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[ { "id": "88725", "type": "document", "text": [ "Inhibition of histamine-induced skin wheal and flare after 5 days of mizolastine . Mizolastine is a new , nonsedating antihistamine providing satisfactory symptomatic relief in allergic rhinitis and urticaria . The purpose of this study was to use inhibition of wheal and flare formation after 2-mu g intradermal histamine injections as a measure of the antihistamine effect of repeated doses of mizolastine . Eight volunteers were enrolled in this four-arm , double-blind , cross-over , randomized study . Three dose levels of once-daily mizolastine ( 5 mg , 10 mg , and 15 mg ) were compared with placebo during 5-day dose periods . Histamine tests were performed before drug intake on days 1 and 5 , and then 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , and 24 hours after drug intake on day 5 . All 3 doses of mizolastine were more effective than placebo in suppressing wheal and flare reactions , and the antihistamine activity was highest at both the 10- and 15-mg dose levels . The effect on the flare reaction appeared within 1 hour , reached a maximum effect 4 hours after administration , and persisted for as long as 24 hours . The relative changes in wheal and flare areas were correlated with mizolastine trough plasma levels on day 5 . Safety was satisfactory in all groups . This study confirms that mizolastine is a rapid and potent antihistamine ; and its long-lasting effectiveness indicates that a once-daily regimen is acceptable for clinical use ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1458 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88726", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "histamine-induced" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88727", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88728", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88729", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "once-daily mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 528, 550 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88730", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88731", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Histamine tests" ], "offsets": [ [ 635, 650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88732", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88733", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88734", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88735", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88736", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relief in allergic rhinitis and urticaria" ], "offsets": [ [ 167, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88737", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "more effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 821, 835 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88738", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "wheal and flare reactions" ], "offsets": [ [ 864, 889 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88739", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "antihistamine activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 900, 922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88740", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "effect on the flare reaction" ], "offsets": [ [ 979, 1007 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88741", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 1240, 1246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88742", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "antihistamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 118, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88743", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "allergic rhinitis and urticaria" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88744", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 410, 415 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88745", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "volunteers" ], "offsets": [ [ 416, 426 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88747", "type": "document", "text": [ "Durability of central venous catheters . A randomized trial in children with malignant diseases . In a prospective randomized study the durability of tunnelled and non-tunnelled central venous catheters was investigated in children with malignant diseases . Twenty children were included in the study but four ( two in each group ) had to be excluded ; three because the entry criteria turned out not to be fulfilled and one because of lack of data . The median duration of the tunnelled catheters was 224 days with a range of 25-846 days which was significantly longer than that of conventional catheters ( 39.5 days , range 9-228 days ) . In addition six of eight conventional catheters were accidentally removed whereas all catheters in the tunnelled group had to be removed via a small incision . Three cases of catheter related sepsis , two in the tunnelled group and one in the conventional group , were registered . The corresponding number of infections per catheter days were 1 in 1189 days and 1 in 522 days , respectively . In conclusion cuffed , tunnelled central venous catheters are less prone to displacement than traditional percutaneous central venous catheters when used in children with malignant diseases ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1226 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88748", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "central venous catheters" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88749", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "tunnelled and non-tunnelled central venous catheters" ], "offsets": [ [ 150, 202 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88750", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "tunnelled catheters" ], "offsets": [ [ 478, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88751", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional catheters" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88752", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cuffed , tunnelled central venous catheters" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1092 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88753", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "traditional percutaneous central venous catheters" ], "offsets": [ [ 1129, 1178 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88754", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Durability" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88755", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "durability" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88756", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "median duration" ], "offsets": [ [ 455, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88757", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "significantly longer" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88758", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "catheter related sepsis" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 839 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88759", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "number of infections per catheter days" ], "offsets": [ [ 941, 979 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88760", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "displacement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1111, 1123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88761", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88762", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with malignant diseases ." ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88763", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88764", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with malignant diseases ." ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88765", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty" ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 264 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88766", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "four" ], "offsets": [ [ 305, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88767", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "two" ], "offsets": [ [ 312, 315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88768", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "three" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 358 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88769", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "one" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88770", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "malignant diseases" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88772", "type": "document", "text": [ "The immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines after a primary vaccination series in Philippine infants . Serum antibody responses to three Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine ( PRP-OMP , PRP-T , and HbOC ) were evaluated in 174 Philippine infants after a primary vaccination series . Children were randomized to receive one of the Hib vaccines ( Hib groups ) or into a control group . Vaccination was carried out at six , 10 and 14 weeks of age based on the local Expanded Program of Immunization schedule . Sera were collected at six weeks of age for the Hib groups and one month after the third dose for all subjects . Anti-Hib concentrations were determined by the Farr-type radioimmunoassay . There were no significant differences ( P = 0.3626 ) in the prevaccination anti-Hib geometric mean concentration ( GMC ) among the three Hib groups . Differences in the GMC after the primary series of three doses were significant ( P < 0.0001 ) ; GMC was highest for PRP-T ( 6.62 micrograms/ml ) , followed by HbOC ( 1.9 micrograms/ml ) , then PRP-OMP ( 1.06 micrograms/ml ) , and lowest for the control group ( 0.11 microgram/ml ) . We conclude that all three Hib conjugate vaccines ( PRP-T , HbOC , and PRP-OMP ) were immunogenic after three primary doses among Philippine infants ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1364 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88773", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88774", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine ( PRP-OMP , PRP-T , and HbOC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 288 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88775", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Hib vaccines ( Hib groups )" ], "offsets": [ [ 414, 441 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88776", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control group" ], "offsets": [ [ 452, 465 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88777", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Hib conjugate vaccines" ], "offsets": [ [ 1241, 1263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88778", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PRP-T" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88779", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HbOC" ], "offsets": [ [ 282, 286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88780", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PRP-OMP" ], "offsets": [ [ 260, 267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88781", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "immunogenicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88782", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Serum antibody responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88783", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Anti-Hib concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 704, 727 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88784", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "prevaccination anti-Hib geometric mean concentration ( GMC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 840, 900 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88785", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GMC" ], "offsets": [ [ 895, 898 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88786", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GMC" ], "offsets": [ [ 895, 898 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88787", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "immunogenic" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 15 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88788", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "infants" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88789", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "174" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88790", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "primary vaccination" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88792", "type": "document", "text": [ "Is there a difference ? A prospective study comparing lateral and standard SMAS face lifts with extended SMAS and composite rhytidectomies . Presented is a prospective study comparing limited SMAS ( lateral SMASectomy ) , conventional SMAS , extended SMAS , and composite rhytidectomies . Randomized patients received either a limited SMAS or conventional SMAS face lift on one side and an extended SMAS or composite rhytidectomy on the other . All procedures were performed at Manhattan Eye , Ear and Throat Hospital in accordance with their well-defined surgical descriptions . Postoperative courses were followed clinically for at least 1 year . Photographs were taken preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively . Photographs were reviewed by three independent experienced face lift surgeons . The study comprises 21 patients , 20 women and 1 man , with a mean age of 59 years ( range 47 to 70 years ) . Nineteen patients underwent primary rhytidectomies ; two underwent secondary face lifts . For the first 12 patients , each had an extended SMAS procedure performed on one side ; on the other , 7 had a conventional SMAS and 5 had a limited SMAS ( lateral SMASectomy ) face lift . In the last 9 patients , a conventional SMAS was carried out on one side in 8 , a limited SMAS in 1 , and on the opposite side , a composite rhytidectomy was performed . Complications were few . Temporary weakness of the buccal branch of the facial nerve occurred in 2 patients on the side of the more extensive surgery . On the operating table at completion of the surgery , there was more improvement in reversal of midfacial ptosis and flattening of the nasolabial folds with both extended SMAS and composite rhytidectomies . The composite flap had the most dramatic effect on the nasolabial folds and oral commissure . After 24 hours , once swelling developed and facial motion became reactivated , the noticeable differences in the midface and nasolabial folds were lost . No discernible differences in facial halves were noted again . Differences between facial sides on the 6- and 12-month postoperative photographs were not detectable . We conclude that for routine facial plasty , comparable clinical outcomes are obtained at 6 months and 1 year with limited ( lateral SMASectomy ) and conventional SMAS face lifts compared with extended SMAS and composite rhytidectomies . All procedures are lacking in their improvement of midface ptosis and the nasolabial folds . The increased surgical risks , morbidity , and convalescence associated with those more extensive procedures do not seem to be warranted in the average patient ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2634 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88793", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "lateral and standard SMAS face lifts" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88794", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "extended SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88795", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "composite rhytidectomies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 140 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88796", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "limited SMAS ( lateral SMASectomy ) , conventional SMAS , extended SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88797", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "composite rhytidectomies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 140 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88798", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "limited SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 196 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88799", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88800", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "extended SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88801", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "composite rhytidectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88802", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "primary rhytidectomies ;" ], "offsets": [ [ 946, 970 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88803", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secondary face lifts ." ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1007 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88804", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88805", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "limited SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 196 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88806", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88807", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "limited SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 196 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88808", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "composite rhytidectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88809", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "extended SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88810", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "composite rhytidectomies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 140 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88811", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "extended SMAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88812", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "21" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88813", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "20" ], "offsets": [ [ 842, 844 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88814", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88815", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "1" ], "offsets": [ [ 640, 641 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88816", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "man" ], "offsets": [ [ 857, 860 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88817", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "mean age of 59 years ( range 47 to 70 years )" ], "offsets": [ [ 870, 915 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88819", "type": "document", "text": [ "Thoracoscopic talc insufflation versus talc slurry for symptomatic malignant pleural effusion . BACKGROUND Talc has been generally accepted to be the most effective sclerosant for chemical pleurodesis , although the optimal route of administration remains unclear . METHODS We designed a prospective , randomized study to compare video-assisted thoracoscopic talc insufflation with bedside talc slurry in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion . From September 1993 to November 1995 , 57 patients were recruited and randomized to either video-assisted thoracoscopic talc insufflation under general anesthesia ( n = 28 ) or talc slurry by the bedside ( n = 29 ) . Patients with poor general condition ( Karnofsky score less than 30 % ) , poor pulmonary function ( forced expiratory volume in 1 second less than 0.5 L ) , or trapped lungs were excluded from this study . Five grams of purified talc was used for either video-assisted thoracoscopic talc insufflation or talc slurry . RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients with respect to age , sex ratio , chest drainage duration , postprocedural hospital stay , parenteral narcotics requirement , complications , or procedure failure ( ie , recurrence ) . CONCLUSIONS Video-assisted thoracoscopic talc insufflation has not been shown to be a superior approach compared with talc slurry in our study . Because the former demands more resources , we advocate that talc slurry should be considered as the procedure of choice in the treatment of symptomatic malignant pleural effusion in patients who do not have trapped lungs ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1632 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88820", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Thoracoscopic talc insufflation" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88821", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "talc slurry" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88822", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "video-assisted thoracoscopic talc insufflation" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 376 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88823", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bedside talc slurry" ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 401 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88824", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "video-assisted thoracoscopic talc insufflation" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 376 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88825", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "general anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 595, 613 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88826", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "significant difference between the two groups of patients with respect to age , sex ratio , chest drainage duration , postprocedural hospital stay ," ], "offsets": [ [ 1021, 1169 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88827", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "parenteral narcotics requirement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1170, 1202 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88828", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1205, 1218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88829", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "procedure failure ( ie , recurrence )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1224, 1261 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88830", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "symptomatic malignant pleural effusion ." ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88831", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "malignant pleural effusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88832", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "57" ], "offsets": [ [ 490, 492 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88833", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "poor general condition" ], "offsets": [ [ 682, 704 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88834", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "poor pulmonary function" ], "offsets": [ [ 742, 765 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88835", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "trapped lungs" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88836", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "trapped lungs" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88838", "type": "document", "text": [ "Dental bacteremia in children . Bacteremia resulting from dental extraction is regarded as an important cause of bacterial endocarditis , and it is therefore recommended that patients undergoing tooth extraction be given prophylactic antibiotics . As dental procedures other than extractions may also cause bacteremias , we studied a variety of dental procedures routinely used in pediatric dentistry . Blood samples for cultures were obtained 30 s after each of 13 dental operative procedures in 735 anesthetized children aged 2-16 years . Four procedures used for conservative dentistry caused bacteremias significantly more often than the baseline value of 9.4 % : polishing teeth 24.5 % , intraligamental injection 96.6 % , rubber dam placement 29.4 % , and matrix band with wedge placement 32.1 % . In comparison , toothbrushing alone caused a bacteremia on 38.5 % of occasions . The organisms isolated were typical of odontogenic bacteremias in that 50 % of the isolates were identified as varieties of viridans streptococci . These data show that a wider variety of dental procedures than was previously documented cause bacteremia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1140 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88839", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "dental extraction is" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88840", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prophylactic antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88841", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "polishing teeth" ], "offsets": [ [ 668, 683 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88842", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "intraligamental injection" ], "offsets": [ [ 693, 718 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88843", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "rubber dam placement" ], "offsets": [ [ 728, 748 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88844", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "matrix band with wedge placement" ], "offsets": [ [ 762, 794 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88845", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 403, 416 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88846", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bacteremias" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 318 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88847", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bacteremia" ], "offsets": [ [ 7, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88848", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "odontogenic bacteremias" ], "offsets": [ [ 924, 947 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88849", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bacteremia" ], "offsets": [ [ 7, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88850", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "in children" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88851", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients undergoing tooth extraction" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 211 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88852", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "735" ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 500 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88853", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children aged 2-16 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 514, 538 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88855", "type": "document", "text": [ "Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers . BACKGROUND Free radical-induced oxidative damage is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with cigarette smoking . We examined the production of 8-epi-prostaglandin ( PG ) F2 alpha , a stable product of lipid peroxidation in vivo , and its modulation by aspirin and antioxidant vitamins in chronic cigarette smokers . METHODS AND RESULTS We performed the following studies : ( 1 ) a cross-sectional comparison of smokers and control subjects , ( 2 ) an examination of the dose-response relationship , ( 3 ) an exploration of the effect of smoking cessation ( 3 weeks ) and nicotine patch supplementation , ( 4 ) the effect of aspirin consumption , and ( 5 ) the effects of 5 days ' dosing with vitamin E ( 100 and 800 U ) , vitamin C ( 2 g ) , and their combination . 8-epi-PGF2 alpha excretion ( in pmol/mmol , mean +/- SEM ) was 176.5+/-30.6 in heavy smokers , 92.7+/-4.8 ( P < .05 ) in moderate smokers , and 54.1+/-2.7 ( P < .005 ) in nonsmokers . Urinary levels fell from 145.5+/-24.9 to 114.6+/-27.1 ( week 2 , P < .05 ) and 112.6+/-24.9 ( week 3 , P < .05 ) on cessation of smoking . Aspirin treatment failed to suppress urinary levels of 8-epi-PGF2 alpha despite a significant reduction in urinary 11-dehydro-TxB2 production and suppression of 8-epi-PGF2 alpha and TxB2 in serum . Vitamin C ( pre , 194.6+/-40.9 ; post , 137.2+/-34.1 ; P < .05 ) and a combination of vitamin C and E ( pre , 171.0+/-39.8 ; post , 133.5+/-29.6 P < .05 ) suppressed urinary 8-epi-PGF2 alpha , whereas vitamin E alone had no effect . CONCLUSIONS Urinary 8-epi-PGF2 alpha may represent a noninvasive , quantitative index of oxidant stress in vivo . Elevated levels of 8-epi-PGF2 alpha in smokers may be modulated by quitting cigarettes and switching to nicotine patches or by antioxidant vitamin therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1888 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88856", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88857", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "8-epi-prostaglandin ( PG ) F2 alpha , a stable product of lipid peroxidation in vivo" ], "offsets": [ [ 241, 325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88858", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aspirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88859", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antioxidant vitamins" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 382 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88860", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "smoking cessation" ], "offsets": [ [ 635, 652 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88861", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine patch supplementation" ], "offsets": [ [ 669, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88862", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aspirin consumption" ], "offsets": [ [ 722, 741 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88863", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vitamin E" ], "offsets": [ [ 790, 799 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88864", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vitamin C" ], "offsets": [ [ 820, 829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88865", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Aspirin treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1187, 1204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88866", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Vitamin C" ], "offsets": [ [ 1385, 1394 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88867", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination of vitamin C and E" ], "offsets": [ [ 1456, 1486 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88868", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vitamin E" ], "offsets": [ [ 790, 799 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88869", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "quitting cigarettes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1799, 1818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88870", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "switching to nicotine patches" ], "offsets": [ [ 1823, 1852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88871", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antioxidant vitamin therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1859, 1886 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88872", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "8-epi-PGF2 alpha excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 864, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88873", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Urinary levels fell" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1067 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88874", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urinary levels of 8-epi-PGF2 alpha" ], "offsets": [ [ 1224, 1258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88875", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urinary 11-dehydro-TxB2 production" ], "offsets": [ [ 1294, 1328 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88876", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "suppression of 8-epi-PGF2 alpha and TxB2 in serum ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1333, 1384 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88877", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urinary 8-epi-PGF2 alpha" ], "offsets": [ [ 1551, 1575 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88878", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Urinary 8-epi-PGF2 alpha" ], "offsets": [ [ 1630, 1654 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88879", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Elevated levels of 8-epi-PGF2 alpha in smokers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1732, 1778 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88880", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic cigarette smokers ." ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88881", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate smokers" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1001 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88882", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nonsmokers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1035, 1045 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88884", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Therapy of metastatic endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract ] ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 74 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88885", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "[ Therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88887", "type": "document", "text": [ "A randomised open multicentre comparative trial of lamotrigine and carbamazepine as monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent epilepsy . The efficacy and safety of lamotrigine and carbamazepine as monotherapy in patients with untreated , newly diagnosed or recurrent partial and/or generalised tonic-clonic seizures , were compared in a randomised , open , multicentre study . Patients received 24 weeks ' treatment with oral lamotrigine 100 mg ( LTG 100 , n = 115 ) or 200 mg ( LTG 200 , n = 111 ) or carbamazepine 600 mg ( CBZ 600 , n = 117 ) . Efficacy measurements were comparable between the three treatment groups , although the higher lamotrigine dose was possibly most effective , with 60.4 % completing seizure free compared with 51.3 % ( LTG 100 ) and 54.7 % ( CBZ 600 ) . Both dosage regimens of lamotrigine were well tolerated . More patients on CBZ 600 reported adverse experiences , 66 % versus 53 % ( LTG 100 ) and 58 % ( LTG 200 ) , and of these a greater proportion were attributed to CBZ 600 treatment , 53 % versus 23 % ( LTG 100 ) and 28 % ( LTG 200 ) . Similarly , a greater proportion of the CBZ 600 group required a change in dose , 47 % versus 20 % ( LTG 100 ) and 17 % ( LTG 200 ) or withdrew completely due to adverse experiences , 10.3 % versus 4.3 % ( LTG 100 ) and 4.5 % ( LTG 200 ) . The most common adverse experience leading to withdrawal was rash , with approximately double the proportion of reports occurring in patients on CBZ 600 ( 5.1 % ) compared with lamotrigine ( 1.7 % on LTG 100 and 2.7 % on LTG 200 ) . Overall lamotrigine appeared equally effective but better tolerated compared with carbamazepine ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1660 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88888", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamotrigine" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88889", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88890", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamotrigine" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88891", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88892", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral lamotrigine 100 mg ( LTG 100 , n = 115 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 437, 482 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88893", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "200 mg ( LTG 200 , n = 111 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 486, 514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88894", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carbamazepine 600 mg ( CBZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 518, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88895", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamotrigine" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88896", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamotrigine" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88897", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CBZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 541, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88898", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88899", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88900", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CBZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 541, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88901", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CBZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 541, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88902", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88903", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88904", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88905", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88906", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CBZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 541, 544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88907", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamotrigine" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88908", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88909", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88910", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lamotrigine" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88911", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88912", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 157, 176 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88913", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy measurements" ], "offsets": [ [ 563, 584 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88914", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerated ." ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 856 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88915", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse experiences" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88916", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse experiences" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88917", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse experience" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 909 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88918", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "rash" ], "offsets": [ [ 1391, 1395 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88920", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of fenoterol on inspiratory effort sensation and fatigue during inspiratory threshold loading . We studied the effects of a single dose of fenoterol on the relationship between inspiratory effort sensation ( IES ) and inspiratory muscle fatigue induced by inspiratory threshold loading in healthy subjects . The magnitude of the threshold was 60 % of maximal static inspiratory mouth pressure ( PI , mmax ) at functional residual capacity , and the duty cycle was 0.5 . Subjects continued the threshold loaded breathing until the target mouth pressure could no longer be maintained ( endurance time ) . The intensity of the IES was scored with a modified Borg scale . Either fenoterol ( 5 mg ) or a placebo was given orally 2 h before loading in a randomized double-blind crossover protocol . The endurance time with fenoterol ( 34.4 +/- 8.6 min ) was longer than that with the placebo ( 22.2 +/- 7.1 min ; P < 0.05 ) . The ratio of high- to low-frequency power of the diaphragmatic electromyogram ( EMGdi ) decreased during loading ; the decrease was less with fenoterol ( P < 0.05 ) . The EMGdi also decreased with loading ; the decrease was greater on fenoterol treatment ( P < 0.01 ) . The PI , mmax and maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure ( Pdi ) were similarly decreased after loading on either treatment . The intensity of the IES rose with time during loading in both groups but was lower with fenoterol than with the placebo ( P < 0.05 ) . The ratio of Pdi to integrated activity of the EMGdi increased with fenoterol ( P < 0.05 ) . Fenoterol treatment increased both superimposed Pdi twitch and Pdi twitch of relaxed diaphragm and decreased the value of ( 1-superimposed Pdi twitch/Pdi twitch of relaxed diaphragm ) . Thus we conclude that in normal subjects fenoterol reduces diaphragmatic fatigue and decreases the motor command to the diaphragm , resulting in a decrease in IES during inspiratory threshold loading and a prolongation of endurance ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1969 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88921", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88922", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88923", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88924", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 707, 714 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88925", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88926", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fenoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88927", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "endurance time" ], "offsets": [ [ 592, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88928", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ratio of high- to low-frequency power of the diaphragmatic electromyogram ( EMGdi )" ], "offsets": [ [ 932, 1015 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88929", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EMGdi" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1013 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88930", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PI , mmax and maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure ( Pdi )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1202, 1259 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88931", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intensity of the IES rose with time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1325, 1360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88932", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ratio of Pdi" ], "offsets": [ [ 1461, 1473 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88933", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "superimposed Pdi twitch and Pdi twitch of relaxed diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 1585, 1644 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88934", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "value of ( 1-superimposed Pdi twitch/Pdi twitch of relaxed diaphragm ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1663, 1735 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88935", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy subjects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 297, 315 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88937", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Drug therapy of condylomata acuminata ] . This study seeks to evaluate two candidate regimens ( 5-fluorouracil and interferon ) as adjuvants to optimally performed laser surgery in the treatment of condylomata acuminata . Skillful laser ablation can remove any volume of human papillomavirus-associated vulvar disease but can not prevent reactivation of the surrounding latent viral reservoir during postoperative healing . Conversely , interferon and 5-fluorouracil are relatively ineffective as primary therapies . This study involves 118 evaluable patients : 32 in the laser-CO2 group , 34 in the 5-fluorouracil group and 52 in the interferon group . At assessment of final outcome , it was found that 43 of 52 ( 82 % ) assessable patients in the adjuvant interferon arm were controlled by a single laser ablation as compared with only 17 of 34 ( 50 % ) in the 5-fluorouracil group and 13 of 32 ( 40 % ) in the laser alone group . There was no statistical difference in outcome within the 5-fluorouracil and laser only arms . Conversely , a relatively low dose of recombinant interferon , used in combination with effective surgical deleulking , can markedly reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1209 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88938", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88939", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interferon" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88940", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laser surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 179 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88941", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interferon" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88942", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88943", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laser-CO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 574, 583 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88944", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88945", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interferon" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88946", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interferon" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88947", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88948", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laser alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 916, 927 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88949", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88950", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interferon" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88951", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical deleulking" ], "offsets": [ [ 1129, 1148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88952", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "condylomata acuminata" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88953", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 791 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88954", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "single laser ablation" ], "offsets": [ [ 797, 818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88955", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "postoperative recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1207 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88956", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "condylomata acuminata" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88957", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "118" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88958", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "32" ], "offsets": [ [ 564, 566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88959", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "34" ], "offsets": [ [ 592, 594 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88960", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "52" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88962", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment of men with flat ( FC ) or acuminata ( CA ) condylomata with interferon alpha-2a . This study was undertaken to assess the effect of CO2 laser vaporization , 5-fluorouracil 5 % ( 5-FU ) topical application and Interferon alpha-2a ( IFA alpha-2a ) in the treatment of C.A . or F.C . of the male genital tract . From March 1986 to September 1991 , 1372 men , sexual partners of women with F.C . or C.A . or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia , were submitted to peoscopy . One thousand and nineteen ( 74.27 % ) men presented with various penile lesions caused by HPV ( histologically confirmed ) ; of these 505 were treated for C.A . or F.C . or a combination of F.C . and C.A . The best treatment modalities , irrespective of the kind of lesion , were found to be the combination of 5-FU plus IFN alpha-2a ( high dose ) ( 98.27 % ) , the combination of CO2 laser vaporization plus 5-FU plus IFN alpha-2a ( high dose ) ( 93.93 % ) and the combination of CO2 laser vaporization plus 5-FU ( 87.23 % ) . In conclusion we believe that IFN alpha-2a can be used with excellent results as first line treatment in combination with CO2 laser vaporization or/plus 5-FU in patients with C.A . or F.C . or combined condylomata ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1224 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88963", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "interferon alpha-2a" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88964", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CO2 laser vaporization" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88965", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil 5 % ( 5-FU ) topical application" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88966", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Interferon alpha-2a ( IFA alpha-2a )" ], "offsets": [ [ 220, 256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88967", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU plus IFN alpha-2a" ], "offsets": [ [ 792, 814 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88968", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CO2 laser vaporization plus 5-FU plus IFN alpha-2a" ], "offsets": [ [ 862, 912 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88969", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "combination of CO2 laser vaporization plus 5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88970", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFN alpha-2a" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 814 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88971", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CO2 laser vaporization" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88972", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 193 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88973", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "flat ( FC ) or acuminata ( CA ) condylomata" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88974", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "1372" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88975", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "One thousand and nineteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 481, 506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88976", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "505" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 618 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88977", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "combined condylomata" ], "offsets": [ [ 1202, 1222 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "88979", "type": "document", "text": [ "Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative or NSAID therapy for chronic low back pain : a randomized , observer-blinded clinical trial . OBJECTIVES To study the relative efficacy of three different treatment for chronic low back pain ( CLBP ) . Two preplanned comparisons were made : ( a ) Spinal manipulative therapy ( SMT ) combined with trunk strengthening exercises ( TSE ) vs. SMT combined with trunk stretching exercises , and ( b ) SMT combined with TSE vs. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) therapy combined with TSE . STUDY DESIGN Interdisciplinary , prospective , observer-blinded , randomized clinical trial with a 1-yr follow-up period . The trial evaluated therapies in combination only and was not designed to test the individual treatment components . SETTING Primary contact , college out-patient clinic . PATIENTS In total , 174 patients aged 20-60 yr were admitted to the study . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient-rated low back pain , disability , and functional health status at 5 and 11 wk . INTERVENTIONS Five weeks of SMT or NSAID therapy in combination with supervised trunk exercise , followed by and additional 6 wk of supervised exercise alone . RESULTS Individual group comparisons after 5 and 11 wk of intervention on all three main outcome measures did not reveal any clear clinically important or statistically significant differences . There seemed to be a sustained reduction in medication use at the 1-yr follow-up . in the SMT/TSE group . Continuance of exercise during the follow-up year , regardless of type , was associated with a better outcome . CONCLUSION Each of the three therapeutic regimens was associated with similar and clinically important improvement over time that was considered superior to the expected natural history of long-standing CLBP . For the management of CLBP , trunk exercise in combination with SMT or NSAID therapy seemed to be beneficial and worthwhile . The magnitude of nonspecific therapeutic ( placebo ) effects , cost-effectiveness and relative risks of side effects associated with these types of therapy need to be addressed in future studies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2132 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "88980", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88981", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NSAID therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88982", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Spinal manipulative therapy ( SMT ) combined with trunk strengthening exercises ( TSE ) vs. SMT combined with trunk stretching exercises , and" ], "offsets": [ [ 296, 438 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88983", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "SMT combined with TSE" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88984", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) therapy combined with TSE" ], "offsets": [ [ 471, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88985", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "SMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 326, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88986", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NSAID" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88987", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "therapy in combination with supervised trunk exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 1068, 1121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88988", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "supervised exercise alone ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1159, 1186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88989", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "SMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 326, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88990", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NSAID therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88991", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "( placebo )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1977, 1988 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88992", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Patient-rated low back pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 938, 965 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88993", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "disability" ], "offsets": [ [ 968, 978 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88994", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional health status" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1009 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88995", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "reduction in medication use at the 1-yr follow-up" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1462 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88996", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic low back pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88997", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic low back pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88998", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "174" ], "offsets": [ [ 860, 863 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88999", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "20-60" ], "offsets": [ [ 878, 883 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89001", "type": "document", "text": [ "Colonoscopic miss rates of adenomas determined by back-to-back colonoscopies . BACKGROUND & AIMS The miss rate of colonoscopy for neoplasms is poorly understood . The aim of this study was to determine the miss rate of colonoscopy by same day back-to-back colonoscopy . METHODS Two consecutive same day colonoscopies were performed in 183 patients . The patients were randomized to undergo the second colonoscopy by the same or a different endoscopist and in the same or different position . RESULTS The overall miss rate for adenomas was 24 % , 27 % for adenomas < or = 5 mm , 13 % for adenomas 6-9 mm , and 6 % for adenomas > or = 1 cm . Patients with two or more adenomas at the first examination were more likely than patients with no or one adenoma detected at the first examination to have one or more adenomas at the second examination ( odds ratio , 3.3 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.69-6.46 ) . Right colon adenomas were missed more often ( 27 % ) than left colon adenomas ( 21 % ) , but the difference was not significant . There was evidence of variation in sensitivity between endoscopists , but significant miss rates for small adenomas were found among essentially all endoscopists . CONCLUSIONS Using current colonoscopic technology , there are significant miss rates for adenomas < 1 cm even with meticulous colonoscopy . Miss rates are low for adenomas > or = 1 cm . The results suggest the need for improvements in colonoscopic technology ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1459 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89002", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "colonoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89003", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "colonoscopies" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89004", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "second colonoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 394, 412 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89005", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "colonoscopic technology" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1248 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89006", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "overall miss rate for adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 504, 534 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89007", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89008", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "variation in sensitivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1057, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89009", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "miss rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89010", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "miss rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89011", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Miss rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1339, 1349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89012", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adenomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89013", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "183 patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89014", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with no or one adenoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 722, 753 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89016", "type": "document", "text": [ "Single-dose pharmacokinetics of delavirdine mesylate and didanosine in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection . Delavirdine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with in vitro activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) that is currently being evaluated in combination regimens with various nucleoside analogs , including didanosine . Due to the pH-dependent solubility of delavirdine , the buffering agents in didanosine formulations may reduce delavirdine absorption . To evaluate the potential interaction between these agents , 12 HIV-infected patients ( mean [ +/- standard deviation ] CD4+ cell count , 304 +/- 213/mm3 ) were enrolled in a three-way crossover single-dose study . Didanosine ( 125 to 200 mg given as buffered tablets ) and delavirdine mesylate ( 400 mg ) pharmacokinetics were evaluated when each drug was given alone ( treatments A and B , respectively ) , when the two drugs were given concurrently ( treatment C ) , and when didanosine was given 1 h after delavirdine ( treatment D ) . Delavirdine exposure was reduced by concurrent administration of didanosine . The maximum drug concentration in serum ( Cmax ) was reduced from 7.22 +/- 4.0 to 3.51 +/- 1.9 microM , and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity ( AUC0 -- > infinity ) was reduced from 22.5 +/- 14 to 14 +/- 5.7 microM.h . The extent of N-dealkylation , as indicated by the ratio of the N-dealkylated delavirdine AUC0 -- > infinity to the delavirdine AUC0 -- > infinity , was unchanged across study treatments ( P = 0.708 ) . Reductions in didanosine exposure were observed during concurrent administration with delavirdine with a Cmax reduction from 4.65 +/- 2.0 to 3.22 +/- 0.59 microM and an AUC0 -- > infinity reduction from 7.93 +/- 3.9 to 6.54 +/- 2.3 microM.h . Thus , concurrent administration of delavirdine and didanosine may reduce the AUC0 -- > infinity of both drugs , although the clinical significance of this reduction is unknown . Administration of delavirdine 1 h before didanosine avoided the interaction . Due to the single-dose nature of this study , these findings require further evaluation at steady state ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2193 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89017", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "delavirdine mesylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89018", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89019", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 732, 742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89020", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "delavirdine mesylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89021", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89022", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "delavirdine" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89023", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Delavirdine" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 137 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89024", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89025", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "delavirdine" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89026", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89027", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Delavirdine exposure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1057, 1077 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89028", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "maximum drug concentration in serum ( Cmax )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1139, 1183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89029", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "area under the concentration-time curve" ], "offsets": [ [ 1247, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89030", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "extent of N-dealkylation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1389, 1413 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89031", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "ratio of the N-dealkylated delavirdine AUC0 -- > infinity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1436, 1493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89032", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "delavirdine AUC0 -- > infinity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1463, 1493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89033", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "didanosine exposure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1602, 1621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89034", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 1177, 1181 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89035", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUC0 -- > infinity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1310, 1328 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89036", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "human immunodeficiency virus infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89037", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 220, 265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89038", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 578, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89040", "type": "document", "text": [ "Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism . Asperger syndrome ( AS ) is a pervasive developmental disorder recently introduced as a new diagnostic category in the ICD-10 and the DSM-IV . Along with motor clumsiness , pedantic speech has been proposed as a clinical feature of AS . However , few attempts have been made to define and measure this symptom . We studied 17 patients with AS ( ICD-10 ; 14 male , 3 female ; mean age 16.4 years , mean full-scale IQ 97 ) and compared them with a control group of 13 patients with normal-intelligence autism or high-functioning autism ( HFA ) ( ICD-10/DSM-III-R ; 12 male , 1 female ; mean age 15.5 years , mean full-scale IQ 81.2 ) . An operational definition of pedantic speech was formulated and a rating scale devised . 13 ( 76 % ) of the AS patients were rated as pedantic compared to 4 ( 31 % ) of the HFA group ( chi 2 = 6.3 ; p = .01 ) . Results suggest that pedantic speech is common in AS and may help differentiate AS from high-functioning autism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1046 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89041", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Pedantic speaking" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89042", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "pedantic speech" ], "offsets": [ [ 261, 276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89043", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "pedantic" ], "offsets": [ [ 261, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89044", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "pedantic speech" ], "offsets": [ [ 261, 276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89045", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "differentiate AS from high-functioning autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 999, 1044 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89046", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "17" ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 413 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89047", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "AS" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89048", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "14 male" ], "offsets": [ [ 442, 449 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89049", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "3 female" ], "offsets": [ [ 452, 460 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89050", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "mean age 16.4 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 463, 482 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89051", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "13" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89052", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "normal-intelligence autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 568, 594 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89053", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "high-functioning autism ( HFA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 598, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89054", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "12 male" ], "offsets": [ [ 651, 658 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89055", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "1 female" ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 669 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89056", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "mean age 15.5 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89057", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "AS" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89058", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HFA" ], "offsets": [ [ 624, 627 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89060", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of electromotive drug administration with ketorolac or with placebo in patients with pain from rheumatic disease : a double-masked study . This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of ketorolac compared with placebo when delivered by electromotive drug administration ( EMDA ) in patients with pain from rheumatic disease . In EMDA , or iontophoresis , a low-intensity electric current is applied over the skin to deliver medication into body tissues . Although EMDA has been used to treat patients with various diseases , controlled studies are lacking in patients with rheumatic disease . This double-masked study included 60 patients ( 43 women and 17 men ) aged 31 to 80 years with the following conditions : 12 , epicondylitis ; 30 , scapulohumeral periarthritis ; 10 , gonalgia ; and 8 , metatarsalgia . They were divided randomly by a physician into 2 groups of 30 patients each for 5 sessions of active treatment ( 30 mg of ketorolac ) or placebo ( 5 mL of normal saline ) . Treatment took place every other day for 20 minutes . Immediately before and after the five treatment sessions and 7 days after treatment ended , both patient and physician measured the degree of pain using a categoric scale ( no pain , slight pain , intermediate pain , strong pain , and very strong pain ) and evaluated pain intensity using the Scott and Huskisson Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) . Seven days after treatment ended , both physician and patient judged the result of treatment using a second categoric scale ( no improvement or intermediate , good , or very good result ) . Both ketorolac and placebo provided immediate , significant pain relief when delivered by EMDA , but only those patients receiving ketorolac experienced a further reduction in pain 7 days after treatment ; those receiving placebo experienced a slight increase in pain . VAS values differed significantly between the two groups . Poor results ( no improvement ) were significantly higher in the placebo-treated group , while good results were significantly higher in the ketorolac-treated group . No patient reported any adverse effects during treatment . This study demonstrates that ketorolac relieves pain when delivered by EMDA and offers longer-lasting pain relief than does placebo ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2278 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89061", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89062", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89063", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89064", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89065", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "electromotive drug administration ( EMDA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 294 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89066", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "EMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89067", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "EMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89068", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "30 mg of ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 941, 959 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89069", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89070", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5 mL of normal saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 975, 996 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89071", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89072", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89073", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "EMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89074", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89075", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89076", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1984, 1999 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89077", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 2060, 2077 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89078", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89079", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "EMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89080", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89081", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89082", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 190, 198 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89083", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89084", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "degree of pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1187, 1201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89085", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain intensity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1323, 1337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89086", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 1650, 1661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89087", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89088", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89089", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "VAS values" ], "offsets": [ [ 1860, 1870 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89090", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Poor results ( no improvement )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1919, 1950 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89091", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "good results" ], "offsets": [ [ 2014, 2026 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89092", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 2110, 2125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89093", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89094", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89095", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with pain from rheumatic disease :" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89096", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with pain from rheumatic disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89097", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with rheumatic disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89098", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "60" ], "offsets": [ [ 643, 645 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89099", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "43" ], "offsets": [ [ 657, 659 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89100", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 660, 665 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89101", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "17" ], "offsets": [ [ 670, 672 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89102", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 662, 665 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89103", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "aged 31 to 80 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 679, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89104", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "epicondylitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 736, 749 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89105", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "scapulohumeral periarthritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 757, 785 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89107", "type": "document", "text": [ "Topical beta-blockade with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity offers no advantage for the respiratory and cardiovascular function of elderly people . Topical therapy with beta-antagonists , such as timolol , may cause unrecognized impairment of respiratory and cardiovascular function in elderly people . Beta-antagonists with intrinsic sympathomimetic or cardioselective properties , such as carteolol or betaxolol , may cause less impairment . In a randomized , double-masked study of glaucoma patients , over 60 years of age , without history of bronchospasm and who were using timolol ( 0.5 % ) , 60 patients were allocated to betaxolol ( 0.5 % ) or carteolol ( 2 % ) or continued timolol ( 0.5 % ) treatment . Spirometry , pulse and blood pressure were measured on enrollment and after 4 weeks . In the timolol and carteolol groups there were no significant changes in mean spirometric values . Changing to betaxolol improved mean peak flow ( PF ) by 9.1 % , from 310 to 3411/min ( p < 0.05 ) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( FEV1 ) by 9.4 % , from 1.74 to 1.861 ( p < 0.05 ) . Differences in the changes in PF and FEV1 between betaxolol and timolol as well as betaxolol and carteolol groups were statistically significant ( p < 0.05 ) . Twenty-one per cent of those allocated to betaxolol showed clinically significant improvement in FEV1 . There was no change in pulse or blood pressure when carteolol was substituted for timolol but an increase of 10 beats per minute ( p < 0.05 ) in mean resting pulse in the betaxolol group . Therapy with cardioselective beta-blockade may offer significant advantages in respiratory function for elderly people with glaucoma over non-selective drugs , even if they have sympathomimetic activity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1750 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89108", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 205 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89109", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carteolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 393, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89110", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "betaxolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 406, 415 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89111", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 205 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89112", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "betaxolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 406, 415 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89113", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carteolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 393, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89114", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 205 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89115", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Spirometry , pulse and blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 715, 752 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89116", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean spirometric values ." ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 899 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89117", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean peak flow ( PF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 931, 952 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89118", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "forced expiratory volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 1002, 1026 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89119", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "changes in PF and FEV1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1112, 1134 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89120", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "FEV1 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1350, 1356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89121", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulse or blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1380, 1403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89122", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean resting pulse" ], "offsets": [ [ 1502, 1520 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89123", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "elderly people ." ], "offsets": [ [ 133, 149 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89125", "type": "document", "text": [ "Feasibility and effects of nurse run clinics for patients with epilepsy in general practice : randomised controlled trial . Epilepsy Care Evaluation Group . OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility and effect of nurse run epilepsy clinics in primary care . DESIGN A randomised controlled trial of nurse run clinics versus \" usual care . \" SETTING Six general practices in the South Thames region . SUBJECTS 251 patients aged over 15 years who were taking anti-epileptic drugs or had a diagnosis of epilepsy and an attack in the past two years who met specified inclusion criteria and had responded to a questionnaire . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Questionnaire responses and recording of key variables extracted from the clinical records before and after the intervention . RESULTS 127 patients were randomised to a nurse run clinic , of whom 106 ( 83 % ) attended . The nurse wrote 28 letters to the general practitioners suggesting changes in epilepsy management . For this intervention group compared with the usual care group there was a highly significant improvement in the level of advice recorded as having been given on drug compliance , adverse drug effects , driving , alcohol intake , and self help groups . CONCLUSIONS Nurse run clinics for patients with epilepsy were feasible and well attended . Such clinics can significantly improve the level of advice and drug management recorded ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1387 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89126", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "nurse run epilepsy clinics" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 231 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89127", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "nurse run clinics" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89128", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "usual care" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 327 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89129", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "changes in epilepsy management ." ], "offsets": [ [ 921, 953 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89130", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "usual care" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 327 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89131", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Nurse run clinics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1219, 1236 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89132", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Feasibility and effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89133", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "feasibility and effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 179, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89134", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "level of advice recorded" ], "offsets": [ [ 1067, 1091 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89135", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "drug compliance , adverse drug effects , driving , alcohol intake , and self help" ], "offsets": [ [ 1116, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89136", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "feasible and well attended" ], "offsets": [ [ 1269, 1295 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89137", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "improve the level of advice and drug management" ], "offsets": [ [ 1329, 1376 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89138", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nurse run clinics for patients with epilepsy in general practice :" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89139", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nurse run epilepsy clinics in primary care ." ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89140", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "251" ], "offsets": [ [ 400, 403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89141", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "15 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 423, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89142", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89143", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "127" ], "offsets": [ [ 769, 772 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89144", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Nurse run clinics for patients with epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1219, 1263 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89146", "type": "document", "text": [ "Improving care givers ' satisfaction with information received during hospitalization . As competition for patient volume escalates among hospital providers , administrators must identify ways to attract new patients and maintain or increase patient volume . Family care givers are known to greatly influence individuals ' choices in these matters of selection of healthcare services and providers . The results of a successful nurse-initiated daily phone calls program , designed to improve family care giver satisfaction by enhancing the provision of patient-specific information , are presented . The components of the program , associated costs , and implications on delivery of care are discussed ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 703 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89147", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "information received during hospitalization" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89148", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "nurse-initiated daily phone calls program" ], "offsets": [ [ 428, 469 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89149", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "patient-specific information" ], "offsets": [ [ 553, 581 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89150", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "components of the program" ], "offsets": [ [ 604, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89151", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "associated costs" ], "offsets": [ [ 632, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89152", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "care givers ' satisfaction with information received during hospitalization ." ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89153", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "new patients and maintain or increase patient volume ." ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89155", "type": "document", "text": [ "The management of dermoid cysts -- a comparative study of laparoscopy and laparotomy . The aim of our study was to compare laparoscopy with laparotomy for the removal of ovarian dermoid cysts . Thirty-eight women with benign ovarian dermoid cyst were allocated for either laparoscopy ( 18 patients ) or laparotomy ( 20 patients ) . The two groups were compared for operative and hospitalization times and postoperative course . Operating time was longer ( 93.6 +/- 23.8 min ) and hospitalization time significantly shorter ( 22.4 +/- 6.6 h ) in the laparoscopy group . No complications were reported in either group . We conclude that operative laparoscopy is a safe procedure for the removal of dermoid ovarian cysts and is as effective as laparotomy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 753 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89156", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89157", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparotomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89158", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89159", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparotomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89160", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89161", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparotomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89162", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "operative laparoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 635, 656 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89163", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparotomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89164", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Operating time" ], "offsets": [ [ 428, 442 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89165", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospitalization time" ], "offsets": [ [ 379, 399 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89166", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 572, 585 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89167", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 662, 666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89168", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 728, 737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89169", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dermoid cysts" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89170", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ovarian dermoid cysts" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 191 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89171", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty-eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89172", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89173", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "benign ovarian dermoid cyst" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89174", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dermoid ovarian cysts" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 717 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89176", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of omeprazole and amoxycillin on the human oral and gastrointestinal microflora in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection . Fourteen patients with Helicobacter pylori infection were treated with omeprazole capsules 20 mg and amoxycillin capsules 1000 mg twice daily for 14 days and 14 patients with omeprazole capsules 20 mg and placebo twice daily for 14 days . Samples from saliva , dental plaque and faeces and biopsies from antrum and corpus were analysed in order to determine the ecological changes in the normal microflora . Several microorganisms were affected by both treatment regimens . Two patients were colonised with enterobacteria in the oral cavity and stomach during the omeprazole plus amoxycillin treatment . A general increase in the number of microorganisms from gastric mucosa was observed in both treatment groups . A selection of resistant enterobacteria and an increase in beta-lactamase production was observed in the faecal samples during the omeprazole plus amoxycillin treatment . Eradication of H. pylori in the omeprazole-amoxycillin group was 50 % and in the omeprazole placebo group 0 % four weeks after treatment . No viable H. pylori were cultivated in the saliva , dental plaque or faecal samples . Treatment with omeprazole 20 mg and amoxycillin 1000 mg twice daily for 14 days altered the normal microflora in the oral , gastric and intestinal tract and antibiotic resistant microorganisms increased in numbers in the intestinal microflora ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1492 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89177", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89178", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amoxycillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89179", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89180", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amoxycillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89181", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89182", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89183", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole plus amoxycillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 701, 728 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89184", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole plus amoxycillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 701, 728 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89185", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "omeprazole-amoxycillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1055, 1077 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89186", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "general increase in the number of microorganisms from gastric mucosa" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 811 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89187", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "selection of resistant enterobacteria" ], "offsets": [ [ 854, 891 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89188", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "increase in beta-lactamase production" ], "offsets": [ [ 899, 936 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89189", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Eradication of H. pylori in the omeprazole-amoxycillin group" ], "offsets": [ [ 1023, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89190", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "No viable H. pylori" ], "offsets": [ [ 1162, 1181 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89191", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "saliva" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89192", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "dental plaque" ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89193", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "faecal samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 971 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89194", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intestinal microflora" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89195", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with Helicobacter pylori infection ." ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 136 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89196", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fourteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 137, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89198", "type": "document", "text": [ "Opioid-immune interactions in autism : behavioural and immunological assessment during a double-blind treatment with naltrexone . The emerging concept of opioid peptides as a new class of chemical messengers of the neuroimmune axis and the presence of a number of immunological abnormalities in infantile autism prompted us to correlate biological ( hormonal and immunological ) determinations and behavioural performances during treatment with the potent opiate antagonist , naltrexone ( NAL ) . Twelve autistic patients ranging from 7 to 15 years , diagnosed according to DSM-III-R , entered a double-blind crossover study with NAL at the doses of 0.5 , 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg every 48 hours . The behavioural evaluation was conducted using the specific BSE and CARS rating scales NAL treatment produced a significant reduction of the autistic symptomatology in seven ( \" responders \" ) out of 12 children . The behavioural improvement was accompanied by alterations in the distribution of the major lymphocyte subsets , with a significant increase of the T-helper-inducers ( CD4+CD8- ) and a significant reduction of the T-cytotoxic-suppressor ( CD4-CD8+ ) resulting in a normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio . Changes in natural killer cells and activity were inversely related to plasma beta-endorphin levels . It is suggested that the mechanisms underlying opioid-immune interactions are altered in this population of autistic children and that an immunological screening may have prognostic value for the pharmacological therapy with opiate antagonists ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1554 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89199", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naltrexone" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89200", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naltrexone ( NAL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 476, 494 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89201", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NAL" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 492 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89202", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "BSE" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 754 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89203", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "CARS rating scales" ], "offsets": [ [ 759, 777 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89204", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NAL" ], "offsets": [ [ 489, 492 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89205", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "opiate antagonists" ], "offsets": [ [ 1534, 1552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89206", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "BSE and CARS rating scales" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 777 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89207", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "autistic symptomatology" ], "offsets": [ [ 832, 855 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89208", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "T-helper-inducers ( CD4+CD8- )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1053, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89209", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "T-cytotoxic-suppressor ( CD4-CD8+ )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1119, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89210", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD4/CD8 ratio ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1191, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89211", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "natural killer cells and activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1218, 1251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89212", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89213", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twelve" ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 503 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89214", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic" ], "offsets": [ [ 504, 512 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89215", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "7 to 15 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 535, 548 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89216", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 902 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89217", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic" ], "offsets": [ [ 504, 512 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89218", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 902 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89220", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of preoperative intentional hemodilution on the extravasation rate of albumin and fluid . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of preoperative intentional hemodilution with 4 % albumin solution on the extravasation rate of intravascular albumin and fluid in surgical patients . DESIGN A prospective , randomized , clinical study . SETTING University teaching hospital . PATIENTS Two groups ( control group [ group 1 ] and hemodiluted group [ group 2 ] ) of 13 healthy patients were studied during a long-term ( > 4 hrs ) surgical procedure . INTERVENTIONS Autologous technetium-99m ( 99mTc ) -labeled red blood cells and indium-oxine ( ( 111 ) In ) -labeled human serum albumin were injected intravenously during anesthesia at T = 0 min in the two groups for the determination of total blood volume and albumin diffusion space , respectively . In addition , body tetrapolar electrical impedance was used to assess extracellular fluid volume . In the hemodiluted group ( group 2 ) , 15 mL/kg of blood was withdrawn over 30 mins ( T = 20 mins to T = 50 mins ) and simultaneously replaced by an equal volume of 4 % albumin solution ( 0.6 g/kg ) . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The albumin diffusion space , the colloid oncotic pressure , the plasma albumin concentration and the electrical impedance were measured before ( T = 10 mins ) and after ( T = 60 , 120 , and 240 mins ) hemodilution . Urine was collected from T = 10 mins to T = 240 mins . The total blood volume was calculated at T = 10 mins . No differences in the initial values were found between the two groups . In group 2 , hemodilution ( hematocrit 30 +/- 3 % ) resulted in a steeper increase in the albumin diffusion space ( p < .05 ) and a progressive decrease in the body electrical impedance ( p < .05 ) . The extravasation rate of albumin was 0.052 +/- 0.007 mL/kg/min in group 2 vs. 0.038 +/- 0.020 mL/kg/min in group 1 ( p < .05 ) . The value of calculated plasma volume at T = 0 min did not shown any difference between the two groups . This value was then lower than expected in group 2 , corresponding to a loss of plasma volume of > 3 mL/kg . Urine output was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1 ( 0.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.4 +/- 1.0 mL/min , respectively ; p < .05 ) . A comparable decrease in colloid oncotic pressure and in plasma albumin concentration was observed in both groups . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that preoperative hemodilution using 4 % albumin on a 1:1 volume basis for blood substitution during a prolonged surgical procedure with reduced blood losses enhances the extravasation rate of albumin and fluid to the interstitial tissues , impeding the maintenance of isovolemia . These findings support the use of a volume of infused colloid solution higher than that of withdrawn blood during preoperative hemodilution ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2826 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89221", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "intentional hemodilution" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89222", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "albumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89223", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Autologous technetium-99m ( 99mTc ) -labeled red blood cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89224", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "indium-oxine ( ( 111 ) In ) -labeled human serum albumin were injected intravenously" ], "offsets": [ [ 626, 710 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89225", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "extravasation rate of albumin and fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89226", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "albumin diffusion space , the colloid oncotic pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89227", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma albumin concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1244, 1272 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89228", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "electrical impedance" ], "offsets": [ [ 879, 899 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89229", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total blood volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 785, 803 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89230", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "albumin diffusion space" ], "offsets": [ [ 808, 831 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89231", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "body electrical impedance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1739, 1764 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89232", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "extravasation rate of albumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89233", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "value of calculated plasma volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 1913, 1946 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89234", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "loss of plasma volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 2086, 2107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89235", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Urine output" ], "offsets": [ [ 2123, 2135 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89236", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "colloid oncotic pressure and in plasma albumin concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 2278, 2338 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89237", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "surgical" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89238", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "13" ], "offsets": [ [ 462, 464 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89240", "type": "document", "text": [ "Marginal zone B cell lymphoma of the parotid glands : results of a randomised trial comparing radiotherapy to combined therapy . 39 patients with marginal zone B cell lymphoma ( MZBCL ) of the parotid glands ( stages I or II ) were studied . They were randomized to be treated with either radiotherapy alone ( extended fields , 4500 cGy ) or radiotherapy ( the same schedule ) plus adjuvant chemotherapy ( cyclophosphamide , vincristine and prednisone ) . The end points were survival and time to treatment failure ( TTF ) . Patients who received radiotherapy alone had a complete remission rate of 100 % , the TTF was 90 % at 5 years and overall survival at 5 years was 90 % with no statistical difference when compared with patients who received combined therapy [ 100 , 80 and 95 % , respectively ( P = 0.5 ) ] . Although adjuvant chemotherapy was well tolerated , the use of this therapeutic approach in patients with early stage MZBCL did not offer any advantage over radiotherapy alone as the initial treatment . Until now , radiotherapy was considered the treatment of choice in this clinical setting of patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1121 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89241", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89242", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "combined therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89243", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 289, 307 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89244", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89245", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "plus" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89246", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "adjuvant chemotherapy ( cyclophosphamide , vincristine and prednisone )" ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 453 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89247", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89248", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "combined therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89249", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "adjuvant chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89250", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89251", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "end points" ], "offsets": [ [ 460, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89252", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival and time to treatment failure ( TTF ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 476, 524 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89253", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "complete remission rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 572, 595 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89254", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TTF" ], "offsets": [ [ 517, 520 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89255", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "overall survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 639, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89256", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 856, 865 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89257", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "39" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89258", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "marginal zone B cell lymphoma ( MZBCL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 185 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89260", "type": "document", "text": [ "Determining the trough-to-peak ratio in parallel-group trials . Systolic Hypertension in Europe ( SYST-EUR ) Trial Investigators . We explored how in parallel-group trials interindividual variability , correction for placebo effects , and smoothing of blood pressure profiles can be handled in measuring the trough-to-peak ratio in 244 individuals with isolated systolic hypertension ( > or = 60 years ) enrolled in the placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in europe Trial . Net treatment effects were computed by subtracting the mean changes from baseline during placebo ( n = 133 ) from those during active treatment ( n = 111 ) . At entry , systolic/diastolic pressures averaged 176/86 mm Hg in the clinic and 149/80 mm Hg on 24-hour ambulatory monitoring . With corrections applied for baseline and placebo , nitrendipine ( 10 to 40 mg/d ) , with the possible addition of enalapril ( 5 to 20 mg/d ) and/or hydrochlorothiazide ( 12.5 to 25 mg/d ) , reduced ( P < .001 ) these blood pressure values by 16.6/7.3 and 9.8/4.7 mm Hg , respectively . The net trough-to-peak ratios were first determined from blood pressure profiles ( 12 hours ) with 1-hour precision , synchronized by the morning and evening doses of the double-blind medication . According to the usual approach , disregarding interindividual variability , the systolic/diastolic net trough-to-peak ratios were 0.46/0.40 in the morning and 0.77/0.99 in the evening . In individual subjects , the baseline-adjusted trough-to-peak ratios were nonnormally distributed . We therefore used a nonparametric technique to calculate the net trough-to-peak ratios from the results in individual subjects . In the morning , these ratios averaged 0.25 systolic ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.09 to 0.41 ) and 0.15 diastolic ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.00 to 0.31 ) and in the evening , 0.19 and 0.36 ( 95 % confidence intervals , 0.00 to 0.38 and 0.14 to 0.56 ) , respectively . When the blood pressure profiles were smoothed by substituting the 1-hour averages by moving or fixed 2-hour averages or by Fourier modeling , the trough-to-peak ratios remained unchanged after the morning dose ( 0.20/0.13 , 0.20/0.14 , and 0.16/0.21 , respectively ) but tended to increase in the evening ( 0.32/0.38 , 0.28/0.40 , and 0.48/0.49 ) . In conclusion , the parallel-group analysis proposed makes it possible for one to correct the trough-to-peak ratio for baseline as well as placebo , to account for interindividual variability , and to calculate a confidence interval for the net trough-to-peak ratio . Accounting for interindividual variability reduces the trough-to-peak ratio . Smoothing affects the individualized net trough-to-peak ratios in an unpredictable way and should therefore be avoided ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2755 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89261", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 817, 829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89262", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 880, 889 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89263", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hydrochlorothiazide" ], "offsets": [ [ 914, 933 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89264", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "trough-to-peak ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89265", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "trough-to-peak ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89266", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systolic/diastolic pressures" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 676 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89267", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure values" ], "offsets": [ [ 983, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89268", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "net trough-to-peak ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1056, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89269", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure profiles" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89270", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systolic/diastolic net trough-to-peak ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1330, 1374 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89271", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "baseline-adjusted trough-to-peak ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1465, 1504 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89272", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "net trough-to-peak ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1056, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89273", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89274", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "trough-to-peak ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1060, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89275", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "trough-to-peak ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89276", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "trough-to-peak ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89277", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "trough-to-peak ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89278", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "trough-to-peak ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1060, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89279", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "244" ], "offsets": [ [ 332, 335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89280", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "isolated systolic hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 383 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89281", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "> or = 60 years )" ], "offsets": [ [ 386, 403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89282", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Systolic Hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89284", "type": "document", "text": [ "Dexamethasone in salbutamol-treated inpatients with acute bronchiolitis : a randomized , controlled trial . OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical benefit of oral dexamethasone in children admitted to the hospital with bronchiolitis treated with nebulized salbutamol . METHODS Randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in the inpatient wards of a pediatric tertiary care hospital . The participants , children aged 6 weeks to 15 months , admitted with first-time wheezing , were eligible if their oxygen saturation was less than 95 % on admission to the hospital and their Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument ( RDAI ) score was greater than 6 . Patients were excluded if they had any one of the following : an underlying disease that might affect cardiopulmonary status , asthma , recent treatment with steroids ( within 2 weeks ) , or any history of adverse reaction to steroids . Patients were randomly assigned to receive either orally administered dexamethasone with 0.5 mg/kg as the first dose and 0.3 mg/kg for the next 2 mornings , or an equal volume of an orally administered placebo with an identical appearance . All patients received nebulized salbutamol at 0.15 mg/kg every 4 hours for the first 24 hours . The primary outcome measure was the change from baseline in the RDAI score at 24 hours . Secondary outcome measures were oxygen saturation , respiratory rate , RDAI measurement twice daily for the first 4 days , and the length of hospitalization . RESULTS At 24 hours the mean change ( SD ) from baseline in the RDAI score was 1.6 ( 2.3 ) in the placebo group ( n = 28 ) and 1.4 ( 2.0 ) in the dexamethasone group ( n = 33 ; p = 0.74 ) . There were no significant differences between the two groups in change in oxygen saturation , respiratory rate , and RDAI score at any assessment period . The median length of stay ( 95 % confidence interval ) for the placebo group was 48 ( 42 , 54 ) hours compared with 57 ( 38 , 76 ) hours in the dexamethasone group ( p = 0.19 ) . CONCLUSIONS Oral dexamethasone therapy does not affect the clinical course of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis and therefore can not be recommended in this clinical situation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2190 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89285", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Dexamethasone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89286", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dexamethasone with 0.5 mg/kg" ], "offsets": [ [ 967, 995 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89287", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89288", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "salbutamol" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89289", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "clinical benefit" ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89290", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument ( RDAI ) score" ], "offsets": [ [ 581, 638 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89291", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "RDAI score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1298, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89292", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oxygen saturation" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 522 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89293", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "respiratory rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89294", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "RDAI measurement twice daily" ], "offsets": [ [ 1394, 1422 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89295", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "length of hospitalization" ], "offsets": [ [ 1454, 1479 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89296", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean change ( SD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1506, 1524 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89297", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "RDAI score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1298, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89298", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oxygen saturation" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 522 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89299", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "respiratory rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89300", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "RDAI score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1298, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89301", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "median length of stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 1831, 1852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89302", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "salbutamol-treated inpatients with acute bronchiolitis :" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89304", "type": "document", "text": [ "Airway management training using the laryngeal mask airway : a comparison of two different training programmes . Nurses without prior experience in the use of the laryngeal mask airway ( LMA ) were randomly allocated to one of two groups to be trained in the emergency technique of insertion of an LMA . Group A ( 32 nurses ) were trained only on a manikin and group B ( 20 nurses ) were trained on a manikin and with live anaesthetised patient practice in theatre ( five successful insertions ) . Without further practice , both groups were asked to insert an LMA in a live patient in theatre 3 months after initial training . Three attempts per nurse were allowed . In group A , 75 % passed the LMA successfully at the first attempt , 22 % at the second attempt and 3 % ( one nurse ) at the third attempt . In group B , 80 % were successful at first attempt and 20 % at the second attempt . Skill performance and retention were shown to be high following either training method , with no significant difference between the performance of either group ( chi 2 ) . We have shown that manikin-only training in the emergency technique for LMA insertion is as effective as live patient training . It is proposed that manikin training alone may be adopted as a future training modality if , as is expected , the use of the LMA in resuscitation becomes more commonplace ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1366 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89305", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Airway management training" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89306", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "laryngeal mask airway" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89307", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "laryngeal mask airway ( LMA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89308", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "emergency technique of insertion of an LMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89309", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "manikin" ], "offsets": [ [ 349, 356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89310", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "trained" ], "offsets": [ [ 244, 251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89311", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "on a manikin" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89312", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "and with" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89313", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "live anaesthetised patient practice" ], "offsets": [ [ 418, 453 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89314", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "LMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 187, 190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89315", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "LMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 187, 190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89316", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "LMA" ], "offsets": [ [ 187, 190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89317", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Airway management" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89318", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "LMA successfully" ], "offsets": [ [ 697, 713 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89319", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "successful" ], "offsets": [ [ 472, 482 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89320", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Skill performance and retention" ], "offsets": [ [ 893, 924 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89321", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "performance" ], "offsets": [ [ 899, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89322", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 1157, 1166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89323", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Nurses" ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89324", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "prior experience in the use of the laryngeal mask airway ( LMA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 128, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89325", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "32" ], "offsets": [ [ 314, 316 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89326", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nurses" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 323 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89327", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "20" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89328", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nurses" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 323 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89330", "type": "document", "text": [ "Temporal variation in the effects of ophthalmic timolol on cardiovascular and respiratory functions in healthy men . This study examined the effects of ophthalmic timolol and time of administration on cardiovascular and respiratory functions in healthy young male volunteers . Eight participants ( mean age +/- standard deviation , 22 +/- 0.9 years ) received either 50 microL of 0.5 % timolol or placebo in the lower conjunctival sacs of both eyes in the morning or evening . Intraocular pressure , blood pressure , heart rate , and respiratory functions , including percent forced expiratory volume in 1 second and peak expiratory flow rate , were then measured for 3 hours after drug administration . Timolol reduced intraocular pressure and cardiovascular function at both administration times . However , a timolol-induced reduction in respiratory function was observed only in the evening : percent forced expiratory volume in 1 second , peak expiratory flow rate , and expiratory flow rate at 75 % vital capacity were reduced by 3 % , 7 % , and 12 % , respectively , 3 hours after administration . These results indicate that ophthalmic timolol reduces cardiovascular and respiratory functions in healthy young male subjects and that bronchial sensitivity to timolol differs between morning and evening ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1311 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89331", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ophthalmic timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89332", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ophthalmic timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89333", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89334", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 397, 404 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89335", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 704, 711 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89336", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "timolol-induced" ], "offsets": [ [ 812, 827 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89337", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ophthalmic timolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89338", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89339", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular and respiratory functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89340", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular and respiratory functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89341", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Intraocular pressure , blood pressure , heart rate , and respiratory functions , including percent forced expiratory volume in 1 second and peak expiratory flow rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 477, 642 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89342", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intraocular pressure and cardiovascular function" ], "offsets": [ [ 720, 768 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89343", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "respiratory function" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89344", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percent forced expiratory volume in 1 second , peak expiratory flow rate , and expiratory flow rate at 75 % vital capacity" ], "offsets": [ [ 897, 1019 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89345", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular and respiratory functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89346", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bronchial sensitivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1241, 1262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89347", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young" ], "offsets": [ [ 253, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89348", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89349", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89351", "type": "document", "text": [ "Pharmacokinetic properties of YM17E , an inhibitor of acyl coenzyme A : cholesterol acyl transferase , and serum cholesterol levels in healthy volunteers . We conducted a single and repeat oral dose study of YM17E , a novel inhibitor of acyl coenzyme A ( CoA ) : cholesterol acyltransferase , in healthy male volunteers to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile , tolerability and effect of the drug on serum cholesterol . In the single administration study , YM17E was administered after a meal to two groups of subjects ( each containing six subjects taking the drug and three taking placebo ) receiving 3 , 60 and 300 mg or 15 , 60 and 450 mg YM17E , respectively . Plasma concentrations of unchanged drug following single oral administration at 3-300 mg after a meal increased with increasing dose . In contrast , plasma concentrations after administration of 450 mg were almost the same as after 300 mg . Unchanged YM17E was not detected in urine after single administration , suggesting that it was excreted via the bile or urine after metabolism . Five active metabolites ( M1 , M2-a , M2-b , M3 and M4 ) were observed in plasma at concentrations comparable to those of unchanged YM17E . Their plasma concentrations increased in a slightly greater than dose-dependent manner from 3 to 300 mg . The effect of food was studied in an open crossover design with a 1-week washout period . Twelve subjects received 150 mg YM17E in both the fasted and post-prandial states . The AUC and Cmax after fasting were closely similar to those after a meal , showing that bioavailability was not affected by food intake . In the repeated oral dose study , the subjects received test drug at 150 mg or 300 mg ( n = 6 each ) or placebo ( n = 3 ) twice a day ( after breakfast and after dinner ) for 7 days . On days 1 and 7 , the subjects received YM17E once a day ( after breakfast ) for evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties . After repeated oral administration of 150 mg b.d. , plasma concentrations reached steady state by day 5 ( mean Cmin 48.6 ng.ml-1 ) . After repeated administration of 300 mg b.d. , plasma concentrations prior to each daily morning dose increased up to the 5th day ( mean Cmin 166.6 ng.ml-1 ) and then tended to decrease until the 7th day . No significant signs , symptoms or changes in serum cholesterol levels were observed during the single and repeated oral dose studies at 150 mg b.d . Although statistical analysis was not conducted because of the small number of subjects , all subjects receiving repeated oral administration of 300 mg twice daily showed a 25 % decrease in serum cholesterol level on day 7 , but also the simultaneous occurrence of diarrhoea ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2685 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89352", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "YM17E , an inhibitor of acyl coenzyme" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89353", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dose study of YM17E" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 213 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89354", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "YM17E was administered after a meal to two groups of subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 519 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89355", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "and three taking placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 567, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89356", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "YM17E" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89357", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "YM17E ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1185, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89358", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "150 mg YM17E" ], "offsets": [ [ 1414, 1426 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89359", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "test drug at 150 mg or 300 mg" ], "offsets": [ [ 1668, 1697 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89360", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo ( n = 3 ) twice a day" ], "offsets": [ [ 1716, 1745 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89361", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "YM17E once a day" ], "offsets": [ [ 1836, 1852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89362", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum cholesterol levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89363", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pharmacokinetic profile" ], "offsets": [ [ 336, 359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89364", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerability and effect of the drug on serum cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 418 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89365", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 667, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89366", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89367", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89368", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUC and Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 1477, 1489 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89369", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89370", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89371", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "significant signs , symptoms or changes in serum cholesterol levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2262, 2329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89372", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89373", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "diarrhoea" ], "offsets": [ [ 2674, 2683 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89374", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89375", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89376", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 304, 308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89377", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "six" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 541 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89378", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "three" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 576 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89380", "type": "document", "text": [ "Outcome assessment for clinical trials : how many adjudicators do we need ? Canadian Lung Oncology Group . Considerable effort is often expended to adjudicate outcomes in clinical trials , but little has been written on the administration of the adjudication process and its possible impact on study results . As a case study , we describe the function and performance of an adjudication committee in a large randomized trial of two diagnostic approaches to potentially operable lung cancer . Up to five independent adjudicators independently determined two primary outcomes : tumor status at death or at final follow-up and the cause of death . Patients for whom there was any disagreement were discussed in committee until a consensus was achieved . We describe the pattern of agreement among the adjudicators and with the final consensus result . Additionally , we model the adjudication process and predict the results if a smaller committee had been used . We found that reducing the number of adjudicators from five to two or three would probably have changed the consensus outcome in less than 10 % of cases . Correspondingly , the effect on the final study results ( comparing primary outcomes in both randomized arms ) would have been altered very little . Even using a single adjudicator would not have affected the results substantially . About 90 minutes of person-time per patient was required for activities directly related to the adjudication process , or approximately 6 months of full time work for the entire study . This level of effort could be substantially reduced by using fewer adjudicators with little impact on the results . Thus , we suggest that when high observer agreement is demonstrated or anticipated , adjudication committees should consist of no more than three members . Further work is needed to evaluate if smaller committees are adequate to detect small but important treatment effects or if they compromise validity when the level of adjudicator agreement is lower ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2007 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89381", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "adjudication committee" ], "offsets": [ [ 375, 397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89382", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "adjudication process" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89383", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Outcome assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89384", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "function and performance of an adjudication committee" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89385", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of adjudicators" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89386", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Outcome assessment for clinical trials" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89387", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adjudicators" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89388", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adjudication committee in a large randomized trial" ], "offsets": [ [ 375, 425 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89389", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "potentially operable lung cancer ." ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 492 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89390", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Up to five independent adjudicators" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 528 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89392", "type": "document", "text": [ "Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in primary biliary cirrhosis : effect of ursodeoxycholic acid and immunosuppressive therapy . OBJECTIVES Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) is thought to be released by a variety of cells at sites of inflammation , and their serum levels have been used as markers of inflammatory and immune activity . Our aim was to determine the effect of therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid alone and in combination with azathioprine and prednisone on serum sICAM-1 levels in primary biliary cirrhosis . DESIGN/METHODS Twenty-four patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and 17 healthy subjects were studied . Primary biliary cirrhosis patients received ursodeoxycholic acid for 12 months and were then randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive prednisone and azathioprine , or placebo in addition to ursodeoxycholic acid . RESULTS sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher in primary biliary cirrhosis patients than healthy subjects and fell by a median of 20 % after 12 months ' therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid ( P < 0.0004 ) . Addition of azathioprine and prednisone to ursodeoxycholic acid resulted in a further reduction of sICAM-1 levels by a median of 25 % ( P < 0.01 ) . Reductions in sICAM-1 were accompanied by improvement in liver function tests but not in the lymphocyte activation marker , soluble interleukin-2 receptor . CONCLUSION sICAM-1 levels in primary biliary cirrhosis are reduced by ursodeoxycholic acid . Further reductions were achieved by adding prednisone and azathioprine . These reductions probably reflect an improvement in hepatobiliary excretion and a reduction in cellular production of sICAM-1 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1681 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89393", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89394", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "immunosuppressive therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89395", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 441 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89396", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "azathioprine and prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 466, 493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89397", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89398", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 483, 493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89399", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "azathioprine" ], "offsets": [ [ 466, 478 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89400", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 829, 836 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89401", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89402", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89403", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "azathioprine" ], "offsets": [ [ 466, 478 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89404", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 483, 493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89405", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89406", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89407", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 483, 493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89408", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "azathioprine" ], "offsets": [ [ 466, 478 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89409", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum sICAM-1 levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89410", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sICAM-1 levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89411", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sICAM-1 levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89412", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sICAM-1" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 198 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89413", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "liver function tests" ], "offsets": [ [ 1288, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89414", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lymphocyte activation marker" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1352 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89415", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "soluble interleukin-2 receptor" ], "offsets": [ [ 1355, 1385 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89416", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sICAM-1 levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89417", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hepatobiliary excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1606, 1629 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89418", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cellular production of sICAM-1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1649, 1679 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89419", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "primary biliary cirrhosis :" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 72 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89420", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 564, 575 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89421", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "primary biliary cirrhosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89422", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 623, 639 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89424", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in young children during general anesthesia . BACKGROUND Uncuffed endotracheal tubes are routinely used in young children . This study tests a formula for selecting appropriately sized cuffed endotracheal tubes and compares the use of cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for patients whose lungs are mechanically ventilated during anesthesia . METHODS Full-term newborns and children ( n = 488 ) through 8 yr of age who required general anesthesia and tracheal intubation were assigned randomly to receive either a cuffed tube sized by a new formula [ size ( mm internal diameter ) = ( age/4 ) + 3 ] , or an uncuffed tube sized by the modified Cole 's formula [ size ( mm internal diameter ) = ( age/4 ) + 4 ] . The number of intubations required to achieve an appropriately sized tube , the need to use more than 21.min-1 fresh gas flow , the concentration of nitrous oxide in the operating room , and the incidence of croup were compared . RESULTS Cuffed tubes selected by our formula were appropriate for 99 % of patients . Uncuffed tubes selected by Cole 's formula were appropriate for 77 % of patients ( P < 0.001 ) . The lungs of patients with cuffed tubes were adequately ventilated with 2 1.min-1 fresh gas flow , whereas 11 % of those with uncuffed tubes needed greater fresh gas flow ( P < 0.001 ) . Ambient nitrous oxide concentration exceeded 25 parts per million in 37 % of cases with uncuffed tubes and in 0 % of cases with cuffed tubes ( P < 0.001 ) . Three patients in each group were treated for croup symptoms ( 1.2 % cuffed ; 1.3 % uncuffed ) . CONCLUSIONS Our formula for cuffed tube selection is appropriate for young children . Advantages of cuffed endotracheal tubes include avoidance of repeated laryngoscopy , use of low fresh gas flow , and reduction of the concentration of anesthetics detectable in the operating room . We conclude that cuffed endotracheal tubes may be used routinely during controlled ventilation in full-term newborns and children during anesthesia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2057 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89425", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89426", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Uncuffed endotracheal tubes" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 137 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89427", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89428", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cuffed tube sized by a new formula" ], "offsets": [ [ 574, 608 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89429", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "uncuffed tube sized by the modified Cole 's formula" ], "offsets": [ [ 667, 718 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89430", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Cuffed tubes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1009, 1021 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89431", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Uncuffed tubes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1086, 1100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89432", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cuffed endotracheal tubes" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89433", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cuffed endotracheal tubes" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89434", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "number of intubations required to achieve an appropriately sized tube" ], "offsets": [ [ 775, 844 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89435", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "need to use more than 21.min-1 fresh gas flow" ], "offsets": [ [ 851, 896 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89436", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "concentration of nitrous oxide in the operating room" ], "offsets": [ [ 903, 955 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89437", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "incidence of croup" ], "offsets": [ [ 966, 984 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89438", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lungs" ], "offsets": [ [ 349, 354 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89439", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "adequately ventilated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1228, 1249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89440", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Ambient nitrous oxide concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1370, 1405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89441", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "croup symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1573, 1587 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89442", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Advantages" ], "offsets": [ [ 1710, 1720 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89443", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "avoidance of repeated laryngoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1758, 1792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89444", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "use of low fresh gas flow" ], "offsets": [ [ 1795, 1820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89445", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "reduction of the concentration of anesthetics detectable in the operating room" ], "offsets": [ [ 1827, 1905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89446", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young children" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89447", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "anesthesia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89448", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young children" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89449", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Full-term newborns and children" ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 442 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89450", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "488" ], "offsets": [ [ 449, 452 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89451", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ ")" ], "offsets": [ [ 453, 454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89452", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "general anesthesia and tracheal intubation" ], "offsets": [ [ 488, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89453", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young children" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89454", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "full-term newborns and children" ], "offsets": [ [ 2006, 2037 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89455", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89457", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of arbutamine and exercise echocardiography in diagnosing myocardial ischemia . Arbutamine is a new catecholamine designed for use as a pharmacologic stress agent . This study compared the sensitivity of arbutamine with symptom-limited exercise to induce echocardiographic signs of ischemia . Arbutamine was administered by a computerized closed-loop delivery system that controls the infusion rate of arbutamine toward a predefined rate of heart rate increase and maximum heart rate limit . Beta blockers were stopped > or = 48 hours before both tests . Stress was stopped for intolerable symptoms , or clinical , electrocardiographic or echocardiographic signs of ischemia ( new or worsening wall motion abnormality ) , target heart rate ( > or = 85 % age predicted maximum heart rate ) , or plateau of heart rate response . Thirty-seven patients were entered into the study ( 35 arbutamine and exercise , 1 arbutamine only , 1 exercise only ) , of which 30 had angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease ( > or = 50 % lumen diameter narrowing ) . Rate-pressure product increased significantly in response to both stress modalities ( p < 0.001 ) and was significantly greater with exercise ( 11,308 +/- 2,443 ) than with arbutamine ( 9,486 +/- 2,479 , p < 0.001 ) . The time to maximum heart rate was longer during arbutamine stress echocardiography than during exercise testing ( 17.3 +/- 9.4 versus 9.3 +/- 4.2 minutes , respectively , p < 0.001 ) . There were more patients with interpretable echo data for arbutamine ( 82 % ) than for exercise ( 67 % ) . Sensitivity for recognition of myocardial ischemia was 94 % ( 95 % confidence interval 70 % to 100 % ) and 88 % ( 95 % confidence interval 62 % to 98 % ) , respectively . The most frequent adverse events during arbutamine ( n = 36 ) were dyspnea ( 5.6 % ) and tremor ( 5.6 % ) . Two arbutamine stress tests were discontinued due to arrhythmias : 1 patient had premature atrial and ventricular beats , and the other had premature atrial contractions and atrial fibrillation . Arrhythmias were well tolerated and resolved without sequelae . In conclusion , the sensitivity of arbutamine to induce echocardiographic signs of ischemia was similar to that of exercise despite a lower rate-pressure product . Arbutamine was well tolerated and provides a reliable alternative to exercise echocardiography ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2377 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89458", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89459", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise echocardiography" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89460", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89461", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89462", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "symptom-limited exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89463", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89464", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89465", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89466", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89467", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89468", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89469", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89470", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89471", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89472", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89473", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89474", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89475", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89476", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Arbutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89477", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise echocardiography" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89478", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "echocardiographic signs of ischemia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 303 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89479", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Rate-pressure product" ], "offsets": [ [ 1067, 1088 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89480", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "time to maximum heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1289, 1315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89481", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Sensitivity for recognition of myocardial ischemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1578, 1628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89482", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1767, 1781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89483", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "dyspnea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1816, 1823 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89484", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "tremor" ], "offsets": [ [ 1838, 1844 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89485", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "arrhythmias :" ], "offsets": [ [ 1910, 1923 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89486", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "premature atrial and ventricular beats" ], "offsets": [ [ 1938, 1976 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89487", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "premature atrial contractions and atrial fibrillation . Arrhythmias were well tolerated and resolved" ], "offsets": [ [ 1997, 2097 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89488", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "echocardiographic signs of ischemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89489", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate-pressure product ." ], "offsets": [ [ 2257, 2280 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89490", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "well tolerated and provides a reliable alternative to exercise echocardiography ." ], "offsets": [ [ 2296, 2377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89491", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "diagnosing myocardial ischemia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 90 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89492", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Thirty-seven patients were entered into the study ( 35 arbutamine and exercise , 1 arbutamine only , 1 exercise only ) , of which 30 had angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease ( > or = 50 % lumen diameter narrowing ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 1066 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89494", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of desonide ointment , 0.05 % , on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of children with atopic dermatitis . Desonide ointment has demonstrated a good safety and efficacy profile during the many years it has been used in treating dermatoses . However , there have been no controlled clinical trials to evaluate its systemic safety when used in treating children . Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA ) axis can occur after repeated application of topical corticosteroids . In general , the degree of suppression of the HPA axis function is related to the daily dosage of steroid given , the duration of its administration , the extent of body surface covered , and the potency of the corticosteroid . This study sought to determine the comparative effects of 0.05 percent desonide and 2.5 percent hydrocortisone ointments on the HPA axis of children with atopic dermatitis . There was no suppression of early morning cortisol in either treatment group . The ACTH-stimulated mean cortisol values after four weeks of treatment were not significantly different from the baseline values for either treatment group . We conclude that neither 0.05 percent desonide ointment nor 2.5 percent hydrocortisone ointment compromised the HPA axis of children with atopic dermatitis treated topically for four weeks ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1332 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89495", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "desonide ointment , 0.05 %" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89496", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Desonide ointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 136 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89497", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "desonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89498", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hydrocortisone ointments" ], "offsets": [ [ 827, 851 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89499", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "0.05 percent desonide ointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1167, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89500", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2.5 percent hydrocortisone ointment" ], "offsets": [ [ 815, 850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89501", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "degree of suppression of the HPA axis function" ], "offsets": [ [ 520, 566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89502", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "suppression of early morning cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 918, 955 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89503", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ACTH-stimulated mean cortisol values" ], "offsets": [ [ 988, 1024 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89504", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89505", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "atopic dermatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89506", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89507", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89508", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "atopic dermatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89509", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89510", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "atopic dermatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89512", "type": "document", "text": [ "Vitrectomy with silicone oil or long-acting gas in eyes with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy : results of additional and long-term follow-up . Silicone Study report 11 . BACKGROUND The Silicone Study evaluated the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery for retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy ( PVR ) . OBJECTIVE To evaluate short-term ( up to 36 months ) outcomes in eyes randomized to silicone oil or perfluoropropane gas and long-term ( up to 72 months ) outcomes in eyes with attached maculas at 36 months . DESIGN Prospective , randomized , multicentered surgical trial . SETTING Community- and university-based vitreoretinal practices . PATIENTS Two-hundred sixty-five eyes with PVR randomized to perfluoropropane gas and silicone oil with follow-up through 3 years ( cohort 1 ) and 249 eyes with attached maculas at 36 months ( 121 eyes randomized to long-acting gas [ either sulfur hexafluoride or perfluoropropane ] and 128 eyes randomized to silicone oil ) with follow-up up to 6 years ( cohort 2 ) . Both cohorts consisted of eyes that had and had not undergone vitrectomy for PVR ( groups 1 and 2 , respectively ) before randomization . Of the 265 eyes in cohort 1 , 24-month follow-up data were available for 218 eyes ( 82 % ) and 36-month follow-up data were available for 196 eyes ( 74 % ) . Of 208 eyes in cohort 2 , 48-month follow-up data were available for 146 eyes ( 70 % ) , 60-month follow-up data for 119 eyes ( 57 % ) , and 72-month follow-up data for 73 eyes ( 35 % ) . INTERVENTIONS Vitrectomy surgery for PVR with a long-acting gas or silicone oil as the intraocular tamponade . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in visual acuity , recurrent retinal detachment , and incidence of complications . RESULTS In group 1 of cohort 1 , compared with oil-treated eyes , gas-treated eyes had a higher rate of complete retinal reattachment from 18 to 36 months ( P < .05 ) . No other differences were found . In group 2 of cohort 1 , no notable differences were found between treatment arms . In cohort 2 , during 6 years of follow-up , attachment of the macula was maintained for all eyes . No notable differences in the rates of complete retinal attachment , visual acuity of 5/200 or better , or glaucoma were found between treatment groups . In contrast , gas-treated eyes had more hypotony ( P < .001 ) . Silicone oil-treated eyes that underwent subsequent surgery were more likely to have the oil retained ( P = .02 ) . Compared with oil-retained eyes , oil-removed eyes had higher rates of complete posterior attachment ( P = .01 ) and of a visual acuity of 5/200 or better ( P < .001 ) and less keratopathy ( P < .05 ) . Compared with oil-removed eyes , gas-treated eyes had a worse visual acuity outcome ( P < .05 ) and more hypotony ( P < .01 ) . CONCLUSION The Silicone Study showed that silicone oil and perfluoropropane gas were equal in most respects for the management of retinal detachments with PVR . Success in the first surgery for PVR is paramount for obtaining better visual results . Overall , surgery for PVR had a high likelihood of retinal reattachment , and if anatomically and visually successful at 3 years , there is an excellent chance that the results will be maintained over the long-term ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3257 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89513", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "silicone oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89514", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "long-acting gas" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89515", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "silicone oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89516", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "perfluoropropane gas" ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 445 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89517", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "perfluoropropane gas" ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 445 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89518", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "silicone oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89519", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "( 121 eyes randomized to long-acting gas [ either sulfur hexafluoride or perfluoropropane ] and 128 eyes randomized to silicone oil ) with follow-up up to 6 years ( cohort 2 ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 855, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89520", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "long-acting gas" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89521", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "silicone oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89522", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Silicone oil-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 2345, 2365 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89523", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Changes in visual acuity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1650, 1674 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89524", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrent retinal detachment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1677, 1705 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89525", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "incidence of complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1712, 1738 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89526", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "complete retinal reattachment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1845, 1874 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89527", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "attachment of the macula" ], "offsets": [ [ 2072, 2096 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89528", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rates of complete retinal attachment" ], "offsets": [ [ 2157, 2193 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89529", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visual acuity of 5/200 or better" ], "offsets": [ [ 2196, 2228 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89530", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glaucoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 2234, 2242 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89531", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypotony" ], "offsets": [ [ 2321, 2329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89532", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "subsequent surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 2386, 2404 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89533", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rates of complete posterior attachment" ], "offsets": [ [ 2523, 2561 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89534", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visual acuity of 5/200 or better" ], "offsets": [ [ 2196, 2228 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89535", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "keratopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 2638, 2649 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89536", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visual acuity outcome" ], "offsets": [ [ 2726, 2747 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89537", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypotony" ], "offsets": [ [ 2321, 2329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89538", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "eyes with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy :" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89539", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy ( PVR ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 324 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89541", "type": "document", "text": [ "Long-term follow-up of cytostatic intravesical instillation in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma . Is short-term , intensive instillation better than maintenance therapy ? OBJECTIVES Comparisons of two 3-year protocols , one 20-week protocol of mitomycin C instillation and one 3-year protocol of doxorubicin instillation for the prevention of recurrent tumors and progression in patients whose superficial bladder tumors had been removed by transurethral resection . METHODS A prospective , randomized parallel group multicenter trial was conducted . 419 patients were evaluated after a median follow-up of 57 months . Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed . RESULTS An overall recurrence rate of 22.7 % and an overall progression rate of 9.8 % was found . For time to progression a significant overall treatment effect was detected dependent on the recurrence status before entry into the study ( p = 0.0059 ) . Pairwise comparisons showed the mitomycin protocol with short-term intensive ( weekly ) combined with long-term maintenance instillation to have a highly beneficial effect compared to long-term maintenance instillation only especially for patients entering the study with recurrent tumors ( RR = 0.06 , 95 % CI : [ 0.008 , 0.506 ] . CONCLUSION These results show that intensive therapeutic instillation may have an advantage over less intensive , prophylactic regimens ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1404 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89542", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cytostatic intravesical instillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89543", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mitomycin C instillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 255, 279 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89544", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxorubicin instillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89545", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recurrent tumors" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89546", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 375, 386 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89547", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "overall" ], "offsets": [ [ 691, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89548", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "recurrence rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 699, 714 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89549", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "overall progression rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 732, 756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89550", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "overall treatment effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 840 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89551", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "beneficial effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 1088, 1105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89552", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intensive therapeutic instillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1302, 1336 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89553", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with superficial bladder carcinoma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89554", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients whose superficial bladder tumors had been removed by transurethral resection" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89555", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "419 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 562, 574 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89557", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction : EMIAT . European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators . BACKGROUND Ventricular arrhythmias are a major cause of death after myocardial infarction , especially in patients with poor left-ventricular function . Previous attempts to identify and suppress arrhythmias with various antiarrhythmic drugs failed to reduce or actually increase mortality . Amiodarone is a powerful antiarrhythmic drug with several potentially beneficial actions , and has shown benefit in several small-scale studies . We postulated that this drug might reduce mortality in patients at high risk of death after myocardial infarction because of impaired ventricular function , irrespective of whether they had ventricular arrhythmias . METHODS The European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial ( EMIAT ) was a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess whether amiodarone reduced all-cause mortality ( primary endpoint ) and cardiac mortality and arrhythmic death ( secondary endpoints ) in survivors of myocardial infarction with a left-ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF ) of 40 % or less . Intention-to-treat and on-treatment analyses were done . FINDINGS EMIAT enrolled 1486 patients ( 743 in the amiodarone group , 743 in the placebo group ) . Median follow-up was 21 months . All-cause mortality ( 103 deaths in the amiodarone group , 102 in the placebo group ) and cardiac mortality did not differ between the two groups . However , in the amiodarone group , there was a 35 % risk reduction ( 95 % CI 0-58 , p = 0.05 ) in arrhythmic deaths . INTERPRETATION Our findings do not support the systematic prophylactic use of amiodarone in all patients with depressed left-ventricular function after myocardial infarction . However , the lack of proarrhythmia and the reduction in arrhythmic death support the use of amiodarone in patients for whom antiarrhythmic therapy is indicated ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2028 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89558", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amiodarone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89559", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Amiodarone" ], "offsets": [ [ 173, 183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89560", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 975 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89561", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amiodarone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89562", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amiodarone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89563", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 964 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89564", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amiodarone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89565", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amiodarone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89566", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amiodarone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89567", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89568", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "all-cause mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1019, 1038 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89569", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "cardiac mortality and arrhythmic death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1064, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89570", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "All-cause mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1423, 1442 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89571", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "cardiac mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1064, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89572", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "risk reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1624, 1638 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89573", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "arrhythmic deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1670, 1687 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89574", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "arrhythmic death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1086, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89575", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction : EMIAT ." ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 144 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89577", "type": "document", "text": [ "Doxymycine-cyanoacrylate treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers . OBJECTIVE This study addressed the efficacy of singularly applied topical doxymycine in the pain relief treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis . STUDY DESIGN Thirty-one patients with recurrent aphthous lesions were examined and divided randomly in two groups . Experimental group ( n = 15 ) received a topical application of doxymycine and controls ( n = 16 ) received calcii gluconase in the same manner . Medications were covered by isobutyl cyanoacrylate ( Iso-Dent ) . Application was made only once during the recurrent aphthous ulcer episode . RESULTS Patients recorded their pain level on a visual analog scale for 10 days during healing . Pain decreased more rapidly in the experimental group , and a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) in the pain intensity was found from the second to the seventh day after application of doxymycine . CONCLUSIONS In recurrent aphthous ulcers , singular treatment of topical doxymycine-cyanoacrylate relieves the pain intensity remarkably for 6 days after a 1 day latency period . Topical doxymycine treatment further exerts potential to directly prevent tissue destruction and to indirectly suppress host inflammatory reaction ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1257 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89578", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Doxymycine-cyanoacrylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89579", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxymycine" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 150 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89580", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "topical application of doxymycine" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89581", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "controls" ], "offsets": [ [ 410, 418 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89582", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isobutyl cyanoacrylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 527 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89583", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxymycine" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 150 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89584", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxymycine-cyanoacrylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1003, 1027 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89585", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxymycine" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 150 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89586", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 169 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89587", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain level" ], "offsets": [ [ 652, 662 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89588", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 717, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89589", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain intensity" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89590", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain intensity" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89591", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty-one" ], "offsets": [ [ 228, 238 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89592", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "aphthous lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 279 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89594", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of frusemide and hypoxia on the pulmonary vascular bed in man . AIMS Diuretic therapy is conventionally used to treat oedema in patients with hypoxic cor pulmonale . This condition is associated with activation of the renin angiotensin system ( RAS ) with elevated levels of angiotensin II ( ANG II ) , a potent pulmonary pressor agent . We explored the hypothesis that RAS activation by diuretic therapy might therefore worsen hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction via the effects of ANG II on the pulmonary vascular bed . METHODS Eight normal volunteers were studied on 2 separate days . They either received 40 mg frusemide daily or placebo for 4 days and were then rendered hypoxaemic , by breathing an N2/O2 mixture for 20 min to achieve an SaO2 of 85-90 % adjusted for a further 20 min to achieve an SaO2 of 75-80 % . Pulsed wave doppler echocardiography was used to measure mean pulmonary artery pressure , cardiac output and hence pulmonary vascular resistance ( PVR ) . RESULTS Plasma renin activity ( PRA ) was significantly ( P < 0.01 ) increased after prior treatment with frusemide compared with placebo at all time points . Prior treatment with frusemide significantly ( P < 0.05 ) increased PVR compared with placebo at baseline : 185 +/- 17 vs 132 +/- 10 dyn s cm-5 at an SaO2 of 85-90 % : 291 +/- 18 vs 229 +/- 16 dyn s cm-5 and at SaO2 of 75-80 % : 356 +/- 12 vs 296 +/- 17 dyn s cm-5 respectively . However , the delta-PVR response to hypoxaemia was not significantly altered by frusemide compared with placebo . In contrast to its effect on the pulmonary vasculature prior treatment with frusemide did not significantly alter systemic haemodynamic parameters either at baseline or during hypoxia . CONCLUSIONS Thus , prior treatment with frusemide increased baseline pulmonary vascular resistance and significantly augmented the hypoxaemic pulmonary vascular response in additive fashion . It is hypothesised that this effect of frusemide may be due to RAS activation with ANG II mediated pulmonary vasoconstriction ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2042 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89595", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "frusemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89596", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Diuretic" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89597", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "40 mg frusemide daily or placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 616, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89598", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "frusemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89599", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 641, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89600", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "frusemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89601", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 641, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89602", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "frusemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89603", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 641, 648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89604", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "frusemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89605", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "frusemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89606", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "frusemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89607", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean pulmonary artery pressure , cardiac output" ], "offsets": [ [ 886, 933 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89608", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary vascular resistance ( PVR ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 944, 983 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89609", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma renin activity ( PRA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 992, 1021 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89610", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PVR" ], "offsets": [ [ 976, 979 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89611", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "delta-PVR response to hypoxaemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1437, 1469 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89612", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systemic haemodynamic parameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 1651, 1683 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89613", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary vascular resistance" ], "offsets": [ [ 944, 973 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89614", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypoxaemic pulmonary vascular response" ], "offsets": [ [ 1854, 1892 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89615", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pulmonary vascular bed" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89616", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "man" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89617", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "oedema" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89618", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypoxic cor pulmonale" ], "offsets": [ [ 150, 171 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89619", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89621", "type": "document", "text": [ "Studies on section 2D1 monoclonal antibodies . Monoclonal antibodies in \" Other Blood Groups \" were tested with random blood samples collected from the various ethnic groups in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa , and with samples of selected red cell phenotypes . Standard red cell serological techniques were used ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 311 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89622", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "random blood samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89623", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Standard red cell serological techniques" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 299 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89624", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "section 2D1 monoclonal antibodies" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89626", "type": "document", "text": [ "Partial-area method in bioequivalence assessment : naproxen . Regulatory authorities require demonstration of bioequivalence through comparisons of different pharmacokinetic parameters , the area under the plasma concentration-time curve ( AUC ) , the maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) , and the time to reach peak concentration ( Tmax ) . The applicability and validity of regulatory requirements have been widely criticized on statistical and clinical relevance grounds . For most noncomplicated absorption models , the AUC correlates well with the extent of absorption . However , in nonlinear models of absorption , in mechanisms involving recycling of drugs , and for drugs with long half-life , the use of total AUC ( from zero to infinity ) can give erroneous and clinically irrelevant results since the area is mostly determined by elimination phase or by recycling . The calculation of total AUC also involves prolonged sampling , adding to the cost and risks associated with bioequivalence studies . The use of Cmax or Tmax as a measure of rate of absorption , to correlate with clinical relevance , is widely criticized on logical , technical , and statistical grounds . For drugs used on a multiple-dose basis , Cmax and Tmax evaluations become redundant since the average plateau concentration is not affected by these parameters . To resolve the drawbacks in the traditional methodology of bioequivalence evaluation , the use of partial areas in lieu of total AUC , Tmax , and Cmax is suggested . This study investigates the logic and robustness of the partial-area method in establishing bioequivalence . We conclude that the 5h AUC is a more relevant parameter to establish naproxen bioequivalence than AUCinf . We recommend against using symmetrical confidence intervals and report excellent agreement among several methods of calculating confidence intervals , probability values , and nonparametric tests . We suggest that a single-point short-term AUC is a better indicator of the bioequivalence of generic products than the total AUC , Cmax , and Tmax as required currently by the regulatory authorities ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2130 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89627", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naproxen" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89628", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naproxen" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89629", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "area under the plasma concentration-time curve ( AUC ) , the maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax )" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89630", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "the time to reach peak concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 296, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89631", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "( Tmax )" ], "offsets": [ [ 333, 341 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89632", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 240, 243 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89633", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 240, 243 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89634", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 240, 243 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89635", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 283, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89636", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Tmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89637", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 283, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89638", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Tmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89639", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plateau concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1289, 1310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89640", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 240, 243 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89641", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Tmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89642", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 283, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89643", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "5h AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 1645, 1651 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89644", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUCinf" ], "offsets": [ [ 1723, 1729 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89645", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "single-point short-term AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 1948, 1975 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89646", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 240, 243 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89647", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 283, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89648", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Tmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89649", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Partial-area method in bioequivalence" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89650", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "bioequivalence" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89652", "type": "document", "text": [ "A limited sampling method for the estimation of flunarizine area under the curve ( AUC ) and maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) . A limited sampling model has been developed for flunarizine following a 30 mg oral dose in epileptic patients who were receiving phenytoin or carbamazepine or both , to estimate the area under the curve ( AUC ) and maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) . The model was developed using training data sets from 30 , 20 , 15 , or 10 patients at one or two time points . The equations describing the models for AUC using two time points ( 3 and 24h ) and Cmax for the training data set of 30 subjects were AUCpredicted = 11.1 C3h + 121.4 C24h - 157 ( r = 0.80 ) Cmax ( predicted ) = 0.036 AUC + 42.9 ( r = 0.74 ) The model was validated on 64 patients who received flunarizine orally . The model provided reasonably good estimates for both AUC and Cmax . The mean predicted AUC of flunarizine was 1230 +/- 717 ng h mL-1 , whereas the observed AUC was 1203 +/- 900 ng h mL-1 . The bias of the prediction was 2 % and precision was 28 % . The mean predicted Cmax of flunarizine was 86 +/- 32 ng mL-1 as compared to an observed mean Cmax of 90 +/- 42 ng mL-1 . The bias and precision of the prediction were 4 % and 24 % , respectively . The method described here may be used to estimate AUC and Cmax for flunarizine without detailed pharmacokinetic studies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1383 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89653", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 262, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89654", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 275, 288 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89655", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax )" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89656", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "estimation of flunarizine area under the curve ( AUC ) and maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89657", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "estimate the area under the curve ( AUC ) and maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 387 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89658", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "estimates for both AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 850, 872 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89659", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89660", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean predicted AUC of flunarizine" ], "offsets": [ [ 888, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89661", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "observed AUC" ], "offsets": [ [ 963, 975 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89662", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "bias of the prediction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1009, 1031 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89663", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "predicted Cmax of flunarizine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1074, 1103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89664", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "observed mean Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 1144, 1162 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89665", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "bias and precision of the prediction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89666", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "epileptic patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 242 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89667", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "receiving phenytoin or carbamazepine or both" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 296 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89668", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "64" ], "offsets": [ [ 769, 771 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89670", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Restorative proctectomy , reconstruction of continuity with or without colon J pouch ] . Of 63 patients undergoing deep anterior resection of the rectum , 39 patients received a straight colo-anal anastomosis ( CAA ) , 24 additionally had a colon-j-pouch ( CPA ) constructed . Local septic complications occurred in 12.5 % of patients after pouch-anal anastomosis compared to 20.5 % after colo-anal anastomosis : stool frequency , after pouch-anal anastomosis was 3.3 per 24 h compared to 5.2 per 24 h after straight anastomosis within the first year after ileostomy closure ( p = 0.053 ) ; continence was slightly better in the pouch group ( n.s . ) ; and anal manometry showed a significant postoperative decrease only in resting pressure after straight colo-anal anastomosis ( p < 0.001 ) . Pouch construction should be considered after deep rectal resection , as it seems to improve functional outcome and has fewer local septic complications than straight anastomosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 976 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89671", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "straight colo-anal anastomosis ( CAA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 180, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89672", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "colon-j-pouch ( CPA ) constructed" ], "offsets": [ [ 243, 276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89673", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Local septic complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 305 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89674", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "continence" ], "offsets": [ [ 593, 603 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89675", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "manometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 664, 673 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89676", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional outcome" ], "offsets": [ [ 889, 907 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89677", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "local septic complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 922, 948 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89678", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "63" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89679", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "deep anterior resection of the rectum" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89680", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "39" ], "offsets": [ [ 157, 159 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89682", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Laparoscopic or conventional inguinal hernia repair with or without implant . A prospective randomized study ] ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 114 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89683", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "with or without implant" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89684", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "inguinal hernia repair" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89685", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "inguinal hernia repair" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89687", "type": "document", "text": [ "Leukotriene antagonist prevents exacerbation of asthma during reduction of high-dose inhaled corticosteroid . The Tokyo Joshi-Idai Asthma Research Group . To test whether the leukotriene antagonist ONO-1078 ( pranlukast ) prevents asthma exacerbations during reduction of high-dose inhaled corticosteroid , we conducted a randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study in 79 asthma patients requiring high doses ( 1,500 microg/d or more ) of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate ( BDI ) for clinical control ( duration of asthma , 11.0 +/- 3.1 yr ; duration of BDI treatment , 0.5 +/- 0.3 yr ; FEV1 percentage of predicted , 80.7 +/- 2.0 % ) . After a 2-wk run-in period , the doses of BDI were halved , while the patients were assigned to receive orally ONO-1078 , 450 mg twice daily , or placebo . In the placebo group FEV1 decreased by 0.33 +/- 0.20 L after 6 wk ( p < 0.001 ) . Likewise , morning and evening PEF decreased by 46 +/- 7 L/min and 18 +/- 6 L/min , respectively . By contrast these variables were sustained above baseline in the ONO-1078 group . The number of daytime and nighttime asthma symptoms and the use of beta2-agonist increased in the placebo group , whereas they remained unchanged in the ONO-1078 group . In the placebo group concentrations of serum eosinophil cationic protein and exhaled nitric oxide increased ( p = 0.007 and p = 0.025 , respectively ) , compared with no change in the ONO-1078 group . Therefore , the leukotriene antagonist ONO-1078 prevents the asthma deterioration provoked by a 6-wk reduction of the dose of inhaled BDI into half ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1588 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89688", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Leukotriene antagonist" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89689", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leukotriene antagonist ONO-1078 ( pranlukast )" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89690", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "corticosteroid" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89691", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate ( BDI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 491 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89692", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "orally ONO-1078 , 450 mg twice daily" ], "offsets": [ [ 753, 789 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89693", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89694", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89695", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 357 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89696", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leukotriene antagonist ONO-1078" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89697", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "FEV1" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 603 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89698", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "morning and evening PEF" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 921 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89699", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "number of daytime and nighttime asthma symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1072, 1119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89700", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "use of beta2-agonist" ], "offsets": [ [ 1128, 1148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89701", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "concentrations of serum eosinophil cationic protein and exhaled nitric oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1259, 1335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89702", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89703", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89704", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 381, 396 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89705", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 483 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89706", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89708", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of inhaled leukotriene D4 and methacholine on sputum cell differentials in asthma . The cysteinyl leukotriene LTE4 has been shown to induce airway eosinophilia in asthmatics in vivo . This phenomenon has not yet been reported for LTD4 . Hence , we examined the effect of inhaled LTD4 and a control bronchoconstrictor agent , methacholine , on cell differentials in hypertonic saline-induced whole sputum samples of 12 nonsmoking atopic asthmatic subjects ( three women , nine men ; 21 to 29 yr of age ; FEV1 , 74 to 120 % pred ; PC20FEV1 methacholine < 9.6 mg/ml ) . The study had a cross-over , placebo-controlled design consisting of 4 d separated by > or = 1 wk . On each randomized study day , the subjects inhaled five serial doses of either LTD4 ( mean cumulative concentration : 95.7 microM ) or methacholine ( mean cumulative concentration : 542 mM ) or five doses of their respective diluents ( PBS/ethanol or PBS ) . The airway response was measured by FEV1 , followed by sputum induction with 4.5 % NaCl , 4 h postchallenge . Inflammatory cells ( > or = 250 ) were counted twice on coded cytospins and expressed as percentages of nonsquamous cells . There was no significant difference in the maximal percent fall in FEV1 from baseline between LTD4 ( mean +/- SEM , 49.5 +/- 4.4 % fall ) and methacholine ( mean +/- SEM , 55.9 +/- 3.4 % fall ) ( p = 0.11 ) . LTD4 induced a significant increase in the percentage of sputum eosinophils as compared with its diluent ( mean +/- SD , 26.6 +/- 21.3 % and 10.2 +/- 8.8 % , respectively ; p = 0.025 ) , whereas a similar trend for methacholine failed to reach significance ( mean +/- SD , 19.1 +/- 22.9 % and 7.8 +/- 5.8 % , respectively ; p = 0.11 ) . There was no significant difference in the changes in the percentage of sputum eosinophils between LTD4 and methacholine ( mean difference +/- SD , 7.5 +/- 12.5 % eosinophils ; p = 0.09 ) . We conclude that LTD4 induces eosinophilia in sputum of asthmatic subjects 4 h after inhalation . Our data suggest that LTD4 recruits eosinophils into the airways of asthmatics in vivo , possibly by virtue of direct or indirect chemotactic properties , whereas an additional effect of vigourous airway narrowing per se can not be excluded ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2248 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89709", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leukotriene D4" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89710", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "methacholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89711", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cysteinyl leukotriene LTE4" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89712", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTD4" ], "offsets": [ [ 241, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89713", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LTD4" ], "offsets": [ [ 241, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89714", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "methacholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89715", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "( PBS/ethanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 913, 926 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89716", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sputum cell differentials" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89717", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "airway eosinophilia" ], "offsets": [ [ 151, 170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89718", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cell differentials" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89719", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "airway response" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 957 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89720", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maximal percent fall in FEV1 from baseline" ], "offsets": [ [ 1215, 1257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89721", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percentage of sputum eosinophils" ], "offsets": [ [ 1424, 1456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89722", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percentage of sputum eosinophils" ], "offsets": [ [ 1424, 1456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89723", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "eosinophilia in sputum" ], "offsets": [ [ 1938, 1960 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89724", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "eosinophils" ], "offsets": [ [ 1445, 1456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89725", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vigourous airway narrowing" ], "offsets": [ [ 2193, 2219 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89726", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89728", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparative efficacy and safety of twice daily fluticasone propionate powder versus placebo in the treatment of moderate asthma . BACKGROUND Fluticasone propionate , an inhaled corticosteroid with negligible systemic bioavailability via the oral route , is efficacious in the treatment of asthma when administered via metered-dose inhaler . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate powder in patients with moderate asthma previously treated with an inhaled corticosteroid . METHODS This was a randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group , multicenter study of 342 adolescent and adult patients with moderate asthma [ forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( FEV1 ) between 50 % and 80 % of predicted ] treated previously by beclomethasone dipropionate or triamcinolone acetonide . Patients received fluticasone propionate powder 50 micrograms , 100 micrograms , 250 micrograms , or placebo via a breath-actuated inhalation device , the Diskhaler , twice daily for 12 weeks . RESULTS Patients in the fluticasone propionate groups experienced a mean increase from baseline to endpoint in FEV1 ranging from 0.43 L to 0.47 L. Patients in the placebo group experienced a mean decrease from baseline of 0.22 L ( P < .001 ) . The probability of patients remaining in the study over time without developing signs of exacerbating asthma was significantly greater in the fluticasone propionate groups than in the placebo group ( P = .001 ) . Asthma symptom scores , supplemental rescue albuterol use , and number of nighttime awakenings due to asthma requiring treatment also improved significantly with all fluticasone propionate treatment regimens compared with placebo ( P < .001 ) . There were no statistically significant differences at endpoint among the three fluticasone propionate groups . No serious drug-related adverse events occurred . CONCLUSIONS Fluticasone propionate powder ( 50 , 100 , and 250 micrograms ) was well-tolerated and significantly improved lung function in patients with moderate asthma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2066 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89729", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluticasone propionate powder" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89730", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89731", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Fluticasone propionate" ], "offsets": [ [ 141, 163 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89732", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "inhaled fluticasone propionate powder" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 427 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89733", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "beclomethasone dipropionate" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 808 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89734", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "triamcinolone acetonide" ], "offsets": [ [ 812, 835 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89735", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluticasone propionate powder" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89736", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89737", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89738", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89739", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "[ forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( FEV1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 674, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89740", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean increase from baseline to endpoint in FEV1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1100, 1147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89741", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "remaining in the study over time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1304, 1336 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89742", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "exacerbating asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1384 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89743", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Asthma symptom scores , supplemental rescue albuterol use , and number of nighttime awakenings due to asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1489, 1597 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89744", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "serious drug-related adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1849, 1884 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89745", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "well-tolerated and significantly" ], "offsets": [ [ 1976, 2008 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89746", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "improved lung function" ], "offsets": [ [ 2009, 2031 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89747", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89748", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89749", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate asthma previously treated with an inhaled corticosteroid" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89750", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "342" ], "offsets": [ [ 619, 622 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89751", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adolescent and adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 623, 643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89752", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89753", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( FEV1 ) between 50 % and 80 % of predicted" ], "offsets": [ [ 676, 756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89754", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89756", "type": "document", "text": [ "Confounding by indication ?" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "89758", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of age at introduction of complementary foods to breast-fed infants on duration of lactational amenorrhea in Honduran women . Lactational amenorrhea ( LA ) is associated with postpartum infertility and is known to be related to breast-feeding frequency and duration , but the exact role of complementary feeding of the infant has not been clearly defined . Data on LA were collected during and after a 2-mo intervention trial in which low-income Honduran women who had breast-fed fully for 4 mo were randomly assigned to one of three groups : continued full breast-feeding until 6 mo ( FBF , n = 50 ) , introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo with ad libitum breast-feeding from 4 to 6 mo ( SF , n = 47 ) , or introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo with maintenance of baseline breast-feeding frequency from 4 to 6 mo ( SF-M , n = 44 ) . Women were followed up until the infant was 12 mo of age , or later if menses had not occurred by then . All but six of the women continued to breast-feed for > or = 12 mo . With the exclusion of those whose menses returned before 18 wk postpartum ( which could not have been due to the intervention ) , the proportion of women who were amenorrheic at 6 mo was 64.5 % in the SF group , 80.0 % in the FBF group , and 85.7 % in the SF-M group ( chi-square test = 4.13 , P = 0.02 ; one-tailed test with the latter two groups combined ) . The total duration of LA did not differ significantly among groups . The most significant determinant of LA was time spent breast-feeding ( min/d ) , which was in turn negatively associated ( P = 0.06 ) with the infant 's energy intake from complementary foods in regression analyses . These results indicate that there is a significant effect of introducing foods at 4 mo on the likelihood of amenorrhea at 6 mo postpartum , but not thereafter , and that this effect is not seen in mothers who maintain breast-feeding frequency ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1920 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89759", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "complementary foods" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89760", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "complementary feeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 298, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89761", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "continued full breast-feeding until 6 mo" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89762", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo with ad libitum breast-feeding from 4 to 6 mo" ], "offsets": [ [ 611, 700 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89763", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo with maintenance of baseline breast-feeding frequency from 4 to 6 mo" ], "offsets": [ [ 722, 834 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89764", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "breast-feeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 236, 250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89765", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "complementary foods" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89766", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Lactational amenorrhea" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89767", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "proportion of women who were amenorrheic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1163, 1203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89768", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "total duration of LA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1394, 1414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89769", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "time spent breast-feeding ( min/d )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1502, 1537 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89770", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "infant 's energy intake" ], "offsets": [ [ 1602, 1625 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89772", "type": "document", "text": [ "A randomised trial evaluating pain and bleeding after a first trimester miscarriage treated surgically or medically . Miscarriage treated surgically and medically were compared in a randomised controlled trial evaluating pain and bleeding . Surgery is associated with less pain ( P < 0.03 ) and vaginal bleeding ( duration and severity , P = 0.001 ) than medical treatment , fewer daily hospital attendances ( 2.5 compared with three , P = 0.04 ) but a greater drop in haemoglobin concentration ( difference , 1 g/dl ; CI95 % = 0.3-1.6 ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 539 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89773", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgically" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89774", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "medically" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89775", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "first trimester miscarriage" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89777", "type": "document", "text": [ "Clinical effects of buspirone in social phobia : a double-blind placebo-controlled study . BACKGROUND The results of open pilot studies suggest that the serotonin-1A ( 5-HT1A ) receptor agonist buspirone might be effective in social phobia . METHOD In the present study , the efficacy of buspirone was investigated in patients with social phobia using a 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled design . Thirty social phobic patients ( DSM-IV ) were treated with either buspirone 30 mg daily or placebo . Efficacy of treatment was measured using the Social Phobia Scale ( subscores anxiety and avoidance ) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety . RESULTS Taking a reduction of 50 % or more on the Social Phobia Scale as a criterion for clinically relevant improvement , only 1 patient on buspirone and 1 on placebo were classified as responder to treatment . A subjective and clinically relevant improvement was reported by 4 patients ( 27 % ) on buspirone and 2 patients ( 13 % ) on placebo . There were no statistically significant differences between buspirone and placebo on any of the outcome measures . Generally speaking , buspirone was well tolerated . CONCLUSION The results of the study do not support the results of open studies , in which a reduction of social anxiety and social avoidance was reported in patients with social phobia treated with buspirone ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1372 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89778", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89779", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "serotonin-1A ( 5-HT1A ) receptor agonist buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 153, 203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89780", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89781", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89782", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89783", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89784", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89785", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89786", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89787", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89788", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89789", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Social Phobia Scale ( subscores anxiety and avoidance )" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 604 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89790", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 613, 646 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89791", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 666, 675 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89792", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Social Phobia Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 568 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89793", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "relevant improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 749, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89794", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "well tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1146, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89795", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "social anxiety and social avoidance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1268, 1303 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89796", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "social phobia" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89797", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty" ], "offsets": [ [ 403, 409 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89798", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "social phobic patients ( DSM-IV )" ], "offsets": [ [ 410, 443 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89799", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "social phobia" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89801", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ A randomized comparative study of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil and dl-leucovorin with CDDP 5-FU and dl-leucovorin for colorectal cancer ] . A randomized comparative study of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy using dl-leucovorin ( dl-LV ) and 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) ( FL-therapy ) with CDDP , 5-FU , and dl-LV ( PFL-therapy ) was conducted . The following were the administration schedules : Arm A was 13 mg/m2 of CDDP , 300 mg/m2 of 5-FU , and 30 mg/body of dl-LV for 5 consecutive days and arm B was 300 mg/m2 of 5-FU and 30 mg/body of dl-LV for 5 consecutive days . Both regimens were followed by biweekly administration of the same dose of dl-LV and 5-FU in outpatients . Arm A was started at the 26th postoperative day and arm B at the 21st day on average . Some 26 cases composed of 11 cases of arm A and 15 cases of arm B completed the administration schedules . Only one case in arm A was complicated by local recurrence around 35 months after operation . Major toxicities were anorexia and neutropenia . Both toxicities were seen more in arm A than in arm B , showing complete recovery in all cases . These data suggest that PFL-therapy and FL-therapy seem to be possible and promising surgical adjuvant therapies for advanced colorectal carcinoma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1280 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89802", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical adjuvant chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89803", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil and dl-leucovorin with CDDP 5-FU and dl-leucovorin" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 138 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89804", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "surgical adjuvant chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89805", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dl-leucovorin ( dl-LV ) and 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) ( FL-therapy ) with CDDP , 5-FU , and dl-LV ( PFL-therapy )" ], "offsets": [ [ 236, 347 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89806", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CDDP" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89807", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89808", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dl-LV" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89809", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89810", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dl-LV" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89811", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dl-LV" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89812", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89813", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "local recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 934, 950 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89814", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "toxicities" ], "offsets": [ [ 992, 1002 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89815", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "anorexia and neutropenia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1034 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89816", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "toxicities" ], "offsets": [ [ 992, 1002 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89817", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "advanced colorectal carcinoma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1249, 1280 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89818", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "colorectal cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89819", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "26" ], "offsets": [ [ 723, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89820", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "11" ], "offsets": [ [ 811, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89821", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "15" ], "offsets": [ [ 833, 835 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89822", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "advanced colorectal carcinoma ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1249, 1280 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89824", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Initial nuclear magnetic resonance tomography results of the treatment course of avascular femur head necrosis after femoral core decompression ] . The vascular femoral head necrosis is a serious illness , especially when appearing in patients aged 30 to 50 years . Many etiologic factors cause a femoral head necrosis such as , for example , high-dose steroids , abuse of alcohol , defect of bone marrow and trauma of the hip . Often the X-ray photograph leads to the diagnosis in the second stage ( ARCO 1992 ) or in the third stage , when the femoral head has begun to collapse . The stage IIc and III shows an evident enhancement in contrast media in MRI . Contrast enhancement is demonstrated by STIR , FATSAT , T1-weighted and dynamic screening sequence . The characteristics of the contrast media enhancement argue for an active concomitant process of destruction and regeneration . This stage has the best chances for a drug or a surgical therapy . The evaluation of the signal intensity by the dynamic screening sequence is considered as an objective contribution for the staging of the femoral head necrosis . This enables one to differentiate between the curable stage IIc and the stage III , showing the beginning of breakdown of the femoral head ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1262 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89825", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "nuclear magnetic resonance tomography" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89826", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "MRI" ], "offsets": [ [ 657, 660 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89827", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 149 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89828", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "dynamic screening sequence" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 761 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89829", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "staging of the femoral head necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1083, 1119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89830", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "curable stage IIc" ], "offsets": [ [ 1168, 1185 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89831", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "stage III" ], "offsets": [ [ 1194, 1203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89832", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "breakdown of the femoral head" ], "offsets": [ [ 1231, 1260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89833", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "avascular femur head necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89834", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "femoral core decompression" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89835", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "vascular femoral head necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 154, 184 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89836", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "30 to 50 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 251, 265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89837", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "defect of bone marrow" ], "offsets": [ [ 385, 406 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89838", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "trauma of the hip" ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 428 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89839", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "breakdown of the femoral head" ], "offsets": [ [ 1231, 1260 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89841", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of inhaled heparin on adenosine-induced bronchial hyperreactivity . Glycosaminoglycan heparin possesses multiple noncoagulant properties including antiinflammatory actions . We have previously shown that heparin attenuates the methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in humans . In contrast to methacholine , a stimulus that induces airway constriction mainly by \" direct \" stimulation of airway smooth muscle cells , adenosine airway responsiveness reflects \" indirectly \" induced airway narrowing via inflammatory mediators or neural reflex mechanisms . Whether heparin modulates bronchial hyperreactivity induced by adenosine , is not well known . We investigated the effect of inhaled heparin on adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction and compared the inhibitory role of heparin on the adenosine challenge test with that on the methacholine challenge test . Fifteen subjects ( 7 males , 8 females ) with mild asthma were included in the study . Bronchial provocation tests were performed in a single-blind , crossover , randomized order , and repeated 45 minutes after placebo or aerosolized heparin inhalation ( 1,000 U/kg ) . The heparin increased the geometric mean log methacholine PD20 value from 0.47 +/- 0.16 ( 2.95 mg/ml ) to 0.96 +/- 0.10 ( 8.91 mg/ml ) , ( P < 0.0009 ) in 15 patients and the geometric mean log adenosine PD20 values from 1.59 +/- 0.23 ( 38.9 mg/ml ) to 1.98 +/- 0.14 ( 97.7 mg/ml ) ( NS ) in 7 patients whose baseline adenosine PD20 levels were less than 200 mg/ml . The degree of protection by heparin against adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction was not correlated with that against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction ( r = 0.60 , NS ) . The data suggest that inhaled heparin may have an inhibitory effect on the methacholine bronchial challenge , and thus , most likely directs its effect against smooth muscle . Heparin caused less attenuation of a challenge with adenosine and probably does not affect mast cell degranulation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1978 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89842", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89843", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Glycosaminoglycan heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89844", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89845", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89846", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "inhaled heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89847", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89848", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1080, 1087 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89849", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "aerosolized heparin inhalation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1091, 1121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89850", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89851", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89852", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89853", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1862, 1869 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89854", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "geometric mean log methacholine PD20 value" ], "offsets": [ [ 1165, 1207 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89855", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "geometric mean log adenosine PD20 values" ], "offsets": [ [ 1314, 1354 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89856", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "degree of protection" ], "offsets": [ [ 1510, 1530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89857", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "adenosine-induced bronchial hyperreactivity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89858", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "humans" ], "offsets": [ [ 278, 284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89859", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fifteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 869, 876 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89860", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "7" ], "offsets": [ [ 888, 889 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89861", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "males" ], "offsets": [ [ 890, 895 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89862", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "8" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 899 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89863", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "females" ], "offsets": [ [ 900, 907 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89864", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "mild asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 915, 926 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89866", "type": "document", "text": [ "Field trials of a vaccine against bovine mastitis . 1 . Evaluation in heifers . A vaccine was developed against bovine mastitis based on inactivated , highly encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus cells ; a crude extract of Staph . aureus exopolysaccharides ; and inactivated , unencapsulated Staph , aureus and Streptococcus spp . cells . This vaccine was tested on 30 heifers during a 7-mo period . The 30 heifers were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 heifers each . The prepartum group received two injections of the vaccine at 8 and 4 wk before calving , and the postpartum group received two injections at 1 and 5 wk after calving . The control group received two injections of a placebo at 8 and 4 wk before calving . The vaccine or the placebo was administered subcutaneously in the brachiocephalicus muscle of the neck . The frequencies of intramammary infections caused by Staph . aureus were reduced from 18.8 % for heifers in the control group to 6.7 and 6.0 % for heifers in the prepartum and postpartum groups , respectively . This protective effect was maintained for at least 6 mo . The relative risk of mastitis caused by Staph . aureus was 0.31 and 0.28 for heifers in the prepartum and postpartum groups , respectively , compared with that for heifers in the control group . The results of the trial indicated the effectiveness of the vaccine in decreasing the incidence of intrammammary infections caused by Staph . aureus . A slight but nonsignificant increase occurred in fat production in the milk of vaccinated cows . The vaccine had no observable effect on somatic cell count or streptococcal infections ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1632 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89867", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89868", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89869", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89870", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89871", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89872", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 695 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89873", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "frequencies of intramammary infections caused by Staph" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89874", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "aureus" ], "offsets": [ [ 186, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89875", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "protective effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1065 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89876", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relative risk of mastitis caused by Staph" ], "offsets": [ [ 1105, 1146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89877", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "aureus" ], "offsets": [ [ 186, 192 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89878", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "results of the trial indicated the effectiveness of the vaccine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1300, 1363 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89879", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fat production" ], "offsets": [ [ 1496, 1510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89880", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "heifers" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89881", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "heifers" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89882", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "heifers" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89884", "type": "document", "text": [ "Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome . OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of a graded aerobic exercise programme in the chronic fatigue syndrome . DESIGN Randomised controlled trial with control treatment crossover after the first follow up examination . SETTING Chronic fatigue clinic in a general hospital department of psychiatry . SUBJECTS 66 patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome who had neither a psychiatric disorder nor appreciable sleep disturbance . INTERVENTIONS Random allocation to 12 weeks of either graded aerobic exercise or flexibility exercises and relaxation therapy . Patients who completed the flexibility programme were invited to cross over to the exercise programme afterwards . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The self rated clinical global impression change score , \" very much better \" or \" much better \" being considered as clinically important . RESULTS Four patients receiving exercise and three receiving flexibility treatment dropped out before completion . 15 of 29 patients rated themselves as better after completing exercise treatment compared with eight of 30 patients who completed flexibility treatment . Analysis by intention to treat gave similar results ( 17/33 v 9/33 patients better ) . Fatigue , functional capacity , and fitness were significantly better after exercise than after flexibility treatment . 12 of 22 patients who crossed over to exercise after flexibility treatment rated themselves as better after completing exercise treatment 32 of 47 patients rated themselves as better three months after completing supervised exercise treatment 35 of 47 patients rated themselves as better one year after completing supervised exercise treatment . CONCLUSION These findings support the use of appropriately prescribed graded aerobic exercise in the management of patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1902 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89885", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "graded exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89886", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "graded aerobic exercise programme" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 164 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89887", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "graded aerobic exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89888", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "flexibility exercises" ], "offsets": [ [ 598, 619 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89889", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "relaxation therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 624, 642 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89890", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "flexibility programme" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 693 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89891", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise programme" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 164 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89892", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89893", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "flexibility treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 982, 1003 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89894", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1098, 1116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89895", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "flexibility treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 982, 1003 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89896", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89897", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "flexibility treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 982, 1003 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89898", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89899", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "exercise treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1098, 1116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89900", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "supervised exercise treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1610, 1639 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89901", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "graded aerobic exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89902", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "chronic fatigue syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89903", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "chronic fatigue syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89904", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "The self rated clinical global impression change score , \" very much better \" or \" much better \" being considered as clinically important" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 918 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89905", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Fatigue" ], "offsets": [ [ 1277, 1284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89906", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional capacity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1287, 1306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89907", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fitness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1313, 1320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89908", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "better" ], "offsets": [ [ 850, 856 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89909", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic fatigue syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89910", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic fatigue syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89911", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "66" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 398 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89912", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic fatigue syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89913", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "psychiatric disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 460, 480 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89914", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "appreciable sleep disturbance" ], "offsets": [ [ 485, 514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89915", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic fatigue syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89917", "type": "document", "text": [ "Clinical evaluation of the speed and effectiveness of subgingival calculus removal on single-rooted teeth with diamond-coated ultrasonic tips . Several studies have found incomplete calculus removal during periodontal treatment with traditional hand curets , sonic , and ultrasonic instruments . This study evaluated the speed and effectiveness of subgingival calculus removal with new diamond-coated ultrasonic tips on single-rooted teeth . Single session subgingival scaling and root planing was performed on 80 teeth with 5 to 12 mm probing depths in 15 patients . Each patient provided groups of 4 teeth that were randomly treated with either hand curets ( HAND ) ; standard smooth ultrasonic tip ( US ) ; or fine grit ( FINDIAM ) or medium grit ( MEDDIAM ) diamond-coated ultrasonic tips . The time taken to reach the therapeutic endpoint of a clean , smooth root surface in a defined region on each tooth with each instrument by the 3 therapists with differing experience levels was recorded . The teeth were then atraumatically extracted , stored in a surfactant , photographed at 10X , and the percent of calculus present in the area of the pocket or on a comparable control surface calculated by histometric point counting . ANOVA and paired t tests showed that mean percent remaining calculus on treated versus control surfaces was HAND 4.6 +/- 5.3 versus 57.5 +/- 28.2 , US 4.7 +/- 6.4 versus 54.4 +/- 25.9 , FINDIAM 4.3 +/- 5.2 versus 37.5 +/- 22.1 , and MEDDIAM 3.4 +/- 4.2 versus 50.7 +/- 20.1 , respectively ( all P < 0.01 ) . The mean time in seconds to reach the clinical endpoint ranged from HAND 289 +/- 193 , US 194 +/- 67 , FINDIAM 167 +/- 71 , to MEDDIAM 147 +/- 92 . All powered instruments were significantly faster than HAND ( P < 0.05 ) , but did not differ from each other . On a 0 = \" smooth \" to 3 = \" rough \" scale , most often HAND resulted in \" smooth \" surfaces ( 10/20 ) , the powered tips of all types \" slight \" surface roughness ( 10/20 each ) , and US the most \" moderate \" roughness ( 7/20 ) . There were no differences in percent calculus remaining , surface roughness , or time spent among the 3 treating clinicians despite their varying experience levels . The results of this study showed that percent calculus remaining was < 5 % with all the instruments given time ad libitum on a given root surface . Root roughness was generally slightly greater with all 3 powered tips . All of the powered instruments took significantly less time than the HAND . Both DIAM tips took less time than US . Diamond-coated ultrasonic tips appeared to be much more efficient than HAND or US in removing calculus in moderate-deep probing depths on single-rooted teeth in vivo ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2702 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89918", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "diamond-coated ultrasonic tips" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89919", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "subgingival calculus removal" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89920", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "new diamond-coated ultrasonic tips" ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 416 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89921", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "hand curets ( HAND )" ], "offsets": [ [ 647, 667 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89922", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "standard smooth ultrasonic tip ( US )" ], "offsets": [ [ 670, 707 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89923", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "fine grit ( FINDIAM )" ], "offsets": [ [ 713, 734 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89924", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "medium grit ( MEDDIAM ) diamond-coated ultrasonic tips" ], "offsets": [ [ 738, 792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89925", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "US" ], "offsets": [ [ 703, 705 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89926", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Diamond-coated ultrasonic tips" ], "offsets": [ [ 2535, 2565 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89927", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "speed and effectiveness of subgingival calculus removal" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89928", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "calculus removal" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89929", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "speed and effectiveness of subgingival calculus removal" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89930", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time taken to reach the therapeutic endpoint of a clean , smooth root surface in a defined region on each tooth" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 910 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89931", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean percent remaining calculus" ], "offsets": [ [ 1271, 1302 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89932", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean time in seconds to reach the clinical endpoint" ], "offsets": [ [ 1546, 1597 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89933", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "\" smooth \" surfaces" ], "offsets": [ [ 1875, 1894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89934", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "\" slight \" surface roughness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1937, 1965 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89935", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "\" moderate \" roughness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1999, 2021 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89936", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percent calculus remaining , surface roughness , or time spent among the 3 treating clinicians" ], "offsets": [ [ 2062, 2156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89937", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percent calculus remaining" ], "offsets": [ [ 2062, 2088 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89938", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Root roughness" ], "offsets": [ [ 2347, 2361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89939", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 803 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89940", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 803 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89941", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "80 teeth with 5 to 12 mm probing depths in 15 patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 567 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89943", "type": "document", "text": [ "The low-dose monoethylglycinexylidide test : assessment of liver function with fewer side effects . The hepatic metabolism of lidocaine ( 1 mg/kg intravenously ) to its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide ( MEG-X ) is the basis of the standard MEG-X test . To reduce the lidocaine-induced side effects , we evaluated the MEG-X formation after 0.5 and 1 mg/kg lidocaine intravenously in subjects with normal ( n = 5 ) and severely impaired liver function ( n = 7 ) ( study I ) . From this study , a low-dose test ( MEG-X concentration 30 minutes after 50 mg lidocaine intravenously [ MEG-X30min ] normalized to standard MEG-X test results ) was developed . Sensory side effects from this low dose and from the standard MEG-X test were compared in a double-blind , randomized , cross-over study ( study II ) comprising 15 individuals with normal liver function and 45 patients with cirrhosis ( 15 Child A , 15 Child B , and 15 Child C ) . In study I , MEG-X formation rate was dose-independent in patients with severely impaired liver function . In study II , normalized MEG-X test results ( ranging from < or = 4 to 120 microg/L ) were virtually identical to the standard test results ( mean difference : -1.9 microg/L ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : -5.3 ; 1.5 microg/L ) . Fewer individuals experienced side effects ( 30 % vs. 53 % ) with the low-dose test ( P = .0013 ) . In a multivariate analysis , the Child-Pugh score was inversely related to the occurrence of side effects . The low-dose MEG-X test gives almost identical results to the standard MEG-X test and is associated with fewer side effects , which occur less often in individuals with more severely compromised liver function ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1697 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89944", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 135 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89945", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "monoethylglycinexylidide ( MEG-X )" ], "offsets": [ [ 180, 214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89946", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MEG-X" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89947", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine-induced" ], "offsets": [ [ 271, 288 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89948", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MEG-X" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89949", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MEG-X" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89950", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 135 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89951", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MEG-X30min" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 593 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89952", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MEG-X" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89953", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MEG-X" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89954", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89955", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MEG-X formation rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 970 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89956", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Child-Pugh score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1411, 1427 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89957", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "side effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89958", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fewer side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89960", "type": "document", "text": [ "Low intensity physical training in older subjects . BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a low intensity general training program ( < 50 % of heart rate reserve ) on physical fitness of healthy older subjects , by comparing maximal and submaximal indices of training response . METHODS Twenty-two volunteers over 60 years of age participated in the present study . The sample was randomly divided in an experimental group of 13 older subjects ( 3 men and 10 women , mean age 63.5 +/- 3 years ) while the remaining 9 subjects ( 3 men and 6 women , mean age 64.2 +/- 4 years ) served as inactive control group . After medical screening all participants were evaluated before and after 12 weeks in which the experimental subjects underwent a low intensity training . Each subjects-either inactive or active-performed two treadmill tests at two-days interval , to measure maximal and submaximal responses to exercise , respectively . Heart rate ( HR ) , oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) and pulmonary ventilation ( VE ) were measured using a telemetric apparatus . RESULTS The major finding of the study was the significant improvement in submaximal response to exercise of experimental subjects , expressed by the reduction in HR , VO2 VE while VO2 max did not change . CONCLUSIONS Thus , it appears that a low intensity general training similar to that followed in the present study may represent a good means to improve physical fitness in healthy elderly people . Similarly , this study supports the effectiveness of evaluation tests based on submaximal responses to exercise in this population ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1610 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89961", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Low intensity physical training" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89962", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low intensity general training program" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89963", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "inactive control group" ], "offsets": [ [ 610, 632 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89964", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low intensity training" ], "offsets": [ [ 764, 786 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89965", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "two treadmill tests" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 858 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89966", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "oxygen uptake ( VO2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 975, 996 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89967", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary ventilation ( VE )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1001, 1029 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89968", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "submaximal response to exercise of experimental subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1149, 1205 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89969", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "HR" ], "offsets": [ [ 968, 970 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89970", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 991, 994 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89971", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "VO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 991, 994 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89972", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "physical fitness" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 207 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89973", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "submaximal responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 905, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89974", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "older subjects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "89976", "type": "document", "text": [ "Dose-response relationship of complementary radiotherapy following four cycles of combination chemotherapy in intermediate-stage Hodgkin 's disease . PURPOSE To determine the appropriate irradiation dose after four cycles of modern combination chemotherapy in nonbulky involved field ( IF/BF ) and noninvolved extended-field ( EF/IF ) sites in patients with intermediate-stage Hodgkin 's disease ( HD ) . MATERIALS AND METHODS HD patients in stage I to IIIA with a large mediastinal mass , E stage , or massive spleen involvement were treated with two double cycles of alternating cyclophosphamide , vincristine , procarbazine , and prednisone ( COPP ) plus doxorubicin , bleomycin , vinblastine , and dacarbazine ( ABVD ) followed by EF irradiation in two successive trials ( HD1 and HD5 ) . In the HD1 trial ( 1983 to 1988 ) , 146 patients who responded to chemotherapy were randomized to receive 20 Gy ( 70 patients ) or 40 Gy ( 76 patients ) of EF irradiation in all fields outside bulky disease sites . A cohort of 111 patients who fulfilled the same inclusion criteria in the subsequent trial HD5 ( 1988 to 1993 ) were treated with 30 Gy . Bulky disease always received 40 Gy . RESULTS Freedom-from-treatment-failure ( FFTF ) and survival ( SV ) curves showed no differences between the 20- , 30- , and 40-Gy groups . However , acute toxicities were more frequent in the 40-Gy arm . Analysis of relapse patterns showed that 18 of 26 relapsing patients either failed to respond in initial bulky sites ( n = 5 ) or had an extranodal relapse ( n = 9 ) or both ( n = 4 ) . After 5 years , the cumulative risk for relapse in bulky sites is 10 % , despite 40 Gy of radiation . CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that there is no relevant radiotherapy dose effect in the range between 20 Gy and 40 Gy in IF/BF and EF/IF after 4 months of modern polychemotherapy in patients with intermediate-stage HD . Relapse patterns indicate that patients destined to relapse need more systemic , rather than local , treatment . Based on our data , we conclude that 20 Gy is sufficient in EF/IF of intermediate-stage HD following four cycles of modern polychemotherapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2161 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "89977", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89978", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89979", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "modern combination chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89980", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 581, 597 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89981", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vincristine" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 611 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89982", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "procarbazine" ], "offsets": [ [ 614, 626 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89983", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone ( COPP ) plus doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 633, 669 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89984", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bleomycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 681 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89985", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vinblastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 684, 695 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89986", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dacarbazine ( ABVD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 702, 722 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89987", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "EF irradiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 749 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89988", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiation" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 198 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89989", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89990", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "polychemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1849, 1865 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89991", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "polychemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1849, 1865 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89992", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Freedom-from-treatment-failure ( FFTF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1192, 1231 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89993", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival ( SV ) curves" ], "offsets": [ [ 1236, 1258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89994", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute toxicities" ], "offsets": [ [ 1334, 1350 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89995", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Analysis of relapse patterns" ], "offsets": [ [ 1389, 1417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89996", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "risk for relapse" ], "offsets": [ [ 1606, 1622 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89997", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy dose effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 1743, 1767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89998", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Hodgkin 's disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89999", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90000", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Hodgkin 's disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90001", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HD" ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 400 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90002", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HD" ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 400 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90003", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "stage I to IIIA" ], "offsets": [ [ 442, 457 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90004", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "large mediastinal mass" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 487 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90005", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "E stage" ], "offsets": [ [ 490, 497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90006", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "massive spleen involvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90007", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "146" ], "offsets": [ [ 829, 832 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90008", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90009", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "70" ], "offsets": [ [ 907, 909 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90010", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "76" ], "offsets": [ [ 932, 934 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90011", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "111" ], "offsets": [ [ 1020, 1023 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90012", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "polychemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1849, 1865 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90013", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "intermediate-stage HD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1883, 1904 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90015", "type": "document", "text": [ "Safety and pharmacokinetics of hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) immunoglobulin administered to HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns . Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 185 Pharmacokinetic Study Group . The pharmacokinetics and safety of hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) intravenous immunoglobulin ( HIVIG ) were evaluated in the first 28 maternal-infant pairs enrolled in a randomized , intravenous immunoglobulin ( IVIG ) -controlled trial of HIVIG maternal-infant HIV transmission prophylaxis . Using 200 mg/kg , mean half-life and volume of distribution ( Vd ) in women were 15 days and 72 mL/kg , respectively , after one and 32 days and 154 mL/kg after three monthly infusions , with stable 4 mL/kg/day clearance . Transplacental passage occurred . Newborn single-dose half-life , Vd , and clearance were 30 days , 143 mL/kg , and 4 mL/kg/day , respectively . HIVIG rapidly cleared maternal serum immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen , and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were stable . Mild to moderate adverse clinical effects occurred in 2 of 103 maternal and 2 of 25 infant infusions . No adverse hematologic , blood chemistry , or immunologic effects were seen . HIVIG is well-tolerated in HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns , clears antigenemia , crosses the placenta , and exhibits pharmacokinetics similar to those of other immunoglobulin preparations ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1435 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90016", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) immunoglobulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90017", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) intravenous immunoglobulin ( HIVIG )" ], "offsets": [ [ 280, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90018", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HIVIG" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90019", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HIVIG" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90020", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 6 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90021", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pharmacokinetics" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90022", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pharmacokinetics" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90023", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90024", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "HIVIG rapidly cleared maternal serum immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen , and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 929, 1034 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90025", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse clinical effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1066, 1090 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90026", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse hematologic , blood chemistry , or immunologic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1217 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90027", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "well-tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1239, 1253 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90028", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pharmacokinetics" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90029", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HIV-infected" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90030", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90031", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "28" ], "offsets": [ [ 399, 401 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90032", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "maternal-infant pairs" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 423 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90033", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "intravenous immunoglobulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90034", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HIV" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90035", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "pregnant women" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90036", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "their newborns" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 162 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90038", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ebrotidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer . A multicentre , double-blind , placebo-controlled phase II study . Ebrotidine ( N- [ ( E ) - [ [ 2- [ [ [ 2- [ ( diaminomethylene ) amino ] -4 -thiazoly ] methyl ] thio ] ethyl ] amino ] methylene ] -4-bromo-benzenesulfon amide , CAS 100981-43-9 , FI-3542 ) is a new H2-receptor antagonist characterized by its high receptor affinity and gastroprotective effect . This Phase II study has been undertaken to establish the efficacy and safety of ebrotidine , administered in four dosages as a single evening dose versus placebo in the treatment of duodenal ulcer . A total of 110 duodenal ulcer patients were studied in a randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , multicentre clinical trial . The patients were assigned to 5 groups : placebo , 200 mg , 400 mg , 600 mg and 800 mg of ebrotidine once daily . Controls were performed at baseline and every two weeks at four follow-up visits unless ulcer healed before . Endoscopic examination was the main parameter for the assessment of treatment efficacy and ulcer healing rate . Vital signs and blood/ urine analysis were used to establish safety . The three groups treated with higher dosages ( 400 to 800 mg of ebrotidine daily ) showed an endoscopic ulcer healing rate of 90-95 % , significantly higher than 55 % achieved with placebo ( p < 0.05 ) , whilst the differences between these three dosages of ebrotidine were not statistically significant . Healing rate in the group treated with 200 mg of ebrotidine daily was not significantly different from that in the placebo group . The development of symptoms , number of episodes of ulcer-related pain , total ulcerated surface area or subjective ratings by the patients and investigators also differed significantly between ebrotidine ( 400 , 600 and 800 mg daily ) and placebo , and again , no marked differences were found between these three doses of ebrotidine . As far as tolerance is concerned , no clinically or statistically significant changes were observed in vital signs and analytical parameters . The incidence of side effects was less than that presented by the placebo group , possibly due to a greater consumption of antacids in this group . Results showed that a daily dose of 400 mg ebrotidine is effective and safe in the treatment of duodenal ulcers ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2371 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90039", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ebrotidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90040", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90041", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 127 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90042", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "200 mg , 400 mg , 600 mg and 800 mg of ebrotidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 887 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90043", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90044", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90045", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "treatment efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1079, 1097 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90046", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ulcer healing rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1102, 1120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90047", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Vital signs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1123, 1134 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90048", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "blood/ urine analysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1139, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90049", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "endoscopic ulcer healing rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1286, 1315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90050", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Healing rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1499, 1511 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90051", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "development of symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1634, 1657 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90052", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "number of episodes of ulcer-related pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1660, 1700 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90053", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total ulcerated surface area" ], "offsets": [ [ 1703, 1731 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90054", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1977, 1986 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90055", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 2127, 2139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90056", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "110 duodenal ulcer patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 690 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90058", "type": "document", "text": [ "Efficacy of ebrotidine and ranitidine combined with amoxicillin and metronidazole in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer . This double-blind , randomized , phase III clinical trial was carried out in two parallel groups to assess the efficacy of ebrotidine ( N- [ ( E ) - [ [ 2- [ [ [ 2- [ ( diaminomethylene ) amino ] -4-thiazolyl ] methyl ] thio ] ethyl ] amino ] methylene ] -4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide , CAS 100981-43-9 , FI-3542 ) 400 mg and ranitidine 300 mg given in single evening dose , combined with amoxicillin 750 mg and metronidazole 500 mg three times daily for 14 days , in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer . Thirty patients were included , divided into two groups of 15 , to whom one of the study therapies was administered based on a randomization code . Clinical and endoscopic controls were performed 4 , 6 and 8 weeks after the onset of the treatment . No differences were seen between the two treatment groups with regard to demographic parameters and clinical histories . They were both perfectly homogeneous . There were no differences between the eradication of both therapies in both the antrum and gastric body samples ( over 80 % eradication ) , allowing the results to be classified as satisfactory . Moreover , perfect control was achieved through the study of clinical symptoms , which even disappeared in some cases . There were no differences in the healing rate of the duodenal ulcer after four weeks , 86.7 % being achieved for both groups ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1548 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90059", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ebrotidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90060", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90061", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amoxicillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90062", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metronidazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90063", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ebrotidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90064", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diaminomethylene" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 343 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90065", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "-4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 413, 440 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90066", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90067", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amoxicillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90068", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metronidazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90069", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "eradication" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90070", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "eradication" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90071", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "demographic parameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 1019, 1041 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90072", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical histories" ], "offsets": [ [ 1046, 1064 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90073", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "eradication" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90074", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1363, 1380 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90075", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "healing rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1455, 1467 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90076", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "duodenal ulcer" ], "offsets": [ [ 141, 155 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90077", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "two groups of 15" ], "offsets": [ [ 742, 758 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90079", "type": "document", "text": [ "Circulating blood B cells in multiple myeloma : analysis and relationship to circulating clonal cells and clinical parameters in a cohort of patients entered on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group phase III E9486 clinical trial . Recent analyses of circulating blood B cells in myeloma have generated controversy concerning the exact levels of these cells and whether they may represent circulating clonal tumor B cells . Previous reports suggested that CD19+ B cells are markedly increased in myeloma patients and that this population shares clonotypic rearrangements with the malignant plasma cell . We studied the numbers of CD19+ B cells by flow cytometry in previously untreated newly diagnosed myeloma patients in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ( ECOG ) phase III trial E9486 . There were 628 patients who were eligible for the clinical protocol E9486 , but of these 521 were also entered on the companion laboratory study ( E9487 ) and had CD19 data . In comparison with normal controls , the myeloma patients exhibited a marked heterogeneity in the number of circulating CD19+ B cells as detected by flow cytometry . Approximately 20 % of patients had significantly increased levels of circulating CD19+ B cells . However , the total CD19+ blood population from myeloma was not significantly different from the median of age-matched , normal controls . Analysis of CD19+ blood cells in relationship to circulating clonal cells was done in 13 myeloma patients using a clonotypic , quantitative allele-specific oligonucleotide-polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) assay . No correlation was found between the numbers of CD19+ B cells ( range , 5 % to 51 % ) and PCR estimates of the number of clonal cells in the peripheral blood ( range , .009 % to 3.6 % ) . Low CD19+ B-cell level ( < 125 microL ) was associated with clinical stage III ( P = .033 ) . A significant relationship exists between higher levels ( > or = 125/microL ) of CD19 cells and longer overall survival ( P < .0001 ) . In addition , high CD19 levels also predicted a clinical response and longer event-free survival . There was a strong inverse association between the level of CD19 values at diagnosis and infections within the first 2 months of diagnosis . Importantly , the number of deaths related to infections was significantly greater in the low versus high CD19 group ( P < .0202 ) . Also , CD19 is an independent prognostic factor in addition to plasma cell labeling indices , beta2-microglobulin , hemoglobin , and plasmablastic morphology . Patients with infections were more likely to have low levels of CD19+ cells . In summary , higher CD19+ cell levels are a favorable prognostic sign with no apparent relationship to circulating tumor cells . In addition , this analysis strongly suggests that low peripheral blood levels of CD19+ cells are an adverse prognostic sign in myeloma . The CD19+ cell levels in myeloma patients is an important parameter in the overall assessment of these patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2991 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90080", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Circulating blood B cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90081", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ B cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90082", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "flow cytometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 662 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90083", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "PCR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1568, 1571 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90084", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "CD19 values" ], "offsets": [ [ 2159, 2170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90085", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 462 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90086", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ B cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90087", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ B cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90088", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ B cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90089", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "levels of circulating CD19+ B cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1191, 1226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90090", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total CD19+ blood population" ], "offsets": [ [ 1243, 1271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90091", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ blood cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1380, 1397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90092", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ B cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90093", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ B-cell level" ], "offsets": [ [ 1774, 1792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90094", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical stage III" ], "offsets": [ [ 1830, 1848 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90095", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19 cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1945, 1955 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90096", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "longer overall survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1960, 1983 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90097", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19 levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2019, 2030 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90098", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "event-free survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 2077, 2096 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90099", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19 values" ], "offsets": [ [ 2159, 2170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90100", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "number of deaths related to infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 2258, 2296 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90101", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "levels of CD19+ cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 2587, 2608 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90102", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ cell levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2631, 2648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90103", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood levels of CD19+" ], "offsets": [ [ 2806, 2827 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90104", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CD19+ cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 2597, 2607 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90105", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group phase III E9486 clinical trial" ], "offsets": [ [ 165, 230 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90106", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "myeloma patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 513 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90107", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "628 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 814 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90108", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "521" ], "offsets": [ [ 880, 883 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90110", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of age and activity on knee joint proprioception . Falls lead to significant morbidity and mortality in persons older than 65 years of age . Impaired proprioception may be a contributing factor to falls , and this may be influenced by the level of habitual physical activity . The primary purpose of this study was to investigate knee joint proprioception among young volunteers and active and sedentary elderly volunteers . Knee joint proprioception was measured through reproduction of static knee angles using a Penny and Giles electrogoniometer . The secondary purpose of this investigation was to test the reproducibility of the Penny and Giles electrogoniometer in measuring static knee angles . Sixteen young subjects ( age range , 19-27 years ) and 24 elderly subjects ( age range , 60-86 years ) participated . Subjects were given a screening history and physical examination to exclude neuromuscular or vestibular disorders or lower limb injuries . Knee joint proprioception was measured two times during one week . The elderly group was separated into active and sedentary subgroups based on their level of activity during the past year . The electrogoniometer was placed laterally across the dominant knee joint . From the prone position each subject attained one of ten randomly predetermined knee joint angles from 10 degrees to 60 degrees . The subject then returned to the starting position and reproduced the test angle . The absolute angular error ( the absolute difference between the test angle and subject perceived angle of knee flexion ) was determined . A positive correlation was found between control visits for all subjects ( r = 0.88 ) , and significant differences were observed between young ( mean , 2.01 +/- 0.46 degrees ) and active-fold ( mean , 3.12 +/- 1.12 degrees ; P < 0.001 ) , young and sedentary-old ( mean , 4.58 +/- 1.93 degrees ; P < 0.001 ) , and active-old and sedentary-old ( P < 0.03 ) . These findings demonstrate that the Penny and Giles electrogoniometer is a reproducible device for measuring knee joint angles in both young and elderly subjects . Furthermore , we found that proprioception is diminished with age and that regular activity may attenuate this decline . One strategy to reduce the incidence of poor proprioception and fall with ageing may be regular exercise ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2335 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90111", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Penny and Giles electrogoniometer" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 555 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90112", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Penny and Giles electrogoniometer" ], "offsets": [ [ 522, 555 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90113", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "knee joint proprioception ." ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90114", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "morbidity" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90115", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90116", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Knee joint proprioception" ], "offsets": [ [ 432, 457 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90117", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "reproducibility of the Penny and Giles electrogoniometer" ], "offsets": [ [ 618, 674 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90118", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "measuring static knee angles ." ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 708 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90119", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Knee joint proprioception" ], "offsets": [ [ 432, 457 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90120", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "absolute angular error" ], "offsets": [ [ 1450, 1472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90121", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proprioception" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90122", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proprioception" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90123", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "persons older than 65 years of age ." ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90124", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "knee joint proprioception among young volunteers and active and sedentary elderly volunteers ." ], "offsets": [ [ 337, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90126", "type": "document", "text": [ "The benefit of low-dose dopamine during vigorous diuresis for congestive heart failure associated with renal insufficiency : does it protect renal function ? BACKGROUND Low-dose dopamine , a renal vasodilator , has been used empirically to improve renal function or outcome in critically ill patients with oliguria or acute renal failure . HYPOTHESIS This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of low-dose dopamine ( 2 micrograms/kg/min ) as a renal-protective agent during vigorous diuresis for congestive heart failure ( CHF ) associated with mild or moderate renal insufficiency . METHODS Of 20 study patients ( mean age 74.3 +/- 15 years ) with severe CHF , 10 ( Group A ) were randomized to a treatment strategy of intravenous bumetanide ( 1 mg b.i.d . ) alone and another 10 ( Group B ) to low-dose dopamine and a similar diuretic regimen for a duration of 5 days or less if clinical edema remitted . RESULTS Group B patients showed a significant improvement in renal function and urinary output : serum blood urea nitrogen 48.9 +/- 10.3 to 32.1 +/- 14.4 mg/dl ( p < 0.05 ) ; serum creatinine 1.97 +/- 0.24 to 1.49 +/- 0.39 mg/dl ( p < 0.05 ) ; creatinine clearance 35.6 +/- 11.6 to 48.8 +/- 12.3 ml/min ( p < 0.05 ) ; and indexed urinary output 0.56 +/- 0.16 to 2.02 +/- 0.72 ml/kg/h ( p < 0.05 ) . Group A patients showed a significant increase in urinary output but nonsignificant renal functional deterioration . CONCLUSION The renal-protective effect of low-dose dopamine in the setting of CHF and vigorous diuresis is supported by this study ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1564 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90127", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90128", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90129", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90130", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bumetanide" ], "offsets": [ [ 741, 751 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90131", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90132", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90133", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "renal function and urinary output" ], "offsets": [ [ 977, 1010 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90134", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum blood urea nitrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1013, 1038 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90135", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1091, 1107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90136", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "creatinine clearance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1160, 1180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90137", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "indexed urinary output" ], "offsets": [ [ 1238, 1260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90138", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urinary output" ], "offsets": [ [ 996, 1010 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90139", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nonsignificant renal functional deterioration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1384, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90140", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "congestive heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90141", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90142", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "critically ill" ], "offsets": [ [ 277, 291 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90143", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "oliguria" ], "offsets": [ [ 306, 314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90144", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90145", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "20" ], "offsets": [ [ 604, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90146", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "mean age 74.3 +/- 15 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 624, 650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90147", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "severe CHF ," ], "offsets": [ [ 658, 670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90148", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "10" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 673 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90150", "type": "document", "text": [ "Clozapine versus placebo in Huntington 's disease : a double blind randomised comparative study . OBJECTIVES To establish the effect of the atypical neuroleptic clozapine on chorea , voluntary motor performance , and functional disability in patients with Huntington 's disease . METHODS Thirty three patients with Huntington 's disease participated in a double blind randomised trial . A maximum of 150 mg/day clozapine or placebo equivalent was given for a period of 31 days . Assessments were performed in the week before and at the last day of the trial . Chorea was scored using the abnormal involuntary movement scale ( AIMS ) , the chorea score of the unified Huntington 's disease rating scale ( UHDRS ) , and judgement of video recordings . Voluntary motor performance was assessed using the UHDRS motor scale . Patients and their partners completed a questionnaire regarding functional disability . Twelve patients already used other neuroleptic medication , which was kept unchanged during the trial period . Results of neuroleptic naive and neuroleptic treated patients were analysed separately . RESULTS Clozapine tended to reduce chorea in neuroleptic naive patients only ( AIMS ) ; improvement seemed more pronounced in patients receiving higher doses of clozapine . Other measures of chorea ( UHDRS chorea score , video ratings ) showed no improvement . Clozapine had no beneficial effect on chorea in patients already receiving neuroleptic medication . Voluntary motor performance did not improve with clozapine . Neuroleptic naive patients reported aggravation of functional disability , possibly reflecting the frequent occurrence of side effects . Adverse reactions forced trial termination in six patients and dose reduction in another eight , and consisted mainly of drowsiness , fatigue , anticholinergic symptoms , and walking difficulties . CONCLUSIONS Clozapine has little beneficial effect in patients with Huntington 's disease , although individual patients may tolerate doses high enough to reduce chorea . Because adverse reactions are often encountered , clozapine should be used with restraint in this patient group ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2150 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90151", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90152", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90153", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90154", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90155", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "or placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90156", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90157", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90158", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90159", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clozapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90160", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "chorea" ], "offsets": [ [ 174, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90161", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "measures of chorea ( UHDRS chorea score , video ratings )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1288, 1345 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90162", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "chorea" ], "offsets": [ [ 174, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90163", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Voluntary motor performance" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 777 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90164", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "functional disability" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 238 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90165", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "drowsiness , fatigue , anticholinergic symptoms , and walking difficulties" ], "offsets": [ [ 1789, 1863 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90166", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Huntington 's disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90167", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty three" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 300 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90169", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment with buspirone in a patient with autism . This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of buspirone hydrochloride for the treatment of a patient with autism and hyperactivity disorder and determines the effect of buspirone on the number of performance tasks completed by the patient at school . A 3-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover study was performed in a private physician , office-based practice . A child with autism , which was diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Third Edition , Revised , criteria , was studied . The child received placebo for 3 weeks and buspirone for 3 weeks ; there was a 1-week interval between the 2 treatments . The outcome was measured by using Conners abbreviated parent and teacher questionnaires and by determining the number of daily performance tasks completed by the child at school . Statistical analysis was performed by linear models and standard F tests . Buspirone was found to be safe and efficacious , without side effects , for decreasing hyperactivity and increasing completed performance tasks . The beneficial effects of buspirone in helping this patient with autism in his natural daily settings suggest that buspirone may be an alternative to neuroleptic agents in the medical therapy of autism ; further study in other patients is needed ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1351 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90170", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90171", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90172", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90173", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 331, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90174", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo for 3 weeks" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 619 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90175", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90176", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 967 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90177", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "buspirone" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90178", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Conners abbreviated parent and teacher questionnaires" ], "offsets": [ [ 737, 790 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90179", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe and efficacious" ], "offsets": [ [ 984, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90180", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "without side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1007, 1027 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90181", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "hyperactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 171, 184 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90182", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "completed performance tasks" ], "offsets": [ [ 1074, 1101 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90183", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patient with autism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90185", "type": "document", "text": [ "Brief report : autistic children 's attentiveness and responsivity improve after touch therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 96 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90186", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "touch therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90187", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90188", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children 's" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90190", "type": "document", "text": [ "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the treatment of premenstrual symptoms with and without ongoing dysphoria : a controlled study . Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH ) agonists have been shown to reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) . This randomized , placebo-controlled study examined the efficacy of the GnRH agonist , leuprolide acetate depot , in a clearly defined PMS sample versus women with premenstrual symptoms in combination with dysphoric symptoms throughout the cycle , termed the premenstrual exacerbation ( PME ) group . Evaluation included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R , administered in the follicular phase , and the subject Penn Dally Symptoms Report ( DSR ) maintained throughout the study . Thirty-three eligible women were randomized to double-blind treatment and administered 3.75 mg of depot leuprolide or a placebo once a month for 3 months . The subjects were seen for efficacy evaluations at the end of each cycle . Outcome measures were the DSRs and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM-D17 ) . The PMS leuprolide subjects improved significantly compared with the PMS placebo and PME leuprolide groups . The PME leuprolide group , who had dysphoric symptoms throughout the cycle , did not improve . Depression symptoms were at clinical levels premenstrually in the PMS and PME groups ; following treatment they remitted in the PMS group but not in the PME leuprolide subjects . Efficacy did not occur until after several months of leuprolide treatment , but there was no evidence that PMS symptoms worsened with the onset of treatment . These results replicate the findings in our preliminary open-label study . Leuprolide reduced PMS symptoms to minimal levels where symptoms were limited to the luteal phase . Leuprolide was not effective for women with ongoing dysphoric symptoms , suggesting that premenstrual depression may have mechanisms different from those of other dysphoric mood disorders ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1984 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90191", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90192", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH ) agonists" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90193", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GnRH agonist" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90194", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "3.75 mg of depot leuprolide" ], "offsets": [ [ 840, 867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90195", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 283 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90196", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leuprolide" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90197", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leuprolide" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90198", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leuprolide" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90199", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leuprolide" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90200", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Leuprolide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1695, 1705 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90201", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Leuprolide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1695, 1705 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90202", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "symptoms of premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 214, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90203", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 626 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90204", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "subject Penn Dally Symptoms Report ( DSR )" ], "offsets": [ [ 676, 718 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90205", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 314, 322 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90206", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "DSRs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1010, 1014 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90207", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM-D17 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1023, 1075 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90208", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "dysphoric symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 464, 482 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90209", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Depression symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1282, 1301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90210", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PMS symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1568, 1580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90211", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PMS symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 1568, 1580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90212", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "clearly defined PMS sample" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90213", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "women with premenstrual symptoms in combination with dysphoric symptoms throughout the cycle ," ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90214", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "premenstrual exacerbation ( PME )" ], "offsets": [ [ 517, 550 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90215", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty-three" ], "offsets": [ [ 753, 765 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90216", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 416 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90218", "type": "document", "text": [ "Mortality in patients with small choroidal melanoma . COMS report no . 4 . The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group . OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical characteristics and survival experience of a prospectively followed up group of patients with small choroidal melanoma . METHODS The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study ( COMS ) is a set of clinical trials designed to compare the role of radiotherapy and enucleation in the treatment of medium and large-size choroidal melanoma . From December 1986 to August 1989 , patients with small choroidal melanoma , not large enough to be eligible for the COMS clinical trials , were offered participation in a nonrandomized prospective follow-up study . Small choroidal melanomas were defined as 1.0 to 3.0 mm in apical height and at least 5.0 mm in basal diameter . A total of 204 patients were enrolled in the study . Patients were followed up annually through August 1989 . Two additional assessments of treatment status and mortality were conducted in 1993-1994 and 1995-1996 . The median length of follow-up was 92 months . Eight percent of patients were treated at the time of study enrollment and an additional 33 % were treated during follow-up . RESULTS Twenty-seven patients have died ; 6 deaths were reported by the clinical center as due to metastatic melanoma . The Kaplan-Meier estimate of 5-year all-cause mortality was 6.0 % ( 95 % confidence interval , 2.7 % -9.3 % ) and 8-year all-cause mortality was 14.9 % ( 95 % confidence interval , 9.6 % -20.2 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Otherwise healthy patients , average age of 60 years , without a previous diagnosis of malignant disease who have small choroidal lesions judged to be melanoma have a low risk of dying within 5 years ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1737 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90219", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "radiotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 408 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90220", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "enucleation" ], "offsets": [ [ 413, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90221", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90222", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 978, 987 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90223", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "median length" ], "offsets": [ [ 1036, 1049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90224", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "died" ], "offsets": [ [ 1240, 1244 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90225", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1249, 1255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90226", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "metastatic melanoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1303, 1322 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90227", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 978, 987 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90228", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 978, 987 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90229", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "choroidal lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1656, 1673 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90231", "type": "document", "text": [ "Safety of nifedipine in patients with hypertension : a meta-analysis . Our objective was to compare cardiovascular event rates in patients with mild or moderate hypertension who received nifedipine with active drug controls . We performed a MEDLARS search using the MeSH heading \" hypertension \" and the text word \" nifedipine \" to identify all articles that were published between 1966 and August 1995 in English , French , German , Italian , and Spanish languages and that involved human subjects . The computerized search was supplemented by a manual search of article bibliographies . Review of 1880 citations revealed 98 randomized controlled clinical trials that met protocol criteria . Articles were extracted independently by two doctors who were blinded for author , institution , and treatment regimen , using a structured , pretested extraction form . Differences of opinion were resolved by consensus . Fourteen events occurred in 5198 exposures ( 0.27 % ) to nifedipine and 24 events in 5402 exposures ( 0.44 % ) to other active drug controls . Unadjusted odds ratios for nifedipine versus controls were 0.49 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.22-1.09 ) for definitive events ( death , nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke , revascularization procedure ) and 0.61 ( 95 % CI , 0.31-1.17 ) for all events ( definitive plus increased angina ) . The odds ratio for nifedipine monotherapy ( sustained- or extended-release in 91 % of exposures ) was nonsignificantly higher for definitive and all events ( odds ratio , 1.40 ; 95 % CI , 0.49-4.03 and odds ratio , 1.39 ; 95 % CI , 0.59-3.32 , respectively ) . The odds ratio for nifedipine in combination with another drug was significantly lower for definitive and all events ( odds ratio , 0.09 ; 95 % CI , 0.01-0.66 and odds ratio , 0.15 ; 95 % CI , 0.03-0.65 , respectively ) . Differences in odds ratio for nifedipine monotherapy and combined therapy were statistically significant ( P=.02 for definitive events and P=.001 for all events ) . Results support the safety of sustained- and extended-release nifedipine in the treatment of mild or moderate hypertension when it is used in combination with other drugs ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2182 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90232", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90233", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90234", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "active drug controls" ], "offsets": [ [ 203, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90235", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90236", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90237", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90238", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90239", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90240", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90241", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 6 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90242", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular event rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90243", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Unadjusted odds ratios" ], "offsets": [ [ 1058, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90244", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1194, 1199 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90245", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke , revascularization procedure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1202, 1272 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90246", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "all events ( definitive plus increased angina ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1312, 1361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90247", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "odds ratio for nifedipine monotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1366, 1403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90248", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "odds ratio for nifedipine in combination with another drug" ], "offsets": [ [ 1627, 1685 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90249", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Differences in odds ratio for nifedipine monotherapy and combined therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1845, 1918 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90250", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety of sustained- and extended-release nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2030, 2082 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90251", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 50 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90252", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "mild or moderate hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 173 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90254", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Clinical diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis after hip replacement surgery ] . Hip replacement surgery is associated with a high frequency of postoperative deep vein thrombosis . This prospective study was performed in order to investigate if routine bedside questioning and examination by the visiting doctor could reveal deep vein thrombosis in the legs of patients who had received a hip replacement . 258 patients were evaluated . Thromboprophylaxis ( dextran-70 , low molecular weight heparin and graded elastic stockings ) was given during the first week after operation . Bilateral venography was performed in all patients on day seven after operation , and showed an overall deep vein thrombosis incidence of 16 % . The visiting doctors had not suspected deep vein thrombosis in any of the patients . This may have been because postoperative painful and swollen legs effectively masked any signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis . Our results show that deep vein thrombosis during the first week after hip replacement surgery can not be discovered by clinical diagnostics . The high subclinical frequency of deep vein thrombosis indicates the importance of improving thromboprophylaxis in order to further minimise the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis and the risk of thromboembolic complications ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1314 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90255", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "routine bedside questioning and examination by the visiting doctor" ], "offsets": [ [ 245, 311 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90256", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Thromboprophylaxis ( dextran-70 , low molecular weight heparin and" ], "offsets": [ [ 437, 503 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90257", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "graded elastic stockings" ], "offsets": [ [ 504, 528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90258", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ ")" ], "offsets": [ [ 529, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90259", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Bilateral venography" ], "offsets": [ [ 581, 601 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90260", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "postoperative painful and" ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 863 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90261", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "swollen legs" ], "offsets": [ [ 864, 876 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90262", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "deep vein thrombosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 178 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90263", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hip replacement" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90265", "type": "document", "text": [ "2-Chloroprocaine antagonism of epidural morphine analgesia . BACKGROUND 2-Chloroprocaine ( 2-CP ) used for lumbar epidural anesthesia ( LEA ) reportedly decreases the efficacy of epidural morphine ( EM ) administered for post-cesarean section ( CS ) analgesia . The amount of supplemental i.v . morphine self-administered by the patient via the patient-controlled analgesia device ( PCA ) is used to study the interaction between EM and 2-CP . METHODS Forty-two patients scheduled for elective CS were randomly divided into 3 equal groups , and received 2-CP , 2-CP + epinephrine ( Epi , 5 micrograms.ml-1 ) or 2 % lidocaine ( Lido ) with Epi for LEA . All patients received 5 mg EM and i.v . PCA morphine for postoperative pain . Cumulative amount of i.v . morphine used in the first 24 hours as well as the amount of the drug used during each 2-h period were noted . Nonparametric analysis of variance and Chi-squared analysis were used for statistical comparisons . RESULTS The mean cumulative 24-h i.v . PCA morphine requirement in the 2-CP , 2-CP+Epi and Lido+Epi groups respectively was 20.5 +/- 24 , 33.1.5 +/- 27 and 4.07 +/- ( mean +/- SD ) . The Lido + Epi group used significantly less morphine ( P = 0.01 ) compared to either of the 2-CP groups with no significant difference between the 2-CP groups . The maximum i.v . PCA morphine use occurred in the first 4 hours following surgery in all three groups . CONCLUSION Analgesic efficacy of EM is decreased when 2-CP is used for LEA compared to when Lido + Epi is used ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1531 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90266", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-Chloroprocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 16 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90267", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-Chloroprocaine ( 2-CP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90268", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine ( EM )" ], "offsets": [ [ 188, 203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90269", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90270", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "EM" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90271", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90272", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90273", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP + epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 579 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90274", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2 % lidocaine ( Lido ) with Epi" ], "offsets": [ [ 611, 642 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90275", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "EM" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90276", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PCA morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 693, 705 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90277", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90278", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90279", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP+Epi" ], "offsets": [ [ 1047, 1055 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90280", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90281", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90282", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90283", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "EM" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90284", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2-CP" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90285", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lido + Epi" ], "offsets": [ [ 1156, 1166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90286", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cumulative amount of i.v . morphine used in the first 24 hours" ], "offsets": [ [ 731, 793 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90287", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "amount of the drug used during each 2-h period" ], "offsets": [ [ 809, 855 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90288", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean cumulative 24-h i.v . PCA morphine requirement" ], "offsets": [ [ 981, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90289", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "less morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1192, 1205 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90290", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "maximum i.v . PCA morphine use" ], "offsets": [ [ 1318, 1348 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90291", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Analgesic efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1430, 1448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90292", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "post-cesarean section ( CS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90294", "type": "document", "text": [ "High-dose pyridoxine and magnesium administration in children with autistic disorder : an absence of salutary effects in a double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Several reports have described salutary effects such as decreased physical aggression and improved social responsiveness being associated with the administration of high doses of pyridoxine and magnesium ( HDPM ) in open-labeled and controlled studies of patients with autism . Despite this fact , this intervention remains controversial . A 10-week double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to examine both the efficacy and safety of HDPM in autism . Twelve patients were enrolled , and 10 patients ( mean age 6 years 3 months ) were able to complete the study . HDPM at an average dose of 638.9 mg of pyridoxine and 216.3 mg of magnesium oxide was ineffective in ameliorating autistic behaviors as assessed by the Children 's Psychiatric Rating Scale ( CPRS ) , the Clinical Global Impression Scale , and the NIMH Global Obsessive Compulsive Scale . Furthermore , no clinically significant side effects were noted during HDPM administration . A trend for a transient change on the CPRS was found that was possibly due to a placebo response . This study raises doubts about the clinical effectiveness of HDPM in autistic disorder ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1310 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90295", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "High-dose pyridoxine and magnesium administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90296", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridoxine and magnesium ( HDPM )" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90297", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HDPM" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90298", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HDPM" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90299", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridoxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90300", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "magnesium oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 808, 823 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90301", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HDPM" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90302", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HDPM" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90303", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "ameliorating autistic behaviors" ], "offsets": [ [ 843, 874 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90304", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Children 's Psychiatric Rating Scale ( CPRS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 939 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90305", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "the Clinical Global Impression Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 978 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90306", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "NIMH Global Obsessive Compulsive Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 1027 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90307", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90308", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90309", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 440 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90310", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twelve" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 636 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90311", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "10" ], "offsets": [ [ 507, 509 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90312", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "6 years 3 months" ], "offsets": [ [ 689, 705 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90314", "type": "document", "text": [ "Cranberry concentrate : UTI prophylaxis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 41 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90315", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Cranberry concentrate" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90316", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "UTI" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90318", "type": "document", "text": [ "Association of PML-RAR alpha fusion mRNA type with pretreatment hematologic characteristics but not treatment outcome in acute promyelocytic leukemia : an intergroup molecular study . In each case of acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) one of three PML-RAR alpha mRNA types is produced , depending on the break/fusion site in the PML gene that is linked to a common RAR alpha gene segment : a short ( S ) -form type , PML exon 3 RAR alpha exon 3 ; a long ( L ) -form type , PML exon 6 RAR alpha exon 3 ; or a variable ( V ) -form type , variably deleted PML exon 6 RAR alpha exon 3 . We evaluated whether PML-RAR alpha mRNA type is associated with distinct pretreatment clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcome in previously untreated adult APL patients registered to protocol INT 0129 by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group , the Southwest Oncology Group , and the Cancer and Leukemia Group B . Of 279 clinically eligible cases , 230 were molecularly evaluable , and of these , 111 were randomized to receive remission induction therapy with all-trans retinoic acid ( ATRA ) and 119 with conventional chemotherapy . Nine cases not excluded by central pathology review were PML-RAR alpha negative , and notably , none of five of these cases treated with ATRA achieved complete remission ( CR ) . Among 221 PML-RAR alpha-positive cases , there were 82 S-form cases ( 37 % ) , 121 L-form cases ( 55 % ) , and 18 V-form cases ( 8 % ) . Before any antileukemic therapy , the S-form type , compared with the L-form type , was associated with higher values for the white blood cell ( WBC ) count ( median 2,500/microL v 1,600/microL ; P = .009 ) , the percentage of blood blasts plus promyelocytes ( median 29 % v 8.5 % ; P = .03 ) , and the absolute blood blasts plus promyelocytes ( 884/microL v 126/microL ; P = .019 ) . Also , an increased percentage of S-form versus L-form cases had the M3 variant phenotype , 24 % v 12 % ( P = .036 ) . There were no differences between S-form and L-form cases in either CR rate ( 79 % v 69 % ; P = .14 ) or disease free survival distribution ( multivariate analysis adjusting for the association of S-form type and higher WBC count ; P = .40 ) . We conclude that the S-form type is associated with previously-identified adverse risk WBC parameters but that the identification of the S-form or L-form type of PML-RAR alpha mRNA , per se , does not predict clinical outcome or add to the value of an increased WBC count as a negative prognostic indicator in APL patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2517 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90319", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "receive remission induction therapy with all-trans retinoic acid ( ATRA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1014, 1087 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90320", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "conventional chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1101, 1126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90321", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hematologic characteristics" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90322", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PML-RAR alpha negative" ], "offsets": [ [ 1186, 1208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90323", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "complete remission" ], "offsets": [ [ 1280, 1298 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90324", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "white blood cell ( WBC ) count" ], "offsets": [ [ 1571, 1601 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90325", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood blasts plus promyelocytes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1672, 1703 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90326", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "absolute blood blasts plus promyelocytes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1748, 1788 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90327", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "M3 variant phenotype" ], "offsets": [ [ 1899, 1919 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90328", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CR rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 2017, 2024 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90329", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "disease free survival distribution" ], "offsets": [ [ 2054, 2088 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90330", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute promyelocytic leukemia :" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90331", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 236 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90332", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 744, 749 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90333", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "279" ], "offsets": [ [ 911, 914 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90334", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "230" ], "offsets": [ [ 943, 946 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90336", "type": "document", "text": [ "Active warming , not passive heat retention , maintains normothermia during combined epidural-general anesthesia for hip and knee arthroplasty . STUDY OBJECTIVE to compare passive heat retention by low-flow anesthesia , alone and with additional thermal insulation by reflective blankets , with forced-air warming preventing intraoperative hypothermia during combined epidural-general anesthesia . DESIGN Randomized , controlled study . SETTING Inpatient anesthesia at a university department of orthopedic surgery . PATIENTS 30 ASA physical status I and II patients , who were scheduled for elective hip or knee arthroplasty and were free from systemic disease . INTERVENTIONS Patients received epidural block up to T10 by alkalinized lidocaine 2 % , and then were administered standard general anesthesia by means of low-flow rebreathing system ( fresh gas flow = 1 L/min ) . All procedures started between 8 and 10 AM , and operating room ( OR ) temperature was maintained between 21 degrees and 23 degrees C , with relative humidity ranging between 40 % and 45 % . For heat retention or warming therapy , patients received either low-flow anesthesia only ( control , n = 10 ) , low-flow anesthesia with additional reflective blankets ( blanket , n = 10 ) , or low-flow anesthesia with active forced-air warming ( forced-air , n = 10 ) . Tympanic temperature was measured at OR arrival ( baseline ) ; immediately following general anesthesia induction ; 30 , 60 , 90 , and 120 minutes from general anesthesia induction ; and at the end of surgery . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Duration of anesthesia , invasiveness of surgery , and baseline core temperature were similar in the three groups . Core temperature decreased in all the three groups 30 minutes after general anesthesia induction compared with baseline ( p < 0.01 ) ; afterwards , it progressively decreased in the control and blankets groups ( p = 0.004 ) , with a reduction from baseline values measured at the end of surgery of 2.0 degrees C and 1.6 degrees C , respectively . In the forced-air group , after the initial significant decrease ( p = 0.01 vs. baseline ) , core temperature progressively increased to 35.8 +/- 0.6 degrees C , which was similar to preoperative values and significantly higher than either the control or blankets groups ( p = 0.004 ) . CONCLUSIONS During combined epidural-general anesthesia for elective hip and knee arthroplasty , passive heat retention by means of low-flow anesthesia alone and in combination with reflective blankets is ineffective in maintaining intraoperative normothermia and definitely inferior to active forced-air warning ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2646 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90337", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Active warming" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90338", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alkalinized lidocaine 2 %" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 749 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90339", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low-flow rebreathing system" ], "offsets": [ [ 819, 846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90340", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low-flow anesthesia only" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1158 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90341", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low-flow anesthesia with additional reflective blankets" ], "offsets": [ [ 1182, 1237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90342", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low-flow anesthesia with active forced-air warming" ], "offsets": [ [ 1264, 1314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90343", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "low-flow anesthesia alone and in combination with reflective blankets" ], "offsets": [ [ 2464, 2533 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90344", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "normothermia" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90345", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Tympanic temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 1341, 1361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90346", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Duration of anesthesia , invasiveness of surgery , and baseline core temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 1582, 1662 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90347", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Core temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 1698, 1714 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90348", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reduction from baseline values" ], "offsets": [ [ 1931, 1961 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90349", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "core temperature" ], "offsets": [ [ 1646, 1662 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90350", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maintaining intraoperative normothermia" ], "offsets": [ [ 2552, 2591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90351", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "arthroplasty" ], "offsets": [ [ 130, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90352", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "30" ], "offsets": [ [ 526, 528 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90353", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "I" ], "offsets": [ [ 157, 158 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90354", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "II" ], "offsets": [ [ 555, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90355", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "systemic disease ." ], "offsets": [ [ 645, 663 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90357", "type": "document", "text": [ "Intravenous pretreatment of hypertonic saline can prevent systemic hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia . BACKGROUND Hypertonic saline improves organ perfusion and patient survival during hemorrhagic shock because it expands plasma volume and increases tissue oxygenation . Its beneficial results have been reported in patients suffering from hypotension during spinal anesthesia . The purpose of this study was to compare the influence between prehydration with 3 % hypertonic saline and with isotonic lactated Ringer 's solution on the hemodynamic changes and serum electrolyte concentrations in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia . METHODS Sixty ASA class I patients scheduled for herniorrhapy under spinal anesthesia were assigned randomly into two groups . Group 1 = patients were prehydrated with isotonic lactated Ringer 's solution at 7 mg/kg ( n = 30 ) ; Group 2 = patients were given prehydration with 3 % hypertonic saline at 7 ml/kg ( n = 30 ) . Following prehydration , arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded and serum electrolyte concentrations were measured . RESULTS The incidence of hypotension was 17/30 ( 57 % ) in the isotonic lactated Ringer 's solution group as against 7/30 ( 23 % ) in the hypertonic saline group ( p < 0.05 ) . There was no significant difference between two groups in relation to the level of anesthesia or maximal heart rate , and electrolyte imbalance did not occur in either group . CONCLUSIONS Prior to spinal anesthesia , hydration with small amount of hypertonic saline is effective to minimize hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia . If so administered it would not increase bodily sodium load and unlike isotonic crystalloid solution it dose not cause accumulation of water in the body on equipollent basis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1787 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90358", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hypertonic saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90359", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hypertonic saline and with isotonic lactated Ringer 's solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 471, 534 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90360", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "herniorrhapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 691, 703 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90361", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prehydrated with isotonic lactated Ringer 's solution at 7 mg/kg" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 857 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90362", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prehydration with 3 % hypertonic saline at 7 ml/kg" ], "offsets": [ [ 901, 951 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90363", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hypertonic saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90364", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systemic hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90365", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "organ perfusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 163 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90366", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "patient survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 184 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90367", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arterial blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 990, 1013 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90368", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1018, 1028 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90369", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum electrolyte concentrations" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 598 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90370", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "incidence of hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1108, 1132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90371", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "significant difference" ], "offsets": [ [ 1286, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90372", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "level of anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1347, 1366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90373", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maximal heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1370, 1388 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90374", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "electrolyte imbalance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1395, 1416 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90375", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixty" ], "offsets": [ [ 650, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90377", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of hand-sewn and stapled esophagogastric anastomosis after esophageal resection for cancer : a prospective randomized controlled trial . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the hand-sewn and stapled methods in esophagogastric anastomosis . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA After esophageal resection for cancer , the relative merits of the hand-sewn and the stapled methods of esophagogastric anastomosis , especially regarding leakage and stricture rates , have not adequately been studied . METHODS A prospective randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 122 patients with squamous cell cancer of the thoracic esophagus who underwent a Lewis-Tanner esophagectomy . Patients were stratified according to esophageal size , based on the diameter of the divided esophagus ( < or > or = 30 mm ) and then were randomized to have either a hand-sewn or a stapled anastomosis . RESULTS The mean total operating times ( standard error of the mean ) when the hand-sewn and the stapled methods were used were 214 ( 4 ) minutes and 217 ( 3.4 ) minutes , respectively ( p = not significant [ NS ] ) . The respective in vivo proximal resection margins ( standard error of the mean ) were 8 ( 0.4 ) cm and 7.6 ( 0.4 ) cm ( p = NS ) . Leakage rates were 1.6 % and 4.9 % ( p = NS ) . Excluding hospital deaths , patients with leakage or anastomotic recurrence , and those who received radiation therapy to histologically infiltrated resection margin , anastomotic stricture was found in 5 ( 9.1 % ) of 55 patients in the hand-sewn group and 20 ( 40 % ) of 50 in the stapler group ( p = 0.0003 ) . The difference in stricture rates was significant in small as well as large esophagi . Anastomotic recurrence developed in only one patient in each group . CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that both methods were safe , but the stapled technique resulted in more stricture formation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1887 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90378", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "hand-sewn" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90379", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "stapled esophagogastric anastomosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90380", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "hand-sewn" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90381", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "stapled" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90382", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "esophagogastric anastomosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90383", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Lewis-Tanner esophagectomy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 689 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90384", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "hand-sewn" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90385", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "stapled anastomosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 872, 891 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90386", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "leakage" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90387", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "stricture" ], "offsets": [ [ 459, 468 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90388", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean total operating times" ], "offsets": [ [ 906, 932 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90389", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "vivo proximal resection margins" ], "offsets": [ [ 1130, 1161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90390", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Leakage" ], "offsets": [ [ 1243, 1250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90391", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 469, 474 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90392", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "hospital deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1301, 1316 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90393", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "leakage or anastomotic recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 1333, 1366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90394", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "anastomotic stricture" ], "offsets": [ [ 1459, 1480 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90395", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "difference in stricture rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1608, 1637 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90396", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Anastomotic recurrence" ], "offsets": [ [ 1691, 1713 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90397", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 1816, 1820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90398", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "stricture formation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1866, 1885 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90399", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "122 patients with squamous cell cancer of the thoracic esophagus who underwent a Lewis-Tanner esophagectomy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 580, 689 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90401", "type": "document", "text": [ "Plasma dilution and the rate of infusion of Ringer 's solution . Changes in the volume of the fluid space expanded by i.v . infusion of Ringer 's acetate solution have been analysed recently using mathematical models . Data obtained by such analyses allow simulation of the dilution of the plasma volume during infusion of the solution at different rates . To obtain basic kinetic data for such simulations , the plasma dilution-time curves were measured during and after i.v . infusion of Ringer 's solution 25 ml kg-1 over 30 min in 15 healthy male volunteers ( mean age 31 yr ) and over 30 , 45 and 80 min in six females ( mean age 32 yr ) . Based on these experiments , nomograms were constructed from which the rate of infusion of Ringer 's solution and the infusion time required to obtain a defined plasma dilution in both males and females can be estimated together with the infusion rate needed to maintain the dilution at the level reached ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 951 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90402", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ringer 's solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90403", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ringer 's acetate solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 162 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90404", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "i.v . infusion of Ringer 's solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 472, 508 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90405", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ringer 's solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90406", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma dilution" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 15 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90407", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 290, 303 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90408", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma dilution-time curves" ], "offsets": [ [ 413, 440 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90409", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "15" ], "offsets": [ [ 535, 537 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90410", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 545 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90411", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 546, 550 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90412", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "31" ], "offsets": [ [ 573, 575 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90413", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "six" ], "offsets": [ [ 612, 615 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90414", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "32" ], "offsets": [ [ 635, 637 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90416", "type": "document", "text": [ "Dose-response and concentration-response relation of rocuronium infusion during propofol-nitrous oxide and isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia . The dose-response and concentration-response relation of rocuronium infusion was studied in 20 adult surgical patients during propofol-nitrous oxide and isoflurane ( 1 MAC ) -nitrous oxide anaesthesia . Neuromuscular block was kept constant , initially at 90 % and then at 50 % with a closed-loop feedback controller . At 90 % block the steady-state infusion of rocuronium was 0.55 +/- 0.16 mg kg-1 h-1 and the corresponding concentration 1714 +/- 281 ng mL-1 in patients receiving propofol . At 50 % block the corresponding infusion rate was 0.27 +/- 0.11 mg kg-1 h-1 and the concentration 1077 +/- 244 ng mL-1 , respectively . At 50 % block isoflurane reduced the rate of infusion by 52 % ( P < 0.005 ) and the concentration by 59 % ( P < 0.001 ) ; at 90 % block both the mean infusion rate and the concentration of rocuronium were reduced by 35 % ( P < 0.005 ) . The mean rocuronium clearance at 50 % block was unaffected by the type of anaesthesia ; it was 4.1 +/- 1.6 and 4.9 +/- 2.7 mL kg-1 min-1 in the groups receiving propofol and isoflurane anaesthesia , respectively . We conclude that isoflurane reduces the infusion requirements of rocuronium by changing the pharmacodynamic behaviour ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1345 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90417", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium infusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 72 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90418", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol-nitrous oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90419", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90420", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium infusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 72 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90421", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol-nitrous oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90422", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane ( 1 MAC ) -nitrous oxide anaesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 299, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90423", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "closed-loop feedback controller" ], "offsets": [ [ 431, 462 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90424", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "steady-state infusion of rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 483, 518 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90425", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90426", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90427", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90428", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "anaesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90429", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90430", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane anaesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1186, 1208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90431", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90432", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Dose-response and concentration-response" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90433", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "The dose-response and concentration-response relation" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 199 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90434", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "steady-state infusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 483, 504 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90435", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90436", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "corresponding infusion rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 657, 684 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90437", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90438", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "rate of infusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 812, 828 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90439", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90440", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean infusion rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 920, 938 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90441", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "concentration of rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 974 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90442", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean rocuronium clearance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1016, 1041 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90443", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "infusion requirements of rocuronium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1266, 1301 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90445", "type": "document", "text": [ "Postoperative analgesia with preoperative oral ibuprofen or acetaminophen in children undergoing myringotomy . Previous studies have shown over 70 % of children require analgesics following bilateral myringotomy and tube placement ( BM & T ) . This double-blind , placebo-controlled study compared the postoperative analgesic effects of preoperatively administered oral acetaminophen or ibuprofen . Forty three ASA I or II children age six months or older scheduled for elective BM & T were randomized to receive acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) 15 mg.kg-1 , ibuprofen 10 mg.kg-1 , or placebo . Postoperative pain was assessed using the Children 's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale ( CHEOPS ) upon arrival to the PACU and at 5 , 10 , 15 , 30 , 45 , and 60 min . CHEOP scores did not differ between the groups at any time . There was no difference in the number of children receiving rescue analgesia . This study showed no benefit of preoperatively administered oral ibuprofen 10 mg.kg-1 or acetaminophen 15 mg.kg-1 over placebo for the relief of postoperative pain in children undergoing BM & T ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1100 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90446", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90447", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90448", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "analgesics" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 179 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90449", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90450", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90451", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen ( paracetamol" ], "offsets": [ [ 513, 540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90452", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90453", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90454", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ibuprofen" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90455", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90456", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Children 's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale ( CHEOPS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 634, 695 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90457", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "rescue analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 886, 902 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90459", "type": "document", "text": [ "The nature and importance of changes in toe-brachial pressure indices following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for leg ischaemia . OBJECTIVES To document changes in toe-brachial pressure indices ( TBPI ) during the 6 months following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ( PTA ) and relate these changes to restenosis . Furthermore , to ascertain the effect of administering a vasodilator , glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) , immediately following PTA . DESIGN Eighty-three technically successful PTA procedures were studied . Fifty-six were for intermittent claudication , 14 for ischaemic rest pain , and 13 for non-healing ulcers . Immediately following balloon dilatation an intra-arterial bolus of either 150 micrograms GTN , with or without a 10 mg GTN patch for 24 h , or a saline placebo was administered . TBPI were measured before and for 6 h after PTA and then at 24 h , 1 week , 1 month and 6 months . At this time , patency at the PTA site was determined by arteriography . RESULTS There was continuing TBPI improvement over 1 month in patients given saline following PTA . In patients given GTN , peak TBPI was achieved by 1 week , and corresponded with the TBPI observed immediately following GTN administration . Restenosis occurred in 27 ( 33 % ) patients , and was significantly more frequent following the procedures for rest pain or ulceration , or where a TBPI increase of more than 0.15 by 1 week was observed . CONCLUSIONS Haemodynamic changes following PTA continue for at least 1 month , can be modified by GTN administration , and are predictive of subsequent restenosis . Measuring the TBPI increase during the first week following PTA underestimates total improvement , and may give false reassurance with respect to recurrent disease ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1767 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90460", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "percutaneous transluminal angioplasty" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90461", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ( PTA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 241, 286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90462", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN )" ], "offsets": [ [ 399, 426 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90463", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "PTA" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90464", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "balloon dilatation an intra-arterial bolus" ], "offsets": [ [ 660, 702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90465", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "150 micrograms GTN" ], "offsets": [ [ 713, 731 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90466", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "GTN patch" ], "offsets": [ [ 758, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90467", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "saline placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 798 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90468", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 790 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90469", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GTN" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90470", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GTN" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90471", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GTN" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90472", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "toe-brachial pressure indices ( TBPI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 210 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90473", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 359, 365 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90474", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TBPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90475", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TBPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90476", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak TBPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 1114, 1123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90477", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TBPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90478", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Restenosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1232, 1242 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90479", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TBPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90480", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "PTA procedures" ], "offsets": [ [ 500, 514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90481", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ischaemic rest pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 584, 603 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90482", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-healing ulcers" ], "offsets": [ [ 617, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90484", "type": "document", "text": [ "Design of a cost-effectiveness study within a randomized trial : the LIPID Trial for Secondary Prevention of IHD . Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Heart disease . The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Heart Disease ( LIPID ) trial is a double-blind , randomized , placebo-controlled trial evaluating the long-term effect of pravastatin on coronary mortality in patients with a previous myocardial infarction or unstable angina-ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) . It is planned to run for at least five years with 9014 patients from 85 centers in Australia and New Zealand . The trial will monitor cause-specific mortality and major clinical events associated with each treatment . Running in parallel with the main study is a prospective economic analysis , the objectives of which are ( 1 ) to estimate the effectiveness of pravastatin compared with placebo in terms of survival , quality of life ( QOL ) , and quality-adjusted life-years ( QALY ) ; ( 2 ) to estimate the resource usage associated with pravastatin compared with placebo-in particular , to study whether it alters resource usage through prevention of disease progression ; and ( 3 ) to use this information for a cost-utility analysis with cost per quality-adjusted life-year as the unit of analysis . A novel aspect of the design is the use of a preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis , based on \" best-guess \" values , and a sensitivity analysis over plausible ranges to guide the choice of subsample size . Some data , such a mortality , days spent in hospital , major clinical events , and drug use , are being collected within the main LIPID trial . However , additional subsamples for the cost-effectiveness study will include information on quality of life , time off work , and resources used , such as time in hospital , procedures , and medications taken . The methods and sample sizes for these substudies have been a crucial issue in validity and feasibility ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1975 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90485", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90486", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 154 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90487", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90488", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90489", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90490", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 373 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90491", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-in" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1075 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90492", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 906, 914 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90493", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "quality of life ( QOL )" ], "offsets": [ [ 917, 940 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90494", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "quality-adjusted life-years ( QALY )" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 983 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90495", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 386, 395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90496", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "days spent in hospital" ], "offsets": [ [ 1544, 1566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90497", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "major clinical events" ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 682 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90498", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "drug use" ], "offsets": [ [ 1597, 1605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90499", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost-effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90500", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "quality of life" ], "offsets": [ [ 917, 932 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90501", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time off work" ], "offsets": [ [ 1769, 1782 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90502", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "resources used" ], "offsets": [ [ 1789, 1803 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90503", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time in hospital" ], "offsets": [ [ 1814, 1830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90504", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "procedures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1833, 1843 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90505", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "medications taken" ], "offsets": [ [ 1850, 1867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90506", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "IHD ." ], "offsets": [ [ 109, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90508", "type": "document", "text": [ "Nimodipine pharmacotherapeutic adjuvant therapy for inpatient treatment of cocaine dependence . Recent preclinical studies suggest utility for voltage-sensitive calcium channel blockers ( VSCCBs ) in the treatment of cocaine addiction . The following double-blind placebo-controlled study examined the role of the VSCCB nimodipine in attenuating cocaine craving in 66 recently abstinent cocaine-dependent patients on an inpatient substance abuse treatment unit utilizing an intensive 12-step milieu-oriented psychosocial therapy . While the medication was well tolerated , the dose of nimodipine used in this study ( 90 mg q.d . ) was not superior to placebo in reducing background or cue-induced cocaine craving over the 3 weeks of the study . There was the suggestion that nimodipine might attenuate the severity of some cocaine-induced brain deficits , as detected by evaluation of smooth pursuit eye movement function . A rationale for evaluating higher doses of nimodipine for the treatment of cocaine addiction is presented . As nimodipine might have anticraving and mood-stabilizing properties and cardio- and neuroprotective properties in the face of cocaine intoxication and might possibly even reverse some cocaine-induced brain deficits , further investigation of the role of nimodipine ( and other VSCCBs ) in cocaine addiction appears an attractive avenue of future medication development ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1403 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90509", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90510", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90511", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90512", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90513", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90514", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90515", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90516", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90517", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90518", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "smooth pursuit eye movement function ." ], "offsets": [ [ 885, 923 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90519", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "inpatient treatment of cocaine dependence ." ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90520", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cocaine addiction ." ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 236 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90522", "type": "document", "text": [ "Acute rejection and heart infection rates in FK 506- versus cyclosporine A-treated heart transplant recipients : an endomyocardial biopsy pathologic study ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 156 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90523", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FK 506-" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90524", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporine A-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90525", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Acute rejection and heart infection rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90526", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "heart transplant recipients" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90528", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparison of intermittent vaginal administration of misoprostol with continuous dinoprostone for cervical ripening and labor induction . OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to compare the effect of vaginal administration of misoprostol ( Cytotec ) with that of dinoprostone ( Cervidil ) on cervical ripening and labor induction . STUDY DESIGN Two hundred patients with indications for induction of labor and unfavorable cervical examinations were randomly assigned to receive vaginally administered misoprostol ( prostaglandin E1 ) or the dinoprostone ( prostaglandin E2 ) vaginal insert . Twenty-five microgram tablets of misoprostol were placed in the posterior vaginal fornix every 4 hours for a maximum of six doses . Additional misoprostol was not given after either spontaneous rupture of membranes , adequate cervical ripening ( Bishop score of > or = 8 or cervical dilatation of > or = 3 cm ) , or beginning of active labor . The vaginal insert , Cervidil , containing 10 mg of dinoprostone in a timed-release preparation was placed in the posterior vaginal formix for a maximum period of 24 hours . The vaginal insert was removed for spontaneous rupture of membranes , entry into active labor , adequate cervical ripening , or abnormality of uterine contractile pattern or fetal cardiac activity . RESULTS Of the 200 patients enrolled , 99 were randomized to misoprostol and 101 to dinoprostone . The average interval from start of induction to vaginal delivery was 1 hour shorter in the misoprostol group ( 1296.7 +/- 722.1 minutes ) than in the dinoprostone group ( 1360.0 +/- 792.0 minutes ) , but this difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.97 ) . Oxytocin augmentation of labor was used in 50 ( 50.5 % ) misoprostol-treated patients and 43 ( 43.5 % ) dinoprostone-treated patients ( relative risk 1.14 , 95 % confidence interval 0.86 to 1.51 , p = 0.35 ) . There were no significant differences between routes of delivery with misoprostol or dinoprostone . Overall , 38 patients ( 19.3 % ) had cesarean deliveries . There was a significantly lower prevalence of tachysystole ( six or more uterine contractions in a 10-minute window for two consecutive 10-minute periods ) in the misoprostol group ( 7.1 % ) than in the dinoprostone group ( 18.4 % ) ( relative risk 0.52 , 95 % confidence interval 0.31 to 0.89 , p = 0.02 ) . There were no significant differences in frequency of uterine hyperstimulation or hypertonus . Abnormal fetal heart rate tracings were found in 23 ( 23.2 % ) of misoprostol-treated patients and 35 ( 35.7 % ) of dinoprostone-treated patients ( relative risk 0.73 , 95 % confidence interval 0.52 to 1.01 , p = 0.0546 ) . No significant differences were found in meconium passage , 1- or 5-minute Apgar scores < 7 , neonatal resuscitations , or admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit between the two groups . CONCLUSIONS Vaginally administered misoprostol is as effective as dinoprostone for cervical ripening and the induction of labor . Mean time intervals to delivery , need for oxytocin augmentation , and routes of delivery were similar between the two groups . Incidence of uterine tachysystole with misoprostol every 4 hours was significantly less than with dinoprostone ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3230 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90529", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vaginal administration of misoprostol ( Cytotec )" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 240 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90530", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone ( Cervidil )" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 279 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90531", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol ( prostaglandin E1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 492, 524 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90532", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone ( prostaglandin E2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 532, 565 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90533", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90534", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90535", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Cervidil" ], "offsets": [ [ 269, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90536", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90537", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90538", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90539", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90540", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90541", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Oxytocin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1668, 1676 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90542", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1725, 1744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90543", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1772, 1792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90544", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90545", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90546", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90547", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90548", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1725, 1744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90549", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1772, 1792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90550", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90551", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oxytocin" ], "offsets": [ [ 3033, 3041 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90552", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90553", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dinoprostone" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90554", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cervical ripening and labor induction ." ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90555", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cervical ripening and labor induction ." ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 139 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90556", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "average interval from start of induction to vaginal delivery" ], "offsets": [ [ 1403, 1463 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90557", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Oxytocin augmentation of labor" ], "offsets": [ [ 1668, 1698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90558", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "routes of delivery" ], "offsets": [ [ 1924, 1942 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90559", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cesarean deliveries ." ], "offsets": [ [ 2015, 2036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90560", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tachysystole" ], "offsets": [ [ 2083, 2095 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90561", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "frequency of uterine hyperstimulation or hypertonus . Abnormal fetal heart rate tracings" ], "offsets": [ [ 2387, 2475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90562", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "meconium passage" ], "offsets": [ [ 2706, 2722 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90563", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Apgar scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 2740, 2752 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90564", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neonatal resuscitations" ], "offsets": [ [ 2759, 2782 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90565", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ ", or admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit" ], "offsets": [ [ 2783, 2834 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90566", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 2913, 2922 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90567", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cervical ripening and the induction of labor . Mean time intervals to delivery , need for oxytocin augmentation , and routes of delivery" ], "offsets": [ [ 2943, 3079 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90568", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "uterine tachysystole" ], "offsets": [ [ 3131, 3151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90569", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Two hundred patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 336, 356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90570", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "indications for induction of labor and unfavorable cervical examinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90571", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "200" ], "offsets": [ [ 1315, 1318 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90572", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "99" ], "offsets": [ [ 1339, 1341 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90573", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "misoprostol" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90574", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "101" ], "offsets": [ [ 1377, 1380 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90575", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "dinoprostone" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90576", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cesarean deliveries" ], "offsets": [ [ 2015, 2034 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90578", "type": "document", "text": [ "An open , parallel group comparison of quinapril and captopril , when added to diuretic therapy , in the treatment of elderly patients with heart failure . This study aimed to compare the efficacy , tolerability and first-dose blood-pressure response of once-daily quinapril and twice-daily captopril when added to diuretic therapy in elderly patients with heart failure . The study was performed at a single centre as an open randomised parallel-group study , patients being selected for inclusion from the outpatient population . Following a starting dose of either 2.5 mg once-daily quinapril , or 6.25 mg twice-daily captopril , patients were reviewed at two-weekly intervals , and following clinical assessment a decision was made either to titrate up to the next medication stage or to enter the patient into the 16-week maintenance phase . Efficacy was assessed using a six-minute walking test , the New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) class , a functional lifescale ( FLS ) questionnaire and the cardiothoracic ratio ( CTR ) -at study entry and at the end of the maintenance phase . Blood pressure was measured for 5 h post-first-dose of medication . Sixty-one patients were randomised to treatment : 30 to quinapril and 31 to captopril . Following withdrawals , data from 36 patients ( 20 on quinapril , 16 on captopril ) were available for analysis . The distance walked during the six-minute walking test improved in both groups ; the difference between the treatment groups was not statistically significant . There were no significant changes in the FLS or CTR . An analysis of change in the NYHA status from study entry to study end showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( p = 0.02 ) in favour of quinapril . Five patients in each group experienced hypotension during the 5 h following the first dose of medication . This study has shown heart failure to be as well controlled by once-daily quinapril as by twice-daily captopril , with comparable effects on first-dose blood-pressure response ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2039 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90579", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "quinapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90580", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90581", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "diuretic therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90582", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "quinapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90583", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90584", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diuretic therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90585", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "quinapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90586", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90587", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "quinapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90588", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90589", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "quinapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90590", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90591", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "quinapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90592", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "quinapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90593", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90594", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy , tolerability and first-dose blood-pressure response" ], "offsets": [ [ 188, 250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90595", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 855 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90596", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "assessed" ], "offsets": [ [ 860, 868 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90597", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1091, 1105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90598", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "distance walked during the six-minute walking test improved" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90599", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "statistically significant ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1494, 1521 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90600", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "FLS or CTR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1563, 1573 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90601", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "statistically significant difference" ], "offsets": [ [ 1656, 1692 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90602", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1794, 1805 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90603", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "first-dose blood-pressure response" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90604", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "elderly patients with heart failure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 118, 155 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90606", "type": "document", "text": [ "Lack of effect of food on the steady state pharmacokinetics of BMS-181101 , an antidepressant , in healthy subjects . The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of BMS-181101 , a new anti-depressant under development , was investigated in 12 healthy male volunteers at steady state . Each subject received a 15 mg oral dose of BMS-181101 twice a day ( q 12 h ) for 11 days and a morning dose of BMS-181101 on day 12 . Six subjects were randomly assigned to receive BMS-181101 under fasted conditions from days 1 to 6 and then crossed over to fed conditions from days 7 to 12 . The other six subjects received the reverse conditions , fed for days 1-6 and fasted for days 7-12 . Serial blood samples were collected up to 12 h on days 6 and 12 following the administration of the morning dose . In addition , trough blood samples were collected on days 4 , 5 , 10 , and 11 prior to the morning dose . Plasma samples were analyzed for intact BMS-181101 using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with an electrochemical detector . BMS-181101 was well tolerated both with and without ingestion of food . The statistical evaluation of the Cmin values indicated that steady state of BMS-181101 was achieved by the fourth day of dosing regardless of whether the subject was fasted or fed . When BMS-181101 was administered with food , Cmax was reduced by about 25 % and tmax was prolonged by 1 h. However , AUCtau , t1/2 , and time to attain steady state of BMS-181101 were not altered by ingestion of food . In summary , BMS-181101 can be given with food without adversely impacting the safety or pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1650 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90607", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "food" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90608", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90609", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90610", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90611", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90612", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90613", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90614", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90615", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "steady state pharmacokinetics of BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90616", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90617", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Serial blood samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90618", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "trough blood samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 807, 827 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90619", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 899, 913 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90620", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intact BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 932, 949 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90621", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1069, 1078 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90622", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cmin values" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90623", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "steady state" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90624", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Cmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 1349, 1353 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90625", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "was reduced" ], "offsets": [ [ 1354, 1365 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90626", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 1384, 1388 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90627", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "was prolonged" ], "offsets": [ [ 1389, 1402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90628", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "AUCtau" ], "offsets": [ [ 1421, 1427 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90629", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "," ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90630", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "t1/2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1430, 1434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90631", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ ", and" ], "offsets": [ [ 862, 867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90632", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time to attain steady state" ], "offsets": [ [ 1441, 1468 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90633", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "of BMS-181101" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90634", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 1602, 1608 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90635", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pharmacokinetic profiles" ], "offsets": [ [ 1612, 1636 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90636", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90637", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 239, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90638", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90639", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 250, 254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90640", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Six" ], "offsets": [ [ 418, 421 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90642", "type": "document", "text": [ "Intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute severe asthma not responding to conventional therapy . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of early administration of intravenous Magnesium sulfate ( i.v . MgSO4 ) in children with acute severe asthma not responding to conventional therapy . DESIGN Randomized double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . SETTING Pediatric emergency service of a large teaching hospital . SUBJECTS 47 children aged between 1-12 years with acute severe asthma showing inadequate or poor response to 3 doses of nebulized salbutamol given at an interval of 20 min each . INTERVENTION The MgSO4 group received 0.2 ml/kg of 50 % MgSO4 as intravenous ( i.v . ) infusion over 35 minutes and the placebo group received normal saline infusion in the same dose and at the same rate . MgSO4 solution and normal saline were coded and dispensed in identical containers . Decoding was done at the completion of the study . All the patients received oxygen , nebulized salbutamol , i.v . aminophylline and corticosteroids . RESULTS MgSO4 group showed early and significant improvement as compared to placebo group in PEFR and SaO2 at 30 min and 1 , 2 , 3 and 7 hours after stopping the infusion ( p ranging from < 0.05 to < 0.01 ) . The clinical asthma score also showed significant improvement in the MgSO4 group 1 , 2 , 3 and 11 hours after stopping the infusion ( p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Addition of MgSO4 to conventional therapy helps in achieving earlier improvement in clinical signs and symptoms of asthma and PEFR in patients not responding to conventional therapy alone ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1588 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90643", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Intravenous magnesium sulfate" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90644", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90645", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "intravenous Magnesium sulfate ( i.v . MgSO4 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90646", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90647", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 336 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90648", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nebulized salbutamol" ], "offsets": [ [ 532, 552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90649", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MgSO4" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90650", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "received 0.2 ml/kg of 50 % MgSO4 as intravenous ( i.v . ) infusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 620, 686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90651", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90652", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "normal saline infusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 734, 756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90653", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MgSO4 solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 797, 811 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90654", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "normal saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 734, 747 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90655", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oxygen , nebulized salbutamol , i.v . aminophylline" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 1009 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90656", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "corticosteroids ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1014, 1031 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90657", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MgSO4" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90658", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 325 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90659", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MgSO4" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90660", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MgSO4" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90661", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90662", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute severe asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90663", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "inadequate or poor response" ], "offsets": [ [ 490, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90664", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "early and significant improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1059, 1092 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90665", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PEFR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1125, 1129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90666", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "SaO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1138 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90667", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical asthma score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1245, 1266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90668", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "improvement in clinical signs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1468, 1497 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90669", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "symptoms of asthma and PEFR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1502, 1529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90670", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute severe asthma not responding to conventional therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90671", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 210, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90672", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute severe asthma not responding to conventional therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90673", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "47 children" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 432 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90674", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "aged between 1-12 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 456 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90676", "type": "document", "text": [ "Exhaled NO during graded changes in inhaled oxygen in man . BACKGROUND Nitric oxide ( NO ) is present in the exhaled air of animals and humans . In isolated animal lungs the amount of exhaled NO is decreased during hypoxia . A study was undertaken to determine whether changes in arterial oxygen tension affect levels of exhaled NO in humans . METHODS Sixteen healthy subjects were randomised to inhale different gas mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen in a double blind crossover study . Eight gas mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen ( fractional inspired oxygen concentration ( FiO2 ) 0.1 to 1.0 ) were administered . Exhaled NO was measured with a chemiluminescence detector from end expiratory single breath exhalation . RESULTS A dose-dependent change in exhaled NO during graded oxygen breathing was observed ( p = 0.0012 ) . The mean ( SE ) exhaled NO concentration was 31 ( 3 ) ppb at baseline , 39 ( 4 ) ppb at an FiO2 of 1.0 , and 26 ( 3 ) ppb at an FiO2 of 0.1 . CONCLUSIONS The NO concentration in exhaled air in healthy humans is dependent on oxygen tension . Hyperoxia increases the level of exhaled NO , which indicates increased NO production . The mechanism behind this phenomenon remains to be elucidated ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1216 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90677", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Nitric oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90678", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 417, 448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90679", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "gas mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 413, 448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90680", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Exhaled NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90681", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "exhaled NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90682", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean ( SE ) exhaled NO concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 864 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90683", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "NO concentration" ], "offsets": [ [ 848, 864 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90684", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "man ." ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 59 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90685", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Sixteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 352, 359 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90687", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of esmolol pretreatment on EEG seizure morphology in RUL ECT . Intravenous beta-blockers are an effective means of controlling heart rate and blood pressure during electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) , but have been shown to decrease seizure duration . While the importance of seizure duration to the antidepressant response of ECT grows less certain , there is growing evidence that seizure morphology predicts the antidepressant effect of ECT . This study examined the impact of esmolol pretreatment on seizure morphology . Eighteen depressed patients ( 6 men , 12 women ; 69 +/- 12.8 years old ) received ECT with and without esmolol pretreatment in a randomized , blinded crossover design . The seizures were blindly rated for duration of motor convulsion , duration of electroencephalogram ( EEG ) seizure , degree of seizure regularity , and degree of postictal EEG suppression . Esmolol shortened the duration of the motor convulsion and degraded the quality of the ictal regularity . Routine administration of intravenous esmolol before ECT may cause a decrease in ictal regularity . Careful consideration should be given to the potential benefits of esmolol versus the deleterious effect on the electrophysiologic process . Esmolol may still be indicated on a case-by-case basis for extreme tachycardia or hypertension associated with ECT , and presumably poses no problem for the therapeutic effect of ECT if given after the seizure is over ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1457 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90688", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "esmolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90689", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 171, 204 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90690", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "esmolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90691", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ECT" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90692", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "with and without esmolol pretreatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 617, 654 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90693", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EEG seizure morphology" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90694", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate and blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 163 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90695", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "seizure morphology ." ], "offsets": [ [ 510, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90696", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "duration of motor convulsion , duration of electroencephalogram ( EEG ) seizure , degree of seizure regularity , and degree of postictal EEG suppression ." ], "offsets": [ [ 736, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90697", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "quality of the ictal regularity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 963, 996 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90698", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eighteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 531, 539 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90699", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "depressed" ], "offsets": [ [ 540, 549 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90700", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "6" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 562 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90701", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90702", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 569, 571 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90703", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 572, 577 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90704", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "69 +/- 12.8" ], "offsets": [ [ 580, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90706", "type": "document", "text": [ "A drug interaction study between ticlopidine and cyclosporin in heart transplant recipients . OBJECTIVES Previous uncontrolled studies have suggested an interaction between ticlopidine , a major antiplatelet agent , and cyclosporin in heart- and kidney-transplant recipients . The aims of this study were to examine in a randomised , double-blind fashion , the possible interaction between cyclosporin A and ticlopidine ( 250 mg per day ) and the tolerability of this combination in heart-transplant recipients . METHODS Twenty heart-transplant recipients were randomised into either a treated or a placebo group . Blood samples were drawn for time-course evaluation of cyclosporin blood levels over a period of 12 h , following the morning intake of cyclosporin and , for platelet aggregation studies , before and after 14 days of ticlopidine administration . Twenty four-hour urine samples were collected for 6-beta-hydroxycortisol measurements , before and after 14 days of ticlopidine . RESULTS Although given at half the recommended daily dosage , ticlopidine significantly reduced platelet aggregation . Pharmacokinetic parameters indicate that the bioavailability of cyclosporin A was not significantly modified by ticlopidine . However , one patient in the ticlopidine group was withdrawn because of a major fall in cyclosporin blood level within 3 days of treatment . Urinary excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol was augmented after treatment in the ticlopidine group compared with the placebo group , suggesting that induction of drug metabolism might have occurred . Data also show quite a large intra-individual variability in cyclosporin bioavailability in the placebo group , suggesting that poor absorption of the drug formulation and/or poor compliance might have contributed to the decreased cyclosporin blood levels in the patient withdrawn from this study and in previous uncontrolled studies . CONCLUSION Cyclosporin bioavailability was not clearly modified by a half dosage of ticlopidine in this study . We , however , recommend closely monitoring cyclosporin blood levels when prescribing ticlopidine . Further studies will be needed with new formulations of cyclosporin or when using the full dosage of ticlopidine ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2239 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90707", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90708", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90709", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90710", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90711", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin A and ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 419 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90712", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90713", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90714", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90715", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin A" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90716", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90717", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90718", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90719", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90720", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90721", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90722", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90723", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90724", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclosporin" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90725", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90726", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet aggregation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1087, 1109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90727", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "bioavailability of cyclosporin A" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90728", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "fall in cyclosporin blood level" ], "offsets": [ [ 1316, 1347 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90729", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Urinary excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1377, 1420 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90730", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cyclosporin bioavailability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1638, 1665 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90731", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cyclosporin blood levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 670, 694 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90732", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "heart transplant recipients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90733", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 527 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90735", "type": "document", "text": [ "Dose-response comparison of RRR-alpha-tocopherol and all-racemic alpha-tocopherol on LDL oxidation . Much data have accrued in support of the concept that oxidation of LDL is a key early step in atherogenesis . The most consistent data with respect to micronutrient antioxidants and atherosclerosis appear to relate to alpha-tocopherol ( AT ) , the predominant lipid-soluble antioxidant in LDL . There are scant data on the direct comparison of RRR-AT and all-racemic ( rac ) -AT on LDL oxidizability . Hence , the aim of the present study was to examine the relative effects of RRR-AT and all-rac-AT on plasma antioxidant levels and LDL oxidation in healthy persons in a dose-response study . The effect of RRR-AT and all-rac-AT at doses of 100 , 200 , 400 , and 800 IU/d on plasma and LDL AT levels and LDL oxidation was tested in a randomized , placebo-controlled study of 79 healthy subjects . Copper-catalyzed oxidation of LDL was monitored by measuring the formation of conjugated dienes and lipid peroxides over an 8-hour time course at baseline and again after 8 weeks . Plasma AT , lipid-standardized AT , and LDL AT levels rose in a dose-dependent fashion in both the RRR-AT and all-rac-AT groups compared with baseline . There were no significant differences in plasma , lipid-standardized , and LDL AT levels between RRR-AT and all-rac-AT supplementation at any dose comparison . The lag phases of oxidation were significantly prolonged with doses > or = 400 IU/d of RRR-AT and all-rac-AT , as measured by conjugated-dienes assay and at 400 IU/d of RRR-AT and 800 IU/d of both forms of AT by lipid peroxide assay . Again , there were no significant differences in the lag phase of oxidation at each dose for RRR-AT when compared with all-rac-AT . Also , there were no significant differences in LDL oxidation after in vitro enrichment of LDL with RRR-AT and all-rac-AT . Thus , supplementation with either RRR-AT or all-rac-AT resulted in similar increases in plasma and LDL AT levels at equivalent IU doses , and the degree of protection against copper-catalyzed LDL oxidation was only evident at doses > or = 400 IU/d for both forms ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2148 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90736", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "RRR-alpha-tocopherol and all-racemic alpha-tocopherol" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90737", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alpha-tocopherol" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90738", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "RRR-AT and all-rac-AT" ], "offsets": [ [ 579, 600 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90739", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "plasma , lipid-standardized , and LDL AT levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1273, 1320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90740", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lag phases of oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1396, 1419 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90741", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lag phase of oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1680, 1702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90742", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "LDL oxidation" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90744", "type": "document", "text": [ "Postoperative pain relief following laparoscopic tubal sterilization with silastic bands . OBJECTIVE To evaluate postoperative pain relief of intramuscular ketorolac , topical bupivacaine , and placebo in patients undergoing laparoscopic tubal sterilization with silastic bands . METHODS One hundred five women undergoing laparoscopic tubal sterilization with silastic bands were randomized to one of three groups : one received intramuscular ketorolac and topical placebo applied to the fallopian tubes , the second received intramuscular placebo and topical bupivacaine , and the third received intramuscular placebo and topical placebo . Surgical procedures , anesthesia , and recovery were conducted with standardized protocols . Postoperative pain perception was graded using the modified McGill pain intensity scale at 30 minutes postoperatively , at discharge from the recovery room , and the next morning by telephone interview . Other measured variables included postoperative vomiting , additional analgesia requirement , and length of time spent in the recovery room . RESULTS Only topical bupivacaine was found to decrease postoperative pain scores significantly over those with placebo , at 30 minutes postoperatively ( median score 2 compared with 4 , P = .002 ) and at discharge from the recovery room ( median score 2 compared with 3 , P = .03 ) . There was no significant decrease in pain scores with intramuscular ketorolac compared with placebo . No differences in pain scores were found between the three groups at the next morning phone call . There were no significant differences between the three groups with respect to requirements for supplemental pain medications in the recovery room , incidence of postoperative vomiting , or length of time spent in the recovery room . CONCLUSION Topical bupivacaine decreases postoperative pain scores significantly compared with placebo in women undergoing laparoscopic tubal sterilization with silastic bands ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1976 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90745", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac , topical bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90746", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90747", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "intramuscular ketorolac and topical placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 429, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90748", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "intramuscular placebo and" ], "offsets": [ [ 526, 551 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90749", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "topical bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90750", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "intramuscular placebo and topical placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 638 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90751", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90752", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90753", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90754", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90755", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90756", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "postoperative pain scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1135, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90757", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1149, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90758", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1149, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90759", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "requirements for supplemental pain medications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1644, 1690 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90760", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "incidence of postoperative vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 1714, 1749 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90761", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "length of time spent in the recovery room" ], "offsets": [ [ 1036, 1077 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90762", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laparoscopic tubal sterilization" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90763", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laparoscopic tubal sterilization" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90764", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "One hundred five" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90765", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 305, 310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90766", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "laparoscopic tubal sterilization" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90768", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effectiveness of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in treating moderate acne vulgaris . BACKGROUND An excess of androgen is believed to contribute to development of acne in some patients . Because oral contraceptives ( OCs ) may reduce the active androgen level , hormonal therapy with OCs has been used successfully to treat patients with acne , although this treatment has previously not been studied in placebo-controlled trials . OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of a triphasic , combination OC ( ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN [ Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical , Raritan , N.J. ] , norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol ) compared with placebo in the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris . METHODS Two hundred fifty-seven healthy female subjects , 15 to 49 years of age with moderate acne vulgaris , were enrolled in a multicenter , randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial . Each month for 6 months , subjects received either 3 consecutive weeks of the OC ( i.e. , tablets containing a fixed dose of ethinyl estradiol [ 0.035 mg ] and increasing doses of norgestimate [ 0.180 mg , 0.215 mg , 0.250 mg ] ) followed by 7 days of inactive drug or placebo ( color-matched tablets ) . Efficacy was assessed by facial acne lesion counts , an investigator 's global assessment , a subject 's self-assessment , and an analysis of within-cycle variation ( cycle 6 ) in lesion counts . RESULTS Of the 160 subjects in whom efficacy could be evaluated , the OC group showed a statistically significantly greater improvement than the placebo group for all primary efficacy measures . The mean decrease in inflammatory lesion count from baseline to cycle 6 was 11.8 ( 62.0 % ) versus 7.6 ( 38.6 % ) ( p = 0.0001 ) , and the mean decrease in total lesion count was 29.1 ( 53.1 % ) versus 14.1 ( 26.8 % ) ( p = 0.0001 ) in the OC and placebo groups , respectively . In the investigator 's global assessment , 93.7 % of the active treatment group versus 65.4 % of the placebo group were rated as improved at the end of the study ( p < 0.001 ) . Six of the seven secondary efficacy measures ( total comedones , open comedones , closed comedones , papules , pustules , and the subject 's self-assessment of study treatment ) were also significantly more favorable in the OC group compared with the placebo group . CONCLUSION An OC containing 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol combined with the triphasic regimen of norgestimate is a safe and effective treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in women with no known contraindication to OC therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2540 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90769", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "norgestimate" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90770", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ethinyl estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90771", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral contraceptives" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 217 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90772", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "triphasic , combination OC" ], "offsets": [ [ 491, 517 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90773", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN" ], "offsets": [ [ 520, 536 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90774", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90775", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Raritan" ], "offsets": [ [ 569, 576 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90776", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol )" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 620 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90777", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90778", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "OC" ], "offsets": [ [ 220, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90779", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ethinyl estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90780", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "norgestimate" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90781", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "inactive drug" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90782", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90783", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ethinyl estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90784", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90785", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 477, 485 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90786", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1200, 1208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90787", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "facial acne lesion counts" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90788", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "global assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1272, 1289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90789", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "subject 's self-assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1294, 1320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90790", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "within-cycle variation ( cycle 6 ) in lesion counts ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1342, 1395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90791", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1520, 1531 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90792", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean decrease in inflammatory lesion count" ], "offsets": [ [ 1595, 1637 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90793", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean decrease in total lesion count" ], "offsets": [ [ 1730, 1765 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90794", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "investigator 's global assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1256, 1289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90795", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "secondary efficacy measures ( total comedones , open comedones , closed comedones , papules , pustules , and the subject 's self-assessment of study treatment )" ], "offsets": [ [ 2065, 2225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90796", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safe and effective treatment of moderate acne vulgaris" ], "offsets": [ [ 2430, 2484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90797", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate acne vulgaris" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90798", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acne" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90799", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Two hundred fifty-seven" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 719 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90800", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 720, 727 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90801", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "female" ], "offsets": [ [ 728, 734 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90802", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "15 to 49 years of age" ], "offsets": [ [ 746, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90803", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "moderate acne vulgaris" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90804", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "160" ], "offsets": [ [ 1411, 1414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90805", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 2488, 2493 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90807", "type": "document", "text": [ "Maximal bioavailability of digoxin from tablets and oral solution in steady state . Comparison has been made between the absorption of digoxin from Lanoxin tablets and the absorption of international chemical reference substance digoxin from an oral solution . Plasma levels , areas under 24-hour plasma concentration curves and urinary excretion were similar by both formulations in steady state . 78 % of the digoxin administered was absorbed from the tablets and 76 % from the solution . Rapid dissolution in the intestinal fluids accounts for the high digoxin bioavailability of the tablets ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 596 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90808", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90809", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90810", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Lanoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 155 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90811", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "digoxin from an oral solution ." ], "offsets": [ [ 229, 260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90812", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90813", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90814", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Maximal bioavailability" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90815", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "absorption of digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90816", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90817", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma levels , areas under 24-hour plasma concentration curves and urinary excretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 261, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90818", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90819", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "digoxin bioavailability" ], "offsets": [ [ 556, 579 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90820", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Maximal bioavailability of digoxin from tablets and oral solution in steady state ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "90822", "type": "document", "text": [ "The influence of preoperative antibiotics on success of endosseous implants up to and including stage II surgery : a study of 2,641 implants . According to the American College of Surgeons , complex oral surgical procedures , including the transoral placement of endosseous implants , are of the type that may require prophylactic antibiotics . However , the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in the field of dental implantology continues to be controversial , and their utilization varies widely . No data from a randomized prospective clinical study of the prophylactic use of antibiotics in implant surgery have been previously published . As part of the comprehensive Dental Implant Clinical Research Group clinical implant study , the preoperative or postoperative use of antibiotics , the type used , and the duration of coverage was left to the discretion of the surgeon . These data were recorded and correlated with failure of osseointegration during healing ( stage I ) and at stage II surgery ( uncovering ) . The results showed that significantly fewer failures occurred when preoperative antibiotics were used ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1130 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "90823", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90824", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "endosseous implants" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90825", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prophylactic antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90826", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prophylactic antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90827", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90828", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90829", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 41 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90830", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "success" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90831", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "failure of osseointegration during healing ( stage I ) and at stage II surgery ( uncovering )" ], "offsets": [ [ 931, 1024 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90832", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1071, 1079 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90833", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "2,641" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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