9. Between Hope and History. New York: Times Books. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8129-2913-3. My Life (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4000-3003-3. Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 2007. ISBN 978-0-307-26674-3. Back to Work (book) (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 2011. ISBN 978-0-307-95975-1. The President Is Missing (1st ed.). Knopf. 2018. ISBN 978-0-316-41269-8. The President's Daughter (1st ed.). Knopf. 2021. ISBN 978-0-316-54071-1. Recordings Bill Clinton is one of the narrators on Wolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf, a 2003 recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf performed by the Russian National Orchestra, on Pentatone, together with Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren.[414] This garnered Clinton the 2003 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children.[415][416] The audiobook edition of his autobiography, My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album[415] as well as the Audie Award as the Audiobook of the Year.[417] Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks: Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World in 2007 and Back to Work in 2012.

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[415] See also 1996 United States campaign finance controversy Clinton family Clinton School of Public Service Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton Gun control policy of the Clinton Administration List of presidents of the United States References Citations .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ "Twenty years ago, the Drudge Report broke the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ "Directory of Irish Genealogy: American Presidents with Irish Ancestors". Homepage.eircom.net. March 23, 2004. Retrieved August 30, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b "Biography of William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved August 30, 2011 – via National Archives. ^ Andrews, Edmund L. (June 21, 1993). "Clinton Reported to Have A Brother He Never Met". The New York Times. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-3003-3. ^ Chafe, William H. (2012). Bill and Hillary: The Politics of the Personal. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8090-9465-3. ^ Landres, J. Shawn, ed. (1992). Bill Clinton: The Inside Story. New York: S.P.I. Books. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-5617-1177-2. ^ Takiff, Michael (2010).

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A Complicated Man: The Life of Bill Clinton as Told by Those who Know Him. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-3001-2130-8. ^ Flanagan, Sylvia P., ed. (September 8, 1997). "First Black Food Stamp Chief has Ties to President Clinton". Jet. Chicago: John N. Johnson. p. 10. ^ Gormley, Ken (2010). The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-307-40944-7. ^ "Oprah Talks to Bill Clinton". O, The Oprah Magazine. August 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Maraniss, David (1996). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-81890-0. ^ "Bill Clinton's Hometown Homepage". www.hotspringsar.com. Hot Springs, Arkansas. Retrieved October 19, 2022. ^ Soni, Jimmy (June 25, 2013). "10 Things You Definitely Didn't Know About Bill Clinton". The Huffington Post. ^ Maraniss, David (1996). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Touchstone. p. 43. ^ "It All Began in a Place Called Hope (Archived whitehouse.gov Article)". The White House. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011. ^ Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998).

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"Clinton: The Early Years". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 9, 2021. ^ Robert E. Levin (1992). Bill Clinton: The Inside Story. SP Books. pp. xxiv–xxv. ISBN 978-1-56171-177-2. ^ "About Leadership". APO.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2013. ^ "Prominent Members". Kappa Kappa Psi. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hoffman, Matthew (October 11, 1992). "The Bill Clinton we knew at Oxford: Apart from smoking dope (and not inhaling), what else did he learn over here? College friends share their memories with Matthew Hoffman". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Dowd, Maureen (June 9, 1994). "Oxford Journal; Whereas, He Is an Old Boy, If a Young Chief, Honor Him". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2009. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (December 4, 2010). "Chris or Christopher?". Hitch-22: A Memoir. London: Atlantic books. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-1-84354-922-2. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (November 22, 1992). "Most Likely to Succeed". The New York Times. ^ Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg (2006). "21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby".

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Rugby Union for Dummies (2 ed.). Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5. ^ Eyal, Jonathan (June 8, 1994). "Doctor without a thesis: Bill Clinton gets an Oxford degree today, but Jonathan Eyal's verdict on his term's work is: a disaster". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ Neil A. Hamilton (2005). Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-4381-0816-2. ^ Steven M. Gillon (2008). The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry that Defined a Generation. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-532278-1. ^ Mikkelson, David (January 6, 2003). "Was Bill Clinton a 'Felonious Draft Dodger'?". Snopes. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ Clinton, Bill (February 13, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign; A Letter By Clinton On His Draft Deferment: 'A War I Opposed And Despised'". The New York Times. The Associated Press. Retrieved July 30, 2019. ^ Lauter, David (February 13, 1992). "Clinton Releases '69 Letter on ROTC and Draft Status". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. ^ Morris, Roger (April 25, 1999). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. Regnery Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-89526-302-5. ^ "Clinton's Draft Deferrment". CNN. 1997.

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Retrieved June 19, 2014. ^ "Bill Clinton's Draft Letter". Frontline. PBS. November 23, 1991. Retrieved August 30, 2011. ^ Frammolino, Ralph (April 6, 1992). "ROTC Officer Unaware of Draft Notice: Clinton: The man whose action kept the future governor in school says he was not told of 1969 induction letter. Draft board insists none was sent". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ Public Broadcasting System, Frontline: Interview with James Carville, 2000. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved August 26, 2011 – via National Archives. ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love". The New York Sun. Retrieved May 9, 2009. ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. ^ Medley, Jasmine (July 20, 2013). "William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center and the Clinton School of Public Service". National Association of State Judicial Educators. Retrieved November 22, 2016. ^ Slater, Wayne (December 16, 2007). "Texas stumping in '72 helped shape Clinton's campaign". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 22, 2016. ^ Felsenthal, Carol (May 7, 2008). "George McGovern and Bill Clinton: the State of the Friendship". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 22, 2016.

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(July 22, 2011). "Haiti—Social: Bill Clinton receives the National Order of Honor and Merit to the rank Grand Cross gold plated". Haiti Libre. Retrieved March 14, 2016. ^ Jackson, David (November 20, 2013). "Obama awards Medal of Freedom to Clinton, Oprah, others". USA Today. Retrieved November 20, 2013. ^ "Wolf Tracks". Russian National Orchestra. Retrieved August 1, 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill Clinton". Grammy Awards. November 19, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2020. ^ "Grammy Award Winners". The New York Times. Retrieved August 1, 2020. ^ "2005 AUDIE AWARDS®". Audio Publishers Association. Retrieved January 13, 2023. Further reading Main article: Bibliography of Bill Clinton Primary sources .mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column} Clinton, Bill. (with Al Gore). Science in the National Interest. Washington, D.C.: The White House, August 1994. --- (with Al Gore). The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October 1993. Taylor Branch The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History with the President. (2009) Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4333-6 Official Congressional Record Impeachment Set: ... Containing the Procedures for Implementing the Articles of Impeachment and the Proceedings of the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton.

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Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1999. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1994–2002. S. Daniel Abraham Peace Is Possible, foreword by Bill Clinton Popular books Peter Baker The Breach: Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton (2000) ISBN 978-0-684-86813-4 James Bovard Feeling Your Pain: The Explosion and Abuse of Government Power in the Clinton-Gore Years (2000) ISBN 978-0-312-23082-1 Joe Conason and Gene Lyons The Hunting of the President: The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton (2003) ISBN 978-0-312-27319-4 Elizabeth Drew On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (1994) ISBN 978-0-671-87147-5 David Gergen Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership.

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(2000) ISBN 978-0-684-82663-9 Nigel Hamilton Bill Clinton: An American Journey (2003) ISBN 978-0-375-50610-9 Christopher Hitchens No One Left to Lie to: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton (1999) ISBN 978-1-85984-736-7 Michael Isikoff Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter's Story (1999) ISBN 978-0-609-60393-2 Mark Katz Clinton and Me: A Real-Life Political Comedy (2004) ISBN 978-0-7868-6949-7 David Maraniss The Clinton Enigma: A Four and a Half Minute Speech Reveals This President's Entire Life (1998) ISBN 978-0-684-86296-5 Dick Morris with Eileen McGann Because He Could (2004) ISBN 978-0-06-078415-7 Richard A. Posner An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton (1999) ISBN 978-0-674-00080-3 Mark J. Rozell The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government (2000) ISBN 978-0-87840-777-4 Timperlake, Edward, and William C. Triplett II Year of the Rat: How Bill Clinton Compromised U.S. Security for Chinese Cash. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1998. ISBN 978-0-89526-333-9 Michael Waldman POTUS Speaks: Finding the Words That Defined the Clinton Presidency (2000) ISBN 978-0-7432-0020-2 Ivory Tower Publishing Company. Achievements of the Clinton Administration: the Complete Legislative and Executive. (1995) ISBN 978-0-88032-748-0 Scholarly studies Campbell, Colin, and Bert A. Rockman, eds.

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The Clinton Legacy (Chatham House Pub, 2000) Cohen; Jeffrey E. "The Polls: Change and Stability in Public Assessments of Personal Traits, Bill Clinton, 1993–99" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 31, 2001 Cronin, Thomas E. and Michael A. Genovese; "President Clinton and Character Questions" Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 28, 1998 Davis; John. "The Evolution of American Grand Strategy and the War on Terrorism: Clinton and Bush Perspectives" White House Studies, Vol. 3, 2003 Dumbrell, John. "Was there a Clinton doctrine? President Clinton's foreign policy reconsidered". Diplomacy and Statecraft 13.2 (2002): 43–56. Edwards; George C. "Bill Clinton and His Crisis of Governance" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998 Fisher; Patrick. "Clinton's Greatest Legislative Achievement? the Success of the 1993 Budget Reconciliation Bill" White House Studies, Vol. 1, 2001 Glad; Betty. "Evaluating Presidential Character" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998 Halberstam, David. War in a time of peace: Bush, Clinton, and the generals (Simon and Schuster, 2001). online Harris, John F. The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (2006). online Head, Simon.

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The Clinton System (January 30, 2016), The New York Review of Books Hyland, William G. Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy (1999) ISBN 978-0-275-96396-5 Jewett, Aubrey W. and Marc D. Turetzky; "Stability and Change in President Clinton's Foreign Policy Beliefs, 1993–96" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998 Kim, Claire Jean (2002), "Managing the Racial Breach: Clinton, Black-White Polarization, and the Race Initiative", Political Science Quarterly, 117 (1): 55–79, doi:10.2307/798094, JSTOR 798094 Laham, Nicholas, A Lost Cause: Bill Clinton's Campaign for National Health Insurance (1996) Lanoue, David J. and Craig F. Emmert; "Voting in the Glare of the Spotlight: Representatives' Votes on the Impeachment of President Clinton" Polity, Vol. 32, 1999 Levy, Peter B. Encyclopedia of the Clinton presidency (Greenwood, 2002) online Maurer; Paul J. "Media Feeding Frenzies: Press Behavior during Two Clinton Scandals" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999 Nesmith, Bruce F., and Paul J. Quirk, "Triangulation: Position and Leadership in Clinton's Domestic Policy."in 42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton edited by Michael Nelson at al. (Cornell UP, 2016) pp. 46–76. Nie; Martin A. "'It's the Environment, Stupid!': Clinton and the Environment" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997 in JSTOR O'Connor; Brendon.

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"Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton's Third Way Welfare Politics 1992–1996" The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002 Palmer, David. "'What Might Have Been'--Bill Clinton and American Political Power."Australasian Journal of American Studies (2005): 38–58. online Renshon; Stanley A. The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership Westview Press, 1995 Renshon; Stanley A. "The Polls: The Public's Response to the Clinton Scandals, Part 1: Inconsistent Theories, Contradictory Evidence" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, 2002 Romano, Flavio. Clinton and Blair: the political economy of the third way (Routledge, 2007) Rushefsky, Mark E. and Kant Patel. Politics, Power & Policy Making: The Case of Health Care Reform in the 1990s (1998) ISBN 978-1-56324-956-3 Schantz, Harvey L. Politics in an Era of Divided Government: Elections and Governance in the Second Clinton Administration (2001) ISBN 978-0-8153-3583-2 Troy, Gill. The Age of Clinton: America in the 1990s (2015) Walt, Stephen M. "Two Cheers for Clinton's Foreign Policy" Foreign Affairs 79#2 (2000), pp. 63–79 online. Warshaw, Shirley Anne. The Clinton Years (Infobase Publishing, 2009) White, Mark, ed.

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The Presidency of Bill Clinton: The Legacy of a New Domestic and Foreign Policy (I.B.Tauris, 2012) External links .mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle} Bill Clinton at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource Official Presidential Library & Museum Clinton Foundation White House biography Archived White House website Interviews, speeches, and statements Appearances on C-SPAN Bill Clinton at TED Full audio of a number of Clinton speeches Miller Center of Public Affairs Oral History Interview with Bill Clinton from Oral Histories of the American South, June 1974 "The Wanderer", a profile from The New Yorker, September 2006 Media coverage Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at The Guardian Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at The New York Times Other Bill Clinton at Curlie Extensive essays on Bill Clinton and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs "Life Portrait of Bill Clinton", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, December 20, 1999 Clinton Archived March 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine an American Experience documentary Bill Clinton at IMDb Works by Bill Clinton at Project Gutenberg 1992 election episode in CNN's Race for the White House .mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}showvteBill Clinton 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001) 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992) Presidency Transition 1st inauguration 2nd inauguration Timeline 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 January 2001 Economic policy AmeriCorps Health care plan North American Free Trade Agreement Balanced Budget Foreign policy International trips Clinton Doctrine Oslo I Accord Israel–Jordan peace treaty Dayton Agreement 2000 Camp David Summit Cruise missile strikes on Iraq 1993 1996 Operation Infinite Reach Bombing of Yugoslavia Bombing of Iraq (1998) National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 Transportation Equity Act One America Initiative Riegle-Neal Act Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 Telecommunications Act of 1996 Communications Decency Act Section 230 Nannygate Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy Commerce Department trade mission controversy 1996 United States campaign finance controversy Clinton–Lewinsky scandal Starr Report Impeachment efforts inquiry trial White House Millennium Council Pardons list Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Presidential transition of George W. Bush Life andlegacy Childhood home Early life and career Governorships of Arkansas Presidential Library Post-presidency Clinton Foundation Clinton School of Public Service Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Chairman, National Constitution Center Honors and awards Public image Troopergate Sexual misconduct allegations Whitewater controversy Speeches State of the Union addresses 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 ElectionsU.S.

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House 1974 Gubernatorial 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1990 Presidential 1992 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election theme song 1996 campaign primaries convention debates election Books Between Hope and History (1996) My Life (2004) Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (2007) Back to Work (2011) The President Is Missing (2018) The President's Daughter (2021) Namesakes William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building Bill Clinton Boulevard Popularculture Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton "Don't Stop" The War Room (1993 documentary) The Silence of the Hams (1994 film) Primary Colors (1998 film) The Final Days (2000 short film) The Hunting of the President (2004 film) The Special Relationship (2010 film) Clinton (2012 film) Hillary and Clinton (2016 play) Impeachment: American Crime Story (2021 miniseries) The Game Awards 2022 (mention at stage interruption) The American Presidency with Bill Clinton Family Hillary Rodham Clinton (wife) Chelsea Clinton (daughter) William Jefferson Blythe Jr. (father) Virginia Clinton Kelley (mother) Roger Clinton Sr. (first stepfather) Jeff Dwire (second stepfather) Socks (cat) Buddy (dog) Whitehaven (residence) ← George H. W. Bush George W. Bush → Category Commons showOffices and distinctions Legal offices Preceded byJim Guy Tucker Attorney General of Arkansas 1977–1979 Succeeded bySteve Clark Party political offices Preceded byDavid Pryor Democratic nominee for Governor of Arkansas 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1990 Succeeded byJim Guy Tucker Preceded byMax Baucus, Joe Biden, David L. Boren, Barbara Boxer, Robert Byrd, Dante Fascell, Bill Gray, Tom Harkin, Dee Huddleston, Carl Levin, Tip O'Neill, Claiborne Pell Response to the State of the Union address 1985 Served alongside: Bob Graham, Tip O'Neill Succeeded byTom Daschle, Bill Gray, George Mitchell, Chuck Robb, Harriett Woods Preceded byMichael Dukakis Chair of the Democratic Governors Association 1987–1988 Succeeded byJames Blanchard Preceded bySam Nunn Chair of the Democratic Leadership Council 1990–1991 Succeeded byJohn Breaux Preceded byMichael Dukakis Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1992, 1996 Succeeded byAl Gore Political offices Preceded byJoe Purcell(Acting) Governor of Arkansas 1979–1981 Succeeded byFrank D. White Preceded byFrank D. White Governor of Arkansas 1983–1992 Succeeded byJim Guy Tucker Preceded byLamar Alexander Chair of the National Governors Association 1986–1987 Succeeded byJohn H. Sununu Preceded byGeorge H. W. Bush President of the United States 1993–2001 Succeeded byGeorge W. Bush Diplomatic posts New office Chair of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 1993 Succeeded bySuharto Preceded byJacques Chirac Chair of the Group of Eight 1997 Succeeded byTony Blair U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded byJimmy Carteras former president Order of precedence of the United Statesas former president Succeeded byGeorge W. Bushas former president showArticles related to Bill Clinton .mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}showvtePresidents of the United StatesPresidents andpresidencies George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–present) Presidencytimelines Washington McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden Category Commons List showvte(← 1988) 1992 United States presidential election (1996 →)Democratic Party Convention Primaries Candidates Nominee: Bill Clinton campaign positions VP nominee: Al Gore Other candidates: Larry Agran Jerry Brown Tom Harkin campaign Bob Kerrey Lyndon LaRouche campaign positions Tom Laughlin Eugene McCarthy Paul Tsongas Douglas Wilder Charles Woods Republican Party Convention Primaries Candidates Incumbent nominee: George H. W. Bush campaign Incumbent VP nominee: Dan Quayle Other candidates: Pat Buchanan David Duke Jack Fellure Isabell Masters Pat Paulsen Tennie Rogers Harold Stassen Independent Candidate: Ross Perot campaign VP candidate: James Stockdale showOther independent and third party candidatesLibertarian Party Convention Nominee: Andre Marrou VP nominee: Nancy Lord Natural Law Party Nominee John Hagelin VP nominee Mike Tompkins New Alliance Party Nominee Lenora Fulani VP nominee Maria Elizabeth Muñoz Prohibition Party Nominee Earl Dodge VP nominee George Ormsby Socialist Party USA Nominee J. Quinn Brisben VP nominee Barbara Garson Socialist Workers Party Nominee James Warren VP nominee Willie Mae Reid U.S. Taxpayers Party Nominee Howard Phillips VP nominee Albion W. Knight Jr. Workers World Party Nominee Gloria La Riva VP nominee Larry Holmes Independents and other candidates Ronald Daniels (running mate: Asiba Tupahache) Bo Gritz Isabell Masters Other 1992 elections House Senate Gubernatorial showvte(← 1992) 1996 United States presidential election (2000 →)Democratic Party Convention Primaries Candidates Incumbent nominee: Bill Clinton campaign positions Incumbent VP nominee: Al Gore Other candidates: James D. Griffin Lyndon LaRouche campaign positions Pat Paulsen Roland Riemers Republican Party Convention Primaries Candidates Nominee: Bob Dole campaign VP nominee: Jack Kemp Other candidates: Lamar Alexander Pat Buchanan Charles E. Collins Bob Dornan Jack Fellure Arthur Fletcher Steve Forbes Phil Gramm Alan Keyes Richard Lugar Isabell Masters Jimmy McMillan Tennie Rogers Arlen Specter Morry Taylor Pete Wilson Reform Party Primaries Candidates Nominee: Ross Perot campaign VP nominee: Pat Choate Other candidates: Richard Lamm campaign showOther Third party and independent candidatesGreen Party Convention Nominee: Ralph Nader campaign VP nominee: Winona LaDuke Independent Grassroots Party Nominee John Birrenbach VP nominee George McMahon Libertarian Party Convention Nominee: Harry Browne VP nominee: Jo Jorgensen Other candidates: Irwin Schiff Natural Law Party Nominee John Hagelin VP nominee Mike Tompkins Prohibition Party Nominee Earl Dodge VP nominee Rachel Bubar Kelly Socialist Party Nominee Mary Cal Hollis VP nominee Eric Chester Socialist Workers Party Nominee James Harris U.S. Taxpayers Party Nominee Howard Phillips VP nominee Herb Titus Workers World Party Nominee Monica Moorehead VP nominee Gloria La Riva Independents and other candidates Joan Jett Blakk Marsha Feinland Isabell Masters Steve Michael Dennis Peron Other 1996 elections House Senate Gubernatorial showvteDemocratic Party History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Nationalconventionsandpresidentialtickets 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R.

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Johnson 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD) 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L.

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Johnson 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver) 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris 2024 Presidentialadministrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–) U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andCaucuschairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack/Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–) U.S. SenateleadersandCaucuschairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–) Chairs ofthe DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd/Fowler Romer/Grossman Rendell/Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison State andterritorialparties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Democrats Abroad AffiliatedgroupsCongress Senate Caucus Policy Committee Steering and Outreach Committee United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary House Caucus Fundraising Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors National Democratic Redistricting Committee Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Stonewall Young Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Party factions Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election 2006 House Caucus leadership election 2018 House Caucus leadership election 2022 House Caucus leadership election Weekly Democratic Address showvteOrder of precedence in the United States* President Vice President Governor (of the state in which the event is held) Speaker of the House Chief Justice Former President Carter Former President Clinton Former President Bush Former President Obama Former President Trump Former Vice President Quayle Former Vice President Gore Former Vice President Cheney Former Vice President Pence Ambassadors of the United States Secretary of State Associate Justices Retired Justice O'Connor Retired Justice Kennedy Retired Justice Souter Retired Justice Breyer The Cabinet President Pro Tempore of the Senate The Senate Governors of the States (by order of statehood) The House of Representatives *not including acting officeholders, visiting dignitaries, auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats showvteCabinet of President Bill Clinton (1993–2001)hideCabinetVice President Al Gore (1993–2001) Secretary of State Warren Christopher (1993–1997) Madeleine Albright (1997–2001) Secretary of the Treasury Lloyd Bentsen (1993–1994) Robert Rubin (1995–1999) Lawrence Summers (1999–2001) Secretary of Defense Les Aspin (1993–1994) William J. Perry (1994–1997) William Cohen (1997–2001) Attorney General Janet Reno (1993–2001) Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt (1993–2001) Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy (1993–1994) Dan Glickman (1995–2001) Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown (1993–1996) Mickey Kantor (1996–1997) William M. Daley (1997–2000) Norman Mineta (2000–2001) Secretary of Labor Robert Reich (1993–1997) Alexis Herman (1997–2001) Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala (1993–2001) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Cisneros (1993–1997) Andrew Cuomo (1997–2001) Secretary of Transportation Federico Peña (1993–1997) Rodney E. Slater (1997–2001) Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O'Leary (1993–1997) Federico Peña (1997–1998) Bill Richardson (1998–2001) Secretary of Education Richard Riley (1993–2001) Secretary of Veterans Affairs Jesse Brown (1993–1997) Togo D. West Jr. (1998–2000) hideCabinet-levelAdministrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Carol Browner (1993–2001) Director of the Office of Management and Budget Leon Panetta (1993–1994) Alice Rivlin (1994–1996) Franklin Raines (1996–1998) Jack Lew (1998–2001) Director of Central Intelligence John M. Deutch (1995–1996) George Tenet (1996–2001) Trade Representative Mickey Kantor (1993–1996) Charlene Barshefsky (1996–2001) Ambassador to the United Nations Madeleine Albright (1993–1997) Bill Richardson (1997–1998) Richard Holbrooke (1999–2001) Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Laura Tyson (1993–1995) Joseph Stiglitz (1995–1997) Janet Yellen (1997–1999) Martin Neil Baily (1999–2001) Administrator of the Small Business Administration Philip Lader (1994–1997) Aida Álvarez (1997–2001) Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency James Lee Witt (1993–2001)* Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy Lee P. Brown (1993–1996) Barry McCaffrey (1996–2001) White House Chief of Staff Mack McLarty (1993–1994) Leon Panetta (1994–1997) Erskine Bowles (1997–1998) John Podesta (1998–2001) * took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996 .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}showvteGovernors of ArkansasTerritorial (1819–1836) J. Miller Izard Pope Fulton State (from 1836) J. Conway Yell Adams Drew Byrd Roane E. Conway Rector Fletcher Flanagin Murphy Clayton Hadley Baxter Garland W. Miller Churchill Berry Hughes Eagle Fishback Clarke Jones Davis Little Moore Pindall Martin Donaghey Robinson Oldham Futrell Hays Brough McRae Terral Martineau Parnell Futrell Bailey Adkins Laney McMath Cherry Faubus Rockefeller Bumpers Riley Pryor Purcell Clinton White Clinton Tucker Huckabee Beebe Hutchinson Huckabee Sanders Italics indicates acting governor.

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showvteChairs of the National Governors Association Willson McGovern Walsh Spry Capper Harrington Allen Sproul Cox Trinkle Brewster McMullen Dern Case Pollard Rolph McNutt Peery Cochran Stark Vanderbilt Stassen O'Conor Saltonstall Maw Martin Caldwell Hildreth Hunt Lane Carlson Lausche Peterson Shivers Thornton Kennon Langlie Stanley Stratton Collins Boggs McNichols Powell Rosellini Anderson Sawyer Reed Guy Volpe Ellington Love Hearnes Moore Mandel Evans Rampton Ray Andrus Askew Milliken Carroll Bowen Busbee Snelling Matheson J. Thompson Carlin Alexander Clinton Sununu Baliles Branstad Gardner Ashcroft Romer Campbell Dean T. Thompson Miller Voinovich Carper Leavitt Glendening Engler Patton Kempthorne Warner Huckabee Napolitano Pawlenty Rendell Douglas Manchin Gregoire Heineman Markell Fallin Hickenlooper Herbert McAuliffe Sandoval Bullock Hogan Cuomo Hutchinson Murphy showvteHillary Clinton 11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast (2020–present) 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–2013) US Senator from New York (2001–2009) First Lady of the United States (1993–2001) Secretaryof State Tenure as Secretary Foreign trips Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review Foreign policy of the Obama administration Hillary Doctrine Email controversy UN Security Council Resolution 1888 UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict US senator Senate career Family Entertainment Protection Act Flag Protection Act of 2005 First Lady Tenure as First Lady 1993 health care reform Hillaryland Travel office controversy FBI files controversy "Vast right-wing conspiracy" Vital Voices Save America's Treasures State Children's Health Insurance Program Adoption and Safe Families Act Foster Care Independence Act White House Millennium Council Arkansas Legal career Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families Rose Law Firm Legal Services Corporation Whitewater controversy Cattle futures controversy Philanthropic Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together Speechesand policies Political positions "Women's Rights Are Human Rights" (1995) "Basket of deplorables" (2016) Writings Bibliography Senior thesis (1969) It Takes a Village (1996) Dear Socks, Dear Buddy (1998) An Invitation to the White House (2000) Living History (2003) Hard Choices (2014) Stronger Together (2016) What Happened (2017) The Book of Gutsy Women (2019) State of Terror (2021) ElectoralhistorySenatorial elections 2000 US Senate election in New York 2006 US Senate election in New York 2008 Democraticpresidential primaries Campaign Endorsements Debates Convention 2016 US presidential election Campaign Endorsements political non-political screen and stage performers other celebrities Democratic primaries debates running mate selection convention Democratic opposition General election debates Hillary Victory Fund Legacy Awards and honors Books about Public image Popular culture Saturday Night Live parodies Hillary and Clinton (2016 play) Hillary (2020 documentary) Family Bill Clinton (husband presidency) Chelsea Clinton (daughter) Hugh E. Rodham (father) Dorothy Howell Rodham (mother) Hugh Rodham (brother) Tony Rodham (brother) Socks (cat) Buddy (dog) Whitehaven (residence) Other Activities after 2016 showvteTime Persons of the Year1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mohandas Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) showvteRecipients of the Charlemagne Prize1950–1975 1950 Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi 1951 Hendrik Brugmans 1952 Alcide De Gasperi 1953 Jean Monnet 1954 Konrad Adenauer 1955 1956 Winston Churchill 1957 Paul-Henri Spaak 1958 Robert Schuman 1959 George C. Marshall 1960 Joseph Bech 1961 Walter Hallstein 1962 1963 Edward Heath 1964 Antonio Segni 1965 1966 Jens Otto Krag 1967 Joseph Luns 1968 1969 European Commission 1970 François Seydoux de Clausonne 1971 1972 Roy Jenkins 1973 Salvador de Madariaga 1974 1975 1976–2000 1976 Leo Tindemans 1977 Walter Scheel 1978 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1979 Emilio Colombo 1980 1981 Simone Veil 1982 King Juan Carlos I 1983 1984 1985 1986 People of Luxembourg 1987 Henry Kissinger 1988 François Mitterrand / Helmut Kohl 1989 Brother Roger 1990 Gyula Horn 1991 Václav Havel 1992 Jacques Delors 1993 Felipe González 1994 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1995 Franz Vranitzky 1996 Queen Beatrix 1997 Roman Herzog 1998 Bronisław Geremek 1999 Tony Blair 2000 Bill Clinton 2001–present 2001 György Konrád 2002 Euro 2003 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2004 Pat Cox / Pope John Paul II1 2005 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 2006 Jean-Claude Juncker 2007 Javier Solana 2008 Angela Merkel 2009 Andrea Riccardi 2010 Donald Tusk 2011 Jean-Claude Trichet 2012 Wolfgang Schäuble 2013 Dalia Grybauskaitė 2014 Herman Van Rompuy 2015 Martin Schulz 2016 Pope Francis 2017 Timothy Garton Ash 2018 Emmanuel Macron 2019 António Guterres 2020 Klaus Iohannis 2022 Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Maria Kalesnikava, Veronika Tsepkalo 2023 Volodymyr Zelensky, the Ukrainian people 1 Received extraordinary prize.

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showvteGrammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording1959−1980 The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – Stan Freberg (1959) Lincoln Portrait – Carl Sandburg (1960) FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1961) Humor in Music – Leonard Bernstein (1962) The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – Charles Laughton (1963) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – Edward Albee (playwright) (1964) BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – That Was the Week That Was (1965) John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – Goddard Lieberson (producer) (1966) Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – Edward R. Murrow (1967) Gallant Men – Everett Dirksen (1968) Lonesome Cities – Rod McKuen (1969) We Love You Call Collect – Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter (1970) Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – Martin Luther King Jr. (1971) Desiderata – Les Crane (1972) Lenny – Bruce Botnick (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1973) Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Richard Harris (1974) Good Evening – Peter Cook and Dudley Moore (1975) Give 'em Hell, Harry!

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– James Whitmore (1976) Great American Documents – Henry Fonda, Helen Hayes, James Earl Jones and Orson Welles (1977) The Belle of Amherst – Julie Harris (1978) Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Orson Welles (1979) Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – John Gielgud (1980) 1981−2000 Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein – Pat Carroll (1981) Donovan's Brain – Orson Welles (1982) Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1983) Lincoln Portrait – William Warfield (1984) The Words of Gandhi – Ben Kingsley (1985) Ma Rainey's Black Bottom – Mike Berniker (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1986) Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chips Moman, Ricky Nelson, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Sam Phillips (1987) Lake Wobegon Days – Garrison Keillor (1988) Speech by Rev.

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Jesse Jackson – Jesse Jackson (1989) It's Always Something – Gilda Radner (1990) Gracie: A Love Story – George Burns (1991) The Civil War – Ken Burns (1992) What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Robert O'Keefe (1993) On the Pulse of Morning – Maya Angelou (1994) Get in the Van – Henry Rollins (1995) Phenomenal Woman – Maya Angelou (1996) It Takes a Village – Hillary Clinton (1997) Charles Kuralt's Spring – Charles Kuralt (1998) Still Me – Christopher Reeve (1999) The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – LeVar Burton (2000) 2001−2020 The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography – Sidney Poitier, Rick Harris & John Runnette (producers) (2001) Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – Quincy Jones, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers) and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2002) A Song Flung Up to Heaven – Maya Angelou and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2003) Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them – Al Franken and Paul Ruben (producer) (2004) My Life – Bill Clinton (2005) Dreams from My Father – Barack Obama (2006) Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis – Jimmy Carter / With Ossie and Ruby – Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2007) The Audacity of Hope – Barack Obama and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2008) An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore – Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon and Blair Underwood (2009) Always Looking Up – Michael J.

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Fox (2010) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook) – Jon Stewart (2011) If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – Betty White (2012) Society's Child – Janis Ian (2013) America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't – Stephen Colbert (2014) Diary of a Mad Diva – Joan Rivers (2015) A Full Life: Reflections at 90 – Jimmy Carter (2016) In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – Carol Burnett (2017) The Princess Diarist – Carrie Fisher (2018) Faith: A Journey for All – Jimmy Carter (2019) Becoming – Michelle Obama (2020) 2021−present Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth – Rachel Maddow (2021) Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − Don Cheadle (2022) Finding Me – Viola Davis (2023) showvteGrammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children1994–2002 Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales – Audrey Hepburn (1994) The Lion King Read-Along – Robert Guillaume & Various Artists (1995) Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf – Patrick Stewart (1996) Stellaluna – David Holt (1997) Winnie-the-Pooh – Charles Kuralt (1998) The Children's Shakespeare – Various Artists (1999) Listen to the Storyteller – Graham Greene, Wynton Marsalis and Kate Winslet (2000) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Jim Dale (2001) Mama Don't Allow – Tom Chapin (2002) 2003–2011 There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly – Tom Chapin (2003) Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf/Beintus: Wolf Tracks – Bill Clinton, Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren (2004) The Train They Call the City of New Orleans – Tom Chapin (2005) Marlo Thomas and Friends: Thanks & Giving All Year Long – Marlo Thomas & Various Artists (2006) Blah Blah Blah: Stories About Clams, Swamp Monsters, Pirates and Dogs – Bill Harley (2007) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Jim Dale (2008) Yes to Running!

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Bill Harley Live – Bill Harley (2009) Aaaaah! Spooky, Scary Stories & Songs – Buck Howdy (2010) Julie Andrews' Collection of Poems, Songs, and Lullabies – Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton (2011) In 2012, the category was merged back into Best Children's Album. showvteNAACP Image Award – President's Award Ella Fitzgerald (1987) Rev.

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Jesse Jackson (1988) Jheryl Busby (1989) Antoinette Stroman & Ryan White (1990) Kent Amos & Carmen Amos (1996) Bryant Gumbel (1997) Alexis Herman (1998) Lauryn Hill (1999) Tavis Smiley & Tom Joyner (2000) Bill Clinton (2001) Condoleezza Rice (2002) Venus & Serena Williams (2003) T. D. Jakes (2004) Susan L. Taylor (2006) Soledad O'Brien (2007) Ruby Dee (2008) Muhammad Ali (2009) Van Jones (2010) Colin Powell (2011) Black Stuntmen's Association (2012) Kerry Washington (2013) Spike Lee (2015) John Legend (2016) Lonnie Bunch (2017) Danny Glover (2018) Jay-Z (2019) Rihanna (2020) LeBron James (2021) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex & Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (2022) Gabrielle Union & Dwyane Wade (2023) showAuthority control General ISNI VIAF WorldCat National libraries Norway Chile Spain France (data) Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Sweden Art research institutes ULAN Biographical dictionaries Germany Scientific databases CiNii Other FAST Grammy Awards MusicBrainz artist NARA RERO 2 SNAC IdRef Trove <img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /> Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Clinton&oldid=1141498139" Categories: Bill Clinton1946 birthsLiving people2016 United States presidential electors2020 United States presidential electors20th-century American lawyers20th-century American non-fiction writers20th-century American politicians20th-century Baptists20th-century presidents of the United States21st-century American non-fiction writers21st-century American novelists21st-century American politicians21st-century presidents of the United States21st-century BaptistsAlumni of University College, OxfordAmerican Rhodes ScholarsAmerican autobiographersAmerican humanitariansAmerican male non-fiction writersAmerican male novelistsAmerican male saxophonistsAmerican memoiristsAmerican officials of the United NationsAmerican people of English descentAmerican people of Irish descentAmerican people of Scotch-Irish descentAmerican people of Scottish descentAmerican political writersAmerican saxophonistsAmerican thriller writersArkansas Attorneys GeneralArkansas lawyersBaptists from ArkansasCandidates in the 1980 United States electionsCandidates in the 1992 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1996 United States presidential electionCentrism in the United StatesClinton Foundation peopleClinton–Lewinsky scandalCollars of the Order of the White LionDemocratic Party (United States) presidential nomineesDemocratic Party presidents of the United StatesDemocratic Party governors of ArkansasFamily of Bill and Hillary ClintonFellows of University College, OxfordFellows of the American Academy of Arts and SciencesGrammy Award winnersGrand Companions of the Order of LogohuHot Springs High School (Arkansas) alumniImpeached presidents of the United StatesNew York (state) DemocratsPeople from Hope, ArkansasPoliticians from Hot Springs, ArkansasPoliticians from Little Rock, ArkansasPresidential Medal of Freedom recipientsPresidents of the United StatesRecipients of St. George's Order of VictoryRecipients of the Four Freedoms AwardRecipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st ClassRecipients of the Presidential Medal of Distinction of IsraelRodham familyWalsh School of Foreign Service alumniSpouses of New York (state) politiciansTime Person of the YearUniversity of Arkansas facultyWriters from ArkansasYale Law School alumni20th-century American male writers21st-century American male writersHidden categories: Pages using the Graph extensionWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknownAll articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from April 2017Articles with permanently dead external linksCS1 errors: missing titleCS1 errors: bare URLArticles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesGood articlesWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living peopleUse American English from February 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from November 2022Articles with hAudio microformatsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from November 2022Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataPeople appearing on C-SPANGuardian topic template using WikidataArticles with Curlie linksArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with ICCU identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLG identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with SELIBR identifiersArticles with ULAN identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with Grammy identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with RERO identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles containing video clips This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 10:25 (UTC).

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Jump to content Toggle sidebar Search Create accountLog in Personal tools Create account Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more ContributionsTalk Navigation Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate Contribute HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file Tools What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemEdit interlanguage links Print/export Download as PDFPrintable version In other projects Wikimedia CommonsWikiquoteWikisource Languages On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Go to top.

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Toggle the table of contents Toggle the table of contents Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1Early life and career Toggle Early life and career subsection 1.1Childhood 1.2Move to Tennessee 1.3Johnson's slaves 2Political rise Toggle Political rise subsection 2.1Tennessee politician 2.2United States Representative (1843–1853) 2.3Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857) 2.4United States Senator 2.4.1Homestead Bill advocate 2.4.2Secession crisis 2.5Military Governor of Tennessee 3Vice presidency (1865) 4Presidency (1865–1869) Toggle Presidency (1865–1869) subsection 4.1Accession 4.2Reconstruction 4.2.1Background 4.2.2Presidential Reconstruction 4.2.3Break with the Republicans: 1866 4.2.4Radical Reconstruction 4.3Impeachment 4.4Foreign policy 4.5Administration and Cabinet 4.5.1Judicial appointments 4.6Reforms initiated 4.7Completion of term 5Post-presidency (1869–1875) Toggle Post-presidency (1869–1875) subsection 5.1Return to the Senate 5.2Death 6Historical reputation and legacy 7See also 8Notes 9References Toggle References subsection 9.1Citations 9.2Works cited 9.3Primary sources 10Further reading 11External links Andrew Johnson 124 languages AfrikaansአማርኛÆngliscالعربيةAragonésAsturianuAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)Bikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaCorsuCymraegDanskDeutschދިވެހިބަސްEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFøroysktFrançaisFulfuldeGaeilgeGaelgGàidhligGalegoگیلکی客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HausaՀայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡKapampanganქართულიҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaKiswahiliKreyòl ayisyenKurdîLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLigureLingua Franca NovaLombardMagyarMalagasyമലയാളംमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasa Melayu閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄Мокшеньမြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsनेपाली日本語Norsk bokmålNorsk nynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیپښتوPiemontèisPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsRomânăRumantschРусскийScotsShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogТатарча / tatarçaไทยᏣᎳᎩTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếng ViệtWinaray吴语ייִדישYorùbá粵語Zazaki中文115 more ArticleTalk English ReadView sourceView history More ReadView sourceView history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia President of the United States from 1865 to 1869 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}This article is about the president of the United States. For other uses, see Andrew Johnson (disambiguation).

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.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}Andrew JohnsonPortrait by Mathew Brady, c. 1870-187517th President of the United StatesIn officeApril 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869Vice PresidentNone[a]Preceded byAbraham LincolnSucceeded byUlysses S. Grant16th Vice President of the United StatesIn officeMarch 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865PresidentAbraham LincolnPreceded byHannibal HamlinSucceeded bySchuyler ColfaxUnited States Senatorfrom TennesseeIn officeMarch 4, 1875 – July 31, 1875Preceded byWilliam G. BrownlowSucceeded byDavid M. KeyIn officeOctober 8, 1857 – March 4, 1862Preceded byJames C. JonesSucceeded byDavid T. PattersonMilitary Governor of TennesseeIn officeMarch 12, 1862 – March 4, 1865Appointed byAbraham LincolnPreceded byIsham G. Harris(as Governor)Succeeded byWilliam G. Brownlow(as Governor)15th Governor of TennesseeIn officeOctober 17, 1853 – November 3, 1857Preceded byWilliam B. CampbellSucceeded byIsham G. HarrisMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Tennessee's 1st districtIn officeMarch 4, 1843 – March 3, 1853Preceded byThomas Dickens ArnoldSucceeded byBrookins CampbellMayor of Greeneville, TennesseeIn office1834–1835 Personal detailsBorn(1808-12-29)December 29, 1808Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.DiedJuly 31, 1875(1875-07-31) (aged 66)Elizabethton, Tennessee, U.S.Cause of deathStrokeResting placeAndrew Johnson National CemeteryGreeneville, Tennessee, U.S.Political partyDemocratic (c. 1839–1864, 1868–1875)Other politicalaffiliationsNational Union (1864–1868)SpouseEliza McCardle ​(m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}1827)​Children5, including MarthaParents.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Jacob Johnson Mary McDonough Profession.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}} This article is part of a series aboutAndrew Johnson Early life Legacy Bibliography 15th Governor of Tennessee Governorship 16th Vice President of the United States Vice presidency Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 17th President of the United States Presidency Inauguration Foreign policy Cabinet appointment Judicial appointment Conclusion of Civil War Reconstruction era Reconstruction Acts Civil Rights Act (1866) Swing Around the Circle Impeachment First inquiry Second inquiry Trial Managers investigation Efforts Timeline Articles of impeachment Vice presidential and Presidential campaigns 1864 National Union national convention election 1868 Democratic National Convention Post-presidency Return to Senate Death Cemetery Historic Site .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}vte Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869.

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He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835. After briefly serving in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. During his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862.

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Southern slave states seceded to form the Confederate States of America, including Tennessee, but Johnson remained firmly with the Union. He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as Military Governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign; and became vice president after a victorious election in 1864. Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction, a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to reform their civil governments. Southern states returned many of their old leaders and passed Black Codes to deprive the freedmen of many civil liberties, but Congressional Republicans refused to seat legislators from those states and advanced legislation to overrule the Southern actions. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency.[b] Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment which gave citizenship to former slaves.

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In 1866, he went on an unprecedented national tour promoting his executive policies, seeking to break Republican opposition.[1] As the conflict grew between the branches of government, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act restricting Johnson's ability to fire Cabinet officials. He persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, but ended up being impeached by the House of Representatives and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate. He did not win the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination and left office the following year. Johnson returned to Tennessee after his presidency and gained some vindication when he was elected to the Senate in 1875, making him the only president to afterwards serve in the Senate. He died five months into his term. Johnson's strong opposition to federally guaranteed rights for black Americans is widely criticized. Historians have consistently ranked him one of the worst presidents in American history. Early life and career Childhood Johnson's birthplace and childhood home, located at the Mordecai Historic Park in Raleigh, North Carolina Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, on December 29, 1808, to Jacob Johnson (1778–1812) and Mary ("Polly") McDonough (1783–1856), a laundress. He was of English, Scots-Irish, and Irish ancestry.

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[2] He had a brother William, four years his senior, and an older sister Elizabeth, who died in childhood. Johnson's birth in a two-room shack was a political asset in the mid-19th century, and he would frequently remind voters of his humble origins.[3][4] Jacob Johnson was a poor man, as had been his father, William Johnson, but he became town constable of Raleigh before marrying and starting a family. Both Jacob and Mary were illiterate, and had worked as tavern servants, while Johnson never attended school[4] and grew up in poverty.[4] Jacob died of an apparent heart attack while ringing the town bell, shortly after rescuing three drowning men, when his son Andrew was three.[5] Polly Johnson worked as a washerwoman and became the sole support of her family. Her occupation was then looked down on, as it often took her into other homes unaccompanied. Since Andrew did not resemble either of his siblings, there are rumors that he may have been fathered by another man. Polly Johnson eventually remarried to a man named Turner Doughtry, who was as poor as she was.[6] Johnson's mother apprenticed her son William to a tailor, James Selby.

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Andrew also became an apprentice in Selby's shop at age ten and was legally bound to serve until his 21st birthday. Johnson lived with his mother for part of his service, and one of Selby's employees taught him rudimentary literacy skills.[7] His education was augmented by citizens who would come to Selby's shop to read to the tailors as they worked. Even before he became an apprentice, Johnson came to listen. The readings caused a lifelong love of learning, and one of his biographers, Annette Gordon-Reed, suggests that Johnson, later a gifted public speaker, learned the art as he threaded needles and cut cloth.[8] Johnson was not happy at James Selby's, and after about five years, both he and his brother ran away. Selby responded by placing a reward for their return: "Ten Dollars Reward. Ran away from the subscriber, two apprentice boys, legally bound, named William and Andrew Johnson ... [payment] to any person who will deliver said apprentices to me in Raleigh, or I will give the above reward for Andrew Johnson alone."[9] The brothers went to Carthage, North Carolina, where Andrew Johnson worked as a tailor for several months.

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Fearing he would be arrested and returned to Raleigh, Johnson moved to Laurens, South Carolina. He found work quickly, met his first love, Mary Wood, and made her a quilt as a gift. However, she rejected his marriage proposal. He returned to Raleigh, hoping to buy out his apprenticeship, but could not come to terms with Selby. Unable to stay in Raleigh, where he risked being apprehended for abandoning Selby, he decided to move west.[10][11] Move to Tennessee Johnson left North Carolina for Tennessee, traveling mostly on foot. After a brief period in Knoxville, he moved to Mooresville, Alabama.[10][12] He then worked as a tailor in Columbia, Tennessee, but was called back to Raleigh by his mother and stepfather, who saw limited opportunities there and who wished to emigrate west. Johnson and his party traveled through the Blue Ridge Mountains to Greeneville, Tennessee. Andrew Johnson fell in love with the town at first sight, and when he became prosperous purchased the land where he had first camped and planted a tree in commemoration.[13] In Greeneville, Johnson established a successful tailoring business in the front of his home.

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In 1827, at the age of 18, he married 16-year-old Eliza McCardle, the daughter of a local shoemaker. The pair were married by Justice of the Peace Mordecai Lincoln, first cousin of Thomas Lincoln, whose son would become president. The Johnsons were married for almost 50 years and had five children: Martha (1828), Charles (1830), Mary (1832), Robert (1834), and Andrew Jr. (1852). Though she had tuberculosis, Eliza supported her husband's endeavors. She taught him mathematics skills and tutored him to improve his writing.[14][15] Shy and retiring by nature, Eliza Johnson usually remained in Greeneville during Johnson's political rise. She was not often seen during her husband's presidency; their daughter Martha usually served as official hostess.[16] Johnson's tailoring business prospered during the early years of the marriage, enabling him to hire help and giving him the funds to invest profitably in real estate.[17] He later boasted of his talents as a tailor, "my work never ripped or gave way".[18] He was a voracious reader. Books about famous orators aroused his interest in political dialogue, and he had private debates on the issues of the day with customers who held opposing views.

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He also took part in debates at Greeneville College.[19] Johnson's slaves In 1843, Johnson purchased his first slave, Dolly, who was 14 years old at the time. Dolly had three children—Liz, Florence and William. Soon after his purchase of Dolly, he purchased Dolly's half-brother Sam. Sam Johnson and his wife Margaret had nine children. Sam became a commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau and was known for being a proud man who negotiated the nature of his work with the Johnson family. Notably, he received some monetary compensation for his labors and negotiated with Andrew Johnson to receive a tract of land which Andrew Johnson gave him for free in 1867.[20] In 1857, Andrew Johnson purchased Henry, who was 13 at the time and would later accompany the Johnson family to the White House. Ultimately, Johnson owned at least ten slaves.[20] Andrew Johnson freed his slaves on August 8, 1863; they remained with him as paid servants. A year later, Johnson, as military governor of Tennessee, proclaimed the freedom of Tennessee's slaves. Sam and Margaret, Johnson's former slaves, lived in his tailor shop while he was president, without rent.

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[20] As a sign of appreciation for proclaiming freedom, Andrew Johnson was given a watch by newly emancipated people in Tennessee inscribed with "for his Untiring Energy in the Cause of Freedom".[21] Political rise Tennessee politician Johnson helped organize a mechanics' (working men's) ticket in the 1829 Greeneville municipal election. He was elected town alderman, along with his friends Blackston McDannel and Mordecai Lincoln.[22][23] Following the 1831 Nat Turner slave rebellion, a state convention was called to pass a new constitution, including provisions to disenfranchise free people of color. The convention also wanted to reform real estate tax rates, and provide ways of funding improvements to Tennessee's infrastructure. The constitution was submitted for a public vote, and Johnson spoke widely for its adoption; the successful campaign provided him with statewide exposure. On January 4, 1834, his fellow aldermen elected him mayor of Greeneville.[24][25] Eliza McCardle Johnson In 1835, Johnson made a bid for election to the "floater" seat which Greene County shared with neighboring Washington County in the Tennessee House of Representatives. According to his biographer, Hans L. Trefousse, Johnson "demolished" the opposition in debate and won the election with almost a two to one margin.

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[26][27] During his Greeneville days, Johnson joined the Tennessee Militia as a member of the 90th Regiment. He attained the rank of colonel, though while an enrolled member, Johnson was fined for an unknown offense.[28] Afterwards, he was often addressed or referred to by his rank. In his first term in the legislature, which met in the state capital of Nashville, Johnson did not consistently vote with either the Democratic or the newly formed Whig Party, though he revered President Andrew Jackson, a Democrat and fellow Tennessean. The major parties were still determining their core values and policy proposals, with the party system in a state of flux. The Whig Party had organized in opposition to Jackson, fearing the concentration of power in the Executive Branch of the government; Johnson differed from the Whigs as he opposed more than minimal government spending and spoke against aid for the railroads, while his constituents hoped for improvements in transportation. After Brookins Campbell and the Whigs defeated Johnson for reelection in 1837, Johnson would not lose another race for thirty years.

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In 1839, he sought to regain his seat, initially as a Whig, but when another candidate sought the Whig nomination, he ran as a Democrat and was elected. From that time he supported the Democratic party and built a powerful political machine in Greene County.[29][30] Johnson became a strong advocate of the Democratic Party, noted for his oratory, and in an era when public speaking both informed the public and entertained it, people flocked to hear him.[31] In 1840, Johnson was selected as a presidential elector for Tennessee, giving him more statewide publicity. Although Democratic President Martin Van Buren was defeated by former Ohio senator William Henry Harrison, Johnson was instrumental in keeping Greene County in the Democratic column.[32] He was elected to the Tennessee Senate in 1841, where he served a two-year term.[33] He had achieved financial success in his tailoring business, but sold it to concentrate on politics. He had also acquired additional real estate, including a larger home and a farm (where his mother and stepfather took residence), and among his assets numbered eight or nine slaves.

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[34] United States Representative (1843–1853) Having served in both houses of the state legislature, Johnson saw election to Congress as the next step in his political career. He engaged in a number of political maneuvers to gain Democratic support, including the displacement of the Whig postmaster in Greeneville, and defeated Jonesborough lawyer John A. Aiken by 5,495 votes to 4,892.[35][36] In Washington, he joined a new Democratic majority in the House of Representatives. Johnson advocated for the interests of the poor, maintained an anti-abolitionist stance, argued for only limited spending by the government and opposed protective tariffs.[37] With Eliza remaining in Greeneville, Congressman Johnson shunned social functions in favor of study in the Library of Congress.[38] Although a fellow Tennessee Democrat, James K. Polk, was elected president in 1844, and Johnson had campaigned for him, the two men had difficult relations, and President Polk refused some of his patronage suggestions.[39] Johnson believed, as did many Southern Democrats, that the Constitution protected private property, including slaves, and thus prohibited the federal and state governments from abolishing slavery.

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