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PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/GBhqSa1QH2g.srt

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+1
+00:00:03,420 --> 00:00:06,420
+طيب احنا وصلنا عند الـ agglutination طبعا الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,420 --> 00:00:08,580
+agglutination زي ما حكينا هي التفاعل بين الـ
+
+3
+00:00:08,580 --> 00:00:13,540
+endogenous والأشياء المضادة ويخلي الـ particles 
+
+4
+00:00:13,540 --> 00:00:17,860
+تتصق بعضها هذا الـ agglutination في أمثل كتير على
+
+5
+00:00:17,860 --> 00:00:21,820
+agglutination يعني مثلا تفاعل البكتيريا على سطح
+
+6
+00:00:21,820 --> 00:00:25,420
+الخلايا الحمرة يؤدي مثلا لتنشيط الـ complement أو
+
+7
+00:00:25,420 --> 00:00:28,000
+الـ antibody وهذه تؤدي إلى ارتباط الخلايا مع بعض
+
+8
+00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:32,260
+وبعض يسموه agglutination طبعا عملية الفاغوسيتوسيس
+
+9
+00:00:32,260 --> 00:00:34,710
+أصلا هي تعتمد على الـ agglutination لأنه أصلًا
+
+10
+00:00:34,710 --> 00:00:39,470
+الـComplement مرتبط ليه مع البكتيريا طبعًا ومرتبط
+
+11
+00:00:39,470 --> 00:00:42,690
+ليه مع الخلايا الحمرة فعملت طبعًا وهذا وقبلًا
+
+12
+00:00:42,690 --> 00:00:47,050
+agglutination في مثلًا مر معنا سابقا اللي هو عملت
+
+13
+00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:50,430
+الـBlood Grouping أن أنا أعمل زمرة الدم، برضه هذا 
+
+14
+00:00:50,430 --> 00:00:59,710
+agglutination الو؟
+
+15
+00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:28,600
+«معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» عندها «معمول 
+
+16
+00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:35,380
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+17
+00:01:35,380 --> 00:01:36,160
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول 
+
+18
+00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:36,660
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول 
+
+19
+00:01:36,660 --> 00:01:41,720
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+20
+00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:42,820
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول 
+
+21
+00:01:42,820 --> 00:01:42,840
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+22
+00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:46,740
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+23
+00:01:46,740 --> 00:01:50,500
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـ
+
+24
+00:01:53,900 --> 00:01:59,280
+إيش خصائص تفاعلات الـ Agglutination؟ بحكيلك أول
+
+25
+00:01:59,280 --> 00:02:04,660
+شيء طبعًا الـ Aggregation of particles matter due
+
+26
+00:02:04,660 --> 00:02:06,960
+to combination with specific antibody  دلّ على عملية
+
+27
+00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:11,400
+specificity، إنه specific antibody، تمام؟ بعدين،
+
+28
+00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,000
+بيصير الـ Agglutination على سطح الخلايا أو على سطح
+
+29
+00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,260
+الـ particles يعني مثلًا في عيني أنا ممكن أستخدم
+
+30
+00:02:16,260 --> 00:02:19,020
+خلال الخلايا ممكن أستخدم particles زي الـ Lattice
+
+31
+00:02:19,020 --> 00:02:22,570
+particles بيصير على سطحها التفاعلات، تمام؟ الـ
+
+32
+00:02:22,570 --> 00:02:24,890
+Agglutination ممكن تكون على خلية وبسميها Direct
+
+33
+00:02:24,890 --> 00:02:29,730
+Agglutination وممكن تكون على سطح خلايا ثانية اللي 
+
+34
+00:02:29,730 --> 00:02:33,070
+هي الـ Particles وبسميها Passive Agglutination أو 
+
+35
+00:02:33,070 --> 00:02:38,650
+Indirect Agglutination ممكن أنا أسرّع في عملية
+
+36
+00:02:38,650 --> 00:02:41,950
+Agglutination بالحرارة إنه أنا أزيد الحرارة بتقدر
+
+37
+00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:44,390
+بزيادة الـ Movement وتقدر بزيادة الـ Agglutination
+
+38
+00:02:44,390 --> 00:02:47,990
+بين الأدجال طبعاً في حالة الـ Agglutination اللي
+
+39
+00:02:47,990 --> 00:02:52,420
+عملته في الـ Tube أنا بيصير الـ Supernatant ويصبح
+
+40
+00:02:52,420 --> 00:02:55,660
+عملية الـ Agglutination كلها الخلايا اللي صارت
+
+41
+00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:58,460
+بالـ Agglutination بتترسب تحت ويكون visible
+
+42
+00:02:58,460 --> 00:03:02,740
+بالنسبة لي هذه خصائص الـ Agglutination طبعا الـ
+
+43
+00:03:02,740 --> 00:03:06,520
+Agglutination بتتم بمرحلتين مرحلة أولى بيسموها
+
+44
+00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,700
+Sensitization لعملية ارتباط الجسم المضاد على سطح 
+
+45
+00:03:10,700 --> 00:03:14,970
+الخلية،والمرحلة الثانية بيسموها Lattice Formation
+
+46
+00:03:14,970 --> 00:03:17,850
+أو الـ Aggregation Aggregated Stage أو Lattice
+
+47
+00:03:17,850 --> 00:03:20,650
+Formation فالمرحلة الأولى هي عملية ارتباط الجسم 
+
+48
+00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:24,430
+المضاد على سطح الخلية بيسموها Sensitization طبعًا
+
+49
+00:03:24,430 --> 00:03:26,970
+والمرحلة الثانية اللي هي Lattice Formation عملت 
+
+50
+00:03:26,970 --> 00:03:30,110
+ارتباط الخلايا مع بعض وتكوين شبكة بيسموها Lattice
+
+51
+00:03:30,110 --> 00:03:32,570
+Formation هاي في الحالة بيصير دي شبكة كل ما زاد
+
+52
+00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:35,590
+الـTiming كل ما كبرت الشبكة وكل ما اترسبت وظهرت
+
+53
+00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:37,950
+معايا أكثر صارت Visible لي
+
+54
+00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:44,330
+طيب، الـ Agglutination طبعًا في ناحية المعملية،
+
+55
+00:03:44,330 --> 00:03:48,950
+في المختبر بستخدمه في عدة تفاعلات زي مثلًا مساعدة
+
+56
+00:03:48,950 --> 00:03:53,530
+في تعريف طبعًا الـ Antiserum في حالات كثيرة في الـ
+
+57
+00:03:53,530 --> 00:03:56,610
+Antigenase زي مثلًا في الـ Micro، إذا أخذتو أنتم
+
+58
+00:03:56,610 --> 00:03:58,930
+مثلًا، اللي هي Lens Field Reaction اللي هي Lens
+
+59
+00:03:58,930 --> 00:04:01,610
+Field Reaction عبارة عن Agglutination أنا بعرف شو
+
+60
+00:04:01,610 --> 00:04:05,470
+الـTypes لـStreptococcus على طريق الـAntibody
+
+61
+00:04:05,470 --> 00:04:07,960
+الموجود معي أو الـAntiserum الموجود معي فأنا ممكن
+
+62
+00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:10,380
+أعرف نوع الـMeningitis عن طريق الـ Agglutination
+
+63
+00:04:10,380 --> 00:04:13,680
+Reaction طيب، ممكن على طريقي برضه أعرف شو نوع الـ
+
+64
+00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:17,300
+Disease، يعني في عدة أمراض كثيرة ممكن أني أنا أجيب
+
+65
+00:04:17,300 --> 00:04:20,160
+للإنجينات وأفعلها مع Antiserum وأعرف شو نوع الـ
+
+66
+00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,820
+Disease موجود عندي وشو تركيز اللي هسموه باطة
+
+67
+00:04:23,820 --> 00:04:29,460
+لها، تمام؟ أنواع الـ Agglutination في عندي ست
+
+68
+00:04:29,460 --> 00:04:33,670
+أنواع أساسية الـ Direct Agglutination يكون مباشرة
+
+69
+00:04:33,670 --> 00:04:37,150
+على سطح الخلايا يعني مثلًا نجيب الـ ABO Blood 
+
+70
+00:04:37,150 --> 00:04:39,910
+Group يعتبر Direct Agglutination لأن فعلنا الأجسام
+
+71
+00:04:39,910 --> 00:04:42,730
+مضادة على سطح الخلايا الحمرة يعتبر Direct
+
+72
+00:04:42,730 --> 00:04:45,230
+Agglutination الـ Passive Agglutination أو الـ 
+
+73
+00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:48,230
+Indirect Agglutination هذا طبعًا بيستخدم في 
+
+74
+00:04:48,230 --> 00:04:51,970
+Particles خارجي زي اللاتكس ويساعدني في عملية الـ
+
+75
+00:04:51,970 --> 00:04:54,350
+Agglutination فعندي إنه Reverse بس في 
+
+76
+00:04:54,350 --> 00:04:58,190
+agglutination طبعا اسمه Reverse أنا بكشف في الـ
+
+77
+00:04:58,190 --> 00:04:59,870
+Direct Agglutination و Indirect Agglutination عن
+
+78
+00:04:59,870 --> 00:05:02,590
+أجسام مضادة في الحالة الـ Reverse أنا بكشف عن
+
+79
+00:05:02,590 --> 00:05:05,250
+العكس، sorry، sorry فبكشف في الـ Direct
+
+80
+00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,170
+Agglutination عن الـ Antigenات، في الحالة الـ
+
+81
+00:05:08,170 --> 00:05:11,370
+Reverse بكشف عن أجسام مضادة، معكوس يعني بستخدم أنا
+
+82
+00:05:11,370 --> 00:05:14,810
+في الـ Direct العامل اللي بعرفه أنا الـ Known عندي
+
+83
+00:05:14,810 --> 00:05:17,230
+هو عبارة عن الـ Antibody لكن في الـ Reverse of known
+
+84
+00:05:17,230 --> 00:05:20,030
+عندي عبارة عن الـ AH عن الـ Antigen عندي
+
+85
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,050
+Agglutination Inhibition إني أنا هذه هقولت التفاعل
+
+86
+00:05:23,050 --> 00:05:26,450
+عكسي كيف يعني؟ أنا في حالة الـ Agglutination الـ
+
+87
+00:05:26,450 --> 00:05:29,350
+reaction بيعبر عن نفسه بتكوين الـ Agglutination
+
+88
+00:05:29,350 --> 00:05:33,210
+particles تمام؟ أو الـ aggregation particles بينما 
+
+89
+00:05:33,210 --> 00:05:35,370
+في Agglutination Inhibition بيصير عامل تفبير يعني 
+
+90
+00:05:35,370 --> 00:05:38,150
+في حالة positive بيتكونش عندي وفي حالة negative
+
+91
+00:05:38,150 --> 00:05:41,200
+بيتكون عندي الـ Hemagglutination Inhibition هي نفس
+
+92
+00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:42,540
+ما أخذنا الـ Hemagglutination Inhibition لكن في
+
+93
+00:05:42,540 --> 00:05:45,640
+الحالة هي اللي بيستخدم الخلايا الحمراء كـ 
+
+94
+00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,420
+Indicators وعندي الـ Coagglutination أو الـ
+
+95
+00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:51,220
+Conglutination هذه طبعا باستخدام فيه البكتيريا 
+
+96
+00:05:51,220 --> 00:05:56,260
+كأساس البكتيريا بتاعة التفاعلات فيها Direct 
+
+97
+00:05:56,260 --> 00:06:00,020
+Agglutination زي ما حكينا، بستخدم فيها على سطح
+
+98
+00:06:00,020 --> 00:06:02,660
+الـCells نفسها زي هنا مثلًا البكتيريا،
+
+99
+00:06:02,660 --> 00:06:06,000
+الـSalmonella، بنتفعلها عن طريق استخدام معها
+
+100
+00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:13,080
+الـAnti-AO أو الـAnti-H وأكشف عن نوعها، بكون عندها
+
+101
+00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,480
+بالحالة هذه الـparticle هي بره نفس الـCells اللي
+
+102
+00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:19,500
+بأخذها أو نفس الـCells اللي بتستخدمها أو أكشف عنها
+
+103
+00:06:20,090 --> 00:06:23,050
+طبعًا الـ Hemagglutination في الحالة من اسمها Hem
+
+104
+00:06:23,050 --> 00:06:26,310
+عبارة عن خلايا الدم الحمراء بستخدمها في الـ
+
+105
+00:06:26,310 --> 00:06:29,590
+agglutination في حالة هي زي ما عملنا الـ blood grouping
+
+106
+00:06:29,590 --> 00:06:32,110
+-typing في حالة الكشف عن بعض الفيروسات باستخدام
+
+107
+00:06:32,110 --> 00:06:35,990
+الـ Hemagglutination Assay الـ blood-grouping هي
+
+108
+00:06:35,990 --> 00:06:38,610
+المرأة معناه، مش هنحكي عنها كثير، لكن هي استخدام 
+
+109
+00:06:39,330 --> 00:06:44,110
+بأخذ الدم من حصيلة دمه، بحطها على الـSlide، بضيف لها
+
+110
+00:06:44,110 --> 00:06:48,790
+عندي الـAnti-Serum Anti-A وAnti-B وAnti-D، في حالة
+
+111
+00:06:48,790 --> 00:06:51,730
+الأرقاش، وبشوف الـAgglutination والشوء اللي حصل معي، 
+
+112
+00:06:51,730 --> 00:06:56,290
+بعطيني الـFacilitate، فلو ظهر الـReaction في محل 
+
+113
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,090
+الـAnti-A، فبكون نوع A، لو ظهر في الـAnti-B، بكون 
+
+114
+00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:03,110
+نوع الدم B، لو ظهر في الـAnti-A وB مع بعض، بكون
+
+115
+00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:05,910
+نوع AB، لو ما ظهرش الـReaction، بكون نوع O
+
+116
+00:07:08,620 --> 00:07:13,280
+الـ Viral Hemagglutination Assay طبعًا هذه لاحظوا 
+
+117
+00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,400
+أنه في بعض أنواع الفيروسات زي مثلًا الـ Influenza
+
+118
+00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:20,020
+عندها قدرة على تخلي الخلايا الحمرة تصبحوا بـ 
+
+119
+00:07:20,020 --> 00:07:24,740
+agglutination فوجدوا هي طريقة جيدة جدًا في الكشف
+
+120
+00:07:24,740 --> 00:07:30,140
+عن هذه الفيروسات فوجود هذه الفيروسات وطبعًا وجود
+
+121
+00:07:30,140 --> 00:07:32,480
+الخلايا الحمرة كـ indicators وصار agglutination
+
+122
+00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:35,140
+تعطيني indication إن أنا هذا الفيروس موجود عندي
+
+123
+00:07:35,140 --> 00:07:40,760
+إذن هي تعريف الفيروسات أو الـ Antibody تبعتها في
+
+124
+00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:44,920
+حالة وجود الـ Agglutinations للخلايا الحمراء
+
+125
+00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:52,560
+طبعًا هذه طريقة عكسية اللي هي Agglutination
+
+126
+00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:57,040
+Inhibition إن أنا بدي أستخدم Antibody ضد الفيروسات 
+
+127
+00:07:57,040 --> 00:07:59,840
+وبالتالي بمنع الفيروسات يعملولي الترابط مع الخلية
+
+128
+00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:02,380
+الحمراء ويمنعني الـ Aggregation فبيصير عندي 
+
+129
+00:08:02,380 --> 00:08:05,700
+Inhibition يعني أنا بأخذ الـIndication عكسي، إن
+
+130
+00:08:05,700 --> 00:08:08,920
+أنا بجيب أجسام مضادة طبعًا هذه بيصير عملية Specific
+
+131
+00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:12,440
+للفحص أعلى بكثير لأن أنا في الحالة هاي بجيب 
+
+132
+00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:17,020
+Antibody Specific لهذا الفيروس تمام؟ وهيتفاعل معه 
+
+133
+00:08:17,020 --> 00:08:20,980
+ويمنع الفيروس أنه يخليها تقلّص الـ RBCO وبالتالي
+
+134
+00:08:20,980 --> 00:08:23,560
+أنا في الحالة هيتكشفت عن الفيروس بطريقة عكسية
+
+135
+00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:31,120
+هي عندي الخلايا الحمراء، هي عندي الـ Agar Action
+
+136
+00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:33,740
+وهي طبعًا كيف بظهر معايا في الـ Blades طبعًا
+
+137
+00:08:33,740 --> 00:08:35,800
+الفيروسات، وجود الخلايا الحمراء عقيم الـ 
+
+138
+00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:38,280
+Hemagglutination طبعًا الـ Hemagglutination بضيف
+
+139
+00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:41,540
+أجسام مضاد مع الفيروسات بتعملي عملية reaction مع 
+
+140
+00:08:41,540 --> 00:08:44,120
+الفيروس وبتمنعها من عملية إيش، تكوين الـ
+
+141
+00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:47,260
+Agglutination طبعًا الحالة هذه، طبعًا الـ
+
+142
+00:08:47,260 --> 00:08:50,020
+Hemagglutination inhibition لو صار عندي بالحالة بعتبر 
+
+143
+00:08:50,020 --> 00:08:52,260
+Positive فبتستخدم الـ Agglutination بشرة،
+
+144
+00:08:52,260 --> 00:08:54,180
+Hemagglutination بشرة برضه في الحالة بعتبر Positive،
+
+145
+00:08:54,180 --> 00:08:55,300
+حسب الـMethod تبعتنا
+
+146
+00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:02,340
+طبعًا عندي الـ Passive Agglutination طبعًا الـ
+
+147
+00:09:02,340 --> 00:09:05,460
+Passive Agglutination بكون موجودة على سطح مركبات
+
+148
+00:09:05,460 --> 00:09:08,460
+معينة بس تخدم الـ particles هيك بيكون حجم كبير
+
+149
+00:09:08,460 --> 00:09:11,940
+عشان أنا أقدر أكشف عنها في العلم مجردها ممكن
+
+150
+00:09:11,940 --> 00:09:14,960
+أستخدم الـ bentonite ممكن أستخدم الـcholodione 
+
+151
+00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:17,960
+ممكن أستخدم الـ black particles ويستخدم بكثرة أو
+
+152
+00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:20,720
+الـ colloidal calcules طبعًا الـ Passive
+
+153
+00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:23,180
+Agglutination tests have been used to detect
+
+154
+00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:25,580
+rheumatoid factor and anti-depressant antibody إن
+
+155
+00:09:25,580 --> 00:09:28,660
+شاء الله ما عملنا الجاي هتكلم عن rheumatoid factor
+
+156
+00:09:30,660 --> 00:09:33,340
+طبعًا الـ Reverse passive agglutination أنا حكيت
+
+157
+00:09:33,340 --> 00:09:36,200
+إن أنا في حالة passive agglutination أنا بستخدم
+
+158
+00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:40,060
+الـ … الـ … الـ Antibody كدتكتور عشان أكشف عن الـ
+
+159
+00:09:40,060 --> 00:09:42,660
+Antigenات، هنا العكس Reverse passive agglutination
+
+160
+00:09:42,660 --> 00:09:45,200
+الـ Antibody اللي قاعد على الـ Antigen is attached
+
+161
+00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:47,820
+to the carrier يعني أنا في حالة Reverse بستخدم الـ
+
+162
+00:09:47,820 --> 00:09:51,880
+Antibody attached to الـ … للـ Carrier عشان أكشف
+
+163
+00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:55,820
+عن الـ Antigenطبعا الـ Separate kits are available
+
+164
+00:09:55,820 --> 00:09:58,900
+to date for rapid amplification لصحيح الانتجين زي
+
+165
+00:09:58,900 --> 00:10:01,300
+عندي مثلا الـ Group A و Group B و Streptococcus
+
+166
+00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:06,540
+الاخر يستخدم فيها repair passive agglutination هذا
+
+167
+00:10:06,540 --> 00:10:09,920
+التفريق ما بين الـ indirect و direct للـ repair
+
+168
+00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:12,480
+passive agglutination طبعا الـ agglutination
+
+169
+00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,300
+inhibition طبعا الـ agglutination inhibition زي ما 
+
+170
+00:10:15,300 --> 00:10:20,130
+حكينا الأدب بيصير عندي بيستخدم أشعة مضادةعشان أمنع
+
+171
+00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:22,410
+الـ agglutination الـ ECF عندي agglutination هي
+
+172
+00:10:22,410 --> 00:10:24,850
+بشير based on a competition منافسة ما بين
+
+173
+00:10:24,850 --> 00:10:29,410
+البرتيكولات اللي تتخزنها زي اللاتكس عن soluble
+
+174
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:32,110
+أنتجين وجيبكم soluble for limited antibody،
+
+175
+00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:34,270
+combining sites and a lack of agglutination is
+
+176
+00:10:34,270 --> 00:10:36,810
+indicator of positive reaction في الحالة هذه، في
+
+177
+00:10:36,810 --> 00:10:41,050
+حالة صار عندي reaction في absorption دي
+
+178
+00:10:41,050 --> 00:10:45,290
+agglutination فالreaction يعني أنه positive طبعا
+
+179
+00:10:45,290 --> 00:10:48,970
+ال reverseأو الـ Agglutination إنه عشان استخدموه
+
+180
+00:10:48,970 --> 00:10:54,590
+كتير زمان استخدموه في عملية الفعص الحمل في الـ HCG
+
+181
+00:10:54,590 --> 00:10:57,370
+وكانوا يستخدموا واحد لأنه استخدم بعض الكتاب في الـ
+
+182
+00:10:57,370 --> 00:10:58,250
+Reverse Agglutination
+
+183
+00:11:01,530 --> 00:11:04,810
+هذه طريقة طبعاً هنا الـ hCG ترتبط مع الخلايا
+
+184
+00:11:04,810 --> 00:11:08,050
+الحمراء طبعاً في حالة هي أنا بضيف أسلوب مضادة تمنع
+
+185
+00:11:08,050 --> 00:11:11,910
+الخلايا الحمراء ترتبط مع الـ hCG تمنع الـ
+
+186
+00:11:11,910 --> 00:11:15,350
+agglutination الخلايا الحمراء، وبالتالي عندي،
+
+187
+00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:17,950
+sorry، sorry مش خلايا حمراء، let's just park it،
+
+188
+00:11:17,950 --> 00:11:20,690
+مش عندي، أنا مش عندي خلايا حمراء، عندي الـHeptan
+
+189
+00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,950
+carrier أو carrier بشكل عام، في الحالة هي تمنع الـ
+
+190
+00:11:23,950 --> 00:11:26,370
+carriers تكون agglutination، فهو بسيطة، فسموه
+
+191
+00:11:26,370 --> 00:11:30,750
+agglutination inhibitionطبعاً آخر التقنية اللي هي
+
+192
+00:11:30,750 --> 00:11:33,870
+الـ Coagglutination أو الـ Conglutination طبعاً هذه
+
+193
+00:11:33,870 --> 00:11:36,510
+بيستخدم فيها الـ inner particles زي السلمونيلا
+
+194
+00:11:36,510 --> 00:11:40,850
+كطبعاً بيكون عادية عداش لـ Antibody و بيستخدم فيها
+
+195
+00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:44,110
+طبعاً الـ Antibody الأصلي region بخلته ترتبط مع
+
+196
+00:11:44,110 --> 00:11:47,930
+الانتبادي و تبتكشف عن البروتين إيه لزي بالخوفص أو
+
+197
+00:11:47,930 --> 00:11:52,770
+مثلا بيستخدم تكشف عن مثلا الأسام البطة طبعاً هذه
+
+198
+00:11:52,770 --> 00:11:54,590
+بيستخدم الأدلة اللي بيحكي عنها السلمونيلا
+
+199
+00:11:54,590 --> 00:11:56,310
+كparticles فيها
+
+200
+00:11:59,570 --> 00:12:02,250
+طبعًا، هذا الفحص للـAnti-Glucan أحنا إن شاء الله
+
+201
+00:12:02,250 --> 00:12:05,330
+هتقعد معانا في فحص كامل عن الـAnti-Glucan وهذا
+
+202
+00:12:05,330 --> 00:12:08,990
+طبعًا أنا في حالة الـCoump's Test طبعًا الفحص
+
+203
+00:12:08,990 --> 00:12:11,430
+للـAnti-Glucan همر عن البنك الدم إن شاء الله لكن
+
+204
+00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:14,750
+بكل بساطة أنا باخد الـ… أنا ببحث عن أسام مضادة
+
+205
+00:12:14,750 --> 00:12:17,470
+أصلا مرتبطة على سطح الخلايا الحمراء وسميناها
+
+206
+00:12:17,470 --> 00:12:19,090
+الـSensitization يعني أنه إحنا حكينا
+
+207
+00:12:19,090 --> 00:12:22,570
+الـagglutination بمر المرحلتين المرحلة الأولى اللي
+
+208
+00:12:22,570 --> 00:12:25,310
+هي الـSensitization اللي عملت ارتباط لأسام مضادة
+
+209
+00:12:25,310 --> 00:12:30,500
+على سطح الخلايا وطبعًالـ DCD أو الـ Direct
+
+210
+00:12:30,500 --> 00:12:34,260
+Coombs بصيانة لضباط أساط الخلايا الحمرة في جسم
+
+211
+00:12:34,260 --> 00:12:37,870
+الإنسانطبعًا، احنا ندور إلى المرحلة التانية اللي
+
+212
+00:12:37,870 --> 00:12:41,150
+هي «Lattice Formation» نسحب العينة، نعملها Washing
+
+213
+00:12:41,150 --> 00:12:44,330
+وبعدين نضيف عليها Antibody للـAntibody الموجودة
+
+214
+00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:46,650
+خلال الخلايا الحمراء لو صارت Agglutination فهي
+
+215
+00:12:46,650 --> 00:12:49,130
+Positive ولو ما صارت Agglutination فهي Negative
+
+216
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,790
+فأنا الـAntibody اللي بستخدمها ليه Antibody سميها
+
+217
+00:12:52,790 --> 00:12:57,530
+طبعًا الـCoombs Antibody أو Anti-Human Globulin
+
+218
+00:12:57,530 --> 00:13:00,450
+طبعًا هذه بتعملي Bridge بين الخلايا وبالتالي تربط
+
+219
+00:13:00,450 --> 00:13:01,910
+الخلايا مع بعض لبعض
+
+220
+00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:08,300
+احنا بتوقف الحجة هذه، عشان الشباب طبعًا بدهم
+
+221
+00:13:08,300 --> 00:13:10,260
+يروحوا إن شاء الله أبقى عندي عملية الـ
+
+222
+00:13:10,260 --> 00:13:12,500
+Instrumentation في عندي معملة كامة لـ
+
+223
+00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,160
+Instrumentation لكن احنا برضه المرة جاي بنبلش في
+
+224
+00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:19,560
+محل بتوقفنا لـ Instrumentation وإن شاء الله، كذا
+
+225
+00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:23,400
+بحكيلكم، بحط معيد ثابتة وحكون المحاضرات كلها مسجلة
+
+226
+00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:27,580
+قبل ما نوقف التسجيل، إذا أي حد إله سؤال، بيقولوا
+
+227
+00:13:27,580 --> 00:13:29,920
+«معاد، إلك إشي؟ عندك إشي سؤال؟»
+
+228
+00:13:32,330 --> 00:13:36,650
+لأ، بس بالنسبالي اللي احنا قلناها كتابتنا توزيع
+
+229
+00:13:36,650 --> 00:13:40,970
+العلامات توزيع العلامات، ان شاء الله الله عفوك يا
+
+230
+00:13:40,970 --> 00:13:43,310
+عبد الرحمن، ان شاء الله زي ما حكي هنا أنا عشانك
+
+231
+00:13:43,310 --> 00:13:47,690
+وعش��ن حمزة ممكن أحط معيد ثابتة لكن في أي وقت بدكم
+
+232
+00:13:47,690 --> 00:13:50,710
+أي سؤال، تصلوا عليه، ماعنديش مانع، حتى لو كان نص
+
+233
+00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:54,770
+الليالي، وتواصلوا معاكم على طريق الـWhatsApp وعلى
+
+234
+00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:57,910
+طريق هذا، بدك تبقى علامة ده، ماعنديش مشكلة، غالباً
+
+235
+00:13:57,910 --> 00:14:00,250
+مش تغيير كبير عليها، هكون تغيير، إذا كان هكون
+
+236
+00:14:00,250 --> 00:14:03,310
+تغيير بسيط أو مافي تغيير، ان شاء اللهبالنسبة
+
+237
+00:14:03,310 --> 00:14:06,550
+لتوزيع العلامات يا معاد زي ما حكينا، هيكون عندنا
+
+238
+00:14:06,550 --> 00:14:12,790
+امتحان نصي هيكون عندكم، زي ما تحكي، نشاطات، هيكون
+
+239
+00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:15,850
+عندكم presentation طب ال presentation هتعملوها و
+
+240
+00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:19,210
+هتلقوها عبر ال .. زي ما أنا بلغ المحاضرات هتلقوها
+
+241
+00:14:19,210 --> 00:14:22,310
+عبر الهدف و هتستقيم لدرجة الشغل هذه إن شاء الله،
+
+242
+00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:26,950
+تمام؟
+
+243
+00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:30,110
+فيه استفسار قبل ما أسكر الـChoose Mode؟ يعني ليش
+
+244
+00:14:30,110 --> 00:14:33,740
+امتحان نصي يعني؟الامتحان نصي عادي، يعني ماعندنا حد
+
+245
+00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:35,880
+ما نوصل، هعملكم الامتحان الإلكتروني، غالبًا
+
+246
+00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,220
+الامتحان الإلكتروني هيكون إما صح أو خطأ أو هيكون
+
+247
+00:14:39,220 --> 00:14:43,120
+مثلًا Multiple MCQs، ان شاء الله يعني نحن مش من
+
+248
+00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,140
+الامتحانات، يعني الامتحان أنتوا خدتوا الامتحانات
+
+249
+00:14:46,140 --> 00:14:48,400
+الإلكترونية جانب هيك، مميز الامتحانات الإلكترونية
+
+250
+00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:53,270
+نوعًا ما سهل ان شاء اللهطيب، ده هذا، بس يعني هدول
+
+251
+00:14:53,270 --> 00:14:55,370
+التكاليف، يعني أكام التكاليف في الـ Presentation
+
+252
+00:14:55,370 --> 00:14:57,550
+والكلام؟ والله، يا عزيزي، بنشوف، يا عزيزي، لإنه
+
+253
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:59,830
+أنا مابديش برضه أحط تكاليف كثيرة ولا برضه أحطهم
+
+254
+00:14:59,830 --> 00:15:02,910
+تانية في الجيل، لأ فأنا ببدأ أشوف إيش تكاليف اللي
+
+255
+00:15:02,910 --> 00:15:07,510
+بنحطها، يعني هنشتمع مع الكلية إن شاء الله، ونشوف
+
+256
+00:15:07,510 --> 00:15:13,570
+المعيدات والـ Message اللي بتحط تكاليف ونحط تكاليف
+
+257
+00:15:13,570 --> 00:15:15,850
+ما يتناسب للجميع، يعني أنتوا الطالبات واحد هكون
+
+258
+00:15:15,850 --> 00:15:20,090
+بالنسبة للتكاليفإن شاء الله، ماشي إن شاء الله،
+
+259
+00:15:20,090 --> 00:15:27,430
+الممر تم يعني إن شاء الله مفهمه كامل؟ إن شاء الله،
+
+260
+00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:31,930
+يا حبيب الله طيب، أي سلسلة برضه، إن شاء الله
+
+261
+00:15:31,930 --> 00:15:36,650
+هتواصل مع بعض المحاضرات إن شاء الله هنزل على
+
+262
+00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:39,550
+الـMode اللي أعمل أو ممكن نزلكم إياها على
+
+263
+00:15:39,550 --> 00:15:41,730
+الـWhatsApp بس هي حجم كبير، مابنزلش تقوس على
+
+264
+00:15:41,730 --> 00:15:44,810
+الـWhatsApp ممكن نعمل قناة YouTube خاصة ونزلكم
+
+265
+00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,720
+إياها خلال القناة الـYouTube الخاصةمش ع الموديل،
+
+266
+00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:50,900
+مش ع الموديل اللي هتنزلهم؟ ع الموديل، لكن إذا حجمه
+
+267
+00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:56,420
+كبير، ماعرفش أحسب الحجم يا معاذي آه، آه، موضوعنا
+
+268
+00:15:56,420 --> 00:16:00,040
+فيه أكتر كان نازلنا في ساعة يعني، مافيش مشكلة بدي
+
+269
+00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:02,260
+أشوف، لأنه إحنا اليوم الجامعة تواصلت معانا و
+
+270
+00:16:02,260 --> 00:16:05,320
+هتعملنا على الـGoogle Drive و أنا هنزل الـGoogle
+
+271
+00:16:05,320 --> 00:16:10,820
+Drive و بعدين هنزلكم إياها، هم هنزلكم إياها فلو
+
+272
+00:16:10,820 --> 00:16:13,860
+كان فيه بحثة زي هيك أحسن إن شاء الله خير، إن شاء
+
+273
+00:16:13,860 --> 00:16:17,660
+الله خيريعني هأخلّي كدا وسيلة لتنزيل الـ «هد»،
+
+274
+00:16:17,660 --> 00:16:23,580
+لتنزيل الـ «جوش» إن شاء الله طيب، عم كده بالنسبة
+
+275
+00:16:23,580 --> 00:16:28,520
+للمعمل التاني اللي هو تبع الـ «دم تشخيصي يوم
+
+276
+00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,280
+التسبت» حيكون، هبعثكم معاد، يعني غالباً هيكون فترة
+
+277
+00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:37,480
+صباحية ممكن فإن
+
+278
+00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:40,060
+شاء الله أبحثكم معاد، تحديد معاد ليوم التسبت فترة
+
+279
+00:16:40,060 --> 00:16:42,440
+صباحية من الله تعالى، هناخد هذا ونخلّي
+
+280
+00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:43,620
+المعاد’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’
+
+
+281
+00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:52,340
+إيش يا معان؟
+
+282
+00:16:52,340 --> 00:16:56,780
+لو على العشرة، عشرة أحداث، كويس؟ بدي أشوف، ده زي
+
+283
+00:16:56,780 --> 00:17:00,760
+ما أعمل، أنا عشان عندي هرجيت أربع مواد، بوزعهم و
+
+284
+00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:03,920
+أخلي فيهم السفر بتاعتهم، لأن اليوم أنا شوية نزلت 
+
+285
+00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:06,420
+معالي همدولجة، ما أقدرش أعطيهم مكملهم، عشان أنا
+
+286
+00:17:06,420 --> 00:17:10,560
+أتواصل معاكم، فخليني أشوف، أنا هعمل جدول وهنزله 
+
+287
+00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:12,900
+إن شاء الله بالاسم للطلاب، تمام؟
+
+288
+00:17:15,770 --> 00:17:20,430
+بس بالنسبة لهذا كمية المحاضرة .. كمية المحاضرة
+
+289
+00:17:20,430 --> 00:17:21,610
+بقوله بالنص عادة 

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/GBhqSa1QH2g_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1156 @@
+1
+00:00:03,420 --> 00:00:06,420
+طيب احنا وصلنا عند ال agglutination طبعا ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,420 --> 00:00:08,580
+agglutination زي ما حكينا هي التفاعل بين ال
+
+3
+00:00:08,580 --> 00:00:13,540
+endogenous و الأشياء المضادة و يخلي ال particles
+
+4
+00:00:13,540 --> 00:00:17,860
+تتصق بعضها هذا ال agglutinationفي أمثل كتير على
+
+5
+00:00:17,860 --> 00:00:21,820
+agglutination يعني مثلا اتفاعل البكتيريا على سفر
+
+6
+00:00:21,820 --> 00:00:25,420
+الخلايا الحمرة تؤدي مثلا لتنشيط الـ complement أو
+
+7
+00:00:25,420 --> 00:00:28,000
+الـ antibody وهذه تؤدي إلى ارتباط الخلايا مع بعض
+
+8
+00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:32,260
+وبعض يسموه agglutination طبعا عملية الفاكو سيتوسف
+
+9
+00:00:32,260 --> 00:00:34,710
+أصلا هي تعتمد على agglutinationلأنه أصلًا
+
+10
+00:00:34,710 --> 00:00:39,470
+الـComplement مرتبط ليه مع البكتيريا طبعًا ومرتبط
+
+11
+00:00:39,470 --> 00:00:42,690
+ليه مع الخلايا الحمرة فعملت طبعًا وهذا وقبلًا
+
+12
+00:00:42,690 --> 00:00:47,050
+agglutination في مثلًا مر معنا سابق اللي هو عملت
+
+13
+00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:50,430
+الـGut Grooving أن أنا أعمل زمرة الدم، برضه هذا
+
+14
+00:00:50,430 --> 00:00:59,710
+agglutination الو؟
+
+15
+00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:28,600
+«معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» عندها «معمول
+
+16
+00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:35,380
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+17
+00:01:35,380 --> 00:01:36,160
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+18
+00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:36,660
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+19
+00:01:36,660 --> 00:01:41,720
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+20
+00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:42,820
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+21
+00:01:42,820 --> 00:01:42,840
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+22
+00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:46,740
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+23
+00:01:46,740 --> 00:01:50,500
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـ
+
+24
+00:01:53,900 --> 00:01:59,280
+إيش خصائص تفاعلات الـ Agglutination؟ بحكيلك أول
+
+25
+00:01:59,280 --> 00:02:04,660
+إشي طبعًا الـ Aggregation of particles matter due
+
+26
+00:02:04,660 --> 00:02:06,960
+to combination with specific antibody دلن عملية
+
+27
+00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:11,400
+specificity، إنه specific antibody، تمام؟ بعدين،
+
+28
+00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,000
+بيصير الـ Agglutination على سطح الخلايا أو على سطح
+
+29
+00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,260
+ال particles يعني مثلًا في عيني أنا ممكن أستخدم
+
+30
+00:02:16,260 --> 00:02:19,020
+خيل الخلايا ممكن أستخدم particles زي الـ Lattice
+
+31
+00:02:19,020 --> 00:02:22,570
+particles بيصير على سطحها التفاعلات، تمام؟الـ
+
+32
+00:02:22,570 --> 00:02:24,890
+Agglutination ممكن تكون على خلية و بسميها Direct
+
+33
+00:02:24,890 --> 00:02:29,730
+Agglutination و ممكن تكون على سطح خلايا تانية اللي
+
+34
+00:02:29,730 --> 00:02:33,070
+هي الـ Particles و بسميها Passive Agglutination أو
+
+35
+00:02:33,070 --> 00:02:38,650
+Direct Agglutination ممكن أنا أسرع في عملية
+
+36
+00:02:38,650 --> 00:02:41,950
+Agglutination بالحرارة إنه أنا أزيد الحرارة بتقدر
+
+37
+00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:44,390
+زيادة الـ Movement وتقدر زيادة الـ Agglutination
+
+38
+00:02:44,390 --> 00:02:47,990
+بين الأدجال طبعاً في حالة الـ Agglutination اللي
+
+39
+00:02:47,990 --> 00:02:52,420
+عملته في الـ Tube أنا بصير الـ Superlativeويصبح
+
+40
+00:02:52,420 --> 00:02:55,660
+عملية الـ Agglutination كلها الخلايا اللي صارت
+
+41
+00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:58,460
+بالـ Agglutination بتترسب تحت ويكون visible
+
+42
+00:02:58,460 --> 00:03:02,740
+بالنسبة لإلي هذه خصائص الـ Agglutination طبعا الـ
+
+43
+00:03:02,740 --> 00:03:06,520
+Agglutination بتتم بمرحلتين مرحلة أولى بيسموها
+
+44
+00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,700
+Sensitization لعملية ارتباط الجسم المضاد على سطح
+
+45
+00:03:10,700 --> 00:03:14,970
+الخليةوالمرحلة التانية بيسموها Lattice Formation
+
+46
+00:03:14,970 --> 00:03:17,850
+أو الـ Aggregation Aggregated Stage أو Lattice
+
+47
+00:03:17,850 --> 00:03:20,650
+Formation فالم��حلة الأولى هي عملية ارتباط الجسد
+
+48
+00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:24,430
+المضاد على سطح الخلية بيسموها Synthesization طبعاً
+
+49
+00:03:24,430 --> 00:03:26,970
+والمرحلة التانية اللي هي Lattice Formation عملت
+
+50
+00:03:26,970 --> 00:03:30,110
+ارتباط الخلايا مع بعض وتقميد شبكة بيسموها Lattice
+
+51
+00:03:30,110 --> 00:03:32,570
+Formation هاي في الحالة بيصير دي شبكة كل ما زاد
+
+52
+00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:35,590
+الـTiming كل ما كبرت الشبكة وكل ما اترسبت وظهرت
+
+53
+00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:37,950
+معايا أكتر صارت Visible لأيلي
+
+54
+00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:44,330
+طيب، الـ Agglutination طبعًا في ناحية المعاملية،
+
+55
+00:03:44,330 --> 00:03:48,950
+في المختبر بستخدمه في عدة تفاعلات زي مثلًا مساعدة
+
+56
+00:03:48,950 --> 00:03:53,530
+في تعريف طبعًا الـ Antiserum في حالات كتيرة في الـ
+
+57
+00:03:53,530 --> 00:03:56,610
+Antigenase زي مثلًا في الـ Micro، إذا أخدتوا أنتم
+
+58
+00:03:56,610 --> 00:03:58,930
+مثلًا، اللي هي Lens Field Reaction اللي هي Lens
+
+59
+00:03:58,930 --> 00:04:01,610
+Field Reaction عبارة عن Agglutination أنا بعرف شو
+
+60
+00:04:01,610 --> 00:04:05,470
+الـTypes لـCertococcus على طريق الـAntibody
+
+61
+00:04:05,470 --> 00:04:07,960
+الموجود معي أو الـAntiserum الموجود معيفأنا ممكن
+
+62
+00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:10,380
+أعرف نوع الـ Margarinism عن طريق الـ Agglutination
+
+63
+00:04:10,380 --> 00:04:13,680
+Reaction طيب، ممكن على طريقي برضه أعرف شو نوع الـ
+
+64
+00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:17,300
+Disease، يعني في عدة مرض كتيرة ممكن أني أنا أجيب
+
+65
+00:04:17,300 --> 00:04:20,160
+للإنجينات وأفعلها مع Antiserum وأعرف شو نوع الـ
+
+66
+00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,820
+Disease موجود عندى وشو تركيز اللي هسموه باطة
+
+67
+00:04:23,820 --> 00:04:29,460
+لإلها، تمام؟ أنواع الـ Agglutination في عندي ست
+
+68
+00:04:29,460 --> 00:04:33,670
+أنواع أساسيةالـ Direct Agglutination يكون مباشرة
+
+69
+00:04:33,670 --> 00:04:37,150
+على صفح الخلايا يعني مثلًا نجيت الـ ABO Blood
+
+70
+00:04:37,150 --> 00:04:39,910
+Group يعتبر Direct Agglutination لإن مفعل الأسنان
+
+71
+00:04:39,910 --> 00:04:42,730
+مضادة على صفحة الخلايا الحمرة يعتبر Direct
+
+72
+00:04:42,730 --> 00:04:45,230
+Agglutination الـ Passive Agglutination أو الـ
+
+73
+00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:48,230
+Indirect Agglutination هذا طبعًا بيستخدم في
+
+74
+00:04:48,230 --> 00:04:51,970
+Particles خارجي زي اللاتكسوبساعدني في عملية الـ
+
+75
+00:04:51,970 --> 00:04:54,350
+Agglutination فعندي انه reverse بس في
+
+76
+00:04:54,350 --> 00:04:58,190
+agglutination طبعا اسمه reverse أنا بكشف في الـ
+
+77
+00:04:58,190 --> 00:04:59,870
+Direct Agglutination و Impressive Agglutination عن
+
+78
+00:04:59,870 --> 00:05:02,590
+أسام مضادة في الحالة الـ Reverse أنا بكشف عن
+
+79
+00:05:02,590 --> 00:05:05,250
+العكس، sorry، sorry فبكشف في ال Direct
+
+80
+00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,170
+Agglutination عن الـ Antigenات، في الحالة الـ
+
+81
+00:05:08,170 --> 00:05:11,370
+Reverse بكشف عن أسام مضادة، معكوس يعني بستخدم أنا
+
+82
+00:05:11,370 --> 00:05:14,810
+في الـ Direct العامل اللي بعرفه أنا الـ None عندي
+
+83
+00:05:14,810 --> 00:05:17,230
+هو عبارة عن الـ Antibodyلكن في الـ Reverse of none
+
+84
+00:05:17,230 --> 00:05:20,030
+عندي عبارة عن الـ AH عن الـ Androgen عندي
+
+85
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,050
+Agglutination Inhibition أني أنا هذه هقولت التفاعل
+
+86
+00:05:23,050 --> 00:05:26,450
+عكسي كيف يعني؟ أنا في حالة الـ Agglutination ال
+
+87
+00:05:26,450 --> 00:05:29,350
+reaction يعبر عن نفسه بتكوين ال Agglutination
+
+88
+00:05:29,350 --> 00:05:33,210
+particles تمام؟ أو ال aggregation particles بينما
+
+89
+00:05:33,210 --> 00:05:35,370
+في Agglutination Inhibition بيصير عامل تفبير يعني
+
+90
+00:05:35,370 --> 00:05:38,150
+في حالة positive بيتكونش عندي وفي حالة negative
+
+91
+00:05:38,150 --> 00:05:41,200
+بيتكون عنديالـ Hemagglutination Inhibition هي نفس
+
+92
+00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:42,540
+ما أخد الـ Hemagglutination Inhibition لكن في
+
+93
+00:05:42,540 --> 00:05:45,640
+الحالة هي اللي بيستخدم الخلايا الحمراء كـ
+
+94
+00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,420
+Indicators وعندي الـ Coagglutination أو الـ
+
+95
+00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:51,220
+Conglutations هذه طبعا باستخدام فيه البكتيريا
+
+96
+00:05:51,220 --> 00:05:56,260
+كأساطر البكتيريا بتاعة التفاعلات فيهاDirect
+
+97
+00:05:56,260 --> 00:06:00,020
+Agitation زي ما حكينا، بستخدم فيها على سطح
+
+98
+00:06:00,020 --> 00:06:02,660
+الـCells نفسها زي هنا مثلا البكتيريا،
+
+99
+00:06:02,660 --> 00:06:06,000
+الـSalmonella، بنتفعلها عن طريق استخدام معها
+
+100
+00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:13,080
+الـAnti-AO أو الـAnti-H وأكشف عن نوعها، بكون عندها
+
+101
+00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,480
+بالحالة هذه الـparticle هي برا نفس الـCells اللي
+
+102
+00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:19,500
+بأخدها أو نفس الـCells اللي بتستخدمها أو أكشف عنها
+
+103
+00:06:20,090 --> 00:06:23,050
+طبعًا الـ Hemagglutination في الحالة من اسمها Hem
+
+104
+00:06:23,050 --> 00:06:26,310
+عبارة عن غلالة دم الحمراء بستخدمها في الـ
+
+105
+00:06:26,310 --> 00:06:29,590
+agglutination في حالة هي زي ما عمليت الـ blood re
+
+106
+00:06:29,590 --> 00:06:32,110
+-typing في حالة الكشف عن بعض الفيروسات باستخدام
+
+107
+00:06:32,110 --> 00:06:35,990
+الـ Hemagglutination Assay الـ blood-grouping هي
+
+108
+00:06:35,990 --> 00:06:38,610
+المرأة معناه، مش هنحكي عنها كتير، لكن هي استخدام
+
+109
+00:06:39,330 --> 00:06:44,110
+بأخد الدم من حصيلة دمه، بحطها على الـSlide، بضيفها
+
+110
+00:06:44,110 --> 00:06:48,790
+عندي الـAnti-Serum أنتي-A وAnti-B وAnti-D، في حالة
+
+111
+00:06:48,790 --> 00:06:51,730
+الأرقاش، وبشوف الـGlutination والشوء اللي حصل معي،
+
+112
+00:06:51,730 --> 00:06:56,290
+بعطيني الـFacilite، فلو ظهر الـReaction في المحل
+
+113
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,090
+الـAnti-A، فبكون نوع A، لو ظهر في الـAnti-B، بكون
+
+114
+00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:03,110
+نوع الدم B، لو ظهر في الـAnti-A وB مع بعض، بكون
+
+115
+00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:05,910
+نوع AB، لو ما ظهرش الـReaction، بكون نوع O
+
+116
+00:07:08,620 --> 00:07:13,280
+الـ Viral Hemagglutination Assay طبعًا هذه لاحظوا
+
+117
+00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,400
+أنه في بعض أنواع الفيروسات زي مثلًا الـ HF1Z1
+
+118
+00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:20,020
+عندها قدرة على تخلّي الخلايا الحمرة تصبحوا بـ
+
+119
+00:07:20,020 --> 00:07:24,740
+agglutination فوجدوا هي طريقة جيدة جدًا في الكشف
+
+120
+00:07:24,740 --> 00:07:30,140
+عن هذه الفيروسات فوجود هذه الفيروسات وطبعًا وجود
+
+121
+00:07:30,140 --> 00:07:32,480
+الخلايا الحمرة كـ indicators وصار agglutination
+
+122
+00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:35,140
+تعطيني indication إن أنا هذا الفيروس موجود عندي
+
+123
+00:07:35,140 --> 00:07:40,760
+إذن هي تعريف الفيروساتأو الـ Antibody تبعتها في
+
+124
+00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:44,920
+حالة وجود الـ Agglutinations للخلاق الحمراء
+
+125
+00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:52,560
+طبعًا هذه طريقة عكسية اللي هي Aggregation
+
+126
+00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:57,040
+Inhibition إن أنا بدي أستخدم Antibody ضد الفيروسات
+
+127
+00:07:57,040 --> 00:07:59,840
+وبالتالي بمنع الفيروسات يعملولي التباط مع الخلية
+
+128
+00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:02,380
+الحمراء ويمنعني الـ Aggregation فبصير عندي
+
+129
+00:08:02,380 --> 00:08:05,700
+Inhibition يعني أنا باخد الـIndication عكسي، إن
+
+130
+00:08:05,700 --> 00:08:08,920
+أنا بجيب أسام مضادة طبعًا هذه بيصير عملية Specific
+
+131
+00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:12,440
+للفحص أعلى بكتير لإن أنا في الحالة هاي بجيب
+
+132
+00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:17,020
+Antibody Specific لهذا الفيروستمام؟ وهيتفاعل معاه
+
+133
+00:08:17,020 --> 00:08:20,980
+ويمنع الفيروس أنه يخلّيه يقلش الـ RBCO وبالتالي
+
+134
+00:08:20,980 --> 00:08:23,560
+أنا في الحالة هيتكشفت عن الفيروس بطريقة عكسية
+
+135
+00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:31,120
+هي عندي الأخلاي الحمرة، هي عندي الـ Agar Action
+
+136
+00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:33,740
+وهي طبعًا كيف بظهر معايا في الـ Blades طبعًا
+
+137
+00:08:33,740 --> 00:08:35,800
+الفيروسات، وجود الخلاي الحمرة عقيم الـ
+
+138
+00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:38,280
+Hemagglotination طبعًا الـ Hemagglotination بضيف
+
+139
+00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:41,540
+أسنان مضاد مع الفيروسات بتعملي عملية reaction مع
+
+140
+00:08:41,540 --> 00:08:44,120
+الفيروس وبتمنحها من عملية إيش، تكوين الـ
+
+141
+00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:47,260
+Agglotination طبعًا الحالة هاي، طبعًا الـ
+
+142
+00:08:47,260 --> 00:08:50,020
+Hemagglotination إنهيبشن لو صار عندي بالحالة بعتبر
+
+143
+00:08:50,020 --> 00:08:52,260
+Positive فبتستخدم الـ Agglotation بشرة،
+
+144
+00:08:52,260 --> 00:08:54,180
+Hemagglotation بشرة برضه في الحالة بعتبر Positive،
+
+145
+00:08:54,180 --> 00:08:55,300
+حسب الـMethod تبعتنا
+
+146
+00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:02,340
+طبعًا عندي الـ Passive Agglutination طبعًا الـ
+
+147
+00:09:02,340 --> 00:09:05,460
+Passive Agglutination بكون موجودة على سطح مركبات
+
+148
+00:09:05,460 --> 00:09:08,460
+معينة بس تخدم الـ particles هيك بيكون حجم كبير
+
+149
+00:09:08,460 --> 00:09:11,940
+عشان أنا أقدر أكشف عنها في العلم مجردها ممكن
+
+150
+00:09:11,940 --> 00:09:14,960
+أستخدم الـ bentonite ممكن أستخدم الـcholodione
+
+151
+00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:17,960
+ممكن أستخدم الـ black particles ويستخدم بكثرة أو
+
+152
+00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:20,720
+الـ colloidal calcules طبعًا الـ Passive
+
+153
+00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:23,180
+Agglutination tests have been used to detect
+
+154
+00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:25,580
+rheumatoid factor and antidepressant antibody إن
+
+155
+00:09:25,580 --> 00:09:28,660
+شاء الله ما عملنا الجاي هتكلم عن rheumatoid factor
+
+156
+00:09:30,660 --> 00:09:33,340
+طبعًا الـ Reverse passive agglutination أنا حكيت
+
+157
+00:09:33,340 --> 00:09:36,200
+إن أنا في حالة passive agglutination أنا بستخدم
+
+158
+00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:40,060
+الـ … الـ … الـ Antibody كدتكتور عشان أكشف عن الـ
+
+159
+00:09:40,060 --> 00:09:42,660
+Antigenات، هنا العكس Reverse passive agglutination
+
+160
+00:09:42,660 --> 00:09:45,200
+الـ Antibody اللي قاعد على الـ Antigen is attached
+
+161
+00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:47,820
+to the carrier يعني أنا في حالة Reverse بستخدم الـ
+
+162
+00:09:47,820 --> 00:09:51,880
+Antibody attached to الـ … للـ Carrier عشان أكشف
+
+163
+00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:55,820
+عن الـ Antigenطبعا الـ Separate kits are available
+
+164
+00:09:55,820 --> 00:09:58,900
+to date for rapid amplification لصحيح الانتجين زي
+
+165
+00:09:58,900 --> 00:10:01,300
+عندي مثلا الـ Group A و Group B و Structococcus
+
+166
+00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:06,540
+الاخر يستخدم فيها repair passive agglutination هذا
+
+167
+00:10:06,540 --> 00:10:09,920
+التفريق ما بين الـ indirect و direct للـ repair
+
+168
+00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:12,480
+passive agglutination طبعا الـ agglutination
+
+169
+00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,300
+inhibition طبعا الـ agglutination inhibition زي ما
+
+170
+00:10:15,300 --> 00:10:20,130
+حكينا الأدب بيصير عندي بيستخدم أشعة مضادةعشان أمنع
+
+171
+00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:22,410
+الـ agglutination الـ ECF عندي agglutination هي
+
+172
+00:10:22,410 --> 00:10:24,850
+بشير based on a competition منافسة ما بين
+
+173
+00:10:24,850 --> 00:10:29,410
+البرتيكولات اللي تتخزنها زي اللاتكس عن soluble
+
+174
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:32,110
+أنتجين وجيبكم soluble for limited antibody،
+
+175
+00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:34,270
+combining sites and a lack of agglutination is
+
+176
+00:10:34,270 --> 00:10:36,810
+indicator of positive reaction في الحالة هذه، في
+
+177
+00:10:36,810 --> 00:10:41,050
+حالة صار عندي reaction في absorption دي
+
+178
+00:10:41,050 --> 00:10:45,290
+agglutination فالreaction يعني أنه positive طبعا
+
+179
+00:10:45,290 --> 00:10:48,970
+ال reverseأو الـ Agglutination إنه عشان استخدموه
+
+180
+00:10:48,970 --> 00:10:54,590
+كتير زمان استخدموه في عملية الفعص الحمل في الـ HCG
+
+181
+00:10:54,590 --> 00:10:57,370
+وكانوا يستخدموا واحد لأنه استخدم بعض الكتاب في الـ
+
+182
+00:10:57,370 --> 00:10:58,250
+Reverse Agglutination
+
+183
+00:11:01,530 --> 00:11:04,810
+هذه طريقة طبعاً هنا الـ SCG ترتبط مع الخلايا
+
+184
+00:11:04,810 --> 00:11:08,050
+الحمراء طبعاً في حالة هي أنا بضيف أسلوب مضادة تمنع
+
+185
+00:11:08,050 --> 00:11:11,910
+الخلايا الحمراء ترتبط مع الـ SCG تمنع الـ
+
+186
+00:11:11,910 --> 00:11:15,350
+agglutination الخلايا الحمراء، وبالتالي عندي،
+
+187
+00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:17,950
+sorry، sorry مش خلايا حمراء، let's just park it،
+
+188
+00:11:17,950 --> 00:11:20,690
+مش عندي، أنا مش عندي خلايا حمراء، عندي الـHeptane
+
+189
+00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,950
+carrier أو carrier بشكل عام، في الحالة هي تمنع الـ
+
+190
+00:11:23,950 --> 00:11:26,370
+carriers تكون agglutination، فهو بسيطة، فسموه
+
+191
+00:11:26,370 --> 00:11:30,750
+agglutination inhibitionطبعاً آخر التقنية اللي هي
+
+192
+00:11:30,750 --> 00:11:33,870
+الـ Coagglutation أو الـ Conglutation طبعاً هذه
+
+193
+00:11:33,870 --> 00:11:36,510
+بيستخدم فيها الـ inner particles زي السلمونيلا
+
+194
+00:11:36,510 --> 00:11:40,850
+كطبعاً بيكون عادية عداش لـ Antibody و بيستخدم فيها
+
+195
+00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:44,110
+طبعاً الـ Antibody الأصلي region بخلته ترتبط مع
+
+196
+00:11:44,110 --> 00:11:47,930
+الانتبادي و تبتكشف عن البروتين إيه لزي بالخوفص أو
+
+197
+00:11:47,930 --> 00:11:52,770
+مثلا بيستخدم تكشف عن مثلا الأسام البطة طبعاً هذه
+
+198
+00:11:52,770 --> 00:11:54,590
+بيستخدم الأدلة اللي بيحكي عنها السلمونيلا
+
+199
+00:11:54,590 --> 00:11:56,310
+كparticles فيها
+
+200
+00:11:59,570 --> 00:12:02,250
+طبعًا، هذا الفحص للـAnti-Glucan أحنا إن شاء الله
+
+201
+00:12:02,250 --> 00:12:05,330
+هتقعد معانا في فحص كامل عن الـAnti-Glucan وهذا
+
+202
+00:12:05,330 --> 00:12:08,990
+طبعًا أنا في حالة الـCouples Test طبعًا الفحص
+
+203
+00:12:08,990 --> 00:12:11,430
+للـAnti-Glucan همر عن البنك الدم إن شاء الله لكن
+
+204
+00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:14,750
+بكل بساطة أنا باخد الـ… أنا ببحث عن أسام مضادة
+
+205
+00:12:14,750 --> 00:12:17,470
+أصلا مرتبطة على سطح الخلايا الحمراء وسميناها
+
+206
+00:12:17,470 --> 00:12:19,090
+الـSynthesized يعني أنه إحنا حكينا
+
+207
+00:12:19,090 --> 00:12:22,570
+الـagglutination بمر المرحلتين المرحلة الأولى اللي
+
+208
+00:12:22,570 --> 00:12:25,310
+هي الـSynthesization اللي عملت ارتباط لأسام مضادة
+
+209
+00:12:25,310 --> 00:12:30,500
+على سطح الخلايا وطبعًالـ DCD أو الـ Direct
+
+210
+00:12:30,500 --> 00:12:34,260
+Homesteads بصيانة لضباط أساط الخلايا الحمرة في جسم
+
+211
+00:12:34,260 --> 00:12:37,870
+الإنسانطبعًا، احنا ندور إلى المرحلة التانية اللي
+
+212
+00:12:37,870 --> 00:12:41,150
+هي «Lattice Formation» نسحب العينة، نعملها Washing
+
+213
+00:12:41,150 --> 00:12:44,330
+وبعدين نضيف عليها Antibody للـAntibody الموجودة
+
+214
+00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:46,650
+خلال الخلايا الحمراء لو صارت Agglutination فهي
+
+215
+00:12:46,650 --> 00:12:49,130
+Positive ولو ما صارت Agglutination فهي Negative
+
+216
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,790
+فأنا الـAntibody اللي بستخدمها ليه Antibody سميها
+
+217
+00:12:52,790 --> 00:12:57,530
+طبعًا الـCoumps Antibody أو Anti-Human Glucanin
+
+218
+00:12:57,530 --> 00:13:00,450
+طبعًا هذه بتعملي Bridge بين الخلايا وبالتالي تربط
+
+219
+00:13:00,450 --> 00:13:01,910
+الخلايا مع بعض لبعض
+
+220
+00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:08,300
+أحنا بتوقف الحجة هذه، عشان الشباب طبعًا بدهم
+
+221
+00:13:08,300 --> 00:13:10,260
+يروحوا إن شاء الله أبقى عندي عملية الـ
+
+222
+00:13:10,260 --> 00:13:12,500
+Instrumentation في عندي معملة كامة لـ
+
+223
+00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,160
+Instrumentation لكن احنا برضه المرة جاي بنبلش في
+
+224
+00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:19,560
+محل بتوقفنا لـ Instrumentation وإن شاء الله، كذا
+
+225
+00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:23,400
+بحكيلكم، بحط معيد ثابتة وحكون المحاضرات كلها مسجلة
+
+226
+00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:27,580
+قبل ما نوقف التسجيل، إذا أي حد إله سفصان، بيقولوا
+
+227
+00:13:27,580 --> 00:13:29,920
+«معاد، إلك إشي؟ عندك إشي سفصان؟»
+
+228
+00:13:32,330 --> 00:13:36,650
+لأ، بس بالنسبالي اللي احنا قلناها كتابتنا توزيع
+
+229
+00:13:36,650 --> 00:13:40,970
+العلامات توزيع العلامات، ان شاء الله الله عفوك يا
+
+230
+00:13:40,970 --> 00:13:43,310
+عبد الرحمن، ان شاء الله زي ما حكي هنا أنا عشانك
+
+231
+00:13:43,310 --> 00:13:47,690
+وعشان حمزة ممكن أحط بعيد ثابتة لكن في أي وقت بدكم
+
+232
+00:13:47,690 --> 00:13:50,710
+أي سفصار، تصلوا عليه، ماعنديش مانع، حتى لو كان نص
+
+233
+00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:54,770
+الليالي، وتواصلوا معاكم على طريق الـWhatsApp وعلى
+
+234
+00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:57,910
+طريق هذا، بدك تبقى علامة ده، ماعنديش مشكلة، غالباً
+
+235
+00:13:57,910 --> 00:14:00,250
+مش تغيير كبير عليها، هكون تغيير، إذا كان هكون
+
+236
+00:14:00,250 --> 00:14:03,310
+تغيير بسيط أو مافي تغيير، ان شاء اللهبالنسبة
+
+237
+00:14:03,310 --> 00:14:06,550
+لتوزيع الحلمات يا معاد زي ما حكينا، هيكون عندنا
+
+238
+00:14:06,550 --> 00:14:12,790
+امتحان نصي هيكون عندكم، زي ما تحكي، نشاطات، هيكون
+
+239
+00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:15,850
+عندكم presentation طب ال presentation هتعملوها و
+
+240
+00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:19,210
+هتلقوها عبر ال .. زي ما أنا بلغ المحاضرات هتلقوها
+
+241
+00:14:19,210 --> 00:14:22,310
+عبر الهدف و هتستقيم لدرجة الشغل هذه إن شاء الله،
+
+242
+00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:26,950
+تمام؟
+
+243
+00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:30,110
+فيه استفسار قبل ما أسكر الـChoose Mode؟ يعني ليش
+
+244
+00:14:30,110 --> 00:14:33,740
+امتحان نصي يعني؟الامتحان نصي عادي، يعني ماعندنا حد
+
+245
+00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:35,880
+ما نوصل، هعملكم الامتحان الإلكتروني، غالبًا
+
+246
+00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,220
+الامتحان الإلكتروني هيكون إما صح أو خطأ أو هيكون
+
+247
+00:14:39,220 --> 00:14:43,120
+مثلًا Multiple MCQs، ان شاء الله يعني نحن مش من
+
+248
+00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,140
+الامتحانات، يعني الامتحان أنتوا خدتوا الامتحانات
+
+249
+00:14:46,140 --> 00:14:48,400
+الإلكترونية جانب هيك، مميز الامتحانات الإلكترونية
+
+250
+00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:53,270
+نوعًا ما سهل ان شاء اللهطيب، ده هذا، بس يعني هدول
+
+251
+00:14:53,270 --> 00:14:55,370
+التكاليف، يعني أكام التكاليف في الـ Presentation
+
+252
+00:14:55,370 --> 00:14:57,550
+والكلام؟ والله، يا عزيزي، بنشوف، يا عزيزي، لإنه
+
+253
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:59,830
+أنا مابديش برضه أحط تكاليف كثيرة ولا برضه أحطهم
+
+254
+00:14:59,830 --> 00:15:02,910
+تانية في الجيل، لأ فأنا ببدأ أشوف إيش تكاليف اللي
+
+255
+00:15:02,910 --> 00:15:07,510
+بنحطها، يعني هنشتمع مع الكلية إن شاء الله، ونشوف
+
+256
+00:15:07,510 --> 00:15:13,570
+المعيدات والـ Message اللي بتحط تكاليف ونحط تكاليف
+
+257
+00:15:13,570 --> 00:15:15,850
+ما يتناسب للجميع، يعني أنتوا الطالبات واحد هكون
+
+258
+00:15:15,850 --> 00:15:20,090
+بالنسبة للتكاليفإن شاء الله، ماشي إن شاء الله،
+
+259
+00:15:20,090 --> 00:15:27,430
+الممر تم يعني إن شاء الله مفهمه كامل؟ إن شاء الله،
+
+260
+00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:31,930
+يا حبيب الله طيب، أي سلسلة برضه، إن شاء الله
+
+261
+00:15:31,930 --> 00:15:36,650
+هتواصل مع بعض المحاضرات إن شاء الله هنزل على
+
+262
+00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:39,550
+الـMode اللي أعمل أو ممكن نزلكم إياها على
+
+263
+00:15:39,550 --> 00:15:41,730
+الـWhatsApp بس هي حجم كبير، مابنزلش تقوس على
+
+264
+00:15:41,730 --> 00:15:44,810
+الـWhatsApp ممكن نعمل قناة YouTube خاصة ونزلكم
+
+265
+00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,720
+إياها خلال القناة الـYouTube الخاصةمش ع الموديل،
+
+266
+00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:50,900
+مش ع الموديل اللي هتنزلهم؟ ع الموديل، لكن إذا حجمه
+
+267
+00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:56,420
+كبير، ماعرفش أحسب الحجم يا معاذي آه، آه، موضوعنا
+
+268
+00:15:56,420 --> 00:16:00,040
+فيه أكتر كان نازلنا في ساعة يعني، مافيش مشكلة بدي
+
+269
+00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:02,260
+أشوف، لأنه إحنا اليوم الجامعة تواصلت معانا و
+
+270
+00:16:02,260 --> 00:16:05,320
+هتعملنا على الـGoogle Drive و أنا هنزل الـGoogle
+
+271
+00:16:05,320 --> 00:16:10,820
+Drive و بعدين هنزلكم إياها، هم هنزلكم إياها فلو
+
+272
+00:16:10,820 --> 00:16:13,860
+كان فيه بحثة زي هيك أحسن إن شاء الله خير، إن شاء
+
+273
+00:16:13,860 --> 00:16:17,660
+الله خيريعني هأخلّي كدا وسيلة لتنزيل الـ «هد»،
+
+274
+00:16:17,660 --> 00:16:23,580
+لتنزيل الـ «جوش» إن شاء الله طيب، عم كده بالنسبة
+
+275
+00:16:23,580 --> 00:16:28,520
+للمعمل التاني اللي هو تبع الـ «دم تشخيصي يوم
+
+276
+00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,280
+التسبت» حيكون، هبعثكم معاد، يعني غالباً هيكون فترة
+
+277
+00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:37,480
+صباحية ممكن فإن
+
+278
+00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:40,060
+شاء الله أبحثكم معاد، تحديد معاد ليوم التسبت فترة
+
+279
+00:16:40,060 --> 00:16:42,440
+صباحية من الله تعالى، هناخد هذا ونخلّي
+
+280
+00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:43,620
+المعاد’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’
+
+281
+00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:52,340
+إيش يا معان؟
+
+282
+00:16:52,340 --> 00:16:56,780
+لو على العشرة، عشرة، أحداث، كويس؟ بدي أشوف، ده زي
+
+283
+00:16:56,780 --> 00:17:00,760
+ما أعمل، أنا عشان عندي هرجيت أربع مواد، بتوزعهم و
+
+284
+00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:03,920
+أخلي فيهم السفر بناتهم، لأن اليوم أنا شوية انزلت
+
+285
+00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:06,420
+معالي همدولجة، ماقدرش أعطيهم مكملهم، عشان أنا
+
+286
+00:17:06,420 --> 00:17:10,560
+أتواصل معاكم، فخليني أشوف، أنا هعمل جدول و هنزله
+
+287
+00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:12,900
+إن شاء الله بالاسم للطلاب، تمام؟
+
+288
+00:17:15,770 --> 00:17:20,430
+بس بالنسبة لهذا كمية المحاضرة .. كمية المحاضرة
+
+289
+00:17:20,430 --> 00:17:21,610
+بقوله بالنص عادة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/GBhqSa1QH2g_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1156 @@
+1
+00:00:03,420 --> 00:00:06,420
+طيب احنا وصلنا عند ال agglutination طبعا ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,420 --> 00:00:08,580
+agglutination زي ما حكينا هي التفاعل بين ال
+
+3
+00:00:08,580 --> 00:00:13,540
+endogenous و الأشياء المضادة و يخلي ال particles
+
+4
+00:00:13,540 --> 00:00:17,860
+تتصق بعضها هذا ال agglutinationفي أمثل كتير على
+
+5
+00:00:17,860 --> 00:00:21,820
+agglutination يعني مثلا اتفاعل البكتيريا على سفر
+
+6
+00:00:21,820 --> 00:00:25,420
+الخلايا الحمرة تؤدي مثلا لتنشيط الـ complement أو
+
+7
+00:00:25,420 --> 00:00:28,000
+الـ antibody وهذه تؤدي إلى ارتباط الخلايا مع بعض
+
+8
+00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:32,260
+وبعض يسموه agglutination طبعا عملية الفاكو سيتوسف
+
+9
+00:00:32,260 --> 00:00:34,710
+أصلا هي تعتمد على agglutinationلأنه أصلًا
+
+10
+00:00:34,710 --> 00:00:39,470
+الـComplement مرتبط ليه مع البكتيريا طبعًا ومرتبط
+
+11
+00:00:39,470 --> 00:00:42,690
+ليه مع الخلايا الحمرة فعملت طبعًا وهذا وقبلًا
+
+12
+00:00:42,690 --> 00:00:47,050
+agglutination في مثلًا مر معنا سابق اللي هو عملت
+
+13
+00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:50,430
+الـGut Grooving أن أنا أعمل زمرة الدم، برضه هذا
+
+14
+00:00:50,430 --> 00:00:59,710
+agglutination الو؟
+
+15
+00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:28,600
+«معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» عندها «معمول
+
+16
+00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:35,380
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+17
+00:01:35,380 --> 00:01:36,160
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+18
+00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:36,660
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+19
+00:01:36,660 --> 00:01:41,720
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+20
+00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:42,820
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+21
+00:01:42,820 --> 00:01:42,840
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+22
+00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:46,740
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول
+
+23
+00:01:46,740 --> 00:01:50,500
+الـMute» «معمول الـMute» «معمول الـ
+
+24
+00:01:53,900 --> 00:01:59,280
+إيش خصائص تفاعلات الـ Agglutination؟ بحكيلك أول
+
+25
+00:01:59,280 --> 00:02:04,660
+إشي طبعًا الـ Aggregation of particles matter due
+
+26
+00:02:04,660 --> 00:02:06,960
+to combination with specific antibody دلن عملية
+
+27
+00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:11,400
+specificity، إنه specific antibody، تمام؟ بعدين،
+
+28
+00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,000
+بيصير الـ Agglutination على سطح الخلايا أو على سطح
+
+29
+00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,260
+ال particles يعني مثلًا في عيني أنا ممكن أستخدم
+
+30
+00:02:16,260 --> 00:02:19,020
+خيل الخلايا ممكن أستخدم particles زي الـ Lattice
+
+31
+00:02:19,020 --> 00:02:22,570
+particles بيصير على سطحها التفاعلات، تمام؟الـ
+
+32
+00:02:22,570 --> 00:02:24,890
+Agglutination ممكن تكون على خلية و بسميها Direct
+
+33
+00:02:24,890 --> 00:02:29,730
+Agglutination و ممكن تكون على سطح خلايا تانية اللي
+
+34
+00:02:29,730 --> 00:02:33,070
+هي الـ Particles و بسميها Passive Agglutination أو
+
+35
+00:02:33,070 --> 00:02:38,650
+Direct Agglutination ممكن أنا أسرع في عملية
+
+36
+00:02:38,650 --> 00:02:41,950
+Agglutination بالحرارة إنه أنا أزيد الحرارة بتقدر
+
+37
+00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:44,390
+زيادة الـ Movement وتقدر زيادة الـ Agglutination
+
+38
+00:02:44,390 --> 00:02:47,990
+بين الأدجال طبعاً في حالة الـ Agglutination اللي
+
+39
+00:02:47,990 --> 00:02:52,420
+عملته في الـ Tube أنا بصير الـ Superlativeويصبح
+
+40
+00:02:52,420 --> 00:02:55,660
+عملية الـ Agglutination كلها الخلايا اللي صارت
+
+41
+00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:58,460
+بالـ Agglutination بتترسب تحت ويكون visible
+
+42
+00:02:58,460 --> 00:03:02,740
+بالنسبة لإلي هذه خصائص الـ Agglutination طبعا الـ
+
+43
+00:03:02,740 --> 00:03:06,520
+Agglutination بتتم بمرحلتين مرحلة أولى بيسموها
+
+44
+00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,700
+Sensitization لعملية ارتباط الجسم المضاد على سطح
+
+45
+00:03:10,700 --> 00:03:14,970
+الخليةوالمرحلة التانية بيسموها Lattice Formation
+
+46
+00:03:14,970 --> 00:03:17,850
+أو الـ Aggregation Aggregated Stage أو Lattice
+
+47
+00:03:17,850 --> 00:03:20,650
+Formation فالم��حلة الأولى هي عملية ارتباط الجسد
+
+48
+00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:24,430
+المضاد على سطح الخلية بيسموها Synthesization طبعاً
+
+49
+00:03:24,430 --> 00:03:26,970
+والمرحلة التانية اللي هي Lattice Formation عملت
+
+50
+00:03:26,970 --> 00:03:30,110
+ارتباط الخلايا مع بعض وتقميد شبكة بيسموها Lattice
+
+51
+00:03:30,110 --> 00:03:32,570
+Formation هاي في الحالة بيصير دي شبكة كل ما زاد
+
+52
+00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:35,590
+الـTiming كل ما كبرت الشبكة وكل ما اترسبت وظهرت
+
+53
+00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:37,950
+معايا أكتر صارت Visible لأيلي
+
+54
+00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:44,330
+طيب، الـ Agglutination طبعًا في ناحية المعاملية،
+
+55
+00:03:44,330 --> 00:03:48,950
+في المختبر بستخدمه في عدة تفاعلات زي مثلًا مساعدة
+
+56
+00:03:48,950 --> 00:03:53,530
+في تعريف طبعًا الـ Antiserum في حالات كتيرة في الـ
+
+57
+00:03:53,530 --> 00:03:56,610
+Antigenase زي مثلًا في الـ Micro، إذا أخدتوا أنتم
+
+58
+00:03:56,610 --> 00:03:58,930
+مثلًا، اللي هي Lens Field Reaction اللي هي Lens
+
+59
+00:03:58,930 --> 00:04:01,610
+Field Reaction عبارة عن Agglutination أنا بعرف شو
+
+60
+00:04:01,610 --> 00:04:05,470
+الـTypes لـCertococcus على طريق الـAntibody
+
+61
+00:04:05,470 --> 00:04:07,960
+الموجود معي أو الـAntiserum الموجود معيفأنا ممكن
+
+62
+00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:10,380
+أعرف نوع الـ Margarinism عن طريق الـ Agglutination
+
+63
+00:04:10,380 --> 00:04:13,680
+Reaction طيب، ممكن على طريقي برضه أعرف شو نوع الـ
+
+64
+00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:17,300
+Disease، يعني في عدة مرض كتيرة ممكن أني أنا أجيب
+
+65
+00:04:17,300 --> 00:04:20,160
+للإنجينات وأفعلها مع Antiserum وأعرف شو نوع الـ
+
+66
+00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,820
+Disease موجود عندى وشو تركيز اللي هسموه باطة
+
+67
+00:04:23,820 --> 00:04:29,460
+لإلها، تمام؟ أنواع الـ Agglutination في عندي ست
+
+68
+00:04:29,460 --> 00:04:33,670
+أنواع أساسيةالـ Direct Agglutination يكون مباشرة
+
+69
+00:04:33,670 --> 00:04:37,150
+على صفح الخلايا يعني مثلًا نجيت الـ ABO Blood
+
+70
+00:04:37,150 --> 00:04:39,910
+Group يعتبر Direct Agglutination لإن مفعل الأسنان
+
+71
+00:04:39,910 --> 00:04:42,730
+مضادة على صفحة الخلايا الحمرة يعتبر Direct
+
+72
+00:04:42,730 --> 00:04:45,230
+Agglutination الـ Passive Agglutination أو الـ
+
+73
+00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:48,230
+Indirect Agglutination هذا طبعًا بيستخدم في
+
+74
+00:04:48,230 --> 00:04:51,970
+Particles خارجي زي اللاتكسوبساعدني في عملية الـ
+
+75
+00:04:51,970 --> 00:04:54,350
+Agglutination فعندي انه reverse بس في
+
+76
+00:04:54,350 --> 00:04:58,190
+agglutination طبعا اسمه reverse أنا بكشف في الـ
+
+77
+00:04:58,190 --> 00:04:59,870
+Direct Agglutination و Impressive Agglutination عن
+
+78
+00:04:59,870 --> 00:05:02,590
+أسام مضادة في الحالة الـ Reverse أنا بكشف عن
+
+79
+00:05:02,590 --> 00:05:05,250
+العكس، sorry، sorry فبكشف في ال Direct
+
+80
+00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,170
+Agglutination عن الـ Antigenات، في الحالة الـ
+
+81
+00:05:08,170 --> 00:05:11,370
+Reverse بكشف عن أسام مضادة، معكوس يعني بستخدم أنا
+
+82
+00:05:11,370 --> 00:05:14,810
+في الـ Direct العامل اللي بعرفه أنا الـ None عندي
+
+83
+00:05:14,810 --> 00:05:17,230
+هو عبارة عن الـ Antibodyلكن في الـ Reverse of none
+
+84
+00:05:17,230 --> 00:05:20,030
+عندي عبارة عن الـ AH عن الـ Androgen عندي
+
+85
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,050
+Agglutination Inhibition أني أنا هذه هقولت التفاعل
+
+86
+00:05:23,050 --> 00:05:26,450
+عكسي كيف يعني؟ أنا في حالة الـ Agglutination ال
+
+87
+00:05:26,450 --> 00:05:29,350
+reaction يعبر عن نفسه بتكوين ال Agglutination
+
+88
+00:05:29,350 --> 00:05:33,210
+particles تمام؟ أو ال aggregation particles بينما
+
+89
+00:05:33,210 --> 00:05:35,370
+في Agglutination Inhibition بيصير عامل تفبير يعني
+
+90
+00:05:35,370 --> 00:05:38,150
+في حالة positive بيتكونش عندي وفي حالة negative
+
+91
+00:05:38,150 --> 00:05:41,200
+بيتكون عنديالـ Hemagglutination Inhibition هي نفس
+
+92
+00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:42,540
+ما أخد الـ Hemagglutination Inhibition لكن في
+
+93
+00:05:42,540 --> 00:05:45,640
+الحالة هي اللي بيستخدم الخلايا الحمراء كـ
+
+94
+00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,420
+Indicators وعندي الـ Coagglutination أو الـ
+
+95
+00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:51,220
+Conglutations هذه طبعا باستخدام فيه البكتيريا
+
+96
+00:05:51,220 --> 00:05:56,260
+كأساطر البكتيريا بتاعة التفاعلات فيهاDirect
+
+97
+00:05:56,260 --> 00:06:00,020
+Agitation زي ما حكينا، بستخدم فيها على سطح
+
+98
+00:06:00,020 --> 00:06:02,660
+الـCells نفسها زي هنا مثلا البكتيريا،
+
+99
+00:06:02,660 --> 00:06:06,000
+الـSalmonella، بنتفعلها عن طريق استخدام معها
+
+100
+00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:13,080
+الـAnti-AO أو الـAnti-H وأكشف عن نوعها، بكون عندها
+
+101
+00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,480
+بالحالة هذه الـparticle هي برا نفس الـCells اللي
+
+102
+00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:19,500
+بأخدها أو نفس الـCells اللي بتستخدمها أو أكشف عنها
+
+103
+00:06:20,090 --> 00:06:23,050
+طبعًا الـ Hemagglutination في الحالة من اسمها Hem
+
+104
+00:06:23,050 --> 00:06:26,310
+عبارة عن غلالة دم الحمراء بستخدمها في الـ
+
+105
+00:06:26,310 --> 00:06:29,590
+agglutination في حالة هي زي ما عمليت الـ blood re
+
+106
+00:06:29,590 --> 00:06:32,110
+-typing في حالة الكشف عن بعض الفيروسات باستخدام
+
+107
+00:06:32,110 --> 00:06:35,990
+الـ Hemagglutination Assay الـ blood-grouping هي
+
+108
+00:06:35,990 --> 00:06:38,610
+المرأة معناه، مش هنحكي عنها كتير، لكن هي استخدام
+
+109
+00:06:39,330 --> 00:06:44,110
+بأخد الدم من حصيلة دمه، بحطها على الـSlide، بضيفها
+
+110
+00:06:44,110 --> 00:06:48,790
+عندي الـAnti-Serum أنتي-A وAnti-B وAnti-D، في حالة
+
+111
+00:06:48,790 --> 00:06:51,730
+الأرقاش، وبشوف الـGlutination والشوء اللي حصل معي،
+
+112
+00:06:51,730 --> 00:06:56,290
+بعطيني الـFacilite، فلو ظهر الـReaction في المحل
+
+113
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,090
+الـAnti-A، فبكون نوع A، لو ظهر في الـAnti-B، بكون
+
+114
+00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:03,110
+نوع الدم B، لو ظهر في الـAnti-A وB مع بعض، بكون
+
+115
+00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:05,910
+نوع AB، لو ما ظهرش الـReaction، بكون نوع O
+
+116
+00:07:08,620 --> 00:07:13,280
+الـ Viral Hemagglutination Assay طبعًا هذه لاحظوا
+
+117
+00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,400
+أنه في بعض أنواع الفيروسات زي مثلًا الـ HF1Z1
+
+118
+00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:20,020
+عندها قدرة على تخلّي الخلايا الحمرة تصبحوا بـ
+
+119
+00:07:20,020 --> 00:07:24,740
+agglutination فوجدوا هي طريقة جيدة جدًا في الكشف
+
+120
+00:07:24,740 --> 00:07:30,140
+عن هذه الفيروسات فوجود هذه الفيروسات وطبعًا وجود
+
+121
+00:07:30,140 --> 00:07:32,480
+الخلايا الحمرة كـ indicators وصار agglutination
+
+122
+00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:35,140
+تعطيني indication إن أنا هذا الفيروس موجود عندي
+
+123
+00:07:35,140 --> 00:07:40,760
+إذن هي تعريف الفيروساتأو الـ Antibody تبعتها في
+
+124
+00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:44,920
+حالة وجود الـ Agglutinations للخلاق الحمراء
+
+125
+00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:52,560
+طبعًا هذه طريقة عكسية اللي هي Aggregation
+
+126
+00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:57,040
+Inhibition إن أنا بدي أستخدم Antibody ضد الفيروسات
+
+127
+00:07:57,040 --> 00:07:59,840
+وبالتالي بمنع الفيروسات يعملولي التباط مع الخلية
+
+128
+00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:02,380
+الحمراء ويمنعني الـ Aggregation فبصير عندي
+
+129
+00:08:02,380 --> 00:08:05,700
+Inhibition يعني أنا باخد الـIndication عكسي، إن
+
+130
+00:08:05,700 --> 00:08:08,920
+أنا بجيب أسام مضادة طبعًا هذه بيصير عملية Specific
+
+131
+00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:12,440
+للفحص أعلى بكتير لإن أنا في الحالة هاي بجيب
+
+132
+00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:17,020
+Antibody Specific لهذا الفيروستمام؟ وهيتفاعل معاه
+
+133
+00:08:17,020 --> 00:08:20,980
+ويمنع الفيروس أنه يخلّيه يقلش الـ RBCO وبالتالي
+
+134
+00:08:20,980 --> 00:08:23,560
+أنا في الحالة هيتكشفت عن الفيروس بطريقة عكسية
+
+135
+00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:31,120
+هي عندي الأخلاي الحمرة، هي عندي الـ Agar Action
+
+136
+00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:33,740
+وهي طبعًا كيف بظهر معايا في الـ Blades طبعًا
+
+137
+00:08:33,740 --> 00:08:35,800
+الفيروسات، وجود الخلاي الحمرة عقيم الـ
+
+138
+00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:38,280
+Hemagglotination طبعًا الـ Hemagglotination بضيف
+
+139
+00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:41,540
+أسنان مضاد مع الفيروسات بتعملي عملية reaction مع
+
+140
+00:08:41,540 --> 00:08:44,120
+الفيروس وبتمنحها من عملية إيش، تكوين الـ
+
+141
+00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:47,260
+Agglotination طبعًا الحالة هاي، طبعًا الـ
+
+142
+00:08:47,260 --> 00:08:50,020
+Hemagglotination إنهيبشن لو صار عندي بالحالة بعتبر
+
+143
+00:08:50,020 --> 00:08:52,260
+Positive فبتستخدم الـ Agglotation بشرة،
+
+144
+00:08:52,260 --> 00:08:54,180
+Hemagglotation بشرة برضه في الحالة بعتبر Positive،
+
+145
+00:08:54,180 --> 00:08:55,300
+حسب الـMethod تبعتنا
+
+146
+00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:02,340
+طبعًا عندي الـ Passive Agglutination طبعًا الـ
+
+147
+00:09:02,340 --> 00:09:05,460
+Passive Agglutination بكون موجودة على سطح مركبات
+
+148
+00:09:05,460 --> 00:09:08,460
+معينة بس تخدم الـ particles هيك بيكون حجم كبير
+
+149
+00:09:08,460 --> 00:09:11,940
+عشان أنا أقدر أكشف عنها في العلم مجردها ممكن
+
+150
+00:09:11,940 --> 00:09:14,960
+أستخدم الـ bentonite ممكن أستخدم الـcholodione
+
+151
+00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:17,960
+ممكن أستخدم الـ black particles ويستخدم بكثرة أو
+
+152
+00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:20,720
+الـ colloidal calcules طبعًا الـ Passive
+
+153
+00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:23,180
+Agglutination tests have been used to detect
+
+154
+00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:25,580
+rheumatoid factor and antidepressant antibody إن
+
+155
+00:09:25,580 --> 00:09:28,660
+شاء الله ما عملنا الجاي هتكلم عن rheumatoid factor
+
+156
+00:09:30,660 --> 00:09:33,340
+طبعًا الـ Reverse passive agglutination أنا حكيت
+
+157
+00:09:33,340 --> 00:09:36,200
+إن أنا في حالة passive agglutination أنا بستخدم
+
+158
+00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:40,060
+الـ … الـ … الـ Antibody كدتكتور عشان أكشف عن الـ
+
+159
+00:09:40,060 --> 00:09:42,660
+Antigenات، هنا العكس Reverse passive agglutination
+
+160
+00:09:42,660 --> 00:09:45,200
+الـ Antibody اللي قاعد على الـ Antigen is attached
+
+161
+00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:47,820
+to the carrier يعني أنا في حالة Reverse بستخدم الـ
+
+162
+00:09:47,820 --> 00:09:51,880
+Antibody attached to الـ … للـ Carrier عشان أكشف
+
+163
+00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:55,820
+عن الـ Antigenطبعا الـ Separate kits are available
+
+164
+00:09:55,820 --> 00:09:58,900
+to date for rapid amplification لصحيح الانتجين زي
+
+165
+00:09:58,900 --> 00:10:01,300
+عندي مثلا الـ Group A و Group B و Structococcus
+
+166
+00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:06,540
+الاخر يستخدم فيها repair passive agglutination هذا
+
+167
+00:10:06,540 --> 00:10:09,920
+التفريق ما بين الـ indirect و direct للـ repair
+
+168
+00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:12,480
+passive agglutination طبعا الـ agglutination
+
+169
+00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,300
+inhibition طبعا الـ agglutination inhibition زي ما
+
+170
+00:10:15,300 --> 00:10:20,130
+حكينا الأدب بيصير عندي بيستخدم أشعة مضادةعشان أمنع
+
+171
+00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:22,410
+الـ agglutination الـ ECF عندي agglutination هي
+
+172
+00:10:22,410 --> 00:10:24,850
+بشير based on a competition منافسة ما بين
+
+173
+00:10:24,850 --> 00:10:29,410
+البرتيكولات اللي تتخزنها زي اللاتكس عن soluble
+
+174
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:32,110
+أنتجين وجيبكم soluble for limited antibody،
+
+175
+00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:34,270
+combining sites and a lack of agglutination is
+
+176
+00:10:34,270 --> 00:10:36,810
+indicator of positive reaction في الحالة هذه، في
+
+177
+00:10:36,810 --> 00:10:41,050
+حالة صار عندي reaction في absorption دي
+
+178
+00:10:41,050 --> 00:10:45,290
+agglutination فالreaction يعني أنه positive طبعا
+
+179
+00:10:45,290 --> 00:10:48,970
+ال reverseأو الـ Agglutination إنه عشان استخدموه
+
+180
+00:10:48,970 --> 00:10:54,590
+كتير زمان استخدموه في عملية الفعص الحمل في الـ HCG
+
+181
+00:10:54,590 --> 00:10:57,370
+وكانوا يستخدموا واحد لأنه استخدم بعض الكتاب في الـ
+
+182
+00:10:57,370 --> 00:10:58,250
+Reverse Agglutination
+
+183
+00:11:01,530 --> 00:11:04,810
+هذه طريقة طبعاً هنا الـ SCG ترتبط مع الخلايا
+
+184
+00:11:04,810 --> 00:11:08,050
+الحمراء طبعاً في حالة هي أنا بضيف أسلوب مضادة تمنع
+
+185
+00:11:08,050 --> 00:11:11,910
+الخلايا الحمراء ترتبط مع الـ SCG تمنع الـ
+
+186
+00:11:11,910 --> 00:11:15,350
+agglutination الخلايا الحمراء، وبالتالي عندي،
+
+187
+00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:17,950
+sorry، sorry مش خلايا حمراء، let's just park it،
+
+188
+00:11:17,950 --> 00:11:20,690
+مش عندي، أنا مش عندي خلايا حمراء، عندي الـHeptane
+
+189
+00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,950
+carrier أو carrier بشكل عام، في الحالة هي تمنع الـ
+
+190
+00:11:23,950 --> 00:11:26,370
+carriers تكون agglutination، فهو بسيطة، فسموه
+
+191
+00:11:26,370 --> 00:11:30,750
+agglutination inhibitionطبعاً آخر التقنية اللي هي
+
+192
+00:11:30,750 --> 00:11:33,870
+الـ Coagglutation أو الـ Conglutation طبعاً هذه
+
+193
+00:11:33,870 --> 00:11:36,510
+بيستخدم فيها الـ inner particles زي السلمونيلا
+
+194
+00:11:36,510 --> 00:11:40,850
+كطبعاً بيكون عادية عداش لـ Antibody و بيستخدم فيها
+
+195
+00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:44,110
+طبعاً الـ Antibody الأصلي region بخلته ترتبط مع
+
+196
+00:11:44,110 --> 00:11:47,930
+الانتبادي و تبتكشف عن البروتين إيه لزي بالخوفص أو
+
+197
+00:11:47,930 --> 00:11:52,770
+مثلا بيستخدم تكشف عن مثلا الأسام البطة طبعاً هذه
+
+198
+00:11:52,770 --> 00:11:54,590
+بيستخدم الأدلة اللي بيحكي عنها السلمونيلا
+
+199
+00:11:54,590 --> 00:11:56,310
+كparticles فيها
+
+200
+00:11:59,570 --> 00:12:02,250
+طبعًا، هذا الفحص للـAnti-Glucan أحنا إن شاء الله
+
+201
+00:12:02,250 --> 00:12:05,330
+هتقعد معانا في فحص كامل عن الـAnti-Glucan وهذا
+
+202
+00:12:05,330 --> 00:12:08,990
+طبعًا أنا في حالة الـCouples Test طبعًا الفحص
+
+203
+00:12:08,990 --> 00:12:11,430
+للـAnti-Glucan همر عن البنك الدم إن شاء الله لكن
+
+204
+00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:14,750
+بكل بساطة أنا باخد الـ… أنا ببحث عن أسام مضادة
+
+205
+00:12:14,750 --> 00:12:17,470
+أصلا مرتبطة على سطح الخلايا الحمراء وسميناها
+
+206
+00:12:17,470 --> 00:12:19,090
+الـSynthesized يعني أنه إحنا حكينا
+
+207
+00:12:19,090 --> 00:12:22,570
+الـagglutination بمر المرحلتين المرحلة الأولى اللي
+
+208
+00:12:22,570 --> 00:12:25,310
+هي الـSynthesization اللي عملت ارتباط لأسام مضادة
+
+209
+00:12:25,310 --> 00:12:30,500
+على سطح الخلايا وطبعًالـ DCD أو الـ Direct
+
+210
+00:12:30,500 --> 00:12:34,260
+Homesteads بصيانة لضباط أساط الخلايا الحمرة في جسم
+
+211
+00:12:34,260 --> 00:12:37,870
+الإنسانطبعًا، احنا ندور إلى المرحلة التانية اللي
+
+212
+00:12:37,870 --> 00:12:41,150
+هي «Lattice Formation» نسحب العينة، نعملها Washing
+
+213
+00:12:41,150 --> 00:12:44,330
+وبعدين نضيف عليها Antibody للـAntibody الموجودة
+
+214
+00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:46,650
+خلال الخلايا الحمراء لو صارت Agglutination فهي
+
+215
+00:12:46,650 --> 00:12:49,130
+Positive ولو ما صارت Agglutination فهي Negative
+
+216
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,790
+فأنا الـAntibody اللي بستخدمها ليه Antibody سميها
+
+217
+00:12:52,790 --> 00:12:57,530
+طبعًا الـCoumps Antibody أو Anti-Human Glucanin
+
+218
+00:12:57,530 --> 00:13:00,450
+طبعًا هذه بتعملي Bridge بين الخلايا وبالتالي تربط
+
+219
+00:13:00,450 --> 00:13:01,910
+الخلايا مع بعض لبعض
+
+220
+00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:08,300
+أحنا بتوقف الحجة هذه، عشان الشباب طبعًا بدهم
+
+221
+00:13:08,300 --> 00:13:10,260
+يروحوا إن شاء الله أبقى عندي عملية الـ
+
+222
+00:13:10,260 --> 00:13:12,500
+Instrumentation في عندي معملة كامة لـ
+
+223
+00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,160
+Instrumentation لكن احنا برضه المرة جاي بنبلش في
+
+224
+00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:19,560
+محل بتوقفنا لـ Instrumentation وإن شاء الله، كذا
+
+225
+00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:23,400
+بحكيلكم، بحط معيد ثابتة وحكون المحاضرات كلها مسجلة
+
+226
+00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:27,580
+قبل ما نوقف التسجيل، إذا أي حد إله سفصان، بيقولوا
+
+227
+00:13:27,580 --> 00:13:29,920
+«معاد، إلك إشي؟ عندك إشي سفصان؟»
+
+228
+00:13:32,330 --> 00:13:36,650
+لأ، بس بالنسبالي اللي احنا قلناها كتابتنا توزيع
+
+229
+00:13:36,650 --> 00:13:40,970
+العلامات توزيع العلامات، ان شاء الله الله عفوك يا
+
+230
+00:13:40,970 --> 00:13:43,310
+عبد الرحمن، ان شاء الله زي ما حكي هنا أنا عشانك
+
+231
+00:13:43,310 --> 00:13:47,690
+وعشان حمزة ممكن أحط بعيد ثابتة لكن في أي وقت بدكم
+
+232
+00:13:47,690 --> 00:13:50,710
+أي سفصار، تصلوا عليه، ماعنديش مانع، حتى لو كان نص
+
+233
+00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:54,770
+الليالي، وتواصلوا معاكم على طريق الـWhatsApp وعلى
+
+234
+00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:57,910
+طريق هذا، بدك تبقى علامة ده، ماعنديش مشكلة، غالباً
+
+235
+00:13:57,910 --> 00:14:00,250
+مش تغيير كبير عليها، هكون تغيير، إذا كان هكون
+
+236
+00:14:00,250 --> 00:14:03,310
+تغيير بسيط أو مافي تغيير، ان شاء اللهبالنسبة
+
+237
+00:14:03,310 --> 00:14:06,550
+لتوزيع الحلمات يا معاد زي ما حكينا، هيكون عندنا
+
+238
+00:14:06,550 --> 00:14:12,790
+امتحان نصي هيكون عندكم، زي ما تحكي، نشاطات، هيكون
+
+239
+00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:15,850
+عندكم presentation طب ال presentation هتعملوها و
+
+240
+00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:19,210
+هتلقوها عبر ال .. زي ما أنا بلغ المحاضرات هتلقوها
+
+241
+00:14:19,210 --> 00:14:22,310
+عبر الهدف و هتستقيم لدرجة الشغل هذه إن شاء الله،
+
+242
+00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:26,950
+تمام؟
+
+243
+00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:30,110
+فيه استفسار قبل ما أسكر الـChoose Mode؟ يعني ليش
+
+244
+00:14:30,110 --> 00:14:33,740
+امتحان نصي يعني؟الامتحان نصي عادي، يعني ماعندنا حد
+
+245
+00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:35,880
+ما نوصل، هعملكم الامتحان الإلكتروني، غالبًا
+
+246
+00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,220
+الامتحان الإلكتروني هيكون إما صح أو خطأ أو هيكون
+
+247
+00:14:39,220 --> 00:14:43,120
+مثلًا Multiple MCQs، ان شاء الله يعني نحن مش من
+
+248
+00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,140
+الامتحانات، يعني الامتحان أنتوا خدتوا الامتحانات
+
+249
+00:14:46,140 --> 00:14:48,400
+الإلكترونية جانب هيك، مميز الامتحانات الإلكترونية
+
+250
+00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:53,270
+نوعًا ما سهل ان شاء اللهطيب، ده هذا، بس يعني هدول
+
+251
+00:14:53,270 --> 00:14:55,370
+التكاليف، يعني أكام التكاليف في الـ Presentation
+
+252
+00:14:55,370 --> 00:14:57,550
+والكلام؟ والله، يا عزيزي، بنشوف، يا عزيزي، لإنه
+
+253
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:59,830
+أنا مابديش برضه أحط تكاليف كثيرة ولا برضه أحطهم
+
+254
+00:14:59,830 --> 00:15:02,910
+تانية في الجيل، لأ فأنا ببدأ أشوف إيش تكاليف اللي
+
+255
+00:15:02,910 --> 00:15:07,510
+بنحطها، يعني هنشتمع مع الكلية إن شاء الله، ونشوف
+
+256
+00:15:07,510 --> 00:15:13,570
+المعيدات والـ Message اللي بتحط تكاليف ونحط تكاليف
+
+257
+00:15:13,570 --> 00:15:15,850
+ما يتناسب للجميع، يعني أنتوا الطالبات واحد هكون
+
+258
+00:15:15,850 --> 00:15:20,090
+بالنسبة للتكاليفإن شاء الله، ماشي إن شاء الله،
+
+259
+00:15:20,090 --> 00:15:27,430
+الممر تم يعني إن شاء الله مفهمه كامل؟ إن شاء الله،
+
+260
+00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:31,930
+يا حبيب الله طيب، أي سلسلة برضه، إن شاء الله
+
+261
+00:15:31,930 --> 00:15:36,650
+هتواصل مع بعض المحاضرات إن شاء الله هنزل على
+
+262
+00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:39,550
+الـMode اللي أعمل أو ممكن نزلكم إياها على
+
+263
+00:15:39,550 --> 00:15:41,730
+الـWhatsApp بس هي حجم كبير، مابنزلش تقوس على
+
+264
+00:15:41,730 --> 00:15:44,810
+الـWhatsApp ممكن نعمل قناة YouTube خاصة ونزلكم
+
+265
+00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,720
+إياها خلال القناة الـYouTube الخاصةمش ع الموديل،
+
+266
+00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:50,900
+مش ع الموديل اللي هتنزلهم؟ ع الموديل، لكن إذا حجمه
+
+267
+00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:56,420
+كبير، ماعرفش أحسب الحجم يا معاذي آه، آه، موضوعنا
+
+268
+00:15:56,420 --> 00:16:00,040
+فيه أكتر كان نازلنا في ساعة يعني، مافيش مشكلة بدي
+
+269
+00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:02,260
+أشوف، لأنه إحنا اليوم الجامعة تواصلت معانا و
+
+270
+00:16:02,260 --> 00:16:05,320
+هتعملنا على الـGoogle Drive و أنا هنزل الـGoogle
+
+271
+00:16:05,320 --> 00:16:10,820
+Drive و بعدين هنزلكم إياها، هم هنزلكم إياها فلو
+
+272
+00:16:10,820 --> 00:16:13,860
+كان فيه بحثة زي هيك أحسن إن شاء الله خير، إن شاء
+
+273
+00:16:13,860 --> 00:16:17,660
+الله خيريعني هأخلّي كدا وسيلة لتنزيل الـ «هد»،
+
+274
+00:16:17,660 --> 00:16:23,580
+لتنزيل الـ «جوش» إن شاء الله طيب، عم كده بالنسبة
+
+275
+00:16:23,580 --> 00:16:28,520
+للمعمل التاني اللي هو تبع الـ «دم تشخيصي يوم
+
+276
+00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,280
+التسبت» حيكون، هبعثكم معاد، يعني غالباً هيكون فترة
+
+277
+00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:37,480
+صباحية ممكن فإن
+
+278
+00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:40,060
+شاء الله أبحثكم معاد، تحديد معاد ليوم التسبت فترة
+
+279
+00:16:40,060 --> 00:16:42,440
+صباحية من الله تعالى، هناخد هذا ونخلّي
+
+280
+00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:43,620
+المعاد’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’
+
+281
+00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:52,340
+إيش يا معان؟
+
+282
+00:16:52,340 --> 00:16:56,780
+لو على العشرة، عشرة، أحداث، كويس؟ بدي أشوف، ده زي
+
+283
+00:16:56,780 --> 00:17:00,760
+ما أعمل، أنا عشان عندي هرجيت أربع مواد، بتوزعهم و
+
+284
+00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:03,920
+أخلي فيهم السفر بناتهم، لأن اليوم أنا شوية انزلت
+
+285
+00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:06,420
+معالي همدولجة، ماقدرش أعطيهم مكملهم، عشان أنا
+
+286
+00:17:06,420 --> 00:17:10,560
+أتواصل معاكم، فخليني أشوف، أنا هعمل جدول و هنزله
+
+287
+00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:12,900
+إن شاء الله بالاسم للطلاب، تمام؟
+
+288
+00:17:15,770 --> 00:17:20,430
+بس بالنسبة لهذا كمية المحاضرة .. كمية المحاضرة
+
+289
+00:17:20,430 --> 00:17:21,610
+بقوله بالنص عادة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/jTqoDkPQIik.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2099 @@
+1
+00:00:02,110 --> 00:00:05,190
+أنا إن شاء الله هاي محطة التسجيل يعني للشباب اللي 
+
+2
+00:00:05,190 --> 00:00:08,890
+ما يحضر و ما يحضر أنا أفضل اللي كل يحضر عسب أنه 
+
+3
+00:00:08,890 --> 00:00:11,310
+يعرف لإن ممكن ما يحطوش تسجيل كونه أن دي ضغط كتير في
+
+4
+00:00:11,310 --> 00:00:17,230
+مساحة التخزين، تمام؟ آه وزي ما حكيت لكم أنا مش يعني
+
+5
+00:00:17,230 --> 00:00:21,670
+هنزل المحاضرات مسجلة مسبقًا عن طريق شو اسمه؟
+
+6
+00:00:21,670 --> 00:00:24,670
+الـmodem  أحنا وصلنا عند الـ Instrumentation طبعًا
+
+7
+00:00:24,670 --> 00:00:29,390
+أحنا حكينا عن الـ Agglutination و الـ Principles 
+
+8
+00:00:29,390 --> 00:00:32,810
+بتاعتها و أنواع الـ Agglutination و طرقها المختلفة
+
+9
+00:00:32,810 --> 00:00:38,470
+طبعًا في صنعوا أجهزة هذه الأجهزة تتعامل مع الـ
+
+10
+00:00:38,470 --> 00:00:42,530
+Agglutination كمبدأ طبعًا هذه الأجهزة عندها مبدأين 
+
+11
+00:00:42,530 --> 00:00:46,330
+أساسيين المبدأ الأول اللي هو اللي باعتمد على الـ
+
+12
+00:00:46,330 --> 00:00:49,530
+Particle Enhanced Thermometric Inhibition Assay
+
+13
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,020
+والمبدأ الثاني باعتمد على Particle Counting MNUSA
+
+14
+00:00:53,020 --> 00:00:58,700
+ناخدهم واحد واحد ونشوف إن شاء الله طبعًا الـ
+
+15
+00:00:58,700 --> 00:01:04,120
+Particle Enhanced Thermometric Inhibition اسمه إن
+
+16
+00:01:04,120 --> 00:01:06,880
+أنا عندي Particles، هذه الـ Particles بتعمل طبعًا
+
+17
+00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,520
+Thermometric لكن أنا ما بديش أقرأ Thermometric، أنا
+
+18
+00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:12,300
+بتعمل Inhibition علشان أقرأ فطبعًا عندي هنا الـ
+
+19
+00:01:12,300 --> 00:01:14,520
+Latex Particles طبعًا حكينا أصلا في الـ
+
+20
+00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,200
+agglomeration بتتحمل على Particles وأشهرها الـ
+
+21
+00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:21,740
+Latex عندي الـ Latex particles اللي محمل عليها اللي
+
+22
+00:01:21,740 --> 00:01:25,160
+هي الـDrugs طبعًا، فين دي أسنة مضادة بتتفاعل معها؟
+
+23
+00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:27,560
+لو اتفعلت معها، هتصير عندي Agglutination وتترسب 
+
+24
+00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:29,900
+طبعًا، أنا بتعمل Inhibition، كيف بتعمل Inhibition؟
+
+25
+00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:33,740
+هيجي لو أضافت الـMuscle تبع الإنسان، المريض، في 
+
+26
+00:01:33,740 --> 00:01:36,400
+الحالة هذه، هتصير تنافس ما بين الـFree Drugs
+
+27
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,760
+والـDrugs الموجودة على سطح الـLatex particles مع 
+
+28
+00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:43,680
+الأسنة المضادة فبتعمل Inhibition يعني، أنا كل ما
+
+29
+00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:46,660
+زاد الـFree Drugs كل ما زادت عملية الـInhibition
+
+30
+00:01:48,030 --> 00:01:52,910
+وبالتالي قلت عملية الـ Agglutination ما بيقل
+
+31
+00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:55,130
+عملية الـ Agglutination بيزيد فيها الـ Transmission 
+
+32
+00:01:55,130 --> 00:01:57,850
+وبيقل عملية الـ Absorption طبعًا بيزيد منها 
+
+33
+00:01:57,850 --> 00:02:03,460
+التركيز، إذن زي ما حكينا، هذه الطريقة عبارة عن اعتماد
+
+34
+00:02:03,460 --> 00:02:05,700
+على الـLight Scattering للـParticles الموجودة 
+
+35
+00:02:05,700 --> 00:02:09,420
+عليها الـLatex Particles طبعًا، زي ما حكينا، 
+
+36
+00:02:09,420 --> 00:02:13,540
+الـLatex Particles بيكون مرتبط أصلاً في الفعّالية
+
+37
+00:02:13,540 --> 00:02:18,340
+البدئية مثلًا، أنا بتعمل مثلًا الإنسولين، فبروح بجيب
+
+38
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:21,800
+هرمون الإنسولين كـDrugs مثلًا أو كـHormones بربطه 
+
+39
+00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:26,360
+على أو بعمل ارتباط مع سطح اللاتكس تمام؟ طبعًا بيصير 
+
+40
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:28,800
+كما حكينا تيربوديمتري في حال تفاعل مع الأجسام 
+
+41
+00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,480
+المضادة أنا عندي في الحالة هاي Non-particles-bound 
+
+42
+00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:36,080
+drugs بيصير تنافس مع الـparticles-bound drugs على 
+
+43
+00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:40,720
+سطح اللاتكس وبيصير بمنع إيه؟ عملية الـ
+
+44
+00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:46,180
+Agglutination وبالتالي زي ما حكينا بيزيد الـ 
+
+45
+00:02:46,180 --> 00:02:49,200
+Absorbance طبعًا بيزيد حجم الـ Particles دي ليش
+
+46
+00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:52,220
+Geometry؟ بيزيد الـ Absorbance وبالتالي بيقل تركيز
+
+47
+00:02:52,220 --> 00:02:58,320
+لـ Free Drugs يعني عملية إشمالها شباب عكسية، تمام؟
+
+48
+00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:03,560
+فهمنا المبدأ الأول Particles that has Dermatric 
+
+49
+00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:09,280
+Inhibition أساسية تمام يا شباب، فهمنا؟ معاد؟ طبعًا، 
+
+50
+00:03:09,280 --> 00:03:14,920
+تمام، هالقضية أكرم؟ تمام، أكرم يا دكتور وعبود؟
+
+51
+00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:19,400
+تمام، معاك يا دكتور، تمام، خلاص، تمام إذا في أي 
+
+52
+00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:22,300
+سؤال، أنا حاسس إني ما رفيتش شرح كامل، في أي سؤال، 
+
+53
+00:03:22,300 --> 00:03:24,740
+أي، أي نقطة، تقفوا عندها، تقولوا للأستاذ اشرح لنا هذه 
+
+54
+00:03:24,740 --> 00:03:30,170
+النقطة، عشان نفهم، طيب هلأ جيت للمبدأ الثاني،
+
+55
+00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:34,290
+طبعًا هذه صورة واضحة للمبدأ الأول المبدأ الثاني 
+
+56
+00:03:34,290 --> 00:03:37,730
+بيحكي لك Particles Counting from Us ها من اسمها أنا
+
+57
+00:03:37,730 --> 00:03:41,410
+قاعد إيش، ببعد الـparticles الموجودة طبعًا هذه 
+
+58
+00:03:41,410 --> 00:03:43,610
+بيحكي لك Involved Measurement of the Number of 
+
+59
+00:03:43,610 --> 00:03:46,770
+Residual Non-Agrotonic Particles يعني أنا بخيص
+
+60
+00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:51,970
+الـparticles اللي مش مرتبطة، كيف هي؟ الـ Latex 
+
+61
+00:03:51,970 --> 00:03:55,410
+particles بيكون أصلاً كمان مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody
+
+62
+00:03:55,410 --> 00:03:57,750
+طبعًا، لما نكون مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody، الـ
+
+63
+00:03:57,750 --> 00:04:00,690
+Antigen بيجي مرتبط معها، مرتبط مع الـ Antigen، في
+
+64
+00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:07,090
+الحالة، هاي أنا بقلل الـ Activity، الـ Complex كله،
+
+65
+00:04:07,090 --> 00:04:10,910
+وما بقدرش أنا أعمله Counting، فبروح بعمل Counting لـ
+
+66
+00:04:10,910 --> 00:04:13,630
+Latex particles مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody و ما ارتبطتش 
+
+67
+00:04:13,630 --> 00:04:17,330
+مع الـ Antigen فأنا طبعًا برضه عملية عكسية كل ما
+
+68
+00:04:17,330 --> 00:04:21,970
+زادت القراءة كل ما قلت الـ… نحكي الـ… الـAntigenات
+
+69
+00:04:21,970 --> 00:04:23,750
+المرتبطة مع الـAntibody الموجودة مع الـLatex
+
+70
+00:04:23,750 --> 00:04:27,050
+particles فهي inverse relationship between the
+
+71
+00:04:27,050 --> 00:04:30,230
+number of unagglutinated particles counted and the
+
+72
+00:04:30,230 --> 00:04:34,090
+amount of unknown in the patient specimen يعني نفس 
+
+73
+00:04:34,090 --> 00:04:36,830
+المبدأ الأول، بس الأول زي ما حكينا بيصير فيه عملية 
+
+74
+00:04:36,830 --> 00:04:40,470
+Inhibition، هانفش عندي Inhibition، هذه مباشرة، لكن
+
+75
+00:04:40,470 --> 00:04:43,590
+إيش بيصير عندي؟ الـ Latex particles مرتبطة مع
+
+76
+00:04:43,590 --> 00:04:47,590
+الأسام المضادة، أنا ببحث عن الأنتجين، الأنتجين 
+
+77
+00:04:47,590 --> 00:04:49,910
+بيرتبط ليه معاهم ك Complex، مجرد يتبع معاهم كهو
+
+78
+00:04:49,910 --> 00:04:54,090
+Complex، بيقلل من عملية القراءة لإلهم، يعني بيصير
+
+79
+00:04:54,090 --> 00:04:56,150
+عملية قراءتهم ما بتنقلش قراءتهم في الـAbsorbance،
+
+80
+00:04:56,150 --> 00:05:00,010
+وبالتالي، في الحالة هذه، أنا بقرأ الـ… نحكي 
+
+81
+00:05:00,010 --> 00:05:01,390
+الـUnbound Particles
+
+82
+00:05:04,340 --> 00:05:07,060
+طبعًا في عندي، بالنسبة للـ Agglutination في عندي
+
+83
+00:05:07,060 --> 00:05:11,460
+Quantitative و Qualitative طبعًا هي الفحص الـ
+
+84
+00:05:11,460 --> 00:05:14,920
+Agglutination يُعبّر عنه غالبًا بالـ Qualitative
+
+85
+00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:17,600
+يعني كيف أنا Qualitative للشباب؟ يعني Positive،
+
+86
+00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,680
+Negative أنا بحط على الـ slide الـ reagent اللي 
+
+87
+00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,080
+تبعناه، بحط عليه الـ Serum و بعمل mixing كويس، 
+
+88
+00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:26,320
+بقرأ بعد two minutes مثلًا إذا صار عندي
+
+89
+00:05:26,320 --> 00:05:29,120
+Agglutination فنتيجتي إيه؟ Positive وإذا ما صار 
+
+90
+00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:32,000
+عندي Agglutination فنتيجتي إيش؟ Negative، تمام؟
+
+91
+00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:35,740
+طبعًا الـ Quantitative مش معنى Quantitative زي 
+
+92
+00:05:35,740 --> 00:05:38,060
+مثلًا أنا معمل بحوصات مختبر الـ Quantitative 
+
+93
+00:05:38,060 --> 00:05:40,520
+فعليًا، هي طبعًا اللي بسميها أنا «Semi 
+
+94
+00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:42,980
+Quantitative» طبعًا ليش بسميها «Quantitative»؟ لأن 
+
+95
+00:05:42,980 --> 00:05:47,000
+أنا بجيبش تركيز، يعني نحكي دقيق 100% كده اللي
+
+96
+00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:51,940
+موجود من المادة، أنا بجيب تقديري فطبعًا يعني مثلًا
+
+97
+00:05:51,940 --> 00:05:54,620
+زي بحث السكر، بحث السكر أنا بعتبره quantitative
+
+98
+00:05:54,620 --> 00:05:58,240
+إن أنا بقيس بحث السكر، بيكون فيه standard، فيه 
+
+99
+00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:00,600
+عنده control وفي الحالة اللي أنا بطلع تركيز السكر
+
+100
+00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:05,160
+مثلًا 120، 110، فهذا تركيز quantitative بينما في
+
+101
+00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:07,180
+حالة الـ Agglutination Test ما فيش عندي هنا
+
+102
+00:06:07,180 --> 00:06:11,500
+quantitative، بحكي كصورة كاملة اسمه 
+
+103
+00:06:11,500 --> 00:06:14,120
+Semiquantitative ليس Semiquantitative لأن أنا بعمل
+
+104
+00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:17,100
+Serial Dilution فأنا عشان أعمل الـ Quantitative
+
+105
+00:06:17,100 --> 00:06:20,800
+بعمل Serial Dilution للعينة طبعًا بضيف عليها كمية 
+
+106
+00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:24,720
+محددة من الدم أو من البكتيريا أو من أي مادة اللي 
+
+107
+00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:28,920
+بيسميها مادة اللي تظهر ليه ال reaction تبعنا طبعًا
+
+108
+00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:33,420
+في الحالة هاي إذا باخد التركيز الأعلى اللي ظهر معاه
+
+109
+00:06:33,420 --> 00:06:36,900
+نتيجة في العلم جردها، فطبعًا التركيز الأعلى اللي
+
+110
+00:06:36,900 --> 00:06:39,660
+ظهر معاه هو عبارة عن الـTiter تبعنا، وعبارة عن
+
+111
+00:06:39,660 --> 00:06:44,180
+الـSemi Quantitative لـResult بتبعتنا، يعني مثلًا،
+
+112
+00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:47,800
+عندي هذه البلد، شايفين البلد يا شباب؟ كيف كيف يا 
+
+113
+00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:51,790
+دكتور، وكون السكر تكبيرك؟ مش تقنير السكر، السكر
+
+114
+00:06:51,790 --> 00:06:56,290
+بيعطي نتيجة فعلي يعني مثلًا 110-110، 120-120، 
+
+115
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,170
+ما بقدرش أحكي لك أنه والله احتمال يكون بين كذا وكذا،
+
+116
+00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:05,090
+يعني تفهم إن أنا مثلًا السكر عندي standard صح ولا
+
+117
+00:07:05,090 --> 00:07:08,370
+لأ؟ أنا زي اللي تذكره، ما أخذناه في المقدمة، أنا
+
+118
+00:07:08,370 --> 00:07:10,710
+ما حطيت تلاتة ديوبات، أخذناه في الـClinical Chemistry
+
+119
+00:07:10,710 --> 00:07:15,590
+تلاتة ديوبات، Blank وStandard وTest، صح ولا لأ؟ هل
+
+120
+00:07:15,590 --> 00:07:17,710
+جيت أنا بقرأ بعد ما أعمل الـ Reaction بقرا الـ
+
+121
+00:07:17,710 --> 00:07:20,770
+Absorbers للتلات و بطلع الـ Absorbers للـ Standard
+
+122
+00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:24,330
+و بصير عملية حسابية عشان أطلع زي جدش الـ Absorbers
+
+123
+00:07:24,330 --> 00:07:27,070
+بالضبط للعينة و بطلع معاه التركيز العيني صحيح،
+
+124
+00:07:27,070 --> 00:07:30,650
+بالضبط، صح ولا لأ؟ لكن أنا عندي في الـ Calculation
+
+125
+00:07:30,650 --> 00:07:34,010
+بسميه مش Quantitism، بسميه Semi Quantitism، ليش؟
+
+126
+00:07:34,010 --> 00:07:37,190
+شايفين الـ Plate الموجود عندكم؟ شايفين الـ Plate 
+
+127
+00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:42,120
+الشباب؟ آه طيب الـ Plate أول واحدة وين ال .. طبعًا 
+
+128
+00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:44,500
+أحنا عندنا شايفين على اليمين في عندها .. أنتم 
+
+129
+00:07:44,500 --> 00:07:47,420
+شايفين الـ mouse صح؟ في عندها الـ negative و hand
+
+130
+00:07:47,420 --> 00:07:53,780
+positive وين آخر كرة موجودة عندكم؟ عند 1 ل 64 صح؟
+
+131
+00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:56,980
+اللي هي positive، الآخر positive؟ بالضبط، واحد 
+
+132
+00:07:56,980 --> 00:07:59,420
+أربعة وستين، فأنا إذا أندي الـTiter أربعة وستين،
+
+133
+00:07:59,420 --> 00:08:02,280
+هل فعلاً هي أربعة وستين؟ ممكن يكون تبعين وسبعين، 
+
+134
+00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:05,080
+ممكن يكون تسعين، ممكن يكون بين التلتير هدول،
+
+135
+00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:07,820
+الشرط، يعني زي فحص السكر، إنه يزيد مائة وعشرين،
+
+136
+00:08:07,820 --> 00:08:10,720
+مائة وعشرين، فهمت كيف؟ فبالحالة أنا سميتها semi
+
+137
+00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:14,920
+quantitative، لأن أنا تقديري أخد أعلى تركيز بيظهر
+
+138
+00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:18,180
+عندي للعينة، لأن أنا ما أخدش قراءة دقيقة مية مية، 
+
+139
+00:08:18,180 --> 00:08:21,460
+طبعًا الـ120 negative، مش هيكون مائة وعشرين، لكن هو
+
+140
+00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:27,220
+أنا أخدت أربعمن الـ «64»، فهمنا كيف؟ الثاني، كده 
+
+141
+00:08:27,220 --> 00:08:33,160
+تركيزه؟ «65» أو «12»؟ «1» أو «8»؟ «1» أو «8» يعني
+
+142
+00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:38,740
+أنه «8» التالي زي ما حكيت عبد «512» الرقم 4، شوف
+
+143
+00:08:38,740 --> 00:08:42,820
+ولا واحد positive هو أقل من 2% دي اللي بقالكم، هدى
+
+144
+00:08:42,820 --> 00:08:46,240
+لو جاتكم في الأسئلة الواحدة اللي بتركزوا عليها وين
+
+145
+00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:51,800
+التركيز شوف رقم 6، معطيني في الأول negative وبعدين
+
+146
+00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:54,280
+بصي تبصي في بصية، وبعدين إيه عشان بيعطينا، طبعا
+
+147
+00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:57,360
+هذا 128، طبعا إيش تفسير الـ Negative هذا بالأول؟
+
+148
+00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:01,260
+أه يا عبد، إيش تفسير لها؟ فحص كاذب بيسموها، أو ..
+
+149
+00:09:01,260 --> 00:09:04,120
+لأ مش كاذب، مش كاذب، إيه اللي هو التفسير؟ إيش
+
+150
+00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:09,000
+تفسيرها يا عبد؟
+
+151
+00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:14,720
+عبد .. عبد تفكر فيها؟ False Negative يمكن؟ لأ مش 
+
+152
+00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:17,980
+False Negative، في ظاهرة أخذناها معكم قبل هيك أو
+
+153
+00:09:17,980 --> 00:09:21,090
+سميناها، اللي هي الـ Prozone البروزوان بيكون عندي
+
+154
+00:09:21,090 --> 00:09:25,110
+أجسام مضادة عالية كثير، فبتأثر على التفاعل، تظهرش
+
+155
+00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:28,050
+معاه، فتعطيني false، negative، تعمل البروزوان،
+
+156
+00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:33,850
+فهذه حالة البروزوان. – صح، صح، بسبب الـ antibiotic
+
+157
+00:09:33,850 --> 00:09:37,250
+يعني إيه؟ – لأ، هي أجسام مضادة عالية، بيكون أجسام
+
+158
+00:09:37,250 --> 00:09:40,370
+مضادة عالية كثير، فبتحتل مواقع الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+159
+00:09:40,370 --> 00:09:41,290
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+160
+00:09:41,290 --> 00:09:42,390
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+161
+00:09:42,390 --> 00:09:47,180
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…يعني احنا أصلًا أنه يصير
+
+162
+00:09:47,180 --> 00:09:50,400
+عملت بالتبع الـ Antibody مع الـ Latex وبعدين
+
+163
+00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:52,600
+بتبطي ال Latex مع بعضهم بعض عشان يعطيني الـ net
+
+164
+00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:55,940
+تبع ال Latex web نحكي أو Latex agglutination،
+
+165
+00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:59,480
+تمام؟ في الحالة هي أن هذا ما يسمونه مكوترها،
+
+166
+00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:03,000
+مكوترها بتغطي جميع المواقع من غير ما يصير عندي ال
+
+167
+00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,560
+agglutination فبسميه احنا الـ Prosone وفي عندي الـ
+
+168
+00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:08,920
+Prosone طبعا الـ Prosone يكون عندي ارتفاع عالي جدًا
+
+169
+00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:12,320
+في الأجسام المضادة وغير في الأنتجين فعلاجه كل ما
+
+170
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,940
+أخففنا عينه كل ما أظهر عندي reaction أكثر فتلاحظ
+
+171
+00:10:14,940 --> 00:10:17,960
+عندي بلش يظهر في واحد لتمانية وبعدين بلش يظهر
+
+172
+00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:21,820
+فيما بعد وفي عندي حالة ثانية بسميها الـ Posone الـ
+
+173
+00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:24,700
+Posone طبعا اللي هي ارتفاع في الأنتجين عن الـ
+
+174
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:27,440
+Antibody برضه نفس الحكاية تعطيني False Positive
+
+175
+00:10:27,440 --> 00:10:31,450
+هتشوف كمان شوية إن شاء الله فيبقى إيش تعريف
+
+176
+00:10:31,450 --> 00:10:34,650
+الـTiter؟ طبعًا أخذنا إحنا هذه كلها عبارة عن تايتر
+
+177
+00:10:34,650 --> 00:10:39,430
+64 تايتر، 8 تايتر، 512 تايتر، لأقل من 2% تايتر
+
+178
+00:10:39,430 --> 00:10:44,310
+high تايتر عبارة عن is the quantity of a substance
+
+179
+00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:46,890
+required to produce a reaction with a given volume
+
+180
+00:10:46,890 --> 00:10:49,310
+of another substance يعني أنا الكمية المقلوبة مني
+
+181
+00:10:49,310 --> 00:10:54,210
+من المادة high اللي تعطيني reaction مع volume محدد
+
+182
+00:10:54,210 --> 00:10:58,690
+من المادة الثانية والـAntibody Titer هو نفس الشيء
+
+183
+00:10:58,950 --> 00:11:01,650
+اللي هو عبارة عن أعلى تركيز The highest dilution
+
+184
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:06,660
+بالمادة تبعتنا of the biological sample اللي طبعًا
+
+185
+00:11:06,660 --> 00:11:09,480
+من الـ Serum، على التركيز من الـ Serum طبعًا، that
+
+186
+00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:12,100
+will result in agglutination بتعطينا agglutination
+
+187
+00:11:12,100 --> 00:11:14,480
+with no agglutination being observed in any higher
+
+188
+00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:17,480
+dilution مع أنه أنا عندي بعد ذلك ما يعطينيش
+
+189
+00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:19,220
+agglutination نهائية، ما يعطيني الحالات negative،
+
+190
+00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,760
+تمام؟ إذن هي is the highest dilution of the
+
+191
+00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:25,140
+biological sample that still result in
+
+192
+00:11:25,140 --> 00:11:27,720
+agglutination with no agglutination being observed
+
+193
+00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:30,970
+at any higher dilution طبعًا زي ما حكينا، الـ term
+
+194
+00:11:30,970 --> 00:11:33,250
+is used in serological reactions ومستخدمة أكثر إيش
+
+195
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:37,750
+في الحصات الـ serology طبعًا and is determined by
+
+196
+00:11:37,750 --> 00:11:40,510
+preparing serial evolution of antibody to which a
+
+197
+00:11:40,510 --> 00:11:42,990
+constant amount of antigen is added، نقطة مهمة جدا
+
+198
+00:11:44,860 --> 00:11:48,540
+Determined، يعني نبحث عنه، أو نبحث عنه عن طريقه،
+
+199
+00:11:48,540 --> 00:11:51,940
+أن أنا أول شيء Preparing Series of Solutions، لازم
+
+200
+00:11:51,940 --> 00:11:54,300
+يكون عندي Series of Solutions، ببلش بتركيز واحد
+
+201
+00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:58,000
+لااثنين، واحد لاربعة، واحد لتمانية، واحد لـ…. أخذنا
+
+202
+00:11:58,000 --> 00:11:59,820
+كيف نحضر Series of Solutions قبل ذلك يا شباب، صح
+
+203
+00:11:59,820 --> 00:12:04,290
+ولا لأ؟ تمام وبعدين بضيف عليه كمية ثابتة Constant
+
+204
+00:12:04,290 --> 00:12:07,090
+amount of antigens ديروا بقى، Constant amount يعني
+
+205
+00:12:07,090 --> 00:12:09,690
+ما أفعش أضيف عليه مثلًا كمية متغيرة، أضيف عليها
+
+206
+00:12:09,690 --> 00:12:12,150
+أربعين، بعدين خمسين، بعدين ستين، لا، هيك بالصراعي
+
+207
+00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:16,030
+أنت الفحص مش صح، لازم أضيف عليه كمية ثابتة يعني
+
+208
+00:12:16,030 --> 00:12:19,450
+إذا أنا بلعب الحالة، هي ما تعيش مع الـAntibody، بخفف
+
+209
+00:12:19,450 --> 00:12:21,330
+تركيز الـAntibody غالبًا الـAntibody موجودة وين
+
+210
+00:12:21,330 --> 00:12:26,100
+مثلًا، اللي هي في الجسم الإنسان أو في الـSerum فأنا
+
+211
+00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:28,640
+بالحالة بلبل عن طريق الـ Antibody عشان إيه؟
+
+212
+00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:31,180
+بالحالة أن أنا جوة، لم أجد تركيز لسه المضادة
+
+213
+00:12:31,180 --> 00:12:35,940
+الموجودة عندنا فهذه الحاجات اللي قم عليها الـ Pro
+
+214
+00:12:35,940 --> 00:12:37,960
+Zone وال Post Zone الـ Pro Zone زي اللي بحكيها،
+
+215
+00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:40,960
+أنا بكون عندي تركيز لأن المضادة عالي كثير، فما
+
+216
+00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:44,120
+بتظهر عندي، لاحظوا عندي الـ agglutination هان، تحت
+
+217
+00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,680
+آخر آخر شيء، negative، negative، plus one، plus
+
+218
+00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:51,300
+two، plus three، هلجأت؟ في حالة الـ Covalence
+
+219
+00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:56,440
+Zone، اللي نحكي المنطقة اللي بتعطيني التفاعل صحيح
+
+220
+00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,460
+مية مية بكون عندي نسبة الـ «antibody» للـ«antigen»
+
+221
+00:12:59,460 --> 00:13:02,020
+أو نحكي كمية الـ«antibody» لكمية الـ«antigen»
+
+222
+00:13:02,020 --> 00:13:07,020
+متناسبة هذا بتعطيني أفضل إشي بالتفاعل طبعًا، وبقى
+
+223
+00:13:07,020 --> 00:13:09,180
+للناس الحكاية الـBoson، «Boson» عند «Boson»
+
+224
+00:13:09,180 --> 00:13:12,460
+بتعطيني «false negative» لكن كل ما قلت تخفيف
+
+225
+00:13:12,460 --> 00:13:15,140
+الـ«Boson» أو كل ما زادت تخفيفي الـ«Boson» كل ما
+
+226
+00:13:15,140 --> 00:13:19,860
+إيش، أعطاني طبعا شسبة زي ما حكيتكم الـ«Boson»
+
+227
+00:13:19,860 --> 00:13:22,460
+زيادة في تركيز الأشياء المضادة الـ«Boson» ز
+
+228
+00:13:24,250 --> 00:13:28,930
+الأنتيجينات طيب إيش ال advantage وال disadvantage
+
+229
+00:13:28,930 --> 00:13:34,330
+لـ agglutination test أول إشي طبعًا إنه التكلفة
+
+230
+00:13:34,330 --> 00:13:39,210
+المادية للفحص بسيطة جدًا، رخيصة، فأسأل يعني أنت
+
+231
+00:13:39,210 --> 00:13:44,950
+بالمختبر الخاص لك تجيب نحكي كرات Latex مش هتعاني
+
+232
+00:13:44,950 --> 00:13:47,950
+من أسعارهم الغالية لأن أسعارهم كثير رخيصة مقارنة
+
+233
+00:13:47,950 --> 00:13:50,870
+بأسعار مثلًا الكرات تبع الـ Other Methods تبع
+
+234
+00:13:50,870 --> 00:13:54,010
+الهرمونات مثلًا، اللي أغلى إشي، تتنمد على مثلًا
+
+235
+00:13:54,010 --> 00:13:57,550
+الـRIA Radio Immunocyte أو تتنمد على مثلًا
+
+236
+00:13:57,550 --> 00:14:01,270
+الـOther Techniques طبعًا الشغل الثاني أني أنا بقدر
+
+237
+00:14:01,270 --> 00:14:04,170
+أني أوصل نتيجة عن طريق semi-quantitative result
+
+238
+00:14:04,170 --> 00:14:06,590
+يعني أنا بالشرط أني أعطي positive، negative ممكن
+
+239
+00:14:06,590 --> 00:14:09,590
+أعرف تقديري جداش تقريبًا عندي التركيز، semi
+
+240
+00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:13,150
+-quantitative result الشغل الثالثة أن الفحص نفسه
+
+241
+00:14:13,150 --> 00:14:17,570
+ما يأخذش وقت طويل يعني أنا عشان أعمل الـRF أو CRP بدي
+
+242
+00:14:17,570 --> 00:14:21,630
+تقريبًا two to three minutes لأن بضيف الـReagent
+
+243
+00:14:21,630 --> 00:14:23,910
+اللي هو بارع عن الـLatex Particles اللي فيه على
+
+244
+00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:28,970
+سطحه مثلًا الأجسام المضادة بالمقابل مثلًا أو في سطحه
+
+245
+00:14:28,970 --> 00:14:33,740
+الأنتيجينات بالمقابل بضيف مثلًا الـSerum يحتوي على
+
+246
+00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:39,060
+الأجسام المضادة وبشوف بديش التركيز بعدين الأجهزة اللي
+
+247
+00:14:39,060 --> 00:14:42,000
+بعتوا الـ Instrumentation مش غالية كثير مقارنة بالـ
+
+248
+00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,620
+Other Methods زي ما حكينا الـ Agglutination بيكون
+
+249
+00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:48,260
+صورة بالـ Native Antigen أو Antigen-coded particle
+
+250
+00:14:48,260 --> 00:14:51,440
+symbol to read يعني أنا بقرأه بواسطة العين بالعين
+
+251
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:53,860
+أنا مجرد شفت الـ Agglutination بشوفه بالعين مش
+
+252
+00:14:53,860 --> 00:14:56,980
+بحاجة لـMicroscope أو حاجة ل… نحكي أجهزة حديثة
+
+253
+00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:02,640
+الميزة أنه أنا ممكن أزيد في حساسيته باستخدام other
+
+254
+00:15:02,640 --> 00:15:05,800
+particles يعني إحنا ممكن نستخدم الـLatex particles
+
+255
+00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,520
+لو استخدمت مدن الخلايا الحمراء Red cells particles
+
+256
+00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:12,420
+في الحالة هي زي فحص الـRoswiller، همور معنا إن
+
+257
+00:15:12,420 --> 00:15:15,480
+شاء الله في الـRAF هتلاقي حساسيته أعلى، زادت حساسيته،
+
+258
+00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:22,180
+فأنا ممكن أحسن من الحساسية تبعتها كفحص أنا ممكن أستخدم
+
+259
+00:15:22,180 --> 00:15:25,520
+لـ، نحكي، مجموعة واسعة جدًا من البحوثات في المختبر
+
+260
+00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,040
+وحاليًا بلش يستخدموا كثير لمجموعة واسعة جدًا
+
+261
+00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,720
+المختبر وزي ما حكينا، if the sample contain
+
+262
+00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:32,960
+microorganisms، إذا أنا بـ، بـ، بـ، if the sample
+
+263
+00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:35,580
+تحتوي على microorganism بالشرط إن تكون طبعًا هذه
+
+264
+00:15:35,580 --> 00:15:39,240
+نحكي available، هي عايشة يعني أن أنا ممكن أعمل
+
+265
+00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:43,720
+الـmicroorganism أو أموتها وأستخدمها كأنتيجينات في
+
+266
+00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:45,180
+الـ، في بحوثات طبعتنا
+
+267
+00:15:48,410 --> 00:15:51,410
+طبعًا زي ما حكينا الـ Agglutination أهم شيء تتطلب
+
+268
+00:15:51,410 --> 00:15:53,870
+بعض المواد أو شيء بتتطلب الـ Particles الـ
+
+269
+00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:56,670
+Particles زي ما حكينا ليه عبارة عن الجسم أو الـ
+
+270
+00:15:56,670 --> 00:15:59,930
+Civil Cells اللي هي الجسم اللي بتحمل عليه الأجسام
+
+271
+00:15:59,930 --> 00:16:03,310
+المضادة أو الـ أندجينات تتطلب طبعًا وجود الـ
+
+272
+00:16:03,310 --> 00:16:05,410
+Androgynes، more androgynes close to the surface
+
+273
+00:16:05,670 --> 00:16:08,670
+طبعًا knowledge that incomplete or non
+
+274
+00:16:08,670 --> 00:16:10,610
+-agglutination antibodies are not detectable
+
+275
+00:16:10,610 --> 00:16:13,470
+without modification يعني أنا في حالة هي مثلًا
+
+276
+00:16:13,470 --> 00:16:15,950
+أنتيجينات مثل الخلايا الحمراء وأنا أحط على سطحها
+
+277
+00:16:15,950 --> 00:16:18,910
+أجسام مضادة وأبحث عن الـantigenات في الحالة هي
+
+278
+00:16:18,910 --> 00:16:21,390
+ممكن يعطيني negative أو no agglutination ممكن
+
+279
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:26,270
+أستعين في عصات modification أعملها وأستعين بالفحص
+
+280
+00:16:26,270 --> 00:16:29,890
+مثلًا الـAntiglobin Test عشان أن أنا أزيد في حساسية 
+
+281
+00:16:29,890 --> 00:16:32,630
+الفحص وبالتالي أقدر أني أعمل كشف على المواتب
+
+282
+00:16:36,050 --> 00:16:39,070
+Disadvantage، طب أهم disadvantage بيحكيلك «it must 
+
+283
+00:16:39,070 --> 00:16:40,650
+be kept in mind» «that agricultural actions are 
+
+284
+00:16:40,650 --> 00:16:43,030
+screening tests» يعني هم بيبقوا screening tests،
+
+285
+00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:46,950
+ما بيعطي نتيجة زي ما حكينا أن هذه نتيجة 120، 130،
+
+286
+00:16:46,950 --> 00:16:49,630
+زي السكر، لأ، بيبقوا negative أو semi quantitative
+
+287
+00:16:49,630 --> 00:16:53,750
+ونقطة ثانية، أن الـ negative ما بتدل أنه مافيش أحد
+
+288
+00:16:53,750 --> 00:16:56,750
+مرض، ممكن يعطيك negative ويكون فيه مرض، لأنه زي ما
+
+289
+00:16:56,750 --> 00:16:59,370
+حكينا، الـ sensitivity له قليلة، مقارنة بالبحوثات
+
+290
+00:16:59,370 --> 00:17:02,780
+اللي هتمور معنا فيها بعد أحدث منها طبعاً الـ
+
+291
+00:17:02,780 --> 00:17:07,560
+Quantity of Antigen أو الـ Antibody ممكن تكون أقل
+
+292
+00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:10,480
+منها أو تتفحص مش في حسابها الشغل الثاني ممكن
+
+293
+00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:14,580
+يعطيني False Positive أو Negative Test طيب، إيش
+
+294
+00:17:14,580 --> 00:17:17,020
+الـ False Positive؟ إيش يعني False Positive يا 
+
+295
+00:17:17,020 --> 00:17:20,620
+جماعة؟ الـ False Positive يعني أنه يعطيني Positive
+
+296
+00:17:20,620 --> 00:17:23,390
+Reaction اللي كان فعلياً Negative من حالات الـ False
+
+297
+00:17:23,390 --> 00:17:26,970
+positive إن أنا استخدمت الـ centrifuge وعملي
+
+298
+00:17:26,970 --> 00:17:29,950
+centrifugation بزيادة، يعني سببها over
+
+299
+00:17:29,950 --> 00:17:32,750
+centrifugation، يعني أنا مثلاً أصول إن أنا أعمل
+
+300
+00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:36,760
+centrifugation مدة five minutes فتفرضنا روحي عملتها
+
+301
+00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:41,360
+15 دقيقة، فبالحال هذه الـ Sediment هيترسب بشكل
+
+302
+00:17:41,360 --> 00:17:44,400
+قوي جداً في القاع، وأنا أجي أعمل تحريك للـ Tube
+
+303
+00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:48,500
+مش هقدر أني أفك الـ .. بيسموه الـ solutions لـ الـ
+
+304
+00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:51,020
+particles الموجودة في الـ sediment وبالتالي هتعطيني
+
+305
+00:17:51,020 --> 00:17:54,850
+شكل كأنه فيه agglutination الشغل الثاني اللي هي
+
+306
+00:17:54,850 --> 00:17:57,430
+Contaminated Equipment يعني لو في عندي كبار، في
+
+307
+00:17:57,430 --> 00:18:02,890
+عندي مثلاً نحكي بصمة الأصبع نفسها اللي وجدت
+
+308
+00:18:02,890 --> 00:18:06,110
+على الـ Tube شغلك ممكن تعطيك False Reaction اللي قد
+
+309
+00:18:06,110 --> 00:18:09,930
+أكون Retinations، عندي حالات مثلاً اللي نحكي الدم
+
+310
+00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:13,290
+مثلاً، اللي فيه عندي مثلاً بيستخدم الخلايا الحمراء
+
+311
+00:18:13,290 --> 00:18:15,570
+والخلايا الحمراء اللي فيه أعصابها أصلاً أسام مضادة
+
+312
+00:18:15,570 --> 00:18:18,510
+نتيجة بيسموه «auto agglutination» من اسمها «auto»
+
+313
+00:18:18,510 --> 00:18:22,210
+هي عبارة عن أسام مضادة بيتخثر اللي نحكي الخلايا
+
+314
+00:18:22,210 --> 00:18:25,550
+الحمراء نتيجة أسام مضادة ضد الجسم نفسه، يعني
+
+315
+00:18:25,550 --> 00:18:29,250
+«auto» من نفسه يتطلع، فهذه ممكن تعطيني تخثر أو
+
+316
+00:18:29,250 --> 00:18:32,510
+تعطيني agglutination وتعطيني false result طبعاً،
+
+317
+00:18:32,510 --> 00:18:37,570
+عملية تأخر في القراءة إنه بيجي مثلاً أنت الـ
+
+318
+00:18:37,570 --> 00:18:40,630
+agglutination سبتها كي نيجاتيب، لكن سبتها بعد فترة
+
+319
+00:18:40,630 --> 00:18:43,790
+نشفت، لو نشفت على الـ slide ومتيجة تحريكة كمان
+
+320
+00:18:43,790 --> 00:18:46,470
+شوية، مع النشفانة، هتبين كإنها agglutination فالـ
+
+321
+00:18:46,470 --> 00:18:51,090
+dried out للأنتجين هتعطيك كإنه false positive
+
+322
+00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:57,550
+result أنا لو أخذت صلاحي في أنابيب زجاجية ممكن الـ
+
+323
+00:18:57,550 --> 00:19:00,070
+silica الـ colloidal silica الموجودة في الزجاج تطلع
+
+324
+00:19:00,070 --> 00:19:04,830
+ليش أوت و تعطيني سكانة glutenation لو استخدمت
+
+325
+00:19:04,830 --> 00:19:07,330
+plasma بدل الـ serum عشان هيك أحنا عيناتنا معظمها
+
+326
+00:19:07,330 --> 00:19:10,700
+serum لازم تكون اللي بلازم تحتوي على الفيبروجين
+
+327
+00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,660
+والفيبروجين ممكن يكون فيه بعض الخيوط الفيبرين
+
+328
+00:19:13,660 --> 00:19:16,500
+نتيجة طبعاً هذه الخيوط اللي بيبقى بيبقى تعطيني
+
+329
+00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:19,180
+false result أو إذا كان في عيني homolized أو بلامك
+
+330
+00:19:19,180 --> 00:19:21,920
+برضه هتعطيني false result وآخر شيء طبعاً الـ cross
+
+331
+00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:25,280
+reaction اللي فيه أن دي أسامة ضادة طبعاً غير اللي
+
+332
+00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:29,180
+ببحث عنها ممكن تعطيني false result الـ false
+
+333
+00:19:29,180 --> 00:19:33,320
+negative طبعاً هي العكسية تزوال بس أتفضل تزوال
+
+334
+00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:36,350
+بخصوص البلازما اللي هي لما تكون فيها الفيبروجين،
+
+335
+00:19:36,350 --> 00:19:37,910
+طب إيش المشكلة لما تكون فيها الفيبروجين؟ إيش
+
+336
+00:19:37,910 --> 00:19:42,470
+هيسوي؟ الفيبروجين، يعني ممكن إذا أنت عملت السحب في
+
+337
+00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:44,510
+البلازما، أنت بتعرف البلازما، عشان يعمل البلازما
+
+338
+00:19:44,510 --> 00:19:47,690
+بديها Anticoagulant، ممكن أنت أخدت البلازما، لكن
+
+339
+00:19:47,690 --> 00:19:51,790
+الـ Anticoagulant ما عملش، نحكي، عدم تشغيله تكامل،
+
+340
+00:19:51,790 --> 00:19:54,610
+فالكامل هو أنك بقعت خيوط الفيبرين، يعني الفيبروجين
+
+341
+00:19:54,610 --> 00:19:57,790
+هو ذائب، لكن الفيبرين غير ذائب، خيوط الفيبرين خيط،
+
+342
+00:19:57,790 --> 00:20:00,470
+بيكون معاك على الـ slide، هيبين معاك ك
+
+343
+00:20:04,060 --> 00:20:06,840
+هيكون متكتر كأنه Gratination، فهيعطيك False Result
+
+344
+00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:10,120
+فلعشانك باستخدام السيرة، مديش أن الـ 5G يكون موجود
+
+345
+00:20:10,120 --> 00:20:15,420
+أصلاً، فاهم لك يا إيه؟ تمام، تمام، تمام، تمام، تمام
+
+346
+00:20:15,420 --> 00:20:18,020
+طيب، الـ False Negative، الـ False Negative عكسي
+
+347
+00:20:18,020 --> 00:20:20,620
+يعني، أول شيء Under Centrifuge إن أنا مبنوض مثلاً
+
+348
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:25,800
+أنول أسنتر دقيقة، ده مدة قبل دقائق على سرعة 3000
+
+349
+00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:30,840
+روحت أنا حطيت السرعة، مر One Minute وأنا مستعجب
+
+350
+00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:32,860
+جداً، روحت وأجبت الـ Centrifuge، في الحالة هذه Under
+
+351
+00:20:32,860 --> 00:20:37,000
+Centrifuge ما عطاني فرصة لعملية الـ agglutination أن 
+
+352
+00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,040
+أترسب فبالتالي بيعطيني EH false، negative result
+
+353
+00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,820
+الـ Reagent اللي بستخدمه، هجيت للـ Reagent اللي
+
+354
+00:20:43,820 --> 00:20:46,420
+بستخدمه، لو كان الـ Active، هعطيني false result،
+
+355
+00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:49,120
+لأن أنا الـ Gene مش فعال، فمش هيتفعل أصلاً، مش
+
+356
+00:20:49,120 --> 00:20:51,800
+هعطيني false result الـ Temperature، خاصة مع
+
+357
+00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,340
+الخلايا الحمراء، والـ G-Node  الاضطرابي، أنه أنا في
+
+358
+00:20:55,340 --> 00:20:59,020
+يدي مثلاً خلايا حمراء في يدي أسام ضاد واتفاعل درجة
+
+359
+00:20:59,020 --> 00:21:02,060
+حرارة 37، وفي يدي أسام ضاد واتفاعل درجة حرارة
+
+360
+00:21:02,060 --> 00:21:05,710
+الـ Cold، الـ 4 مثلاً أو مثلاً الـ Room Temperature،
+
+361
+00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:07,990
+الـ 26 في الحالة، يا عزيزي، أنا لو اختلفت الـ
+
+362
+00:21:07,990 --> 00:21:11,110
+Temperature عن الفحص اللي طالب مفحص، ممكن تأثر على
+
+363
+00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:14,210
+الـ Time تعطيني False Result الـ Timing Incubation
+
+364
+00:21:14,210 --> 00:21:16,850
+أنا لو أخدت مدل الفحص، جالك والله أعمل كل شيء
+
+365
+00:21:16,850 --> 00:21:19,310
+يحفظني ‏- إيش الـ EGS والـ ABS؟ ‏- Antigens
+
+366
+00:21:19,310 --> 00:21:22,450
+Antibody ‏- Antibodies ‏- May result in the lack
+
+367
+00:21:22,450 --> 00:21:22,930
+of association
+
+368
+00:21:22,930 --> 00:21:33,630
+‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏
+
+369
+00:21:35,590 --> 00:21:38,330
+الـ Sufficient Incubation Time إنه طلب مني أن أنا
+
+370
+00:21:38,330 --> 00:21:42,010
+والله الفحص هذا لازم أعمله four minutes وأحركه
+
+371
+00:21:42,010 --> 00:21:48,050
+روحت أنا مستعجلت، ما عملتلوش four minutes، تمام؟
+
+372
+00:21:48,050 --> 00:21:52,570
+روحت أنا عملت عسارية one minute وقرأت، ممكن
+
+373
+00:21:52,570 --> 00:21:54,890
+يعطيني بعد four minutes result positive فأنا ممكن 
+
+374
+00:21:54,890 --> 00:21:57,410
+في الحالة اللي مستعجلت هعطيني false negative result
+
+375
+00:21:57,410 --> 00:22:01,570
+الـ «بروسول» حكيت لكم عنها، اللي هي إيش؟ زيادة في
+
+376
+00:22:01,570 --> 00:22:06,020
+تركيز الأسنان مضادة، هتعطيني false positive بالضبط،
+
+377
+00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:11,050
+وعملية delay in testing procedures بارعة اتفاعل
+
+378
+00:22:11,050 --> 00:22:13,930
+الأجسام مضادة على سطح الخلايا الحمراء صارت تفاعل،
+
+379
+00:22:13,930 --> 00:22:17,930
+لكن أنا اتطولت عليها فأحنا أفضل اتفاعل الأجسام
+
+380
+00:22:17,930 --> 00:22:19,930
+مضادة مالذي جيناه حاجتكم بالجاب اللي هي ببارعة
+
+381
+00:22:19,930 --> 00:22:22,710
+reversible يعني أنا لو صار التباعت ما بينهم، ممكن
+
+382
+00:22:22,710 --> 00:22:25,470
+أني أعاكسه لو صرت الخلايا حمراء، ممكن أن الأجسام 
+
+383
+00:22:25,470 --> 00:22:27,710
+مضادة تفك عن الخلايا الحمراء ويصير الـ elution
+
+384
+00:22:27,710 --> 00:22:30,690
+الـ elution هي عملية انتزاع الأجسام مضادة عن سطح 
+
+385
+00:22:30,690 --> 00:22:33,570
+الخلايا الحمراء، الـ semi-elution في الحالة هذه،
+
+386
+00:22:33,570 --> 00:22:36,510
+طبعاً، لو أصبح الـ eluted الأجسام مضادة، هتعطيني
+
+387
+00:22:36,510 --> 00:22:40,940
+false negative طيب، طب إيش الفرق بين الـ delay و
+
+388
+00:22:40,940 --> 00:22:43,900
+بين الـ auto agglutination يا سيدي؟ كيف يا عزيزي،
+
+389
+00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:48,520
+كيف؟ الفرق بين الـ illusion لما تنزع الـ antibody من
+
+390
+00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:52,500
+الـ RBCs مش هتعمل لها شيء اسمه auto agglutination لل
+
+391
+00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:54,900
+ـ RBCs أعطيك calls اللي بتاع بيصيرش agglutination،
+
+392
+00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:59,300
+صحيح؟ بيصير، لأ، طب كيف؟ مش مفروض يصير يعني؟ لأ،
+
+393
+00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:03,790
+معناه جد احنا الخلايا الحمراء، عشان أعتبر أن الخلايا 
+
+394
+00:23:03,790 --> 00:23:05,990
+الحمراء هي برعانة، الخلايا الحمراء هي برعانة أو شيء
+
+395
+00:23:05,990 --> 00:23:09,170
+الـ particle، فيها أساطها الـ antigenات، أجيت الأسام
+
+396
+00:23:09,170 --> 00:23:11,330
+مضادة، هتعتبرها الـ antigenات أساطها الخلايا
+
+397
+00:23:11,330 --> 00:23:13,830
+الحمراء، وهتربطها الخلايا الحمراء مع بعض على البعض،
+
+398
+00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:16,990
+هتعمليني، اللي هي الـ agglutination، مع بعض، تمام؟
+
+399
+00:23:16,990 --> 00:23:19,650
+أجيت الأسام مضادة، مرضبطاش أساطها الخلايا الحمراء،
+
+400
+00:23:19,650 --> 00:23:22,890
+مش هتعمل لي شبكة ما بين الخلايا الحمراء والخلايا
+
+401
+00:23:22,890 --> 00:23:26,520
+الحمراء الثانية يعني هتعطيني False Result. آه، تمام.
+
+402
+00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:29,200
+فاهمنا كيف؟ يعني أجيب للأسام مضادة، اللي مرتبطة في
+
+403
+00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:31,520
+الـ… طب وكيف الـ Auto-agglutination يا عزيزي؟ Auto
+
+404
+00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:34,680
+-agglutination، هحدد لكم عليه، اللي هي عبارة عن أسام
+
+405
+00:23:34,680 --> 00:23:39,720
+مضادة من جسم نفسها، هي بتعملي، يعني كيف أنا؟ أنا
+
+406
+00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:45,280
+ببحث عن مثلاً عامل X من الجسم، فين دي عامل Y؟ عامل
+
+407
+00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,980
+Y مرتبط على سطح الخلايا الحمراء، عامل Y already
+
+408
+00:23:47,980 --> 00:23:50,260
+مقلون ومرتبط على سطح الخلايا الحمراء، هيعمل 
+
+409
+00:23:50,260 --> 00:23:53,550
+الـ Agglutination. هيعطيني false result وأنا هفكر أن
+
+410
+00:23:53,550 --> 00:23:56,410
+هو X في المناكيف فلو قلت أجرح يبقى أعطيني false بص
+
+411
+00:23:56,410 --> 00:24:03,450
+تمام، مش negative، ديري بقى لكم، تمام؟ طيب، هأعطيك 
+
+412
+00:24:03,450 --> 00:24:09,010
+تجربة طبعاً اللي هي بحكيلك determination of blood
+
+413
+00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:12,610
+group called antibody، طبعاً احنا أخدنا blood group
+
+414
+00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:16,920
+وأخدنا كيف بنعمله على سلايدات تمام هلجيت إحنا لو
+
+415
+00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:20,820
+بنعمل الـ title لإيه له؟ طبعاً سهل جداً، بدي saline،
+
+416
+00:24:20,820 --> 00:24:22,780
+هذا إن شاء الله هناخده في المعمل، أول تجربة عملية 
+
+417
+00:24:22,780 --> 00:24:26,520
+لنا، بدي saline، بدنا pipettes، بدنا red blood
+
+418
+00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:29,160
+cells أو بدنا الـ serum اللي بنعمل فيها الـ antibody
+
+419
+00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:37,380
+group، خلي بس أنا أسكر الشبكة عشان الصوت ما كنت 
+
+420
+00:24:37,380 --> 00:24:38,100
+بchlor عندك؟ 
+
+421
+00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:54,500
+طبعًا يا شباب؟ بقى من الـchlor طلع، بقى من الـchlor،
+
+422
+00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:56,340
+مبيعش الـchlor، مبيع سريدة
+
+423
+00:24:59,650 --> 00:25:02,610
+طيب، اللهم الصلاة والسلام على محمد، فإيش التجربة؟
+
+424
+00:25:02,610 --> 00:25:05,310
+ببساطة إحنا هنخدها، هنحمّلها عليها سريع، أول شيء
+
+425
+00:25:05,310 --> 00:25:10,650
+بعمل Serial Dilution، طبعًا باخد خمسين نص مئل
+
+426
+00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:14,290
+طبعًا من الـ Volume طبعًا، و بحضر Serial Dilution
+
+427
+00:25:14,290 --> 00:25:16,950
+Two-fold، بنحكي Two-fold يعني إيش؟ واحد لِاثنين،
+
+428
+00:25:16,950 --> 00:25:20,430
+واحد لأربعة، واحد لثمانية، واحد لستة عشر باضيف عليها
+
+429
+00:25:20,430 --> 00:25:24,530
+طبعًا باخد 0.1 ML من الـDilutions باضيف عليها
+
+430
+00:25:24,530 --> 00:25:27,110
+الـBlood Cell Suspension طبعًا بعمل سيلة ديليوشن
+
+431
+00:25:27,110 --> 00:25:30,710
+بإيش؟ بالسيرم اللي بدي أعمله الـTitration لإيه له،
+
+432
+00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:34,870
+تمام؟ وبعدين بستره وبخوف، شوف الـAgglutination إن
+
+433
+00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:37,070
+شاء الله إحنا مش هندكس فيها كتير لأنها دي برا
+
+434
+00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:40,430
+تجربة عملية أول ما نروح المعمل هنعيد تجربتها
+
+435
+00:25:40,430 --> 00:25:44,810
+المباشرة وهنعملها طبعًا هنعمل سيلة ديليوشن آخرجه
+
+436
+00:25:44,810 --> 00:25:49,080
+نصف مئل من السيرم، نصف مئل من السلين هكذا، أصبح لدي
+
+437
+00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,320
+واحد لـ2، واحد لـ4، واحد لـ8، واحد لـ16، إلى
+
+438
+00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:58,560
+آخرين، بعدين بضيف عليها الـRed Blood Cell، وبشوف
+
+439
+00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,900
+الـTitration، الـTitration عبارة عن أعلى التركيز،
+
+440
+00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:07,160
+بعطيني plus one grade في الـAgglutination، تمام؟ مش
+
+441
+00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:10,040
+هنركز فيه كتير، كتير برضه عندي برضه كيف نتعامل مع
+
+442
+00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:12,740
+Serial Dilution، هذا أعتقدكم يا مسبقًا جاب ليك، بس
+
+443
+00:26:12,740 --> 00:26:15,920
+للـTile Scale، طبعًا الـ… زي ما حكينا، أهم نقطة في
+
+444
+00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:19,120
+عملية تحضير Serial Dilution، إنه أنا الـPipette
+
+445
+00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:22,200
+اللي بستخدمها، مش لازم يكون أقل من عشر مايكرون،
+
+446
+00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,220
+ولا أكثر من ألف، يعني مفهومش أن أنا مثلًا
+
+447
+00:26:24,220 --> 00:26:27,560
+الـPipette، إلا إذا كانت مخصصة لها، بس أنا عشان أحضر
+
+448
+00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:30,040
+الـVolume، لازم أكون بين عشر مايكرون وألف، عشان
+
+449
+00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:35,170
+يكون عندي الـVolume صحيح طيب، هذا مر معنا، طبعًا
+
+450
+00:26:35,170 --> 00:26:41,490
+لو بتحضر تركيز نحكي الـ… طبعًا أول شيء خلّيني أخد
+
+451
+00:26:41,490 --> 00:26:43,910
+هاي من فوق لما نحكي طريقة واحدة لأربعة، إيش يعني
+
+452
+00:26:43,910 --> 00:26:47,390
+واحدة لأربعة يا شباب؟ واحد يمثللي Volume تبع
+
+453
+00:26:47,390 --> 00:26:50,810
+الـSample واربعة يمثللي Total Volume طبعًا Total
+
+454
+00:26:50,810 --> 00:26:53,490
+Volume ليه Sample زي Division لما نحكي واحدة
+
+455
+00:26:53,490 --> 00:26:57,110
+لأربعة، يعني Sample واحد واربعة عبارة عن Total
+
+456
+00:26:57,110 --> 00:27:00,310
+Volume طبعًا لو بتحضر واحدة لأربعة تركيز، عادي
+
+457
+00:27:00,310 --> 00:27:05,180
+بضيف 100 Micron مع 300 مايكرون، لأن عندي 100
+
+458
+00:27:05,180 --> 00:27:07,880
+مايكرون مع 300 زي 100، 400، 400،
+
+459
+00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:09,500
+400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400
+
+460
+00:27:09,790 --> 00:27:13,270
+طبعًا هنا C-Reduction لو بتحضر طبعًا هنا تشوف عليها
+
+461
+00:27:13,270 --> 00:27:17,290
+التركيز تحت قد ايش عملنا هنا أضفنا 100 مايكرون مع
+
+462
+00:27:17,290 --> 00:27:21,090
+300 مايكرون صار 1 ل 4 أخدنا من هنا 100 مايكرون مع
+
+463
+00:27:21,090 --> 00:27:25,050
+300 مايكرون صار برضه 1 ل 4 إذا الـTotal طبعًا قد ايش 1
+
+464
+00:27:25,050 --> 00:27:30,090
+ل 16 لو عملنا كمان مرة 100 مايكرون من هنا مع 300
+
+465
+00:27:30,090 --> 00:27:34,210
+مايكرون صار برضه 1 ل 4 دارد 1 ل 16 بيصير 1 ل 64
+
+466
+00:27:34,210 --> 00:27:36,470
+يعني ده كيف نحضر C-Reduction؟
+
+467
+00:27:40,350 --> 00:27:42,770
+هان طبعًا لو بتحضر واحد لألف طبعًا صحيح بإني أحضر
+
+468
+00:27:42,770 --> 00:27:47,250
+واحد لألف مباشرة نفس
+
+469
+00:27:47,250 --> 00:27:53,810
+التخفيف الجديد مش فاهم عليك يا شباب، في سؤال؟
+
+470
+00:27:53,810 --> 00:27:58,010
+نفس الـDeletion الجديد أخذناها كل وقت، أسمعت، هذا
+
+471
+00:27:58,010 --> 00:28:00,670
+مر معنا، بس أنا test game هجيت أنا لو بتحضر
+
+472
+00:28:00,670 --> 00:28:06,870
+الـDeletion واحد لألف الصوت
+
+473
+00:28:06,870 --> 00:28:07,530
+بجدك
+
+474
+00:28:10,120 --> 00:28:15,820
+طيب، هيك منيح؟ تمام، تمام لو بتحضر التركيز واحد
+
+475
+00:28:15,820 --> 00:28:19,320
+لأقل، ممكن أحتاج براحل واحد لعشرة، واحد لعشرة،
+
+476
+00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,820
+واحد لعشرة، هذي بيصير واحد لألف فباخد مائة مايكروجرام
+
+477
+00:28:22,820 --> 00:28:26,320
+لتسعمئة، مائة مايكروجرام لتسعمئة، مائة مايكروجرام لتسعمئة،
+
+478
+00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:30,060
+هيك حضرت واحد لأقل، Serial Dilution لو بتحضر تسعة
+
+479
+00:28:30,060 --> 00:28:33,280
+مع مائة وخمسين، ممكن أعمل حالتين أعمل تسعة مع خمس
+
+480
+00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:37,180
+وعشرين، واحد لعشرة، بيصير تسعة مع مائة وخمسين، هذي
+
+481
+00:28:37,180 --> 00:28:41,530
+سهل جدا، أخذتوها قبلكم إن شاء الله خلصنا بالنسبة للـ
+
+482
+00:28:41,530 --> 00:28:47,990
+Agglutination كامل إن شاء الله، تمام؟ إحنا زي ما
+
+483
+00:28:47,990 --> 00:28:51,630
+حكيت لكم، أنا جيت بالنسبة للمحاضرات الثانية الـ C
+
+484
+00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:55,010
+-Reactive و الـ Protein و الـ RA فإنتوا قروها و
+
+485
+00:28:55,010 --> 00:28:57,930
+أسبوع الجاي هنمر عليها سريعًا إن شاء الله و إذا في
+
+486
+00:28:57,930 --> 00:29:03,370
+أي مراجعة من ما صبح إن شاء الله هأكون معكم إن شاء
+
+487
+00:29:03,370 --> 00:29:08,970
+الله تمام يا شباب؟ Peace في سرعة و سؤال؟ تمام، هيك
+
+488
+00:29:08,970 --> 00:29:18,410
+خلصنا خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+489
+00:29:18,410 --> 00:29:22,090
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+490
+00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:22,850
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+491
+00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:25,430
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+492
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:26,310
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+493
+00:29:26,310 --> 00:29:31,730
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+494
+00:29:31,730 --> 00:29:34,770
+خلاص،
+
+495
+00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:38,370
+خلاص، خلاص،
+
+496
+00:29:43,060 --> 00:29:47,220
+ماشي بتحكي يا دكتور؟ بحكيلكم علم ده فضل شخصي،
+
+497
+00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:53,400
+ببلش معاك و فيه .. هو مت على العشرة، مش على التسعة؟
+
+498
+00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:55,420
+هو على ال .. مش على التسعة، هو على العشرة اللي
+
+499
+00:29:55,420 --> 00:29:58,020
+بنعمله، اللي حابين أنه نأخره شويّة، بنأخره شويّة،
+
+500
+00:29:58,020 --> 00:30:02,040
+عشان الشباب تاني هو
+
+501
+00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:04,380
+عشان الشباب، هو عشان الشباب، مش عشان السناني جاعد،
+
+502
+00:30:04,380 --> 00:30:11,470
+هو عشان الشباب نأخره شويّة يعني، على احتياج نخلين؟ يا
+
+503
+00:30:11,470 --> 00:30:15,030
+سيدي عارف ده أنا شاشه وما بقى بس خلاص تواصلوا مع
+
+504
+00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:20,650
+معاد و حمزة شوفوهم إيش شفروا أنا موجود بس أنا
+
+505
+00:30:20,650 --> 00:30:24,910
+بشريف، شريف حمزة يا عزيزي مع شريف، آه آه مع شريف
+
+506
+00:30:24,910 --> 00:30:29,070
+و حمزة أنت جيت أشرفها، أنت طلعت و جيت أنا فصل ..
+
+507
+00:30:29,070 --> 00:30:32,290
+فصل الـ net عندي أنا طيب مش مشكلة إحنا الـ GTA ..
+
+508
+00:30:32,290 --> 00:30:33,790
+أنا بتأكد في الـ GTA بالنسبالي اللي .. زي ما
+
+509
+00:30:33,790 --> 00:30:39,290
+حكيت لكم أنا هنزلكم تسجيلات مسلم محمد تابعوها تمام؟
+
+510
+00:30:39,290 --> 00:30:42,470
+و بيصير أنا عملية اللقاء الأسبوعي معاكم عبارة عن
+
+511
+00:30:42,470 --> 00:30:48,860
+نقاش النسبة على الأربعة إن شاء الله ماشية، بس زي ما
+
+512
+00:30:48,860 --> 00:30:53,440
+حدثتكم، هيكون هنا اللقاء عبارة عن، يعني أنتم
+
+513
+00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:57,520
+حيكونوا بعتوا التسجيل، وعبارة عن أسئلة وأجوبة،
+
+514
+00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,140
+إيش بكم تستغلت، هتفسر لكم، منيح، هيكون بالنسبة
+
+515
+00:31:00,140 --> 00:31:05,240
+للمناعة والعلم ده ماكنش فيه سيم إن شاء الله، أكيد
+
+516
+00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,100
+بالنسبة لي المناعة، طبعًا كثير سألني جاب ليك إيش
+
+517
+00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:10,940
+بنعمل فيها، كيف ن .. ده، عارفين إنكم تكونوا على
+
+518
+00:31:10,940 --> 00:31:14,320
+يعني بينا أمور بالنسبة لي المناعة، المناعة، إن شاء
+
+519
+00:31:14,320 --> 00:31:17,260
+الله فينكم حطوا منكم تعملوا بحث، هنزلكم إيش بحث
+
+520
+00:31:17,260 --> 00:31:22,280
+بإيش بأحد تقنية الخاصة بالبحث، هدع ليه عشر علامات،
+
+521
+00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:29,310
+ماشي، هيكون عندنا .. تمام، تمام، أشهر معك إن شاء
+
+522
+00:31:29,310 --> 00:31:33,670
+الله هيكون عندنا، طبعًا زي ما حكيت لكم، نص فيه، هيكون
+
+523
+00:31:33,670 --> 00:31:35,830
+نص فيه إذا كان الـ Electronic، هيكون Electronic
+
+524
+00:31:35,830 --> 00:31:40,150
+إحتمال، هيكون عليه تقريبًا عشرين علامة، ماشي، وهيكون
+
+525
+00:31:40,150 --> 00:31:41,490
+عندنا نهائي أربعين علامة 

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/jTqoDkPQIik_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2100 @@
+1
+00:00:02,110 --> 00:00:05,190
+أنا إن شاء الله هاي محطة التسجيل يعني للشباب اللي
+
+2
+00:00:05,190 --> 00:00:08,890
+مايحضرش و مايحضرش أنا أفضل اللي كل يحضر عسب أنه
+
+3
+00:00:08,890 --> 00:00:11,310
+تعرف لإن ممكن مايحطوش تسجيل كونه أن دي ضغط كتير في
+
+4
+00:00:11,310 --> 00:00:17,230
+مساحة التخزين، تمام؟ آه وزي ما حاكلكم أنا مش يعني
+
+5
+00:00:17,230 --> 00:00:21,670
+هنزل المحاضرات مسجلة مسبقا عن طريق شو اسمه؟
+
+6
+00:00:21,670 --> 00:00:24,670
+الـmodemأحنا وصلنا عند الـ Instrumentation طبعاً
+
+7
+00:00:24,670 --> 00:00:29,390
+أحنا حاكينا عن الـ Agglutination و الـ Principles
+
+8
+00:00:29,390 --> 00:00:32,810
+بتاعتها و أنواع الـ Agglutination و طرقها المختلفة
+
+9
+00:00:32,810 --> 00:00:38,470
+طبعاً في صنعوا أجهزة هذه الأجهزة تتعامل مع الـ
+
+10
+00:00:38,470 --> 00:00:42,530
+Agglutination كمبدأ طبعاً هذه الأجهزة عندت مبدأين
+
+11
+00:00:42,530 --> 00:00:46,330
+أساسياً المبدأ الأول اللي هو اللي باعتمد على الـ
+
+12
+00:00:46,330 --> 00:00:49,530
+Particle Enhanced Thermometric Inhibition Assay
+
+13
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,020
+والمبدأ التاني باعتمد على Particle Counting MNUSA
+
+14
+00:00:53,020 --> 00:00:58,700
+ناخدهم واحد واحد ونشوف إن شاء الله طبعا الـ
+
+15
+00:00:58,700 --> 00:01:04,120
+Particle Enhanced Thermometric Inhibition اسمه إن
+
+16
+00:01:04,120 --> 00:01:06,880
+أنا عندي Particles، هذه الـ Particles بتعملي طبعا
+
+17
+00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,520
+Thermometric لكن أنا مانديش أقرأ Thermometric، أنا
+
+18
+00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:12,300
+بتعملي Inhibition علشان أقرأ فطبعا عندي هنا الـ
+
+19
+00:01:12,300 --> 00:01:14,520
+Latex Particles طبعا حكينا أصلا في الـ
+
+20
+00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,200
+agglomeration بتتحمل على Particles وأشهرها الـ
+
+21
+00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:21,740
+Latexعندي الـ Latex particles اللي محمل عليها اللي
+
+22
+00:01:21,740 --> 00:01:25,160
+هي الـDrugs طبعا، فين دي أسنة مضادة بتتفعل معها؟
+
+23
+00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:27,560
+لو اتفعلت معها، هصير عندي Agglutination وتترسّب
+
+24
+00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:29,900
+طبعا، أنا بتعمل Inhibition، كيف بتعمل Inhibition؟
+
+25
+00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:33,740
+هجيت لو أضافت الـMuscle تبع الإنسان، المريض، في
+
+26
+00:01:33,740 --> 00:01:36,400
+الحالة هذه، هصير تنافس ما بين الـFree Drugs
+
+27
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,760
+والـDrugs الموجودة على سطح الـLatex particles مع
+
+28
+00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:43,680
+الأسنة المضادة فبتعمل Inhibition يعني، أنا كل ما
+
+29
+00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:46,660
+زاد الـFree Drugs كل ما زاد عملية الـInhibition
+
+30
+00:01:48,030 --> 00:01:52,910
+وبالتالي قلت عملية AF الـ Agglutination ما يقل
+
+31
+00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:55,130
+عملية الـ Agglutination بزيد فيها الـ Transmission
+
+32
+00:01:55,130 --> 00:01:57,850
+وبيقل عملية الـ Absorption طبعاً بزيد منها
+
+33
+00:01:57,850 --> 00:02:03,460
+التركيز، إذنزي ما حكينا، هذه الطريقة عبارة عن تزمد
+
+34
+00:02:03,460 --> 00:02:05,700
+على الـLight Scattering للـParticles الموجودة
+
+35
+00:02:05,700 --> 00:02:09,420
+عليها الـLatex Particles طبعا، زي ما حكينا،
+
+36
+00:02:09,420 --> 00:02:13,540
+الـLatex Particles بيكون مرتبط أصلاً في الفعص
+
+37
+00:02:13,540 --> 00:02:18,340
+البدية مثلا، أنا بتعمل مثلا الإنسولين، فبروح بجيب
+
+38
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:21,800
+هيرمون الإنسولينكـDrugs مثلا أو كـHormones بربطه
+
+39
+00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:26,360
+على أو بعمل ارتباط مع سطح اللاتكس تمام؟ طبعا بيصير
+
+40
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:28,800
+كما حكينا تيربوديمتري في حال تفاعل مع الأجسام
+
+41
+00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,480
+المضادة أنا عندي في الحال هاي Non-particles-bound
+
+42
+00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:36,080
+drugs بيصير تنافس مع الـparticles-bound drugs على
+
+43
+00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:40,720
+سطح اللاتكس وبيصير بيمنعلي إيه؟ عمليةالـ
+
+44
+00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:46,180
+Agglutination وبالتالي زي ما حكينا بيزيد الـ
+
+45
+00:02:46,180 --> 00:02:49,200
+Absorbance طبعاً بيزيد حجم الـ Particles دي لي��
+
+46
+00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:52,220
+Geometry؟ بيزيد الـ Absorbance وبالتالي بيقل تركيز
+
+47
+00:02:52,220 --> 00:02:58,320
+لـ Free Drugs يعني عملية أشمالها شباب عكسية، تمام؟
+
+48
+00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:03,560
+فهمنا المبدأ الأول Particles that has Dermatric
+
+49
+00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:09,280
+Inhibition أسية تمام يا شباب، فهمنا؟ معاد؟ طبعا،
+
+50
+00:03:09,280 --> 00:03:14,920
+تمام، هالقضيةأكرم؟ تمام، أكرم يا دكتور وعبود؟
+
+51
+00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:19,400
+تمام، معاك يا دكتور، تمام، خلاص، تمام إذا في أي
+
+52
+00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:22,300
+سفزار، أنا حاسس أني مارفش شرح كامل، في أي سفزار،
+
+53
+00:03:22,300 --> 00:03:24,740
+أي، أي نقطة، أقفون عنده، أقول للأستاذ إشرحنا هذه
+
+54
+00:03:24,740 --> 00:03:30,170
+النقطة، عشان نفهم، طيبهلجتني جعل المبدأ التاني،
+
+55
+00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:34,290
+طبعًا هذه صورة واضحية للمبدأ الأول المبدأ التاني
+
+56
+00:03:34,290 --> 00:03:37,730
+بيحكيلك Particles Counting from Usها من اسمها أنا
+
+57
+00:03:37,730 --> 00:03:41,410
+قاعد إيش، ببعد الـparticles الموجودة طبعًا هذه
+
+58
+00:03:41,410 --> 00:03:43,610
+بيحكيلك Involved Measurement of the Number of
+
+59
+00:03:43,610 --> 00:03:46,770
+Residual Non-Agrotonic Particles يعني أنا بخيص
+
+60
+00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:51,970
+الـparticles اللي مش مرتبطة، كيف هي؟الـ Latex
+
+61
+00:03:51,970 --> 00:03:55,410
+particles بيكون أصلاً كمان مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody
+
+62
+00:03:55,410 --> 00:03:57,750
+طبعاً، لما نكون مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody، الـ
+
+63
+00:03:57,750 --> 00:04:00,690
+Antigen بيجي مرتبط معها، مرتبط مع الـ Antigen، في
+
+64
+00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:07,090
+الحالة، هاي أنا بقل الـ Activity، الـ Complex كله،
+
+65
+00:04:07,090 --> 00:04:10,910
+وماقدرش أنا أعمله Counting، فبروح بعيد Counting لـ
+
+66
+00:04:10,910 --> 00:04:13,630
+Latex particles مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody ومارتبطتش
+
+67
+00:04:13,630 --> 00:04:17,330
+مع الـ Antigenفأنا طبعاً برضه عملية عكسية كل ما
+
+68
+00:04:17,330 --> 00:04:21,970
+زادت القراءة كل ما قلت الـ… نحكي الـ… الـAntigenات
+
+69
+00:04:21,970 --> 00:04:23,750
+المرتبطة مع الـAntibody الموجودة مع الـLatex
+
+70
+00:04:23,750 --> 00:04:27,050
+particles فهي inverse relationship between the
+
+71
+00:04:27,050 --> 00:04:30,230
+number of unagglutinated particles counted and the
+
+72
+00:04:30,230 --> 00:04:34,090
+amount of unknown in the patient specimenيعني نفس
+
+73
+00:04:34,090 --> 00:04:36,830
+المبدأ الأول، بس الأول زي ما حكينا بيصير فيه عملية
+
+74
+00:04:36,830 --> 00:04:40,470
+Inhibition، هانفش عندي Inhibition، هذه مباشرة، لكن
+
+75
+00:04:40,470 --> 00:04:43,590
+إيش بيصير عندي؟ الـ Latex particles مرتبطة مع
+
+76
+00:04:43,590 --> 00:04:47,590
+الأسام المضادة، أنا ببحث عن الأنتجين، الأنتجين
+
+77
+00:04:47,590 --> 00:04:49,910
+بيرتبط ليه معاهم ك Complex، مجرد يتبع معاهم كهو
+
+78
+00:04:49,910 --> 00:04:54,090
+Complex، بيفقلل من عملية القراءة لإلهم، يعني بيصير
+
+79
+00:04:54,090 --> 00:04:56,150
+عملية قراءتهم مابتنقلش قراءتهم في الـAbsorbance،
+
+80
+00:04:56,150 --> 00:05:00,010
+وبالتالي، في الحالة هذه، أنا بقرأ الـ… نحكي
+
+81
+00:05:00,010 --> 00:05:01,390
+الـUnbound Particles
+
+82
+00:05:04,340 --> 00:05:07,060
+طبعًا في عندي، بالنسبة للـ Agglutination في عندي
+
+83
+00:05:07,060 --> 00:05:11,460
+Quantitative و Qualitative طبعًا هي الفحص الـ
+
+84
+00:05:11,460 --> 00:05:14,920
+Agglutination يُعبّر عنه غالبًا بالـ Qualitative
+
+85
+00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:17,600
+يعني كيف أنا Qualitative للشباب؟ يعني Positive،
+
+86
+00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,680
+Negative أنا بحط على الـ slide الـ reagent اللي
+
+87
+00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,080
+تبعناه، بحط عليه الـ Serum و بعمل mixing كويس،
+
+88
+00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:26,320
+بقرأ بعد two minutes مثلًا إذا صار عندي
+
+89
+00:05:26,320 --> 00:05:29,120
+Agglutination فنتيجتي إيه؟ Positive وإذا ما صار
+
+90
+00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:32,000
+عندي Agglutination فنتيجتي إيهش؟ Negative، تمام؟
+
+91
+00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:35,740
+طبعًا الـ Quantitative مش معنى Quantitative زي
+
+92
+00:05:35,740 --> 00:05:38,060
+مثلًا أنا معمل بحوصات مختبر الـ Quantitative
+
+93
+00:05:38,060 --> 00:05:40,520
+فعليًا، هي طبعًا اللي بسميها أنا «Semi
+
+94
+00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:42,980
+Quantitative» طبعًا ليش بسميها «Quantitative»؟ لأن
+
+95
+00:05:42,980 --> 00:05:47,000
+أنا بجيبش تركيز، يعني نحكي دقيق 100% كده اللي
+
+96
+00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:51,940
+موجود من المادة، أنا بجيب تقديريفطبعًا يعني مثلًا
+
+97
+00:05:51,940 --> 00:05:54,620
+زي بحث السُكر، بحث السُكر أنا بعتبره quantitative
+
+98
+00:05:54,620 --> 00:05:58,240
+إن أنا بقيس بحث السُكر، بكون فيه standard، فيه
+
+99
+00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:00,600
+عنده control وفي الحالة اللي أنا بطلع تركيز السُكر
+
+100
+00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:05,160
+مثلًا 120، 110، فهذا تركيز quantitative بينما في
+
+101
+00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:07,180
+حالة الـ Agglutination Test مافيش عندي هنا
+
+102
+00:06:07,180 --> 00:06:11,500
+quantitative، بحكي كصورة كاملةاسمه
+
+103
+00:06:11,500 --> 00:06:14,120
+Semiquantitative ليس Semiquantitative لأن أنا بعمل
+
+104
+00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:17,100
+Serial Dilution فأنا عشان أعمل الـ Quantitative
+
+105
+00:06:17,100 --> 00:06:20,800
+بعمل Serial Dilution للعينة طبعاً بضيف عليها كمية
+
+106
+00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:24,720
+محددة من الدم أو من البكتيريا أو من أي مادة اللي
+
+107
+00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:28,920
+بيسميها مادة اللي تظهر ليه ال reaction تبعناطبعًا
+
+108
+00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:33,420
+في الحال هاي إذا باخد التركيز الأعلى اللي ظهر معاه
+
+109
+00:06:33,420 --> 00:06:36,900
+نتيجة في العلم جردها، فطبعًا التركيز الأعلى اللي
+
+110
+00:06:36,900 --> 00:06:39,660
+ظهر معاه هو عبارة عن الـTiter تبعنا، وعبارة عن
+
+111
+00:06:39,660 --> 00:06:44,180
+الـSemi Quantitative لـResult بتبعتنا، يعني مثلًا،
+
+112
+00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:47,800
+عندي هذه البلد، شايفين البلد يا شباب؟ كيف كيف يا
+
+113
+00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:51,790
+دكتور، وكون السكر تكبيرك؟مش تقنير السكر، السكر
+
+114
+00:06:51,790 --> 00:06:56,290
+بيعطي نتيجة فعلي يعني مثلًا 110-110، 120-120،
+
+115
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,170
+ماقدرش أحكيلك أنه والله احتمال يكون بين كذا وكذا،
+
+116
+00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:05,090
+يعني تفهم ان أنا مثلًا السكر عندي standard صح ولا
+
+117
+00:07:05,090 --> 00:07:08,370
+لأ؟ أنا زي اللي تذكره، ما أخدناه في المقدمة، أنا
+
+118
+00:07:08,370 --> 00:07:10,710
+ماحط تلاتة ديوبات، أخدته في الـClinical Chemistry
+
+119
+00:07:10,710 --> 00:07:15,590
+تلاتة ديوبات، Blank وStandard وTest، صح ولا لأ؟هل
+
+120
+00:07:15,590 --> 00:07:17,710
+جيت أنا بقرأ بعد ما أعمل الـ Reaction بقرا الـ
+
+121
+00:07:17,710 --> 00:07:20,770
+Absorbers للتلات و بطلع الـ Absorbers للـ Standard
+
+122
+00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:24,330
+و بصير عملية حسابية عشان أطلع زي جدش الـ Absorbers
+
+123
+00:07:24,330 --> 00:07:27,070
+بالظبط للعين و بطلع معاه التركيز العيني صحيح،
+
+124
+00:07:27,070 --> 00:07:30,650
+بالظبط، صح ولا لأ؟ لكن أنا عندي في الـ Calculation
+
+125
+00:07:30,650 --> 00:07:34,010
+بسميه مش Quantitism، بسميه Semi Quantitism، ليش؟
+
+126
+00:07:34,010 --> 00:07:37,190
+شايفين الـ Plate الموجود عندكم؟ شايفين الـ Plate
+
+127
+00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:42,120
+الشباب؟ آهطيب ال place أول واحدة وين ال .. طبعا
+
+128
+00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:44,500
+أحنا عنا شايفين على اليمين في عندها .. أنتوا
+
+129
+00:07:44,500 --> 00:07:47,420
+شايفين ال mouse صح؟ في عندها ال negative و hand
+
+130
+00:07:47,420 --> 00:07:53,780
+positive وين أخر كرة موجودة عندين؟ عند 1 ل 64 صح؟
+
+131
+00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:56,980
+اللي هي positive، الآخر positive؟ بالظبط، واحد
+
+132
+00:07:56,980 --> 00:07:59,420
+أربعة وستين، فأنا إذا أندي الـTiter أربعة وستين،
+
+133
+00:07:59,420 --> 00:08:02,280
+هل فعلاً هي أربعة وستين؟ ممكن يكون تبعين وسبعين،
+
+134
+00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:05,080
+ممكن يكون تسعين، ممكن يكون بين التلتير هدول،
+
+135
+00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:07,820
+الشرط، يعني زي فحص السُكر، أنه يزداد مائة وعشرين،
+
+136
+00:08:07,820 --> 00:08:10,720
+مائة وعشرين، فهمت كيف؟ فبالحالة أنا سميتها semi
+
+137
+00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:14,920
+quantitative، لأن أنا تقديري أخد أعلى تركيز بظهر
+
+138
+00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:18,180
+عندي للعين، لأن أنا ماأخدش قراءة دقيقة مية مية،
+
+139
+00:08:18,180 --> 00:08:21,460
+طبعا الـ120 negative، مش هيكون مائة وعشرين، لكن هو
+
+140
+00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:27,220
+أنا أخدت أربمن الـ «64»، فهمنا كيف؟ التاني، كده
+
+141
+00:08:27,220 --> 00:08:33,160
+تركيزه؟ «65» أو «12»؟ «1» أو «8»؟ «1» أو «8» يعني
+
+142
+00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:38,740
+أنه «8» التالي زي ما حكيت عبد «512» الرقم 4، شوف
+
+143
+00:08:38,740 --> 00:08:42,820
+ولا واحد positive هو أقل من 2% دي اللي بقالكم، هدى
+
+144
+00:08:42,820 --> 00:08:46,240
+لو جاتكم في الأسئلة الواحدة اللي بتركزوا عليها وين
+
+145
+00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:51,800
+التركيز شوف رقم 6، معطيني في الأول negativeوبعدين
+
+146
+00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:54,280
+بصي تبصي في بصية، وبعدين إيه عشان بيعطينا، طبعا
+
+147
+00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:57,360
+هذا 128، طبعا إيش تفسير الـ Negative هذا بالأول؟
+
+148
+00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:01,260
+أه يا عبد، إيش تفسير ليها؟ فحص كاذب بيسموها، أو ..
+
+149
+00:09:01,260 --> 00:09:04,120
+لأ مش كاذب، مش كاذب، إيه اللي هو التفسير؟ إيش
+
+150
+00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:09,000
+تفسيرها يا عبد؟
+
+151
+00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:14,720
+عبد .. عبد تفكر فيها؟ False Negative يمكن؟ لأ مش
+
+152
+00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:17,980
+False Negative، في ظاهرة أخدناها معاكم قبل هيك أو
+
+153
+00:09:17,980 --> 00:09:21,090
+سميناها، اللي هي الـ Prozoneالبروزوان بيكون عندي
+
+154
+00:09:21,090 --> 00:09:25,110
+أسام مضادة عالية كتير، فبتأثر على التفاعل، تظهرش
+
+155
+00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:28,050
+معاه، فتعطيني false، negative، تعمل البروزوان،
+
+156
+00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:33,850
+فهذه حالة البروزوان. – صح، صح، بسبب الـ antibiotic
+
+157
+00:09:33,850 --> 00:09:37,250
+يعني أيه؟ – لأ، هي أسام مضادة عالية، بيكون أسام
+
+158
+00:09:37,250 --> 00:09:40,370
+مضادة عالية كتير، فبتحتل مواقع الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+159
+00:09:40,370 --> 00:09:41,290
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+160
+00:09:41,290 --> 00:09:42,390
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+161
+00:09:42,390 --> 00:09:47,180
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…يعني احنا أصول أنه يصير
+
+162
+00:09:47,180 --> 00:09:50,400
+عملت بالتبع الـ Antibody مع الـ Latex و بعدين
+
+163
+00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:52,600
+بتبطي ال Latex مع بعضهم بعض عشان يعطيني الـ net
+
+164
+00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:55,940
+تبع ال Latex web نحكي أو Latex agglutination،
+
+165
+00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:59,480
+تمام؟ في الحالة هاي أن هذا ما يسمونه مكوترها،
+
+166
+00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:03,000
+مكوترها بتغطي جميع المواقع من غير ما يصير عندي ال
+
+167
+00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,560
+agglutinationفبسميه احنا الـ Prosone وفي عندي الـ
+
+168
+00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:08,920
+Prosone طبعا الـ Prosone يكون عندي ارتفاع عالي جدا
+
+169
+00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:12,320
+في الأسنان مضادة وغير في الأنتجين فعلاجه كل ما
+
+170
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,940
+أخففنا عينيه كل ما أظهر عندي reaction أكتر فتلاحظ
+
+171
+00:10:14,940 --> 00:10:17,960
+عندي بلش يظهر في واحد لتمانية و بعدين بلش يظهر
+
+172
+00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:21,820
+فيما بعد وفي عندي حالة تانية بسميها الـ Posone الـ
+
+173
+00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:24,700
+Posone طبعا اللي هي ارتفاع في الأنتجين عن الـ
+
+174
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:27,440
+Antibody برضه نفس الحكاية تعطيني False Positive
+
+175
+00:10:27,440 --> 00:10:31,450
+هتشوف كمان شوية إن شاء اللهفيبقى إيش تعريف
+
+176
+00:10:31,450 --> 00:10:34,650
+الـTiter؟ طبعًا أخدنا إحنا هذه كلها عبارة عن تايتر
+
+177
+00:10:34,650 --> 00:10:39,430
+64 تايتر، 8 تايتر، 512 تايتر، لأقل من 2% تايتر
+
+178
+00:10:39,430 --> 00:10:44,310
+high تايتر عبارة عن is the quantity of a substance
+
+179
+00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:46,890
+required to produce a reaction with a given volume
+
+180
+00:10:46,890 --> 00:10:49,310
+of another substance يعني أنا الكمية المقلوبة مني
+
+181
+00:10:49,310 --> 00:10:54,210
+من المادة high اللي تعطيني reaction مع volume محدد
+
+182
+00:10:54,210 --> 00:10:58,690
+من المادة التانية والـAntibody Titer هو نفس الشيء
+
+183
+00:10:58,950 --> 00:11:01,650
+اللي هو عبارة عن أعلى تركيز The highest dilution
+
+184
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:06,660
+بالمادة تبعتنا of the biological sampleاللي طبعًا
+
+185
+00:11:06,660 --> 00:11:09,480
+من الـ Serum، على التركيز من الـ Serum طبعًا، that
+
+186
+00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:12,100
+will result in agglutination بتعطينا agglutination
+
+187
+00:11:12,100 --> 00:11:14,480
+with no agglutination being observed in any higher
+
+188
+00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:17,480
+dilution مع أنه أنا عندي بعد ذلك مابعطينيش
+
+189
+00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:19,220
+agglutination نهائية، مابعطيني الحالات negative،
+
+190
+00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,760
+تمام؟ إذن هي is the highest dilution of the
+
+191
+00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:25,140
+biological sample that still result in
+
+192
+00:11:25,140 --> 00:11:27,720
+agglutination with no agglutination being observed
+
+193
+00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:30,970
+at any higher dilutionطبعًا زي ما حكينا، الـ term
+
+194
+00:11:30,970 --> 00:11:33,250
+is used in serological reactions ومستخدمة أكتر إيش
+
+195
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:37,750
+في الحصات الـ serology طبعًا and is determined by
+
+196
+00:11:37,750 --> 00:11:40,510
+preparing serial evolution of antibody to which a
+
+197
+00:11:40,510 --> 00:11:42,990
+constant amount of antigen is added، نقطة مهمة جدا
+
+198
+00:11:44,860 --> 00:11:48,540
+Determined، يعني نبحث عنه، أو نبحث عنه عن طريقه،
+
+199
+00:11:48,540 --> 00:11:51,940
+إن أنا أول شيء Preparing Series of Solutions، لازم
+
+200
+00:11:51,940 --> 00:11:54,300
+يكون عندي Series of Solutions، ببلش بتركيز واحد
+
+201
+00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:58,000
+لاثنين، واحد لاربعة، واحد لتمانية، واحد لـ…. أخدنا
+
+202
+00:11:58,000 --> 00:11:59,820
+كيف نحضر Series of Solutions قبل ذلك يا شباب، صح
+
+203
+00:11:59,820 --> 00:12:04,290
+ولا لأ؟ تماموبعدين بضيف عليه كمية ثابتة Constant
+
+204
+00:12:04,290 --> 00:12:07,090
+amount of antigens ديروا بقى، Constant amount يعني
+
+205
+00:12:07,090 --> 00:12:09,690
+مافعش أضيف عليه مثلًا كمية متغيرة، أضيف عليها
+
+206
+00:12:09,690 --> 00:12:12,150
+أربعين، بعدين خمسين، بعدين ستين، لأ، هيك بالصراعي
+
+207
+00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:16,030
+أنت الفحص مش صح، لازم أضيف عليه كمية ثابتة يعني
+
+208
+00:12:16,030 --> 00:12:19,450
+إذا أنا بلعب الحالة، هي ماعيش مع الـAntibody، بخفف
+
+209
+00:12:19,450 --> 00:12:21,330
+تركيز الـAntibody غالبًا الـAntibody موجودة وين
+
+210
+00:12:21,330 --> 00:12:26,100
+مثلًا، اللي هي في الجسم الإنسان أو في الـSerumفأنا
+
+211
+00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:28,640
+بالحالة بلبل عن طريق الـ Antibody عشان إيه؟
+
+212
+00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:31,180
+بالحالة إن أنا جوة، لم أجد تركيز لسه المضادة
+
+213
+00:12:31,180 --> 00:12:35,940
+الموجودة عندنا فهذه الحاجات اللي قم عليها الـ Pro
+
+214
+00:12:35,940 --> 00:12:37,960
+Zone و ال Post Zone الـ Pro Zone زي اللي بحكيها،
+
+215
+00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:40,960
+أنا بكون عندي تركيز لأن المضادة عالي كتير، فما
+
+216
+00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:44,120
+بتظهر عندي، لاحظوا عندي الـ agglutination هان، تحت
+
+217
+00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,680
+أخر أخر شيء، negative، negative، plus one، plus
+
+218
+00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:51,300
+two، plus three، هلجأت؟ في حالة الـ Covalence
+
+219
+00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:56,440
+Zone، اللي نحكيالمنطقة اللي بتعطيني التفاعل صحيح
+
+220
+00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,460
+مية مية بكون عندي نسبة الـ «antibody» للـ«antigen»
+
+221
+00:12:59,460 --> 00:13:02,020
+أو نحكي كمية الـ«antibody» لكمية الـ«antigen»
+
+222
+00:13:02,020 --> 00:13:07,020
+متناسبة هذا بتعطيني أفضل إشي بالتفاعل طبعا، وبقى
+
+223
+00:13:07,020 --> 00:13:09,180
+للناس الحكاية الـBoson، «Boson» عند «Boson»
+
+224
+00:13:09,180 --> 00:13:12,460
+بتعطيني «false negative» لكن كل ما قلت تخفيف
+
+225
+00:13:12,460 --> 00:13:15,140
+الـ«Boson» أو كل ما زادت تخفيفي الـ«Boson» كل ما
+
+226
+00:13:15,140 --> 00:13:19,860
+إيش، أعطاني طبعا شسبة زي ما حكيتكم الـ«Boson»
+
+227
+00:13:19,860 --> 00:13:22,460
+زيادة في تركيز الأشياء المضادة الـ«Boson» ز
+
+228
+00:13:24,250 --> 00:13:28,930
+الأنتيجينات طيب إيش ال advantage و ال disadvantage
+
+229
+00:13:28,930 --> 00:13:34,330
+لـ agglutination test أول إشي طبعاً إنه التكلفة
+
+230
+00:13:34,330 --> 00:13:39,210
+المادية للفحصبسيطة جدًا، رخيصة، فأسأل يعني أنت
+
+231
+00:13:39,210 --> 00:13:44,950
+بالمختبر الخاص لك تجيب نحكي كتات Latex مش هتعاني
+
+232
+00:13:44,950 --> 00:13:47,950
+من أسعارهم الغالية لأن أسعارهم كتير رخيصة مقارنة
+
+233
+00:13:47,950 --> 00:13:50,870
+بأسعار مثلًا الكتات تبع الـ Other Methods تبع
+
+234
+00:13:50,870 --> 00:13:54,010
+الهرمونات مثلًا، اللي أغلى إشي، تتنمد على مثلًا
+
+235
+00:13:54,010 --> 00:13:57,550
+الـRIA Radio Immunocyte أو تتنمد على مثلًا
+
+236
+00:13:57,550 --> 00:14:01,270
+الـOther Techniquesطبعًا الشغل التاني أني أنا بقدر
+
+237
+00:14:01,270 --> 00:14:04,170
+أني أوصل نتيجة عن طريق semi-quantitative result
+
+238
+00:14:04,170 --> 00:14:06,590
+يعني أنا بالشرط أني أعطي positive، negative ممكن
+
+239
+00:14:06,590 --> 00:14:09,590
+أعرف تقديري جداش تقريبًا عندي التركيز، semi
+
+240
+00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:13,150
+-quantitative result الشغل التالتة أن الفعص نفسه
+
+241
+00:14:13,150 --> 00:14:17,570
+باخدش وقت طويل يعني أنا عشان أعمل الـRF أو CRP بدي
+
+242
+00:14:17,570 --> 00:14:21,630
+تقريبًا two to three minutesلأنه بضيف الـReagent
+
+243
+00:14:21,630 --> 00:14:23,910
+اللي هو بارع عن الـLatex Particles اللي فيه على
+
+244
+00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:28,970
+سطحه مثلا الأسام المضادة بالمقابل مثلا أو في سطحه
+
+245
+00:14:28,970 --> 00:14:33,740
+الأنتيجينات بالمقابل بضيف مثلا الـSerumبحتوى على
+
+246
+00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:39,060
+الأسام مضاطة وبشوف بديش التركيز بعدين الأجهزة اللي
+
+247
+00:14:39,060 --> 00:14:42,000
+بعتوا الـ Instrumentation مش غالي كتير مقارنة بالـ
+
+248
+00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,620
+Other Methods زي ما حكينا الـ Agglutination بيكون
+
+249
+00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:48,260
+صورة بالـ Native Antigen أو Antigen-coded particle
+
+250
+00:14:48,260 --> 00:14:51,440
+symbol to read يعني أنا بقرأه بواسط العين بالعين
+
+251
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:53,860
+أنا مجرد شفت الـ Agglutination بشوفه بالعين مش
+
+252
+00:14:53,860 --> 00:14:56,980
+بحاجة لـMicroscope أو حاجة ل… نحكي أجهزة حديثة
+
+253
+00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:02,640
+الميزة أنه أنا ممكن أزيد في حسيسيته باستخدام other
+
+254
+00:15:02,640 --> 00:15:05,800
+particles يعني احنا ممكن نستخدم الـLatex particles
+
+255
+00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,520
+لو استخدمت مدن الخلايا الحمرة Red cells particles
+
+256
+00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:12,420
+في الحالة هاي زي فحص الـRoswiller، همور معنا إن
+
+257
+00:15:12,420 --> 00:15:15,480
+شاء الله في الـRAF هتلاقي حسيته أعلى، زادت حسيته،
+
+258
+00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:22,180
+فانا ممكن أحسن من الحسيس بعتهم كفحصأنا ممكن أستخدم
+
+259
+00:15:22,180 --> 00:15:25,520
+لـ، نحكي، مجموعة واسعة جداً من البحوثات في المختبر
+
+260
+00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,040
+وحاليًا بلش استخدموا كتير لمجموعة واسعة جداً
+
+261
+00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,720
+المختبر وزي ما حكينا، if the sample contain
+
+262
+00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:32,960
+microorganisms، إذا أنا بـ، بـ، بـ، if the sample
+
+263
+00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:35,580
+تحتوي على microorganism بالشرط إن تكون طبعًا هذه
+
+264
+00:15:35,580 --> 00:15:39,240
+نحكي available، هي عايشة يعني أن أنا ممكن أعمل
+
+265
+00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:43,720
+الـmicroorganism أو أموتها وأستخدمها كأنتجينات في
+
+266
+00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:45,180
+الـ، في بحوثات طبعتنا
+
+267
+00:15:48,410 --> 00:15:51,410
+طبعًا زي ما حكينا الـ Agglutination أهم شيء تتطلب
+
+268
+00:15:51,410 --> 00:15:53,870
+بعض المواد أو شيء بتتطلب الـ Particles الـ
+
+269
+00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:56,670
+Particles زي ما حكينا ليه عبارة عن الجسم أو الـ
+
+270
+00:15:56,670 --> 00:15:59,930
+Civil Cells اللي هي الجسم اللي بتحميل عليه الأجسام
+
+271
+00:15:59,930 --> 00:16:03,310
+المضادة أو الـ أندجينات تتطلب طبعًا وجود الـ
+
+272
+00:16:03,310 --> 00:16:05,410
+Androgynes، more androgynes close to the surface
+
+273
+00:16:05,670 --> 00:16:08,670
+طبعًا knowledge that incomplete or non
+
+274
+00:16:08,670 --> 00:16:10,610
+-agglutination antibodies are not detectable
+
+275
+00:16:10,610 --> 00:16:13,470
+without modification يعني أنا في حالة هاي مثلًا
+
+276
+00:16:13,470 --> 00:16:15,950
+انتياجات مثل الخلايا الحمراء وانا أحط على سطحها
+
+277
+00:16:15,950 --> 00:16:18,910
+أحسن مضادة وأبحث عن الـantigenات في الحالة هاي
+
+278
+00:16:18,910 --> 00:16:21,390
+ممكن يعطيني negative أو no agglutination ممكن
+
+279
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:26,270
+أستعين في عصات modification أعملها وأستعين بالفحص
+
+280
+00:16:26,270 --> 00:16:29,890
+مثلًا الـAntiglobin Test عسب أن أنا أزيد في حساسية
+
+281
+00:16:29,890 --> 00:16:32,630
+الفحص وبالتالي أقدر أني أعمل كشف على المواتب
+
+282
+00:16:36,050 --> 00:16:39,070
+Disadvantage، طب أهم disadvantage بيحكيلك «it must
+
+283
+00:16:39,070 --> 00:16:40,650
+be kept in mind» «that agricultural actions are
+
+284
+00:16:40,650 --> 00:16:43,030
+screening tests» يعني هم بيبقوا screening tests،
+
+285
+00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:46,950
+ما بيعطي نتيجة زي ما حكينا أن هذا نتيجة 120، 130،
+
+286
+00:16:46,950 --> 00:16:49,630
+زي السكر، لأ، بيبقوا negative أو semi quantitative
+
+287
+00:16:49,630 --> 00:16:53,750
+ونقطة تانية، أن الـ negative ما بتدل أنه مافيش حد
+
+288
+00:16:53,750 --> 00:16:56,750
+مرض، ممكن يعطيك negative ويكون فيه مرض، لأنه زي ما
+
+289
+00:16:56,750 --> 00:16:59,370
+حكينا، الـ sensitivity له قليلة، مقارنة بالبحوثات
+
+290
+00:16:59,370 --> 00:17:02,780
+اللي هتمور معنا فيها بعد أحدث منهاطبعاً الـ
+
+291
+00:17:02,780 --> 00:17:07,560
+Quantity of Antigen أو الـ Antibody ممكن تكون أقل
+
+292
+00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:10,480
+منها أو تتفحص مش في حسابها الشغل التاني ممكن
+
+293
+00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:14,580
+يعطيني False Positive أو Negative Test طيب، إيش
+
+294
+00:17:14,580 --> 00:17:17,020
+الـ False Positive؟ إيش يعني False Positive يا
+
+295
+00:17:17,020 --> 00:17:20,620
+جماعة؟ الـ False Positive يعني أنه يعطيني Positive
+
+296
+00:17:20,620 --> 00:17:23,390
+Reaction اللي كان فعليا Negativeمن حالات الـ False
+
+297
+00:17:23,390 --> 00:17:26,970
+positive إن أنا استخدمت الـ centrifuge وعملي
+
+298
+00:17:26,970 --> 00:17:29,950
+centrifugation بزيادة، يعني سببها over
+
+299
+00:17:29,950 --> 00:17:32,750
+centrifugation، يعني أنا مثلا أصول إن أنا أعمل
+
+300
+00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:36,760
+centrifugation مدة five minutesفتفرضنا روحي عملتها
+
+301
+00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:41,360
+15 دقيقة، فبالحال هاي الـ Sediment هيترسّب بشكل
+
+302
+00:17:41,360 --> 00:17:44,400
+قوي جدًا في القاع، و أنا أجي أعمل تحريك للـ Tube
+
+303
+00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:48,500
+مش هقدر أني أفك ال .. بيسموه ال solutions ل ال
+
+304
+00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:51,020
+particles موجودة في ال sediment وبالتالي هتعطيني
+
+305
+00:17:51,020 --> 00:17:54,850
+شكل كائنة فيه agglutinationالشغل التاني اللي هي
+
+306
+00:17:54,850 --> 00:17:57,430
+Contaminated Equipment يعني لو في عندي كبار، في
+
+307
+00:17:57,430 --> 00:18:02,890
+عندي مثلا نحكي بصمة الأصبع نفسها اللي وجدت
+
+308
+00:18:02,890 --> 00:18:06,110
+عليتيوبة شغلك ممكن تعطيك False Reaction اللي قد
+
+309
+00:18:06,110 --> 00:18:09,930
+أكون Retinations، عندي حالات مثلا اللي نحكي الدم
+
+310
+00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:13,290
+مثلًا، اللي فيه عندي مثلًا بيستخدم الخلايا الحامرة
+
+311
+00:18:13,290 --> 00:18:15,570
+والخلايا الحامرة اللي فيه أعصابها أصلاً أسام مضادة
+
+312
+00:18:15,570 --> 00:18:18,510
+نتيجة بيسموه «auto agglutination» من اسمها «auto»
+
+313
+00:18:18,510 --> 00:18:22,210
+هي عبارة عن أسام مضادة بيتخثر اللي نحكي الخلايا
+
+314
+00:18:22,210 --> 00:18:25,550
+الحامرة ��تيجة أسام مضادة ضد الجسم نفسه، يعني
+
+315
+00:18:25,550 --> 00:18:29,250
+«auto» من نفسه يتطلع، فهذه ممكن تعطيني تخثر أو
+
+316
+00:18:29,250 --> 00:18:32,510
+تعطيني agglutination وتعطيني false result طبعًا،
+
+317
+00:18:32,510 --> 00:18:37,570
+عملية تأخر في القراءةإنه بيجي مثلًا أنت الـ
+
+318
+00:18:37,570 --> 00:18:40,630
+agglutination سبتها كي نيجاتيب، لكن سبتها بعد فترة
+
+319
+00:18:40,630 --> 00:18:43,790
+نشفت، لو نشفت على الـ slide ومتيجة تحريكة كمان
+
+320
+00:18:43,790 --> 00:18:46,470
+شوية، مع النشفانة، هتبين كإنها agglutination فالـ
+
+321
+00:18:46,470 --> 00:18:51,090
+dried out للأنتجين هتعطيك كإنه false positive
+
+322
+00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:57,550
+resultأنا لو خذت صلاحي في أنابيب زجاجية ممكن الـ
+
+323
+00:18:57,550 --> 00:19:00,070
+silica الـ colloidal silica موجودة في الزجاج تطلع
+
+324
+00:19:00,070 --> 00:19:04,830
+ليش أوت و تعطيني سكانة glutenation لو استخدمت
+
+325
+00:19:04,830 --> 00:19:07,330
+plasma بدل الـ serum عشان هيك أحنا عيناتنا معظمها
+
+326
+00:19:07,330 --> 00:19:10,700
+serum لازم تكوناللي بلازم تحتوي على الفيبروجين
+
+327
+00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,660
+والفيبروجين ممكن يكون فيه بعض الخيوط الفيبرين
+
+328
+00:19:13,660 --> 00:19:16,500
+نتيجة طبعاً هات الخيوط اللي بيبقى بيبقى تعطيني
+
+329
+00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:19,180
+false result أو إذا كان في عيني homolized أو بلامك
+
+330
+00:19:19,180 --> 00:19:21,920
+برضه هتعطيني false result وآخر إشي طبعاً ال cross
+
+331
+00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:25,280
+reaction اللي فيه ان دي أسامة ضادة طبعاً غير اللي
+
+332
+00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:29,180
+ببحث عنها ممكن تعطيني false result ال false
+
+333
+00:19:29,180 --> 00:19:33,320
+negative طبعاً هي العكسية تزوال بس أتفضل تزوال
+
+334
+00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:36,350
+بخصوص البلازمة اللي هي لما تكون فيها الفيبروجين،
+
+335
+00:19:36,350 --> 00:19:37,910
+طب إيش المشكلة لما تكون فيها الفيبروجين؟ إيش
+
+336
+00:19:37,910 --> 00:19:42,470
+هيسوي؟ الفيبروجين، يعني ممكن إذا أنت عملت السحب في
+
+337
+00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:44,510
+البلازمة، أنت بتعرف البلازمة، عشان يعمل البلازمة
+
+338
+00:19:44,510 --> 00:19:47,690
+بديها Anticoagulant، ممكن أنت أخدت البلازمة، لكن
+
+339
+00:19:47,690 --> 00:19:51,790
+الـAnticoagulant ما عملش، نحكي، عدم تشجلته تكامل،
+
+340
+00:19:51,790 --> 00:19:54,610
+فالكامل هو أنك بقعت خيوط الفيبرين، يعني الفيبروجين
+
+341
+00:19:54,610 --> 00:19:57,790
+هو ذائب، لكن الفيبرين غير ذائب، خيوط الفيبرين خيط،
+
+342
+00:19:57,790 --> 00:20:00,470
+بيكون معاك على الـslide، هيبين معاك ك
+
+343
+00:20:04,060 --> 00:20:06,840
+هيكون متكتر كأنه Gratination، فهيعطيك False Result
+
+344
+00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:10,120
+فلعشانك باستخدام السيرة، مديش أن الـ5G يكون موجود
+
+345
+00:20:10,120 --> 00:20:15,420
+أصلا، فاهم لك يا إيه؟ تمام، تمام، تمام، تمام، تمام
+
+346
+00:20:15,420 --> 00:20:18,020
+طيب، الـFalse Negative، الـFalse Negative عكسي
+
+347
+00:20:18,020 --> 00:20:20,620
+يعني، أول شي Under Centrifuge إن أنا مبنوض مثلا
+
+348
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:25,800
+أنول أسنتر دقيقة، ده مدة قبل دقائق على سرعة 3000
+
+349
+00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:30,840
+روحت أنا حطيت السرعة، مر One Minute وأنا مستعجب
+
+350
+00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:32,860
+جدا، روحت و أجبت الـCentrifuge، في الحالة هي Under
+
+351
+00:20:32,860 --> 00:20:37,000
+Centrifugeماعطاني فرصة لعملية الـ agglutination أن
+
+352
+00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,040
+أترسّب فبتالي بيعطيني EH false، negative result
+
+353
+00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,820
+الـ Reage اللي بستخدمه، هجيت للـ Reage اللي
+
+354
+00:20:43,820 --> 00:20:46,420
+بستخدمه، لو كان الـ Active، هعطيني false result،
+
+355
+00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:49,120
+لإن أنا الـ Gen مش فعال، فمش هيتفعل أصلا، مش
+
+356
+00:20:49,120 --> 00:20:51,800
+هعطيني false result الـ Temperature، خاصة مع
+
+357
+00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,340
+الخلايا الحمرة، و الـ G-Node الادباطي، أنه أنا في
+
+358
+00:20:55,340 --> 00:20:59,020
+يدي مثلا خلايا حمرة في يدي أسامة ضاد واتفاعل درجة
+
+359
+00:20:59,020 --> 00:21:02,060
+حرارة 37، وفي يدي أسامة ضاد اتفاعل درجة حرارة
+
+360
+00:21:02,060 --> 00:21:05,710
+الـCold، الـ4 مثلاأو مثلًا الـ Room Temperature،
+
+361
+00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:07,990
+الـ 26 في الحالة، يا عزيزي، أنا لو اختلفت الـ
+
+362
+00:21:07,990 --> 00:21:11,110
+Temperature عن الفحص اللي طالب مفحص، ممكن تأثر على
+
+363
+00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:14,210
+الـ Time تعطيني False Result الـ Timing Incubation
+
+364
+00:21:14,210 --> 00:21:16,850
+أنا لو أخدت مدل الفحص، جالك والله أعمل كل شيء
+
+365
+00:21:16,850 --> 00:21:19,310
+يحفظني ‏- إيش الـ EGS و الـ ABS؟ ‏- Antigenes
+
+366
+00:21:19,310 --> 00:21:22,450
+Antibody ‏- Antibodies ‏- May result in the lack
+
+367
+00:21:22,450 --> 00:21:22,930
+of association
+
+368
+00:21:22,930 --> 00:21:33,630
+‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏
+
+369
+00:21:35,590 --> 00:21:38,330
+الـ Sufficient Incubation Time إنه طلب مني إن أنا
+
+370
+00:21:38,330 --> 00:21:42,010
+والله الفحص هذا لازم أعمله four minutes و أحركه
+
+371
+00:21:42,010 --> 00:21:48,050
+روحت أنا مستعجلت، ماعملتلوش four minutes، تمام؟
+
+372
+00:21:48,050 --> 00:21:52,570
+روحت أنا عملت عسارية one minute و قرأت، ممكن
+
+373
+00:21:52,570 --> 00:21:54,890
+يعطيني بعد four minutes result positive فأنا ممكن
+
+374
+00:21:54,890 --> 00:21:57,410
+الحالة اللي مستعجلت هعطيني false negative result
+
+375
+00:21:57,410 --> 00:22:01,570
+الـ «بروسول» حكيت لكم عنها، اللي هي إيش؟ زيادة في
+
+376
+00:22:01,570 --> 00:22:06,020
+تركيز الأسنان مضادة، هتعطيني false positiveبالظبط،
+
+377
+00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:11,050
+وعمليه delay in testing proceduresبارعة اتفاعل
+
+378
+00:22:11,050 --> 00:22:13,930
+الأجسام مضادة على سطح الخلايا الحمراء صارت تفاعل،
+
+379
+00:22:13,930 --> 00:22:17,930
+لكن أنا اتطولت عليها فأحنا أفضل اتفاعل الأجسام
+
+380
+00:22:17,930 --> 00:22:19,930
+مضادة مالذي جيناه حاجتكم بالجاب اللي هي ببارعة
+
+381
+00:22:19,930 --> 00:22:22,710
+reversible يعني أنا لو صار التباعت ما بينهم، ممكن
+
+382
+00:22:22,710 --> 00:22:25,470
+أني أعاكسه لو صرت الخلايا حمراء، ممكن أن الأجسام
+
+383
+00:22:25,470 --> 00:22:27,710
+مضادة تفك عن الخلايا الحمراء ويصير الـelution
+
+384
+00:22:27,710 --> 00:22:30,690
+الـelution هي عملية انتزاع الأجسام مضادة عن سطح
+
+385
+00:22:30,690 --> 00:22:33,570
+الخلايا الحمراء، الـsemi-elution في الحالة هذه،
+
+386
+00:22:33,570 --> 00:22:36,510
+طبعا، لو أصبح الـeluted الأجسام مضادة، هتعطيني
+
+387
+00:22:36,510 --> 00:22:40,940
+false negativeطيب، طب إيش الفرق بين الـ delay و
+
+388
+00:22:40,940 --> 00:22:43,900
+بين الـ auto agglutination يا سيدي؟ كيف يا عزيزي،
+
+389
+00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:48,520
+كيف؟ الفرق بين ال illusion لما تنزع ال antibody من
+
+390
+00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:52,500
+ال RBCs مش هتعمللها شيء اسمه auto agglutination لل
+
+391
+00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:54,900
+RBCs أعطيك calls اللي بتاع بيصيرش agglutination،
+
+392
+00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:59,300
+صحيح؟ بيصير، لأ، طب كيف؟ مش مفروض يصير يعني؟ لأ،
+
+393
+00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:03,790
+معناه جد احناالخلايا الحمرا، عشان أعتبر أن الخلايا
+
+394
+00:23:03,790 --> 00:23:05,990
+الحمرا هي برعانة، الخلايا الحمرا هي برعانة أوشي
+
+395
+00:23:05,990 --> 00:23:09,170
+الـparticle، فيها أساطها الـantigenات، أجيت الأسام
+
+396
+00:23:09,170 --> 00:23:11,330
+مضادة، هتعتبرها الـantigenات أساطها الخلايا
+
+397
+00:23:11,330 --> 00:23:13,830
+الحمرا، و هتربطها الخلايا الحمرا مع بعض على البعض،
+
+398
+00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:16,990
+هتعامليني، اللي هي الـagglutination، مع بعض، تمام؟
+
+399
+00:23:16,990 --> 00:23:19,650
+أجيت الأسام مضادة، مرضبطاش أساطها الخلايا الحمرا،
+
+400
+00:23:19,650 --> 00:23:22,890
+مش هتعمللي شبكة ما بين الخلايا الحمرا و الخلايا
+
+401
+00:23:22,890 --> 00:23:26,520
+الحمرا التانيةيعني هتعطي��ي False Result. آه، تمام.
+
+402
+00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:29,200
+فاهمنا كيف؟ يعني أجيب للأسام مضادة، اللي مرتبطة في
+
+403
+00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:31,520
+الـ… طب وكيف الـAuto-agglutination يا عزيزي؟ Auto
+
+404
+00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:34,680
+-agglutination، هحددكم عليه، اللي هي عبارة عن أسام
+
+405
+00:23:34,680 --> 00:23:39,720
+مضادة من جسم نفسها، هي بتعملي، يعني كيف أنا؟ أنا
+
+406
+00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:45,280
+ببحث عن مثلا عامل X من الجسم، فين دي عامل Y؟ عامل
+
+407
+00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,980
+Y مرتبط على سطح الخلايا الحمراء، عامل Y already
+
+408
+00:23:47,980 --> 00:23:50,260
+مقلون ومرتبط على سطح الخلايا الحمراء، هيعمل
+
+409
+00:23:50,260 --> 00:23:53,550
+الـAgglutination.هأعطيني false result وأنا هفكر أن
+
+410
+00:23:53,550 --> 00:23:56,410
+هو X في المناكيف فلو قلت أجرح يبقى أعطيني false بص
+
+411
+00:23:56,410 --> 00:24:03,450
+تم، مش negative، ديري بقى لكم، تمام؟ طيب، هأعطيك
+
+412
+00:24:03,450 --> 00:24:09,010
+تجربة طبعا اللي هي بحكيلك determination of blood
+
+413
+00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:12,610
+group called antibody، طبعا احنا أخدنا blood group
+
+414
+00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:16,920
+وأخدنا كيف بنعمله على سلايدات تمام هلجيت إحنا لو
+
+415
+00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:20,820
+بنعمل ال title لإيه له؟ طبعا سهل جدا، بدي saline،
+
+416
+00:24:20,820 --> 00:24:22,780
+هذا ان شاء الله هناخده في المعمل، أول تجربة عملية
+
+417
+00:24:22,780 --> 00:24:26,520
+لنا، بدي saline، بدنا pipettes، بدنا red blood
+
+418
+00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:29,160
+cells أو بدنا ال serum اللي بنعمل فيها ال antibody
+
+419
+00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:37,380
+group، خلي بس أنا أسكر الشبكة عشان الصوت ماكنت
+
+420
+00:24:37,380 --> 00:24:38,100
+بchlora عندك؟
+
+421
+00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:54,500
+طبعا يا شباب؟ بقى من الchlor طلع، بقى من الchlor،
+
+422
+00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:56,340
+مبيعش الchlor، مبيع سريدة
+
+423
+00:24:59,650 --> 00:25:02,610
+طيب، اللهم الصلاة والسلام على محمد، فإيش التجربة؟
+
+424
+00:25:02,610 --> 00:25:05,310
+ببساطة إحنا هنخدها، هنحمّلها عليها سريع، أول شيء
+
+425
+00:25:05,310 --> 00:25:10,650
+بعمل Serial Dilution، طبعًا باخد خمسين نص مئل
+
+426
+00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:14,290
+طبعًا من الـ Volume طبعًا، و بحضر Serial Dilution
+
+427
+00:25:14,290 --> 00:25:16,950
+Two-fold، بنحكي Two-fold يعني إيش؟ واحد لإتنين،
+
+428
+00:25:16,950 --> 00:25:20,430
+واحد لأربع، واحد لتمانية، واحد لستاتبأضيف عليها
+
+429
+00:25:20,430 --> 00:25:24,530
+طبعًا باخد 0.1 ML من الـDilutions باضيف عليها
+
+430
+00:25:24,530 --> 00:25:27,110
+الـBlood Cell Suspension طبعًا بعمل سيلة ديليوشن
+
+431
+00:25:27,110 --> 00:25:30,710
+بإيش؟ بالسيرم اللي بدي أعمله الـTitration لإيه له،
+
+432
+00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:34,870
+تمام؟ وبعدين بستره وبخوف، شوف الـAgglutination إن
+
+433
+00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:37,070
+شاء الله أحنا مش هندكس فيها كتير لأنها دي برا
+
+434
+00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:40,430
+تجربة عملية أول ما نروح المعمل هنعيد تجربتها
+
+435
+00:25:40,430 --> 00:25:44,810
+المباشرة وهنعملها طبعًا هنعمل سيلة ديليوشن أخرجه
+
+436
+00:25:44,810 --> 00:25:49,080
+نص مئل من السيرم، نص مئل من السلينهكذا، أصبح لدي
+
+437
+00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,320
+واحد لـ2، واحد لـ4، واحد لـ8، واحد لـ16، إلى
+
+438
+00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:58,560
+آخرين، بعدين بضيف عليها الـRed Blood Cell، وبشوف
+
+439
+00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,900
+الـTitration، الـTitration عبارة عن أعلى التركيز،
+
+440
+00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:07,160
+بعطيني plus one grade في الـAgglutination، تمام؟مش
+
+441
+00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:10,040
+هنركز فيه كتير، كتير برضه عندي برضه كيف نستعامل مع
+
+442
+00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:12,740
+Serial Dilution، هذا أعتقدكم يا مسبقًا جابليك، بس
+
+443
+00:26:12,740 --> 00:26:15,920
+للـTile Scale، طبعًا الـ… زي ما حكينا، أهم نقطة في
+
+444
+00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:19,120
+عملية تحضير Serial Dilution، إنه أنا الـPipette
+
+445
+00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:22,200
+اللي بستخدمها، مش لازم ��كون أقل من عشر مايكرون،
+
+446
+00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,220
+ولا أكتر من ألف، يعني مفهومش أن أنا مثلًا
+
+447
+00:26:24,220 --> 00:26:27,560
+الـPipette، إلا إذا كانت مخص لها، بس أنا عشان أحضر
+
+448
+00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:30,040
+الـVolume، لازم أكون بين عشر مايكرون وألف، عشان
+
+449
+00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:35,170
+يكون عندي الـVolume صحيحطيب، هذا مر معناه، طبعًا
+
+450
+00:26:35,170 --> 00:26:41,490
+لو بتحضر تركيز نحكي الـ… طبعًا أول شيء خلّيني أخد
+
+451
+00:26:41,490 --> 00:26:43,910
+هاي من فوق لما نحكي طريقة واحدة لأربعة، إيش يعني
+
+452
+00:26:43,910 --> 00:26:47,390
+واحدة لأربعة شباب؟ واحد يمثللي Volume تبع
+
+453
+00:26:47,390 --> 00:26:50,810
+الـSample واربعة يمثللي Total Volume طبعًا Total
+
+454
+00:26:50,810 --> 00:26:53,490
+Volume ليه Sample زي Division لما نحكي واحدة
+
+455
+00:26:53,490 --> 00:26:57,110
+لأربعة، يعني Sample واحد واربعة عبارة عن Total
+
+456
+00:26:57,110 --> 00:27:00,310
+Volume طبعًا لو بتحضر واحدة لأربعة تركيز، عادي
+
+457
+00:27:00,310 --> 00:27:05,180
+بضيف Peak Micron مع300 مايكرون، لأن عندي 100
+
+458
+00:27:05,180 --> 00:27:07,880
+مايكرون مع 300 زي 100، 400، 400،
+
+459
+00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:09,500
+400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400
+
+460
+00:27:09,790 --> 00:27:13,270
+طبعا هنا C-Reduction لو بتحضر طبعا هنا تشوف عليها
+
+461
+00:27:13,270 --> 00:27:17,290
+التركيز تحت جديش عملنا هنا أضافنا 100 مايكرون مع
+
+462
+00:27:17,290 --> 00:27:21,090
+30 مايكرون صار 1 ل 4 أخدنا من هنا 100 مايكرون مع
+
+463
+00:27:21,090 --> 00:27:25,050
+30 مايكرون صار برضه 1 ل 4 اذا ال total طبعا جديش 1
+
+464
+00:27:25,050 --> 00:27:30,090
+ل 16 لو عملنا كمان مرة 100 مايكرون من هنا مع 300
+
+465
+00:27:30,090 --> 00:27:34,210
+مايكرون صار برضه 1 ل 4 دارد 1 ل 16 بيصير 1 ل 64
+
+466
+00:27:34,210 --> 00:27:36,470
+يعني ده كيف نحضر C-Reduction؟
+
+467
+00:27:40,350 --> 00:27:42,770
+هان طبعا لو بتحذر واحد لألف طبعا صحيح بإني أحذر
+
+468
+00:27:42,770 --> 00:27:47,250
+واحد لألف مباشرة نفس
+
+469
+00:27:47,250 --> 00:27:53,810
+التخريب الجديد مش فاهم عليك يا شباب، في سؤال؟
+
+470
+00:27:53,810 --> 00:27:58,010
+نفس الـDeletion الجديد أخذناها كل وقت، أسمعت، هذا
+
+471
+00:27:58,010 --> 00:28:00,670
+مر معنى، بس أنا test game هجيت أنا لو بتحذر
+
+472
+00:28:00,670 --> 00:28:06,870
+الـDeletion واحد لألف الصوت
+
+473
+00:28:06,870 --> 00:28:07,530
+بجدك
+
+474
+00:28:10,120 --> 00:28:15,820
+طيب، هيك منيح؟ تمام، تمام لو بتحذر التركيز واحد
+
+475
+00:28:15,820 --> 00:28:19,320
+لأقل، ممكن أحتاج براحل واحد لعشرة، واحد لعشرة،
+
+476
+00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,820
+واحد لعشرة، هذي بيصير واحد لألف فباخد مائة ميجروم
+
+477
+00:28:22,820 --> 00:28:26,320
+لتسعمية، مائة ميجروم لتسعمية، مائة ميجروم لتسعمية،
+
+478
+00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:30,060
+هيك حضرت واحد لأقل، سيريان دولويشن لو بتحذر تسعة
+
+479
+00:28:30,060 --> 00:28:33,280
+مع دين وخمسين، ممكن أعمل حالتين أعمل تسعة مع خمس
+
+480
+00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:37,180
+وعشرين، واحد لعشرة، بيصير تسعة مع دين وخمسين، هذي
+
+481
+00:28:37,180 --> 00:28:41,530
+سهل جدا، أخدتوا قبلك إن شهك خلصنا بالنسبة للـ
+
+482
+00:28:41,530 --> 00:28:47,990
+Agrodination كامل إن شاء الله، تمام؟ احنا زي ما
+
+483
+00:28:47,990 --> 00:28:51,630
+حكيتكم، أنا جيت بالنسبة للمحاضرات التانية الـ C
+
+484
+00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:55,010
+-Reactive و الـ Protein و الـ RA فإنتوا قرواها و
+
+485
+00:28:55,010 --> 00:28:57,930
+أسبوع الجاي هنمر عليها كسرين إن شاء الله و إذا في
+
+486
+00:28:57,930 --> 00:29:03,370
+أي مراجعة من ما صبح إن شاء الله هأكون معكم إن شاء
+
+487
+00:29:03,370 --> 00:29:08,970
+الله تمام يا شباب؟ Peace في سرعة و سؤال؟ تمام، هك
+
+488
+00:29:08,970 --> 00:29:18,410
+خلصناخلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+489
+00:29:18,410 --> 00:29:22,090
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خل��ص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+490
+00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:22,850
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+491
+00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:25,430
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+492
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:26,310
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+493
+00:29:26,310 --> 00:29:31,730
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+494
+00:29:31,730 --> 00:29:34,770
+خلاص،
+
+495
+00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:38,370
+خلاص، خلاص،
+
+496
+00:29:43,060 --> 00:29:47,220
+ماشي بتحكي يا دكتور؟ بحكيلكم علم ده فضل شخيصي،
+
+497
+00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:53,400
+ببلش معاك و فيه .. هو مت على الكم، مش على التسعة؟
+
+498
+00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:55,420
+هو على ال .. مش على التسعة، هو على العشر اللي
+
+499
+00:29:55,420 --> 00:29:58,020
+بنعمله، اللي حابين أنه نأخره شويه، بنأخره شويه،
+
+500
+00:29:58,020 --> 00:30:02,040
+عشان الشباب تانين هو
+
+501
+00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:04,380
+عشان الشباب، هو عشان الشباب، مش عشان السناني جاعد،
+
+502
+00:30:04,380 --> 00:30:11,470
+هو عشان الشباب نأخره شويه يعني، على احتاج نخلين؟يا
+
+503
+00:30:11,470 --> 00:30:15,030
+سيدي عارف ده أنا شاشه وما بقى بس خلاص تواصلوا مع
+
+504
+00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:20,650
+معاد و حمزة شوفوهم إيش شفروا أنا موجود بس أنا
+
+505
+00:30:20,650 --> 00:30:24,910
+بشريفة، شريفة حمزة يا عزيزي مع شريف، آه آه مع شريف
+
+506
+00:30:24,910 --> 00:30:29,070
+و حمزة أنت جيت أشرفها، انت اطلعت و جيتأنا فصل ..
+
+507
+00:30:29,070 --> 00:30:32,290
+فصل الـ net عندي أنا طيب مش مشكلة احنا الـ GTA ..
+
+508
+00:30:32,290 --> 00:30:33,790
+انا بتواكد في الـ GTA بالنسبالي اللي .. زي ما
+
+509
+00:30:33,790 --> 00:30:39,290
+حكيلكم أنا هنزلكم تسجيلات مسلم محمد تابعوها تمام؟
+
+510
+00:30:39,290 --> 00:30:42,470
+و بصير انا عملية اللقاء السبوعي معاكم عبارة عن
+
+511
+00:30:42,470 --> 00:30:48,860
+نقاشالنسبة على الأربعة إن شاء الله ماشية، بس زي ما
+
+512
+00:30:48,860 --> 00:30:53,440
+حدثتكم، هيكون هنا اللقاء عبارة عن، يعني أنتوا
+
+513
+00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:57,520
+حيكونوا تبعتوا التسجيل، وعبارة عن أسئلة وأجوبة،
+
+514
+00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,140
+أيش بيكم تستغلت، هتفسركم، منيح، هيكون بالنسبة
+
+515
+00:31:00,140 --> 00:31:05,240
+للمنع والعلم ده ماكنش فيه سيمإن شاء الله، أكيد
+
+516
+00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,100
+بالنسبالي المناعة، طبعاً كثير سألني جاب ليك إيش
+
+517
+00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:10,940
+بنعمل فيها، كيف ن .. ده، عارفين أنكوا تكونوا على
+
+518
+00:31:10,940 --> 00:31:14,320
+يعني بينا أمور بالنسبالي المناعة، المناعة، إن شاء
+
+519
+00:31:14,320 --> 00:31:17,260
+الله فينكم حطوا منكم تعملوا بحث، هنزلكم إيش بحث
+
+520
+00:31:17,260 --> 00:31:22,280
+بإيش بأحد تقنية الخاصة بالبحث، هدع ليه عشر علامات،
+
+521
+00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:29,310
+ماشي، هكون عندنا .. تمام، تمام، أشهر معاكإن شاء
+
+522
+00:31:29,310 --> 00:31:33,670
+الله هكون عندنا، طبعاً زي ما حكيلكم، نص فيه، هكون
+
+523
+00:31:33,670 --> 00:31:35,830
+نص فيه إذا كان الـ Electronic، هكون Electronic
+
+524
+00:31:35,830 --> 00:31:40,150
+إحتمال، هكون عليه تقريباً عشرين علامة، ماشي، وهكون
+
+525
+00:31:40,150 --> 00:31:41,490
+عندنا نهائي أربعين علامة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/jTqoDkPQIik_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2104 @@
+1
+00:00:02,110 --> 00:00:05,190
+أنا إن شاء الله هاي محطة التسجيل يعني للشباب اللي
+
+2
+00:00:05,190 --> 00:00:08,890
+مايحضرش و مايحضرش أنا أفضل اللي كل يحضر عسب أنه
+
+3
+00:00:08,890 --> 00:00:11,310
+تعرف لإن ممكن مايحطوش تسجيل كونه أن دي ضغط كتير في
+
+4
+00:00:11,310 --> 00:00:17,230
+مساحة التخزين، تمام؟ آه وزي ما حاكلكم أنا مش يعني
+
+5
+00:00:17,230 --> 00:00:21,670
+هنزل المحاضرات مسجلة مسبقا عن طريق شو اسمه؟
+
+6
+00:00:21,670 --> 00:00:24,670
+الـmodemأحنا وصلنا عند الـ Instrumentation طبعاً
+
+7
+00:00:24,670 --> 00:00:29,390
+أحنا حاكينا عن الـ Agglutination و الـ Principles
+
+8
+00:00:29,390 --> 00:00:32,810
+بتاعتها و أنواع الـ Agglutination و طرقها المختلفة
+
+9
+00:00:32,810 --> 00:00:38,470
+طبعاً في صنعوا أجهزة هذه الأجهزة تتعامل مع الـ
+
+10
+00:00:38,470 --> 00:00:42,530
+Agglutination كمبدأ طبعاً هذه الأجهزة عندت مبدأين
+
+11
+00:00:42,530 --> 00:00:46,330
+أساسياً المبدأ الأول اللي هو اللي باعتمد على الـ
+
+12
+00:00:46,330 --> 00:00:49,530
+Particle Enhanced Thermometric Inhibition Assay
+
+13
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,020
+والمبدأ التاني باعتمد على Particle Counting MNUSA
+
+14
+00:00:53,020 --> 00:00:58,700
+ناخدهم واحد واحد ونشوف إن شاء الله طبعا الـ
+
+15
+00:00:58,700 --> 00:01:04,120
+Particle Enhanced Thermometric Inhibition اسمه إن
+
+16
+00:01:04,120 --> 00:01:06,880
+أنا عندي Particles، هذه الـ Particles بتعملي طبعا
+
+17
+00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,520
+Thermometric لكن أنا مانديش أقرأ Thermometric، أنا
+
+18
+00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:12,300
+بتعملي Inhibition علشان أقرأ فطبعا عندي هنا الـ
+
+19
+00:01:12,300 --> 00:01:14,520
+Latex Particles طبعا حكينا أصلا في الـ
+
+20
+00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,200
+agglomeration بتتحمل على Particles وأشهرها الـ
+
+21
+00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:21,740
+Latexعندي الـ Latex particles اللي محمل عليها اللي
+
+22
+00:01:21,740 --> 00:01:25,160
+هي الـDrugs طبعا، فين دي أسنة مضادة بتتفعل معها؟
+
+23
+00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:27,560
+لو اتفعلت معها، هصير عندي Agglutination وتترسّب
+
+24
+00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:29,900
+طبعا، أنا بتعمل Inhibition، كيف بتعمل Inhibition؟
+
+25
+00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:33,740
+هجيت لو أضافت الـMuscle تبع الإنسان، المريض، في
+
+26
+00:01:33,740 --> 00:01:36,400
+الحالة هذه، هصير تنافس ما بين الـFree Drugs
+
+27
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,760
+والـDrugs الموجودة على سطح الـLatex particles مع
+
+28
+00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:43,680
+الأسنة المضادة فبتعمل Inhibition يعني، أنا كل ما
+
+29
+00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:46,660
+زاد الـFree Drugs كل ما زاد عملية الـInhibition
+
+30
+00:01:48,030 --> 00:01:52,910
+وبالتالي قلت عملية AF الـ Agglutination ما يقل
+
+31
+00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:55,130
+عملية الـ Agglutination بزيد فيها الـ Transmission
+
+32
+00:01:55,130 --> 00:01:57,850
+وبيقل عملية الـ Absorption طبعاً بزيد منها
+
+33
+00:01:57,850 --> 00:02:03,460
+التركيز، إذنزي ما حكينا، هذه الطريقة عبارة عن تزمد
+
+34
+00:02:03,460 --> 00:02:05,700
+على الـLight Scattering للـParticles الموجودة
+
+35
+00:02:05,700 --> 00:02:09,420
+عليها الـLatex Particles طبعا، زي ما حكينا،
+
+36
+00:02:09,420 --> 00:02:13,540
+الـLatex Particles بيكون مرتبط أصلاً في الفعص
+
+37
+00:02:13,540 --> 00:02:18,340
+البدية مثلا، أنا بتعمل مثلا الإنسولين، فبروح بجيب
+
+38
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:21,800
+هيرمون الإنسولينكـDrugs مثلا أو كـHormones بربطه
+
+39
+00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:26,360
+على أو بعمل ارتباط مع سطح اللاتكس تمام؟ طبعا بيصير
+
+40
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:28,800
+كما حكينا تيربوديمتري في حال تفاعل مع الأجسام
+
+41
+00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,480
+المضادة أنا عندي في الحال هاي Non-particles-bound
+
+42
+00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:36,080
+drugs بيصير تنافس مع الـparticles-bound drugs على
+
+43
+00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:40,720
+سطح اللاتكس وبيصير بيمنعلي إيه؟ عمليةالـ
+
+44
+00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:46,180
+Agglutination وبالتالي زي ما حكينا بيزيد الـ
+
+45
+00:02:46,180 --> 00:02:49,200
+Absorbance طبعاً بيزيد حجم الـ Particles دي لي��
+
+46
+00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:52,220
+Geometry؟ بيزيد الـ Absorbance وبالتالي بيقل تركيز
+
+47
+00:02:52,220 --> 00:02:58,320
+لـ Free Drugs يعني عملية أشمالها شباب عكسية، تمام؟
+
+48
+00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:03,560
+فهمنا المبدأ الأول Particles that has Dermatric
+
+49
+00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:09,280
+Inhibition أسية تمام يا شباب، فهمنا؟ معاد؟ طبعا،
+
+50
+00:03:09,280 --> 00:03:14,920
+تمام، هالقضيةأكرم؟ تمام، أكرم يا دكتور وعبود؟
+
+51
+00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:19,400
+تمام، معاك يا دكتور، تمام، خلاص، تمام إذا في أي
+
+52
+00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:22,300
+سفزار، أنا حاسس أني مارفش شرح كامل، في أي سفزار،
+
+53
+00:03:22,300 --> 00:03:24,740
+أي، أي نقطة، أقفون عنده، أقول للأستاذ إشرحنا هذه
+
+54
+00:03:24,740 --> 00:03:30,170
+النقطة، عشان نفهم، طيبهلجتني جعل المبدأ التاني،
+
+55
+00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:34,290
+طبعًا هذه صورة واضحية للمبدأ الأول المبدأ التاني
+
+56
+00:03:34,290 --> 00:03:37,730
+بيحكيلك Particles Counting from Usها من اسمها أنا
+
+57
+00:03:37,730 --> 00:03:41,410
+قاعد إيش، ببعد الـparticles الموجودة طبعًا هذه
+
+58
+00:03:41,410 --> 00:03:43,610
+بيحكيلك Involved Measurement of the Number of
+
+59
+00:03:43,610 --> 00:03:46,770
+Residual Non-Agrotonic Particles يعني أنا بخيص
+
+60
+00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:51,970
+الـparticles اللي مش مرتبطة، كيف هي؟الـ Latex
+
+61
+00:03:51,970 --> 00:03:55,410
+particles بيكون أصلاً كمان مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody
+
+62
+00:03:55,410 --> 00:03:57,750
+طبعاً، لما نكون مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody، الـ
+
+63
+00:03:57,750 --> 00:04:00,690
+Antigen بيجي مرتبط معها، مرتبط مع الـ Antigen، في
+
+64
+00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:07,090
+الحالة، هاي أنا بقل الـ Activity، الـ Complex كله،
+
+65
+00:04:07,090 --> 00:04:10,910
+وماقدرش أنا أعمله Counting، فبروح بعيد Counting لـ
+
+66
+00:04:10,910 --> 00:04:13,630
+Latex particles مرتبطة مع الـ Antibody ومارتبطتش
+
+67
+00:04:13,630 --> 00:04:17,330
+مع الـ Antigenفأنا طبعاً برضه عملية عكسية كل ما
+
+68
+00:04:17,330 --> 00:04:21,970
+زادت القراءة كل ما قلت الـ… نحكي الـ… الـAntigenات
+
+69
+00:04:21,970 --> 00:04:23,750
+المرتبطة مع الـAntibody الموجودة مع الـLatex
+
+70
+00:04:23,750 --> 00:04:27,050
+particles فهي inverse relationship between the
+
+71
+00:04:27,050 --> 00:04:30,230
+number of unagglutinated particles counted and the
+
+72
+00:04:30,230 --> 00:04:34,090
+amount of unknown in the patient specimenيعني نفس
+
+73
+00:04:34,090 --> 00:04:36,830
+المبدأ الأول، بس الأول زي ما حكينا بيصير فيه عملية
+
+74
+00:04:36,830 --> 00:04:40,470
+Inhibition، هانفش عندي Inhibition، هذه مباشرة، لكن
+
+75
+00:04:40,470 --> 00:04:43,590
+إيش بيصير عندي؟ الـ Latex particles مرتبطة مع
+
+76
+00:04:43,590 --> 00:04:47,590
+الأسام المضادة، أنا ببحث عن الأنتجين، الأنتجين
+
+77
+00:04:47,590 --> 00:04:49,910
+بيرتبط ليه معاهم ك Complex، مجرد يتبع معاهم كهو
+
+78
+00:04:49,910 --> 00:04:54,090
+Complex، بيفقلل من عملية القراءة لإلهم، يعني بيصير
+
+79
+00:04:54,090 --> 00:04:56,150
+عملية قراءتهم مابتنقلش قراءتهم في الـAbsorbance،
+
+80
+00:04:56,150 --> 00:05:00,010
+وبالتالي، في الحالة هذه، أنا بقرأ الـ… نحكي
+
+81
+00:05:00,010 --> 00:05:01,390
+الـUnbound Particles
+
+82
+00:05:04,340 --> 00:05:07,060
+طبعًا في عندي، بالنسبة للـ Agglutination في عندي
+
+83
+00:05:07,060 --> 00:05:11,460
+Quantitative و Qualitative طبعًا هي الفحص الـ
+
+84
+00:05:11,460 --> 00:05:14,920
+Agglutination يُعبّر عنه غالبًا بالـ Qualitative
+
+85
+00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:17,600
+يعني كيف أنا Qualitative للشباب؟ يعني Positive،
+
+86
+00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,680
+Negative أنا بحط على الـ slide الـ reagent اللي
+
+87
+00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,080
+تبعناه، بحط عليه الـ Serum و بعمل mixing كويس،
+
+88
+00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:26,320
+بقرأ بعد two minutes مثلًا إذا صار عندي
+
+89
+00:05:26,320 --> 00:05:29,120
+Agglutination فنتيجتي إيه؟ Positive وإذا ما صار
+
+90
+00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:32,000
+عندي Agglutination فنتيجتي إيهش؟ Negative، تمام؟
+
+91
+00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:35,740
+طبعًا الـ Quantitative مش معنى Quantitative زي
+
+92
+00:05:35,740 --> 00:05:38,060
+مثلًا أنا معمل بحوصات مختبر الـ Quantitative
+
+93
+00:05:38,060 --> 00:05:40,520
+فعليًا، هي طبعًا اللي بسميها أنا «Semi
+
+94
+00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:42,980
+Quantitative» طبعًا ليش بسميها «Quantitative»؟ لأن
+
+95
+00:05:42,980 --> 00:05:47,000
+أنا بجيبش تركيز، يعني نحكي دقيق 100% كده اللي
+
+96
+00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:51,940
+موجود من المادة، أنا بجيب تقديريفطبعًا يعني مثلًا
+
+97
+00:05:51,940 --> 00:05:54,620
+زي بحث السُكر، بحث السُكر أنا بعتبره quantitative
+
+98
+00:05:54,620 --> 00:05:58,240
+إن أنا بقيس بحث السُكر، بكون فيه standard، فيه
+
+99
+00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:00,600
+عنده control وفي الحالة اللي أنا بطلع تركيز السُكر
+
+100
+00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:05,160
+مثلًا 120، 110، فهذا تركيز quantitative بينما في
+
+101
+00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:07,180
+حالة الـ Agglutination Test مافيش عندي هنا
+
+102
+00:06:07,180 --> 00:06:11,500
+quantitative، بحكي كصورة كاملةاسمه
+
+103
+00:06:11,500 --> 00:06:14,120
+Semiquantitative ليس Semiquantitative لأن أنا بعمل
+
+104
+00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:17,100
+Serial Dilution فأنا عشان أعمل الـ Quantitative
+
+105
+00:06:17,100 --> 00:06:20,800
+بعمل Serial Dilution للعينة طبعاً بضيف عليها كمية
+
+106
+00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:24,720
+محددة من الدم أو من البكتيريا أو من أي مادة اللي
+
+107
+00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:28,920
+بيسميها مادة اللي تظهر ليه ال reaction تبعناطبعًا
+
+108
+00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:33,420
+في الحال هاي إذا باخد التركيز الأعلى اللي ظهر معاه
+
+109
+00:06:33,420 --> 00:06:36,900
+نتيجة في العلم جردها، فطبعًا التركيز الأعلى اللي
+
+110
+00:06:36,900 --> 00:06:39,660
+ظهر معاه هو عبارة عن الـTiter تبعنا، وعبارة عن
+
+111
+00:06:39,660 --> 00:06:44,180
+الـSemi Quantitative لـResult بتبعتنا، يعني مثلًا،
+
+112
+00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:47,800
+عندي هذه البلد، شايفين البلد يا شباب؟ كيف كيف يا
+
+113
+00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:51,790
+دكتور، وكون السكر تكبيرك؟مش تقنير السكر، السكر
+
+114
+00:06:51,790 --> 00:06:56,290
+بيعطي نتيجة فعلي يعني مثلًا 110-110، 120-120،
+
+115
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,170
+ماقدرش أحكيلك أنه والله احتمال يكون بين كذا وكذا،
+
+116
+00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:05,090
+يعني تفهم ان أنا مثلًا السكر عندي standard صح ولا
+
+117
+00:07:05,090 --> 00:07:08,370
+لأ؟ أنا زي اللي تذكره، ما أخدناه في المقدمة، أنا
+
+118
+00:07:08,370 --> 00:07:10,710
+ماحط تلاتة ديوبات، أخدته في الـClinical Chemistry
+
+119
+00:07:10,710 --> 00:07:15,590
+تلاتة ديوبات، Blank وStandard وTest، صح ولا لأ؟هل
+
+120
+00:07:15,590 --> 00:07:17,710
+جيت أنا بقرأ بعد ما أعمل الـ Reaction بقرا الـ
+
+121
+00:07:17,710 --> 00:07:20,770
+Absorbers للتلات و بطلع الـ Absorbers للـ Standard
+
+122
+00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:24,330
+و بصير عملية حسابية عشان أطلع زي جدش الـ Absorbers
+
+123
+00:07:24,330 --> 00:07:27,070
+بالظبط للعين و بطلع معاه التركيز العيني صحيح،
+
+124
+00:07:27,070 --> 00:07:30,650
+بالظبط، صح ولا لأ؟ لكن أنا عندي في الـ Calculation
+
+125
+00:07:30,650 --> 00:07:34,010
+بسميه مش Quantitism، بسميه Semi Quantitism، ليش؟
+
+126
+00:07:34,010 --> 00:07:37,190
+شايفين الـ Plate الموجود عندكم؟ شايفين الـ Plate
+
+127
+00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:42,120
+الشباب؟ آهطيب ال place أول واحدة وين ال .. طبعا
+
+128
+00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:44,500
+أحنا عنا شايفين على اليمين في عندها .. أنتوا
+
+129
+00:07:44,500 --> 00:07:47,420
+شايفين ال mouse صح؟ في عندها ال negative و hand
+
+130
+00:07:47,420 --> 00:07:53,780
+positive وين أخر كرة موجودة عندين؟ عند 1 ل 64 صح؟
+
+131
+00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:56,980
+اللي هي positive، الآخر positive؟ بالظبط، واحد
+
+132
+00:07:56,980 --> 00:07:59,420
+أربعة وستين، فأنا إذا أندي الـTiter أربعة وستين،
+
+133
+00:07:59,420 --> 00:08:02,280
+هل فعلاً هي أربعة وستين؟ ممكن يكون تبعين وسبعين،
+
+134
+00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:05,080
+ممكن يكون تسعين، ممكن يكون بين التلتير هدول،
+
+135
+00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:07,820
+الشرط، يعني زي فحص السُكر، أنه يزداد مائة وعشرين،
+
+136
+00:08:07,820 --> 00:08:10,720
+مائة وعشرين، فهمت كيف؟ فبالحالة أنا سميتها semi
+
+137
+00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:14,920
+quantitative، لأن أنا تقديري أخد أعلى تركيز بظهر
+
+138
+00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:18,180
+عندي للعين، لأن أنا ماأخدش قراءة دقيقة مية مية،
+
+139
+00:08:18,180 --> 00:08:21,460
+طبعا الـ120 negative، مش هيكون مائة وعشرين، لكن هو
+
+140
+00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:27,220
+أنا أخدت أربمن الـ «64»، فهمنا كيف؟ التاني، كده
+
+141
+00:08:27,220 --> 00:08:33,160
+تركيزه؟ «65» أو «12»؟ «1» أو «8»؟ «1» أو «8» يعني
+
+142
+00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:38,740
+أنه «8» التالي زي ما حكيت عبد «512» الرقم 4، شوف
+
+143
+00:08:38,740 --> 00:08:42,820
+ولا واحد positive هو أقل من 2% دي اللي بقالكم، هدى
+
+144
+00:08:42,820 --> 00:08:46,240
+لو جاتكم في الأسئلة الواحدة اللي بتركزوا عليها وين
+
+145
+00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:51,800
+التركيز شوف رقم 6، معطيني في الأول negativeوبعدين
+
+146
+00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:54,280
+بصي تبصي في بصية، وبعدين إيه عشان بيعطينا، طبعا
+
+147
+00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:57,360
+هذا 128، طبعا إيش تفسير الـ Negative هذا بالأول؟
+
+148
+00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:01,260
+أه يا عبد، إيش تفسير ليها؟ فحص كاذب بيسموها، أو ..
+
+149
+00:09:01,260 --> 00:09:04,120
+لأ مش كاذب، مش كاذب، إيه اللي هو التفسير؟ إيش
+
+150
+00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:09,000
+تفسيرها يا عبد؟
+
+151
+00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:14,720
+عبد .. عبد تفكر فيها؟ False Negative يمكن؟ لأ مش
+
+152
+00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:17,980
+False Negative، في ظاهرة أخدناها معاكم قبل هيك أو
+
+153
+00:09:17,980 --> 00:09:21,090
+سميناها، اللي هي الـ Prozoneالبروزوان بيكون عندي
+
+154
+00:09:21,090 --> 00:09:25,110
+أسام مضادة عالية كتير، فبتأثر على التفاعل، تظهرش
+
+155
+00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:28,050
+معاه، فتعطيني false، negative، تعمل البروزوان،
+
+156
+00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:33,850
+فهذه حالة البروزوان. – صح، صح، بسبب الـ antibiotic
+
+157
+00:09:33,850 --> 00:09:37,250
+يعني أيه؟ – لأ، هي أسام مضادة عالية، بيكون أسام
+
+158
+00:09:37,250 --> 00:09:40,370
+مضادة عالية كتير، فبتحتل مواقع الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+159
+00:09:40,370 --> 00:09:41,290
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+160
+00:09:41,290 --> 00:09:42,390
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+161
+00:09:42,390 --> 00:09:47,180
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…يعني احنا أصول أنه يصير
+
+162
+00:09:47,180 --> 00:09:50,400
+عملت بالتبع الـ Antibody مع الـ Latex و بعدين
+
+163
+00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:52,600
+بتبطي ال Latex مع بعضهم بعض عشان يعطيني الـ net
+
+164
+00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:55,940
+تبع ال Latex web نحكي أو Latex agglutination،
+
+165
+00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:59,480
+تمام؟ في الحالة هاي أن هذا ما يسمونه مكوترها،
+
+166
+00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:03,000
+مكوترها بتغطي جميع المواقع من غير ما يصير عندي ال
+
+167
+00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,560
+agglutinationفبسميه احنا الـ Prosone وفي عندي الـ
+
+168
+00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:08,920
+Prosone طبعا الـ Prosone يكون عندي ارتفاع عالي جدا
+
+169
+00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:12,320
+في الأسنان مضادة وغير في الأنتجين فعلاجه كل ما
+
+170
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,940
+أخففنا عينيه كل ما أظهر عندي reaction أكتر فتلاحظ
+
+171
+00:10:14,940 --> 00:10:17,960
+عندي بلش يظهر في واحد لتمانية و بعدين بلش يظهر
+
+172
+00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:21,820
+فيما بعد وفي عندي حالة تانية بسميها الـ Posone الـ
+
+173
+00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:24,700
+Posone طبعا اللي هي ارتفاع في الأنتجين عن الـ
+
+174
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:27,440
+Antibody برضه نفس الحكاية تعطيني False Positive
+
+175
+00:10:27,440 --> 00:10:31,450
+هتشوف كمان شوية إن شاء اللهفيبقى إيش تعريف
+
+176
+00:10:31,450 --> 00:10:34,650
+الـTiter؟ طبعًا أخدنا إحنا هذه كلها عبارة عن تايتر
+
+177
+00:10:34,650 --> 00:10:39,430
+64 تايتر، 8 تايتر، 512 تايتر، لأقل من 2% تايتر
+
+178
+00:10:39,430 --> 00:10:44,310
+high تايتر عبارة عن is the quantity of a substance
+
+179
+00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:46,890
+required to produce a reaction with a given volume
+
+180
+00:10:46,890 --> 00:10:49,310
+of another substance يعني أنا الكمية المقلوبة مني
+
+181
+00:10:49,310 --> 00:10:54,210
+من المادة high اللي تعطيني reaction مع volume محدد
+
+182
+00:10:54,210 --> 00:10:58,690
+من المادة التانية والـAntibody Titer هو نفس الشيء
+
+183
+00:10:58,950 --> 00:11:01,650
+اللي هو عبارة عن أعلى تركيز The highest dilution
+
+184
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:06,660
+بالمادة تبعتنا of the biological sampleاللي طبعًا
+
+185
+00:11:06,660 --> 00:11:09,480
+من الـ Serum، على التركيز من الـ Serum طبعًا، that
+
+186
+00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:12,100
+will result in agglutination بتعطينا agglutination
+
+187
+00:11:12,100 --> 00:11:14,480
+with no agglutination being observed in any higher
+
+188
+00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:17,480
+dilution مع أنه أنا عندي بعد ذلك مابعطينيش
+
+189
+00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:19,220
+agglutination نهائية، مابعطيني الحالات negative،
+
+190
+00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,760
+تمام؟ إذن هي is the highest dilution of the
+
+191
+00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:25,140
+biological sample that still result in
+
+192
+00:11:25,140 --> 00:11:27,720
+agglutination with no agglutination being observed
+
+193
+00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:30,970
+at any higher dilutionطبعًا زي ما حكينا، الـ term
+
+194
+00:11:30,970 --> 00:11:33,250
+is used in serological reactions ومستخدمة أكتر إيش
+
+195
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:37,750
+في الحصات الـ serology طبعًا and is determined by
+
+196
+00:11:37,750 --> 00:11:40,510
+preparing serial evolution of antibody to which a
+
+197
+00:11:40,510 --> 00:11:42,990
+constant amount of antigen is added، نقطة مهمة جدا
+
+198
+00:11:44,860 --> 00:11:48,540
+Determined، يعني نبحث عنه، أو نبحث عنه عن طريقه،
+
+199
+00:11:48,540 --> 00:11:51,940
+إن أنا أول شيء Preparing Series of Solutions، لازم
+
+200
+00:11:51,940 --> 00:11:54,300
+يكون عندي Series of Solutions، ببلش بتركيز واحد
+
+201
+00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:58,000
+لاثنين، واحد لاربعة، واحد لتمانية، واحد لـ…. أخدنا
+
+202
+00:11:58,000 --> 00:11:59,820
+كيف نحضر Series of Solutions قبل ذلك يا شباب، صح
+
+203
+00:11:59,820 --> 00:12:04,290
+ولا لأ؟ تماموبعدين بضيف عليه كمية ثابتة Constant
+
+204
+00:12:04,290 --> 00:12:07,090
+amount of antigens ديروا بقى، Constant amount يعني
+
+205
+00:12:07,090 --> 00:12:09,690
+مافعش أضيف عليه مثلًا كمية متغيرة، أضيف عليها
+
+206
+00:12:09,690 --> 00:12:12,150
+أربعين، بعدين خمسين، بعدين ستين، لأ، هيك بالصراعي
+
+207
+00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:16,030
+أنت الفحص مش صح، لازم أضيف عليه كمية ثابتة يعني
+
+208
+00:12:16,030 --> 00:12:19,450
+إذا أنا بلعب الحالة، هي ماعيش مع الـAntibody، بخفف
+
+209
+00:12:19,450 --> 00:12:21,330
+تركيز الـAntibody غالبًا الـAntibody موجودة وين
+
+210
+00:12:21,330 --> 00:12:26,100
+مثلًا، اللي هي في الجسم الإنسان أو في الـSerumفأنا
+
+211
+00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:28,640
+بالحالة بلبل عن طريق الـ Antibody عشان إيه؟
+
+212
+00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:31,180
+بالحالة إن أنا جوة، لم أجد تركيز لسه المضادة
+
+213
+00:12:31,180 --> 00:12:35,940
+الموجودة عندنا فهذه الحاجات اللي قم عليها الـ Pro
+
+214
+00:12:35,940 --> 00:12:37,960
+Zone و ال Post Zone الـ Pro Zone زي اللي بحكيها،
+
+215
+00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:40,960
+أنا بكون عندي تركيز لأن المضادة عالي كتير، فما
+
+216
+00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:44,120
+بتظهر عندي، لاحظوا عندي الـ agglutination هان، تحت
+
+217
+00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,680
+أخر أخر شيء، negative، negative، plus one، plus
+
+218
+00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:51,300
+two، plus three، هلجأت؟ في حالة الـ Covalence
+
+219
+00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:56,440
+Zone، اللي نحكيالمنطقة اللي بتعطيني التفاعل صحيح
+
+220
+00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,460
+مية مية بكون عندي نسبة الـ «antibody» للـ«antigen»
+
+221
+00:12:59,460 --> 00:13:02,020
+أو نحكي كمية الـ«antibody» لكمية الـ«antigen»
+
+222
+00:13:02,020 --> 00:13:07,020
+متناسبة هذا بتعطيني أفضل إشي بالتفاعل طبعا، وبقى
+
+223
+00:13:07,020 --> 00:13:09,180
+للناس الحكاية الـBoson، «Boson» عند «Boson»
+
+224
+00:13:09,180 --> 00:13:12,460
+بتعطيني «false negative» لكن كل ما قلت تخفيف
+
+225
+00:13:12,460 --> 00:13:15,140
+الـ«Boson» أو كل ما زادت تخفيفي الـ«Boson» كل ما
+
+226
+00:13:15,140 --> 00:13:19,860
+إيش، أعطاني طبعا شسبة زي ما حكيتكم الـ«Boson»
+
+227
+00:13:19,860 --> 00:13:22,460
+زيادة في تركيز الأشياء المضادة الـ«Boson» ز
+
+228
+00:13:24,250 --> 00:13:28,930
+الأنتيجينات طيب إيش ال advantage و ال disadvantage
+
+229
+00:13:28,930 --> 00:13:34,330
+لـ agglutination test أول إشي طبعاً إنه التكلفة
+
+230
+00:13:34,330 --> 00:13:39,210
+المادية للفحصبسيطة جدًا، رخيصة، فأسأل يعني أنت
+
+231
+00:13:39,210 --> 00:13:44,950
+بالمختبر الخاص لك تجيب نحكي كتات Latex مش هتعاني
+
+232
+00:13:44,950 --> 00:13:47,950
+من أسعارهم الغالية لأن أسعارهم كتير رخيصة مقارنة
+
+233
+00:13:47,950 --> 00:13:50,870
+بأسعار مثلًا الكتات تبع الـ Other Methods تبع
+
+234
+00:13:50,870 --> 00:13:54,010
+الهرمونات مثلًا، اللي أغلى إشي، تتنمد على مثلًا
+
+235
+00:13:54,010 --> 00:13:57,550
+الـRIA Radio Immunocyte أو تتنمد على مثلًا
+
+236
+00:13:57,550 --> 00:14:01,270
+الـOther Techniquesطبعًا الشغل التاني أني أنا بقدر
+
+237
+00:14:01,270 --> 00:14:04,170
+أني أوصل نتيجة عن طريق semi-quantitative result
+
+238
+00:14:04,170 --> 00:14:06,590
+يعني أنا بالشرط أني أعطي positive، negative ممكن
+
+239
+00:14:06,590 --> 00:14:09,590
+أعرف تقديري جداش تقريبًا عندي التركيز، semi
+
+240
+00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:13,150
+-quantitative result الشغل التالتة أن الفعص نفسه
+
+241
+00:14:13,150 --> 00:14:17,570
+باخدش وقت طويل يعني أنا عشان أعمل الـRF أو CRP بدي
+
+242
+00:14:17,570 --> 00:14:21,630
+تقريبًا two to three minutesلأنه بضيف الـReagent
+
+243
+00:14:21,630 --> 00:14:23,910
+اللي هو بارع عن الـLatex Particles اللي فيه على
+
+244
+00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:28,970
+سطحه مثلا الأسام المضادة بالمقابل مثلا أو في سطحه
+
+245
+00:14:28,970 --> 00:14:33,740
+الأنتيجينات بالمقابل بضيف مثلا الـSerumبحتوى على
+
+246
+00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:39,060
+الأسام مضاطة وبشوف بديش التركيز بعدين الأجهزة اللي
+
+247
+00:14:39,060 --> 00:14:42,000
+بعتوا الـ Instrumentation مش غالي كتير مقارنة بالـ
+
+248
+00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,620
+Other Methods زي ما حكينا الـ Agglutination بيكون
+
+249
+00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:48,260
+صورة بالـ Native Antigen أو Antigen-coded particle
+
+250
+00:14:48,260 --> 00:14:51,440
+symbol to read يعني أنا بقرأه بواسط العين بالعين
+
+251
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:53,860
+أنا مجرد شفت الـ Agglutination بشوفه بالعين مش
+
+252
+00:14:53,860 --> 00:14:56,980
+بحاجة لـMicroscope أو حاجة ل… نحكي أجهزة حديثة
+
+253
+00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:02,640
+الميزة أنه أنا ممكن أزيد في حسيسيته باستخدام other
+
+254
+00:15:02,640 --> 00:15:05,800
+particles يعني احنا ممكن نستخدم الـLatex particles
+
+255
+00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,520
+لو استخدمت مدن الخلايا الحمرة Red cells particles
+
+256
+00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:12,420
+في الحالة هاي زي فحص الـRoswiller، همور معنا إن
+
+257
+00:15:12,420 --> 00:15:15,480
+شاء الله في الـRAF هتلاقي حسيته أعلى، زادت حسيته،
+
+258
+00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:22,180
+فانا ممكن أحسن من الحسيس بعتهم كفحصأنا ممكن أستخدم
+
+259
+00:15:22,180 --> 00:15:25,520
+لـ، نحكي، مجموعة واسعة جداً من البحوثات في المختبر
+
+260
+00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,040
+وحاليًا بلش استخدموا كتير لمجموعة واسعة جداً
+
+261
+00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,720
+المختبر وزي ما حكينا، if the sample contain
+
+262
+00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:32,960
+microorganisms، إذا أنا بـ، بـ، بـ، if the sample
+
+263
+00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:35,580
+تحتوي على microorganism بالشرط إن تكون طبعًا هذه
+
+264
+00:15:35,580 --> 00:15:39,240
+نحكي available، هي عايشة يعني أن أنا ممكن أعمل
+
+265
+00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:43,720
+الـmicroorganism أو أموتها وأستخدمها كأنتجينات في
+
+266
+00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:45,180
+الـ، في بحوثات طبعتنا
+
+267
+00:15:48,410 --> 00:15:51,410
+طبعًا زي ما حكينا الـ Agglutination أهم شيء تتطلب
+
+268
+00:15:51,410 --> 00:15:53,870
+بعض المواد أو شيء بتتطلب الـ Particles الـ
+
+269
+00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:56,670
+Particles زي ما حكينا ليه عبارة عن الجسم أو الـ
+
+270
+00:15:56,670 --> 00:15:59,930
+Civil Cells اللي هي الجسم اللي بتحميل عليه الأجسام
+
+271
+00:15:59,930 --> 00:16:03,310
+المضادة أو الـ أندجينات تتطلب طبعًا وجود الـ
+
+272
+00:16:03,310 --> 00:16:05,410
+Androgynes، more androgynes close to the surface
+
+273
+00:16:05,670 --> 00:16:08,670
+طبعًا knowledge that incomplete or non
+
+274
+00:16:08,670 --> 00:16:10,610
+-agglutination antibodies are not detectable
+
+275
+00:16:10,610 --> 00:16:13,470
+without modification يعني أنا في حالة هاي مثلًا
+
+276
+00:16:13,470 --> 00:16:15,950
+انتياجات مثل الخلايا الحمراء وانا أحط على سطحها
+
+277
+00:16:15,950 --> 00:16:18,910
+أحسن مضادة وأبحث عن الـantigenات في الحالة هاي
+
+278
+00:16:18,910 --> 00:16:21,390
+ممكن يعطيني negative أو no agglutination ممكن
+
+279
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:26,270
+أستعين في عصات modification أعملها وأستعين بالفحص
+
+280
+00:16:26,270 --> 00:16:29,890
+مثلًا الـAntiglobin Test عسب أن أنا أزيد في حساسية
+
+281
+00:16:29,890 --> 00:16:32,630
+الفحص وبالتالي أقدر أني أعمل كشف على المواتب
+
+282
+00:16:36,050 --> 00:16:39,070
+Disadvantage، طب أهم disadvantage بيحكيلك «it must
+
+283
+00:16:39,070 --> 00:16:40,650
+be kept in mind» «that agricultural actions are
+
+284
+00:16:40,650 --> 00:16:43,030
+screening tests» يعني هم بيبقوا screening tests،
+
+285
+00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:46,950
+ما بيعطي نتيجة زي ما حكينا أن هذا نتيجة 120، 130،
+
+286
+00:16:46,950 --> 00:16:49,630
+زي السكر، لأ، بيبقوا negative أو semi quantitative
+
+287
+00:16:49,630 --> 00:16:53,750
+ونقطة تانية، أن الـ negative ما بتدل أنه مافيش حد
+
+288
+00:16:53,750 --> 00:16:56,750
+مرض، ممكن يعطيك negative ويكون فيه مرض، لأنه زي ما
+
+289
+00:16:56,750 --> 00:16:59,370
+حكينا، الـ sensitivity له قليلة، مقارنة بالبحوثات
+
+290
+00:16:59,370 --> 00:17:02,780
+اللي هتمور معنا فيها بعد أحدث منهاطبعاً الـ
+
+291
+00:17:02,780 --> 00:17:07,560
+Quantity of Antigen أو الـ Antibody ممكن تكون أقل
+
+292
+00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:10,480
+منها أو تتفحص مش في حسابها الشغل التاني ممكن
+
+293
+00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:14,580
+يعطيني False Positive أو Negative Test طيب، إيش
+
+294
+00:17:14,580 --> 00:17:17,020
+الـ False Positive؟ إيش يعني False Positive يا
+
+295
+00:17:17,020 --> 00:17:20,620
+جماعة؟ الـ False Positive يعني أنه يعطيني Positive
+
+296
+00:17:20,620 --> 00:17:23,390
+Reaction اللي كان فعليا Negativeمن حالات الـ False
+
+297
+00:17:23,390 --> 00:17:26,970
+positive إن أنا استخدمت الـ centrifuge وعملي
+
+298
+00:17:26,970 --> 00:17:29,950
+centrifugation بزيادة، يعني سببها over
+
+299
+00:17:29,950 --> 00:17:32,750
+centrifugation، يعني أنا مثلا أصول إن أنا أعمل
+
+300
+00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:36,760
+centrifugation مدة five minutesفتفرضنا روحي عملتها
+
+301
+00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:41,360
+15 دقيقة، فبالحال هاي الـ Sediment هيترسّب بشكل
+
+302
+00:17:41,360 --> 00:17:44,400
+قوي جدًا في القاع، و أنا أجي أعمل تحريك للـ Tube
+
+303
+00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:48,500
+مش هقدر أني أفك ال .. بيسموه ال solutions ل ال
+
+304
+00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:51,020
+particles موجودة في ال sediment وبالتالي هتعطيني
+
+305
+00:17:51,020 --> 00:17:54,850
+شكل كائنة فيه agglutinationالشغل التاني اللي هي
+
+306
+00:17:54,850 --> 00:17:57,430
+Contaminated Equipment يعني لو في عندي كبار، في
+
+307
+00:17:57,430 --> 00:18:02,890
+عندي مثلا نحكي بصمة الأصبع نفسها اللي وجدت
+
+308
+00:18:02,890 --> 00:18:06,110
+عليتيوبة شغلك ممكن تعطيك False Reaction اللي قد
+
+309
+00:18:06,110 --> 00:18:09,930
+أكون Retinations، عندي حالات مثلا اللي نحكي الدم
+
+310
+00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:13,290
+مثلًا، اللي فيه عندي مثلًا بيستخدم الخلايا الحامرة
+
+311
+00:18:13,290 --> 00:18:15,570
+والخلايا الحامرة اللي فيه أعصابها أصلاً أسام مضادة
+
+312
+00:18:15,570 --> 00:18:18,510
+نتيجة بيسموه «auto agglutination» من اسمها «auto»
+
+313
+00:18:18,510 --> 00:18:22,210
+هي عبارة عن أسام مضادة بيتخثر اللي نحكي الخلايا
+
+314
+00:18:22,210 --> 00:18:25,550
+الحامرة ��تيجة أسام مضادة ضد الجسم نفسه، يعني
+
+315
+00:18:25,550 --> 00:18:29,250
+«auto» من نفسه يتطلع، فهذه ممكن تعطيني تخثر أو
+
+316
+00:18:29,250 --> 00:18:32,510
+تعطيني agglutination وتعطيني false result طبعًا،
+
+317
+00:18:32,510 --> 00:18:37,570
+عملية تأخر في القراءةإنه بيجي مثلًا أنت الـ
+
+318
+00:18:37,570 --> 00:18:40,630
+agglutination سبتها كي نيجاتيب، لكن سبتها بعد فترة
+
+319
+00:18:40,630 --> 00:18:43,790
+نشفت، لو نشفت على الـ slide ومتيجة تحريكة كمان
+
+320
+00:18:43,790 --> 00:18:46,470
+شوية، مع النشفانة، هتبين كإنها agglutination فالـ
+
+321
+00:18:46,470 --> 00:18:51,090
+dried out للأنتجين هتعطيك كإنه false positive
+
+322
+00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:57,550
+resultأنا لو خذت صلاحي في أنابيب زجاجية ممكن الـ
+
+323
+00:18:57,550 --> 00:19:00,070
+silica الـ colloidal silica موجودة في الزجاج تطلع
+
+324
+00:19:00,070 --> 00:19:04,830
+ليش أوت و تعطيني سكانة glutenation لو استخدمت
+
+325
+00:19:04,830 --> 00:19:07,330
+plasma بدل الـ serum عشان هيك أحنا عيناتنا معظمها
+
+326
+00:19:07,330 --> 00:19:10,700
+serum لازم تكوناللي بلازم تحتوي على الفيبروجين
+
+327
+00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,660
+والفيبروجين ممكن يكون فيه بعض الخيوط الفيبرين
+
+328
+00:19:13,660 --> 00:19:16,500
+نتيجة طبعاً هات الخيوط اللي بيبقى بيبقى تعطيني
+
+329
+00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:19,180
+false result أو إذا كان في عيني homolized أو بلامك
+
+330
+00:19:19,180 --> 00:19:21,920
+برضه هتعطيني false result وآخر إشي طبعاً ال cross
+
+331
+00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:25,280
+reaction اللي فيه ان دي أسامة ضادة طبعاً غير اللي
+
+332
+00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:29,180
+ببحث عنها ممكن تعطيني false result ال false
+
+333
+00:19:29,180 --> 00:19:33,320
+negative طبعاً هي العكسية تزوال بس أتفضل تزوال
+
+334
+00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:36,350
+بخصوص البلازمة اللي هي لما تكون فيها الفيبروجين،
+
+335
+00:19:36,350 --> 00:19:37,910
+طب إيش المشكلة لما تكون فيها الفيبروجين؟ إيش
+
+336
+00:19:37,910 --> 00:19:42,470
+هيسوي؟ الفيبروجين، يعني ممكن إذا أنت عملت السحب في
+
+337
+00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:44,510
+البلازمة، أنت بتعرف البلازمة، عشان يعمل البلازمة
+
+338
+00:19:44,510 --> 00:19:47,690
+بديها Anticoagulant، ممكن أنت أخدت البلازمة، لكن
+
+339
+00:19:47,690 --> 00:19:51,790
+الـAnticoagulant ما عملش، نحكي، عدم تشجلته تكامل،
+
+340
+00:19:51,790 --> 00:19:54,610
+فالكامل هو أنك بقعت خيوط الفيبرين، يعني الفيبروجين
+
+341
+00:19:54,610 --> 00:19:57,790
+هو ذائب، لكن الفيبرين غير ذائب، خيوط الفيبرين خيط،
+
+342
+00:19:57,790 --> 00:20:00,470
+بيكون معاك على الـslide، هيبين معاك ك
+
+343
+00:20:04,060 --> 00:20:06,840
+هيكون متكتر كأنه Gratination، فهيعطيك False Result
+
+344
+00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:10,120
+فلعشانك باستخدام السيرة، مديش أن الـ5G يكون موجود
+
+345
+00:20:10,120 --> 00:20:15,420
+أصلا، فاهم لك يا إيه؟ تمام، تمام، تمام، تمام، تمام
+
+346
+00:20:15,420 --> 00:20:18,020
+طيب، الـFalse Negative، الـFalse Negative عكسي
+
+347
+00:20:18,020 --> 00:20:20,620
+يعني، أول شي Under Centrifuge إن أنا مبنوض مثلا
+
+348
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:25,800
+أنول أسنتر دقيقة، ده مدة قبل دقائق على سرعة 3000
+
+349
+00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:30,840
+روحت أنا حطيت السرعة، مر One Minute وأنا مستعجب
+
+350
+00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:32,860
+جدا، روحت و أجبت الـCentrifuge، في الحالة هي Under
+
+351
+00:20:32,860 --> 00:20:37,000
+Centrifugeماعطاني فرصة لعملية الـ agglutination أن
+
+352
+00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,040
+أترسّب فبتالي بيعطيني EH false، negative result
+
+353
+00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,820
+الـ Reage اللي بستخدمه، هجيت للـ Reage اللي
+
+354
+00:20:43,820 --> 00:20:46,420
+بستخدمه، لو كان الـ Active، هعطيني false result،
+
+355
+00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:49,120
+لإن أنا الـ Gen مش فعال، فمش هيتفعل أصلا، مش
+
+356
+00:20:49,120 --> 00:20:51,800
+هعطيني false result الـ Temperature، خاصة مع
+
+357
+00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,340
+الخلايا الحمرة، و الـ G-Node الادباطي، أنه أنا في
+
+358
+00:20:55,340 --> 00:20:59,020
+يدي مثلا خلايا حمرة في يدي أسامة ضاد واتفاعل درجة
+
+359
+00:20:59,020 --> 00:21:02,060
+حرارة 37، وفي يدي أسامة ضاد اتفاعل درجة حرارة
+
+360
+00:21:02,060 --> 00:21:05,710
+الـCold، الـ4 مثلاأو مثلًا الـ Room Temperature،
+
+361
+00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:07,990
+الـ 26 في الحالة، يا عزيزي، أنا لو اختلفت الـ
+
+362
+00:21:07,990 --> 00:21:11,110
+Temperature عن الفحص اللي طالب مفحص، ممكن تأثر على
+
+363
+00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:14,210
+الـ Time تعطيني False Result الـ Timing Incubation
+
+364
+00:21:14,210 --> 00:21:16,850
+أنا لو أخدت مدل الفحص، جالك والله أعمل كل شيء
+
+365
+00:21:16,850 --> 00:21:19,310
+يحفظني ‏- إيش الـ EGS و الـ ABS؟ ‏- Antigenes
+
+366
+00:21:19,310 --> 00:21:22,450
+Antibody ‏- Antibodies ‏- May result in the lack
+
+367
+00:21:22,450 --> 00:21:22,930
+of association
+
+368
+00:21:22,930 --> 00:21:33,630
+‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏
+
+369
+00:21:35,590 --> 00:21:38,330
+الـ Sufficient Incubation Time إنه طلب مني إن أنا
+
+370
+00:21:38,330 --> 00:21:42,010
+والله الفحص هذا لازم أعمله four minutes و أحركه
+
+371
+00:21:42,010 --> 00:21:48,050
+روحت أنا مستعجلت، ماعملتلوش four minutes، تمام؟
+
+372
+00:21:48,050 --> 00:21:52,570
+روحت أنا عملت عسارية one minute و قرأت، ممكن
+
+373
+00:21:52,570 --> 00:21:54,890
+يعطيني بعد four minutes result positive فأنا ممكن
+
+374
+00:21:54,890 --> 00:21:57,410
+الحالة اللي مستعجلت هعطيني false negative result
+
+375
+00:21:57,410 --> 00:22:01,570
+الـ «بروسول» حكيت لكم عنها، اللي هي إيش؟ زيادة في
+
+376
+00:22:01,570 --> 00:22:06,020
+تركيز الأسنان مضادة، هتعطيني false positiveبالظبط،
+
+377
+00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:11,050
+وعمليه delay in testing proceduresبارعة اتفاعل
+
+378
+00:22:11,050 --> 00:22:13,930
+الأجسام مضادة على سطح الخلايا الحمراء صارت تفاعل،
+
+379
+00:22:13,930 --> 00:22:17,930
+لكن أنا اتطولت عليها فأحنا أفضل اتفاعل الأجسام
+
+380
+00:22:17,930 --> 00:22:19,930
+مضادة مالذي جيناه حاجتكم بالجاب اللي هي ببارعة
+
+381
+00:22:19,930 --> 00:22:22,710
+reversible يعني أنا لو صار التباعت ما بينهم، ممكن
+
+382
+00:22:22,710 --> 00:22:25,470
+أني أعاكسه لو صرت الخلايا حمراء، ممكن أن الأجسام
+
+383
+00:22:25,470 --> 00:22:27,710
+مضادة تفك عن الخلايا الحمراء ويصير الـelution
+
+384
+00:22:27,710 --> 00:22:30,690
+الـelution هي عملية انتزاع الأجسام مضادة عن سطح
+
+385
+00:22:30,690 --> 00:22:33,570
+الخلايا الحمراء، الـsemi-elution في الحالة هذه،
+
+386
+00:22:33,570 --> 00:22:36,510
+طبعا، لو أصبح الـeluted الأجسام مضادة، هتعطيني
+
+387
+00:22:36,510 --> 00:22:40,940
+false negativeطيب، طب إيش الفرق بين الـ delay و
+
+388
+00:22:40,940 --> 00:22:43,900
+بين الـ auto agglutination يا سيدي؟ كيف يا عزيزي،
+
+389
+00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:48,520
+كيف؟ الفرق بين ال illusion لما تنزع ال antibody من
+
+390
+00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:52,500
+ال RBCs مش هتعمللها شيء اسمه auto agglutination لل
+
+391
+00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:54,900
+RBCs أعطيك calls اللي بتاع بيصيرش agglutination،
+
+392
+00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:59,300
+صحيح؟ بيصير، لأ، طب كيف؟ مش مفروض يصير يعني؟ لأ،
+
+393
+00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:03,790
+معناه جد احناالخلايا الحمرا، عشان أعتبر أن الخلايا
+
+394
+00:23:03,790 --> 00:23:05,990
+الحمرا هي برعانة، الخلايا الحمرا هي برعانة أوشي
+
+395
+00:23:05,990 --> 00:23:09,170
+الـparticle، فيها أساطها الـantigenات، أجيت الأسام
+
+396
+00:23:09,170 --> 00:23:11,330
+مضادة، هتعتبرها الـantigenات أساطها الخلايا
+
+397
+00:23:11,330 --> 00:23:13,830
+الحمرا، و هتربطها الخلايا الحمرا مع بعض على البعض،
+
+398
+00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:16,990
+هتعامليني، اللي هي الـagglutination، مع بعض، تمام؟
+
+399
+00:23:16,990 --> 00:23:19,650
+أجيت الأسام مضادة، مرضبطاش أساطها الخلايا الحمرا،
+
+400
+00:23:19,650 --> 00:23:22,890
+مش هتعمللي شبكة ما بين الخلايا الحمرا و الخلايا
+
+401
+00:23:22,890 --> 00:23:26,520
+الحمرا التانيةيعني هتعطي��ي False Result. آه، تمام.
+
+402
+00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:29,200
+فاهمنا كيف؟ يعني أجيب للأسام مضادة، اللي مرتبطة في
+
+403
+00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:31,520
+الـ… طب وكيف الـAuto-agglutination يا عزيزي؟ Auto
+
+404
+00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:34,680
+-agglutination، هحددكم عليه، اللي هي عبارة عن أسام
+
+405
+00:23:34,680 --> 00:23:39,720
+مضادة من جسم نفسها، هي بتعملي، يعني كيف أنا؟ أنا
+
+406
+00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:45,280
+ببحث عن مثلا عامل X من الجسم، فين دي عامل Y؟ عامل
+
+407
+00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,980
+Y مرتبط على سطح الخلايا الحمراء، عامل Y already
+
+408
+00:23:47,980 --> 00:23:50,260
+مقلون ومرتبط على سطح الخلايا الحمراء، هيعمل
+
+409
+00:23:50,260 --> 00:23:53,550
+الـAgglutination.هأعطيني false result وأنا هفكر أن
+
+410
+00:23:53,550 --> 00:23:56,410
+هو X في المناكيف فلو قلت أجرح يبقى أعطيني false بص
+
+411
+00:23:56,410 --> 00:24:03,450
+تم، مش negative، ديري بقى لكم، تمام؟ طيب، هأعطيك
+
+412
+00:24:03,450 --> 00:24:09,010
+تجربة طبعا اللي هي بحكيلك determination of blood
+
+413
+00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:12,610
+group called antibody، طبعا احنا أخدنا blood group
+
+414
+00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:16,920
+وأخدنا كيف بنعمله على سلايدات تمام هلجيت إحنا لو
+
+415
+00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:20,820
+بنعمل ال title لإيه له؟ طبعا سهل جدا، بدي saline،
+
+416
+00:24:20,820 --> 00:24:22,780
+هذا ان شاء الله هناخده في المعمل، أول تجربة عملية
+
+417
+00:24:22,780 --> 00:24:26,520
+لنا، بدي saline، بدنا pipettes، بدنا red blood
+
+418
+00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:29,160
+cells أو بدنا ال serum اللي بنعمل فيها ال antibody
+
+419
+00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:37,380
+group، خلي بس أنا أسكر الشبكة عشان الصوت ماكنت
+
+420
+00:24:37,380 --> 00:24:38,100
+بchlora عندك؟
+
+421
+00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:54,500
+طبعا يا شباب؟ بقى من الchlor طلع، بقى من الchlor،
+
+422
+00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:56,340
+مبيعش الchlor، مبيع سريدة
+
+423
+00:24:59,650 --> 00:25:02,610
+طيب، اللهم الصلاة والسلام على محمد، فإيش التجربة؟
+
+424
+00:25:02,610 --> 00:25:05,310
+ببساطة إحنا هنخدها، هنحمّلها عليها سريع، أول شيء
+
+425
+00:25:05,310 --> 00:25:10,650
+بعمل Serial Dilution، طبعًا باخد خمسين نص مئل
+
+426
+00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:14,290
+طبعًا من الـ Volume طبعًا، و بحضر Serial Dilution
+
+427
+00:25:14,290 --> 00:25:16,950
+Two-fold، بنحكي Two-fold يعني إيش؟ واحد لإتنين،
+
+428
+00:25:16,950 --> 00:25:20,430
+واحد لأربع، واحد لتمانية، واحد لستاتبأضيف عليها
+
+429
+00:25:20,430 --> 00:25:24,530
+طبعًا باخد 0.1 ML من الـDilutions باضيف عليها
+
+430
+00:25:24,530 --> 00:25:27,110
+الـBlood Cell Suspension طبعًا بعمل سيلة ديليوشن
+
+431
+00:25:27,110 --> 00:25:30,710
+بإيش؟ بالسيرم اللي بدي أعمله الـTitration لإيه له،
+
+432
+00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:34,870
+تمام؟ وبعدين بستره وبخوف، شوف الـAgglutination إن
+
+433
+00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:37,070
+شاء الله أحنا مش هندكس فيها كتير لأنها دي برا
+
+434
+00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:40,430
+تجربة عملية أول ما نروح المعمل هنعيد تجربتها
+
+435
+00:25:40,430 --> 00:25:44,810
+المباشرة وهنعملها طبعًا هنعمل سيلة ديليوشن أخرجه
+
+436
+00:25:44,810 --> 00:25:49,080
+نص مئل من السيرم، نص مئل من السلينهكذا، أصبح لدي
+
+437
+00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,320
+واحد لـ2، واحد لـ4، واحد لـ8، واحد لـ16، إلى
+
+438
+00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:58,560
+آخرين، بعدين بضيف عليها الـRed Blood Cell، وبشوف
+
+439
+00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,900
+الـTitration، الـTitration عبارة عن أعلى التركيز،
+
+440
+00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:07,160
+بعطيني plus one grade في الـAgglutination، تمام؟مش
+
+441
+00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:10,040
+هنركز فيه كتير، كتير برضه عندي برضه كيف نستعامل مع
+
+442
+00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:12,740
+Serial Dilution، هذا أعتقدكم يا مسبقًا جابليك، بس
+
+443
+00:26:12,740 --> 00:26:15,920
+للـTile Scale، طبعًا الـ… زي ما حكينا، أهم نقطة في
+
+444
+00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:19,120
+عملية تحضير Serial Dilution، إنه أنا الـPipette
+
+445
+00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:22,200
+اللي بستخدمها، مش لازم ��كون أقل من عشر مايكرون،
+
+446
+00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,220
+ولا أكتر من ألف، يعني مفهومش أن أنا مثلًا
+
+447
+00:26:24,220 --> 00:26:27,560
+الـPipette، إلا إذا كانت مخص لها، بس أنا عشان أحضر
+
+448
+00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:30,040
+الـVolume، لازم أكون بين عشر مايكرون وألف، عشان
+
+449
+00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:35,170
+يكون عندي الـVolume صحيحطيب، هذا مر معناه، طبعًا
+
+450
+00:26:35,170 --> 00:26:41,490
+لو بتحضر تركيز نحكي الـ… طبعًا أول شيء خلّيني أخد
+
+451
+00:26:41,490 --> 00:26:43,910
+هاي من فوق لما نحكي طريقة واحدة لأربعة، إيش يعني
+
+452
+00:26:43,910 --> 00:26:47,390
+واحدة لأربعة شباب؟ واحد يمثللي Volume تبع
+
+453
+00:26:47,390 --> 00:26:50,810
+الـSample واربعة يمثللي Total Volume طبعًا Total
+
+454
+00:26:50,810 --> 00:26:53,490
+Volume ليه Sample زي Division لما نحكي واحدة
+
+455
+00:26:53,490 --> 00:26:57,110
+لأربعة، يعني Sample واحد واربعة عبارة عن Total
+
+456
+00:26:57,110 --> 00:27:00,310
+Volume طبعًا لو بتحضر واحدة لأربعة تركيز، عادي
+
+457
+00:27:00,310 --> 00:27:05,180
+بضيف Peak Micron مع300 مايكرون، لأن عندي 100
+
+458
+00:27:05,180 --> 00:27:07,880
+مايكرون مع 300 زي 100، 400، 400،
+
+459
+00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:09,500
+400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400،400
+
+460
+00:27:09,790 --> 00:27:13,270
+طبعا هنا C-Reduction لو بتحضر طبعا هنا تشوف عليها
+
+461
+00:27:13,270 --> 00:27:17,290
+التركيز تحت جديش عملنا هنا أضافنا 100 مايكرون مع
+
+462
+00:27:17,290 --> 00:27:21,090
+30 مايكرون صار 1 ل 4 أخدنا من هنا 100 مايكرون مع
+
+463
+00:27:21,090 --> 00:27:25,050
+30 مايكرون صار برضه 1 ل 4 اذا ال total طبعا جديش 1
+
+464
+00:27:25,050 --> 00:27:30,090
+ل 16 لو عملنا كمان مرة 100 مايكرون من هنا مع 300
+
+465
+00:27:30,090 --> 00:27:34,210
+مايكرون صار برضه 1 ل 4 دارد 1 ل 16 بيصير 1 ل 64
+
+466
+00:27:34,210 --> 00:27:36,470
+يعني ده كيف نحضر C-Reduction؟
+
+467
+00:27:40,350 --> 00:27:42,770
+هان طبعا لو بتحذر واحد لألف طبعا صحيح بإني أحذر
+
+468
+00:27:42,770 --> 00:27:47,250
+واحد لألف مباشرة نفس
+
+469
+00:27:47,250 --> 00:27:53,810
+التخريب الجديد مش فاهم عليك يا شباب، في سؤال؟
+
+470
+00:27:53,810 --> 00:27:58,010
+نفس الـDeletion الجديد أخذناها كل وقت، أسمعت، هذا
+
+471
+00:27:58,010 --> 00:28:00,670
+مر معنى، بس أنا test game هجيت أنا لو بتحذر
+
+472
+00:28:00,670 --> 00:28:06,870
+الـDeletion واحد لألف الصوت
+
+473
+00:28:06,870 --> 00:28:07,530
+بجدك
+
+474
+00:28:10,120 --> 00:28:15,820
+طيب، هيك منيح؟ تمام، تمام لو بتحذر التركيز واحد
+
+475
+00:28:15,820 --> 00:28:19,320
+لأقل، ممكن أحتاج براحل واحد لعشرة، واحد لعشرة،
+
+476
+00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,820
+واحد لعشرة، هذي بيصير واحد لألف فباخد مائة ميجروم
+
+477
+00:28:22,820 --> 00:28:26,320
+لتسعمية، مائة ميجروم لتسعمية، مائة ميجروم لتسعمية،
+
+478
+00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:30,060
+هيك حضرت واحد لأقل، سيريان دولويشن لو بتحذر تسعة
+
+479
+00:28:30,060 --> 00:28:33,280
+مع دين وخمسين، ممكن أعمل حالتين أعمل تسعة مع خمس
+
+480
+00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:37,180
+وعشرين، واحد لعشرة، بيصير تسعة مع دين وخمسين، هذي
+
+481
+00:28:37,180 --> 00:28:41,530
+سهل جدا، أخدتوا قبلك إن شهك خلصنا بالنسبة للـ
+
+482
+00:28:41,530 --> 00:28:47,990
+Agrodination كامل إن شاء الله، تمام؟ احنا زي ما
+
+483
+00:28:47,990 --> 00:28:51,630
+حكيتكم، أنا جيت بالنسبة للمحاضرات التانية الـ C
+
+484
+00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:55,010
+-Reactive و الـ Protein و الـ RA فإنتوا قرواها و
+
+485
+00:28:55,010 --> 00:28:57,930
+أسبوع الجاي هنمر عليها كسرين إن شاء الله و إذا في
+
+486
+00:28:57,930 --> 00:29:03,370
+أي مراجعة من ما صبح إن شاء الله هأكون معكم إن شاء
+
+487
+00:29:03,370 --> 00:29:08,970
+الله تمام يا شباب؟ Peace في سرعة و سؤال؟ تمام، هك
+
+488
+00:29:08,970 --> 00:29:18,410
+خلصناخلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+489
+00:29:18,410 --> 00:29:22,090
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خل��ص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+490
+00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:22,850
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+491
+00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:25,430
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+492
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:26,310
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+493
+00:29:26,310 --> 00:29:26,310
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+494
+00:29:26,310 --> 00:29:31,730
+خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص، خلاص،
+
+495
+00:29:31,730 --> 00:29:34,770
+خلاص،
+
+496
+00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:38,370
+خلاص، خلاص،
+
+497
+00:29:43,060 --> 00:29:47,220
+ماشي بتحكي يا دكتور؟ بحكيلكم علم ده فضل شخيصي،
+
+498
+00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:53,400
+ببلش معاك و فيه .. هو مت على الكم، مش على التسعة؟
+
+499
+00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:55,420
+هو على ال .. مش على التسعة، هو على العشر اللي
+
+500
+00:29:55,420 --> 00:29:58,020
+بنعمله، اللي حابين أنه نأخره شويه، بنأخره شويه،
+
+501
+00:29:58,020 --> 00:30:02,040
+عشان الشباب تانين هو
+
+502
+00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:04,380
+عشان الشباب، هو عشان الشباب، مش عشان السناني جاعد،
+
+503
+00:30:04,380 --> 00:30:11,470
+هو عشان الشباب نأخره شويه يعني، على احتاج نخلين؟يا
+
+504
+00:30:11,470 --> 00:30:15,030
+سيدي عارف ده أنا شاشه وما بقى بس خلاص تواصلوا مع
+
+505
+00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:20,650
+معاد و حمزة شوفوهم إيش شفروا أنا موجود بس أنا
+
+506
+00:30:20,650 --> 00:30:24,910
+بشريفة، شريفة حمزة يا عزيزي مع شريف، آه آه مع شريف
+
+507
+00:30:24,910 --> 00:30:29,070
+و حمزة أنت جيت أشرفها، انت اطلعت و جيتأنا فصل ..
+
+508
+00:30:29,070 --> 00:30:32,290
+فصل الـ net عندي أنا طيب مش مشكلة احنا الـ GTA ..
+
+509
+00:30:32,290 --> 00:30:33,790
+انا بتواكد في الـ GTA بالنسبالي اللي .. زي ما
+
+510
+00:30:33,790 --> 00:30:39,290
+حكيلكم أنا هنزلكم تسجيلات مسلم محمد تابعوها تمام؟
+
+511
+00:30:39,290 --> 00:30:42,470
+و بصير انا عملية اللقاء السبوعي معاكم عبارة عن
+
+512
+00:30:42,470 --> 00:30:48,860
+نقاشالنسبة على الأربعة إن شاء الله ماشية، بس زي ما
+
+513
+00:30:48,860 --> 00:30:53,440
+حدثتكم، هيكون هنا اللقاء عبارة عن، يعني أنتوا
+
+514
+00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:57,520
+حيكونوا تبعتوا التسجيل، وعبارة عن أسئلة وأجوبة،
+
+515
+00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,140
+أيش بيكم تستغلت، هتفسركم، منيح، هيكون بالنسبة
+
+516
+00:31:00,140 --> 00:31:05,240
+للمنع والعلم ده ماكنش فيه سيمإن شاء الله، أكيد
+
+517
+00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,100
+بالنسبالي المناعة، طبعاً كثير سألني جاب ليك إيش
+
+518
+00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:10,940
+بنعمل فيها، كيف ن .. ده، عارفين أنكوا تكونوا على
+
+519
+00:31:10,940 --> 00:31:14,320
+يعني بينا أمور بالنسبالي المناعة، المناعة، إن شاء
+
+520
+00:31:14,320 --> 00:31:17,260
+الله فينكم حطوا منكم تعملوا بحث، هنزلكم إيش بحث
+
+521
+00:31:17,260 --> 00:31:22,280
+بإيش بأحد تقنية الخاصة بالبحث، هدع ليه عشر علامات،
+
+522
+00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:29,310
+ماشي، هكون عندنا .. تمام، تمام، أشهر معاكإن شاء
+
+523
+00:31:29,310 --> 00:31:33,670
+الله هكون عندنا، طبعاً زي ما حكيلكم، نص فيه، هكون
+
+524
+00:31:33,670 --> 00:31:35,830
+نص فيه إذا كان الـ Electronic، هكون Electronic
+
+525
+00:31:35,830 --> 00:31:40,150
+إحتمال، هكون عليه تقريباً عشرين علامة، ماشي، وهكون
+
+526
+00:31:40,150 --> 00:31:41,490
+عندنا نهائي أربعين علامة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/spglV_w6yzc.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1396 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,480
+أنا هأبدأ تزوير وهنبدأ محاضرة إحنا 
+
+2
+00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:10,380
+إن شاء الله ما عملنا طبعاً معمل الـ Laser المعمل
+
+3
+00:00:10,380 --> 00:00:14,780
+sorry المصال والمنعة هجيت هأعطيكم الـ Outline الليلة
+
+4
+00:00:14,780 --> 00:00:19,140
+إن شاء الله واضح
+
+5
+00:00:19,140 --> 00:00:25,760
+الشاشة عندكم أهو واضح
+
+6
+00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:31,690
+واضح طيب ثم هجيت عندي علم المناعة والأفضل، طبعًا
+
+7
+00:00:31,690 --> 00:00:34,550
+هم عارفين لأن هو العلم اللي بيهتم في دراسة 
+
+8
+00:00:34,550 --> 00:00:37,670
+الأنسجينات والأشياء المضادة لها واتفاقرات ما 
+
+9
+00:00:37,670 --> 00:00:41,370
+بينهم طبعًا إحنا هندرس التقنيات الخاصة في علم
+
+10
+00:00:41,370 --> 00:00:45,430
+الأفضل والمناعة إيش الكتاب ممكن نعتمده إحنا؟ طبعًا
+
+11
+00:00:45,430 --> 00:00:50,130
+هنعمل إن شاء الله الكورسات خلال الـPowerPoint 
+
+12
+00:00:50,130 --> 00:00:53,110
+وهندرس الـPowerPoint فجبنا دي كتابين، أنا أعتقدهم
+
+13
+00:00:53,110 --> 00:00:56,070
+كتابين كثير مهمين اللي هو «Practical Immunology»
+
+14
+00:00:56,070 --> 00:00:59,530
+الطبعة الرابعة لـ «Frank» وعندي الـ Multi-Practical
+
+15
+00:00:59,530 --> 00:01:06,110
+Manual Precision طبعًا هذا يتطور فيه الـ Manual من
+
+16
+00:01:06,110 --> 00:01:10,170
+الـ Odisha طبعًا علم المناعة زي ما حكينا إحنا هندرس 
+
+17
+00:01:10,170 --> 00:01:13,030
+التطبيقات المعملية والمخبرية في مجال المناعة
+
+18
+00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:18,870
+السريرية والمصال وتقييم أجهزة المناعة إحنا طبعًا
+
+19
+00:01:18,870 --> 00:01:22,010
+هنعطيكم جزء عملي وجزء نظري إن شاء الله هتفتحوا مع
+
+20
+00:01:22,010 --> 00:01:25,900
+الدكتور أحمد طبعًا إحنا إن شاء الله هنحاول نغطي
+
+21
+00:01:25,900 --> 00:01:31,600
+جوانب العملية في المعمل هذا طبعًا إيش المعامل؟ يعني 
+
+22
+00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:35,200
+زي ما حكيت أكرر هو تقريبًا 14 معمل لكن إحنا طبعًا في
+
+23
+00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:40,900
+معامل يعني نركز عليها في الشغل العملي وفي معمل جرد
+
+24
+00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:43,700
+نظري هتكون هنا أول معمل الشغل اللي هناخده اليوم
+
+25
+00:01:43,700 --> 00:01:46,320
+هو بالعن الـ Agglutination Reactions التفاعلات الـ
+
+26
+00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:50,360
+Agglutination هناخد تطبيق عليه المعمل الثاني،
+
+27
+00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:52,960
+يعني عند هذول اثنين يتظبر معمل واحد اللي هو هناخد
+
+28
+00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,140
+له معمل الـ Rheumatoid Factor و CRP، C-Reactive Protein
+
+29
+00:01:58,510 --> 00:02:02,130
+المعمل الثالث هناخد على الـ Anti-ASO اللي هو Anti
+
+30
+00:02:02,130 --> 00:02:04,710
+-Streptolysin O طبعًا المعمل الرابع هناخد على
+
+31
+00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:08,290
+الـ Fibrinogen Test المعمل الخامس الـ Torch اللي هو
+
+32
+00:02:08,290 --> 00:02:12,330
+طبعًا عبارة عن Toxoplasma عبارة عن Rubella عبارة
+
+33
+00:02:12,330 --> 00:02:15,790
+عن Cytomegalovirus والـ Herpes عبارة عن مجموعة من
+
+34
+00:02:15,790 --> 00:02:18,730
+الفيروسات والبكتيريا اللي بتعمل الإجهاض عند
+
+35
+00:02:18,730 --> 00:02:22,610
+النساء الحوامل ندرسها، ندرس المسببات وندرس كيف
+
+36
+00:02:22,610 --> 00:02:29,270
+نجري الفحص بأنفسنا المعمل السابع هيكون الـReaction
+
+37
+00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:34,850
+تقن جديد لعملية الـPrecipitation عندي المعمل
+
+38
+00:02:34,850 --> 00:02:37,430
+الثامن لابل الـImmunoassay المعمل التاسع
+
+39
+00:02:37,430 --> 00:02:40,510
+الـImmunochromatography المعمل العاشر هنتكلم عن
+
+40
+00:02:40,510 --> 00:02:43,430
+الـHepatitis Markers وعن الـHIV هنتكلم عن
+
+41
+00:02:43,430 --> 00:02:46,490
+الـAutoimmunity والـImmunofluorescence تقنية هنأخذ
+
+42
+00:02:46,490 --> 00:02:51,620
+الـBattered من الـfluorescence طبعًا آخر ثلاث معامل
+
+43
+00:02:51,620 --> 00:02:55,360
+أو آخر معملين هدول عبارة عن نظرية أكثر من عملي
+
+44
+00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:59,000
+هنشتغل نظرية، ممكن نشتغل واحدة بعد شهر تعملي اللي
+
+45
+00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,840
+هي Complement
+
+46
+00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:09,440
+fixation Complement Fixation و الـ Flowcytometry
+
+47
+00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:15,460
+و الـ other techniques بالنسبة للصوت الشريف، إحنا
+
+48
+00:03:15,460 --> 00:03:18,760
+عم نسجل مع المحاضرة إن شاء الله هنزلها مسجلة،
+
+49
+00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:19,800
+هتسمعوها كويس
+
+50
+00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:35,590
+طب إحنا هنروح إن شاء الله على بداية المعمل الأول
+
+51
+00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:40,370
+هأكون .. هأكون اللي فرع ال .. ال .. ال
+
+52
+00:03:40,370 --> 00:03:45,930
+Agglutination إن شاء الله فهنا هناخد المعمل الأول
+
+53
+00:03:45,930 --> 00:03:55,310
+طب
+
+54
+00:03:55,310 --> 00:03:56,690
+الكل معي حاليًا
+
+55
+00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:15,660
+Hello أهو معاد بيقول
+
+56
+00:04:15,660 --> 00:04:19,640
+ما الوصفة اللي عندك وصفة اللي عند ال net لأ موجود
+
+57
+00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:36,920
+موجود خلاص تمام تمام شايفين
+
+58
+00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:44,140
+المعمل الأول كل شايفه؟ ‏- أه ‏- أنت جينا نبدأ ال
+
+59
+00:04:44,140 --> 00:04:46,580
+reaction إحنا طبعًا حكينا معاهم الأول عبارة عن
+
+60
+00:04:46,580 --> 00:04:50,100
+Agglutination طبعًا إحنا الـ immune system نعرف هو
+
+61
+00:04:50,100 --> 00:04:55,420
+عبارة عن Biological system طبعًا بيهتم بدراسة
+
+62
+00:04:55,420 --> 00:05:00,880
+الميكروبات طبعًا والحماية ضد الميكروبات، تمام؟ إحنا
+
+63
+00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:06,500
+نعرف الـ immune system ليتم حماية الجسم يعني جهاز
+
+64
+00:05:06,500 --> 00:05:09,220
+المناعة عم يحمي الجسم عن عدة طرق طبعًا إحنا بنعرف
+
+65
+00:05:09,220 --> 00:05:12,440
+إنه الطرق الحماية كثيرة كثير معناها أو هتبرع
+
+66
+00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,860
+فبالنظر الـ Calcium تنتهي طرق الحماية باستخدام
+
+67
+00:05:16,860 --> 00:05:21,680
+أجسام مضادة لدى العوامل اللي نحكي الغريبة عن الجسم
+
+68
+00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:27,280
+زي الفيروسات، زي البراسيت، زي الميكتيريا هذه طبعًا
+
+69
+00:05:27,280 --> 00:05:31,560
+بالنهاية بتستخدم لدى الأجسام المضادة إيش تعريف
+
+70
+00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:34,730
+الاندجينات؟ أكيد مرة معكم بتعرفي إن الـAntigen هي
+
+71
+00:05:34,730 --> 00:05:40,930
+أي مادة قادرة على استحداث جهاز المناعة على إنتاج
+
+72
+00:05:40,930 --> 00:05:47,470
+أجسام مضادة، يعني مثلًا عنصر A لو حقناه في جسم وكان
+
+73
+00:05:47,470 --> 00:05:51,770
+عنصر B تم تكوين أجسام مضادة له Anti-A فهو يُعتبر
+
+74
+00:05:51,770 --> 00:05:55,710
+Antigen، إذًا الـAntigen any substance that are
+
+75
+00:05:55,710 --> 00:05:59,820
+capable طبعًا أركيب الـH under appropriate
+
+76
+00:05:59,820 --> 00:06:03,000
+conditions of inducing the formation of antibody
+
+77
+00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:07,200
+and reacting specifically with antibody يعني بتخلي
+
+78
+00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:12,440
+الجسم ينتج أجسام ضده خاصة له يعني A مينتج ضده H،
+
+79
+00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:18,140
+Anti-A، B، Anti-B الـGet Anti-A متفاهميش غير مع A،
+
+80
+00:06:18,140 --> 00:06:22,000
+مابتفاهم مع B، لأنه specifically خاص له، تمام؟
+
+81
+00:06:22,340 --> 00:06:26,280
+طبعًا هذه الأنتجينات، these antigens مليكلوز may
+
+82
+00:06:26,280 --> 00:06:28,480
+have several antigenic determinations called
+
+83
+00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:33,700
+Epitopes يكون على سطحها طبعًا المركبات، هذه
+
+84
+00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:36,140
+المركبات اللي بيسموها Epitopes هذه Epitopes هي
+
+85
+00:06:36,140 --> 00:06:40,500
+القادرة على حد الجسم على إنتاج أجسام مضادة، تمام؟
+
+86
+00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:44,020
+ممكن الأنتجين واحد يكون على سطحه عدة Epitopes،
+
+87
+00:06:44,020 --> 00:06:46,900
+Multi Epitopes وممكن يكون واحد بقى، حسب، ممكن يكون
+
+88
+00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:50,660
+single antigen may be bind مع عدة antibody، يعني
+
+89
+00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:58,340
+مثلًا الأنديجين مثلًا نحكي بي على سطحه ABC هذا
+
+90
+00:06:58,340 --> 00:07:02,080
+الأنديجين على سطحه ABC قادر على يعمل… يخلّي الجسم
+
+91
+00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:07,640
+يعمل Anti-A، Anti-B، Anti-C، تمام؟ في الحالة هذه،
+
+92
+00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:14,280
+هذا الأنديجين فيه Several Epitopes على سطحه طيب،
+
+93
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:17,800
+إيش ال… نحكي طبيعة الأنديجين أو إيش طبيعة
+
+94
+00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:21,340
+الأنديجينات ممكن تكون؟ ممكن تكون البروتينات ممكن
+
+95
+00:07:21,340 --> 00:07:24,700
+يكون Polysaccharides ممكن يكون Nucleic acid ممكن
+
+96
+00:07:24,700 --> 00:07:27,440
+يكون Lipids ممكن يكون combined يعني بروتين مع
+
+97
+00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:29,460
+Polysaccharides أو بروتين مع سكر أو بروتين مع
+
+98
+00:07:29,460 --> 00:07:33,160
+Lipids طبعًا ممكن يكون combined طبعًا أقوى الأجيينات
+
+99
+00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:37,780
+هي عبارة عن البروتينات أكثر شيء the vast
+
+100
+00:07:37,780 --> 00:07:40,900
+majority of immunogenes are proteins طبعًا دي أغلب
+
+101
+00:07:40,900 --> 00:07:45,300
+مدى التخدعات إيه؟ لأ طبعًا البروتينات بتيجي مركبة
+
+102
+00:07:45,300 --> 00:07:49,250
+بتيجي Glycoproteins بتيجي Lipoproteins طبعًا هذه
+
+103
+00:07:49,250 --> 00:07:52,570
+مركبة بين مثلًا الـ «ليبوبروتين» «Lipids» مع
+
+104
+00:07:52,570 --> 00:07:57,510
+«بروتين» «Glycoprotein» «Lipids» مع «سكر» طبعًا
+
+105
+00:07:57,510 --> 00:08:00,050
+الـ «Polysaccharides» طبعًا يعتبر ضعيف شوية في
+
+106
+00:08:00,050 --> 00:08:03,350
+تكوين الأجيينات طبعًا pure polysaccharides الـ
+
+107
+00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:05,750
+«ليبوبروت» والـ «Polysaccharides» are good
+
+108
+00:08:05,750 --> 00:08:08,590
+immunogenic الـ «Nucleic acid» تتور، sorry الـ
+
+109
+00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:10,250
+«Polysaccharides» تتور مجيدًا الـ «Nucleic acid»
+
+110
+00:08:10,250 --> 00:08:12,870
+تعتبر fully immunogenic إن هي خالي جنة بتعمل
+
+111
+00:08:12,870 --> 00:08:18,550
+طبعًا تحرير الجسم وعندي الـ «Lipids» غالبًا ما تكونش 
+
+112
+00:08:18,550 --> 00:08:21,710
+أردوجينات بيكون هابتين، إيش الهابتين؟ الهابتين
+
+113
+00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:26,090
+عبارة عن مادة تدخل الجسم غير قادرة على استحداد أو
+
+114
+00:08:26,090 --> 00:08:30,450
+يجعل الجسم يحث الجسم على إنتاج أجسام مضادة، لكن هذه
+
+115
+00:08:30,450 --> 00:08:34,860
+المادة من ترتبط مع مركب ثاني، تصبح أردوجينيعني
+
+116
+00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:38,480
+نعتبرها في البداية Incomplete Antigen مجرد إرتباط
+
+117
+00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:41,680
+مع مركب ثاني صارت Antigen في الحالة إيش بيصير؟
+
+118
+00:08:41,680 --> 00:08:46,960
+قادرة على جهة الجسم يرتبط بجهة الجسم إنه يحثوا على
+
+119
+00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:53,180
+تكوين أجسام مضادة، تمام؟
+
+120
+00:08:53,180 --> 00:08:56,260
+طب إيش الأجسام المضادة؟ الأجسام المضادة هي أطبعًا
+
+121
+00:08:56,260 --> 00:08:59,440
+اسمها إشارة عن إيه؟ إشارة عن البروتين طبعًا إيش
+
+122
+00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:02,820
+نوع البروتين؟ طبعًا نحن نعرف الـGamma Globulin
+
+123
+00:09:02,820 --> 00:09:05,420
+Gamma Globulin طبعًا الأجسام المضادة عن البروتين
+
+124
+00:09:05,420 --> 00:09:09,780
+يتم إفرازه بوسط الجسم في حالة مناعية طبعًا ينتج منه
+
+125
+00:09:09,780 --> 00:09:13,400
+خلايا يسمونها الـB-Lymphocyte الـB-Lymphocyte، ده
+
+126
+00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:16,760
+هنعرف المناعة في الجسم يكون Humoral أو يكون
+
+127
+00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:21,300
+Cellular Cellular هي خلايا، نحكي مناعة خلوية بتتم
+
+128
+00:09:21,300 --> 00:09:24,750
+ع طريق الخلايا B-Lymphocyte و الـ Humoral اللي هي 
+
+129
+00:09:24,750 --> 00:09:26,990
+الـ «تبت شف هي أنساق الأجسام المضادة» اللي يتبع
+
+130
+00:09:26,990 --> 00:09:31,330
+الطريق على طريق الـ B-Lymphocyte طيب، إيش أنواع
+
+131
+00:09:31,330 --> 00:09:35,870
+الأجسام المضادة؟ عدة أنواع، اللي هي مجموعة كلمة
+
+132
+00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:41,530
+ماجد اللي هي IgG وهي أكثر انتشار، 70% تقريبًا وهي
+
+133
+00:09:41,530 --> 00:09:44,430
+تنتج في حالة الـSecond Response يعني لو الإنسان
+
+134
+00:09:44,430 --> 00:09:49,090
+اتعرض لمرض معين أول ما ينتج، ينتج الـIgM، First
+
+135
+00:09:49,090 --> 00:09:54,040
+Response، بعد ذلك المرة الثانية ينتج الـ IgG بشكل
+
+136
+00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:57,680
+أسرع وأقوى فعند الـ IgA وبيسموه طبعًا الـ
+
+137
+00:09:57,680 --> 00:10:01,220
+Secretions Immunoglobulins يفرز بالثوائر والفرزات
+
+138
+00:10:01,220 --> 00:10:04,440
+عند الـ IgE يفرز الحالات الحساسية الـ Allergy
+
+139
+00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:09,660
+والبراسيط Infection وعند الـ IgD آخر شيء اللي هو
+
+140
+00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:13,220
+طبعًا موجود على سطح الخلايا Surface of B cells
+
+
+141
+00:10:13,220 --> 00:10:18,140
+طبعاً دورها مش كثير بس لبطء أكثر شيء بالـ
+
+142
+00:10:18,140 --> 00:10:18,980
+Hypersensibility
+
+143
+00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:26,360
+هي الأجسام المضادة عندها تسمين الـ IgG
+
+144
+00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,780
+هي الـ IgE هي الـ IgD الـ IgA والـ IgM فلاحظوا أن
+
+145
+00:10:30,780 --> 00:10:36,460
+الأجسام المضادة تتكون من Long Chain و Light Chain و
+
+146
+00:10:36,460 --> 00:10:40,280
+Heavy Chain Light Chain اللي جاي من العظام و Heavy
+
+147
+00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:44,240
+Chain اللي طويلة يعني طبعاً هذا الـ IgG، الـ IgE، 
+
+148
+00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:48,220
+الـ IgD نفس الشيء يتكون من Two Light Chain و Two
+
+149
+00:10:48,220 --> 00:10:54,030
+Heavy Chain الـ IgM بتكون من مركبين أو من اثنين
+
+150
+00:10:54,030 --> 00:10:58,310
+اثنين زي وحدات الـ IGD بتكون من أربع Light Chain
+
+151
+00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:01,890
+و أربع Heavy Chain طبعاً مرتبطين مع بعض بـ .. طبعاً
+
+152
+00:11:01,890 --> 00:11:06,870
+الـ Joining .. تسموها طبعاً Joining Chains طبعاً 
+
+153
+00:11:06,870 --> 00:11:09,810
+يفرض للـ Security والـ IGA بتكون من خمسة، بين
+
+154
+00:11:09,810 --> 00:11:15,810
+تمارين طب إيش الـ Nature of Antibody Reaction؟ إيش طبيعة التفاعلات؟ هم هدول اللي زي
+
+155
+00:11:15,810 --> 00:11:18,090
+الـ IGM هم هدول اللي .. إيش يا معاذ؟ حمزة رجع 
+
+156
+00:11:18,090 --> 00:11:27,570
+الصورة اللي قبل تمام الأطراف
+
+157
+00:11:27,570 --> 00:11:33,830
+اللي هي Epitope مثلاً الـ IGM هدولة ليها Epitope
+
+158
+00:11:33,830 --> 00:11:37,930
+صحيح هذه الأطراف هي برة Epitope وهي برة تفاعلات 
+
+159
+00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:42,070
+الأجسام المضادة مع الـ Antigen طبعاً هذي بيسموها فيها
+
+160
+00:11:42,070 --> 00:11:47,220
+تسمية الـFC الفاب والـFC الـFragment 
+
+161
+00:11:47,220 --> 00:11:51,460
+Crystallization والفاب اللي هي الـFragment Antigen
+
+162
+00:11:51,460 --> 00:11:55,020
+Antibody Reaction هذه هي اللي بيقول الفاب اللي هي 
+
+163
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:58,020
+عبارة عن Antigen Antibody Reaction هي الطرف هذا
+
+164
+00:11:58,020 --> 00:12:00,700
+الـEpitopes هي موجودة على سطح الخلايا الأنتيجينات
+
+165
+00:12:00,700 --> 00:12:05,740
+على أنتيجين فالـ Epitopes تتفاعل مع الـ FAB اللي
+
+166
+00:12:05,740 --> 00:12:10,670
+موجود هنا الـ FAB اللي هي الـ Fragment Antibody
+
+167
+00:12:10,670 --> 00:12:13,890
+Binding موجود هنا وتحت يسمونه FC الـ Fragment
+
+168
+00:12:13,890 --> 00:12:17,850
+Crystallization هذه غالباً ممكن ترتبط على سطح خلية
+
+169
+00:12:17,850 --> 00:12:21,130
+حمراء أو تتركن على سطح أو سطح خلية معينة طبعاً لها
+
+170
+00:12:21,130 --> 00:12:26,050
+دور برتبط بس مش مع الأنتيجينات مع الخلايا الحمراء
+
+171
+00:12:26,050 --> 00:12:28,550
+بالكامل، تمام؟ فإحنا المنطقة هاي العلوية شايفين اللي
+
+172
+00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:34,560
+ملونها؟ هي عبارة عن الـFAB وهي اللي تتودي لارتباط
+
+173
+00:12:34,560 --> 00:12:37,980
+الـFAB مع الـEpitopes الموجودة على سطح الـAntigen
+
+174
+00:12:37,980 --> 00:12:43,120
+طيب،
+
+175
+00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:48,580
+هل يجت لو صار عندي التفاعل بين الـAntigen
+
+176
+00:12:48,580 --> 00:12:50,400
+والـAntibody؟ التفاعل بين الـAntigen والـAntibody
+
+177
+00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:53,980
+له خصائص معينة هذه الخصائص طبعاً specific يعني
+
+178
+00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:57,320
+خصائص خاصة جداً بين الـAntigen والـAntibody أول
+
+179
+00:12:57,320 --> 00:12:59,900
+شيء مفهوم الـKey والـLock أحنا نعرف كل جثة اللي
+
+180
+00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:05,460
+مفتاح خاص فيه، صح ولا لأ؟ هل يجت؟ التفاعل ما بين
+
+181
+00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:09,400
+الانتيجن مضادة والأنتيجن نفس الحكاية الـCombining
+
+182
+00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:13,160
+site of antibody is located in the FAB الحكي لكم
+
+183
+00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:15,820
+عليه، الـFAB region، يرتبط مع الـepitopes
+
+184
+00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:19,260
+الموجودة على سطح الانتيجينات هذه تعتبر specific،
+
+185
+00:13:19,260 --> 00:13:23,440
+يعني بتلاقي مثلاً أنه تجيبينها لأشكال أنه مثلاً الـ
+
+186
+00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:29,350
+Gene خاصة بس قلت بتليها يعني مثلاً ال Gene
+
+187
+00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:32,730
+Salmonella هيقوم بتلي مع أنتي بودي ضد الـ Salmonella
+
+188
+00:13:32,730 --> 00:13:37,010
+ومع أنتي بودي ضد Epitope معين فإذن أول خاصية أن
+
+189
+00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:42,330
+التفاعل عندي يبقى عن Lock and Key Concepts الخاصية 
+
+190
+00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:45,770
+الثانية بتفاعل الـGene مع الانتي بودي Non-covalent
+
+191
+00:13:45,770 --> 00:13:48,390
+Bond إيش هالـ Non-covalent Bond؟ يعني مش مرتبط
+
+192
+00:13:48,390 --> 00:13:50,450
+برواية سهمية وبالتالي، وبالتالي، هيكون عيش عبارة عن
+
+193
+00:13:50,450 --> 00:13:55,300
+"reversible"، الخاصية الثالثة يعني كيف؟ أكيد لو 
+
+194
+00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:58,160
+طلعت رابطة السهمية، عبارة عن رابط السهمية عبارة عن 
+
+195
+00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:00,540
+رابطة في حياتها ذات كربون وهي قوية جداً وصعب جداً
+
+196
+00:14:00,540 --> 00:14:05,100
+تفكك، لكنها لأ، برضه مثل رابطة تانية، زي رابطة
+
+197
+00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:07,720
+هيدروجينية أو رابطة أضعف شوية، أضعف وبالتالي، فهو 
+
+198
+00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:13,160
+مرتبط برابط هيدروجينية أو مرتبط برابط بيقول له
+
+199
+00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:15,800
+Electrostatic Bonds أو الـ Van der Waals Forces
+
+200
+00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:19,780
+كلها هي بـHydrophobic Bonds وتتسب لضعيفها، 
+
+201
+00:14:19,780 --> 00:14:22,520
+بتتكسر بسرعة، عشان يكون تسبب الخاصية الثالثة
+
+202
+00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:25,300
+الـReverse، بالكيد يعني، يعني لو صحيح أنتي تفاعل
+
+203
+00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:27,660
+أدجي نقطة بطيئة، أنا ممكن أعكس التفاعل أتكهم من بعض
+
+204
+00:14:40,420 --> 00:14:43,780
+طيب، إيش يعني الـ Affinity و الـ Avidity؟ الـ
+
+205
+00:14:43,780 --> 00:14:51,260
+Affinity هي قوة الارتباط أو قوة التفاعل بين الـ 
+
+206
+00:14:51,260 --> 00:14:54,400
+Antigen و Single Antigenic Determinant و Single Combining Site 
+
+207
+00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,480
+of the Antibody كمان مرة، الـ Affinity Antibody
+
+208
+00:14:57,480 --> 00:14:59,800
+Affinity is the strength of the reaction between
+
+209
+00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:03,260
+single antigenic determinant and a single
+
+210
+00:15:03,260 --> 00:15:07,160
+combining site of the antibody، تمام؟ طب الـ 
+
+211
+00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:11,880
+Avidity، الـ Avidity عبارة عن قياس كامل، يعني أجيز 
+
+212
+00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:17,140
+لـأنتيجين فيه على سطحه three Epitopes A وB وC أجيز
+
+213
+00:15:17,140 --> 00:15:20,480
+الـ Affinity بقييس قوة ارتباط الـA مع الـAnti-A أو
+
+214
+00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:23,380
+قوة ارتباط الـB مع الـAnti-B أو قوة ارتباط الـC مع
+
+215
+00:15:23,380 --> 00:15:26,600
+الـAnti-C أجيز الـAffinity لأ، بقييس overall
+
+216
+00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:30,120
+Reaction بقييس قوة ارتباط هم كلهم مع الـAntigen
+
+217
+00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:33,280
+فالـAvidity is the measure of the overall
+
+218
+00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:35,580
+strength of binding of the antigen with many
+
+219
+00:15:35,580 --> 00:15:40,290
+antigenic determinants and multivalent antibodies تمام؟
+
+220
+00:15:40,290 --> 00:15:44,650
+هذه تعريف من الـ Affinity و الـ Avidity لاحظوا
+
+221
+00:15:44,650 --> 00:15:48,270
+أندي هان مثلاً، هان عبارة عن الـ light chain اللي 
+
+222
+00:15:48,270 --> 00:15:51,190
+حالها أو جزء من الـ light chain و جزء من الـ 
+
+223
+00:15:51,190 --> 00:15:54,490
+sphere فعندي و Single Determinant، إرتباط واحد فعندي 
+
+224
+00:15:54,490 --> 00:15:58,190
+هان تبقى قوة إرتباط واحد وواحدة، لاحظوا عندي هان،
+
+225
+00:15:58,190 --> 00:16:02,070
+عندي هان دكتور، عندي Slide الجميل بس الـ Affinity
+
+226
+00:16:02,070 --> 00:16:06,910
+و الـ Avidity؟ آه، الـ Affinity شايفينها؟ الـ
+
+227
+00:16:06,910 --> 00:16:14,790
+Affinity كمان مرة فينت هي عبارة عن قوة ارتباط بين 
+
+228
+00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:18,090
+single antigenic determinant يعني مع واحدة
+
+229
+00:16:18,090 --> 00:16:23,860
+Epitope and a single combining site مع واحدة ASK يعني
+
+230
+00:16:23,860 --> 00:16:27,420
+واحدة قبل واحدة بس بقص قوة ارتباطها فينما الـ
+
+231
+00:16:27,420 --> 00:16:31,980
+Avidity نحكي المجموع الكلي للإرتباط The overall 
+
+232
+00:16:31,980 --> 00:16:34,720
+strength of binding of the antigen with many
+
+233
+00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:37,380
+antigenic determinants on multi-valent antibodies
+
+234
+00:16:37,380 --> 00:16:41,060
+يعني قوة الارتباط الكلي، هنا بتوضحلي أكثر، لاحظوا
+
+235
+00:16:41,060 --> 00:16:46,760
+عندي هنا، مثلاً هنا الصالين هنا Monovalent Affinity
+
+236
+00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:49,660
+وهنا Avidity، ليش Avidity؟ هانا أخذ المجموع
+
+237
+00:16:49,660 --> 00:16:53,140
+كامل، هانا أخذ القوة واحدة بس أخد قوة ارتباط واحد، 
+
+238
+00:16:53,140 --> 00:16:57,080
+واحد، هنا أخدلي اثنين بقى، مع أن في الديانة اثنين، 
+
+239
+00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:00,700
+أخدلي اثنين، هنا أخدلي إيه؟ أخدلي واحد، اثنين، 
+
+240
+00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:04,120
+ثلاثة، أربعة، خمسة من المرتبطين، أخذنا خمسة من
+
+241
+00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:10,660
+المرتبطين، فأعطبي هنا Multivalent Avidity، تمام؟
+
+242
+00:17:10,660 --> 00:17:12,880
+إيش الـSpecificity؟ من خلال الـActivity
+
+243
+00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:18,010
+و Sensitivity، الـSpecificity تعريفها بـ Ability of
+
+244
+00:17:18,010 --> 00:17:20,470
+an individual antibody combining site to react
+
+245
+00:17:20,470 --> 00:17:24,570
+with only one antigenic اللي هي زي ما نحن بحكي أن 
+
+246
+00:17:24,570 --> 00:17:28,610
+هذا يعني أجسام مثلاً الـ Anti-A يرتبط ليه بس مع
+
+247
+00:17:28,610 --> 00:17:31,190
+الـA، يرتبط ليه مش مع الـB ولا الـC، هذا سماه 
+
+248
+00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:34,370
+Specificity، تمام؟ لو ارتبط مع الـB أو الـC، صار
+
+249
+00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:37,850
+Non-specific Reaction فأنا ارتبط على التفاعلات الـ
+
+250
+00:17:37,850 --> 00:17:41,650
+Antigen and Body الـ Specific، تمام؟ I get Cross
+
+251
+00:17:41,650 --> 00:17:45,310
+-reactivity، Cross-reactivity، the ability of
+
+252
+00:17:45,310 --> 00:17:47,850
+antibody combining site to react with more
+
+253
+00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:52,250
+than one antigen، يعني أنت إيه، ارتبطلي مع إيه،
+
+254
+00:17:52,250 --> 00:17:54,430
+لكن واحد ارتبطلي معه بـيه، من الاثنين اللي معه بـيه
+
+255
+00:17:54,430 --> 00:17:57,410
+صار Cross-reactive، إنه ما ارتبطليش مع الـ
+
+256
+00:17:57,410 --> 00:18:00,270
+Specific تبعه، بل ارتبطلي مع واحد ثاني، يسموه
+
+257
+00:18:00,270 --> 00:18:05,590
+Cross-reactivity، طب الـ Sensitivity عادةً هي قدرة
+
+258
+00:18:05,590 --> 00:18:09,730
+جسم البرنامج للحصول على Antigen حتى لو كان مخفف في
+
+259
+00:18:09,730 --> 00:18:12,230
+الـ Dilution، يعني إن الـSensitivity، أنا مثلاً عندي
+
+260
+00:18:12,230 --> 00:18:17,450
+Antigen موجود في، موجود، كدهش بقدر أنا أكشفها
+
+261
+00:18:17,450 --> 00:18:21,450
+للـ Antigen حتى لو كان مخفف في الـDilution، هذا يعتبر
+
+262
+00:18:21,450 --> 00:18:24,410
+الـSensitivity، والمعيلية الـSensitivity هو المكان
+
+263
+00:18:24,410 --> 00:18:28,790
+الفحص أقوى في الـDetection للـAntigen، والمكان أحسن
+
+264
+00:18:28,790 --> 00:18:33,120
+لنا كمختبرات، كيف يعني؟ أنا عندي مكان جهازين، جهاز
+
+265
+00:18:33,120 --> 00:18:36,400
+Sensitivity له أعلى من جهاز ثاني لأ بدور على اللي
+
+266
+00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,900
+Sensitivity أعلى لأنه هذا هيكتشفلي الـAntigens حتى
+
+267
+00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:44,580
+في العينات اللي فيها الـAntigen المخططية فهمنا كيف؟
+
+268
+00:18:44,580 --> 00:18:53,820
+تمام يا حمزة؟ تمام، تمام، بس معاذ؟ بس الله تمام،
+
+269
+00:18:53,820 --> 00:18:56,920
+تمام طبعاً شريف سمعنا كويس، أه؟
+
+270
+00:19:00,510 --> 00:19:04,710
+أنا مش شايف لا شريف ولا أكرم ولا عبادة على كل حال، 
+
+271
+00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:09,350
+كمان مرة، أعيد لكم كمان مرة الـGate Specificity، زي 
+
+272
+00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:12,170
+ما حكيناه اللي هي Ability of an individual
+
+273
+00:19:12,170 --> 00:19:15,170
+antibody combining sites to react with one
+
+274
+00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:18,890
+antigenic site، يعني A ضد Anti-A، بس الـCrossing 
+
+275
+00:19:18,890 --> 00:19:23,290
+Activity، عندك الـAnti-A بتفعلي مع A وB، تمام؟
+
+276
+00:19:23,290 --> 00:19:27,530
+الـSensitivity، Cross Reactivity with respect to 
+
+277
+00:19:27,530 --> 00:19:31,940
+ability of individual antibodies to locate even if
+
+278
+00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:41,360
+it is greater than one يعني إنه أنا بقدر أعمل 
+
+279
+00:19:41,360 --> 00:19:49,000
+تفاعل حتى في حال إنه كان إيه؟ كان شو اسمه؟ 
+
+281
+00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:53,620
+خلاص تمام، شريف بعدي، بيحكي إن أنا بأحاضر، أنا
+
+282
+00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:56,360
+مسجد، إن شاء الله خير، تمام، إن شاء الله، طيب
+
+283
+00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:03,160
+عرفت أيش العوامل، أيش العوامل بتأثيرها على
+
+284
+00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,080
+التفاعلات الـ Antigen-Antibody؟ طبعا احنا زي ما
+
+285
+00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:09,060
+حكينا الـ Antigen Antibody Reaction طبعا هي تقريبا
+
+286
+00:20:09,060 --> 00:20:11,900
+زي ما حكينا فيها لخصائص معينة عرفت الـ Affinity
+
+287
+00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,300
+بتحكيلك، بهير الـ Affinity of the Antibody for the
+
+288
+00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:18,360
+Antigen، the more stable will be the interaction
+
+289
+00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:23,300
+كل ما زادت الـ Affinity، كل ما زادت ثبات التفاعل،
+
+290
+00:20:23,300 --> 00:20:27,380
+طبعا وبالتالي، this is في الواقع اللي يمكن تفحص 
+
+291
+00:20:27,380 --> 00:20:30,740
+الانتيجين هو الـ Enhanced يعني تقدر تفحص على
+
+292
+00:20:30,740 --> 00:20:33,560
+الانتيجين أكثر، فكل ما زادت قوة تفحص الانتيجين
+
+293
+00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:37,720
+الـ ability، reaction between multi-valent antigen
+
+294
+00:20:37,720 --> 00:20:40,100
+وmulti-valent antibody are more stable and thus
+
+295
+00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:43,480
+easier to detect برضه كل ما زادت الـ ability كل ما كان
+
+296
+00:20:43,480 --> 00:20:48,790
+برضه أحسن في عملية detection للتفاعلات الـ Antigen 
+
+297
+00:20:48,790 --> 00:20:51,910
+Antibody Ratio نسبة الانتيجين والانتيبودي الانتيجين
+
+298
+00:20:51,910 --> 00:20:57,690
+كتير أو زادت نسبة الانتيجين كثيرا بأثر عليها وكثرت
+
+299
+00:20:57,690 --> 00:21:01,570
+بتأريجها ولازم تكون نسبة معقولة فالـ Ratio بين
+
+300
+00:21:01,570 --> 00:21:04,170
+الانتيجين والانتيبودي الانتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين
+
+301
+00:21:04,170 --> 00:21:04,790
+انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين
+
+302
+00:21:04,790 --> 00:21:05,090
+انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين
+
+303
+00:21:05,090 --> 00:21:05,310
+انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين 
+
+304
+00:21:05,310 --> 00:21:05,390
+انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين انتيجين 
+
+305
+00:21:05,390 --> 00:21:15,290
+انتيجين 
+
+306
+00:21:15,380 --> 00:21:17,800
+الـ Physical Form of the Antigen، طبيعة الـ
+
+307
+00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:21,310
+Antigen لو كانت مثلا دائبة في المحلول soluble و
+
+308
+00:21:21,310 --> 00:21:24,150
+لو كانت غير دائبة فمثلا لو كانت دائبة في المحلول
+
+309
+00:21:24,150 --> 00:21:26,450
+soluble هي تستخدم تفاعلات بيسموها precipitation
+
+310
+00:21:26,450 --> 00:21:29,250
+لو كانت مثلا مش دائبة ممكن تستخدم agglutination
+
+311
+00:21:29,250 --> 00:21:33,870
+فـPhysical form of the antigen إلها دورة طيب، إيش
+
+312
+00:21:33,870 --> 00:21:36,630
+التفاعلات اللي بيصير معنا؟ عندي precipitation
+
+313
+00:21:36,630 --> 00:21:39,990
+reaction، عندي agglutination reaction، طبعا هذه
+
+314
+00:21:39,990 --> 00:21:42,710
+التفاعلات أو نحكي طريقة الكشف عن الantigen، عندي
+
+315
+00:21:42,710 --> 00:21:45,330
+complement fixation، عندي الـELISA وعندي
+
+316
+00:21:45,330 --> 00:21:46,510
+الـImmunofluorescence
+
+317
+00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:51,810
+حسنًا، دعونا نعود إلى أساسي الـ Agglutination الـ
+
+318
+00:21:51,810 --> 00:21:54,710
+Agglutination اسمها Agglutination of Clumping of
+
+319
+00:21:54,710 --> 00:21:58,650
+Particles يعني أن A وB ملابساتهم مع بعض هم يسمونها
+
+320
+00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:02,230
+Clumping هذا عبارة عن Agglutination الـ
+
+321
+00:22:02,230 --> 00:22:05,450
+Agglutination يتلقى إذا كان الأنتيجين مزدوج من جسمه
+
+322
+00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,930
+أنتباطية اسمه Isoagglutination يعني مرتبط مع
+
+323
+00:22:08,930 --> 00:22:14,280
+أنتباطيته يسمونه Isoagglutination تمام؟ This term
+
+324
+00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,640
+is commonly used for blood groupings احنا طبعا
+
+325
+00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:20,100
+نسميها blood groupings لأنه أنا في استخدام الـ
+
+326
+00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:25,720
+agglutination في الفحص عن نوع الدم احنا اخذنا في
+
+327
+00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:32,920
+المعمل المقدمة كيف نعمل نوع الدم اخذنا طبعا NPA و
+
+328
+00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:37,080
+اخذنا one drop من blood أحدهم طبعا و عملنا على ال
+
+329
+00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:42,950
+slide وشوفنا ال agglutination فبالحالة هايلو حصلت
+
+330
+00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:47,790
+أجلوتينيشن يعني reaction positive لو حصلت بشكل
+
+331
+00:22:47,790 --> 00:22:54,570
+أجلوتينيشن reaction negative، تمام؟
+
+332
+00:22:54,570 --> 00:22:58,170
+طيب،
+
+333
+00:22:58,170 --> 00:23:04,050
+احنا عشان الـTiming تبعنا تقريبا عشان المعمل بتوقف
+
+334
+00:23:04,050 --> 00:23:06,770
+شوية صغير على الـGate لأنه احنا هلأ طبعا نسخة
+
+335
+00:23:06,770 --> 00:23:10,430
+مجربة من الـZoom
+
+336
+00:23:11,390 --> 00:23:14,910
+و بعدين ان شاء الله احنا بروحكك هوقف شوية تمام؟
+
+337
+00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:20,310
+تمام شوية و برجع ال meeting اذا ضايق الدقيقة
+
+338
+00:23:20,310 --> 00:23:23,570
+النتيجة على اراد ال meeting يكون نص ساعة لازم تعمل
+
+339
+00:23:23,570 --> 00:23:28,330
+تجديد و بعدين بوقفها و بعدين برجع ال meeting هنوقف
+
+340
+00:23:28,330 --> 00:23:32,610
+هن يعني؟ اه اه هوقف شوية دي كتير و بعدين برجعكم
+
+341
+00:23:32,610 --> 00:23:35,230
+ماشي؟ ببقى مش في خصوص المادة هتنزلنا اياها ولا 
+
+342
+00:23:35,230 --> 00:23:39,110
+كده؟ اه هنزلنا اياها ان شاء الله طب ناخد أقل
+
+343
+00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:42,670
+البنانات ولا الـKF؟ ناخد أقل البنانات؟ شوية، شوية،
+
+344
+00:23:42,670 --> 00:23:45,110
+بس خليني عشان ماديش أحصار الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+345
+00:23:45,110 --> 00:23:45,310
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+346
+00:23:45,310 --> 00:23:45,850
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+347
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:45,910
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+348
+00:23:45,910 --> 00:23:45,930
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+349
+00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:45,950
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+350
+00:23:45,950 --> 00:23:46,030
+الـ… الـ…

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/spglV_w6yzc_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,480
+أنا هبلش تزيير و هنبلش محاضرة إحنا
+
+2
+00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:10,380
+إن شاء الله ما عملنا طبعاً معمل الـ Laser المعمل
+
+3
+00:00:10,380 --> 00:00:14,780
+sorry المصال والمنعة هجيت هعطيكم الـ Outline ليله
+
+4
+00:00:14,780 --> 00:00:19,140
+إن شاء الله واضح
+
+5
+00:00:19,140 --> 00:00:25,760
+الشاشة عندكم أه واضح
+
+6
+00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:31,690
+واضح طيب ثم هجيت عنديالعلم الأفضل والمناعة، طبعًا
+
+7
+00:00:31,690 --> 00:00:34,550
+هم عارفين لأن هو العلم اللي بيهتم في دراسة
+
+8
+00:00:34,550 --> 00:00:37,670
+الأنسجينات والأشياء المضادة إلها واتفاقرات ما
+
+9
+00:00:37,670 --> 00:00:41,370
+بينهم طبعًا إحنا هندرس التقنيات الخاصة في علم
+
+10
+00:00:41,370 --> 00:00:45,430
+الأفضل والمناعة إيش الكتاب ممكن نعتمده إحنا؟ طبعًا
+
+11
+00:00:45,430 --> 00:00:50,130
+هنعمل إن شاء الله الكورسات خلال الـPowerPoint
+
+12
+00:00:50,130 --> 00:00:53,110
+وهندرس الـPowerPoint فجبين دي كتابين، أنا بعتقدهم
+
+13
+00:00:53,110 --> 00:00:56,070
+كتابين كتير مهمين اللي هو «Practical Immunology»
+
+14
+00:00:56,070 --> 00:00:59,530
+الطبع الرابع ل«Frank»وعندي الـ Multi-Practical
+
+15
+00:00:59,530 --> 00:01:06,110
+Manual Precision طبعاً هذا يتطور فيه الـ Manual من
+
+16
+00:01:06,110 --> 00:01:10,170
+الـ Odisha طبعا علم المنع زي ما حكينا أحنا هدرس
+
+17
+00:01:10,170 --> 00:01:13,030
+التطبيقات المعملية والمخبرية في مجال المنع
+
+18
+00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:18,870
+السريرية والمصال وتقييم إتفاق جهاز المنع أحنا طبعا
+
+19
+00:01:18,870 --> 00:01:22,010
+هنعطيكم جزء عملي وجزء ناضر إن شاء الله هتفتحوا مع
+
+20
+00:01:22,010 --> 00:01:25,900
+الدكتور أحمدطبعا احنا ان شاء الله هنحاول نغطي
+
+21
+00:01:25,900 --> 00:01:31,600
+جوانب العملية في المعمل هذا طبعا إيش المعامل؟ يعني
+
+22
+00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:35,200
+زي ما حكيت أكرا هو تقريبا 14 معمل لكن احنا طبعا في
+
+23
+00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:40,900
+معامليعني نتركز عليها في الشغل العملي وفي معمل جرد
+
+24
+00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:43,700
+نظرية هتكون هنا أول معمل الشغل اللي هناخده اليوم
+
+25
+00:01:43,700 --> 00:01:46,320
+هو بالعن الـ Agglutination Reactions التفعيلات الـ
+
+26
+00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:50,360
+Agglutination هناخد تطبيق عليهم المعمل الثاني،
+
+27
+00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:52,960
+يعني عند هذول اتنين يتظبر معمل واحد اللي هو هناخد
+
+28
+00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,140
+له معمل الـ Aromatode Factor و CRP، CRASY PROTEIN
+
+29
+00:01:58,510 --> 00:02:02,130
+المعمل التالت هناخد على الـ Anti-ASO اللي هو Anti
+
+30
+00:02:02,130 --> 00:02:04,710
+-Circulation Oath طبعاً المعمل الرابع هناخد على
+
+31
+00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:08,290
+الـ Fibrosis Test المعمل الخامس الـ Torch اللي هو
+
+32
+00:02:08,290 --> 00:02:12,330
+طبعاً عبارة عن Toxoplasma عبارة عن Rubella عبارة
+
+33
+00:02:12,330 --> 00:02:15,790
+عن سردوميجيرالفيروس والـ Herpes عبارة عن مجموعة من
+
+34
+00:02:15,790 --> 00:02:18,730
+الفيروسات والبكتيريا اللي بتعمل الإجهاض عند
+
+35
+00:02:18,730 --> 00:02:22,610
+البسائل الهوامل ندرسها، ندرس المسببات وندرس كيف
+
+36
+00:02:22,610 --> 00:02:29,270
+نجري الفحص نفسناالمعمل السابع هيكون الـReaction
+
+37
+00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:34,850
+تقن جديد لعملية الـPrecipitation عندي المعمل
+
+38
+00:02:34,850 --> 00:02:37,430
+الثامن لابل الـImmunoassay المعمل التالت
+
+39
+00:02:37,430 --> 00:02:40,510
+الـImmunochromatography المعمل العشر هنتكلم عن
+
+40
+00:02:40,510 --> 00:02:43,430
+الـHepatitis Marcus وعن الـHIV هنتكلم عن
+
+41
+00:02:43,430 --> 00:02:46,490
+الـAutoimmunity والـImmunofluorescence تقنية هنأخد
+
+42
+00:02:46,490 --> 00:02:51,620
+الـBattered من الـfluorescence طبعاًأخر ثلاث معامل
+
+43
+00:02:51,620 --> 00:02:55,360
+أو أخر معملين هدول عبارة عن نظرية أكتر من عملي
+
+44
+00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:59,000
+هنشتغل نظرية، ممكن نشتغل واحدة بعد شهرة تعملي اللي
+
+45
+00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,840
+هي complement
+
+46
+00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:09,440
+fixation complement fixation و الـ phylocytometry
+
+47
+00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:15,460
+و الـ other techniques بالنسبة للصوت الشريف، احنا
+
+48
+00:03:15,460 --> 00:03:18,760
+عم نسجل مع المحاضرة إن شاء الله هنزلها مسجلة،
+
+49
+00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:19,800
+هتسمعها كويس
+
+50
+00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:35,590
+طب احنا هنروح ان شاء الله على بداية المعمل الأول
+
+51
+00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:40,370
+هكون .. هكون اللي فرعا ال .. ال .. ال
+
+52
+00:03:40,370 --> 00:03:45,930
+agglutination ان شاء الله فهنا هناخد المعمل الأول
+
+53
+00:03:45,930 --> 00:03:55,310
+طب
+
+54
+00:03:55,310 --> 00:03:56,690
+الكل معايا حاليا
+
+55
+00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:15,660
+Hello أه معاد بيقول
+
+56
+00:04:15,660 --> 00:04:19,640
+ما الوصفة اللي عندك وصفة اللي عند ال net لأ موجود
+
+57
+00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:36,920
+موجود خلاص تمام تمام شايفين
+
+58
+00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:44,140
+المعمل الأولكل شايفة؟ ‏- أه ‏- أنت جينا تبدأ ال
+
+59
+00:04:44,140 --> 00:04:46,580
+reaction احنا طبعا حكينا معاهم الأول عبارة عن
+
+60
+00:04:46,580 --> 00:04:50,100
+agglutination طبعا احنا ال immune system نعرف هو
+
+61
+00:04:50,100 --> 00:04:55,420
+عبارة عن biological system طبعا بيهتم بدراسة
+
+62
+00:04:55,420 --> 00:05:00,880
+الميكروبات طبعا والحماية ضد الميكروبات، تمام؟ احنا
+
+63
+00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:06,500
+نعرف ال immune system ليتم حماية الجسميعني جهاز
+
+64
+00:05:06,500 --> 00:05:09,220
+الملعب عم بحمي الجسم عن عدة طرق طبعا إحنا بنعرف
+
+65
+00:05:09,220 --> 00:05:12,440
+إنه الطرق الحماية كتيرة كتير معناها أو هتبرع
+
+66
+00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,860
+فبالنظر الـ Calcium تنتهي طرق الحماية باستخدام
+
+67
+00:05:16,860 --> 00:05:21,680
+أسام مضادة لدى العوامل اللي نحكي الغريبة عن الجسم
+
+68
+00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:27,280
+زي الفيروسات، زي البرساج، زي متلبكتيريا هذه طبعا
+
+69
+00:05:27,280 --> 00:05:31,560
+بالنهاية بتستخدم لدى الأسام المضادة إيش تعريف
+
+70
+00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:34,730
+الاندجينات؟أكيد مرة معاكم بتعرفي إن الـAntigenة هي
+
+71
+00:05:34,730 --> 00:05:40,930
+أي مادة قادرة على استحداث جهاز الملاعب على إنتاج
+
+72
+00:05:40,930 --> 00:05:47,470
+أسام مضادة، يعني مثلا عنصر A لو حقرناه في جسم وكان
+
+73
+00:05:47,470 --> 00:05:51,770
+عنصر B تم تكوين أسام مضادة إله Anti-A فهو يُعتبر
+
+74
+00:05:51,770 --> 00:05:55,710
+Antigen، إذًا الـAntigen any substance that are
+
+75
+00:05:55,710 --> 00:05:59,820
+capableطبعاً أركيب الـH under appropriate
+
+76
+00:05:59,820 --> 00:06:03,000
+conditions of inducing the formation of antibody
+
+77
+00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:07,200
+and reacting specifically with antibody يعني بتخلي
+
+78
+00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:12,440
+الجسم ينتج حمضات ده خاصة لإله يعني A مينتج ضده H،
+
+79
+00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:18,140
+Anti-A، B، Anti-B الـGet Anti-A متفاهمش غير مع A،
+
+80
+00:06:18,140 --> 00:06:22,000
+مابتفاهم مع B، لأنه specifically خاص لإله، تمام؟
+
+81
+00:06:22,340 --> 00:06:26,280
+طبعًا هذه الانتجينات، these antigens مليكلوز may
+
+82
+00:06:26,280 --> 00:06:28,480
+have several antigenic determinations called
+
+83
+00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:33,700
+Epitopes يكون على سطحها طبعًا المركبات، هذه
+
+84
+00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:36,140
+المركبات اللي بيسموها Epitopes هذه Epitopes هي
+
+85
+00:06:36,140 --> 00:06:40,500
+القادرة على حد الجسم على إنتاج أجسام مضادة، تمام؟
+
+86
+00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:44,020
+ممكن الانتجين واحد يكون على سطحه عدة Epitopes،
+
+87
+00:06:44,020 --> 00:06:46,900
+Multi Epitopes وممكن يكون واحد بقى، حسب، ممكن يكون
+
+88
+00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:50,660
+single antigen may be bind مع عدة antibody، يعني
+
+89
+00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:58,340
+مثلًاالأنديجين مثلا نحكي بي على سطحه ABC هذا
+
+90
+00:06:58,340 --> 00:07:02,080
+الأنديجين على سطحه ABC قادر على يعمل… يخلّي الجسم
+
+91
+00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:07,640
+يعمل Anti-A، Anti-B، Anti-C، تمام؟ في الحالة هذه،
+
+92
+00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:14,280
+هذا الأنديجين فيه Zebral Epitope على سطحه طيب،
+
+93
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:17,800
+إيش ال… نحكي طبيات الأنديجين أو إيش طبيات
+
+94
+00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:21,340
+الأنديجينات ممكن تكون؟ ممكن تكون البروتيناتممكن
+
+95
+00:07:21,340 --> 00:07:24,700
+يكون polysaccharides ممكن يكون nucleic acid ممكن
+
+96
+00:07:24,700 --> 00:07:27,440
+يكون lipids ممكن يكون combined يعني بروتين مع
+
+97
+00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:29,460
+polysaccharides أو بروتين مع سكر أو بروتين مع
+
+98
+00:07:29,460 --> 00:07:33,160
+lipids طبعا ممكن يكون combined طبعا أقوى الجينات
+
+99
+00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:37,780
+هي عبارة عن البروتينات أكتر الدشارة the vast
+
+100
+00:07:37,780 --> 00:07:40,900
+majority of immunogenes are proteins طبعا دي أغلب
+
+101
+00:07:40,900 --> 00:07:45,300
+مدى تخدعات إيه؟ لأ طبعا البروتينات بتيجي مبركبة
+
+102
+00:07:45,300 --> 00:07:49,250
+بتيجي glycoproteins بتيجي glypoproteinsطبعًا هذه
+
+103
+00:07:49,250 --> 00:07:52,570
+مركبة بين مثلًا الـ «ليبوبروتين» «Lipids» مع
+
+104
+00:07:52,570 --> 00:07:57,510
+«بروتين» «Glycoprotein» «Lipids» مع «سُكّرة» طبعًا
+
+105
+00:07:57,510 --> 00:08:00,050
+الـ «Polysaccharides» طبعًا يتعتبر ضعيف شوية في
+
+106
+00:08:00,050 --> 00:08:03,350
+تكمية الأجينات طبعًا pure polysaccharides الـ
+
+107
+00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:05,750
+«ليبوبروت» والـ «Polysaccharides» are good
+
+108
+00:08:05,750 --> 00:08:08,590
+immunogenic الـ «Nucleic acid» تتور، sorry الـ
+
+109
+00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:10,250
+«Polysaccharides» تتور مجيدًا الـ «Nucleic acid»
+
+110
+00:08:10,250 --> 00:08:12,870
+تتعتبر fully immunogenic إن هي خالي جنة بتعمل
+
+111
+00:08:12,870 --> 00:08:18,550
+طبعًا تحرير الجسم وعندي ال «Lipids»غالباً ما تكونش
+
+112
+00:08:18,550 --> 00:08:21,710
+أردوجينات بيكون هابتين، إيش الهابتين؟ الهابتين
+
+113
+00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:26,090
+عبارة عن مادة تدخل الجسم غير قادرة على استحداد أو
+
+114
+00:08:26,090 --> 00:08:30,450
+يجعل الجسم يحط الجسم على إنتاج أسام وضغطة، لكن هذه
+
+115
+00:08:30,450 --> 00:08:34,860
+المادة من تردبت مع مركب تاني، تصبح أردوجينيعني
+
+116
+00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:38,480
+نعتبرها في البداية Incomplete Androgene مجرد إرتبط
+
+117
+00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:41,680
+مع مراكب تاني صارت Androgene في الحالة إيش بيصير؟
+
+118
+00:08:41,680 --> 00:08:46,960
+قادرة على جهة الجسم يرتبط بجهة الجسم إنه يحثوا على
+
+119
+00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:53,180
+تكوين أسام مضغطة، تمام؟
+
+120
+00:08:53,180 --> 00:08:56,260
+طب إيش الأسام المضغطة؟الإنسان المضادة هي أطبعًا
+
+121
+00:08:56,260 --> 00:08:59,440
+اسمها إبراه عن إيه؟ إبراه عن البروتين طبعًا إيش
+
+122
+00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:02,820
+نوع البروتين؟ طبعًا نحن نعرف الـGamma Gluculina
+
+123
+00:09:02,820 --> 00:09:05,420
+Gamma Gluculina طبعًا الإنسان المضاد عن البروتين
+
+124
+00:09:05,420 --> 00:09:09,780
+يتم إزالته بوسط الجسم في حالة منعية طبعًا ينتج منه
+
+125
+00:09:09,780 --> 00:09:13,400
+خلايا يسمونها الـP-Lymphocyte الـP-Lymphocyte، ده
+
+126
+00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:16,760
+هنعرف المناعة في الجسم يكون Humoral أو يكون
+
+127
+00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:21,300
+Cellular Cellular هي خلاية، نحكي مناعة خلاوية بتتم
+
+128
+00:09:21,300 --> 00:09:24,750
+ع طريق الخلايا P-Lymphocyteوالـ Humoral اللي هي
+
+129
+00:09:24,750 --> 00:09:26,990
+الـ «تبت شف هي انساق الأسام مضادة» اللي يتبع
+
+130
+00:09:26,990 --> 00:09:31,330
+الطريق على طريق الـ B-Lymphocyte طيب، إيش أنواع
+
+131
+00:09:31,330 --> 00:09:35,870
+الأسام المضادة؟ عدة أنواع، اللي هي مجموعة كلمة
+
+132
+00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:41,530
+ماجد اللي هي IgG وهي أكثر انتشار، 70% تقريبًا وهي
+
+133
+00:09:41,530 --> 00:09:44,430
+تنتج في حالة الـSecond Response يعني لو الإنسان
+
+134
+00:09:44,430 --> 00:09:49,090
+اتعرض لمرض معين أول ما ينتج، ينتج الـIgM، First
+
+135
+00:09:49,090 --> 00:09:54,040
+Response، بعد ذلكالمراد الثانية ينتج الـ IgG بشكل
+
+136
+00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:57,680
+أسرع وأقوى فعند الـ IgA وبيسموه طبعاً الـ
+
+137
+00:09:57,680 --> 00:10:01,220
+Secretions Aminogluculines يفرز بالثوائر والفرزات
+
+138
+00:10:01,220 --> 00:10:04,440
+عند الـ IgE يفرز الحالات الحساسية الـ Alerty
+
+139
+00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:09,660
+والبراسيط Infection وعند الـ IgD آخر إشي اللي هو
+
+140
+00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:13,220
+طبعاً موجود على سطح الخلايا Serving of B cells
+
+141
+00:10:13,220 --> 00:10:18,140
+طبعاً دوره مش كتير بس لبطوه أكتر إشي بالـ
+
+142
+00:10:18,140 --> 00:10:18,980
+Hypersensibility
+
+143
+00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:26,360
+هي أندسة أسكال الأسام المضادة عندها تسمين الـ IgG
+
+144
+00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,780
+هي الـ IgE هي الـ IgD الـ IgA والـ IgM فلاحظوا أن
+
+145
+00:10:30,780 --> 00:10:36,460
+الأسام المضادة تتكون من Long Chain و Light Chain و
+
+146
+00:10:36,460 --> 00:10:40,280
+Heap Chain Light Chain اللي جاي من العطراق و Heap
+
+147
+00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:44,240
+Chain اللي طويلة يعني طبعاً هذا الـ IgG، الـ IgE،
+
+148
+00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:48,220
+الـ IgD نفس الشيء يتكون من Two Light Chain و Two
+
+149
+00:10:48,220 --> 00:10:54,030
+Heap Chain الـ IgM بتكون منمركبين أو من اثنين
+
+150
+00:10:54,030 --> 00:10:58,310
+اثنين زي اركيات الـ IGD بتكون من أربع Light Chain
+
+151
+00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:01,890
+و أربع Heavy Chain طبعا مرتبطين مع بعض ب .. طبعا
+
+152
+00:11:01,890 --> 00:11:06,870
+الـ Joining .. تسموها طبعا Joining Chains طبعا
+
+153
+00:11:06,870 --> 00:11:09,810
+يفرض للـ Security والـ IGA بتكون من خمسة، بين
+
+154
+00:11:09,810 --> 00:11:15,810
+تمارين طب إيش الـ Nature of Ungenote Body
+
+155
+00:11:15,810 --> 00:11:18,090
+Reactions؟ إيش طبيعة التفاعلات؟ هم هدول اللي زي
+
+156
+00:11:18,090 --> 00:11:27,570
+الـ IGM هم هدول اللي .. إيش يا معاد؟حمزة رجع
+
+157
+00:11:27,570 --> 00:11:33,830
+الصورة اللي قبل تمام الأطراف
+
+158
+00:11:33,830 --> 00:11:37,930
+اللي هي Libetope مثلا الـ IGM هدولة ليها Libetope
+
+159
+00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:42,070
+صحيح هذه الأطراف هي بره Libetos وهي بره تفاعلات
+
+160
+00:11:42,070 --> 00:11:47,220
+الأسهم المضادةمع الـ Antigen طبعاً هذي بيسموها فيه
+
+161
+00:11:47,220 --> 00:11:51,460
+تاكه الـFC الفاب والـFC الـFragment
+
+162
+00:11:51,460 --> 00:11:55,020
+Crystallization والفاب اللي هي الـFragment Antigen
+
+163
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:58,020
+Antibody Reaction هذه هي اللي بيقول الفاب اللي هي
+
+164
+00:11:58,020 --> 00:12:00,700
+عبارة عن Antigen Antibody Reaction هي الطرف هذا
+
+165
+00:12:00,700 --> 00:12:05,740
+الـEpitopes هي موجودة على سطح الخلايا الأنتجينات
+
+166
+00:12:05,740 --> 00:12:10,670
+على أنتجيناتفالـ Epitopes تتفاعل مع الـ FAB اللي
+
+167
+00:12:10,670 --> 00:12:13,890
+موجود هنا الـ FAB اللي هي الـ Fragment Antibody
+
+168
+00:12:13,890 --> 00:12:17,850
+Binding موجود هنا وتحت يسمونه FC الـ Fragment
+
+169
+00:12:17,850 --> 00:12:21,130
+Crystallization هذه غالباً ممكن ترتبط على سطح خلية
+
+170
+00:12:21,130 --> 00:12:26,050
+حمرة أو تتركن على سطح أو سطح خلية معينة طبعاً لها
+
+171
+00:12:26,050 --> 00:12:28,550
+دور برتباط بس مش مع الأنتيجينات مع الخلايا الحمرة
+
+172
+00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:34,560
+بالكام، تمام؟ فإحنا المنطقة هاي العلويةشايف اللي
+
+173
+00:12:34,560 --> 00:12:37,980
+ملونها؟ هي بارع عن الـFAB وهي اللي تتودي لإرتباط
+
+174
+00:12:37,980 --> 00:12:43,120
+الـFAB مع الـEpitopes الموجودة على سطح الـAntigen
+
+175
+00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:48,580
+طيب،
+
+176
+00:12:48,580 --> 00:12:50,400
+هلجت لو صار عندى التفاعل بين الـAntigen
+
+177
+00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:53,980
+والـAntibody؟ التفاعل بين الـAntigen والـAntibody
+
+178
+00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:57,320
+له خصائص معينة هذه الخصائص طبعاً specific يعني
+
+179
+00:12:57,320 --> 00:12:59,900
+خصائص خاصة جداً بين الـAntigen والـAntibody أول
+
+180
+00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:05,460
+شغل مفهوم الـKey والـLockأحنا نعرف كل جثن اللي
+
+181
+00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:09,400
+مفتاح خاص فيه، صح ولا لأ؟ هلجيت؟ التفاعل ما بين
+
+182
+00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:13,160
+الانتجين مضادة والأنتجين نفس الحكاية الـCombining
+
+183
+00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:15,820
+site of antibody is located in the FAB الحكي لكم
+
+184
+00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:19,260
+عليها، الـFAB region، برتبط مع الـepitopes
+
+185
+00:13:19,260 --> 00:13:23,440
+الموجودة على سطح الانتجينات هذه تعتبر specific،
+
+186
+00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:29,350
+يعنيبتلاقي مثلا أنه تجيبينها لأشكال أنه مثلا الـ
+
+187
+00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:32,730
+gene خاصة بس قُلت بتليها يعني مثلا ال gene
+
+188
+00:13:32,730 --> 00:13:37,010
+Salmonella هيقوم بتلي مع أنتباطي ضد الـ Salmonella
+
+189
+00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:42,330
+ومع أنتباطي ضد Epitope معين فإذن أول خاصية أن
+
+190
+00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:45,770
+التفاعل عندي يبقى عن look and key concepts الخاصية
+
+191
+00:13:45,770 --> 00:13:48,390
+التانية بتفاعل ال gene مع الانتباطي non-component
+
+192
+00:13:48,390 --> 00:13:50,450
+bond إيش هال non-component bond؟ يعني مش مرتبط
+
+193
+00:13:50,450 --> 00:13:55,300
+بروابة سهمية وبالتاليوبالتالي، هيكون عيش عبارة عن
+
+194
+00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:58,160
+«reversible»، الخاصية الثالثة يعني كيف؟ أكيد لو
+
+195
+00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:00,540
+طلعت رابط السهمية، عمارة رابط السهمية عبارة عن
+
+196
+00:14:00,540 --> 00:14:05,100
+رابطة في حياتها ذات كربون وهي قوية جداً وصعب جداً
+
+197
+00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:07,720
+تفكك، لكنها لأ، برضه مثل رابط تانية، زي رابط
+
+198
+00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:13,160
+هجروجينية أو رابط أضعف شوية، أضعيفةوبالتالي، فهو
+
+199
+00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:15,800
+مرتبط لبرامج هيدروجينية أو مرتبط لبدن بيقله
+
+200
+00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:19,780
+Electrostatic Bounce أو الـ Ventral Wall Forces
+
+201
+00:14:19,780 --> 00:14:22,520
+كلها هي بـHydrophilic Bounce وتتسبر لضعيفها،
+
+202
+00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:25,300
+بتتسكب سرعة، عشان يكون تسبب الخاصية التالتية
+
+203
+00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:27,660
+الـReverse، بالكيد يعني، يعني لو صحيح أنتي تفاعل
+
+204
+00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:31,180
+أدجي نقطة بطيئة، أنا ممكن أعكس تفاعل أتكهم من بعض
+
+205
+00:14:40,420 --> 00:14:43,780
+طيب، إيش يعني الـ Affinity و الـ Ability؟ الـ
+
+206
+00:14:43,780 --> 00:14:51,260
+Affinity هي قوة ارتباط أو قوة التفاعل بين الـ
+
+207
+00:14:51,260 --> 00:14:54,400
+Antigen و Single Antigen و Single Combining Site
+
+208
+00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,480
+of the Antibody كمان مرة، الـ Affinity Antibody
+
+209
+00:14:57,480 --> 00:14:59,800
+Affinity is the strength of the reaction between
+
+210
+00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:03,260
+single antigenic determinant and a single
+
+211
+00:15:03,260 --> 00:15:07,160
+combining site of the antibody، تمام؟ طب الـ
+
+212
+00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:11,880
+Ability، الـ Ability عبارة عنبقييز كامل، يعني أجيز
+
+213
+00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:17,140
+له أنتجين فيه على سطحه three epitopes A وB وC أجيز
+
+214
+00:15:17,140 --> 00:15:20,480
+الـ Affinity بقييز قوة إرتباط الـA مع الـAnti-A أو
+
+215
+00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:23,380
+قوة إرتباط الـB مع الـAnti-B أو قوة إرتباط الـC مع
+
+216
+00:15:23,380 --> 00:15:26,600
+الـAnti-C أجيز الـAffinity لأ، بقيز overall
+
+217
+00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:30,120
+reaction بقيز قوة إرتباط هم كلهم مع الـAntigen
+
+218
+00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:33,280
+فالـAffinity is the measure of the overall
+
+219
+00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:35,580
+strength of binding of the antigen with many
+
+220
+00:15:35,580 --> 00:15:40,290
+antigenic elements and multivalent antibodiesتمام؟
+
+221
+00:15:40,290 --> 00:15:44,650
+هذه تعريف من الـ Affinity و الـ Ability لاحظوا
+
+222
+00:15:44,650 --> 00:15:48,270
+أندي هان مثلا، هان عبارة عن الـ light chain اللي
+
+223
+00:15:48,270 --> 00:15:51,190
+حالها أو جزء من الـ light chain و جزء من الـ
+
+224
+00:15:51,190 --> 00:15:54,490
+sphere فعندي و single determined، إتباط واحد فعندي
+
+225
+00:15:54,490 --> 00:15:58,190
+هان تبقى قوة إتباط واحد و واحدة، لاحظوا عندي هان،
+
+226
+00:15:58,190 --> 00:16:02,070
+عندي هان دكتور، عندي slide الجميل بس الـ Affinity
+
+227
+00:16:02,070 --> 00:16:06,910
+و الـ Ability؟ آه، الـ Affinity شايفينها؟ الـ
+
+228
+00:16:06,910 --> 00:16:14,790
+Affinity كمان مرةففينت هي عبارة عن قوة ارتباط بين
+
+229
+00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:18,090
+single antigenic determinant يعني مع واحدة
+
+230
+00:16:18,090 --> 00:16:23,860
+Epitopes and a single gubani site مع واحدة ASKيعني
+
+231
+00:16:23,860 --> 00:16:27,420
+واحدة قبل واحدة بس بقص قوة إرتباطها فينما الـ
+
+232
+00:16:27,420 --> 00:16:31,980
+Ability نحكي المجموع الكلي للإرتباط The overall
+
+233
+00:16:31,980 --> 00:16:34,720
+strength of binding of the antigen with many
+
+234
+00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:37,380
+antigenic determinants on multi-valent antibodies
+
+235
+00:16:37,380 --> 00:16:41,060
+يعني قوة الإرتباط الكلي، هنا بتوضحلي أكتر، لاحظوا
+
+236
+00:16:41,060 --> 00:16:46,760
+عندي هنا، مثلا هنا الصالين هنا Monovalent Affinity
+
+237
+00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:49,660
+وهنا Affinity، ليش Affinity؟ هانا أخد المجموع
+
+238
+00:16:49,660 --> 00:16:53,140
+كامل، هانا أخد القوة واحدة بسأخد قوة درعبات واحد،
+
+239
+00:16:53,140 --> 00:16:57,080
+واحد، هنا أخدلي اتنين بقى، مع أن في الديانة اتنين،
+
+240
+00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:00,700
+أخدلي اتنين، هنا أخدلي إيه؟ أخدلي واحد، اتنين،
+
+241
+00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:04,120
+ثلاث، أربع، خمسة من المرتبطين، أخدنا خمسة من
+
+242
+00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:10,660
+المرتبطين، فأعطبلي هنا Multivalent Ability، تمام؟
+
+243
+00:17:10,660 --> 00:17:12,880
+إيش الـSpecificity؟ من خلال الـActivity
+
+244
+00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:18,010
+وSensibility، الـSpecificity تعريفهابـ Ability of
+
+245
+00:17:18,010 --> 00:17:20,470
+an individual and body combining side to react
+
+246
+00:17:20,470 --> 00:17:24,570
+with only one antigenic اللي هي زي ما نحن بحكي أن
+
+247
+00:17:24,570 --> 00:17:28,610
+هذا يعني أجهزة مثلا الـ Anti-Air برتبط ليه بس مع
+
+248
+00:17:28,610 --> 00:17:31,190
+الـAir، برتبط ليه مش مع الـB ولا الـC، هذا سموه
+
+249
+00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:34,370
+Specificity، تمام؟ لو رتبط مع الـB أو الـC، صار
+
+250
+00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:37,850
+Non-specific reactionفأنا ارتبط على التفاعلات الـ
+
+251
+00:17:37,850 --> 00:17:41,650
+Antigen and Body الـ Specific، تمام؟ I get cross
+
+252
+00:17:41,650 --> 00:17:45,310
+-reactivity، cross-reactivity، the ability of
+
+253
+00:17:45,310 --> 00:17:47,850
+antigen and body combining side to react with more
+
+254
+00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:52,250
+than one antigen، يعني أنت إيه، ارتبطلي مع إيه،
+
+255
+00:17:52,250 --> 00:17:54,430
+لكن واحد ارتبطلي معه بيه، من الاتنين اللي معه بيه
+
+256
+00:17:54,430 --> 00:17:57,410
+صار cross-reactive، إنه ما ارتبطليش مع الـ
+
+257
+00:17:57,410 --> 00:18:00,270
+Specific تبعه، بل ارتبطلي مع واحد تاني، بسموه
+
+258
+00:18:00,270 --> 00:18:05,590
+cross-reactivity، طب ال sensitivityعادةً إلى قدرة
+
+259
+00:18:05,590 --> 00:18:09,730
+جسم البرنامج للحصول على أندرجين حتى لو كان مخفف في
+
+260
+00:18:09,730 --> 00:18:12,230
+ديليوان، يعني إن الـsensitivity، أنا مثلا عندي
+
+261
+00:18:12,230 --> 00:18:17,450
+أندرجين موجود في، موجود، كدهش بقدر أنا أكشفها
+
+262
+00:18:17,450 --> 00:18:21,450
+للجين حتى لو كان مخفف في الديليوان، هذا يعتبر
+
+263
+00:18:21,450 --> 00:18:24,410
+الـsensitivity، والمعيلية الـsensitivity هو المكان
+
+264
+00:18:24,410 --> 00:18:28,790
+الفحص أقوى في الـdetection للأندرجين، والمكان أحسن
+
+265
+00:18:28,790 --> 00:18:33,120
+لنا كمختبرات، كيف يعني؟ أنا عندي مكان جهازين،جهاز
+
+266
+00:18:33,120 --> 00:18:36,400
+sensitivity له أعلى من جهاز تاني لأ بدور على اللي
+
+267
+00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,900
+sensitivity أعلى لأنه هذا هيكتشفلي الأدسينات حتى
+
+268
+00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:44,580
+في العينات اللي فيها الأدسي المخططية فهمنا كيف؟
+
+269
+00:18:44,580 --> 00:18:53,820
+تمام يا حمزة؟ تمام، تمام، بس معاد؟ بس الله تمام،
+
+270
+00:18:53,820 --> 00:18:56,920
+تمام طبعا شريف سمعنا كويس، أه؟
+
+271
+00:19:00,510 --> 00:19:04,710
+أنا مش شايف لا شريف ولا أكرم ولا عباد على كل حال،
+
+272
+00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:09,350
+كمان مرة، أعيدكم كمان مرة الـGate specificity، زي
+
+273
+00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:12,170
+ما حكيناه اللي هي ability of an individual
+
+274
+00:19:12,170 --> 00:19:15,170
+antibody combining sites to react with one
+
+275
+00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:18,890
+antigenic site، يعني A ضد Anti-A، بس الـCrossing
+
+276
+00:19:18,890 --> 00:19:23,290
+Activity، عندك الـAnti-A بتفعلي مع A وB، تمام؟
+
+277
+00:19:23,290 --> 00:19:27,530
+الـSensitivity، cross ال activity with respect to
+
+278
+00:19:27,530 --> 00:19:31,940
+ability of individual antibodies to locateeven if
+
+279
+00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:41,360
+it is greater than one يعني إنه أنا بقدر أعمل
+
+280
+00:19:41,360 --> 00:19:49,000
+تفاعل حتى في حال إنه كان إيه؟ كان شو اسمه؟
+
+281
+00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:53,620
+خلاص تمام، شريف بعدي، بيحكي إن أنا بحاضر، أنا
+
+282
+00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:56,360
+مسجد، إن شاء الله خير، تمام، إن شاء الله، طيب
+
+283
+00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:03,160
+عرفت أيش العوامل، أيش العوامل بتأثيري على
+
+284
+00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,080
+التفاعلات الـ Antigen-Antibody؟ طبعا أحنا زي ما
+
+285
+00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:09,060
+حكينا الـ Antigen Antibody Reaction طبعا هي تقريبا
+
+286
+00:20:09,060 --> 00:20:11,900
+زي ما حكينا فيها لخضرات معينة عرفت الـ Affinity
+
+287
+00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,300
+بتحكيلك، بهير الـ Affinity of the Antibody for the
+
+288
+00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:18,360
+Antigen، the more stable will be the interaction
+
+289
+00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:23,300
+كل ما زادت الـ Affinity، كل ما زادت ثبات التفاعل،
+
+290
+00:20:23,300 --> 00:20:27,380
+طبعا وبالتالي، this isفي الواقع اللي يمكن تفحص
+
+291
+00:20:27,380 --> 00:20:30,740
+الانتجين هو الـ Enhanced يعني تقدر تفحص على
+
+292
+00:20:30,740 --> 00:20:33,560
+الانتجين أكتر، فكل ما زالت قوة تفحص الانتجين
+
+293
+00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:37,720
+الability، reaction between multi-balanced gene
+
+294
+00:20:37,720 --> 00:20:40,100
+وmulti-balanced body are more stable and thus
+
+295
+00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:43,480
+easier to detect برضه كل ما زالت الability كل مكان
+
+296
+00:20:43,480 --> 00:20:48,790
+برضه أحسن في عملية detection للاتفاعلاتالـ Antigen
+
+297
+00:20:48,790 --> 00:20:51,910
+Antibody Ratio نسبة الانتجين والانتجين الانتجين
+
+298
+00:20:51,910 --> 00:20:57,690
+كتير أو زادت نسبة الانتجين كتير بأثر عطفها وكتر
+
+299
+00:20:57,690 --> 00:21:01,570
+بتاريجيشه ولازم تكون نسبة معقولة فالـ Ratio بين
+
+300
+00:21:01,570 --> 00:21:04,170
+الانتجين والانتجين الانتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+301
+00:21:04,170 --> 00:21:04,790
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+302
+00:21:04,790 --> 00:21:05,090
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+303
+00:21:05,090 --> 00:21:05,310
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+304
+00:21:05,310 --> 00:21:05,390
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+305
+00:21:05,390 --> 00:21:15,290
+انتجين
+
+306
+00:21:15,380 --> 00:21:17,800
+الـ Physical Form of the Antigen، طبيعة الـ
+
+307
+00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:21,310
+Antigenاتلو كانت مثلا دائبة في المحلول sealable و
+
+308
+00:21:21,310 --> 00:21:24,150
+لو كانت غير دائبة فمثلا لو كانت دائبة في المحلول
+
+309
+00:21:24,150 --> 00:21:26,450
+sealable هي تستخدم تفاعلات بيسموها precipitation
+
+310
+00:21:26,450 --> 00:21:29,250
+لو كانت مثلا مش دائبة ممكن تستخدم agglutination
+
+311
+00:21:29,250 --> 00:21:33,870
+فـPhysical form of the antigen إلها دورة طيب، إيش
+
+312
+00:21:33,870 --> 00:21:36,630
+التفاعلات اللي بيصير معنا؟ عندي precipitation
+
+313
+00:21:36,630 --> 00:21:39,990
+reaction، عندي agglutination reaction، طبعا هذه
+
+314
+00:21:39,990 --> 00:21:42,710
+التفاعلات أو نحكي طريقة الكشف عن الantigen، عندي
+
+315
+00:21:42,710 --> 00:21:45,330
+cumulativation، عندي الـEliza وعندي
+
+316
+00:21:45,330 --> 00:21:46,510
+الامونيوفليريتان
+
+317
+00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:51,810
+حسنًا، دعونا نعود إلى أساسي الـ Agglutination الـ
+
+318
+00:21:51,810 --> 00:21:54,710
+Agglutination اسمها Agglutination of Clumping of
+
+319
+00:21:54,710 --> 00:21:58,650
+Particles يعني أن A وB ملابساتهم مع بعض هم يسمونها
+
+320
+00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:02,230
+Clumping هذا عبارة عن Agglutination الـ
+
+321
+00:22:02,230 --> 00:22:05,450
+Agglutination يتلقى إذا كان الأنتيل مزدوج من ��سمه
+
+322
+00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,930
+أنتباطية اسمه ISO Agglutination يعني مرتبط مع
+
+323
+00:22:08,930 --> 00:22:14,280
+أنتباطيته يسمونه ISO Agglutinationتمام؟ This term
+
+324
+00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,640
+is commonly used for blood groupings أحنا طبعا
+
+325
+00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:20,100
+نسميها blood groupings لأنه أنا في استخدام الـ
+
+326
+00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:25,720
+agglutination في الفحص عن نوع الدم أحنا خدنا في
+
+327
+00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:32,920
+المعمل المقدمة كيف نعمل نوع الدم أخدنا طبعا NPA و
+
+328
+00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:37,080
+أخدنا one drop من blood أحدهم طبعا و عملنا على ال
+
+329
+00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:42,950
+slide وشوفنا ال agglutination فبالحالة هايلو حصلت
+
+330
+00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:47,790
+أجلوتينيشن يعني reaction positive لو حصلت بشكل
+
+331
+00:22:47,790 --> 00:22:54,570
+أجلوتينيشن reaction negative، تمام؟
+
+332
+00:22:54,570 --> 00:22:58,170
+طيب،
+
+333
+00:22:58,170 --> 00:23:04,050
+احنا عشان الـTiming تبعنا تقريبا عشان المعمل بتوقف
+
+334
+00:23:04,050 --> 00:23:06,770
+شويه صغير على الـGate لأنه احنا هلأ طبعا نسخة
+
+335
+00:23:06,770 --> 00:23:10,430
+مجربة من الـZoom
+
+336
+00:23:11,390 --> 00:23:14,910
+و بعدين ان شاء الله احنا بروحكك هوقف شوية تمام؟
+
+337
+00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:20,310
+تمام شوية و برجع ال meeting اذا ضايق الدقيقة
+
+338
+00:23:20,310 --> 00:23:23,570
+انتيجة على اراد ال meeting يكون نص ساعة لازم تعمل
+
+339
+00:23:23,570 --> 00:23:28,330
+تجديد و بعدين بوقفها و بعدين برجع ال meeting هنوقف
+
+340
+00:23:28,330 --> 00:23:32,610
+هن يعني؟ اه اه هوقف شوية دي كتير و بعدين برجعكم
+
+341
+00:23:32,610 --> 00:23:35,230
+ماشي؟ ببقى مش في خصوص المادة هتنزلنا إياها و لا
+
+342
+00:23:35,230 --> 00:23:39,110
+كده؟ اه هنزلنا إياها ان شاء اللهطب ناخد أقل
+
+343
+00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:42,670
+البنانات ولا الـKF؟ ناخد أقل البنانات؟ شوية، شوية،
+
+344
+00:23:42,670 --> 00:23:45,110
+بس خليني عشان ماديش أحصار الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+345
+00:23:45,110 --> 00:23:45,310
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+346
+00:23:45,310 --> 00:23:45,850
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+347
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:45,910
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+348
+00:23:45,910 --> 00:23:45,930
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+349
+00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:45,950
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+350
+00:23:45,950 --> 00:23:46,030
+الـ… الـ…
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYiVcocxy4QWHvzRyxLRibV/spglV_w6yzc_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,480
+أنا هبلش تزيير و هنبلش محاضرة إحنا
+
+2
+00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:10,380
+إن شاء الله ما عملنا طبعاً معمل الـ Laser المعمل
+
+3
+00:00:10,380 --> 00:00:14,780
+sorry المصال والمنعة هجيت هعطيكم الـ Outline ليله
+
+4
+00:00:14,780 --> 00:00:19,140
+إن شاء الله واضح
+
+5
+00:00:19,140 --> 00:00:25,760
+الشاشة عندكم أه واضح
+
+6
+00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:31,690
+واضح طيب ثم هجيت عنديالعلم الأفضل والمناعة، طبعًا
+
+7
+00:00:31,690 --> 00:00:34,550
+هم عارفين لأن هو العلم اللي بيهتم في دراسة
+
+8
+00:00:34,550 --> 00:00:37,670
+الأنسجينات والأشياء المضادة إلها واتفاقرات ما
+
+9
+00:00:37,670 --> 00:00:41,370
+بينهم طبعًا إحنا هندرس التقنيات الخاصة في علم
+
+10
+00:00:41,370 --> 00:00:45,430
+الأفضل والمناعة إيش الكتاب ممكن نعتمده إحنا؟ طبعًا
+
+11
+00:00:45,430 --> 00:00:50,130
+هنعمل إن شاء الله الكورسات خلال الـPowerPoint
+
+12
+00:00:50,130 --> 00:00:53,110
+وهندرس الـPowerPoint فجبين دي كتابين، أنا بعتقدهم
+
+13
+00:00:53,110 --> 00:00:56,070
+كتابين كتير مهمين اللي هو «Practical Immunology»
+
+14
+00:00:56,070 --> 00:00:59,530
+الطبع الرابع ل«Frank»وعندي الـ Multi-Practical
+
+15
+00:00:59,530 --> 00:01:06,110
+Manual Precision طبعاً هذا يتطور فيه الـ Manual من
+
+16
+00:01:06,110 --> 00:01:10,170
+الـ Odisha طبعا علم المنع زي ما حكينا أحنا هدرس
+
+17
+00:01:10,170 --> 00:01:13,030
+التطبيقات المعملية والمخبرية في مجال المنع
+
+18
+00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:18,870
+السريرية والمصال وتقييم إتفاق جهاز المنع أحنا طبعا
+
+19
+00:01:18,870 --> 00:01:22,010
+هنعطيكم جزء عملي وجزء ناضر إن شاء الله هتفتحوا مع
+
+20
+00:01:22,010 --> 00:01:25,900
+الدكتور أحمدطبعا احنا ان شاء الله هنحاول نغطي
+
+21
+00:01:25,900 --> 00:01:31,600
+جوانب العملية في المعمل هذا طبعا إيش المعامل؟ يعني
+
+22
+00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:35,200
+زي ما حكيت أكرا هو تقريبا 14 معمل لكن احنا طبعا في
+
+23
+00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:40,900
+معامليعني نتركز عليها في الشغل العملي وفي معمل جرد
+
+24
+00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:43,700
+نظرية هتكون هنا أول معمل الشغل اللي هناخده اليوم
+
+25
+00:01:43,700 --> 00:01:46,320
+هو بالعن الـ Agglutination Reactions التفعيلات الـ
+
+26
+00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:50,360
+Agglutination هناخد تطبيق عليهم المعمل الثاني،
+
+27
+00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:52,960
+يعني عند هذول اتنين يتظبر معمل واحد اللي هو هناخد
+
+28
+00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,140
+له معمل الـ Aromatode Factor و CRP، CRASY PROTEIN
+
+29
+00:01:58,510 --> 00:02:02,130
+المعمل التالت هناخد على الـ Anti-ASO اللي هو Anti
+
+30
+00:02:02,130 --> 00:02:04,710
+-Circulation Oath طبعاً المعمل الرابع هناخد على
+
+31
+00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:08,290
+الـ Fibrosis Test المعمل الخامس الـ Torch اللي هو
+
+32
+00:02:08,290 --> 00:02:12,330
+طبعاً عبارة عن Toxoplasma عبارة عن Rubella عبارة
+
+33
+00:02:12,330 --> 00:02:15,790
+عن سردوميجيرالفيروس والـ Herpes عبارة عن مجموعة من
+
+34
+00:02:15,790 --> 00:02:18,730
+الفيروسات والبكتيريا اللي بتعمل الإجهاض عند
+
+35
+00:02:18,730 --> 00:02:22,610
+البسائل الهوامل ندرسها، ندرس المسببات وندرس كيف
+
+36
+00:02:22,610 --> 00:02:29,270
+نجري الفحص نفسناالمعمل السابع هيكون الـReaction
+
+37
+00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:34,850
+تقن جديد لعملية الـPrecipitation عندي المعمل
+
+38
+00:02:34,850 --> 00:02:37,430
+الثامن لابل الـImmunoassay المعمل التالت
+
+39
+00:02:37,430 --> 00:02:40,510
+الـImmunochromatography المعمل العشر هنتكلم عن
+
+40
+00:02:40,510 --> 00:02:43,430
+الـHepatitis Marcus وعن الـHIV هنتكلم عن
+
+41
+00:02:43,430 --> 00:02:46,490
+الـAutoimmunity والـImmunofluorescence تقنية هنأخد
+
+42
+00:02:46,490 --> 00:02:51,620
+الـBattered من الـfluorescence طبعاًأخر ثلاث معامل
+
+43
+00:02:51,620 --> 00:02:55,360
+أو أخر معملين هدول عبارة عن نظرية أكتر من عملي
+
+44
+00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:59,000
+هنشتغل نظرية، ممكن نشتغل واحدة بعد شهرة تعملي اللي
+
+45
+00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,840
+هي complement
+
+46
+00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:09,440
+fixation complement fixation و الـ phylocytometry
+
+47
+00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:15,460
+و الـ other techniques بالنسبة للصوت الشريف، احنا
+
+48
+00:03:15,460 --> 00:03:18,760
+عم نسجل مع المحاضرة إن شاء الله هنزلها مسجلة،
+
+49
+00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:19,800
+هتسمعها كويس
+
+50
+00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:35,590
+طب احنا هنروح ان شاء الله على بداية المعمل الأول
+
+51
+00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:40,370
+هكون .. هكون اللي فرعا ال .. ال .. ال
+
+52
+00:03:40,370 --> 00:03:45,930
+agglutination ان شاء الله فهنا هناخد المعمل الأول
+
+53
+00:03:45,930 --> 00:03:55,310
+طب
+
+54
+00:03:55,310 --> 00:03:56,690
+الكل معايا حاليا
+
+55
+00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:15,660
+Hello أه معاد بيقول
+
+56
+00:04:15,660 --> 00:04:19,640
+ما الوصفة اللي عندك وصفة اللي عند ال net لأ موجود
+
+57
+00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:36,920
+موجود خلاص تمام تمام شايفين
+
+58
+00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:44,140
+المعمل الأولكل شايفة؟ ‏- أه ‏- أنت جينا تبدأ ال
+
+59
+00:04:44,140 --> 00:04:46,580
+reaction احنا طبعا حكينا معاهم الأول عبارة عن
+
+60
+00:04:46,580 --> 00:04:50,100
+agglutination طبعا احنا ال immune system نعرف هو
+
+61
+00:04:50,100 --> 00:04:55,420
+عبارة عن biological system طبعا بيهتم بدراسة
+
+62
+00:04:55,420 --> 00:05:00,880
+الميكروبات طبعا والحماية ضد الميكروبات، تمام؟ احنا
+
+63
+00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:06,500
+نعرف ال immune system ليتم حماية الجسميعني جهاز
+
+64
+00:05:06,500 --> 00:05:09,220
+الملعب عم بحمي الجسم عن عدة طرق طبعا إحنا بنعرف
+
+65
+00:05:09,220 --> 00:05:12,440
+إنه الطرق الحماية كتيرة كتير معناها أو هتبرع
+
+66
+00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,860
+فبالنظر الـ Calcium تنتهي طرق الحماية باستخدام
+
+67
+00:05:16,860 --> 00:05:21,680
+أسام مضادة لدى العوامل اللي نحكي الغريبة عن الجسم
+
+68
+00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:27,280
+زي الفيروسات، زي البرساج، زي متلبكتيريا هذه طبعا
+
+69
+00:05:27,280 --> 00:05:31,560
+بالنهاية بتستخدم لدى الأسام المضادة إيش تعريف
+
+70
+00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:34,730
+الاندجينات؟أكيد مرة معاكم بتعرفي إن الـAntigenة هي
+
+71
+00:05:34,730 --> 00:05:40,930
+أي مادة قادرة على استحداث جهاز الملاعب على إنتاج
+
+72
+00:05:40,930 --> 00:05:47,470
+أسام مضادة، يعني مثلا عنصر A لو حقرناه في جسم وكان
+
+73
+00:05:47,470 --> 00:05:51,770
+عنصر B تم تكوين أسام مضادة إله Anti-A فهو يُعتبر
+
+74
+00:05:51,770 --> 00:05:55,710
+Antigen، إذًا الـAntigen any substance that are
+
+75
+00:05:55,710 --> 00:05:59,820
+capableطبعاً أركيب الـH under appropriate
+
+76
+00:05:59,820 --> 00:06:03,000
+conditions of inducing the formation of antibody
+
+77
+00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:07,200
+and reacting specifically with antibody يعني بتخلي
+
+78
+00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:12,440
+الجسم ينتج حمضات ده خاصة لإله يعني A مينتج ضده H،
+
+79
+00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:18,140
+Anti-A، B، Anti-B الـGet Anti-A متفاهمش غير مع A،
+
+80
+00:06:18,140 --> 00:06:22,000
+مابتفاهم مع B، لأنه specifically خاص لإله، تمام؟
+
+81
+00:06:22,340 --> 00:06:26,280
+طبعًا هذه الانتجينات، these antigens مليكلوز may
+
+82
+00:06:26,280 --> 00:06:28,480
+have several antigenic determinations called
+
+83
+00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:33,700
+Epitopes يكون على سطحها طبعًا المركبات، هذه
+
+84
+00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:36,140
+المركبات اللي بيسموها Epitopes هذه Epitopes هي
+
+85
+00:06:36,140 --> 00:06:40,500
+القادرة على حد الجسم على إنتاج أجسام مضادة، تمام؟
+
+86
+00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:44,020
+ممكن الانتجين واحد يكون على سطحه عدة Epitopes،
+
+87
+00:06:44,020 --> 00:06:46,900
+Multi Epitopes وممكن يكون واحد بقى، حسب، ممكن يكون
+
+88
+00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:50,660
+single antigen may be bind مع عدة antibody، يعني
+
+89
+00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:58,340
+مثلًاالأنديجين مثلا نحكي بي على سطحه ABC هذا
+
+90
+00:06:58,340 --> 00:07:02,080
+الأنديجين على سطحه ABC قادر على يعمل… يخلّي الجسم
+
+91
+00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:07,640
+يعمل Anti-A، Anti-B، Anti-C، تمام؟ في الحالة هذه،
+
+92
+00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:14,280
+هذا الأنديجين فيه Zebral Epitope على سطحه طيب،
+
+93
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:17,800
+إيش ال… نحكي طبيات الأنديجين أو إيش طبيات
+
+94
+00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:21,340
+الأنديجينات ممكن تكون؟ ممكن تكون البروتيناتممكن
+
+95
+00:07:21,340 --> 00:07:24,700
+يكون polysaccharides ممكن يكون nucleic acid ممكن
+
+96
+00:07:24,700 --> 00:07:27,440
+يكون lipids ممكن يكون combined يعني بروتين مع
+
+97
+00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:29,460
+polysaccharides أو بروتين مع سكر أو بروتين مع
+
+98
+00:07:29,460 --> 00:07:33,160
+lipids طبعا ممكن يكون combined طبعا أقوى الجينات
+
+99
+00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:37,780
+هي عبارة عن البروتينات أكتر الدشارة the vast
+
+100
+00:07:37,780 --> 00:07:40,900
+majority of immunogenes are proteins طبعا دي أغلب
+
+101
+00:07:40,900 --> 00:07:45,300
+مدى تخدعات إيه؟ لأ طبعا البروتينات بتيجي مبركبة
+
+102
+00:07:45,300 --> 00:07:49,250
+بتيجي glycoproteins بتيجي glypoproteinsطبعًا هذه
+
+103
+00:07:49,250 --> 00:07:52,570
+مركبة بين مثلًا الـ «ليبوبروتين» «Lipids» مع
+
+104
+00:07:52,570 --> 00:07:57,510
+«بروتين» «Glycoprotein» «Lipids» مع «سُكّرة» طبعًا
+
+105
+00:07:57,510 --> 00:08:00,050
+الـ «Polysaccharides» طبعًا يتعتبر ضعيف شوية في
+
+106
+00:08:00,050 --> 00:08:03,350
+تكمية الأجينات طبعًا pure polysaccharides الـ
+
+107
+00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:05,750
+«ليبوبروت» والـ «Polysaccharides» are good
+
+108
+00:08:05,750 --> 00:08:08,590
+immunogenic الـ «Nucleic acid» تتور، sorry الـ
+
+109
+00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:10,250
+«Polysaccharides» تتور مجيدًا الـ «Nucleic acid»
+
+110
+00:08:10,250 --> 00:08:12,870
+تتعتبر fully immunogenic إن هي خالي جنة بتعمل
+
+111
+00:08:12,870 --> 00:08:18,550
+طبعًا تحرير الجسم وعندي ال «Lipids»غالباً ما تكونش
+
+112
+00:08:18,550 --> 00:08:21,710
+أردوجينات بيكون هابتين، إيش الهابتين؟ الهابتين
+
+113
+00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:26,090
+عبارة عن مادة تدخل الجسم غير قادرة على استحداد أو
+
+114
+00:08:26,090 --> 00:08:30,450
+يجعل الجسم يحط الجسم على إنتاج أسام وضغطة، لكن هذه
+
+115
+00:08:30,450 --> 00:08:34,860
+المادة من تردبت مع مركب تاني، تصبح أردوجينيعني
+
+116
+00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:38,480
+نعتبرها في البداية Incomplete Androgene مجرد إرتبط
+
+117
+00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:41,680
+مع مراكب تاني صارت Androgene في الحالة إيش بيصير؟
+
+118
+00:08:41,680 --> 00:08:46,960
+قادرة على جهة الجسم يرتبط بجهة الجسم إنه يحثوا على
+
+119
+00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:53,180
+تكوين أسام مضغطة، تمام؟
+
+120
+00:08:53,180 --> 00:08:56,260
+طب إيش الأسام المضغطة؟الإنسان المضادة هي أطبعًا
+
+121
+00:08:56,260 --> 00:08:59,440
+اسمها إبراه عن إيه؟ إبراه عن البروتين طبعًا إيش
+
+122
+00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:02,820
+نوع البروتين؟ طبعًا نحن نعرف الـGamma Gluculina
+
+123
+00:09:02,820 --> 00:09:05,420
+Gamma Gluculina طبعًا الإنسان المضاد عن البروتين
+
+124
+00:09:05,420 --> 00:09:09,780
+يتم إزالته بوسط الجسم في حالة منعية طبعًا ينتج منه
+
+125
+00:09:09,780 --> 00:09:13,400
+خلايا يسمونها الـP-Lymphocyte الـP-Lymphocyte، ده
+
+126
+00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:16,760
+هنعرف المناعة في الجسم يكون Humoral أو يكون
+
+127
+00:09:16,760 --> 00:09:21,300
+Cellular Cellular هي خلاية، نحكي مناعة خلاوية بتتم
+
+128
+00:09:21,300 --> 00:09:24,750
+ع طريق الخلايا P-Lymphocyteوالـ Humoral اللي هي
+
+129
+00:09:24,750 --> 00:09:26,990
+الـ «تبت شف هي انساق الأسام مضادة» اللي يتبع
+
+130
+00:09:26,990 --> 00:09:31,330
+الطريق على طريق الـ B-Lymphocyte طيب، إيش أنواع
+
+131
+00:09:31,330 --> 00:09:35,870
+الأسام المضادة؟ عدة أنواع، اللي هي مجموعة كلمة
+
+132
+00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:41,530
+ماجد اللي هي IgG وهي أكثر انتشار، 70% تقريبًا وهي
+
+133
+00:09:41,530 --> 00:09:44,430
+تنتج في حالة الـSecond Response يعني لو الإنسان
+
+134
+00:09:44,430 --> 00:09:49,090
+اتعرض لمرض معين أول ما ينتج، ينتج الـIgM، First
+
+135
+00:09:49,090 --> 00:09:54,040
+Response، بعد ذلكالمراد الثانية ينتج الـ IgG بشكل
+
+136
+00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:57,680
+أسرع وأقوى فعند الـ IgA وبيسموه طبعاً الـ
+
+137
+00:09:57,680 --> 00:10:01,220
+Secretions Aminogluculines يفرز بالثوائر والفرزات
+
+138
+00:10:01,220 --> 00:10:04,440
+عند الـ IgE يفرز الحالات الحساسية الـ Alerty
+
+139
+00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:09,660
+والبراسيط Infection وعند الـ IgD آخر إشي اللي هو
+
+140
+00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:13,220
+طبعاً موجود على سطح الخلايا Serving of B cells
+
+141
+00:10:13,220 --> 00:10:18,140
+طبعاً دوره مش كتير بس لبطوه أكتر إشي بالـ
+
+142
+00:10:18,140 --> 00:10:18,980
+Hypersensibility
+
+143
+00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:26,360
+هي أندسة أسكال الأسام المضادة عندها تسمين الـ IgG
+
+144
+00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,780
+هي الـ IgE هي الـ IgD الـ IgA والـ IgM فلاحظوا أن
+
+145
+00:10:30,780 --> 00:10:36,460
+الأسام المضادة تتكون من Long Chain و Light Chain و
+
+146
+00:10:36,460 --> 00:10:40,280
+Heap Chain Light Chain اللي جاي من العطراق و Heap
+
+147
+00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:44,240
+Chain اللي طويلة يعني طبعاً هذا الـ IgG، الـ IgE،
+
+148
+00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:48,220
+الـ IgD نفس الشيء يتكون من Two Light Chain و Two
+
+149
+00:10:48,220 --> 00:10:54,030
+Heap Chain الـ IgM بتكون منمركبين أو من اثنين
+
+150
+00:10:54,030 --> 00:10:58,310
+اثنين زي اركيات الـ IGD بتكون من أربع Light Chain
+
+151
+00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:01,890
+و أربع Heavy Chain طبعا مرتبطين مع بعض ب .. طبعا
+
+152
+00:11:01,890 --> 00:11:06,870
+الـ Joining .. تسموها طبعا Joining Chains طبعا
+
+153
+00:11:06,870 --> 00:11:09,810
+يفرض للـ Security والـ IGA بتكون من خمسة، بين
+
+154
+00:11:09,810 --> 00:11:15,810
+تمارين طب إيش الـ Nature of Ungenote Body
+
+155
+00:11:15,810 --> 00:11:18,090
+Reactions؟ إيش طبيعة التفاعلات؟ هم هدول اللي زي
+
+156
+00:11:18,090 --> 00:11:27,570
+الـ IGM هم هدول اللي .. إيش يا معاد؟حمزة رجع
+
+157
+00:11:27,570 --> 00:11:33,830
+الصورة اللي قبل تمام الأطراف
+
+158
+00:11:33,830 --> 00:11:37,930
+اللي هي Libetope مثلا الـ IGM هدولة ليها Libetope
+
+159
+00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:42,070
+صحيح هذه الأطراف هي بره Libetos وهي بره تفاعلات
+
+160
+00:11:42,070 --> 00:11:47,220
+الأسهم المضادةمع الـ Antigen طبعاً هذي بيسموها فيه
+
+161
+00:11:47,220 --> 00:11:51,460
+تاكه الـFC الفاب والـFC الـFragment
+
+162
+00:11:51,460 --> 00:11:55,020
+Crystallization والفاب اللي هي الـFragment Antigen
+
+163
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:58,020
+Antibody Reaction هذه هي اللي بيقول الفاب اللي هي
+
+164
+00:11:58,020 --> 00:12:00,700
+عبارة عن Antigen Antibody Reaction هي الطرف هذا
+
+165
+00:12:00,700 --> 00:12:05,740
+الـEpitopes هي موجودة على سطح الخلايا الأنتجينات
+
+166
+00:12:05,740 --> 00:12:10,670
+على أنتجيناتفالـ Epitopes تتفاعل مع الـ FAB اللي
+
+167
+00:12:10,670 --> 00:12:13,890
+موجود هنا الـ FAB اللي هي الـ Fragment Antibody
+
+168
+00:12:13,890 --> 00:12:17,850
+Binding موجود هنا وتحت يسمونه FC الـ Fragment
+
+169
+00:12:17,850 --> 00:12:21,130
+Crystallization هذه غالباً ممكن ترتبط على سطح خلية
+
+170
+00:12:21,130 --> 00:12:26,050
+حمرة أو تتركن على سطح أو سطح خلية معينة طبعاً لها
+
+171
+00:12:26,050 --> 00:12:28,550
+دور برتباط بس مش مع الأنتيجينات مع الخلايا الحمرة
+
+172
+00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:34,560
+بالكام، تمام؟ فإحنا المنطقة هاي العلويةشايف اللي
+
+173
+00:12:34,560 --> 00:12:37,980
+ملونها؟ هي بارع عن الـFAB وهي اللي تتودي لإرتباط
+
+174
+00:12:37,980 --> 00:12:43,120
+الـFAB مع الـEpitopes الموجودة على سطح الـAntigen
+
+175
+00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:48,580
+طيب،
+
+176
+00:12:48,580 --> 00:12:50,400
+هلجت لو صار عندى التفاعل بين الـAntigen
+
+177
+00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:53,980
+والـAntibody؟ التفاعل بين الـAntigen والـAntibody
+
+178
+00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:57,320
+له خصائص معينة هذه الخصائص طبعاً specific يعني
+
+179
+00:12:57,320 --> 00:12:59,900
+خصائص خاصة جداً بين الـAntigen والـAntibody أول
+
+180
+00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:05,460
+شغل مفهوم الـKey والـLockأحنا نعرف كل جثن اللي
+
+181
+00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:09,400
+مفتاح خاص فيه، صح ولا لأ؟ هلجيت؟ التفاعل ما بين
+
+182
+00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:13,160
+الانتجين مضادة والأنتجين نفس الحكاية الـCombining
+
+183
+00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:15,820
+site of antibody is located in the FAB الحكي لكم
+
+184
+00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:19,260
+عليها، الـFAB region، برتبط مع الـepitopes
+
+185
+00:13:19,260 --> 00:13:23,440
+الموجودة على سطح الانتجينات هذه تعتبر specific،
+
+186
+00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:29,350
+يعنيبتلاقي مثلا أنه تجيبينها لأشكال أنه مثلا الـ
+
+187
+00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:32,730
+gene خاصة بس قُلت بتليها يعني مثلا ال gene
+
+188
+00:13:32,730 --> 00:13:37,010
+Salmonella هيقوم بتلي مع أنتباطي ضد الـ Salmonella
+
+189
+00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:42,330
+ومع أنتباطي ضد Epitope معين فإذن أول خاصية أن
+
+190
+00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:45,770
+التفاعل عندي يبقى عن look and key concepts الخاصية
+
+191
+00:13:45,770 --> 00:13:48,390
+التانية بتفاعل ال gene مع الانتباطي non-component
+
+192
+00:13:48,390 --> 00:13:50,450
+bond إيش هال non-component bond؟ يعني مش مرتبط
+
+193
+00:13:50,450 --> 00:13:55,300
+بروابة سهمية وبالتاليوبالتالي، هيكون عيش عبارة عن
+
+194
+00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:58,160
+«reversible»، الخاصية الثالثة يعني كيف؟ أكيد لو
+
+195
+00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:00,540
+طلعت رابط السهمية، عمارة رابط السهمية عبارة عن
+
+196
+00:14:00,540 --> 00:14:05,100
+رابطة في حياتها ذات كربون وهي قوية جداً وصعب جداً
+
+197
+00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:07,720
+تفكك، لكنها لأ، برضه مثل رابط تانية، زي رابط
+
+198
+00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:13,160
+هجروجينية أو رابط أضعف شوية، أضعيفةوبالتالي، فهو
+
+199
+00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:15,800
+مرتبط لبرامج هيدروجينية أو مرتبط لبدن بيقله
+
+200
+00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:19,780
+Electrostatic Bounce أو الـ Ventral Wall Forces
+
+201
+00:14:19,780 --> 00:14:22,520
+كلها هي بـHydrophilic Bounce وتتسبر لضعيفها،
+
+202
+00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:25,300
+بتتسكب سرعة، عشان يكون تسبب الخاصية التالتية
+
+203
+00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:27,660
+الـReverse، بالكيد يعني، يعني لو صحيح أنتي تفاعل
+
+204
+00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:31,180
+أدجي نقطة بطيئة، أنا ممكن أعكس تفاعل أتكهم من بعض
+
+205
+00:14:40,420 --> 00:14:43,780
+طيب، إيش يعني الـ Affinity و الـ Ability؟ الـ
+
+206
+00:14:43,780 --> 00:14:51,260
+Affinity هي قوة ارتباط أو قوة التفاعل بين الـ
+
+207
+00:14:51,260 --> 00:14:54,400
+Antigen و Single Antigen و Single Combining Site
+
+208
+00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,480
+of the Antibody كمان مرة، الـ Affinity Antibody
+
+209
+00:14:57,480 --> 00:14:59,800
+Affinity is the strength of the reaction between
+
+210
+00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:03,260
+single antigenic determinant and a single
+
+211
+00:15:03,260 --> 00:15:07,160
+combining site of the antibody، تمام؟ طب الـ
+
+212
+00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:11,880
+Ability، الـ Ability عبارة عنبقييز كامل، يعني أجيز
+
+213
+00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:17,140
+له أنتجين فيه على سطحه three epitopes A وB وC أجيز
+
+214
+00:15:17,140 --> 00:15:20,480
+الـ Affinity بقييز قوة إرتباط الـA مع الـAnti-A أو
+
+215
+00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:23,380
+قوة إرتباط الـB مع الـAnti-B أو قوة إرتباط الـC مع
+
+216
+00:15:23,380 --> 00:15:26,600
+الـAnti-C أجيز الـAffinity لأ، بقيز overall
+
+217
+00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:30,120
+reaction بقيز قوة إرتباط هم كلهم مع الـAntigen
+
+218
+00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:33,280
+فالـAffinity is the measure of the overall
+
+219
+00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:35,580
+strength of binding of the antigen with many
+
+220
+00:15:35,580 --> 00:15:40,290
+antigenic elements and multivalent antibodiesتمام؟
+
+221
+00:15:40,290 --> 00:15:44,650
+هذه تعريف من الـ Affinity و الـ Ability لاحظوا
+
+222
+00:15:44,650 --> 00:15:48,270
+أندي هان مثلا، هان عبارة عن الـ light chain اللي
+
+223
+00:15:48,270 --> 00:15:51,190
+حالها أو جزء من الـ light chain و جزء من الـ
+
+224
+00:15:51,190 --> 00:15:54,490
+sphere فعندي و single determined، إتباط واحد فعندي
+
+225
+00:15:54,490 --> 00:15:58,190
+هان تبقى قوة إتباط واحد و واحدة، لاحظوا عندي هان،
+
+226
+00:15:58,190 --> 00:16:02,070
+عندي هان دكتور، عندي slide الجميل بس الـ Affinity
+
+227
+00:16:02,070 --> 00:16:06,910
+و الـ Ability؟ آه، الـ Affinity شايفينها؟ الـ
+
+228
+00:16:06,910 --> 00:16:14,790
+Affinity كمان مرةففينت هي عبارة عن قوة ارتباط بين
+
+229
+00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:18,090
+single antigenic determinant يعني مع واحدة
+
+230
+00:16:18,090 --> 00:16:23,860
+Epitopes and a single gubani site مع واحدة ASKيعني
+
+231
+00:16:23,860 --> 00:16:27,420
+واحدة قبل واحدة بس بقص قوة إرتباطها فينما الـ
+
+232
+00:16:27,420 --> 00:16:31,980
+Ability نحكي المجموع الكلي للإرتباط The overall
+
+233
+00:16:31,980 --> 00:16:34,720
+strength of binding of the antigen with many
+
+234
+00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:37,380
+antigenic determinants on multi-valent antibodies
+
+235
+00:16:37,380 --> 00:16:41,060
+يعني قوة الإرتباط الكلي، هنا بتوضحلي أكتر، لاحظوا
+
+236
+00:16:41,060 --> 00:16:46,760
+عندي هنا، مثلا هنا الصالين هنا Monovalent Affinity
+
+237
+00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:49,660
+وهنا Affinity، ليش Affinity؟ هانا أخد المجموع
+
+238
+00:16:49,660 --> 00:16:53,140
+كامل، هانا أخد القوة واحدة بسأخد قوة درعبات واحد،
+
+239
+00:16:53,140 --> 00:16:57,080
+واحد، هنا أخدلي اتنين بقى، مع أن في الديانة اتنين،
+
+240
+00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:00,700
+أخدلي اتنين، هنا أخدلي إيه؟ أخدلي واحد، اتنين،
+
+241
+00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:04,120
+ثلاث، أربع، خمسة من المرتبطين، أخدنا خمسة من
+
+242
+00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:10,660
+المرتبطين، فأعطبلي هنا Multivalent Ability، تمام؟
+
+243
+00:17:10,660 --> 00:17:12,880
+إيش الـSpecificity؟ من خلال الـActivity
+
+244
+00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:18,010
+وSensibility، الـSpecificity تعريفهابـ Ability of
+
+245
+00:17:18,010 --> 00:17:20,470
+an individual and body combining side to react
+
+246
+00:17:20,470 --> 00:17:24,570
+with only one antigenic اللي هي زي ما نحن بحكي أن
+
+247
+00:17:24,570 --> 00:17:28,610
+هذا يعني أجهزة مثلا الـ Anti-Air برتبط ليه بس مع
+
+248
+00:17:28,610 --> 00:17:31,190
+الـAir، برتبط ليه مش مع الـB ولا الـC، هذا سموه
+
+249
+00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:34,370
+Specificity، تمام؟ لو رتبط مع الـB أو الـC، صار
+
+250
+00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:37,850
+Non-specific reactionفأنا ارتبط على التفاعلات الـ
+
+251
+00:17:37,850 --> 00:17:41,650
+Antigen and Body الـ Specific، تمام؟ I get cross
+
+252
+00:17:41,650 --> 00:17:45,310
+-reactivity، cross-reactivity، the ability of
+
+253
+00:17:45,310 --> 00:17:47,850
+antigen and body combining side to react with more
+
+254
+00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:52,250
+than one antigen، يعني أنت إيه، ارتبطلي مع إيه،
+
+255
+00:17:52,250 --> 00:17:54,430
+لكن واحد ارتبطلي معه بيه، من الاتنين اللي معه بيه
+
+256
+00:17:54,430 --> 00:17:57,410
+صار cross-reactive، إنه ما ارتبطليش مع الـ
+
+257
+00:17:57,410 --> 00:18:00,270
+Specific تبعه، بل ارتبطلي مع واحد تاني، بسموه
+
+258
+00:18:00,270 --> 00:18:05,590
+cross-reactivity، طب ال sensitivityعادةً إلى قدرة
+
+259
+00:18:05,590 --> 00:18:09,730
+جسم البرنامج للحصول على أندرجين حتى لو كان مخفف في
+
+260
+00:18:09,730 --> 00:18:12,230
+ديليوان، يعني إن الـsensitivity، أنا مثلا عندي
+
+261
+00:18:12,230 --> 00:18:17,450
+أندرجين موجود في، موجود، كدهش بقدر أنا أكشفها
+
+262
+00:18:17,450 --> 00:18:21,450
+للجين حتى لو كان مخفف في الديليوان، هذا يعتبر
+
+263
+00:18:21,450 --> 00:18:24,410
+الـsensitivity، والمعيلية الـsensitivity هو المكان
+
+264
+00:18:24,410 --> 00:18:28,790
+الفحص أقوى في الـdetection للأندرجين، والمكان أحسن
+
+265
+00:18:28,790 --> 00:18:33,120
+لنا كمختبرات، كيف يعني؟ أنا عندي مكان جهازين،جهاز
+
+266
+00:18:33,120 --> 00:18:36,400
+sensitivity له أعلى من جهاز تاني لأ بدور على اللي
+
+267
+00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,900
+sensitivity أعلى لأنه هذا هيكتشفلي الأدسينات حتى
+
+268
+00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:44,580
+في العينات اللي فيها الأدسي المخططية فهمنا كيف؟
+
+269
+00:18:44,580 --> 00:18:53,820
+تمام يا حمزة؟ تمام، تمام، بس معاد؟ بس الله تمام،
+
+270
+00:18:53,820 --> 00:18:56,920
+تمام طبعا شريف سمعنا كويس، أه؟
+
+271
+00:19:00,510 --> 00:19:04,710
+أنا مش شايف لا شريف ولا أكرم ولا عباد على كل حال،
+
+272
+00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:09,350
+كمان مرة، أعيدكم كمان مرة الـGate specificity، زي
+
+273
+00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:12,170
+ما حكيناه اللي هي ability of an individual
+
+274
+00:19:12,170 --> 00:19:15,170
+antibody combining sites to react with one
+
+275
+00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:18,890
+antigenic site، يعني A ضد Anti-A، بس الـCrossing
+
+276
+00:19:18,890 --> 00:19:23,290
+Activity، عندك الـAnti-A بتفعلي مع A وB، تمام؟
+
+277
+00:19:23,290 --> 00:19:27,530
+الـSensitivity، cross ال activity with respect to
+
+278
+00:19:27,530 --> 00:19:31,940
+ability of individual antibodies to locateeven if
+
+279
+00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:41,360
+it is greater than one يعني إنه أنا بقدر أعمل
+
+280
+00:19:41,360 --> 00:19:49,000
+تفاعل حتى في حال إنه كان إيه؟ كان شو اسمه؟
+
+281
+00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:53,620
+خلاص تمام، شريف بعدي، بيحكي إن أنا بحاضر، أنا
+
+282
+00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:56,360
+مسجد، إن شاء الله خير، تمام، إن شاء الله، طيب
+
+283
+00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:03,160
+عرفت أيش العوامل، أيش العوامل بتأثيري على
+
+284
+00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,080
+التفاعلات الـ Antigen-Antibody؟ طبعا أحنا زي ما
+
+285
+00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:09,060
+حكينا الـ Antigen Antibody Reaction طبعا هي تقريبا
+
+286
+00:20:09,060 --> 00:20:11,900
+زي ما حكينا فيها لخضرات معينة عرفت الـ Affinity
+
+287
+00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,300
+بتحكيلك، بهير الـ Affinity of the Antibody for the
+
+288
+00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:18,360
+Antigen، the more stable will be the interaction
+
+289
+00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:23,300
+كل ما زادت الـ Affinity، كل ما زادت ثبات التفاعل،
+
+290
+00:20:23,300 --> 00:20:27,380
+طبعا وبالتالي، this isفي الواقع اللي يمكن تفحص
+
+291
+00:20:27,380 --> 00:20:30,740
+الانتجين هو الـ Enhanced يعني تقدر تفحص على
+
+292
+00:20:30,740 --> 00:20:33,560
+الانتجين أكتر، فكل ما زالت قوة تفحص الانتجين
+
+293
+00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:37,720
+الability، reaction between multi-balanced gene
+
+294
+00:20:37,720 --> 00:20:40,100
+وmulti-balanced body are more stable and thus
+
+295
+00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:43,480
+easier to detect برضه كل ما زالت الability كل مكان
+
+296
+00:20:43,480 --> 00:20:48,790
+برضه أحسن في عملية detection للاتفاعلاتالـ Antigen
+
+297
+00:20:48,790 --> 00:20:51,910
+Antibody Ratio نسبة الانتجين والانتجين الانتجين
+
+298
+00:20:51,910 --> 00:20:57,690
+كتير أو زادت نسبة الانتجين كتير بأثر عطفها وكتر
+
+299
+00:20:57,690 --> 00:21:01,570
+بتاريجيشه ولازم تكون نسبة معقولة فالـ Ratio بين
+
+300
+00:21:01,570 --> 00:21:04,170
+الانتجين والانتجين الانتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+301
+00:21:04,170 --> 00:21:04,790
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+302
+00:21:04,790 --> 00:21:05,090
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+303
+00:21:05,090 --> 00:21:05,310
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+304
+00:21:05,310 --> 00:21:05,390
+انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين انتجين
+
+305
+00:21:05,390 --> 00:21:15,290
+انتجين
+
+306
+00:21:15,380 --> 00:21:17,800
+الـ Physical Form of the Antigen، طبيعة الـ
+
+307
+00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:21,310
+Antigenاتلو كانت مثلا دائبة في المحلول sealable و
+
+308
+00:21:21,310 --> 00:21:24,150
+لو كانت غير دائبة فمثلا لو كانت دائبة في المحلول
+
+309
+00:21:24,150 --> 00:21:26,450
+sealable هي تستخدم تفاعلات بيسموها precipitation
+
+310
+00:21:26,450 --> 00:21:29,250
+لو كانت مثلا مش دائبة ممكن تستخدم agglutination
+
+311
+00:21:29,250 --> 00:21:33,870
+فـPhysical form of the antigen إلها دورة طيب، إيش
+
+312
+00:21:33,870 --> 00:21:36,630
+التفاعلات اللي بيصير معنا؟ عندي precipitation
+
+313
+00:21:36,630 --> 00:21:39,990
+reaction، عندي agglutination reaction، طبعا هذه
+
+314
+00:21:39,990 --> 00:21:42,710
+التفاعلات أو نحكي طريقة الكشف عن الantigen، عندي
+
+315
+00:21:42,710 --> 00:21:45,330
+cumulativation، عندي الـEliza وعندي
+
+316
+00:21:45,330 --> 00:21:46,510
+الامونيوفليريتان
+
+317
+00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:51,810
+حسنًا، دعونا نعود إلى أساسي الـ Agglutination الـ
+
+318
+00:21:51,810 --> 00:21:54,710
+Agglutination اسمها Agglutination of Clumping of
+
+319
+00:21:54,710 --> 00:21:58,650
+Particles يعني أن A وB ملابساتهم مع بعض هم يسمونها
+
+320
+00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:02,230
+Clumping هذا عبارة عن Agglutination الـ
+
+321
+00:22:02,230 --> 00:22:05,450
+Agglutination يتلقى إذا كان الأنتيل مزدوج من ��سمه
+
+322
+00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,930
+أنتباطية اسمه ISO Agglutination يعني مرتبط مع
+
+323
+00:22:08,930 --> 00:22:14,280
+أنتباطيته يسمونه ISO Agglutinationتمام؟ This term
+
+324
+00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,640
+is commonly used for blood groupings أحنا طبعا
+
+325
+00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:20,100
+نسميها blood groupings لأنه أنا في استخدام الـ
+
+326
+00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:25,720
+agglutination في الفحص عن نوع الدم أحنا خدنا في
+
+327
+00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:32,920
+المعمل المقدمة كيف نعمل نوع الدم أخدنا طبعا NPA و
+
+328
+00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:37,080
+أخدنا one drop من blood أحدهم طبعا و عملنا على ال
+
+329
+00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:42,950
+slide وشوفنا ال agglutination فبالحالة هايلو حصلت
+
+330
+00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:47,790
+أجلوتينيشن يعني reaction positive لو حصلت بشكل
+
+331
+00:22:47,790 --> 00:22:54,570
+أجلوتينيشن reaction negative، تمام؟
+
+332
+00:22:54,570 --> 00:22:58,170
+طيب،
+
+333
+00:22:58,170 --> 00:23:04,050
+احنا عشان الـTiming تبعنا تقريبا عشان المعمل بتوقف
+
+334
+00:23:04,050 --> 00:23:06,770
+شويه صغير على الـGate لأنه احنا هلأ طبعا نسخة
+
+335
+00:23:06,770 --> 00:23:10,430
+مجربة من الـZoom
+
+336
+00:23:11,390 --> 00:23:14,910
+و بعدين ان شاء الله احنا بروحكك هوقف شوية تمام؟
+
+337
+00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:20,310
+تمام شوية و برجع ال meeting اذا ضايق الدقيقة
+
+338
+00:23:20,310 --> 00:23:23,570
+انتيجة على اراد ال meeting يكون نص ساعة لازم تعمل
+
+339
+00:23:23,570 --> 00:23:28,330
+تجديد و بعدين بوقفها و بعدين برجع ال meeting هنوقف
+
+340
+00:23:28,330 --> 00:23:32,610
+هن يعني؟ اه اه هوقف شوية دي كتير و بعدين برجعكم
+
+341
+00:23:32,610 --> 00:23:35,230
+ماشي؟ ببقى مش في خصوص المادة هتنزلنا إياها و لا
+
+342
+00:23:35,230 --> 00:23:39,110
+كده؟ اه هنزلنا إياها ان شاء اللهطب ناخد أقل
+
+343
+00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:42,670
+البنانات ولا الـKF؟ ناخد أقل البنانات؟ شوية، شوية،
+
+344
+00:23:42,670 --> 00:23:45,110
+بس خليني عشان ماديش أحصار الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+345
+00:23:45,110 --> 00:23:45,310
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+346
+00:23:45,310 --> 00:23:45,850
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+347
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:45,910
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+348
+00:23:45,910 --> 00:23:45,930
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+349
+00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:45,950
+الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ… الـ…
+
+350
+00:23:45,950 --> 00:23:46,030
+الـ… الـ…
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwalAF3r2PeyFDE_JcVDC3QU/25aQ-OZ3coo_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1328 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,660
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+2
+00:00:04,660 --> 00:00:11,400
+وعلى آله وصحبه ومولاه إلى يوم أن نلقاه أما بعده
+
+3
+00:00:11,400 --> 00:00:17,360
+فنات الكريمات نشر اليوم جزء ثاني من قدرة التثبت من
+
+4
+00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:23,400
+الأخبار والتي تتناول آيات الكريمة من الآية السادسة
+
+5
+00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:26,600
+إلى العاشرة في صورة البجرات
+
+6
+00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:32,360
+ونبدأ اليوم إن شاء الله تعالى بالحديث في الأحكام
+
+7
+00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:39,960
+الفقهية أو الأحكام الشرقية والحكم الأول هل يقبل
+
+8
+00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:45,180
+خبر الواحد إذا كان عدلاً؟ الآية الكريمة واضحة قال
+
+9
+00:00:45,180 --> 00:00:49,100
+الله تعالى يا أيها الذين آمنوا إن جاءكم فاسق بنبأ
+
+10
+00:00:49,100 --> 00:00:58,240
+فتبين وعليه فخبر الفاسق يجب التثبت منهبمفهوم
+
+11
+00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:05,740
+المخالفة إن جاءكم عدل بنبأ فاقبلوا وعليه فهذه
+
+12
+00:01:05,740 --> 00:01:12,440
+الآية الكريمة تدل أو تفيد أن خبر الواحد العدل
+
+13
+00:01:12,440 --> 00:01:22,740
+مقبول من جهتين أما الأولى فهي أن الله سبحانه
+
+14
+00:01:22,740 --> 00:01:26,600
+وتعالى قد أمرنا بأن نتثبت من الأخبار الفاسقين
+
+15
+00:01:29,170 --> 00:01:35,150
+وعليه لو كان خبر العدل الواحد لا يقبل لم يكن ثم
+
+16
+00:01:35,150 --> 00:01:39,870
+تفائدة من ذكر التثبت في الآية هنا لأن خبر كل من
+
+17
+00:01:39,870 --> 00:01:46,610
+العدل والفاسق مردود فلما دلت الآية على وجوب التثبت
+
+18
+00:01:46,610 --> 00:01:51,630
+من خبر الفاسق فهمنا بمفهوم المخالف أنه لا يجب
+
+19
+00:01:51,630 --> 00:01:57,620
+التثبت من خبر العدلثم إن الله تعالى لما أمرنا
+
+20
+00:01:57,620 --> 00:02:03,080
+بالتثبت من خبر الفاسق لماذا؟ لأن العلة هي فسقه
+
+21
+00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:09,040
+تسميها دلالة الإيمان أخدتها في أصول خمسة ترتيب
+
+22
+00:02:09,040 --> 00:02:14,360
+الحكم على المشتق يؤذن بالعلية الله تعالى إن جاءكم
+
+23
+00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:21,180
+فاسق بنبأ فتبينوا لماذا لفسقه فإذا انتفت العلة
+
+24
+00:02:21,950 --> 00:02:27,890
+حينها ينتفي الحكم وهو التثبت ويقبلوا الخبر طرح
+
+25
+00:02:27,890 --> 00:02:34,270
+العلماء هنا مسألة هل تقبلوا عدالة أو رواية أو
+
+26
+00:02:34,270 --> 00:02:43,090
+شهادة مجهول الحال؟ فقهاء الحنفية يقبلون رواية
+
+27
+00:02:43,090 --> 00:02:49,290
+وشهادة مجهول الحال لماذا؟
+
+28
+00:02:49,290 --> 00:02:56,100
+قالوا إن الآية الكلمةقد بيّن أن الفسق شرط لوجوب
+
+29
+00:02:56,100 --> 00:03:04,100
+التثبت فمن تحقق فسقه وجب التثبت من قوله ومجهول
+
+30
+00:03:04,100 --> 00:03:11,340
+الحال لم يتحقق فسقه والأصل في الناس العدالة ولذلك
+
+31
+00:03:11,340 --> 00:03:14,440
+مجهول الحال الأصل أنه عدل والعدل مقبول للخبر
+
+32
+00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:20,640
+فتقبلوا روايته ويقبلوا خبره وتقبلوا شهادة غيرهم
+
+33
+00:03:20,640 --> 00:03:21,240
+من العلماء
+
+34
+00:03:28,590 --> 00:03:33,550
+الحالي في الناس الفساد والفسق وليس عادة ولا رواية
+
+35
+00:03:33,550 --> 00:03:40,210
+قصدون الحال وإنما ينبغي التثبت من عدالته وهذه
+
+36
+00:03:40,210 --> 00:03:44,610
+المسألة موجودة بالتفصيل في كتب الفقه وتحديداً في
+
+37
+00:03:44,610 --> 00:03:50,310
+فقه القطاع في مسألة شهادة مستور الحال نيجي الآن
+
+38
+00:03:50,310 --> 00:03:52,790
+للمسألة الثانية وهي
+
+39
+00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:59,080
+قالت الصحابة يعني ما حكم عدالة الصحابة هل الصحابة
+
+40
+00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:04,320
+عضول؟ يا أخواتي هذه المثلة أختلف العلماء فيها خلاف
+
+41
+00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:11,540
+كبير جدا يعني مذهب أهل السنة والجماعة وبه قال
+
+42
+00:04:11,540 --> 00:04:14,660
+السلف والخلف والمراد بالخلف هنا الأشاعر والما
+
+43
+00:04:14,660 --> 00:04:19,660
+تريدين قالو�� إن الصحابة كلهم عضول فلا نبحث في
+
+44
+00:04:19,660 --> 00:04:23,820
+عدالتهم ولذلك احنا بنقول عن الصحابة ممن تجاوزوا
+
+45
+00:04:23,820 --> 00:04:24,360
+القنطرة
+
+46
+00:04:28,060 --> 00:04:33,540
+بعض العلماء وهذا القول منصوب لـ «المعتزلة»
+
+47
+00:04:33,540 --> 00:04:37,460
+قالوا إن الصحابة نوعين و«المعتزلة» منصوب لهم رأيين
+
+48
+00:04:37,460 --> 00:04:44,560
+كمثال قالوا إن الصحابة تنوعان النوع
+
+49
+00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:53,220
+الأول الصحابة الذين اشتهروا كأبي بكرن وعمرة وعثمان
+
+50
+00:04:58,770 --> 00:05:08,290
+الصوت الآن واضح، صحيح؟ طيب، نكمل على
+
+51
+00:05:08,290 --> 00:05:17,390
+بركة الله الآن
+
+52
+00:05:17,390 --> 00:05:24,290
+يا أخواتي، ننتبه لهذه المثلةجمهور أهل العلم سلفا
+
+53
+00:05:24,290 --> 00:05:27,750
+وخلفا وبه قال أهل السنة والجماعة قالوا إن الصحابة
+
+54
+00:05:27,750 --> 00:05:31,730
+عدول وقد
+
+55
+00:05:31,730 --> 00:05:34,910
+ثبتت عدالتهم بمصر القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية
+
+56
+00:05:34,910 --> 00:05:40,470
+الموجودة المعتزلة في قول لهم قالوا إن الصحابة نوعا
+
+57
+00:05:40,470 --> 00:05:46,470
+مشهور ومغمور أما من اشتهر من الصحابة وعُرف فالأصل
+
+58
+00:05:46,470 --> 00:05:52,110
+فيه العدالةولا يبحثوا عن عدالته كأبي بكر وعمر
+
+59
+00:05:52,110 --> 00:05:55,870
+وعثمان وعليه والعشرة المبشرين بالجنة وأمهات
+
+60
+00:05:55,870 --> 00:06:00,370
+المؤمنين ومعاد بن جبلم رضي الله تعالى عنه وغيرهم
+
+61
+00:06:00,370 --> 00:06:07,270
+من الصحابة الذين اشتهروا وأما المغمور من الصحابة
+
+62
+00:06:07,270 --> 00:06:11,710
+زي أبو تعلب الخشني وأبو السمح وغيرهم من الصحابة
+
+63
+00:06:11,710 --> 00:06:17,550
+الذين لم يشتهروا فإن الأصل فيهم أن يبحث في عدالتهم
+
+64
+00:06:19,580 --> 00:06:25,620
+هذا رأي موجود وهو رأي المرتد، لا هناك قول آخر وهو
+
+65
+00:06:25,620 --> 00:06:32,960
+قول منسوب للخوارش قالوا إن الصحابة رضي الله تعالى
+
+66
+00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:40,340
+عنهم كلهم عدول إلى زمن عثمان رضي الله عنه وأما بعد
+
+67
+00:06:40,340 --> 00:06:44,240
+الفتنة فكل من شارك في الفتنة فهو مرتد والعيادة
+
+68
+00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:49,950
+بالله هذا الكلام خطير، يقول بيه الخوارشأغفروا
+
+69
+00:06:49,950 --> 00:06:56,530
+عليًا ومعاوية رضي الله عنهما وهناك من قال وهو مذهب
+
+70
+00:06:56,530 --> 00:07:01,090
+للمعتزلة أيضًا قالوا إن الصحابة تميعوا عن عدول إلا
+
+71
+00:07:01,090 --> 00:07:05,930
+من خرج على علي رضي الله عنه لأن الخروج على الحاكم
+
+72
+00:07:05,930 --> 00:07:11,930
+في الصفة ولذلك
+
+73
+00:07:11,930 --> 00:07:17,070
+يكونون خسارةطيب، هناك قول كذلك مش موجود في الكتاب
+
+74
+00:07:17,070 --> 00:07:21,390
+للشيعة الشيعة يقولون إن الصحابة بعد وفاة النبي
+
+75
+00:07:21,390 --> 00:07:25,870
+عليه الصلاة والسلام كانوا أهل ردة إلا ثلاثة
+
+76
+00:07:25,870 --> 00:07:31,010
+المقداد بن الأسود وأبو ذر الغفاري وسلمان الفارسي
+
+77
+00:07:31,010 --> 00:07:38,370
+وهذا طبعا قول واهي ضعيف قول مطروح والعياذ بالله
+
+78
+00:07:38,370 --> 00:07:46,760
+دكتور بذنك، بس أعيد لأسماء التلاتةالمقداد بن
+
+79
+00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:50,640
+الأسود وأبو
+
+80
+00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:56,860
+ذر الغفاري وسلمان الفارسي طبعاً واحد هيسألني قولي
+
+81
+00:07:56,860 --> 00:08:03,040
+طب وين علي رضي الله عنه والحسن والحسين الإمامية
+
+82
+00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:07,880
+الشيعة الروافد يعدون عليًا والحسن والحسين من آل
+
+83
+00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:13,040
+البيت من الأئمة المعصومين مرتبتهم أعلى من مرتبة
+
+84
+00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:14,380
+الصحابة عند الشيعة
+
+85
+00:08:18,210 --> 00:08:22,270
+ما علينا؟ طبعا احنا لو راجعنا للأدلة الشرعية
+
+86
+00:08:22,270 --> 00:08:26,650
+الصحابة عضولهم بنص القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية
+
+87
+00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:30,630
+قال تعالى مح��د رسول الله والذين معاه أشدّاوا عن
+
+88
+00:08:30,630 --> 00:08:36,790
+الكفار رحماء بينهم قال تعالى يابتغرما فضلا من الله
+
+89
+00:08:36,790 --> 00:08:41,570
+ورضوانا وينصرون الله ورسوله أولئك هم الصادقون قال
+
+90
+00:08:41,570 --> 00:08:45,420
+تعالى رضي الله عنهم ورضوا عنهمالنبي عليه الصلاة
+
+91
+00:08:45,420 --> 00:08:48,480
+والسلام قال خير الناس قرني ثم الذين يالونهم ثم
+
+92
+00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:51,740
+الذين يالونهم النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام قال لا
+
+93
+00:08:51,740 --> 00:08:56,380
+تسبوا أصحابي فوالذي نفسي بيده لو أن أحدكم أنفق مثل
+
+94
+00:08:56,380 --> 00:09:02,240
+أُحُدٍ ذهبًا ما بلغ مدة أحدهم ولا نصيفة النبي عليه
+
+95
+00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:05,300
+الصلاة والسلام قال الله الله في أصحابي لا تتخدوهم
+
+96
+00:09:05,300 --> 00:09:12,020
+غرضًا بعدي فمن أحبهم فبحبي أحبهم وبالتالي هذه
+
+97
+00:09:12,020 --> 00:09:16,040
+الأيات والأدلة والأحاديث واضحةواحد بيقول طب يا شيخ
+
+98
+00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:21,500
+الصحابة منهم من وقع في الذنب يا أخواننا، يا أخواتي
+
+99
+00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:25,180
+الصحابة رب الله تعالى عامهم عدول ولكن العدالة لا
+
+100
+00:09:25,180 --> 00:09:29,880
+تقتضي العصمة الصحابة ليسوا معصومين وإنما هم عدول
+
+101
+00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:36,740
+انتقاد في كل ما ربوا عن النبي ﷺ لأنهم هم نقلة
+
+102
+00:09:36,740 --> 00:09:44,450
+الوحي عن النبي ﷺ وحملة الرسالة من بعدهطب نيجي
+
+103
+00:09:44,450 --> 00:09:49,270
+للحكم الثالث الأن قال تعالى يا أيها الذين آمنوا
+
+104
+00:09:49,270 --> 00:09:56,810
+أنجاكم فاسقون بنمائم فتبينوا طيب وبالتالي أخدنا إن
+
+105
+00:09:56,810 --> 00:10:01,370
+رواية الفاسق وشهادة الفاسق لاتقبل وبعض الناس بيسأل
+
+106
+00:10:01,370 --> 00:10:10,950
+ما حكم قبول شهادة الفاسق أو المبتدع أولا
+
+107
+00:10:10,950 --> 00:10:15,280
+يا بناتي أنا بدي أفرجلكمالفرق بين الفاسق والمحتجاب
+
+108
+00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:26,000
+يا أخوتي الإنسان فسقه وخروجه عن الحق إما أن يكون
+
+109
+00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:35,080
+بسبب شهوة وإما أن يكون بسبب شبهة فإذا كان الفسق
+
+110
+00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:41,580
+بسبب شهوة فهو فاسق كمن يزنى الذنب فسق لأنه من
+
+111
+00:10:41,580 --> 00:10:48,760
+الكبارالقذف فسق لأنه من الكبائر شرب الخمر فسق
+
+112
+00:10:48,760 --> 00:10:53,520
+لأنها من الكبائر المداومة على الصغائر فسق هذه
+
+113
+00:10:53,520 --> 00:10:59,280
+سببها شهوة طيب تبنيج
+
+114
+00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:06,280
+الإيمان بالمبتدع المبتدع هو فاسق ولكن فسقه ليس فسق
+
+115
+00:11:06,280 --> 00:11:12,920
+شهوة وإنما فسق شبهةكالذين ينكرون الصفات، هؤلاء
+
+116
+00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:19,020
+مبتدعة الذين يقولون بالقدر، هؤلاء مبتدعة الجهمية
+
+117
+00:11:19,020 --> 00:11:24,360
+والشيعة والمعتزلة،
+
+118
+00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:31,700
+هؤلاء مبتدعات ولذلك فسقهم فسق معتقد، فسق شبه، وليس
+
+119
+00:11:31,700 --> 00:11:38,590
+فسق شهوة نيجي نفصل القول الآن بعد هذه المقدمةاتفق
+
+120
+00:11:38,590 --> 00:11:43,830
+العلماء على أن الفاسق لاتقبل شهادته لقوله تعالى
+
+121
+00:11:43,830 --> 00:11:49,890
+«إن جاءكم فاسق بنبأ فتبين» طيب إذا الفاسق ليس من
+
+122
+00:11:49,890 --> 00:11:55,610
+أهل الشهادة ولا من أهل الإخضار إلا في تلت مواضع
+
+123
+00:11:55,610 --> 00:12:01,410
+رجل رجل واحد يقبل قول الفاسق في الإقرار على نفسه
+
+124
+00:12:01,410 --> 00:12:08,630
+الفاسق لو أقر على نفسه أمام القاضي يقبل إقرارهلأن
+
+125
+00:12:08,630 --> 00:12:12,190
+الإقرار سيده الأدلة ولأن الإقرار مقبول من الكافر
+
+126
+00:12:12,190 --> 00:12:19,350
+فيقبله من الفاسق جلّا كذلك يقبله قول الفاسق في
+
+127
+00:12:19,350 --> 00:12:26,110
+الهدية والوكالة فيصح منه القبض والإقباض والتوكيل
+
+128
+00:12:26,110 --> 00:12:31,610
+لأنه بيقولك إذا ا��فاسق يجوز له أن يبيع لنفسه إذا
+
+129
+00:12:31,610 --> 00:12:37,040
+يجوز له أن يكون وكيلًا عن غيره في البيعكذلك في
+
+130
+00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:42,000
+الإذن بالدخول لو رجل ذهب لفاسق إلى بيتي فقال له
+
+131
+00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:47,140
+تفضل هل يقوله لأ خبرك مش مقبول؟ جيب شهود عضول؟ لأ،
+
+132
+00:12:47,140 --> 00:12:53,940
+طبعاً ولذلك في الإذن بالدخول يقبله قوله طيب، هل
+
+133
+00:12:53,940 --> 00:12:59,060
+يجوز للفاسق أن يكون ولياً في عقد النكاح؟ درست هذه
+
+134
+00:12:59,060 --> 00:13:04,240
+المسألة في مساق قانون الأحكام الشخصية العلماء في
+
+135
+00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:11,060
+هذه المسألة مختلفةالحنافية والمالكية في المشهور من
+
+136
+00:13:11,060 --> 00:13:15,980
+المذهب وهو وجه عندنا نحن الشافعية ورواية عند
+
+137
+00:13:15,980 --> 00:13:21,020
+السادة الحنافلة قالوا لا تشترط العدالة في الولي
+
+138
+00:13:21,020 --> 00:13:28,440
+على النكاح فتجوز ولاية الفاسقة واستدلوا أولا بقوله
+
+139
+00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:34,350
+تعالى وانكحوا الأيام منكم والخطاب للمؤمنينفيعموا
+
+140
+00:13:34,350 --> 00:13:40,930
+برهم وفاجرهم وعدلهم وفاسقهم قال قوله صلى الله عليه
+
+141
+00:13:40,930 --> 00:13:46,770
+وسلم «زوجوا بناتكم الأكفر» نفس الشيء لم تشترط
+
+142
+00:13:46,770 --> 00:13:53,390
+الحديث اللي هو العدل قال «ولا يزوجهن إلا الأولياء»
+
+143
+00:13:53,390 --> 00:13:58,690
+وهنا عامة تشمل جميع الأولياء كذلك استدلوا بالإجماع
+
+144
+00:13:59,230 --> 00:14:05,010
+فإن الناس عامهم وخاصهم من زمن النبي ﷺ إلى زماننا
+
+145
+00:14:05,010 --> 00:14:10,870
+هذا هم الذين يزوجون بناتهم دون نكير ولم يثبت أن
+
+146
+00:14:10,870 --> 00:14:15,190
+أحدا قد منع أحدا من الولاية على نكاح ابنته لأنه
+
+147
+00:14:15,190 --> 00:14:22,710
+فاسع قالوا كذلك ولاية النكاح ولاية نظر في المصلحة
+
+148
+00:14:22,710 --> 00:14:29,120
+وآلة النظر هي العقلوالداعي إلى النظر هو الشفقة
+
+149
+00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:37,560
+والفاسق عاقل وله شفقة على ابنته ولذلك تُقبل ولايته
+
+150
+00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:45,360
+أما الشافعية في الأرض هو المذهب عند الحنابلة وهو
+
+151
+00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:53,420
+غير مشهور عند المالكية فقالوا إن العدالة شرط في
+
+152
+00:14:53,420 --> 00:15:00,140
+ولاية النكاحوالأصل في ولاية الفاسق أنها باطلة
+
+153
+00:15:00,140 --> 00:15:06,540
+واحتجوا بحديث لا نكاحة إلا بإذن ولي مرشد أو سلطان
+
+154
+00:15:06,540 --> 00:15:10,020
+طبعاً وهذا الحديث يعترض عليه باعتراضين الاعتراض
+
+155
+00:15:10,020 --> 00:15:15,940
+الأول إن الحديث ضعيف والثاني ما جالش إلا في ولي
+
+156
+00:15:15,940 --> 00:15:21,480
+عدل قال ولي مرشد وآلة إرشاد العقل والفاسق إذا كان
+
+157
+00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:31,980
+عاقلاً فإلا ولايته تمام؟طيب نجي للشقق الثاني وهو
+
+158
+00:15:31,980 --> 00:15:39,620
+قبول شهادة المبتدع ورواية المبتدع هذه المسألة فيها
+
+159
+00:15:39,620 --> 00:15:44,980
+تفصيل عند العلماء وحناخد تفصيلها على النحو التالي
+
+160
+00:15:44,980 --> 00:15:53,260
+أولاً أنا بدي أقولكوا شغلة بإننا نفهمها إن
+
+161
+00:15:53,260 --> 00:15:59,230
+الأصل في المبتدع بدعة واضحةإذا كان صادقًا في نفسه
+
+162
+00:15:59,230 --> 00:16:04,650
+أن تُقبل شهادته في أمور الدنيا فهل تُقبل روايته؟
+
+163
+00:16:04,650 --> 00:16:10,930
+هنا وقع الخلاف بين العلماء فالإمام مالكي بالأناس
+
+164
+00:16:10,930 --> 00:16:18,230
+والقاضي الباقلاني وكذلك أبو إسحاق الجو الزجاني
+
+165
+00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:25,250
+وبعض الكتب بتُكتب الجو رقاني والأصحو الجو الزجاني
+
+166
+00:16:26,560 --> 00:16:33,400
+قالوا إن المبتدع لاتقبل روايته مطلقًا قال لك ليش؟
+
+167
+00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:37,440
+قال لك لأنك إذا رويت عن مبتدع كأنك تروجه لبدعته
+
+168
+00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:43,980
+وهذا قال بيه ابن الصلاح من الشافعية في مقدمته
+
+169
+00:16:43,980 --> 00:16:53,260
+المشهورة بعض العلماء فصلوا قالوا إذا كان الراوي
+
+170
+00:16:53,260 --> 00:17:00,790
+المبتدعراعية إلى بدعته فلا نقبل حديثه وإلا فنقبله
+
+171
+00:17:00,790 --> 00:17:04,530
+هذا اخترعه الإمام أحمد بن حنبل وغيره من العلماء
+
+172
+00:17:04,530 --> 00:17:09,650
+بعض العلماء وهذا من أهم أقوال أئمة الحديث وبه قال
+
+173
+00:17:09,650 --> 00:17:13,750
+الإمام البخاري بالمناسبة قالوا إن البدعة لا تؤثر
+
+174
+00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:21,250
+على الراوي إذا ثبت إنه حافظ رقم 1 صادق رقم 2 صادق
+
+175
+00:17:21,250 --> 00:17:29,130
+رقم 3 يعني لا يكذبفإنه تقبل روايته علشان هيك
+
+176
+00:17:29,130 --> 00:17:34,370
+الإمام البخاري رحمه الله خرج في صحيحه لبعض الخوارج
+
+177
+00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:42,850
+والمرجعة والنواصب أو من رمي بالنصب وكذلك خرج لبعض
+
+178
+00:17:42,850 --> 00:17:50,510
+المتشيعين أو الشيعة تمام؟ طيب نيجي الآن لمسألة
+
+179
+00:17:50,510 --> 00:17:56,460
+ولاية الفاسق في الصلاةوبصراحة أبو بكر بن العرب
+
+180
+00:17:56,460 --> 00:18:02,460
+شنّع علينا تشنيع شديد قال
+
+181
+00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:10,320
+إنه الإمام الشافعي لم يجوز ولاية الفاسق في النكاح
+
+182
+00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:17,460
+وجوز ولاية الفاسق في الصلاة طبعاً عرض المسألة ليس
+
+183
+00:18:17,460 --> 00:18:21,420
+هكذا المسألة
+
+184
+00:18:21,420 --> 00:18:29,880
+بيقولش هيك، بيقولهل تصحوا الصلاة خلف الفاسق ولا
+
+185
+00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:34,980
+لاتصحوا؟ هيك بحثوها العلماء جمهور العلماء من
+
+186
+00:18:34,980 --> 00:18:39,700
+الحنفية والشافعية وهو قول عند المالكية واختاره
+
+187
+00:18:39,700 --> 00:18:45,220
+بالحزن الأندلسي قالوا
+
+188
+00:18:45,220 --> 00:18:52,120
+إن الصلاة تصحوا خلف كل بر وفاجر ولذلك عندهم قاعدة
+
+189
+00:18:52,120 --> 00:19:01,060
+سهلة جدا بتقول كل من صحتصلاته لنفسه صحّت إمامته
+
+190
+00:19:01,060 --> 00:19:07,080
+لغيره إلا أربعة من
+
+191
+00:19:07,080 --> 00:19:14,100
+هم هؤلاء الأربعة؟ هذا السؤال انت جاوب عليه؟ انت
+
+192
+00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:21,680
+جاوب قال لك رجل واحد المرأة تصح صلاتها لنفسها ولا
+
+193
+00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:33,120
+تصح إمامتها للرجالإتنين الأخ رسو ومثله الأل ثغ تصح
+
+194
+00:19:33,120 --> 00:19:40,020
+صلاته لنفسه ولمن هم مثله ولا تصح إمامته للثليمين
+
+195
+00:19:40,020 --> 00:19:43,160
+تلاتة
+
+196
+00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:51,200
+الأمي وهو الذي لا يحسن الفاتحة تصح صلاته لنفسه ولا
+
+197
+00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:59,850
+تصح إمامته للقارئينأربعة إذا اعتقد كل واحد بطلان
+
+198
+00:19:59,850 --> 00:20:07,650
+صلاة إمامه فلا يصح لأحد منهما أن يقتدي بالآخر وهذه
+
+199
+00:20:07,650 --> 00:20:13,910
+لها لغز كيف لغزها؟ بالمثال يعني هيك طرفة لو أن
+
+200
+00:20:13,910 --> 00:20:20,030
+اثنين كانوا يمشيان في مكان وليس بينهما أحد فسمع
+
+201
+00:20:20,030 --> 00:20:24,430
+صوت خروج ريح وتناكراه
+
+202
+00:20:24,820 --> 00:20:30,220
+إيش يعني تناقراه؟ يعني الأول جال مش أنا والتاني
+
+203
+00:20:30,220 --> 00:20:35,660
+جال مش أنا الآن مش أخدته في القواعد الفقهية إن
+
+204
+00:20:35,660 --> 00:20:41,080
+اليقين لا يزال بالشك طيب والتانين كل واحد فيهم
+
+205
+00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:47,400
+متيقن إنه توضع ويشك في خروج الريح هل هو منه ولا من
+
+206
+00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:53,660
+أخيه جالك الآن إذا كل واحد فيه يشك في خروج الريح
+
+207
+00:20:54,810 --> 00:21:00,290
+فمن حقه أن يصلّي بناء على ظنه لأن الأصل بقاء
+
+208
+00:21:00,290 --> 00:21:06,630
+الوضوء ولكن لا يجوز لأحدهما أن يتم بالآخر لأن كل
+
+209
+00:21:06,630 --> 00:21:09,870
+واحد يظن أن الثاني هو اللي انتقض وضوء وبالتالي
+
+210
+00:21:09,870 --> 00:21:14,270
+التاني صلاته باطلة في نظري وأنا صلاتي باطلة في
+
+211
+00:21:14,270 --> 00:21:19,390
+نظري فإذا اعتقد كل واحد البطلان صلاة إيمانه فإنه
+
+212
+00:21:19,390 --> 00:21:25,850
+لا يجوز لهم الاقتمام ببعضهماأجيبلكم مثال تاني جميل
+
+213
+00:21:25,850 --> 00:21:32,670
+جدا عليه لو كنا مثلا في صحراء اتنين ماشيين في
+
+214
+00:21:32,670 --> 00:21:37,250
+صحراء أجينا بدنا نصلي لم نعلم أين اتجاه القبلة
+
+215
+00:21:37,250 --> 00:21:47,410
+فأنا اجتهدت فوقع في ظني أن اتجاه القبلة هكذا واللي
+
+216
+00:21:47,410 --> 00:21:53,210
+معايا اجتهد فوقع في ظنه أن اجتهد القبلة هأن اتجاه
+
+217
+00:21:53,210 --> 00:21:58,870
+القبلة هماشي المسلم الآن بيبني على الاجتهاد وبيصلي
+
+218
+00:21:58,870 --> 00:22:02,490
+بناءً على اجتهاده ولا يكلف الله نفسه إلا وصعها
+
+219
+00:22:02,490 --> 00:22:08,350
+طيب، إيش نسويه؟ جالك كل واحد يصلي بناءً على
+
+220
+00:22:08,350 --> 00:22:13,690
+اجتهاده ولا يقتوم بأخيه لأنه بناءً على اجتهادي
+
+221
+00:22:13,690 --> 00:22:17,750
+جبلت غلط وبناءً على اجتهادك جبلت غلط والله تعالى
+
+222
+00:22:17,750 --> 00:22:22,330
+أعلم ما علينا وما بدنا نستطرد لأن هذه المسائل من
+
+223
+00:22:22,330 --> 00:22:27,850
+مسائلي قواعد الفقه الكليةوليست من مسائل تفسير آيات
+
+224
+00:22:27,850 --> 00:22:35,010
+الأحكام أربعة نعود بناتي للمحاضرة التي بين أيدينا
+
+225
+00:22:35,010 --> 00:22:41,030
+وبناء على ذلك القاعدة واضحة كل من صحت صلاته لنفسه
+
+226
+00:22:41,030 --> 00:22:44,810
+صحت إمامته لغيره إلا أربعة والفاسد اتصح صلاته
+
+227
+00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:50,490
+لنفسه إذا اتصح إمامته للناسطبعًا واستدلوا على ذلك
+
+228
+00:22:50,490 --> 00:22:54,530
+بأحاديث صحيحة منها حديث أبو ذرن رضي الله عنه قال
+
+229
+00:22:54,530 --> 00:22:58,890
+قال لي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يا أبو ذرن كيف
+
+230
+00:22:58,890 --> 00:23:05,330
+أنت إذا كانت عليك أمراء يؤخرون الصلاة عن وقتها؟
+
+231
+00:23:05,330 --> 00:23:09,270
+قال أبو ذرن قلت يا رسول الله فما تأمرني؟ فقال صلي
+
+232
+00:23:09,270 --> 00:23:14,130
+الصلاة لوقتها فإن أدركتها معهم فصلي فإنها لك نافلة
+
+233
+00:23:14,130 --> 00:23:20,050
+إيش بتلاحظ؟الذي يؤخر الصلاة عن وقتها فاسق لأن
+
+234
+00:23:20,050 --> 00:23:26,570
+تأخير الصلاة عن وقتها من الكبار غير عضل أبعاد وهذا
+
+235
+00:23:26,570 --> 00:23:31,630
+محل إجماع فخلف من بعدهم خلفهم أضاعوا الصلاة
+
+236
+00:23:31,630 --> 00:23:37,950
+واتبعوا الشهوات كذلك الويلل المصلين الذين هم عن
+
+237
+00:23:37,950 --> 00:23:38,990
+صلاته انساه
+
+238
+00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:47,260
+الآن بتلاحظ إن النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام جاله صلي
+
+239
+00:23:47,260 --> 00:23:51,800
+الصلاة لوقتها فإن أدركتها معهم يعني بعد الوقت فصلي
+
+240
+00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:55,340
+فإنها لك نافلة لو كانت إمامته باطلة كان جاله النبي
+
+241
+00:23:55,340 --> 00:23:58,380
+فصلي فإنها لك نافلة عليه الصلاة والسلام، طبعاً لأ
+
+242
+00:23:58,380 --> 00:24:02,440
+كذلك النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لما جال يأم القوم
+
+243
+00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:07,980
+أقرأهم لكتاب الله، مجالش أعدالهم كذلك النبي عليه
+
+244
+00:24:07,980 --> 00:24:10,280
+الصلاة والسلام في حديثة بهورايره قال يصلون لكم
+
+245
+00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:13,930
+يعني الأئمة تبعونك الحكامفإن أصابوا فلكم وإن
+
+246
+00:24:13,930 --> 00:24:19,130
+أخطأوا فلكم وعليهم أيه قال فلكم عبد الله بن عمرو
+
+247
+00:24:19,130 --> 00:24:26,510
+رضي الله عنه كان يصلي خلف الحجاج ابن يوسف الثقافي
+
+248
+00:24:26,510 --> 00:24:32,270
+مع أن الحجاج ابن يوسف الثقافي كان فاسقًا
+
+249
+00:24:37,390 --> 00:24:40,570
+وبناءً على ذلك، احنا قلنا خلاص كل ما صحت صلاته
+
+250
+00:24:40,570 --> 00:24:44,310
+لنفسه صحت إمامته لغيره إلا أربعه مافيش غير الإمام
+
+251
+00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:49,350
+مالك بن أناس وأحمد بن حنبل في رواية عنهم قالوا
+
+252
+00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:53,270
+لتصحوا ا��صلاة خلف الفاسق لقوله صلى الله عليه وسلم
+
+253
+00:24:53,270 --> 00:24:57,690
+«لا يؤمنكم بجرقة في دينكم» الحديث أصلا ضعيف، لا
+
+254
+00:24:57,690 --> 00:25:02,390
+تقوموا بيه حجة، ولو كان صحيحا فإن النهيأ «لا يلزم
+
+255
+00:25:02,390 --> 00:25:08,770
+منه بطلان الصلاة، والله تعالى أعلم»نجل الحكم
+
+256
+00:25:08,770 --> 00:25:16,490
+الخامس هل يجب قتال البغاة؟ الآية واضحة قال تعالى
+
+257
+00:25:16,490 --> 00:25:21,130
+وإن طائفتان من المؤمنين اقتتلوا فاصلحوا بينهم فإن
+
+258
+00:25:21,130 --> 00:25:26,950
+بغت إحداهما على الأخرى فقاتلوا التي تبغي حتى تفي
+
+259
+00:25:26,950 --> 00:25:31,990
+قائلة أمر الله إذن الآية واضحة تقول إن الأصل في
+
+260
+00:25:31,990 --> 00:25:36,450
+البغاة أنهم يدعون إلى الحق فإذا لم يستجيبوا للحق
+
+261
+00:25:37,310 --> 00:25:42,130
+قُتلوا من أجل إيه؟ من أجل ردهم إلى الحق بعض الناس
+
+262
+00:25:42,130 --> 00:25:44,410
+بيقول طب يا شيخ النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام قال سباب
+
+263
+00:25:44,410 --> 00:25:47,410
+المسلمين في صقوة قتاله كفر، مادام هدول ضيق
+
+264
+00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:51,670
+المسلمين إذا قتالهم كفر، بقول لك لأ يا فهمان، لأن
+
+265
+00:25:51,670 --> 00:25:56,130
+قتال المؤمن بغير حق يعد كفر، ولكن هؤلاء قتالهم
+
+266
+00:25:56,130 --> 00:26:04,210
+بحق، لأن رب اللي قال فقاتلوا التي تريد، حتى تفيئ
+
+267
+00:26:04,210 --> 00:26:05,030
+إلى أمر الله
+
+268
+00:26:08,140 --> 00:26:11,320
+أيضًا النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام ألم يأمرنا بقتال
+
+269
+00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:16,140
+الخوارج؟ مش جالنا سيخرج قوم في آخر الزمان حدثاء
+
+270
+00:26:16,140 --> 00:26:19,840
+الأسناني، سفهاء الأحلامي، يقولون من قول خيري
+
+271
+00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:24,200
+البريئة يقرؤون القرآن لا يجاوز إيمانهم، خناجرهم،
+
+272
+00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,760
+منزلش في القلب، منظر على الفاضل، يمرقون من الدين
+
+273
+00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:33,940
+كما يمرق قصهم من الرمية، فأينما لقيتموهم فاقتلوهم،
+
+274
+00:26:33,940 --> 00:26:36,600
+فإن في قتلهم أجراً لمن قتلهم عند الله
+
+275
+00:26:40,340 --> 00:26:44,020
+النبي ﷺ ما جالش عن عمار بن ياسر تقتله الفئة
+
+276
+00:26:44,020 --> 00:26:51,840
+الباغية؟ بالتالي البغا يقاتلون طب واحد بيسأل،
+
+277
+00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:56,000
+بيقول طب يا دكتور الآن إذا قوتل البغا ما حكم
+
+278
+00:26:56,000 --> 00:27:02,080
+أموالهم هل تغنم ولا لا تغنم؟ وهذا هو الحكم السادس
+
+279
+00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:04,080
+وبه نختم المحاضرة إن شاء الله
+
+280
+00:27:09,580 --> 00:27:12,520
+اختلف العلماء في أموال البغا هل تكون غليمة
+
+281
+00:27:12,520 --> 00:27:16,800
+للمسلمين أن لا جبور العلماء وهو قول المالكيات
+
+282
+00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:22,640
+والشافعيات والحنابلة وهو اختياره كذلك محمد
+
+283
+00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:27,060
+الحنافية ماعد الإمام محمد بن حسن الشيباني إيه
+
+284
+00:27:27,060 --> 00:27:31,100
+التفسير في المثلة؟ الآن هناخده، إيش قالوا؟ قالوا
+
+285
+00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:36,360
+إن البغا طبعا، إيش تعريف البغا أولا؟ البغا هم
+
+286
+00:27:36,360 --> 00:27:40,880
+مؤمنون، قوض لهم شوكة ومنعةخرجوا على الإمام بتأويل
+
+287
+00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:45,840
+سائر إيش حقهم علينا أن نرسل لهم لندعوهم إلى الرجوع
+
+288
+00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:51,920
+إلى الحق فإذا لم يرجعوا إلى الحق فإننا نقاتلهم من
+
+289
+00:27:51,920 --> 00:28:00,880
+أجل ردهم إلى الحق وإن ردهم إلى الطعام، بس ولذلك
+
+290
+00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:06,300
+الجمهور بيقولوا هؤلاء البغاة لا تسبى نساؤهم ولا
+
+291
+00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:08,520
+ذراريهم ولا تغنم أموالهم
+
+292
+00:28:11,230 --> 00:28:16,290
+ولا يقتلوا جريحهم، لا يُذفّف على جريحهم ولا
+
+293
+00:28:16,290 --> 00:28:21,950
+يُطلبوا هاربهم يعني اللي بشرت منهم بنسيبه لإن احنا
+
+294
+00:28:21,950 --> 00:28:28,750
+��دناش يومي يقتلونه، بس هذا هو المراد طبعا الواحد
+
+295
+00:28:28,750 --> 00:28:31,990
+هيقول طب ما دليل الجمهور على أننا لا يجوز ناخد
+
+296
+00:28:31,990 --> 00:28:36,340
+أموالهم غنيمة؟جاء خواتي هدولة مؤمنين وماله المؤمن
+
+297
+00:28:36,340 --> 00:28:40,760
+معصوم وحقه المسلم لا يسقطه إلا بالأداء أو الإبراء
+
+298
+00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:44,040
+وجاء في حديث حنيفة ترقشي أن النبي صلى الله عليه
+
+299
+00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:48,720
+وسلم قال لا يحله مال Brain مسلم إلا بطيب نفسه منه
+
+300
+00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:52,360
+وهو
+
+301
+00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:59,200
+خرج عن الطاعة فنقاتله لرده إلى الطاعة ولذلك جاء في
+
+302
+00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:05,440
+حديث عبدالله بن عمررضي الله تعالى عنهما أن النبي ﷺ
+
+303
+00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:09,560
+قال يا عبد الله أتدري كيف حكم الله في من بغى من
+
+304
+00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:16,360
+هذه الأمة قال الله ورسوله أعلى فقال
+
+305
+00:29:16,360 --> 00:29:22,800
+ﷺ لا يجهز على جريحها ولا يقتلوا أسيرها ولا يطلبوا
+
+306
+00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:27,380
+هاربها ولا يقسموا فيهم طبعاً محمد بن الحسن
+
+307
+00:29:27,380 --> 00:29:31,600
+الشيباني قال أموالهم لا تكونوا غنيمةولكن المال
+
+308
+00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:36,360
+الحربي فقط، يعني الأدوات العسكرية إذا استولينا
+
+309
+00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:42,080
+عليها، بنستعين بيها على قتالهم، بعد ما تنتهي
+
+310
+00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:47,240
+الحرب، بنرجعها لهم، مافيش غير أبو يوسف خالف في
+
+311
+00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:52,300
+المسألة، فقال أموال الحربيين أو أموال البغانعين
+
+312
+00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:55,700
+مال مستعمل في الحرب ومال غير مستعمل في الحرب، أما
+
+313
+00:29:55,700 --> 00:29:59,920
+غير المستعمل في الحرب، فإنه يرد إليهموأما المستعمر
+
+314
+00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:03,880
+في الحرف أنه يصبح غنيمة للمسلمين على اعتبار أنه
+
+315
+00:30:03,880 --> 00:30:08,700
+باستعماله في وجه المسلمين أصبح لا عصمة له ولا
+
+316
+00:30:08,700 --> 00:30:15,720
+احترام له فيكون مهدورا، فنأخذه طيب،
+
+317
+00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:18,700
+إلا أن هنا فائدة بسيطة في ما وقع بين الصحابة رضوان
+
+318
+00:30:18,700 --> 00:30:22,460
+الله تعالى عليهم احنا جُلنا لكوا يا بناتي الصحابة
+
+319
+00:30:22,460 --> 00:30:26,840
+عزوزة والعدالة لا تقطع بالعصمة، ممكن يقع في الخطأ
+
+320
+00:30:27,110 --> 00:30:31,470
+وقد وقع بينهم خلاف واقتتان اختلافهم لم يكن اختلافا
+
+321
+00:30:31,470 --> 00:30:35,350
+عقائديا ولا نتيجة شهوان وانما اختلاف تقدير مصلح
+
+322
+00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:39,270
+اختلاف سياسي في من يرى هل المصلح مع علي للمسلمين
+
+323
+00:30:39,270 --> 00:30:43,270
+ام المصلح مع معاوية وهل الخليفة هو علي او معاوية
+
+324
+00:30:43,270 --> 00:30:48,130
+ولذلك هم اجتهدوا منهم الأصابع ومنهم الأخطأ وعملهم
+
+325
+00:30:48,130 --> 00:30:52,210
+دائر بين الأجر والأجرين ونحن قد عسمنا الله تعالى
+
+326
+00:30:52,210 --> 00:30:56,510
+اللي خوض بسيوفنا فيما وقع بينهم من فتنةفلا يجوز
+
+327
+00:30:56,510 --> 00:31:02,890
+لنا أن نخوض بألسنتنا فيما وقع بينهم من فتنة فتتردى
+
+328
+00:31:02,890 --> 00:31:08,130
+عن الصحابة رضي الله عنها وندعو الله تبارك وتعالى
+
+329
+00:31:08,130 --> 00:31:12,830
+أن يلحقنا بهم في الأجر والمكانة وندعو الله سبحانه
+
+330
+00:31:12,830 --> 00:31:17,330
+وتعالى أن يجنبنا الفتن ولا نخوض في ما وقعوا فيه
+
+331
+00:31:17,330 --> 00:31:22,770
+والله تعالى أعلم وصلى الله وسلم على سيدنا محمد
+
+332
+00:31:22,770 --> 00:31:25,610
+وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwalAF3r2PeyFDE_JcVDC3QU/IQbxVjVgHcs_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,660
+الله الصلاة والسلام على رسول الله وعلى آله وصحبه
+
+2
+00:00:03,660 --> 00:00:09,400
+ومولاه إلى يوم أن نلقاه أما بعد نبدأ الآن في الجزء
+
+3
+00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:15,900
+الثاني من المحاضرة التاسعة والتي تتحدث عن أحكام
+
+4
+00:00:15,900 --> 00:00:21,380
+الطلاق والتي وردت في صورة الطلاق وسنبدأ بالمسألة
+
+5
+00:00:21,380 --> 00:00:33,230
+الأولى وهي الأصل في الطلاق أنه مباحالمحضور الان
+
+6
+00:00:33,230 --> 00:00:39,450
+احنا بنعرف ان ربنا سبحانه وتعالى أباح الطلاق لأنه
+
+7
+00:00:39,450 --> 00:00:46,210
+يحل بعض المشاكل الأسرية والاجتماعية فإن بعض البيوت
+
+8
+00:00:46,210 --> 00:00:52,130
+قد يصل الأمر فيها إلى أن الحياة بين الزوجين تصبح
+
+9
+00:00:52,130 --> 00:00:59,520
+مستحيلة ولذلك ربنا سبحانه وتعالىشرع على الطلاق
+
+10
+00:00:59,520 --> 00:01:06,500
+وقال «وإي يتفرق يُغن الله كلًا من ساعته» فربنا
+
+11
+00:01:06,500 --> 00:01:09,560
+سبحانه وتعالى لما بيقول «إذا طلقتم النساء فطلقونهن
+
+12
+00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:15,600
+لعدتهم» هذه الآية فيها تنظيم لأحكام الطلاق فلو كان
+
+13
+00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:20,480
+الطلاق حرامًا لمّا نظّم الله أحكامه ولا حرّمه كذلك
+
+14
+00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:23,140
+أتى عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في بعض الأحاديث
+
+15
+00:01:23,140 --> 00:01:27,220
+بشواهيدها طبعًا الأحاديث بجميعها هي روات ودعائها
+
+16
+00:01:27,220 --> 00:01:31,090
+فيها ضعفةإن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إن من
+
+17
+00:01:31,090 --> 00:01:35,050
+أبغض المباحات عند الله عز وجل الطلاق أبغض الحلال
+
+18
+00:01:35,050 --> 00:01:39,530
+إلى الله الطلاق إن الله لا يحب كل مذواق من الرجال
+
+19
+00:01:39,530 --> 00:01:46,230
+ولا كل ذواقة من النساء أو إن الله لا يحب كل ذواق
+
+20
+00:01:46,230 --> 00:01:49,670
+من الرجال ولا كل ذواقة من النساء يعني اللي هو
+
+21
+00:01:49,670 --> 00:01:52,970
+بتزوج و بتطلق و بتزوج و بتطلق أو تتزوج و إيه ثم
+
+22
+00:01:52,970 --> 00:01:58,160
+تطلب الطلاق ونحو ذلك هذه معنى إيه الحديثعلى العموم
+
+23
+00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:03,760
+الشيخ رحمه الله عليه قال إن الحنافية والحنابلة
+
+24
+00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:07,520
+قالوا إن الطلاق الأصل فيه أنه محبور بما فيه من
+
+25
+00:02:07,520 --> 00:02:11,680
+كفراني النعمة ولقوله صلى الله عليه وسلم لعن الله
+
+26
+00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:17,340
+كل مذواق مطلق وإنما أبيح للحاجة طبعاً أنا بدأ
+
+27
+00:02:17,340 --> 00:02:20,760
+أوضحكوا تعديلا على كلامه وذاكرته في الحاشية يا
+
+28
+00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:25,920
+بنتي قال جمهور العلماء إن الأصل في طلاق الإباحةوفي
+
+29
+00:02:25,920 --> 00:02:29,500
+شغير الحنافية قالوا إن الأصل في الطلاق الحظر وهو
+
+30
+00:02:29,500 --> 00:02:34,120
+رواية عند الحنابي لها طبعا الحافظ من حجر العسقلاني
+
+31
+00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:38,440
+إله كلام جميل جدا جالك هذا من حيث الأصل أما الطلاق
+
+32
+00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:42,820
+فتعتريه الأحكام التكليفية الخامسة كما أن النكاح
+
+33
+00:02:42,820 --> 00:02:46,360
+تعتريه الأحكام التكليفية الخامسة وهذا الكلام أخدته
+
+34
+00:02:46,360 --> 00:02:49,840
+في قانون الأحوال الشخصية زواج الطلاقيعني متى يكون
+
+35
+00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:54,120
+الطلاق واجبًا جالك كطلاق المولي بعد التربص مدة
+
+36
+00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:58,060
+أربعة أشهر وطلاق الحاكمين في الشقاق بين الزوجين
+
+37
+00:02:58,060 --> 00:03:02,600
+إذا لم يمكن الإصلاح، لأ بنطلب جالك وقد يكون الطلاق
+
+38
+00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:09,800
+منوبًا جالك أن يأجزا عن القيام بحقوقها أو أن تكون
+
+39
+00:03:09,800 --> 00:03:15,450
+غير عفيفة فالأولى أن نطلبهاجاله وقد يكونوا طلاقه
+
+40
+00:03:15,450 --> 00:03:19,130
+حرامًا، متى يكونوا طلاقه حرامًا؟ جاله طلاق البدعي
+
+41
+00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:23,590
+كانوا طلاق خلاف السنة، فيكونوا حرامًا جاله وقد
+
+42
+00:03:23,590 --> 00:03:28,250
+يكونوا طلاقه مكروهًا وهذا عند الجمهور جاله الأصل
+
+43
+00:03:28,250 --> 00:03:32,450
+في الطلاق أنه مباحظ مع الكراهة ولذلك هو الأصل فيه
+
+44
+00:03:32,450 --> 00:03:39,590
+أنه إيه؟ مكروه، والله تعالى أعلم طيب، نجي للحكم
+
+45
+00:03:39,590 --> 00:03:45,310
+الثاني، ما هو الطلاق السني؟وما هي شروطه؟ عشان نقول
+
+46
+00:03:45,310 --> 00:03:51,330
+ربنا قال فطلقوهن لعدتهم العلماء قالوا أي مستقبلات
+
+47
+00:03:51,330 --> 00:03:58,570
+عدتهم يعني في قهر لم يمسها فيه طيب مدام في قهر لم
+
+48
+00:03:58,570 --> 00:04:05,530
+يمس هذه إذا لو طلقها في قهر مسها فيه أو طلقها وهي
+
+49
+00:04:05,530 --> 00:04:13,500
+حائض فإنه في هذه الحالة يكون مطلقا خلافا للسنةذلك
+
+50
+00:04:13,500 --> 00:04:17,200
+أنه روي عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنهما أنه طلق امرأته
+
+51
+00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:21,920
+وهي حائض فذكر ذلك عمرو للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
+
+52
+00:04:21,920 --> 00:04:28,620
+فتغيظه زئر غضب وقال امره فليراجعها ثم يمسكها حتى
+
+53
+00:04:28,620 --> 00:04:33,960
+تطهر ثم تحيد فتطهر فإن بدأ له أن يطلقها فليطلقها
+
+54
+00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,920
+قبل أن يمسها فتلك انعدة التي أمر الله عز وجل
+
+55
+00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:42,780
+وبالتالي العلماء أجمعوا على أن الطلاق حال الحيط
+
+56
+00:04:44,130 --> 00:04:48,270
+ممنوع والطلاق في الطهر مأذون فيه إذا لم يجامعها
+
+57
+00:04:48,270 --> 00:04:52,990
+فيه ولذلك جمهور العلماء قالوا لو طلق الرجل زوجته
+
+58
+00:04:52,990 --> 00:04:58,050
+لغير العدة التي أمر الله فإنه قد طلق طلاقا بدعيا
+
+59
+00:04:58,050 --> 00:05:02,050
+ومدام طلاق بدعيش بترتب عليه جال طلاق مع الإثم
+
+60
+00:05:02,050 --> 00:05:06,690
+وياقع فيقع الطلاق مع الإثم بقوله صلى الله عليه
+
+61
+00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:10,650
+وسلم جده النجد وهزه النجد طيب ما الذي يعد من طلاق
+
+62
+00:05:10,650 --> 00:05:18,630
+السنة؟الحنافية قالوا طلاق السُنّاتين يجمع شرقين
+
+63
+00:05:18,630 --> 00:05:22,670
+الشرق الأول من جهة الوقت وهو أن يطلقها طاهرا من
+
+64
+00:05:22,670 --> 00:05:26,390
+غير جماعة أو أن يطلقها وهي حامل قد استبان حاملها
+
+65
+00:05:26,390 --> 00:05:30,530
+فالحامل اللي استبان حاملها برضه طلاقها طلاق سُنّة
+
+66
+00:05:30,530 --> 00:05:33,270
+لأنه عارف إنه زوجته حامله وعدالة طلّجته خلاص،
+
+67
+00:05:33,270 --> 00:05:37,530
+طبيعي عارف جلك وكذلك الطلاق السُنّي بيكون من جهة
+
+68
+00:05:37,530 --> 00:05:41,790
+العدد وهو ألا يزيد في الطهر الواحد على تطليقة
+
+69
+00:05:41,790 --> 00:05:45,710
+واحدةفما بينفع يطلقها في الطهر الواحد أكتر من إيش
+
+70
+00:05:45,710 --> 00:05:48,310
+من طلقة وإذا طلقها الطلقة التانية وقعت ولكن
+
+71
+00:05:48,310 --> 00:05:55,770
+التانية تكون بدعية ففي كل طهر بتكون طلقة المالكية
+
+72
+00:05:55,770 --> 00:06:00,990
+قالوا طلاق السنة يجمع سبعة شروط أول حاجة بدي طلقها
+
+73
+00:06:00,990 --> 00:06:06,450
+إيش طلقة واحدة، اتنين تكون من منطحي الطهر غير
+
+74
+00:06:06,450 --> 00:06:09,810
+الحائض النساء الصغيرات وغيره هدولة لا يسمى طلاقهم
+
+75
+00:06:09,810 --> 00:06:14,590
+لا بطلاق السنة ولا بدعةتلاتة أن تكون طاهرة يعني مش
+
+76
+00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:18,490
+حال الحيوان أربعة أن لا يكون قد جامعها في هذا
+
+77
+00:06:18,490 --> 00:06:24,430
+الطهر خمسة أن لا يكون قد تقدمه طلاق في حيوان ولا
+
+78
+00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:30,390
+تبعه طلاق في طهر يتلوك وأن يكون قد خلاء عن العيوض
+
+79
+00:06:30,390 --> 00:06:34,370
+لأن الطلاق على عيوض يسمى خلع والخلع لا يوصف لا
+
+80
+00:06:34,370 --> 00:06:39,930
+بصنع ولا ببيتعة فبهذه الشروط كلها يعتبر الطلاق
+
+81
+00:06:39,930 --> 00:06:44,110
+طلاقيشطلق سُنّي الشافعية كلامهم سهل جدًا هم
+
+82
+00:06:44,110 --> 00:06:47,630
+والحنابلة قالوا لأ طلق السُنّة بس أن يكون في طهر
+
+83
+00:06:47,630 --> 00:06:52,890
+لم يجامعها فيه بغض النظر طلّجها واحدة ولا طلّجها
+
+84
+00:06:52,890 --> 00:06:58,650
+ثلاث ولذلك يا بناتي لو أن رجل طلق زوجته في طهر لم
+
+85
+00:06:58,650 --> 00:07:04,070
+يمسها فيه تلت طلقات فهو عند الحنابلة والشافعية طلق
+
+86
+00:07:04,070 --> 00:07:08,340
+سُنّيلأن طلاقها في طهر لم يمسها فيه وعند الإمام
+
+87
+00:07:08,340 --> 00:07:13,020
+أبو حنيفة يُعتبر طلاق بيدعي .. ليش؟ لأن الإمام أبو
+
+88
+00:07:13,020 --> 00:07:15,660
+حنيفة جال عنده الشرط اللي لا يزيد في الطهر الواحد
+
+89
+00:07:15,660 --> 00:07:20,680
+عن تطليقة الواحدة علشان هيك، أقولك، اتفق العلماء
+
+90
+00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:25,440
+على أن طلاق السنة إنما يكون في طهر لم يجامعها فيه
+
+91
+00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:32,610
+وأما من أضافأن طلاقة السنة يكون في من طلق زوجته
+
+92
+00:07:32,610 --> 00:07:37,510
+وهي حامل فإنه قد محمول على حديث عبدالله بن عمرو
+
+93
+00:07:37,510 --> 00:07:40,970
+رضي الله تعالى عنهم أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
+
+94
+00:07:40,970 --> 00:07:44,990
+قال لعمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه مره فليرجحها ثم
+
+95
+00:07:44,990 --> 00:07:50,790
+ليطلقها إذا طهرت أو وهي حامل يعني بعد أن يستبيت
+
+96
+00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:57,570
+حملة و الحد الصحيح وأما عدد الطلقات والخلاف فيه
+
+97
+00:07:57,570 --> 00:08:02,740
+فهذه مسألة عيشةبسألة يعني سبقة بيانوها وتفصيلها
+
+98
+00:08:02,740 --> 00:08:07,140
+عند قوله تعالى «اطلقوا مرتين فيمسكن بمعروفة أو
+
+99
+00:08:07,140 --> 00:08:14,040
+تسريحون بإحسان» طب نيجي للحكم الثالث، اللي هي
+
+100
+00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:19,680
+المسألة اللي قبل قليل أنطلنا تكلمنا أو تحدثنا معا
+
+101
+00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:25,300
+فيها هل المعتدتي أن تخرجة
+
+102
+00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:34,080
+من بيتها دل
+
+103
+00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,240
+قوله تعالى لا تخرجهن من بيوتهن ولا يخرجنا إلا
+
+104
+00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:42,940
+أيدينا بفحشة مبينة على أن الطلاب على أن المطلقة لا
+
+105
+00:08:42,940 --> 00:08:47,460
+تخرج من المسكن المسكن النكاه ما دامت في العدة فلا
+
+106
+00:08:47,460 --> 00:08:50,940
+يجوز لزوجها أن يخرجها ولا يجوز لها الخروج إلا
+
+107
+00:08:50,940 --> 00:08:54,900
+لضرورة ظاهرة فإذا خرجت أثمة ولا تنقطع العدة
+
+108
+00:08:55,840 --> 00:08:59,200
+والرجعية والمبتوتة في ذلك، سواء كان القضاء قرجعي
+
+109
+00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:02,820
+ولا نهاري ولا مداري ولذلك العلماء اختلفوا في خروج
+
+110
+00:09:02,820 --> 00:09:06,740
+المعتدة من بيتها للقضاء حوائجها على مداري مثلًا،
+
+111
+00:09:06,740 --> 00:09:09,460
+الإمام مالك وأحمد قالوا المعتدة تخرج في النهار
+
+112
+00:09:09,460 --> 00:09:13,460
+للحوائج وتلزم البيت في الليل، الإمام الشافعي قال
+
+113
+00:09:13,460 --> 00:09:17,240
+الرجعية لا تخرج ليلًا ولا نهارًا وإنما تخرج
+
+114
+00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:21,760
+المبتوتة فقط في النهاروالإمام أبو حنيفة قال أصلا
+
+115
+00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:26,120
+المطلقة لا تخرج ليلا ولا نهارا لأنه إلها زوج وهذا
+
+116
+00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:31,560
+زوجها حتى لو طلقة هو المكلف بقضاء كل حوائجها وأما
+
+117
+00:09:31,560 --> 00:09:37,520
+المتوفة عنها زوجها فلها أن تخرجا في النهار دون
+
+118
+00:09:37,520 --> 00:09:41,260
+الليل، إذا بتلاحظوا أنهم مفتفقين إن المرأة المتوفة
+
+119
+00:09:41,260 --> 00:09:44,380
+عنها زوجها بتطلع في النهار ولكنها تبيت في بيت
+
+120
+00:09:44,380 --> 00:09:47,860
+الزوجية وتخرج لحاجة، لأي حاجة وهذا اللي احنا بنفتق
+
+121
+00:09:48,380 --> 00:09:53,780
+وكذلك المعتدّة لا تخرج من بيتها إلا لحاجة وإذا
+
+122
+00:09:53,780 --> 00:09:58,920
+كانت مطلقة رجعياً بدها تستأذن زوجها لأنه لسه لازال
+
+123
+00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:02,200
+زوجته لو في لحظة من اللحظات جامعها واقترب منها
+
+124
+00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:07,020
+خلاص رجعت زوجها بيقدر يراجعها ولو بالفعل طيب، إيش
+
+125
+00:10:07,020 --> 00:10:11,580
+دليل المالكية والحنابلة؟ المالكية والحنابلة
+
+126
+00:10:11,580 --> 00:10:14,780
+استدلوا بحديث جابر رضي الله تعالى عنه قال قُل
+
+127
+00:10:14,780 --> 00:10:15,840
+لقدخالتي
+
+128
+00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:23,580
+خالته لجابر بن عبدالله تطلّجت فأرادت أن تجدّى
+
+129
+00:10:23,580 --> 00:10:28,160
+نخلها، إيش يعني تجد؟ الجداد أو الجذاد، إنه بدأت
+
+130
+00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:32,020
+تحصل في سجن المحصول فزجرها رجل أن تخرج، قالها وين
+
+131
+00:10:32,020 --> 00:10:36,720
+تطلعين؟ وانت في العدة؟ فراحت للنبي عليه الصلاة
+
+132
+00:10:36,720 --> 00:10:41,780
+والسلام فقال لها بلى يعني خرجي فجدّي نخلكي، فإنك
+
+133
+00:10:41,780 --> 00:10:53,570
+عسى أن تصدقيأو تفعلي معروفًا واضح؟
+
+134
+00:10:53,570 --> 00:10:57,250
+طب
+
+135
+00:10:57,250 --> 00:11:00,690
+ما دليل الشافعية وهو جريب جدًا يعني الشافعيين
+
+136
+00:11:00,690 --> 00:11:03,850
+قالوا لا يخرجوا خالص، ليش؟ استدالوا قول تعالى «لا
+
+137
+00:11:03,850 --> 00:11:08,310
+تخرجوهن من بيوتهن» فقالوا المطلقة رجعيا «لا تخرج
+
+138
+00:11:08,310 --> 00:11:13,550
+ليلة ولا نهارة» وأما المبتوتةفتخرجوا استنادًا لحدث
+
+139
+00:11:13,550 --> 00:11:17,290
+فاطمة بنت قيس رضي الله عنها أنها قالت يا رسول الله
+
+140
+00:11:17,290 --> 00:11:21,450
+إن زوجي طلقني ثلاثا فده باطلق ثلاثا طلق بائن ولا
+
+141
+00:11:21,450 --> 00:11:27,930
+راجعين طلق بائن وأخاف أن يُبتحم عليّ قال فأمرها
+
+142
+00:11:27,930 --> 00:11:34,170
+رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فتحولت يعني خرجت إلى
+
+143
+00:11:34,170 --> 00:11:40,630
+مكان آخر طبعًا عند البخاري أن فاطمة بنت قيسكانت في
+
+144
+00:11:40,630 --> 00:11:45,610
+مكان وحش فخيفة على ناحيتها فلذلك حصلها النبي صلى
+
+145
+00:11:45,610 --> 00:11:49,030
+الله عليه وسلم طبعا الإمام أبو حنيفة أخد بيش
+
+146
+00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:56,820
+بالعمون، إيش يعني بالعمون؟يعني بقوله تعالى لا
+
+147
+00:11:56,820 --> 00:12:00,220
+تخرجوهن من بيوتهن ولا يخرجنا إلا أيتينا بفحشة
+
+148
+00:12:00,220 --> 00:12:04,600
+مبينة ولذلك يحرم على المطلقة أن تخرج ليلة أو نهارا
+
+149
+00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:08,440
+سواء كانت رجعية أو مبتوطة وأما المتواضع عنها زوجها
+
+150
+00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:12,580
+فتحتاج للخروج نهارا لقضاء حوائجها لأن زوجها مش
+
+151
+00:12:12,580 --> 00:12:17,640
+عندها مات فتخرج ولا تخرج ليلة لعدد مبتوطرة ولذلك
+
+152
+00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:20,960
+اللي أمام أبو حنيفة قال ليس لها أن تخرج بس تقنع حق
+
+153
+00:12:20,960 --> 00:12:24,800
+للشرع المؤكدولا يصفطوا بالإذن إنه حق شرعي، مش حجة
+
+154
+00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:28,480
+جديدة تتنازل عليه، لأ حق للشرع قال حتى لو اختلعت
+
+155
+00:12:28,480 --> 00:12:33,140
+على السكنة لها فتبقل مؤونة السكنة على الزوج
+
+156
+00:12:33,140 --> 00:12:38,060
+ويلزمها أن تكترى بيته، يعني تتأجر منه، وأما أن
+
+157
+00:12:38,060 --> 00:12:43,430
+يحلها الخروج فلهالكن بصراحة الإمام الشافعي له كلام
+
+158
+00:12:43,430 --> 00:12:47,690
+جميل بيقول صح لا يجوز لها أن تخرج ولكن قال إنهم لو
+
+159
+00:12:47,690 --> 00:12:52,970
+اتفقوا على الانتقال جاز ذلك لأن الحق لا يعضوهم
+
+160
+00:12:52,970 --> 00:12:58,970
+فالمعنى لا تخرجوهن ولا يخرجن بإرادتهن وإنما تخرجوا
+
+161
+00:12:58,970 --> 00:13:04,110
+بالاتفاق مع زوجها أو برضاه كأن يطردها ونحو ذلك
+
+162
+00:13:04,110 --> 00:13:09,790
+واحد بيقول إلا أيتينا بفحشة مبينة السؤال هنا
+
+163
+00:13:12,700 --> 00:13:18,680
+ما هي الفاحشة التي تخرج بها المعتدّة من بيت
+
+164
+00:13:18,680 --> 00:13:25,300
+الزوجي؟ العلماء اختلفوا فيها اختلاف كبير جدًا يعني
+
+165
+00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:29,140
+مثلًا الإمام أبو حنيفة أخد بقول عبدالله ابن عمار
+
+166
+00:13:29,140 --> 00:13:33,940
+قال إلا ياتينا بفاحشة مبينة قال الفاحشة المبينة هي
+
+167
+00:13:33,940 --> 00:13:39,590
+خروجها من بيت زوجها قبل انقضاء العدّةعلشانك يا أبو
+
+168
+00:13:39,590 --> 00:13:47,610
+حنيفة بيقول الخروج ممنوع ولو برضاه تفت لوين؟ طيب
+
+169
+00:13:47,610 --> 00:13:53,490
+الإمام أبو يوسف أخذ بقول الحسن البصري وزيد بن أسلم
+
+170
+00:13:53,490 --> 00:13:57,110
+من عامة التفسير فقال الفاحشة المبينة هي الزنا
+
+171
+00:13:57,110 --> 00:14:00,950
+وبالتالي بيصير إلا أيتينا بفاحشة مبينة فتخرج من
+
+172
+00:14:00,950 --> 00:14:03,190
+بيت الزوجية لإقامة الحد للرجل
+
+173
+00:14:05,910 --> 00:14:10,530
+إبن عباس قال لأ الفحشة المبينة هي أن تبذوة على
+
+174
+00:14:10,530 --> 00:14:15,950
+أهله إيش يعني؟ يعني تجافلهم كل يوم و تاني في بيت
+
+175
+00:14:15,950 --> 00:14:19,290
+الدرج و لا تنزللهم على الباب و لا على الشباب
+
+176
+00:14:19,290 --> 00:14:25,210
+وتقعدش تسوي، تغلط عليهم، تتجاتل معاهم، أنتوا
+
+177
+00:14:25,210 --> 00:14:29,370
+السبب، حسبي الله عليكم، يصير في بناتي كفلانة زي ما
+
+178
+00:14:29,370 --> 00:14:33,890
+صار فيا، يعمل مش عارف إيه و يصير، وهذا يحصلفبن
+
+179
+00:14:33,890 --> 00:14:37,550
+عباس بيقول إذا بدت يعني صار كلام هبضيق على أهله
+
+180
+00:14:37,550 --> 00:14:42,450
+وكل يوم و التاني عايشين في مناحرة وقتال حسب الله
+
+181
+00:14:42,450 --> 00:14:46,430
+عليكم و اللي صار فيه يصير فيكوا و الكلام اللي يحدث
+
+182
+00:14:46,430 --> 00:14:51,870
+بين النساء في هذه الحالة يجوزوا أن تخرجوا طبعاً في
+
+183
+00:14:51,870 --> 00:14:55,850
+قول تاني عن ابن عباس قال لأ إلا أيدينا بفحشة مبينة
+
+184
+00:14:55,850 --> 00:15:04,350
+قال إيش؟ قال هنا مدام الآية عامة أسف أطلقاهوليست
+
+185
+00:15:04,350 --> 00:15:11,490
+عامة لأنه نكرة في سياق الإثبات لتفيد العموم فتصدق
+
+186
+00:15:11,490 --> 00:15:14,930
+على جميع المعاصم السرقة أو قدفن أو زنا أو بذاين
+
+187
+00:15:14,930 --> 00:15:18,450
+ونحوه وهذا مختار الإمام قدر لأن العبرة بالعموم
+
+188
+00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:22,870
+اللفظ لبخصوص السبب والفحش هو كل قول أو فعل يفحشه
+
+189
+00:15:22,870 --> 00:15:28,690
+يعني يحرط طبعا الإمام البحق قال الفحش هي الصيانة
+
+190
+00:15:28,690 --> 00:15:33,230
+الصيانةوالإمام قتادة قال ينقل عنه أنه قال الفاحشة
+
+191
+00:15:33,230 --> 00:15:37,790
+هي النشوذة ولذلك الجثاص رحمه الله عليه قال هذه
+
+192
+00:15:37,790 --> 00:15:42,430
+المعاني كلها يحتملها اللفظ وجائز أن يكون جميعها
+
+193
+00:15:42,430 --> 00:15:50,990
+مرادة وهو الراجع والله تعالى أعلم تبنيجي الأن
+
+194
+00:15:50,990 --> 00:15:58,470
+للحكم الخامس يا بناتي وهذا الحكم مهم جدا جدا جدا
+
+195
+00:16:01,060 --> 00:16:06,800
+الأن ربنا سبحانه وتعالى قال «وأشهدوا ذوي عدل منكم»
+
+196
+00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:10,120
+ما
+
+197
+00:16:10,120 --> 00:16:20,720
+حكم الإشهاد على الفرقة أو الرجعة العلماء
+
+198
+00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:28,720
+اتفقوا على أن الإشهادة على الطلاق منهم واختلفوا
+
+199
+00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:33,550
+في الإشهاد على الرجعةوبصراحة في خطأ في نسبة
+
+200
+00:16:33,550 --> 00:16:37,550
+المذاهب لأصحابها عشان هي أنا عدلتها في الهامش
+
+201
+00:16:37,550 --> 00:16:45,510
+الحنافية والمالكية والشافعية في الأظهر والحنابلة
+
+202
+00:16:45,510 --> 00:16:50,450
+في المعتمد قالوا يستحبوا الإشهاد على الرجعة ولا
+
+203
+00:16:50,450 --> 00:17:00,390
+يجب وحكي الإجماع على ذلك يستحب فقط شايفين اللي
+
+204
+00:17:00,390 --> 00:17:00,790
+وين؟
+
+205
+00:17:03,970 --> 00:17:10,950
+وأما القول بالوجوب فمنقول عن ابن بكير من الحمالكية
+
+206
+00:17:10,950 --> 00:17:16,350
+وهو رواية عند الحنابلة ومقابل الأظهر عند الشافعية
+
+207
+00:17:16,350 --> 00:17:21,350
+طيب، ما أدلة الجمهور على ذلك؟ دل التعليق، اختصار
+
+208
+00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:26,010
+شديد جدا ربنا سبحانه وتعالى جعل الحق في الإمساك أو
+
+209
+00:17:26,010 --> 00:17:36,080
+الفراق لمين؟ للزوج طيب، ثم عقبه ذكر الإشهادالعلماء
+
+210
+00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:42,520
+اتفقوا على وقوع الرجعة إذا رجعوا ولذلك لم يجعل
+
+211
+00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:48,220
+الإشهاد شرطاً في الرجعة يعني
+
+212
+00:17:48,220 --> 00:17:53,600
+باختصار العلماء اتفقوا على أن الطلاقة يصح أن يكون
+
+213
+00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:58,420
+بغير رجعة، بغير إشهاد كذلك الرجعة تصح أن تكون
+
+214
+00:17:58,420 --> 00:18:02,970
+بغيرهإشهاد لأن ربنا سبحانه وتعالى في الآية الكريمة
+
+215
+00:18:02,970 --> 00:18:06,250
+إيش قال؟ قال فأمسكوهن بمعروف أو فارقوهن بمعروف
+
+216
+00:18:06,250 --> 00:18:10,530
+فأشلوه ده يا عزيزي لو كان الإشهاد على الرجعة
+
+217
+00:18:10,530 --> 00:18:15,670
+واجبًا لكان الإشهاد على المفارقة واجبًا ولم يقل
+
+218
+00:18:15,670 --> 00:18:23,610
+أحد بذلك من العلماء شفتم معناها؟ ثم احنا بدنا نسأل
+
+219
+00:18:23,610 --> 00:18:28,880
+واحد بيقول طيب هي النكاح؟الإشهاد فيه واجب، بقولك
+
+220
+00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:32,280
+آه لازم الإشهاد في النكاة لأن الإشهاد مش مختص
+
+221
+00:18:32,280 --> 00:18:36,500
+بالزوج، يجب فيه أن تجتمع إيرادة العاقدين معاك،
+
+222
+00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:43,000
+فلازم فيه إشهاد، ولكن الطلاقة والرجعتها إنما هي
+
+223
+00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:51,020
+أمر في يد الزوج، ولذلك الإشهاد مفتاح، وليس واجبًا
+
+224
+00:18:55,740 --> 00:18:59,320
+وبالتالي كل هذه الأدلة تختصر بس يعني هو جاءت بعيده
+
+225
+00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:04,780
+بذكية ودليلها واحد أنه لما ربنا سبحانه وتعالى عطف
+
+226
+00:19:04,780 --> 00:19:09,340
+الإشهاد على الفرقة وعلى المراجعة وقد اتفق العلماء
+
+227
+00:19:09,340 --> 00:19:14,000
+على أن المفارقة لا تحتاج إلى إشهاد فكذلك الحال في
+
+228
+00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:19,300
+المراجعة، طيب والقائنينطبعًا هناك أدلة كثيرة قالت
+
+229
+00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:22,760
+تعالى ربنا سبحانه وتعالى الطلاق طلاقه مرتين فإن
+
+230
+00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:27,140
+سافه بمعروف أو تسريح بإحسان وربنا قال وبعولتهن أحق
+
+231
+00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:30,080
+بردهن في ذلك وربنا قال وإذا طلقتن من السافة
+
+232
+00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:33,840
+بالأغناج لهم فامسكهن بمعروف كل هذه الآيات ذكرت
+
+233
+00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:38,520
+الرجعة ولم تذكر الإشهاد ووجب أن تكون جائزة لعمومك
+
+234
+00:19:41,550 --> 00:19:45,370
+ثم كذلك استدلوا من القياسي والمعقول بأن الرجعة تحق
+
+235
+00:19:45,370 --> 00:19:49,270
+للزوج وليس في الأصول يكونوا إشهاد شرطاً في استفاء
+
+236
+00:19:49,270 --> 00:19:52,970
+الإنسان حقه، الإنسان لما يتساوى في حقه يستشهد على
+
+237
+00:19:52,970 --> 00:19:58,330
+ذلك؟ لأ، ولذلك قالوا إن الفرقة لما صحت بغير إشهاد
+
+238
+00:19:58,330 --> 00:20:04,010
+كذلك رجعته تصح بغير إشهاد، طبعا القائلين بالوجوب
+
+239
+00:20:04,010 --> 00:20:06,810
+استدلوا بقول يتعالى «وأشهدوا ذوي عدل منكم أمر،
+
+240
+00:20:06,810 --> 00:20:10,860
+والأمر يحصل إن يفيدوا مادة يفيدوا الوجوبجالوا لأن
+
+241
+00:20:10,860 --> 00:20:15,720
+لا تموت هي أو يموت الزوج قبلها قبل أن يقر بذلك
+
+242
+00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:20,540
+وعندها لا يحصل التوارث بينهما لأنه في مسألة نيران
+
+243
+00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:24,520
+ونحو ذلك، ثم يا أخوتي أنا بقولكوا شغلة في المثل،
+
+244
+00:20:24,520 --> 00:20:27,600
+أنا أخطط، أنتوا بتعرفوا أن الرجعة أصلا كما تحصل
+
+245
+00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:32,680
+بالقول راجعتكي، تحصل بالفعل شرحناها سابقا، أنه عند
+
+246
+00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:35,080
+بعض العلماء ممكن تحصل الرجعة بالقول وممكن تحصل
+
+247
+00:20:35,080 --> 00:20:38,760
+الرجعة بالفعلأن يجامعها طلّجها و ليها في فترة
+
+248
+00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:43,040
+العدة هيك جامعها خلاص رجال صاروا زوجها أو باشرها
+
+249
+00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:51,360
+قبلها و نحن ذلك كذلك تصبحوا زوجته والله
+
+250
+00:20:51,360 --> 00:20:58,680
+تعالى أعلم وصلى الله وسلمه على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله
+
+251
+00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:00,440
+وصحبه أجمعين
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwalAF3r2PeyFDE_JcVDC3QU/l_tIe6NBMEU_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1696 @@
+1
+00:00:04,620 --> 00:00:07,560
+أعوذ بالله السميع العليم من الشيطان الرجيم بسم
+
+2
+00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:11,940
+الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة
+
+3
+00:00:11,940 --> 00:00:16,900
+والسلام على المبعوث عظمة للعالمين في يدنا محمد بن
+
+4
+00:00:16,900 --> 00:00:22,640
+عبدالله وعلى آله وصحبه ومولاه إلى يوم أنرقاه أما
+
+5
+00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:28,000
+بعد بنات الطالبات في محاضرة اليوم نشروا في
+
+6
+00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:29,320
+المحاضرة
+
+7
+00:00:32,450 --> 00:00:37,310
+الرابعة من محاضرات المنهاج والتي تتناول حكم ترك
+
+8
+00:00:37,310 --> 00:00:42,170
+العمل بعد الشروع فيها وهذه المحاضرة تتناول الآيات
+
+9
+00:00:42,170 --> 00:00:47,970
+التالتة والثلاثين إلى الخامسة والثلاثين من صورة
+
+10
+00:00:47,970 --> 00:00:54,810
+محمد ونبدأ بالاستماعات الكريمة وسنستمع تبعاطرة
+
+11
+00:00:54,810 --> 00:00:59,850
+للآيات إلى آثورة ثم نشرعه في التحليل اللفظي وبيان
+
+12
+00:00:59,850 --> 00:01:00,390
+الأحكام
+
+13
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:30,820
+الذين كفوا صدوا عنه سبيل الحرام
+
+14
+00:01:32,540 --> 00:01:45,360
+إن الذين حكوا ووصفوا عن سبيل الله وشهدوا
+
+15
+00:01:45,360 --> 00:02:01,200
+رسوله بعد ما تميناهم من يومه من يوم شيوم وصحبه
+
+16
+00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:15,540
+أمامك يا رب العالمين الذين أمنوا واضعوا لوضعوا
+
+17
+00:02:15,540 --> 00:02:20,840
+رسوله وليه
+
+18
+00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:26,380
+ولا أن تبطلوا أمامكم
+
+19
+00:02:26,380 --> 00:02:40,680
+إن الذين كفروا واضعواعن سبيل الإله مهما إن الذين
+
+20
+00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:52,600
+كفروا وصدوا عن سبيل الإله مهما مهما
+
+21
+00:02:52,600 --> 00:03:05,320
+ورغم كباره لن يغفر الله لكمفلا تهيلوا وتدعوا إلى
+
+22
+00:03:05,320 --> 00:03:16,520
+السماء وانتم دينكم في معياركم والله معكم وليه يترك
+
+23
+00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:27,850
+مهما لكم إنما القيادة الدنيا لعبتكم ولدكموإن
+
+24
+00:03:27,850 --> 00:03:37,530
+تؤمنوا وتدبوا يُجدكم حجوبهم ولا يسألكم أموالكم
+
+25
+00:03:37,530 --> 00:03:40,770
+بيسألكم
+
+26
+00:03:40,770 --> 00:03:47,190
+ما فيُلفكم تنخلوا ويُفر الأطلال عليكم
+
+27
+00:03:54,210 --> 00:03:55,290
+خلاص، بخير.
+
+28
+00:04:04,330 --> 00:04:19,610
+فمنكم من يبخر، ومن يبخر، فإنما يبخر نفسه، والله
+
+29
+00:04:19,610 --> 00:04:21,550
+الغليم هدر.
+
+30
+00:04:27,250 --> 00:04:36,430
+والله الغني وأمنه لله وإن
+
+31
+00:04:36,430 --> 00:04:48,730
+تتولوا يستبلل قوم غيرك فلا يبقون مدادك
+
+32
+00:04:51,260 --> 00:04:56,400
+طبعًا أنا قلت بأننا سنسمعه إلى تلاوة معاطرة للآيات
+
+33
+00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:03,380
+إلى آخر صورة محمد وهي الآية 38 مع العلم أن المقرر
+
+34
+00:05:03,380 --> 00:05:10,580
+بقى هو إلى نهاية الآية 35 على العموم نبدأ بالتحليل
+
+35
+00:05:10,580 --> 00:05:16,100
+اللفظي للآيات الكامة مقر الله تعالى يا أيها الذين
+
+36
+00:05:16,100 --> 00:05:20,000
+آمنوا أقيعوا الله وأقيعوا الرسول ولا تبرقلوا
+
+37
+00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:26,060
+أعمالاالإبطال في اللغة العربية يأتي بمعنى الإنهاء
+
+38
+00:05:26,060 --> 00:05:31,960
+بمعنى الضياع وبمعنى الخسارة وقد اختلف العلماء في
+
+39
+00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:37,100
+المراد بقوله تعالى «تبقوا أعمالكم على قولك» وبعضهم
+
+40
+00:05:37,100 --> 00:05:42,820
+قالوا «تضيعوا ثوابها» وبعضهم قالوا «أي تتركوها بعد
+
+41
+00:05:42,820 --> 00:05:49,020
+أن شرعتم فيها» وهذا سيتم تناوله تفصيلا بإذن الله
+
+42
+00:05:49,020 --> 00:05:53,700
+تعالى في الأحكام الشرعيةقال الله تعالى في الآية
+
+43
+00:05:53,700 --> 00:06:01,220
+التي تليها «إن الذين كفروا وصدوا
+
+44
+00:06:01,220 --> 00:06:07,440
+عن سبيل الله، ثم ماتوا وهم كفار، فلن يغفر الله
+
+45
+00:06:07,440 --> 00:06:13,460
+لهم» صدوا هنا تأتي بالمعنى أعرضوا، ذلك أن الصد في
+
+46
+00:06:13,460 --> 00:06:18,460
+اللغة العربية هو الإعراض والصدوفومنه قول الله
+
+47
+00:06:18,460 --> 00:06:24,300
+تعالى رأيت المنافقين يصدون عنك صدونك قال تعالى فلا
+
+48
+00:06:24,300 --> 00:06:28,820
+تهنوا وتدعوا إلى السلم وأنتم الأعلى والله معكم ولي
+
+49
+00:06:28,820 --> 00:06:34,240
+يتركم أعمالكم لي يتركم معناها أي لي ينقصكم ثواب
+
+50
+00:06:34,240 --> 00:06:40,680
+أعمالكم أو لي ينقصكم وهو الأفصحون ثواب أعمالكم لأن
+
+51
+00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:43,940
+ينقص من الأفعال المتعدية
+
+52
+00:06:45,540 --> 00:06:50,900
+ولذلك جاء في الحديث عن النبي ﷺ أنه قال «ما نقصت
+
+53
+00:06:50,900 --> 00:06:55,040
+صداقة من المادة، بل إن الله تبارك وتعالى لما تحدث
+
+54
+00:06:55,040 --> 00:07:00,300
+عن الأرض، قال منقوصها من أطرافها، وعليه فليّ تركوا
+
+55
+00:07:00,300 --> 00:07:04,680
+معناها ليّ انقوصكم من تواب أعمالكم شيئًا، وليّ
+
+56
+00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:12,380
+ظلمكم» ولذلك جاء في الحديث عن النبي ﷺأنه قال «من
+
+57
+00:07:12,380 --> 00:07:16,480
+فاتته صلاة العصر فكأن موتر أهله وماله» يعني خسر
+
+58
+00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:21,760
+أهله وماله، صحيح؟ الآن، ما الذي نلاحظه على المعنى
+
+59
+00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:25,860
+الإجمالي لهذه الآيات؟ هذه الآيات في الآيات التلاتة
+
+60
+00:07:25,860 --> 00:07:29,580
+التي بين .. الثلاثة التي بين أيدينا، الآية الفوية
+
+61
+00:07:29,580 --> 00:07:33,100
+الأولى فيها نادى الله تبارك وتعالى فيها المؤمنين
+
+62
+00:07:33,100 --> 00:07:37,540
+مقاطبا إياهم بوصف الإيمان «يا أيها الذين آمنوا
+
+63
+00:07:37,540 --> 00:07:42,790
+أطيعوا الله وأطيعوا الرسول»وهذا فيه تحفيظ على
+
+64
+00:07:42,790 --> 00:07:47,370
+الالتزام بطاعت الرحمن واجتناب نوايه سبحانه وتعالى
+
+65
+00:07:47,370 --> 00:07:54,410
+وفيه دلالة على أن طاعة النبي ﷺ إنما هي من طاعت
+
+66
+00:07:54,410 --> 00:07:58,930
+الله جل وعلا فمن أطاعني فقد أطاع الله ومن عصاني
+
+67
+00:07:58,930 --> 00:08:05,010
+فقد عص الله أو كما قال النبي ﷺ ثم جاءت الآية ناهية
+
+68
+00:08:05,010 --> 00:08:10,600
+للمؤمنين عن إفطال أعمالهمفإنه قد يقدّم أعمالا
+
+69
+00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:16,300
+كثيرة من الطعام ثم يضيع عمله إما بالرياء أو بالعجب
+
+70
+00:08:16,300 --> 00:08:21,500
+بالنفاق أو بالمعاصي أو بالريعة أو باللعبة ولذلك
+
+71
+00:08:21,500 --> 00:08:25,720
+أمر الله تبارك وتعالى المؤمنين بأن يحافظوا على ما
+
+72
+00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:31,830
+قدّموا منهم بين يدي الله تبارك وتعالىثم بيّن الله
+
+73
+00:08:31,830 --> 00:08:36,630
+جل وعلا أنه لا يغفر الشرك ويغفر ما دون ذلك من
+
+74
+00:08:36,630 --> 00:08:43,770
+الذنوب لمن شاء سبحانه وتعالى وسبب ذلك أنه معلوم أن
+
+75
+00:08:43,770 --> 00:08:50,030
+رحمة الله تسبب عذابه ولذلك قد يقنط المؤمن من رحمة
+
+76
+00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:54,690
+الله جل وعلا فبيّن الله تبارك وتعالى أن المؤمن وإن
+
+77
+00:08:54,690 --> 00:09:00,750
+عصاهفإن فضل الله جل وعلا باق عليه وإن لم يغفر له
+
+78
+00:09:00,750 --> 00:09:05,530
+بعمله فليدخل أحد الجنة بعمله قال ولا أنت يا رسول
+
+79
+00:09:05,530 --> 00:09:12,630
+الله قال ولا أنا إلا أن يتغمدني الله برحمته ومعلوم
+
+80
+00:09:12,630 --> 00:09:18,330
+أن رحمة الله واسعت كل شيء ربنا سبحانه وتعالى بعد
+
+81
+00:09:18,330 --> 00:09:23,230
+هذا الذكر تحدث عن الكفار فبيّن أن أمرهم في الدنيا
+
+82
+00:09:23,230 --> 00:09:28,030
+إنما هو مصيره الدل والحقارولذلك قال فلا تضعفوا
+
+83
+00:09:28,030 --> 00:09:31,690
+أيها المؤمنون في ملاقاتهم ولا تشبنوا عن قتالهم
+
+84
+00:09:31,690 --> 00:09:35,830
+واعلموا أن النصر لكم أجلا أو عاجلا فلا تدعوا
+
+85
+00:09:35,830 --> 00:09:40,370
+الكفار إلى الصلح خورا ولا عجزا ولا إظهارا للدنيا
+
+86
+00:09:40,370 --> 00:09:44,850
+في الدين فالأنتم الأعلون عزة ورفعة ومكانة عند الله
+
+87
+00:09:44,850 --> 00:09:49,970
+سبحانه وتعالى والله مؤيدكم بمصره ومؤيدكم بقوته
+
+88
+00:09:49,970 --> 00:09:54,690
+وليه ينقصكم من أعمالكم شيئا بل سيثيبكم عليها ثوابا
+
+89
+00:09:54,690 --> 00:09:58,570
+عظيمأخواننا الكرام هنا، أخوات الكريمات هنا فائدة
+
+90
+00:09:58,570 --> 00:10:05,210
+ذكرها العلماء في هذه الآلة أقرج عبد بن حميد ومحمد
+
+91
+00:10:05,210 --> 00:10:09,410
+بن نصر المروزي في كتاب الصلاة وابن أبي حاتمن عن
+
+92
+00:10:09,410 --> 00:10:15,730
+أبي العالية قال كان أصحاب رسول الله ﷺ يرون أنه لا
+
+93
+00:10:15,730 --> 00:10:21,250
+يضر مع لا إله إلا الله ذنب كما أنه لا ينفع مع
+
+94
+00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:26,870
+الشرك عملفلمّا نزل قوله تعالى وأطيع الله أطيع الله
+
+95
+00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:31,770
+وأطيع الرسول ولا تبطلوا أعمالكوا خاف الصحابة أن
+
+96
+00:10:31,770 --> 00:10:39,570
+يبطل الذنب العمل وفي رواية خافوا من الكبائرين أن
+
+97
+00:10:39,570 --> 00:10:47,010
+تكون سببًا في إحباط أعمالهم وفي رواية أخرى عن ابن
+
+98
+00:10:47,010 --> 00:10:52,790
+عمر رضي الله تعالى عنهم قالكنا مع عشرة أصحاب محمد
+
+99
+00:10:52,790 --> 00:11:01,150
+صلى الله عليه وسلم نرى أنه أشيء من الحسنات إلا
+
+100
+00:11:01,150 --> 00:11:05,250
+مقبولة ليس شيء من الحسنات إلا وربنا حيقبله
+
+101
+00:11:05,250 --> 00:11:08,410
+وبالتالي كل واحد بيعمل عمل صالح ربنا بيقبله بغض
+
+102
+00:11:08,410 --> 00:11:12,570
+النظر عن انهيه فلمّا نزر قوله تعالى واطيعوا الله
+
+103
+00:11:12,570 --> 00:11:16,770
+واطيعوا الله واطيعوا الرسول ولا تغتلوا أعمالكمقلنا
+
+104
+00:11:16,770 --> 00:11:20,710
+ماذا الذي يقطع أعمالنا؟ فقلنا الكبائر الموجبات
+
+105
+00:11:20,710 --> 00:11:27,290
+والفواحش ونعيذ بالله فكنا إذا رأينا شيئا منها قلنا
+
+106
+00:11:27,290 --> 00:11:30,990
+قد هلكنا يعني إذا شفنا واحد خلاص حكمنا عليه أنه
+
+107
+00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:35,270
+على النار ونعيذ بالله يعني الصحابة صاروا يظنون بأن
+
+108
+00:11:35,270 --> 00:11:39,130
+مرتكب الكبيرة إلى النار فلما نزل قول الله تعالى إن
+
+109
+00:11:39,130 --> 00:11:44,600
+الله لا يغفر أي شرك بيهويغفر ما دون ذلك لمن يشاء
+
+110
+00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:51,240
+قال فلمّا نزلت كففنا عن القول بهذا سكتنا وكنا إذا
+
+111
+00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:58,650
+رأينا أحدا أصاب من الكبائر شيئا خفنا عليهوإن لم
+
+112
+00:11:58,650 --> 00:12:03,050
+نفت من الكبائر شيئًا رجونا له، لكن ما بنتدخل في
+
+113
+00:12:03,050 --> 00:12:06,970
+إيه؟ في أمر الله تعالى، يعني نعلم بأن هؤلاء الناس
+
+114
+00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:11,350
+أمرهم موكول إلى الله، بأنهم تحت رحمة الله تعالى
+
+115
+00:12:11,350 --> 00:12:17,270
+ومشيئته، قال تعالى ويغفروا ما دون ذلك لمن يشاء،
+
+116
+00:12:17,270 --> 00:12:25,590
+طيب نيجي أبناء بناتي إلى رجوه القراءات، قال تعالى
+
+117
+00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:31,430
+ولا تهنواوتدعو إلى السلم قراءة الجمهور بالفتحة
+
+118
+00:12:31,430 --> 00:12:35,890
+وأما
+
+119
+00:12:35,890 --> 00:12:43,870
+الحسن وحمزة فقد قرؤوها وتدعو إلى السلم بكسر السير
+
+120
+00:12:43,870 --> 00:12:50,810
+والمعنى صحيح في كل أيام وأما قوله التعامل وتدعو
+
+121
+00:12:50,810 --> 00:12:57,410
+إلى السلم فهي تدعو هنا مضارع من الفعل دعاءولكن
+
+122
+00:12:57,410 --> 00:13:02,770
+الإمامة السلمية قرأها بتشديد الدال قال «وتدعو أي
+
+123
+00:13:02,770 --> 00:13:07,450
+وتفتروا إلى السلم» على اعتبار أن الدعوة إلى السلم
+
+124
+00:13:07,450 --> 00:13:13,050
+حيث أمر الله في الجهاد إنما هي فرية لأنها مخالفة
+
+125
+00:13:13,050 --> 00:13:16,350
+لمقصد الله تعالى من الجهاد في الأرض وهو حتى لا
+
+126
+00:13:16,350 --> 00:13:21,970
+تكون فتنة نصلي على الحبيب المصطفى عليه الصلاة
+
+127
+00:13:21,970 --> 00:13:25,630
+والسلام ونشرع في الحديث في لطائف التفسيراللطيفة
+
+128
+00:13:25,630 --> 00:13:28,410
+الأولى قال الله تعالى فيها يا أيها الذين آمنوا
+
+129
+00:13:28,410 --> 00:13:32,330
+أطيعوا الله وأطيعوا الرسول ما فائدة العطف هنا
+
+130
+00:13:32,330 --> 00:13:36,050
+أطيعوا الرسول على أطيعوا الله العلماء قالوا هذا من
+
+131
+00:13:36,050 --> 00:13:41,670
+باب عطف المسبب على السبب أن أصلا طاعة الرسول عليه
+
+132
+00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:46,090
+الصلاة والسلام من طاعة الله تبارك وتعالىومن أمر
+
+133
+00:13:46,090 --> 00:13:50,390
+بطاعة الله جل وعلا أمر بطاعة الرسول المبلغ عن الله
+
+134
+00:13:50,390 --> 00:13:55,790
+تبارك وتعالى كمن يقول للآخر اجلس واسترح هو لأ اجلس
+
+135
+00:13:55,790 --> 00:14:01,610
+كي تسترح وكذلك الحالة إننا مأمرون بطاعة الله وطاعة
+
+136
+00:14:01,610 --> 00:14:05,990
+الله لا تكون إلا من خلال طاعة رسوله وإننا مأمرون
+
+137
+00:14:05,990 --> 00:14:13,390
+بطاعة رسول الله ﷺ ومعلوم أن طاعة النبي ﷺ من طاعة
+
+138
+00:14:13,390 --> 00:14:18,810
+الله جل وعلاطيب واحد بيقول إذا ما فائدة الإعادة
+
+139
+00:14:18,810 --> 00:14:26,850
+هنا قالوا للاهتمام بشأن النبي ﷺ وإظهار بيان منزلة
+
+140
+00:14:26,850 --> 00:14:37,190
+طاعته نجلة لطيفة ثانية وذكرتها في شرح المعاني قال
+
+141
+00:14:37,190 --> 00:14:41,450
+تعالى «ولا تبطلوا أعمالكم» ما معناها؟الإمام الفخر
+
+142
+00:14:41,450 --> 00:14:46,010
+الرازي رحمه الله في مفاتيح الغيب ذكر ثلاث وجوه،
+
+143
+00:14:46,010 --> 00:14:51,470
+ثلاثة وجوه لتفسير الآية فقال الوجه الأول معناها يا
+
+144
+00:14:51,470 --> 00:14:55,750
+أيها الذين آمنوا داوموا على ما أنتم عليه من
+
+145
+00:14:55,750 --> 00:14:59,730
+الإيمان وشرائع الإسلام ولا تشركوا بالله تبارك
+
+146
+00:14:59,730 --> 00:15:04,170
+وتعالى فتبطوا لأعمالكم لأن الله تبارك وتعالى هو
+
+147
+00:15:04,170 --> 00:15:06,650
+الذي قال في سورة الزمر لإن أشركت لا يحمل
+
+148
+00:15:09,540 --> 00:15:13,720
+الوجه التاني قال المعنى أيها أيها المؤمنون إياكم
+
+149
+00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:19,160
+أن تبطلوا أعمالكم الصالحة بترك قواعات رسول الله ﷺ
+
+150
+00:15:19,790 --> 00:15:24,210
+كما أبطل أهل الكتاب أعمالهم بتكذيب الرسول صلى الله
+
+151
+00:15:24,210 --> 00:15:29,250
+عليه وسلم وعسيانه بس تدلوا لهذا التفسير بقوله
+
+152
+00:15:29,250 --> 00:15:32,570
+تعالى يا أيها الذين آملوا لا ترفعوا أصواتكم فوق
+
+153
+00:15:32,570 --> 00:15:36,650
+صوت النبي ولا تشهروا له بالقول تشهر بعضكم لبعض أن
+
+154
+00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:40,670
+تحبطوا أعمالكم وأنتم لا تشعرون بعض العلماء فسر
+
+155
+00:15:40,670 --> 00:15:44,530
+قوله تعالى لا ترفعوا أصوتكم فوق صوت النبي لا
+
+156
+00:15:44,530 --> 00:15:50,220
+تقدموا آراءكم على رأيه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلمطيب
+
+157
+00:15:50,220 --> 00:15:54,640
+الوجه الثالث قال لك لا معنى الآية «لا تبطلوا
+
+158
+00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:59,560
+أعمالكم» أي بالمن والأذى لأن الله تبارك وتعالى قال
+
+159
+00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:03,180
+«في
+
+160
+00:16:03,180 --> 00:16:07,920
+صورة الحجرات يمنون عليك أن أسلموا، قُلْ لا تمنوا
+
+161
+00:16:07,920 --> 00:16:13,700
+عليها إسلامك» طب الآن العلماء اختلفوا في ما الذي
+
+162
+00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:18,060
+يحبط الأعمال، ما الذي يبطل الأعمال الحاصر البصري
+
+163
+00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:23,030
+قال المعاصر والكبائبعطائي من أبي رباح قال الشك
+
+164
+00:16:23,030 --> 00:16:27,170
+والنفاق ومعلوم أن الشك والنفاق من الكبار عبدالله
+
+165
+00:16:27,170 --> 00:16:31,910
+بن عباس قال الرياء والسمعة ومعلوم كذلك أن الرياء
+
+166
+00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:39,190
+والسمعة من الكبار قال مقاتل المن والأذى ومعلوم أن
+
+167
+00:16:39,190 --> 00:16:45,010
+المن من الكبار قال بعض العلماء العجب فإنه يأكل
+
+168
+00:16:45,010 --> 00:16:50,120
+الحسنات كما تأكل النار الحطبومعلوم أن الإعجاب
+
+169
+00:16:50,120 --> 00:16:55,580
+بالنفس والاختيال من الكبائب أيها البعض العلماء
+
+170
+00:16:55,580 --> 00:16:58,980
+قالوا لا المراد بالأعباء هنا الصداقات بالأعمال فقط
+
+171
+00:16:58,980 --> 00:17:04,700
+الصداقات أي لا تعقلوها بالمن والأذى أنتوا بتلاحظوا
+
+172
+00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:09,440
+يا إخواني كل الأقوال هذه يمكن أن يترد إلى إيه إلى
+
+173
+00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:13,560
+شغل واحدة وهي ماذا الكبائب لأن الذين قالوا الشك
+
+174
+00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:18,350
+والنفاق والرياء والسبعة والمن والأذى والعجبكلها
+
+175
+00:17:18,350 --> 00:17:23,510
+تعد من الكبائر ولذلك الإمام القرطو بيرحمه الله قال
+
+176
+00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:29,430
+هذه الأقوال متقاربة وقول الحسن البصري يجب علينا
+
+177
+00:17:29,430 --> 00:17:33,230
+طبعا الان هنا مثلتين أنا بدي أذكرهم إضافة وهذه
+
+178
+00:17:33,230 --> 00:17:36,250
+مهمة جدا النقطة الأولى احنا بنعرف أن أهل السنة
+
+179
+00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:42,750
+والجماعة يقسمون الذنوب إلى صغائر وكبائر ما الفرق
+
+180
+00:17:42,750 --> 00:17:49,070
+بين الكبائر والصغائرقال العلماء الكبائر هي الذنوب
+
+181
+00:17:49,070 --> 00:17:55,190
+التي ختمت بلعنة أو غضب أو استحق صاحبها العذاب
+
+182
+00:17:55,190 --> 00:18:00,290
+الشديدة يوم القيامة يعني فيها وقائد شديدة أو كان
+
+183
+00:18:00,290 --> 00:18:05,110
+فيها حد من الحدود في الدنيا وما سوى ذلك فهو من
+
+184
+00:18:05,110 --> 00:18:09,710
+الصغائر ما الفرق بين الصغائر والكبائر؟ قال العلماء
+
+185
+00:18:09,710 --> 00:18:14,750
+أما الصغائر فالأمر فيها إن الحسنات يذهبنا السيئات
+
+186
+00:18:15,150 --> 00:18:19,670
+فالصلاة إلى الصلاة والجمعة إلى الجمعة ورمضان إلى
+
+187
+00:18:19,670 --> 00:18:23,710
+رمضان والمداومة على الحج والعمرة ينفيان الفقر
+
+188
+00:18:23,710 --> 00:18:28,410
+والذنوب كما تنفي النار وخبط الحديد إن الحسنات
+
+189
+00:18:28,410 --> 00:18:32,870
+يذهبنا السيئات أقم الصلاة طرفين نهاري وزولفا من
+
+190
+00:18:32,870 --> 00:18:38,350
+الليل إن الحسنات يذهبنا السيئات إذا بالواحد والنص
+
+191
+00:18:38,350 --> 00:18:46,680
+غائب الأعمال الصالحة لوحدها تكفي فيهاصوت بيجطى؟
+
+192
+00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:57,820
+طيب بناتي كيف الصوت لان؟ كتابة طيب
+
+193
+00:18:57,820 --> 00:19:02,880
+تمام منيح الصوت طيب ناشر خليكم معانا نصلي على
+
+194
+00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:08,880
+الحبيب المصطفى عليه الصلاة والسلام إذا كما نلاحظ
+
+195
+00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:13,460
+أن
+
+196
+00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:20,550
+أيدي الكبار حاضرةالكبائر هي الذنوب التي ختمت بلعنة
+
+197
+00:19:20,550 --> 00:19:26,690
+أو غضب شديد وغضب الله عليه ولعنه وأعدله عذابًا
+
+198
+00:19:26,690 --> 00:19:32,050
+ألمًا مثلًا أو توعد الله أصحابها بالعذاب الشديد
+
+199
+00:19:32,050 --> 00:19:39,850
+يوم القيامة أو كان فيها حد من الحدود دي إيش اسمها؟
+
+200
+00:19:39,850 --> 00:19:48,580
+اسمها الكبائر«ماثيو دالي» تعد من الصغائر ما الفرق
+
+201
+00:19:48,580 --> 00:19:55,740
+بين الكبائر والصغائر قال العلماء الكبائر أما
+
+202
+00:19:55,740 --> 00:20:00,420
+الكبائر فهي لابد فيها من التوبة يعني يلزم فيها
+
+203
+00:20:00,420 --> 00:20:06,620
+التوبة وأما الصغائرفيكفي فيها إقامة الأعمال
+
+204
+00:20:06,620 --> 00:20:11,580
+الصالحة أقم الصلاة طرفين نهار وزولفان من الليل إن
+
+205
+00:20:11,580 --> 00:20:17,060
+الحسنات يذهبنا السيئات» هذه القولة، نقطة ثانية
+
+206
+00:20:17,060 --> 00:20:20,820
+بالنسبة لمبطلات الأعمال أهل السنة والجماعة يا
+
+207
+00:20:20,820 --> 00:20:24,620
+بناتي عندهم تفصيل بيقولوا مبطلات الأعمال نوعين
+
+208
+00:20:24,620 --> 00:20:30,740
+النوع الأول مبطلات تبطلوا كل عمل زي إيش قالوا
+
+209
+00:20:30,740 --> 00:20:39,600
+كرياء والعياذ باللهوكذلك الكفر الشرك بالله وكذلك
+
+210
+00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:47,620
+النفاق وهناك كما قال العلماء محبطات تبطلوا أعمالا
+
+211
+00:20:47,620 --> 00:20:57,380
+بعينها قالوا كالصداقات يبطلها المن والأدى طيب نرجع
+
+212
+00:20:57,380 --> 00:21:01,840
+نكمل محاضرتنا معاكم بعد هذا البياني وهذا الاستطلاع
+
+213
+00:21:02,250 --> 00:21:09,250
+باستخدامه قال تعالى «وأنتم الأعلون» الان هنا احنا
+
+214
+00:21:09,250 --> 00:21:13,930
+بنعرف انه العلوق انما يكون العلو المكان ولكن
+
+215
+00:21:13,930 --> 00:21:17,890
+المراد هنا علو المكان ولا علو المكانة يعني هل
+
+216
+00:21:17,890 --> 00:21:22,840
+المؤمنين مثلا هل المؤمنون يعيشون في الجبلالقفار
+
+217
+00:21:22,840 --> 00:21:25,200
+يعيشون في أسفل الوادي؟ لأ، احنا ويهم على الأرض
+
+218
+00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:29,140
+واحدة، إذا المراد بالعلو هنا علو المكان ولا علو
+
+219
+00:21:29,140 --> 00:21:33,220
+المكانة؟ قالوا علو المكانة بمعنى الرفعة، رفعة
+
+220
+00:21:33,220 --> 00:21:37,740
+المنزلة، فالمراد بها العزة، أي قال تعالى و لله
+
+221
+00:21:37,740 --> 00:21:42,960
+العزة و لرسوله و للمؤمنين، طبعاً هذا تفسير، بعض
+
+222
+00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:46,580
+العلماء قالوا لأ، وانتم الأهلون معناها أنتم أعلموا
+
+223
+00:21:46,580 --> 00:21:50,940
+بالله منهم، بعض العلماء قالوا لأ، أي أنتم أولى
+
+224
+00:21:50,940 --> 00:21:56,090
+بالله منهم،وبالمناسبة لو لاحظنا المعاني متقاربة
+
+225
+00:21:56,090 --> 00:22:00,870
+لأن المؤمن هو أعلم الناس بالله والكافر جاهل بالله
+
+226
+00:22:00,870 --> 00:22:05,330
+جل وعلا ذلك أنه لو عظم وقار الله فيه وقار الله في
+
+227
+00:22:05,330 --> 00:22:09,290
+قلبه لما كفر به ومعلوم أن المؤمنين هم أوذى بالله
+
+228
+00:22:09,290 --> 00:22:15,910
+من الكافرين ومعلوم أن الإيمان يرفع منزلة أهله طيب
+
+229
+00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:22,460
+قال تعالى ولي يتركم أعمالكمالأن مشربنا جال والله
+
+230
+00:22:22,460 --> 00:22:25,800
+معاكم مدام والله معاكم إذا احنا مافيش علينا خوف
+
+231
+00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:29,660
+الأمر من عند الله سبحانه وتعالى واحد هيقول اه مدام
+
+232
+00:22:29,660 --> 00:22:32,860
+ربنا معانا إذا النصر من عند الله إذا إحنا عملنا
+
+233
+00:22:32,860 --> 00:22:36,540
+كله عن فاضي ليس له فائدة ربنا سبحانه وتعالى جالنا
+
+234
+00:22:36,540 --> 00:22:41,500
+لأ ولي يتركم أعمالك ولذلك يا أخواتي هناك قوانين
+
+235
+00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:45,120
+للنصر في القرآن الكريم القانون الأول النصر من عند
+
+236
+00:22:45,120 --> 00:22:49,320
+الله واحدة هو النصر إلا من عند اللهالقانون الثاني
+
+237
+00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:54,200
+«النصر لا يكون إلا للمؤمنين ولله العزة ولرسوله
+
+238
+00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:58,500
+ولمؤمنين» القانون الثالث «النصر لا يكون إلا
+
+239
+00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:04,340
+بالمؤمنين هو الذي أيدك بنصره وبالمؤمنين» يعني ربنا
+
+240
+00:23:04,340 --> 00:23:07,900
+سبحانه وتعالى قد ينصر عباده المؤمنين بالظواهر
+
+241
+00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:12,760
+الطبيعية أو بالريح أو ينصر من ليس معه عدد ولا عدد
+
+242
+00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:17,400
+على الجيوش المدججة بالسلاحلكن هذا كله متوقف على
+
+243
+00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:23,620
+وجود المؤمنين على العموم نأتي للطيفة الخامسة وهي
+
+244
+00:23:23,620 --> 00:23:27,640
+اللطيفة الأخيرة قالوا إن الله تبارك وتعالى لما قال
+
+245
+00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:31,020
+لنا فلا تهنوا وتدعوا إلى السلم وأنتم الأعلى والله
+
+246
+00:23:31,020 --> 00:23:34,660
+معكم وليس يتركوا أعمالكم إن الآية إنما تدعوا
+
+247
+00:23:34,660 --> 00:23:39,520
+المؤمنين إلى العزة والكرامة وتشجيع المؤمنين على
+
+248
+00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:43,940
+الجهاد والقتال والنضال ومجابهة الأعداد من وهن أو
+
+249
+00:23:43,940 --> 00:23:48,550
+خوفلأن المؤمن لا يرضى بحياة الدُل والهوان ثم ذكر
+
+250
+00:23:48,550 --> 00:23:54,790
+بعد ذلك بيتا جميلة ذكره المصنف متع الله به لما قال
+
+251
+00:23:54,790 --> 00:24:00,110
+عش عزيزا أو متوى أن تكريموا بين طعن القنا وخفق
+
+252
+00:24:00,110 --> 00:24:04,690
+البنود والبنود هي الرايات التي تكون في مادة أول
+
+253
+00:24:04,690 --> 00:24:08,670
+طبعا طعن القنا يعني الحراف والبنود هي الرايات
+
+254
+00:24:08,670 --> 00:24:13,940
+العظيمة التي تكون بين الجنودوبهيك أحنا بنكون
+
+255
+00:24:13,940 --> 00:24:17,440
+أنهينا اللطائف البيانية وبيناها سهلة ونيجي يا
+
+256
+00:24:17,440 --> 00:24:22,760
+بناتي للحديث عن الأحكام الشرعية ونفس الشيء في
+
+257
+00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:27,840
+الأحكام الشرعية هتلاقوا فيه تفصيل في الهامش لم
+
+258
+00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:35,300
+يتعرض له المصنف قال الله تعالى يا أيها الذين آمنوا
+
+259
+00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:42,020
+أطيعوا الله وأطيعوا الرسول ولا تبطلوا أعمالكم بعض
+
+260
+00:24:42,020 --> 00:24:49,310
+العلماءاستدلّى بقوله تعالى «ولتبطلوا أعمالكم على
+
+261
+00:24:49,310 --> 00:24:56,370
+أن من دخل في قربة من القربات أو طاعة من الطاعات لم
+
+262
+00:24:56,370 --> 00:25:03,070
+يجزله أن يخرج منها قبل إتمامها حتى لا يبطلها حتى و
+
+263
+00:25:03,070 --> 00:25:09,310
+لو كانت نافلة» وهذه المسألة يا بناتي مشهورة عند
+
+264
+00:25:09,310 --> 00:25:16,940
+العلماء باسمهل تجب النافلة بالشروع فيها أم لا؟ هذه
+
+265
+00:25:16,940 --> 00:25:22,840
+المسألة اختلف العلماء فيها ولكن نحتاج أولًا إلى
+
+266
+00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:30,500
+تحرير محل النزاع أولًا أجمع العلماء على أن الحجة
+
+267
+00:25:30,500 --> 00:25:40,500
+والعمرتة المندوبين يجب إتمامهما بالشروع فيهماما
+
+268
+00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:46,800
+دليل ذلك؟ دليل ذلك قول الله تبارك وتعالى وأتم
+
+269
+00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:54,660
+الحجة والعمرة لله وعليه وأتم أمره وبالتالي نحن
+
+270
+00:25:54,660 --> 00:25:58,780
+المراد مننا الإتمام على شريك العلماء قالوا الذي
+
+271
+00:25:58,780 --> 00:26:07,720
+يفسد حجه أو عمرته فإنه لا يخرج منهما إلا
+
+272
+00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:13,340
+في حالة واحدةإذا اشترط عند الإحرام إذا حبسه حابس
+
+273
+00:26:13,340 --> 00:26:19,020
+أو أحصره اشترط لنفسه ذلك، عشان احنا يا بناتي لما
+
+274
+00:26:19,020 --> 00:26:22,820
+بنحرم الحج أو العمران ويعني ربنا يكتب ان شاء الله
+
+275
+00:26:22,820 --> 00:26:26,380
+لنا ولكم العودة إلى تلك التيارة المقدسة، اللي احنا
+
+276
+00:26:26,380 --> 00:26:31,020
+في الإحرام مش كنا نقوله«لبّيك اللهم عمرة متمتعًا
+
+277
+00:26:31,020 --> 00:26:36,700
+بها إلى الحج، فيسّرها لي وتقبلها مني، فإن حبستني
+
+278
+00:26:36,700 --> 00:26:42,680
+حابظ، فمحلّي» يعني تحلّلي من الحج حيث حبستني، هذا
+
+279
+00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:49,560
+اشتراك وبالتالي أجمع العلماء على أن الحج والعمرة
+
+280
+00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:52,920
+وإن ولو كان آمن دوبين يعني واحد راح يحج بالمرة
+
+281
+00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:58,920
+ثانية فإنه يجب عليه أن يتمهم بشروعهباختلفوا في ما
+
+282
+00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:06,820
+سوى ذلك المذهب الأول هو مذهب السادة الشافعية وأكثر
+
+283
+00:27:06,820 --> 00:27:11,840
+الحنابلة وبه قال ابن عباسن وصوفيانو الثوري وغيرهم
+
+284
+00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:17,140
+وإسحاق وغيرهم من العلماء قالوا إن النافلة لا تجب
+
+285
+00:27:17,140 --> 00:27:22,300
+بالشروع فيها فلا يجب إتمامها ولا يعاقب تاريكها وإن
+
+286
+00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:28,510
+قطعها لا يجب عليه قضاءهاالشافعية فقط استثموا تلت
+
+287
+00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:35,150
+عبادات أو جابوها بالشروع فيها إضافة إلى الحج
+
+288
+00:27:35,150 --> 00:27:42,090
+والعمرة جالوا رقم واحد الأضحية فإنها سُنة وانتوا
+
+289
+00:27:42,090 --> 00:27:45,930
+بتذكروا يا بناتي في مساق فقه الأيمان والنجور
+
+290
+00:27:45,930 --> 00:27:50,750
+والذبائح الشافعية عندهم الأضحية الأصل فيها أنها
+
+291
+00:27:50,750 --> 00:27:56,670
+سُنة مؤكدةولكنها تجب عند الشافعية بواحد من ثلاثة
+
+292
+00:27:56,670 --> 00:28:02,770
+بالنظره وبالتعيينه انه يعينها أو الشراء انه
+
+293
+00:28:02,770 --> 00:28:07,730
+يشتريها بعينها قالوا بالذبح فإذا دبحك لازمت
+
+294
+00:28:07,730 --> 00:28:13,530
+بالشروع وهذا ما نص عليه تسادة الشافعية كذلك قالوا
+
+295
+00:28:13,530 --> 00:28:18,870
+الجهاد في سبيل الله يجب إتمامه على من شرع فيه حتى
+
+296
+00:28:18,870 --> 00:28:23,460
+ولو كان شروعه فيه تطوعًازي جهاد ايش؟ جهاد الطلب
+
+297
+00:28:23,460 --> 00:28:27,780
+ألا ترون أن جهاد الطلب يعني الغزو فرض كفاية وليس
+
+298
+00:28:27,780 --> 00:28:34,200
+فرض عين قالوا ولكن من حضر المعركته فإنه لا يجوز له
+
+299
+00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:39,680
+أن يتركله لأننا نغينا عن الفرار من الزحف وأما
+
+300
+00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:44,340
+الثالث قالوا فهي صلاة الجنازة على المعتمد عند
+
+301
+00:28:44,340 --> 00:28:49,400
+الشافعية يا أخواتي صلاة الجنازة فرض كفاية يعني صنة
+
+302
+00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:55,530
+في حق الأحدوفرض في حق مجموع الأمم ولذلك أند
+
+303
+00:28:55,530 --> 00:29:00,510
+الشفاية منشرع في صلاة الجنازة لم يجوز له أن يقطعها
+
+304
+00:29:00,510 --> 00:29:08,670
+قالوا أو لم يجوز له أن يقطعها إلا خالف في ذلك إمام
+
+305
+00:29:08,670 --> 00:29:12,650
+الحرمين فقال له أن يقطعها إذا كانت لاتطعتله بقطعة
+
+306
+00:29:12,650 --> 00:29:16,450
+يعني إذا كان مش هو لحاله هو الوحيد اللي فيها ونحو
+
+307
+00:29:16,450 --> 00:29:19,930
+ذلكإذا بالله هتأتى المذهب الأول والان هنقف على
+
+308
+00:29:19,930 --> 00:29:24,330
+أدلته ان شاء الله نيجي للمذهب التاني المذهب التاني
+
+309
+00:29:24,330 --> 00:29:27,870
+للحنفية والمالكية وهذا المشهور عند العلماء أن
+
+310
+00:29:27,870 --> 00:29:32,430
+الحنفية والمالكية يقولون إن النفلة تجب بالشروع
+
+311
+00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:38,210
+فيها مطلقًا وعليه
+
+312
+00:29:38,210 --> 00:29:43,900
+فمن صام طوعًا ثم أفطر فيجب عليه القضاءوهذا القول
+
+313
+00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:46,900
+نُصب إلى أبي بكر الصديق وأبن عباس وهو المشهور من
+
+314
+00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:51,520
+مدّب الحنفية والمالكية ولذلك عندهم قاعدة جميلة
+
+315
+00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:56,700
+بتقول إن من شرع في نافلة وجب عليه إتمامها ولا يجوز
+
+316
+00:29:56,700 --> 00:30:00,680
+له الخروج منها وإطالها فإن خرج منها وجب عليه
+
+317
+00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:05,660
+قضائها لكن بصراحة هذا الكلام دايما كانوا المشايخ
+
+318
+00:30:05,660 --> 00:30:09,260
+يحكوا للطلبة في الجامعة لكن عند التحقيق لو بدنا
+
+319
+00:30:09,260 --> 00:30:16,200
+نرجع، لأالحنفية والمالكية عندهم المندوبات التي
+
+320
+00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:21,000
+تجبوا بالشروع فيها فقط سبع عبادات مش كل العبادات
+
+321
+00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:30,020
+كما كنا نظرها الصلاة والصوت والحج والأمر والاعتكاف
+
+322
+00:30:30,020 --> 00:30:40,040
+والاعتمام يعني في الصلاة وطوافل وداعقالوا هذه
+
+323
+00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:44,960
+السبعة هي فقط التي تجهبوا بالشروع فيها طب واحد
+
+324
+00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:49,800
+بيسأل، بيقول طب يا دكتور هل هناك فرق بين الحنفية
+
+325
+00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:54,320
+والمالكية في هذه المسألة؟ آه في فرق ولكن هذا الفرق
+
+326
+00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:58,800
+يسير ودقيق الفرق بيقول التالت، الآن من شرع في
+
+327
+00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:06,100
+دافلة ثم تركها هي الاحتمال إيه؟ إما أن يتركها
+
+328
+00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:12,330
+عمداًبدون عذر وإما أن يتركها نسيانا أو بعذر
+
+329
+00:31:12,330 --> 00:31:18,910
+الحنافية عندهم لا فرق بين من تركها عامدا أو نسيانا
+
+330
+00:31:18,910 --> 00:31:25,810
+بعذر أو بغير عذر كلهم يجب عليهم القضاء فالناف اللي
+
+331
+00:31:25,810 --> 00:31:30,820
+عنده تاجب ��الشروع وأما المالكيةفقالوا من شرع في
+
+332
+00:31:30,820 --> 00:31:36,520
+نافلة ثم قطعها فإنه يجب عليه أن يقضيها إلا في
+
+333
+00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:41,420
+حالتين الأولى أن يكون قد قطعها ناسياً والثانية أن
+
+334
+00:31:41,420 --> 00:31:51,880
+يكون هناك عذر منعه من إتمامها طيب الآن السؤال ما
+
+335
+00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:59,700
+دليل القائلين بأن النافلة لا تجب بالشرع فيهاقالوا
+
+336
+00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:03,780
+احنا عندنا بدل الدليل أدلنا أما الدليل الأول فإن
+
+337
+00:32:03,780 --> 00:32:09,200
+النافلة تطوع والمتطوع
+
+338
+00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:16,320
+أميره نفسه وإلزام المتطوع بالعبادة المتطوع بها
+
+339
+00:32:16,320 --> 00:32:21,760
+يخرجه عن وصف التطوع ألم يقول الله تعالى ما على
+
+340
+00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,560
+المحسنين من سبيل
+
+341
+00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:31,600
+ثم استدلوا بأدلة صحيحة ثابتة عن النبي عليه الصلاة
+
+342
+00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:35,080
+والسلام يعني مثلا في يوم من الأيام جويرية بنت
+
+343
+00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:40,300
+الحارث ربي الله عنها دخل عليها النبي صلى الله عليه
+
+344
+00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:44,180
+وسلم وهي صائمة فسألها النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام
+
+345
+00:32:44,180 --> 00:32:49,180
+أصومتي أمس يوم جمعة؟ أصومتي أمس؟ قالت لا قال أه
+
+346
+00:32:49,180 --> 00:32:54,440
+تريدين أن تصومي غدا؟ قالت لا قال فأفطري هي أمرها
+
+347
+00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:59,290
+بالفطر طيب السؤاللو كان الشروع في العبادة يجعلها
+
+348
+00:32:59,290 --> 00:33:05,850
+واجبة ما ينفعش يقولها أفطري؟ طيب، في اتنين حديث
+
+349
+00:33:05,850 --> 00:33:08,630
+النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام عن أم هانيه أن نبي عليه
+
+350
+00:33:08,630 --> 00:33:11,870
+الصلاة والسلام قال «الصائم المتطوع أمير نفسه، إن
+
+351
+00:33:11,870 --> 00:33:15,870
+شاء صام وإن شاء أفطر» لو كان واجب، هل يعلق على
+
+352
+00:33:15,870 --> 00:33:20,310
+المشيئة؟ طبعاً لأ، تلاتة حديث أم المؤمنين عائشه
+
+353
+00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:22,810
+ربي الله عنها إن النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام كان
+
+354
+00:33:22,810 --> 00:33:25,290
+يدخل عليهم، يسأل «هل عندكم شيء؟» يقولوا «لا يا
+
+355
+00:33:25,290 --> 00:33:29,530
+رسول الله»يقول فاني إذا صايم يعني صبح الصبح
+
+356
+00:33:29,530 --> 00:33:33,490
+مالجيهاش أكل يالنص يعني متطوع ثم أتانى في يوم آخر
+
+357
+00:33:33,490 --> 00:33:38,430
+فقال فقال فقلنا يا رسول الله أهدي لنا حيث أكل طبيخ
+
+358
+00:33:38,430 --> 00:33:43,450
+فقال عليه الصلاة والسلام أرينيهم فلقد أصبحت صايم
+
+359
+00:33:43,450 --> 00:33:49,130
+يعني أنا كنت ناوز صواب أرينيه وارهولي أشوفه فشافوا
+
+360
+00:33:49,130 --> 00:33:53,480
+النفس على الصلاة والسلام فأكل منهموفي رواية قال
+
+361
+00:33:53,480 --> 00:33:57,140
+«إذا أفطر اليوم وقد فردت الصوم» فبالسؤال لو كانت
+
+362
+00:33:57,140 --> 00:34:01,220
+العبادة أو النافلة تجب بالشروع فيها كان افطر النبي
+
+363
+00:34:01,220 --> 00:34:07,600
+ﷺ، طبعاً لأ، لكنش لمسألة تانية إن عقد الإجماع بين
+
+364
+00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:13,200
+العلماء على أن من نوى أن يتصدق بمال مقدّم فأخرج
+
+365
+00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:18,940
+بعضه فإنه لم تلزمه الصداقة بالباقييعني محمد الفرق
+
+366
+00:34:18,940 --> 00:34:22,980
+نوعاً يتصدق بـ100 دينار شاف واحد في قيرة أطال 50
+
+367
+00:34:22,980 --> 00:34:27,060
+وبطل عن الـ50 التانية هل هي لزمان يخرجها؟ لأ قالوا
+
+368
+00:34:27,060 --> 00:34:34,980
+طيب ليش انتوا احنا أجمعتوا على أن الصداقة لا
+
+369
+00:34:34,980 --> 00:34:39,340
+تجب بالشروع فيها ثم قلتم إن الاعتكاف يجب بالشروع
+
+370
+00:34:39,340 --> 00:34:43,060
+فيه والصوم يجب بالشروع فيه والصلاة تجب بالشروع
+
+371
+00:34:43,060 --> 00:34:46,280
+فيها اللي هي السبعة اللي عند المالكية والخنافية
+
+372
+00:34:47,710 --> 00:34:55,130
+ولذلك القياس معانا قوية بيقول إن الأصلة إنما النوى
+
+373
+00:34:55,130 --> 00:35:00,010
+الاعتكاب مثلًا خلّيني أجيبها بعبارة أصولية إنما
+
+374
+00:35:00,010 --> 00:35:08,610
+النوى الاعتكاب ثم تركه فإنه لا يلزمه إتمامه ولا
+
+375
+00:35:08,610 --> 00:35:13,370
+قضاءه قياسًا على الصداقة بمال مقدّر
+
+376
+00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:21,900
+بجامع يعني كلًا منهم غير مقدرين بالشرع الان اللي
+
+377
+00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:25,520
+بيعتكف، بيقدر يعتكف ساعة، بيقدر يعتكف يوم، على حسب
+
+378
+00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:28,840
+النية والصدقة، بيقدر نصدق بشكل، بيقدر نصدق بألف
+
+379
+00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:35,980
+شكل، طيب الواحد بيقول طب يا دكتور، القاية «ولا
+
+380
+00:35:35,980 --> 00:35:42,280
+تطلوا أعمالكم» إيش معناها؟ قالوا آهجال هنا «ولا
+
+381
+00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:45,040
+تقتلوا أعمالكم» معناه «ولا تقتلوا أعمالكم» أي «ولا
+
+382
+00:35:45,040 --> 00:35:50,640
+تقتلوا ثواب أعمالكم بالمن والأدى» بس هي المراد
+
+383
+00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:57,200
+فأول الآية طيب الحنفية والملكية عندهم دليل كذلك
+
+384
+00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:01,260
+استدلوا بحديث عيش ربي الله تعالى عنها قالت كنتوا
+
+385
+00:36:01,260 --> 00:36:10,650
+أنا وحفظته صائمتين فأهديا لنا طعام فأكلنا منهكانوا
+
+386
+00:36:10,650 --> 00:36:14,470
+صايمين شافوا الأكل ماجدروش يصبروا أفطروا فدخل
+
+387
+00:36:14,470 --> 00:36:18,010
+علينا النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقالت حفظته وبدرتني
+
+388
+00:36:18,010 --> 00:36:23,750
+يعني سبقتني وكانت بنت أبيها يعني مش بليلة اتبادلت
+
+389
+00:36:23,750 --> 00:36:28,310
+يا رسول الله إني أصبحت أنا وعايش صائمتين ومتطوعتين
+
+390
+00:36:28,310 --> 00:36:32,530
+فأهدي لنا طعامه فأفطرنا عليهم فقال النبي صلى الله
+
+391
+00:36:32,530 --> 00:36:35,530
+عليه وسلم يقول يا يوم المهكمة وأهدي أمر والأمر دي
+
+392
+00:36:35,530 --> 00:36:39,830
+موجودطبعًا هنا فيه إشكال، لأن الجمهور ردوا، قالوا
+
+393
+00:36:39,830 --> 00:36:44,110
+لأ جمعًا بين الأدلة، يحملوا الأمر في هذا الحديث
+
+394
+00:36:44,110 --> 00:36:49,250
+على ماذا؟ يحملوا الأمر على التطور، يعني اقضيه
+
+395
+00:36:49,250 --> 00:36:53,150
+يومًا ما كان ومحمول على ماذا؟ محمول على الندم،
+
+396
+00:36:53,150 --> 00:36:57,050
+وبالتالي المسألة بيها خلاف، والخلاف وارد والراجح
+
+397
+00:36:57,050 --> 00:37:03,410
+ومذهب الجمهور، والله تعالى أعلمنجل الحكم الثاني
+
+398
+00:37:03,410 --> 00:37:08,550
+وفيه تلت كلمات فقط قال تعالى فلا تهنوا وتدعوا إلى
+
+399
+00:37:08,550 --> 00:37:13,850
+السلم وأنتم الأعلى لا نهي و النهي يفيد التحريك
+
+400
+00:37:13,850 --> 00:37:19,030
+العلماء قالوا إذا لا يجوز للمسلم أي طلب الصلحة من
+
+401
+00:37:19,030 --> 00:37:24,030
+المشركين إذا كان ظاهرا عليهم ولكن إذا كان في
+
+402
+00:37:24,030 --> 00:37:28,550
+الكفار قوة وكثرة بالنسبة إلى جمع المسلمينوراء
+
+403
+00:37:28,550 --> 00:37:33,150
+الإمام في المهدنة والمعاهدة صلحًا وله أن يفعل ذلك
+
+404
+00:37:33,150 --> 00:37:37,290
+كما فعل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم مع كفار قوعيش
+
+405
+00:37:37,290 --> 00:37:40,670
+طبعًا هذه المثلة أحنا بنريح فيها لو رجعنا لكتب
+
+406
+00:37:40,670 --> 00:37:44,310
+الفروع اتفق أهل العلم على أن قرار السلم والحرب
+
+407
+00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:48,850
+إنما هو للإمام يختاره تبعًا للمصلحة عملاً بالقاعدة
+
+408
+00:37:48,850 --> 00:37:53,550
+الشرعية التصرف على الرعية منوقًا بالمصلحة ولذلك
+
+409
+00:37:53,550 --> 00:37:58,680
+جاء في حديث حذيفة رضي الله عنهأن النبي ﷺ قال «لا
+
+410
+00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:02,800
+ينبغي للمؤمن يعني يذل نفسه» قالوا «وكيف يذل المؤمن
+
+411
+00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:08,020
+نفسه يا رسول الله؟» قال «أي يتعرض من البلاء لما لا
+
+412
+00:38:08,020 --> 00:38:11,720
+يطيق» ففي بعض الأحيان رحم الله امرأة ع��ف القدر
+
+413
+00:38:11,720 --> 00:38:17,020
+نفسي فإذا عارف أنا إن المؤمنين قد لا يطيقون القتال
+
+414
+00:38:17,020 --> 00:38:21,640
+فيمكن أن أعقد مهادنة مؤقتة إلى حين أن أتقوى على
+
+415
+00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:26,320
+الجهاد في سبيل الله طبعا هنا ذكر العلماء ثالثةهذه
+
+416
+00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:29,520
+الفائدة في تفسير قوله «فلا تهنوا وتدعوا إلى السلم
+
+417
+00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:32,980
+وانتم الأعلى» أحنا بنعرف أن هذه الآية نزلت في فتح
+
+418
+00:38:32,980 --> 00:38:38,340
+مكة فقال العلماء هذه الآية تدل على أن النبي صلى
+
+419
+00:38:38,340 --> 00:38:45,120
+الله عليه وسلم دخل مكة صلحا ولا عنوة ده عنوة وعليه
+
+420
+00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:52,120
+مكة مفتوحة صلحا ولا مفتوحة عنوة مفتوحة عنوة وهذا
+
+421
+00:38:52,120 --> 00:38:57,950
+ما عليه أكثر أهل الفقهفبلاد مكة إنما فتحت عنوة لأن
+
+422
+00:38:57,950 --> 00:39:05,570
+الله تبارك وتعالى قد نهى النبي ﷺ عن الصلح في هذه
+
+423
+00:39:05,570 --> 00:39:13,730
+الآية والله تعالى أعلم ﷺ على سيدنا محمد ﷺ وعلى آله
+
+424
+00:39:13,730 --> 00:39:15,290
+وصحته أجمال
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwalAF3r2PeyFDE_JcVDC3QU/t-ddqfVGWgs.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1503 @@
+1
+00:00:00,180 --> 00:00:05,000
+وعلى آله وصحبه ومن آله إلى يوم نلقاه أما بعد
+
+2
+00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:08,980
+السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته، نشرع اليوم في 
+
+3
+00:00:08,980 --> 00:00:13,200
+الأحكام الشرعية المستفادة من آيات سورة المجادلة
+
+4
+00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:19,140
+حيث نناقش أحكام الظهار في الإسلام، ونبدأ بالحكم 
+
+5
+00:00:19,140 --> 00:00:25,140
+الأول الذي أثاره المصنف رحمه الله، وهو الظهار هل هو 
+
+6
+00:00:25,140 --> 00:00:32,700
+مشروع كطلاق أم أنه محرم ابتداءً؟ كانت طلاقه أو كانت 
+
+7
+00:00:32,700 --> 00:00:38,200
+ظهاره في الجاهلية طلاقًا، بل كان أشد أنواع الطلاق 
+
+8
+00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:45,220
+عندهم، لأن الرجل لما شبه زوجته بأمه التي حرمت عليه 
+
+9
+00:00:45,220 --> 00:00:50,600
+على سبيل التأبيد، فإن زوجته التي ظاهر منها أصبح 
+
+10
+00:00:50,600 --> 00:00:57,220
+حرامًا عليه على سبيل التأبيد، فلما جاء الإسلام أبطل 
+
+11
+00:00:57,220 --> 00:01:03,600
+هذا الحكم، وجعل الظهار حرامًا من حيث حكمه التكليفي 
+
+12
+00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:10,320
+فلا يجوز للمسلم أي ظاهرة من زوجته لأنه قد سمّى
+
+13
+00:01:10,320 --> 00:01:18,220
+الظهار منكرًا، والمنكر والزور حرام، وأما من حيث الأثر 
+
+14
+00:01:18,220 --> 00:01:24,280
+الدنياوي، فقد جعل الإسلام الظهار يحرم قربان المرأة
+
+15
+00:01:24,280 --> 00:01:30,710
+على ... نوافق على الطالبات المتأخرات، يحرم قربان
+
+16
+00:01:30,710 --> 00:01:37,230
+المرأة مؤقتًا، فلم يجعله طلاقًا كاملًا، وإنما جعله 
+
+17
+00:01:37,230 --> 00:01:43,450
+يحرم قربان المرأة مؤقتًا حتى يكفر الزوج عن ظهاره
+
+18
+00:01:43,450 --> 00:01:49,150
+وعليه قال العلماء لو ظاهر الرجل من زوجته يريد 
+
+19
+00:01:49,150 --> 00:01:55,750
+الطلاق كان ظهارًا، ولو طلق زوجته يريد الظهار أيضًا 
+
+20
+00:01:55,750 --> 00:02:02,610
+كان طلاقًا، فالعبرة في الظهار والطلاق في صريحهما 
+
+21
+00:02:02,610 --> 00:02:10,910
+باللفظ لا بنية، فلا يقوم أحدهما مقام الآخر، وقلت لكم 
+
+22
+00:02:10,910 --> 00:02:15,810
+إن الدليل على أن الظهار من حيث حكمه التكليفي أنه 
+
+23
+00:02:15,810 --> 00:02:20,830
+حرام قوله تعالى: {وإنهم ليقولون منكرًا من القول وزورًا}
+
+24
+00:02:20,830 --> 00:02:29,400
+طيب الآن وبناء على ذلك قالوا لو أن الرجل أقدم على 
+
+25
+00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:36,700
+الظهار وظاهر من زوجته فإنه يكون قد ارتكب حرامًا: هدر 
+
+26
+00:02:36,700 --> 00:02:41,640
+جام واحد، ويمنع من قربان زوجته مؤقتًا، هدر جام اتنين
+
+27
+00:02:41,640 --> 00:02:46,480
+ورقم تلاتة، وتجب عليه الكفارة، هنا مثلًا بعض الناس
+
+28
+00:02:46,480 --> 00:02:52,760
+بيسألون: طيب الآن الظهار فقط مؤبد ولا هل يجوز أن 
+
+29
+00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:54,640
+يكون مؤقتًا؟
+
+30
+00:02:57,810 --> 00:03:03,550
+الحنفية والحنابلة والشافعية في الأظهر من المذهب 
+
+31
+00:03:03,550 --> 00:03:13,670
+قالوا إن الظهار يصح أن يكون مؤبدًا ويصح 
+
+32
+00:03:13,670 --> 00:03:21,290
+أن يكون مؤقتًا كذلك، فمن قال لزوجته: أنت عليّ كظهر 
+
+33
+00:03:21,290 --> 00:03:27,230
+أمي، فهذا ظهار على سبيل التأبيد، فوقت ما عاد إلى 
+
+34
+00:03:27,230 --> 00:03:36,210
+زوجته ثم يعودون لما قالوا فإنه ملزم بالكفارة، وأما 
+
+35
+00:03:36,210 --> 00:03:41,470
+ما كان على سبيل التأقيت، كان يقول لزوجته: أنت عليّ 
+
+36
+00:03:41,470 --> 00:03:49,050
+كظهر أمي مدة أسبوع أو مدة سنتين، قال الحنفية 
+
+37
+00:03:49,050 --> 00:03:54,510
+والحنابلة والشافعية في الأظهر في هذه المسألة، قالوا 
+
+38
+00:03:54,510 --> 00:03:59,910
+إذا أراد أن يرجع إلى زوجته قبل انقضاء المدة، فتلزمه 
+
+39
+00:03:59,910 --> 00:04:08,030
+كفارة وهو آثم لظهاره، وإذا أراد أن يرجع إلى زوجته 
+
+40
+00:04:08,030 --> 00:04:15,250
+بعد انتهاء المدة فلا تلزمه كفارة وهو آثم في ظهاره 
+
+41
+00:04:15,250 --> 00:04:20,410
+وأما المالكية والشافعية في مقابل الأظهر وهو قول 
+
+42
+00:04:20,410 --> 00:04:23,250
+عبدالله بن عباس رضي الله عنهما
+
+43
+00:04:26,390 --> 00:04:32,310
+قالوا إن الظهار لا يصح إلا مؤبدًا، فمن ظاهر من 
+
+44
+00:04:32,310 --> 00:04:40,470
+زوجته وذكر تأقيتًا فإن ظهاره صحيح، والتأقيت له 
+
+45
+00:04:40,470 --> 00:04:46,990
+وعليه فمن قال لزوجته: أنت عليّ كظهر أمي هذا الشهر
+
+46
+00:04:46,990 --> 00:04:52,750
+كان ظهارًا مؤبدًا، فمتى أراد أن يعود لما قال فإنه 
+
+47
+00:04:52,750 --> 00:04:59,840
+تلزمه الكفارة، نأتي للحكم الثاني: ما هي الأحكام التي 
+
+48
+00:04:59,840 --> 00:05:05,380
+تترتب على الظهار؟ العلماء قالوا: الظهار يترتب عليه 
+
+49
+00:05:05,380 --> 00:05:10,760
+حكمان على سبيل الإجمال، أما الحكم الأول فإنه يحرم 
+
+50
+00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:17,100
+على الزوج أي يقرب زوجته التي ظاهر منها حتى يكفر عن 
+
+51
+00:05:17,100 --> 00:05:24,440
+ظهاره، لظاهر قوله تعالى: {فتحرير رقبة من قبل أي تماثة}
+
+52
+00:05:24,710 --> 00:05:30,190
+يعني من قبل أي قربها، وأما الثاني فقالوا وجوب 
+
+53
+00:05:30,190 --> 00:05:35,610
+الكفارة، لظاهر قوله تعالى: {والذين يظاهرون من 
+
+54
+00:05:35,610 --> 00:05:41,570
+نسائهم ثم يعودون لما قالوا فَتَحْرِيرُ} وبالتالي إذا 
+
+55
+00:05:41,570 --> 00:05:49,110
+أراد أن يعود فإنه في هذه الحالة تلزمه الكفارة، طيب 
+
+56
+00:05:49,110 --> 00:05:55,930
+الآن هنا عندنا مثلًا قلنا إن الرجل يحرم عليه أي 
+
+57
+00:05:55,930 --> 00:06:03,390
+يقرب زوجته ما لم يكفر، طيب هذا بالنسبة للجماع، طيب 
+
+58
+00:06:03,390 --> 00:06:09,190
+بالنسبة لمقدمات الجماع، وما 
+
+59
+00:06:09,190 --> 00:06:16,570
+يتعلق بوجوه الاستمتاع الأخرى؟ هل هي حرام كذلك؟ هذه 
+
+60
+00:06:16,570 --> 00:06:20,490
+المسألة تفصيلها على النحو التالي
+
+61
+00:06:23,030 --> 00:06:27,350
+ذهب الجمهور من الحنفية والمالكية والحنابلة إلى 
+
+62
+00:06:27,350 --> 00:06:34,050
+أنه كما يحرم الجماع قبل الكفارة، كفارة في الدار
+
+63
+00:06:34,050 --> 00:06:41,230
+فكذلك تحرم مقدمات الجماع قبل الكفارة، ولكن 
+
+64
+00:06:41,230 --> 00:06:46,610
+الإمام الثوري والشافعية في أحد قوليه وهو المعتمد 
+
+65
+00:06:46,610 --> 00:06:53,230
+في المذهب قالوا إن المحرمة هو الوطء فقط، لأن المسيس 
+
+66
+00:06:53,230 --> 00:06:59,870
+الواردة ذكرها في الآية إنما هو كناية عن الجماع فقط 
+
+67
+00:06:59,870 --> 00:07:03,170
+واضح؟
+
+68
+00:07:03,170 --> 00:07:08,250
+طبعًا علشان هيك يا خواتي بدنا نوضح نقطة إن العلماء 
+
+69
+00:07:08,250 --> 00:07:12,590
+متفقون على حرمة الوطء قبل كفارة الظهار، ولكنهم 
+
+70
+00:07:12,590 --> 00:07:18,450
+مختلفون في دواعيه اللي احنا بنسميها مقدمات الجماع 
+
+71
+00:07:18,450 --> 00:07:23,540
+علشان هيك مذهب الحنفية وأكثر المالكية وهو إحدى 
+
+72
+00:07:23,540 --> 00:07:28,080
+الروايتين عن أحمد كما قلت قالوا بحرمة دواعي الوطء 
+
+73
+00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:34,100
+أما الإمام الشافعي في الأظهر والمالكية في بعضهم 
+
+74
+00:07:34,100 --> 00:07:39,260
+ورواية عن أحمد قالوا بإباحة دواعي الوطء، طبعًا هنا 
+
+75
+00:07:39,260 --> 00:07:46,840
+في مسألة خارج المساق، يعني ينبغي التنبيه إليها وهي
+
+76
+00:07:48,150 --> 00:07:51,450
+ولا خليني أخلّيها للأدلة لأنها هتبين معانا الآن
+
+77
+00:07:51,450 --> 00:07:59,850
+إن شاء الله، انتبهنا معاك الآن الجمهور قالوا كما 
+
+78
+00:07:59,850 --> 00:08:04,350
+يحرم الجماع فإنها تحرم مقدماته، طيب ما دليلهم في 
+
+79
+00:08:04,350 --> 00:08:08,150
+ذلك؟ قالوا دليلهم أعم قوله تعالى {من قبل أي تماثة}
+
+80
+00:08:08,150 --> 00:08:15,470
+فالقرآن ما قالش من قبل أي جامعة، قال المساس، والمساس 
+
+81
+00:08:15,470 --> 00:08:21,770
+وظنّها يشمل وجوهها للاستمتاع، ثم قالوا انظر إلى مقبض 
+
+82
+00:08:21,770 --> 00:08:26,050
+التشبيه ماشي
+
+83
+00:08:26,050 --> 00:08:37,330
+الراجل بيقول لزوجته: أنت عليّ كظهر أمي، الراجل يقول 
+
+84
+00:08:37,330 --> 00:08:46,090
+لزوجته الآن هنوضح، أنت عليّ كظهر أمي، والأم يحرمه كل 
+
+85
+00:08:46,090 --> 00:08:52,030
+وجوه لاستمتاع بها، إذا الزوجة المظاهر منها يحرم 
+
+86
+00:08:52,030 --> 00:08:58,110
+جميع وجوه لاستمتاع بها، كلام جميل، طيب ثم جاله
+
+87
+00:08:58,110 --> 00:09:01,210
+تعالوا نرجع للنبي عليه الصلاة والسلام، الرجل اللي 
+
+88
+00:09:01,210 --> 00:09:04,170
+ظاهر من زوجته النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام أمره
+
+89
+00:09:04,170 --> 00:09:08,270
+بإقْتِزالها مطلقًا، فلا يقربها حتى يكفر، لكن الإمام
+
+90
+00:09:08,270 --> 00:09:12,390
+الشافعي في الأظهر، قال: المسيس كناية عن الجماع 
+
+91
+00:09:12,390 --> 00:09:19,110
+والحرمة هنا ليست لمعنى يخل بالنكاح، النكاح قائم
+
+92
+00:09:19,110 --> 00:09:26,090
+وإنما الظهار يشبه الحيض، ومعلوم أن الحيض يحرم فيه 
+
+93
+00:09:26,090 --> 00:09:31,390
+الاستمتاع فيما بين السرة والركبة، طبعًا هذه المثلة 
+
+94
+00:09:31,390 --> 00:09:34,690
+بصراحة بدنا نوضحها يا بناتي، لما درسنا في تفسير آية 
+
+95
+00:09:34,690 --> 00:09:38,830
+الأحكام 1 في مثلة، يسألونك عن المحيض يقول: هو أذى
+
+96
+00:09:38,830 --> 00:09:45,470
+بدنا نوضح نقطة، معروف إن الحنفية والشافعية قالوا
+
+97
+00:09:45,470 --> 00:09:49,650
+يجوزوا الاستمتاع من الحائض بما بين السرة إلى 
+
+98
+00:09:49,650 --> 00:09:55,950
+الركبة، بشرط أن يكون من وراء حائل، وأما المالكية 
+
+99
+00:09:55,950 --> 00:10:00,110
+فقالوا: لا يجوزوا الاستمتاع بالحائض فيما بين السرة 
+
+100
+00:10:00,110 --> 00:10:06,890
+والركبة، ولو من وراء حائل، وأما الحنابلة فقالوا: يجوز 
+
+101
+00:10:06,890 --> 00:10:13,040
+للزوج أن يستمتع بزوجته مطلقًا، بحائل وبغير حائل، حتى 
+
+102
+00:10:13,040 --> 00:10:18,420
+ولو كانت حائض، بشرط أن يجتنب الفرج فقط، يعني 
+
+103
+00:10:18,420 --> 00:10:24,240
+الجماع بس، والحرارة وما سوى الجماع فيجوز، فله أن 
+
+104
+00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:28,220
+يستمتع ما بين الصرة والرّكبة، وهذا طبعًا كما هو 
+
+105
+00:10:28,220 --> 00:10:32,240
+معروف، بيسموه من مفردات المذهب الـحملين 
+
+106
+00:10:35,540 --> 00:10:38,920
+الآن علشان نكمل نلاحظ، طبعًا الشيخ الصابوني رحمه 
+
+107
+00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:42,460
+الله عليه إشغال، قال: رأي الجمهور أحوى لأن من حامى 
+
+108
+00:10:42,460 --> 00:10:46,440
+حول الحماية يقع فيه، ولأن الشافعية قد نقل عنه 
+
+109
+00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:50,540
+قولان، الأول أنه يحرم الجماع فقط، والثاني يحرم جميع 
+
+110
+00:10:50,540 --> 00:10:54,720
+وجوه الاستمتاع، قال: وهو الأظهر، لأ الأظهر عند 
+
+111
+00:10:54,720 --> 00:11:01,580
+الشافعية هو أن الرجل إذا ظاهر من زوجته فإنه يحرم 
+
+112
+00:11:01,580 --> 00:11:07,060
+عليه جماعها فقط حتى يكفر، الآن أنا أوضح لكم باختصار 
+
+113
+00:11:07,060 --> 00:11:11,420
+الفرق بين القولين، الفرق بين القولين باختصار لو أن 
+
+114
+00:11:11,420 --> 00:11:18,600
+رجلًا قال لزوجته: أنت عليّ كظهر أمي، على رأي الجمهور
+
+115
+00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:25,880
+يحرم عليه أن يجامعها أو يقبلها أو يعانقها أو 
+
+116
+00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:31,480
+يستمتع بها بأي وجه من وجوه الاستمتاع، ع بال ما إيه؟
+
+117
+00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:37,040
+بيطلق الكفارة، ولكن على مذهب الشافعية في الأظهر وهو 
+
+118
+00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:43,380
+قول الإمام الثوري، قال: إن الذي يظاهر من زوجته فإنه 
+
+119
+00:11:43,380 --> 00:11:49,400
+يحرم عليه جماعها ما لم يكفر، وأما ما دون الجماع 
+
+120
+00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:54,960
+كالتقبيل والمعانقة والاستمتاع ونحو ذلك فإنه جائزٌ
+
+121
+00:11:54,960 --> 00:12:01,560
+ولو لم يكفر لأن الظهار يوجب الكفارة قبل الجماع فقط
+
+122
+00:12:02,110 --> 00:12:08,510
+والله تعالى ��على، واضح المسألة؟ طيب نجي للحكم الثالث
+
+123
+00:12:08,510 --> 00:12:15,230
+ما المراد بقوله تعالى: {ثم يعودون لما قالوا}؟ طبعًا 
+
+124
+00:12:15,230 --> 00:12:18,670
+بتلاحظوا المذاهب الأربعة أقوالها متقاربة يعني 
+
+125
+00:12:18,670 --> 00:12:23,130
+الإمام أبو حنيفة مثلًا بيقول: العود هو العزم على 
+
+126
+00:12:23,130 --> 00:12:29,150
+استباحة الوطء والملامسة، مجرد العزم، الشافعي قال 
+
+127
+00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:33,580
+العود هنا هو أن يمسكها بعد الظهار مع القدرة على 
+
+128
+00:12:33,580 --> 00:12:37,700
+الطلاق، بمعنى
+
+129
+00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:46,560
+أنا 
+
+130
+00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:51,080
+وضحت يا فاطمة المراد بالقول الأول والثاني وضحته
+
+131
+00:12:51,080 --> 00:12:57,080
+والـ كما ذكرت لكم فيما يتعلق بالكفارة، ونترك بقية 
+
+132
+00:12:57,080 --> 00:13:06,230
+الأسئلة إن شاء الله تعالى لنهاية المحاضرة، طيب تمام
+
+133
+00:13:06,230 --> 00:13:11,630
+نكمل، نكمل بناتي الآن، الإمام أبو حنيفة بيقول: العود
+
+134
+00:13:11,630 --> 00:13:17,830
+هو عبارة عن العزم على الوطء، وبالتالي راجل ظهر من 
+
+135
+00:13:17,830 --> 00:13:24,050
+زوجته من حد ما ينوي إنه يجامعها خلاص، طيب الإمام 
+
+136
+00:13:24,050 --> 00:13:27,470
+الشافعي قال لأ ظاهر من زوجته طالما ما طلقهاش بدي 
+
+137
+00:13:27,470 --> 00:13:31,530
+يطلع الكفارة، نفس الشيء لأنه أمسكها لأنه يعزم على
+
+138
+00:13:31,530 --> 00:13:35,610
+جماعها، والإمام
+
+139
+00:13:35,610 --> 00:13:38,390
+مالك وأحمد قالوا: هو العزم على الوطء أو على الوطء 
+
+140
+00:13:38,390 --> 00:13:42,130
+والإمساك، فالمعاني متقاربة مش غير الظاهرية اللي طلعت 
+
+141
+00:13:42,130 --> 00:13:46,010
+من المسألة هكذا برأي غريب جدا قالوا العود هو تكرار
+
+142
+00:13:46,010 --> 00:13:51,710
+لفظه بها يعني عنده ظاهرية لو أن الرجل ظهر من
+
+143
+00:13:51,710 --> 00:13:55,830
+زوجته مرة واحدة لا يقع ظهاره لكن لو عادا مرة
+
+144
+00:13:55,830 --> 00:14:02,390
+ثانية يقع الظهار وهذا كلام ضعيف لأنه لما ربنا قال
+
+145
+00:14:02,390 --> 00:14:07,550
+ثم يرجعون لما قالوا أي يرجعون عما قالوا أو في نقض
+
+146
+00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:13,050
+ما قالوا وأكبر دليل على أن هذا هو المراد قصة الرجل
+
+147
+00:14:13,050 --> 00:14:15,750
+سُلاء السلامة بين صخر وبيض وإلى ما أجيء النبي عليه
+
+148
+00:14:15,750 --> 00:14:21,230
+الصلاة والسلام والعجن يا رسول الله طيب
+
+149
+00:14:21,230 --> 00:14:25,250
+ما هو دليل الظاهرية؟ الظاهرية قالوا العود هو التكرار
+
+150
+00:14:25,250 --> 00:14:29,000
+لغويًا إذ قال الله تعالى وَلَوْ رُدُّوا لَعَادُوا
+
+151
+00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,540
+لِمَا نُهُوا عَنْهُ طبعًا من إمام الزجاج مهدلهم
+
+152
+00:14:32,540 --> 00:14:37,420
+خالص قال وهذا قوله من لا يدري في اللغة العربية
+
+153
+00:14:37,420 --> 00:14:43,320
+ولذلك قولهم ضعيف ضعيف لسببين بدلالة اللغة ثم
+
+154
+00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:47,540
+يعودون لما قالوا أي يعودون فيما قالوا ثم بدلالة
+
+155
+00:14:47,540 --> 00:14:51,220
+السنة لأن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في حديث سلم على
+
+156
+00:14:51,220 --> 00:14:55,780
+ابن صخر وبيض وأوس بن الصامد أمرهم بالكفارة مع أنهم 
+
+157
+00:14:55,780 --> 00:15:03,660
+لم يكرروا لفظ ظهار طيب هنا واحد بيسأل بقول يا شيخ
+
+158
+00:15:03,660 --> 00:15:07,540
+الآن ربنا سبحانه وتعالى قال الذين يجاهرون منكم من
+
+159
+00:15:07,540 --> 00:15:11,240
+نسائهم الخطاب للذين آمنوا وبالتالي منكم يعني من
+
+160
+00:15:11,240 --> 00:15:19,380
+المؤمنين طيب هل يصح ظهار الذمي؟ خذوا قاعدة
+
+161
+00:15:23,930 --> 00:15:30,210
+الحنفية والمالكية ورواية ليست معتمدة عند الحنابلة
+
+162
+00:15:30,210 --> 00:15:35,730
+في تصحيحه وأنا مصححها في الهامش قالوا إن ظهار الذمي
+
+163
+00:15:35,730 --> 00:15:40,610
+لا يقع لماذا؟ لأن الله تعالى قال الذين يظاهرو�� منكم
+
+164
+00:15:40,610 --> 00:15:44,870
+يعني من المسلمين وبالتالي ظهار غير المسلم لا يقع
+
+165
+00:15:44,870 --> 00:15:49,810
+قالوا ثم إن الظهار يوجب الكفارة والكفارة فيها
+
+166
+00:15:49,810 --> 00:15:56,130
+اعتاق رقبة وفيها صوم وصوم عبادة والعبادة لا تصح إلا
+
+167
+00:15:56,130 --> 00:16:03,190
+من المسلم إذاً الكفارة لا تصح إلا من المسلم علشان 
+
+168
+00:16:03,190 --> 00:16:07,530
+يا إخواننا الحنفية والمالكية يقولون الظهار لا
+
+169
+00:16:07,530 --> 00:16:16,410
+يكون إلا من زوج عاقل بالغ مسلم شايفين؟
+
+170
+00:16:16,410 --> 00:16:21,840
+أما الإمام الشافعي رحمه الله وهو المعتمد عند
+
+171
+00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:28,200
+الحنابلة فقالوا كما يصح طلاق الذمي فإنه يصح ظهار
+
+172
+00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:34,500
+الذمي ولكن الذمية تكفر بالاعتاق أو الإطعام ولا
+
+173
+00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:38,640
+تكفر بالصوم لأن الصوم عبادة والعبادة لا تصح إلا من
+
+174
+00:16:38,640 --> 00:16:41,500
+المسلم عارفين يا إخواني ليش؟ يا أخواتي يا عزيزي
+
+175
+00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:46,380
+ليش؟ في أكثر من سبب من أسباب الخلاف في أكثر من سبب
+
+176
+00:16:46,380 --> 00:16:51,000
+السبب الأول الكفارة اتفق العلماء على أنها فيها معنى
+
+177
+00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:55,180
+معنى الجبر ومعنى الزجر معنى الجبر معناه اللي هو
+
+178
+00:16:55,180 --> 00:16:58,380
+تكفير الذنب إن الواحد بيعمل شغل غلط بدفع الكفارة
+
+179
+00:16:58,380 --> 00:17:06,180
+ربنا بيغفر له فتجبر الخلقة ومعنى الزجر إن الإنسان
+
+180
+00:17:06,180 --> 00:17:09,740
+بيعمل حاجة غلط فربنا بيزجرنا أن ما نرجعش لها
+
+181
+00:17:09,740 --> 00:17:15,900
+الشافعية يغلبون جانب الزجر في الكفارة ولذلك
+
+182
+00:17:15,900 --> 00:17:22,850
+أجابوها على الذنب يعني اعتبروها من النظام العام لكن
+
+183
+00:17:22,850 --> 00:17:27,390
+الحنفية والمالكية غلبوا جانب الجبر فقالوا ربنا
+
+184
+00:17:27,390 --> 00:17:30,770
+ما بيجبرش إلا على المؤمن ما بيغفرش إلا للمؤمن لأنه
+
+185
+00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:37,090
+كافر ما يهمناش واضح المسألة؟ طبعًا الإمام الألوسي هيجد
+
+186
+00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:40,750
+وجع في الفخذ فقال والعجب من الإمام الشافعي عليه
+
+187
+00:17:40,750 --> 00:17:45,750
+الرحمة أن يقول بصحته يعني صح الظهار الذمي مع أنه
+
+188
+00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:51,810
+يشترط نية في الكفارة والإيمان في الرقبة والكافر لا
+
+189
+00:17:51,810 --> 00:17:59,230
+يملك المؤمن طبعًا وأنا رديت عليه بقول والعجب كذلك
+
+190
+00:17:59,230 --> 00:18:03,810
+لماذا لم يعجب الألوسي من مذهب الإمام أبي حنيفة
+
+191
+00:18:03,810 --> 00:18:10,070
+الذي قال بصحة ظهار الرقيق مع أن الرقيق لا يملك
+
+192
+00:18:10,070 --> 00:18:16,230
+رقبة أصلًا لأنه هو الرقبة ولذلك
+
+193
+00:18:16,230 --> 00:18:24,310
+المسألة محتملة والخلاف فيها قوي واضح وبالتالي
+
+194
+00:18:24,310 --> 00:18:30,230
+في هذه المثل الأمر واضح ثم طبعًا الجمهور قالوا إن
+
+195
+00:18:30,230 --> 00:18:35,430
+كلمة منكم هنا إنما وردت موردًا مورد التهجين
+
+196
+00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:40,590
+والتشنيع لأنه لم يعرف إلا عند العرب أنا قعدت
+
+197
+00:18:40,590 --> 00:18:43,810
+بأريحكم يا بناتي في مسألة مهمة جدًا وأكيد مرت
+
+198
+00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:51,310
+معكم في قصولصول ثلاثة اللي احنا فيه فيه فرق بين
+
+199
+00:18:51,310 --> 00:18:57,490
+التخصيص والتنصيص ولا لأ؟ طبعًا فيه فرق بنوضح
+
+200
+00:18:57,490 --> 00:19:03,030
+التخصيص هو قصر بعض أو قصر لفظ العام على بعض معانيه
+
+201
+00:19:03,030 --> 00:19:06,710
+يعني ربنا قال والمطلقات يتربصن بأنفسهن ثلاثة تقرأ
+
+202
+00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:10,770
+عامة في كل مطلقات ثم جاء قوله تعالى وأولاد الأحمال
+
+203
+00:19:10,770 --> 00:19:17,230
+أجلهن أن يضعن حملهن فاستثنت أولاد الحمل فحكم الخاص
+
+204
+00:19:17,230 --> 00:19:22,950
+مخالف للعام لكن إذا ورد الخاص موافقًا للعام في
+
+205
+00:19:22,950 --> 00:19:29,930
+الحكم فهذا اسمه تنصيص مش تخصيص وقد قال الأصوليون
+
+206
+00:19:29,930 --> 00:19:37,710
+إن ذكر بعض أفراد العام الموافق في الحكم لا يخصصه
+
+207
+00:19:37,710 --> 00:19:43,470
+يعني أضرب لكم المثال أجيت دخلت القاعة وقلت كل طالبة
+
+208
+00:19:43,470 --> 00:19:51,170
+لها درجة بعدين قلت فاطمة لها درجة هذا معنى ذلك
+
+209
+00:19:51,170 --> 00:19:54,630
+الطالبات وإن لم يكن لهن درجات لأ أنا بس نصيت على فاطمة
+
+210
+00:19:54,630 --> 00:20:01,950
+بدي أؤكد نفس الشيء ربنا سبحانه وتعالى قال والذين
+
+211
+00:20:01,950 --> 00:20:08,130
+يظاهرون من نسائهم الذين تشمل كل مظاهر مسلم أو ذمي
+
+212
+00:20:08,130 --> 00:20:16,520
+وقال بعدها الذين يظاهرون أو قبلها الذين يظاهرون
+
+213
+00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:22,440
+منكم من نسائهم فبتلاحظ هنا الخاص موافق للعام ولا
+
+214
+00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:29,240
+مخالف للعام موافق الآيتان معناهما واحد مرة قال
+
+215
+00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:33,740
+الذين يظاهرون فعامة ومرة قال الذين يظاهرون منكم
+
+216
+00:20:33,740 --> 00:20:40,120
+خاصة وطالما كان الخاص موافقًا للعام فلا تخصيص عليه
+
+217
+00:20:40,120 --> 00:20:46,740
+مذهب الشافعية ليس ضعيفًا والله تعالى أعلم فنجيء
+
+218
+00:20:46,740 --> 00:20:51,540
+للحكم الخامس هل يصح ظهاره من الأمة؟ غريبوا
+
+219
+00:20:51,540 --> 00:20:55,680
+حالكوا المسألة هذه ملغاة لأننا ما في عندنا عبيد
+
+220
+00:20:55,680 --> 00:21:03,460
+في بلادنا أنسوها هذه المسألة أي ملغاة طيب نجيء
+
+221
+00:21:03,460 --> 00:21:08,360
+للحكم السادس هل يقع ظهار المرأة؟ يعني الدنيا
+
+222
+00:21:08,360 --> 00:21:13,270
+بدأت تمشي بالشغل وقامت امرأة عصبت من زوجها فقالت له أنت
+
+223
+00:21:13,270 --> 00:21:20,070
+عليّ كظهر أبي مثلًا اتفق
+
+224
+00:21:20,070 --> 00:21:26,130
+العلماء على أن هذا كلامها له وليس ظهارًا ولا
+
+225
+00:21:26,130 --> 00:21:30,970
+يقع ظهارها لأن الحل والعقد والتحريم والتحليل في
+
+226
+00:21:30,970 --> 00:21:34,290
+النكاح بيد الرجل مش بيد المرأة ما بقي إلا تقول له
+
+227
+00:21:34,290 --> 00:21:39,830
+علي الطلاق منك غير تعمل كذا إلا أن الإمام أحمد روي
+
+228
+00:21:39,830 --> 00:21:44,570
+عنه رواية تقول إنه يجب عليها كفارة إذا وطئها
+
+229
+00:21:44,570 --> 00:21:48,630
+وكأنه من باب التغليظ وهذه الرواية اختارها الإمام
+
+230
+00:21:48,630 --> 00:21:53,710
+الخرقي صاحب المختصرة طيب الآن هل الظهار يختص
+
+231
+00:21:53,710 --> 00:21:58,630
+بالأم؟ لو واحد قال أنت عليك كظهري أختي مثلًا كظهري
+
+232
+00:21:58,630 --> 00:22:03,610
+عمتي كظهري جدتي لزوجته بصراحة المسألة في خطأ في
+
+233
+00:22:03,610 --> 00:22:07,920
+النقل عند الشيخ رحمه الله عليه ولذلك أنا صححتها لكم
+
+234
+00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:13,200
+في الحاشية يا بناتي مذهب الحنفية والمالكية
+
+235
+00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:18,820
+والشافعية في الجديد والسادة الحنابلة أن الظهار يقع
+
+236
+00:22:18,820 --> 00:22:24,980
+بتشبيه الزوجة بظهر كل محرمة على سبيل التأبيد كالأم
+
+237
+00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:31,860
+والجدة والأخت والعامة والخالة ونحو ذلك وليس كما
+
+238
+00:22:31,860 --> 00:22:36,750
+ذكر المصنف هم الألوان اختلفوا جالوا اختلفوا فيما لو
+
+239
+00:22:36,750 --> 00:22:43,370
+شبهها بمن تحرم عليه على سبيل التأقيت كأخت الزوجة
+
+240
+00:22:43,370 --> 00:22:53,090
+أنت عليك كظهر أختك قالها هكذا في هذه الحالة ذهب
+
+241
+00:22:53,090 --> 00:22:58,510
+الحنفية والشافعية ورواية عند أحمد إلى أن تشبيه
+
+242
+00:22:58,510 --> 00:23:06,590
+الزوجة بالمحرمة على سبيل التأقيت لغو وليس ظهار وذهب
+
+243
+00:23:06,590 --> 00:23:14,410
+المالكية إلى أنه كناية ظهار وعليه ينظر إلى النية
+
+244
+00:23:14,410 --> 00:23:19,670
+إذا نوى الظهار يقع وإلا فلا يقع وأما الحنابلة كما
+
+245
+00:23:19,670 --> 00:23:24,870
+ذكر الإمام البوهوتي وهي رواية عن الإمام أحمد أو
+
+246
+00:23:24,870 --> 00:23:32,090
+ردها ابن قدامة قال لا يعتبر أيّه؟ يعتبر ظهارًا وظاهر
+
+247
+00:23:32,090 --> 00:23:41,600
+صريح شايفين؟ هذه خلاصة الأمر طيب طب الآن هنا ذكروا
+
+248
+00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,440
+مسألة بسيطة أنه لو قال لامرأته هي أختي أو يا أمي
+
+249
+00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:50,360
+على سبيل الكرامة والتوقير فالعلماء قالوا هذا لا
+
+250
+00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:54,800
+يكون ظهارًا ولكنه مكروه فقط وفعلا هذه المثل الأصل
+
+251
+00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:58,320
+فيها الكراهة وهذه ساعات بتصير بأن الأزواج عندنا
+
+252
+00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:03,040
+وإن في قطاع غزة لأن كلمة يا خوي يا أختي ساعات بتقول في
+
+253
+00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:07,420
+حال أيش؟ في حال العصبية آه والله صادق يا أخو مش
+
+254
+00:24:07,420 --> 00:24:10,960
+عارف أيش يا أختي بسم الله عليك يا أختي ونحو ذلك
+
+255
+00:24:10,960 --> 00:24:16,540
+فهذا من الأمور التي ينبغي طبعًا هي لغوية يعني لا
+
+256
+00:24:16,540 --> 00:24:21,000
+يترتب عليها شيء لكن الأولى في المسلم أن يبتعد عنها
+
+257
+00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:24,640
+لأن فيها حديث ضعيف وارد عن النبي عليه الصلاة
+
+258
+00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:31,820
+والسلام نجيء يا بناتي لما يتعلق بحكم الكفارة أو ما
+
+259
+00:24:31,820 --> 00:24:36,520
+الذي يجب في الكفارة الكفارة في الظهار مرتبة أنتو
+
+260
+00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:40,200
+أخذتوها في عبادته أن الواجب إما أن يكون واجبًا
+
+261
+00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:46,600
+مرتبة وإما أن يكون واجبًا مخيّر هذا واجب مرتب ليش؟ لأن
+
+262
+00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:52,100
+الآية واضحة قالت اِعتِق رقبة فإن لم يجد فصيامه شهرين
+
+263
+00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:58,140
+فإن لم يستطع فليطعم ستين مسكينًا وبالتالي لازم
+
+264
+00:24:58,140 --> 00:25:01,280
+المسلم يمشي على الترتيب فالذي يقدر على الأولى لا
+
+265
+00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:07,720
+يجوز له الانتقال إلى الثانية أي معناها؟ طيب نجيء
+
+266
+00:25:07,720 --> 00:25:11,580
+للواجب الأول ما هو الواجب الأول؟ الواجب الأول هو
+
+267
+00:25:11,580 --> 00:25:17,800
+الاعتِق طيب في الآية الكريمة أطلق لفظ الرقبة ما
+
+268
+00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:22,800
+جاء فتحرير رقبة مؤمنة زي ما في القصاص جاء فتحرير
+
+269
+00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:27,840
+رقبة فقط فهل تجزئ الرقبة الكافرة ولا يجب أن تكون
+
+270
+00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:33,280
+مؤمنة؟ ذهب الحنفية إلى أنه تجزئ في الكفارة اعتِق
+
+271
+00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:38,180
+الرقبة المؤمنة والكافرة والذكر والأنثى كل شيء كل
+
+272
+00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:44,760
+شيء مباح طب ليش؟ قالوا لأن الآية مطلقة قال فتحرر
+
+273
+00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:48,920
+رقبة بس
+
+274
+00:25:48,920 --> 00:25:51,240
+أما الشافعية
+
+275
+00:25:57,850 --> 00:26:04,430
+والمالكية مرحب الطالب المتأخر أما الشافعية
+
+276
+00:26:04,430 --> 00:26:08,750
+والمالكية فقالوا يشترط في الرقبة أن تكون مؤمنة
+
+277
+00:26:08,750 --> 00:26:14,470
+ليش؟ قالوا صحيح هنا الآية وردت مطلقة لكنها وردت في
+
+278
+00:26:14,470 --> 00:26:20,270
+القتل مقيدة قال تعالى فتحريروا رقبة المؤمنة بجامع
+
+279
+00:26:20,270 --> 00:26:26,350
+عدم الإذن في السبب في كل من هما طبعًا هذه مسألة
+
+280
+00:26:26,350 --> 00:26:31,870
+اسمها مسألة حمل المطلق على المقيد وأنا متأكد أنكم 
+
+281
+00:26:31,870 --> 00:26:35,310
+أخذتوها في أصول ثلاثة لأنه أنا شرحت لما درست
+
+282
+00:26:35,310 --> 00:26:37,750
+الطلبة أصول ثلاثة يا بنات صلوا على النبي عليه
+
+283
+00:26:37,750 --> 00:26:42,950
+الصلاة والسلام متى يحمل المطلق على المقيد؟ العلماء 
+
+284
+00:26:42,950 --> 00:26:51,260
+قالوا: أولًا إذا اتحد الحكم والسبب في كل منهما فيحمل
+
+285
+00:26:51,260 --> 00:26:59,520
+المطلق على المقيد بالإجماع. كيف؟ قال تعالى لما
+
+286
+00:26:59,520 --> 00:27:05,440
+ذكر المحرمات من النساء: "وأمهاتكم التي أرضعنكم" هنا
+
+287
+00:27:05,440 --> 00:27:09,730
+أرضعنكم مطلقة لأنها أربعنا كون فعل والفعل ناكرة
+
+288
+00:27:09,730 --> 00:27:13,210
+والناكرة في سياق الإثبات لا تفيد العموم فتعتبر
+
+289
+00:27:13,210 --> 00:27:18,130
+مطلقة، والمطلق يصدق على أي فرد من أفراده. مش أخدته
+
+290
+00:27:18,130 --> 00:27:23,630
+هيك تعريف المطلق: ما دل على شائع في جنسه أو ما يصدق
+
+291
+00:27:23,630 --> 00:27:27,670
+على أي فرد من أفراده. أصول ثلاثة أو أصول اثنين طيب
+
+292
+00:27:27,670 --> 00:27:31,690
+وبالتالي الآية مطلقة فأي امرأة ترضع واحد يصير
+
+293
+00:27:31,690 --> 00:27:36,780
+أمه ولو رضع واحدة طيب. حديث عائشة كان فيما نزل من
+
+294
+00:27:36,780 --> 00:27:40,500
+القرآن عشر رضعات يحرمنا ثم نسخنا بخمس
+
+295
+00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:47,360
+رضعات. حديث عائشة يؤيد قول الله تعالى "وامهاتكم"
+
+296
+00:27:47,360 --> 00:27:53,140
+اللتي أرضعنكم، ولكنه يقيد كلمة "أرضعنكم" بخمس رضعات
+
+297
+00:27:53,140 --> 00:27:58,540
+محرمات. ولذلك هنا يحمل المطلق على المقيد فبيصير
+
+298
+00:27:58,540 --> 00:28:03,940
+"وامهاتكم التي أرضعنكم" خمس رضعات محرمات. ليش؟ لأن
+
+299
+00:28:03,940 --> 00:28:08,660
+الحكم في المسألتين واحد وهو التحريم ولأن السبب
+
+300
+00:28:08,660 --> 00:28:15,640
+واحد وهو الرضاع طيب. جالك، نيجي للحالة الثانية أن
+
+301
+00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:22,620
+يختلف الحكم وأن يختلف السبب آسف، ويتحد الحكم كيف؟
+
+302
+00:28:22,620 --> 00:28:26,020
+جالك ربنا سبحانه وتعالى في القتل الخطأ أمر باعتقال
+
+303
+00:28:26,020 --> 00:28:30,910
+رقبة مؤمنة قيدها بكونها مؤمنة وفي الظهار أمر
+
+304
+00:28:30,910 --> 00:28:34,830
+باعتاق رقبة وأطلقها بنفع مؤمنة وبنفع مش مؤمنة،
+
+305
+00:28:34,830 --> 00:28:40,210
+وبنفع مش مؤمنة. أصل السؤال هنا هل يحمل المطلق في
+
+306
+00:28:40,210 --> 00:28:45,290
+الظهار على المقيد في القتل؟ الإمام أبو حنيفة قال
+
+307
+00:28:45,290 --> 00:28:49,710
+لأ، لا يحمل. قلنا له ليش؟ قال: اختلاف السبب لأن في
+
+308
+00:28:49,710 --> 00:28:53,730
+الظهار سبب التحرير هو الظهار لكن في القتل سبب
+
+309
+00:28:53,730 --> 00:28:57,930
+تحرير الرقبة هو القتل الخطأ. ولما اختلف السبب لم 
+
+310
+00:28:57,930 --> 00:29:02,750
+يحمل المطلق على المقيد. ولكن الراجح وما عليه أكثر
+
+311
+00:29:02,750 --> 00:29:07,870
+المتكلمين هو أن المطلق يحمله على المقيد إذا اتحد
+
+312
+00:29:07,870 --> 00:29:12,370
+الحكم واختلف السبب بشرط أن يكون مما يمكن وحمله
+
+313
+00:29:12,370 --> 00:29:18,030
+بالمعنى يعني خياسًا مش بدلالة اللغة. فبنجي للحالة
+
+314
+00:29:18,030 --> 00:29:22,330
+الثالثة. الحالة الثالثة العكس: أن يتحد السبب ويختلف
+
+315
+00:29:22,330 --> 00:29:26,280
+الحكم، يعني ربنا سبحانه وتعالى قال في آية الوضوء
+
+316
+00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:32,820
+"تغسلوا وجوهكم وأيديكم إلى المرافق". الواجب غسلوا
+
+317
+00:29:32,820 --> 00:29:38,920
+اليدين إلى المرفق، والسبب إيش؟ الحدث. طيب اليد
+
+318
+00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:42,640
+هنا مطلقة ولا مقيدة إلى المرفق؟ مقيدة. فبنجي 
+
+319
+00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:46,660
+للتيمم قال تعالى "فتيمموا صعيدًا طيبًا فانصحوا"
+
+320
+00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:53,910
+بوجوهكم وأيديكم منه". اليد هنا مطلقة ما قيدهاش بإيش؟
+
+321
+00:29:53,910 --> 00:29:58,690
+بالمرفق. بتلاحظوا أن الحكم مختلف لأن في الآية
+
+322
+00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:01,610
+الأولى الحكم غسل والآية الثانية الحكم تيمم.
+
+323
+00:30:01,830 --> 00:30:05,010
+الآية الأولى غسل بالماء والآية الثانية مسح بالتراب
+
+324
+00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:08,610
+لكن السبب في الاثنين واحد وهو إيش؟ إذا كنتم إلى 
+
+325
+00:30:08,610 --> 00:30:14,810
+الصلاة اللي هو حدث اليد. ولذلك هذه المثلة فيها
+
+326
+00:30:14,810 --> 00:30:19,580
+خلاف بين الأصوليي��. هذه النقطة الثالثة طبعًا
+
+327
+00:30:19,580 --> 00:30:23,420
+والأخيرة واضحة: أن يختلف الحكم والسبب معًا وعندها
+
+328
+00:30:23,420 --> 00:30:26,760
+لا يحمل مطلق على مقيد مطلقًا بلا خلاف لأنهم لهم مش
+
+329
+00:30:26,760 --> 00:30:33,040
+دعوات في بعضهم خالص. طيب صلوا على النبي محمد عليه
+
+330
+00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:37,960
+الصلاة والسلام. إذا احنا أخذنا هذه المسألة وهين
+
+331
+00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:42,180
+ذكرتلكوا المناقشة الأصولية اللي فيها كما ذكر الشيخ
+
+332
+00:30:42,180 --> 00:30:48,360
+رحمة الله عليه. نيجي الآن للمسألة أو للواجب الثاني
+
+333
+00:30:48,360 --> 00:30:54,720
+احنا قلنا أولًا تحرير الرقبة المؤمنة ما عندوش
+
+334
+00:30:54,720 --> 00:31:03,180
+رقبة زي بلادنا مش موجود. قالوا في هذه الحالة يصوموا
+
+335
+00:31:03,180 --> 00:31:06,880
+شهرين متتابعين. الشهرين المتتابعين اللي بيصوموه
+
+336
+00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:11,520
+عربي ولا ولا ميلادي ولا هجري؟ طبعًا هجري. شهور عربي
+
+337
+00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:16,550
+العلماء قالوا يعتبر الشهر بالهلال فلا فرق بين التمام
+
+338
+00:31:16,550 --> 00:31:21,550
+والناقص. يعني لو بدأ يصوم مثلًا على سبيل المثال من
+
+339
+00:31:21,550 --> 00:31:24,830
+واحد ربيع الأول بدي أخد ربيع الأول وربيع الثاني مع
+
+340
+00:31:24,830 --> 00:31:29,050
+بعض حتى لو أجى الشهر تسعة وعشرين يوم مش مشكلة
+
+341
+00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:34,970
+لأنه شهر طيب. إذا صام بيغير الأهلة يعني من نص الشهر
+
+342
+00:31:34,970 --> 00:31:38,690
+الإمام أبو حنيفة قال سهلة، قال إذا بدأ من نص الشهر
+
+343
+00:31:38,690 --> 00:31:43,730
+يعد ستين يوم وخلصنا. وأما الشافعية فقالوا لأ، إذا
+
+344
+00:31:43,730 --> 00:31:48,630
+بدأ من نص الشهر يصوموا إلى الهلال ثم يصوموا شهرًا
+
+345
+00:31:48,630 --> 00:31:53,970
+بالهلال ثم يكملوا عدة الشهر الأول من الشهر الثالث
+
+346
+00:31:53,970 --> 00:32:00,350
+سواء أجه 29 ولا 30 طيب. نيجي للواجب الثالث معه
+
+347
+00:32:00,350 --> 00:32:07,950
+بيقدرش يصوم مستوى. قال لك يطعمه ستين مسكينة. طيب
+
+348
+00:32:07,950 --> 00:32:09,790
+إيش مقدار الإطعام؟
+
+349
+00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:17,180
+الآن عند المالكية والشافعية يجب أن يطعم ستين
+
+350
+00:32:17,180 --> 00:32:23,820
+مسكينة. وأما أبو حنيفة فقال لو أطعم مسكينًا واحدًا
+
+351
+00:32:23,820 --> 00:32:30,660
+ستين مرة يشبع. وهذا المثل أخدته فيش؟ في الأيمان
+
+352
+00:32:30,660 --> 00:32:35,140
+والنذور. أنه عند الشافعية يجب عشر مساكين عند الحنفية
+
+353
+00:32:35,140 --> 00:32:39,690
+بنفعش في كفارة اليمين عند الحنفية بنفع مسكين
+
+354
+00:32:39,690 --> 00:32:44,730
+واحد تطعمه عشر مرات طيب
+
+355
+00:32:44,730 --> 00:32:52,030
+نيجي الآن للحكم التاسع والأخير الآن
+
+356
+00:32:52,030 --> 00:32:58,310
+الأصل في الراجل لو قال لزوجته: "أنت علي ظهري كأمي"
+
+357
+00:32:58,310 --> 00:33:06,570
+أنه تلزمه كفارة صحيح؟ طيب لو جامع زوجته قبل
+
+358
+00:33:06,570 --> 00:33:16,250
+الكفارة ما يسوي؟ جمهور العلماء قالوا هو آثم وعاصي
+
+359
+00:33:16,250 --> 00:33:20,890
+وعنده إيه اثمين؟ معصية يعني معصية الظهار ومعصية
+
+360
+00:33:20,890 --> 00:33:25,970
+الجماع قبل الكفارة. ولذلك يسافر ويتوب ويمتنع عن
+
+361
+00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:30,990
+قربان زوجته حتى يكفر ولا تلزمه إلا إيه؟ كفارة 
+
+362
+00:33:30,990 --> 00:33:35,810
+واحدة مش
+
+363
+00:33:35,810 --> 00:33:40,920
+غير الإمام أبو حنيفة قال لأ، قال الأصل إن الكفارة
+
+364
+00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:46,680
+واجبة قبل الجماع فمن جامع قبل الكفارة كان آثمًا
+
+365
+00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:54,940
+وتسقط الكفارة عنه. طبعًا هذا الكلام خطير جدًا جدًا
+
+366
+00:33:54,940 --> 00:33:59,520
+جدًا لسببين، أما السبب الأول فإنه ضعيف لإنه في
+
+367
+00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:03,620
+السنة ثابت أن رجلًا انظر من زوجته فواطقها قبل
+
+368
+00:34:03,620 --> 00:34:08,920
+التكفير ثم سأل النبي ﷺ فقال له: "استغفر الله ولا تعد"
+
+369
+00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:13,740
+"حتى تكفر". فهي الكفارة ما سقطتش بالجماع. اتنين لو
+
+370
+00:34:13,740 --> 00:34:16,720
+كانت الكفارة تسقط بالجماع كان كل واحد بظاهر من 
+
+371
+00:34:16,720 --> 00:34:20,900
+زوجته بيروح بيسوي بيجمعها وباستغفر وساعتها بتصير
+
+372
+00:34:20,900 --> 00:34:27,700
+المسألة بطاطا وبيصير ما فيش وزن والتزام بأحكام
+
+373
+00:34:27,700 --> 00:34:31,860
+الإسلام وبيصير إظهار ولعبة في أيدي الناس ولذلك
+
+374
+00:34:31,860 --> 00:34:36,570
+الراجح هو ما ذهب إليه جمهور الفقهاء. والله تعالى
+
+375
+00:34:36,570 --> 00:34:44,150
+أعلم وأعز وأحكم. وصلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله 
+
+376
+00:34:44,150 --> 00:34:46,430
+وصحبه أجمعين

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/-KFnjmJFb28.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1415 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:24,320
+Okay. Good morning to you again. How are you?
+
+2
+00:00:24,740 --> 00:00:29,220
+Good. It's nice to start with a smile. Now look,
+
+3
+00:00:29,940 --> 00:00:33,800
+expressions of quantity. Some of expresses what?
+
+4
+00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:39,420
+Quantity, right? A lot of expresses quantity. Two
+
+5
+00:00:39,420 --> 00:00:43,660
+thirds of. Most of. They express what? They 
+
+6
+00:00:43,660 --> 00:00:47,680
+express quantity. Okay. Now these expressions of 
+
+7
+00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:53,410
+quantity. Don't determine what type of verb should 
+
+8
+00:00:53,410 --> 00:00:58,550
+be used after them. Now listen, it is singular if 
+
+9
+00:00:58,550 --> 00:01:02,730
+you have a singular noun. Look at book, it is 
+
+10
+00:01:02,730 --> 00:01:09,630
+singular. Equipment? Okay, money? Homework. Okay, 
+
+11
+00:01:09,930 --> 00:01:13,730
+now we used a singular noun and a singular verb. 
+
+12
+00:01:14,350 --> 00:01:17,890
+Now look, the same amounts, the same words, the
+
+13
+00:01:17,890 --> 00:01:21,550
+same expressions, some of, a lot of, and so on. 
+
+14
+00:01:22,230 --> 00:01:25,350
+What did we use after them? Plural nouns. Plural
+
+15
+00:01:25,350 --> 00:01:28,570
+nouns, good. And after the plural nouns? Plural 
+
+16
+00:01:28,570 --> 00:01:32,520
+verbs. Okay, good. What do you understand? Who can 
+
+17
+00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:36,080
+tell me? What do you understand? Yes, Marwa. With
+
+18
+00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:41,140
+expressions of quantity, we use the singular verbs 
+
+19
+00:01:41,140 --> 00:01:45,240
+when we use singular nouns. Good. But use plural 
+
+20
+00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:47,880
+verbs when we use plural nouns. Thank you very 
+
+21
+00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:51,020
+much. So with expressions of a quantity, we can 
+
+22
+00:01:51,020 --> 00:01:55,280
+use plural and singular. If a plural noun is used,
+
+23
+00:01:55,540 --> 00:01:58,960
+we use a plural verb. Singular, we need what? 
+
+24
+00:01:59,260 --> 00:02:03,620
+Singular. Okay, read please. In most expressions 
+
+25
+00:02:03,620 --> 00:02:09,760
+of quantity, the verb is determined by the noun or
+
+26
+00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:12,940
+pronoun that I follow. For example, 
+
+27
+00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:30,320
+Okay, thank you. Now look, one of my friends, one 
+
+28
+00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:36,480
+of my friends, each of my friends, do you remember
+
+29
+00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:43,420
+when we talked about each? Okay, now, yeah, each,
+
+30
+00:02:49,070 --> 00:02:54,810
+Student has. Okay? Each student has. Every student
+
+31
+00:02:54,810 --> 00:03:03,070
+has. Now, if I say each of students.
+
+32
+00:03:06,710 --> 00:03:09,110
+Each of the students.
+
+33
+00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:19,600
+has okay each of the students has look now what's 
+
+34
+00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:25,800
+the difference each between each and each of yes
+
+35
+00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:31,880
+please very good that's right thank you very much 
+
+36
+00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:34,880
+this is followed by a singular noun and that is
+
+37
+00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:38,260
+followed by a plural noun now look at the examples 
+
+38
+00:03:45,250 --> 00:03:49,870
+Look at the examples. Now, one of my friends is,
+
+39
+00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:57,230
+this is what? Plural. And this is? Singular. Okay. 
+
+40
+00:03:57,550 --> 00:04:03,150
+My, each of my friends, plural and singular. Every
+
+41
+00:04:03,150 --> 00:04:08,050
+one of my friends. Okay. Now look, this is 
+
+42
+00:04:08,050 --> 00:04:12,250
+singular and this is plural. What does the rule 
+
+43
+00:04:12,250 --> 00:04:19,460
+say? What does the rule say? The general rule of 
+
+44
+00:04:19,460 --> 00:04:25,700
+subject-verb agreement. Plural verbs go
+
+45
+00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:32,840
+with plural Nouns and singular with singular. 
+
+46
+00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:35,600
+Okay. Plural with a plural and singular with
+
+47
+00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:38,520
+singular. Now, what about this? What can you see?
+
+48
+00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:42,280
+This is singular and this is plural. This is what?
+
+49
+00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:46,680
+Singular and plural. And this is what? Okay. And 
+
+50
+00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:50,300
+this is what? This is an exception. Okay. This is
+
+51
+00:04:50,300 --> 00:04:55,010
+an exception. Yeah. Okay, read it. One of each of 
+
+52
+00:04:55,010 --> 00:04:58,850
+and every one of are followed by plural nouns and
+
+53
+00:04:58,850 --> 00:05:01,930
+take singular verbs. Thank you very much. This is
+
+54
+00:05:01,930 --> 00:05:06,130
+an exception to the rule, okay? Any question? 
+
+55
+00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:18,750
+Now, none of the boys is here. None of the boys 
+
+56
+00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:24,680
+and none of the boys are. None of the boys is and 
+
+57
+00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:29,060
+none of the boys are. Subject with none of used to
+
+58
+00:05:29,060 --> 00:05:33,240
+be considered singular. This is in the past. They
+
+59
+00:05:33,240 --> 00:05:37,640
+used it in the past. Now it is not used. Used to 
+
+60
+00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:43,800
+be. I used to drive fast. It means I'm not driving 
+
+61
+00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:47,600
+fast now. I stopped. Right? She used to come late.
+
+62
+00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:51,360
+She's not coming late now. She stopped. Okay? So
+
+63
+00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:55,100
+they used to be considered what singular in very 
+
+64
+00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:59,100
+formal English, but plural verbs are often used in
+
+65
+00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:03,900
+okay. And sometimes even in formal writing. So in 
+
+66
+00:06:03,900 --> 00:06:08,160
+formal writing, we use what? The plural. Okay. In 
+
+67
+00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:10,500
+formal writing, we use the plural.
+
+68
+00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:19,820
+Now in this class, in 
+
+69
+00:06:19,820 --> 00:06:26,840
+this class, we have 70 students. Okay. This is the 
+
+70
+00:06:26,840 --> 00:06:32,560
+total number. Okay. The total number. So we say
+
+71
+00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:38,360
+the number of
+
+72
+00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:40,120
+students
+
+73
+00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:48,580
+in this class is what? We are talking about today,
+
+74
+00:06:48,780 --> 00:06:53,120
+how many students? One, two, it is about 65. We 
+
+75
+00:06:53,120 --> 00:07:01,100
+have 65 out of 70. Okay, so the number of students
+
+76
+00:07:01,100 --> 00:07:09,120
+is. What does that mean? It means that a number of
+
+77
+00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:10,980
+students
+
+78
+00:07:13,230 --> 00:07:19,050
+are absent. Okay. A number of students are absent.
+
+79
+00:07:19,390 --> 00:07:28,210
+Now the number is a number R. Okay. Now we used
+
+80
+00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:33,990
+what? Plural noun and plural noun. So we have two
+
+81
+00:07:33,990 --> 00:07:38,870
+expressions. Be careful about the number of and a 
+
+82
+00:07:38,870 --> 00:07:39,930
+number of.
+
+83
+00:07:44,890 --> 00:07:48,730
+Look at this example, please read. The number of 
+
+84
+00:07:48,730 --> 00:07:51,690
+students in the class is 15. Yeah, the number is 
+
+85
+00:07:51,690 --> 00:07:55,850
+15. Now this is what? This is the subject. Good,
+
+86
+00:07:55,990 --> 00:07:59,410
+go on. A number of students were late for class. 
+
+87
+00:07:59,530 --> 00:08:03,420
+Okay, a number of, it means a lot of. A lot of 
+
+88
+00:08:03,420 --> 00:08:07,180
+students were. A lot of students are. So we have 
+
+89
+00:08:07,180 --> 00:08:10,860
+two expressions. The number of students is. A 
+
+90
+00:08:10,860 --> 00:08:15,080
+number of students are. And you know, as you see, 
+
+91
+00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,240
+this is followed by plural noun, and this is 
+
+92
+00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:21,460
+followed by what? Plural noun. Now please look at 
+
+93
+00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:28,540
+your books. Exercise 11. And let's do some points 
+
+94
+00:08:28,540 --> 00:08:29,260
+of the exercise. 
+
+95
+00:08:31,950 --> 00:08:35,690
+Look at your box, all of you. Duaa, would you read
+
+96
+00:08:35,690 --> 00:08:36,330
+number one? 
+
+97
+00:08:40,410 --> 00:08:47,970
+Some of the fruit in this bowl is rotten. Okay, 
+
+98
+00:08:48,230 --> 00:08:54,390
+this is done. Do number two. Some of the apples in 
+
+99
+00:08:54,390 --> 00:09:00,490
+the bowl is rotten. Some of the apples are. Very
+
+100
+00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:03,130
+good. Thank you very much. Next one. Yes, please. 
+
+101
+00:09:03,270 --> 00:09:07,190
+Number three. Most of the movie is funny. Most of 
+
+102
+00:09:07,190 --> 00:09:11,750
+the movie is. Good. Thank you. Next one. 
+
+103
+00:09:15,390 --> 00:09:18,230
+Most of the movies are funny. Thank you very much.
+
+104
+00:09:18,290 --> 00:09:21,880
+Good. Next one. Yes, please. Half of the students 
+
+105
+00:09:21,880 --> 00:09:24,400
+in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.
+
+106
+00:09:24,460 --> 00:09:27,680
+You are right. Half of the students are. Good. 
+
+107
+00:09:28,160 --> 00:09:32,000
+Yes, please. Next. Half of this money is the 
+
+108
+00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:35,100
+students. Yes, half of this money is. Thank you 
+
+109
+00:09:35,100 --> 00:09:37,620
+very much. Yes, please. A lot of the students in 
+
+110
+00:09:37,620 --> 00:09:40,740
+the class are from southern Asia. Good. Thank you
+
+111
+00:09:40,740 --> 00:09:45,040
+very much. Next one, please. Yeah. A lot of the 
+
+112
+00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:48,200
+clothing in the stores is on sale. You are right. 
+
+113
+00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:51,620
+Thank you very much. Yes, please. One of my best
+
+114
+00:09:51,620 --> 00:09:52,620
+friends is. 
+
+115
+00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,080
+One is, okay, thank you. Yes, Noor? Each boy in
+
+116
+00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:03,920
+the class has his own number. Each boy has, very 
+
+117
+00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:07,720
+good, thank you. Yes, please, yeah? Each of the 
+
+118
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:13,300
+boys in the class has his own number. Which one
+
+119
+00:10:13,300 --> 00:10:18,780
+you are doing? Number? 11. 11, each of the boys
+
+120
+00:10:20,090 --> 00:10:23,890
+Has. Okay, each of the boys has. Thank you.
+
+121
+00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:26,590
+Twelve. Yes, please.
+
+122
+00:10:29,490 --> 00:10:34,770
+Okay, thank you. Every one of the students is. 
+
+123
+00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:41,630
+Yes, please. None of the animals are.
+
+124
+00:10:42,030 --> 00:10:42,330
+Okay.
+
+125
+00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:56,700
+Okay, thank you. So none of the animals are free.
+
+126
+00:10:57,220 --> 00:11:03,100
+All of them are. Okay, thank you. Yes, please. A 
+
+127
+00:11:03,100 --> 00:11:06,120
+number of students are absent today. A number are. 
+
+128
+00:11:06,220 --> 00:11:10,020
+Good, thank you. Yes. The number of employees in 
+
+129
+00:11:10,020 --> 00:11:12,800
+my company is. Is. The number is. Thank you very 
+
+130
+00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:13,780
+much. Yes, please. 
+
+131
+00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,490
+Yeah, one is. Thank you. Next one, seventeen. Do 
+
+132
+00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:27,910
+all the students have their books? Yes, she's 
+
+133
+00:11:27,910 --> 00:11:31,950
+right. Do all of the students? Okay, have. Thank
+
+134
+00:11:31,950 --> 00:11:37,670
+you. Next one. Does all of this homework? Thank 
+
+135
+00:11:37,670 --> 00:11:41,190
+you. Yes, please. Why were some of the students?
+
+136
+00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:44,390
+Very good. Why were some of the students? And 
+
+137
+00:11:44,390 --> 00:11:45,110
+finally, 
+
+138
+00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:51,800
+Okay, thank you very much. Why was one of the
+
+139
+00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:59,020
+students okay now look What about there? What do 
+
+140
+00:11:59,020 --> 00:12:00,360
+you have in your bag Marwa? 
+
+141
+00:12:03,020 --> 00:12:08,220
+There is a sandwich in her bag There are some box
+
+142
+00:12:08,220 --> 00:12:12,540
+in her bag Okay What do you have in your bag 
+
+143
+00:12:12,540 --> 00:12:19,790
+Khadija? There is There is a book. There is a 
+
+144
+00:12:19,790 --> 00:12:23,990
+grammar book. Okay. And thank you. Yeah. What do 
+
+145
+00:12:23,990 --> 00:12:27,410
+you have in your bag, please? There is a wallet.
+
+146
+00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:34,530
+Good. What do you have in your bag, please? There,
+
+147
+00:12:34,750 --> 00:12:35,830
+there,
+
+148
+00:12:38,410 --> 00:12:45,430
+there. Start with there. There is a 
+
+149
+00:12:45,430 --> 00:12:50,560
+mobile. Say it again. There is a mobile. Thank you 
+
+150
+00:12:50,560 --> 00:12:52,420
+very much. Yes, what do you have in your bag? 
+
+151
+00:12:53,900 --> 00:12:56,580
+There is some money. Thank you. Yes, what do you 
+
+152
+00:12:56,580 --> 00:13:04,540
+have in your bag? There is a piece of
+
+153
+00:13:04,540 --> 00:13:06,600
+chocolate. Thank you. Good. Yes, what do you have
+
+154
+00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:10,260
+in your bag? There are a lot of things. Thank you 
+
+155
+00:13:10,260 --> 00:13:15,540
+very much. Now look, there is a fly. This is 
+
+156
+00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:19,120
+singular and this is singular. There are three 
+
+157
+00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:27,620
+windows. Now, R can be followed by? Singular and 
+
+158
+00:13:27,620 --> 00:13:33,620
+singular or plural and plural, as you see. So what
+
+159
+00:13:33,620 --> 00:13:37,920
+determines the noun is the verb. The verb 
+
+160
+00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:40,860
+determines the type of noun, whether we need a
+
+161
+00:13:40,860 --> 00:13:46,580
+singular or a plural one. Now, there is two sides 
+
+162
+00:13:46,580 --> 00:13:50,100
+to every story. This is informal, but it is used 
+
+163
+00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:52,680
+in everyday language, okay?
+
+164
+00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,120
+We want to do exercise 14. Please look at your 
+
+165
+00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:07,460
+book. Exercise 14. Again. Number one. Read it.
+
+166
+00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:16,000
+There isn't any letters or there aren't letters. 
+
+167
+00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:19,040
+Plural. Thank you. Yes, please. Go on. Next one.
+
+168
+00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:27,350
+There isn't any mail. Thank you. Yeah. A lot of
+
+169
+00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:29,030
+problems. Good. Yes, please. 
+
+170
+00:14:31,790 --> 00:14:34,910
+Okay, good. There is a hole. Thank you. Yes,
+
+171
+00:14:34,990 --> 00:14:37,630
+please. Are there cans of beds?
+
+172
+00:14:40,290 --> 00:14:42,610
+Are there. Thank you. Yes, please. Next one.
+
+173
+00:14:49,090 --> 00:14:52,110
+Okay, thank you. Why isn't there a hospital? Good.
+
+174
+00:14:52,270 --> 00:14:52,490
+Yes. 
+
+175
+00:14:56,310 --> 00:15:00,910
+There was a terrible earthquake. Yes please, go 
+
+176
+00:15:00,910 --> 00:15:05,250
+on. Why is there a shortage of apartments? Thank
+
+177
+00:15:05,250 --> 00:15:13,230
+you. Why? This is number eight. Why is there a
+
+178
+00:15:13,230 --> 00:15:17,690
+shortage? This is what? Singular. Yes please, go 
+
+179
+00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:17,870
+on.
+
+180
+00:15:22,720 --> 00:15:26,040
+There are more women than men. Okay. In my office. 
+
+181
+00:15:26,180 --> 00:15:29,880
+Thank you. Good. And next one. Yes, please. Yeah.
+
+182
+00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:34,900
+There has been a line in front of the teacher 
+
+183
+00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:41,300
+every night for the class to read. Listen, there, 
+
+184
+00:15:41,520 --> 00:15:45,200
+a line, a line. This is singular. Please wait, 
+
+185
+00:15:45,340 --> 00:15:48,240
+wait. Yeah. What do you think? Why did you use 
+
+186
+00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:54,800
+have? How many lines? One. So with one we use has.
+
+187
+00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:56,480
+Thank you. Good. Next one. 
+
+188
+00:16:00,260 --> 00:16:01,640
+Very good. Thank you very much. 
+
+189
+00:16:04,580 --> 00:16:05,540
+Now look, 
+
+190
+00:16:08,240 --> 
+
+223
+00:18:56,770 --> 00:19:00,930
+S, but it is one disease, okay? Again, measles
+
+224
+00:19:00,930 --> 00:19:05,070
+ends with what? S. So these names of diseases, 
+
+225
+00:19:05,290 --> 00:19:08,090
+though they end with S, but they show what?
+
+226
+00:19:09,290 --> 00:19:14,970
+Singular nouns. They express one. We say it, it
+
+227
+00:19:14,970 --> 00:19:20,470
+causes, it has, it makes, and so on. They are
+
+228
+00:19:20,470 --> 00:19:24,160
+singular ones. Now,
+
+229
+00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:32,940
+eight hours of sleep. Eight hours of sleep is 
+
+230
+00:19:32,940 --> 00:19:39,800
+enough. This period of time is enough. Okay. Eight 
+
+231
+00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:42,900
+hours of sleep. This is a period. It is one
+
+232
+00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:46,820
+period. So this period is what? Enough. Singular.
+
+233
+00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:49,940
+Yeah. Read the other one please. Yes.
+
+234
+00:19:53,210 --> 00:19:58,090
+It is too much. This sum, this amount of money is
+
+235
+00:19:58,090 --> 00:20:01,190
+what? Is too much to pay. Thank you. Read the 
+
+236
+00:20:01,190 --> 00:20:02,050
+other one please. 
+
+237
+00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:10,740
+Miles is five thousand miles. Okay. This is 
+
+238
+00:20:10,740 --> 00:20:14,360
+distance. It is one distance. Okay. One distance. 
+
+239
+00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:18,980
+So this expresses a distance, expresses amount of
+
+240
+00:20:18,980 --> 00:20:23,160
+money, sum of money and a period of time. So with 
+
+241
+00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:26,980
+these, we use what? We use singular verbs. Thank 
+
+242
+00:20:26,980 --> 00:20:32,680
+you. Now look at these mathematical expressions. 
+
+243
+00:20:33,940 --> 00:20:41,950
+Two and two. Two and two is or two and two equals
+
+244
+00:20:41,950 --> 00:20:46,450
+two plus two is okay five. 
+
+245
+00:20:48,850 --> 00:20:55,910
+Five times five. Okay. Five times five is what?
+
+246
+00:20:56,030 --> 00:21:01,950
+25. Now with these arithmetic expressions, what
+
+247
+00:21:01,950 --> 00:21:06,090
+type of verb did we use? Singular. So with 
+
+248
+00:21:06,090 --> 00:21:10,310
+arithmetic expressions, we use what? Singular 
+
+249
+00:21:10,310 --> 00:21:14,970
+verbs. Thank you. Those people are. 
+
+250
+00:21:16,570 --> 00:21:21,510
+Those people are. people are yes please read the 
+
+251
+00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:28,090
+other one have the police have have the policeman
+
+252
+00:21:28,090 --> 00:21:37,910
+has okay yeah cattle are Cattle are domestic
+
+253
+00:21:37,910 --> 00:21:42,550
+animals. And fish live. 
+
+254
+00:21:44,550 --> 00:21:48,530
+Okay? It takes a plural verb. They take plural
+
+255
+00:21:48,530 --> 00:21:54,530
+verb. Are, cattle are, fish live, and so on. Yeah,
+
+256
+00:21:54,670 --> 00:21:58,750
+read the note, please. People are both cattle and
+
+257
+00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,170
+fish, but they are plural nouns. 
+
+258
+00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:12,540
+Very good. They require plural verbs. Now look, 
+
+259
+00:22:13,180 --> 00:22:18,660
+English is spoken in many countries and the
+
+260
+00:22:18,660 --> 00:22:23,120
+English drink tea. It is the same word, but the
+
+261
+00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:26,180
+meaning is different. Now English, we mean what?
+
+262
+00:22:26,990 --> 00:22:30,550
+The language. Very good. So English language is.
+
+263
+00:22:30,990 --> 00:22:36,430
+English language has. English language makes you 
+
+264
+00:22:36,430 --> 00:22:40,230
+and so on. But this is the English people from 
+
+265
+00:22:40,230 --> 00:22:46,590
+England. Nationality. The English drink. Chinese
+
+266
+00:22:46,590 --> 00:22:51,310
+is his native language. Chinese again, this is 
+
+267
+00:22:51,310 --> 00:22:57,040
+what? The language. But the Chinese People who
+
+268
+00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:02,560
+live in China. Thank you. That's right. Now, some
+
+269
+00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:07,800
+words can be 
+
+270
+00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:14,020
+used or express a language. Some words have more
+
+271
+00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:16,400
+than one meaning. If they express a language,
+
+272
+00:23:16,980 --> 00:23:21,660
+English is. We use a singular verb. But if they 
+
+273
+00:23:21,660 --> 00:23:26,690
+express the people, the nationality. Plural. Now, 
+
+274
+00:23:27,230 --> 00:23:38,230
+some nouns, read please. French for
+
+275
+00:23:38,230 --> 00:23:42,210
+example, French is and French are. Okay, go on. 
+
+276
+00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:46,610
+English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese,
+
+277
+00:23:47,390 --> 00:23:54,050
+Portuguese, French. Okay, thank you. Now, the poor
+
+278
+00:23:54,050 --> 00:23:59,580
+have money. Problems. The poor have. How do we
+
+279
+00:23:59,580 --> 00:24:02,720
+translate the poor in Arabic? One speaker. Yeah.
+
+280
+00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:07,620
+Very good. الفقراء. The poor have. Okay. The poor
+
+281
+00:24:07,620 --> 00:24:11,340
+have many problems. This is an adjective preceded 
+
+282
+00:24:11,340 --> 00:24:15,580
+by that. So it is what? A plural now. The poor
+
+283
+00:24:15,580 --> 00:24:20,480
+have many problems. The rich get richer. 
+
+284
+00:24:22,820 --> 00:24:25,500
+Now, read the notes, please. 
+
+285
+00:24:53,570 --> 00:24:56,870
+Okay, thank you. The disabled people who are
+
+286
+00:24:56,870 --> 00:25:02,590
+disabled. The deaf people who are deaf. People who 
+
+287
+00:25:02,590 --> 00:25:08,230
+are blind and so on. Okay, any questions? Look at
+
+288
+00:25:08,230 --> 00:25:14,150
+your book please. Page 94. Let's do the exercise. 
+
+289
+00:25:22,730 --> 00:25:27,690
+Number one. Yes, please. The United States has a 
+
+290
+00:25:27,690 --> 00:25:31,110
+population of three million people. Read it again.
+
+291
+00:25:31,570 --> 00:25:33,750
+The United States has a population of three
+
+292
+00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:36,830
+million people. Very good. Okay, this is done. The
+
+293
+00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:38,350
+United States has a population of three million
+
+294
+00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:39,770
+people. Do number two, please. 
+
+295
+00:25:42,910 --> 00:25:46,450
+Number two, yeah. The news about Mr. Collins is
+
+296
+00:25:46,450 --> 00:25:50,650
+something Okay. The news is. Very good. Thank you. 
+
+297
+00:25:51,310 --> 00:25:54,470
+The news is. Thank you. Yeah. Next one.
+
+298
+00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:01,770
+Okay. Thank you very much. The New York Times. 
+
+299
+00:26:02,190 --> 00:26:07,090
+This is a newspaper. The New York Times is. Thank
+
+300
+00:26:07,090 --> 00:26:10,170
+you. Yes, please. Next one. Physics again.
+
+301
+00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:18,940
+Please, one speaker, please. One speaker, yeah. 
+
+302
+00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:26,020
+Seek or seeks? Please, one speaker, one speaker, 
+
+303
+00:26:26,220 --> 00:26:31,500
+please. Yeah. Physics. It is singular. Okay. What 
+
+304
+00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:35,800
+is physics? It is a topic of study. Okay. It is 
+
+305
+00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,660
+like linguistics. We say linguistics is or are?
+
+306
+00:26:39,220 --> 00:26:45,300
+Is. Okay, go on. Physics seeks. Thank you. Yes,
+
+307
+00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:45,700
+please.
+
+308
+00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:56,860
+Statistics is okay. Complete the sentence. A
+
+309
+00:26:56,860 --> 00:27:01,140
+branch of mathematics. Okay. This is the study. 
+
+310
+00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:01,880
+Thank you. Yeah.
+
+311
+00:27:07,680 --> 00:27:12,700
+Okay, now look. In number five, statistics. This
+
+312
+00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:17,760
+is the science, okay? But in number six, the 
+
+313
+00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:19,860
+statistics in the report.
+
+314
+00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:27,380
+You are right. Thank you. Yes. 
+
+315
+00:27:34,270 --> 00:27:38,550
+Yes, fifty minutes is or are? Is. Fifty minutes 
+
+316
+00:27:38,550 --> 00:27:40,710
+is. Good. Thank you. Next one. 
+
+317
+00:27:46,310 --> 00:27:47,690
+Unreasonable price. 
+
+318
+00:27:50,570 --> 00:27:54,550
+Nicholas. Thank you. Many people in the world
+
+319
+00:27:54,550 --> 00:27:59,290
+don't have enough to eat. Many people don't have. 
+
+320
+00:27:59,310 --> 00:28:01,450
+Very good. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+321
+00:28:10,980 --> 00:28:15,560
+Again. You are right. Thank you. The police are.
+
+322
+00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:27,160
+Thank you. This is a type of disease. Yeah. Thank
+
+323
+00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:29,240
+you. The French are. What do you mean by the 
+
+324
+00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,120
+French here? Nationality or people or language? 
+
+325
+00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:33,840
+Very good. Yes.
+
+326
+00:28:37,110 --> 00:28:40,410
+Yeah. Thank you. This is the language. French
+
+327
+00:28:40,410 --> 00:28:42,610
+isn't my native language. Yes or no? 
+
+328
+00:28:47,410 --> 00:28:51,250
+Thank you very much. Many Japanese commute. Okay. 
+
+329
+00:28:51,350 --> 00:28:57,330
+Thank you. Next one. Yeah. Portuguese is somewhat 
+
+330
+00:28:57,330 --> 00:29:00,290
+similar to Spanish, isn't it? Okay. Thank you very
+
+331
+00:29:00,290 --> 00:29:03,470
+much. Okay. This is the language, right? And
+
+332
+00:29:03,470 --> 00:29:09,280
+Spanish is what? The language. Yeah. Next one. The 
+
+333
+00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:13,380
+poor are helped by government. Thank you. The poor
+
+334
+00:29:13,380 --> 00:29:17,000
+are helped. Thank you. Good. Next one. Yes,
+
+335
+00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:21,080
+please. The blind want the rest of us to treat
+
+336
+00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:25,080
+them the same way we treat everyone else. Thank
+
+337
+00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:29,700
+you very much. The blind want. The blind want.
+
+338
+00:29:29,820 --> 00:29:35,100
+Good. Okay, go on. Next one. Yes, Marwa. The
+
+339
+00:29:35,100 --> 00:29:38,020
+effect of honey bees' pain on human beings depends
+
+340
+00:29:38,020 --> 00:29:44,840
+on that person's susceptibility to their bees'
+
+341
+00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:48,360
+venom. Most people are not in danger at their
+
+342
+00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:51,880
+time, but there have been instances of allergic
+
+343
+00:29:51,880 --> 00:29:54,760
+transformations. Okay, thank you very much. Good.
+
+344
+00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,320
+You are right. Thank you. Now, make sure that you
+
+345
+00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:03,160
+got the right answers. Check your answers quickly.
+
+346
+00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:07,360
+Quickly check your answers. 
+
+347
+00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:13,560
+And let's make a quick summary of this lecture. 
+
+348
+00:30:14,780 --> 00:30:17,740
+Okay, let's make a quick summary for this lecture. 
+
+349
+00:30:17,860 --> 00:30:24,000
+What did we talk about today? Go on. Yes, please. 
+
+350
+00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:29,600
+Some expressions of 
+
+351
+00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:37,130
+quantity. If it is followed by a singular noun, so 
+
+352
+00:30:37,130 --> 00:30:39,950
+we will use the singular verb. If it is plural 
+
+353
+00:30:39,950 --> 00:30:42,130
+noun, we use the plural noun. Good. So these
+
+354
+00:30:42,130 --> 00:30:45,430
+expressions of a quantity can be followed by a 
+
+355
+00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:49,590
+singular noun and a singular verb or a plural and
+
+356
+00:30:49,590 --> 00:30:52,690
+a plural. Thank you. Yes, please. One of each of 
+
+357
+00:30:52,690 --> 00:30:58,030
+and each with the plural nouns take singular form. 
+
+358
+00:30:58,370 --> 00:31:01,090
+Okay. And they are an exception to the rule. Okay. 
+
+359
+00:31:01,410 --> 00:31:03,790
+Thank you. Because they take plural nouns and 
+
+360
+00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:05,170
+singular verbs. Thank you.
+
+361
+00:31:09,730 --> 00:31:15,750
+Okay. Subjects. Okay. They are singular nouns. 
+
+362
+00:31:15,970 --> 00:31:18,050
+They take singular verbs. Yes, please. 
+
+363
+00:31:21,850 --> 00:31:28,630
+Very good. For example, we say two. And two is
+
+364
+00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:32,850
+far. Good. Two and four is, two is far. Yeah. When 
+
+365
+00:31:32,850 --> 00:31:36,350
+we talk a language, we use a singular verb, but
+
+366
+00:31:36,350 --> 00:31:40,490
+when we talk to people, Okay, thank you. So some 
+
+367
+00:31:40,490 --> 00:31:47,450
+words express a language. English is easy. This is 
+
+368
+00:31:47,450 --> 00:31:50,490
+the language. But when we say the English, people
+
+369
+00:31:50,490 --> 00:31:55,530
+who are from England. Okay, the English are. The
+
+370
+00:31:55,530 --> 00:32:00,270
+English like. Yeah? The expression time and money 
+
+371
+00:32:00,270 --> 00:32:05,470
+and distance are usually similar. Okay. Thank you 
+
+372
+00:32:05,470 --> 00:32:06,830
+very much. Good. Yes, please. 
+
+373
+00:32:16,390 --> 00:32:19,330
+Plural nouns. You are right. The poor are, the
+
+374
+00:32:19,330 --> 00:32:22,210
+blind are good. Thank you. The rich are. Thank 
+
+375
+00:32:22,210 --> 00:32:22,610
+you. Yeah.
+
+376
+00:32:27,670 --> 00:32:28,070
+Okay. 
+
+377
+00:32:30,810 --> 00:32:36,490
+You are right. Like, okay, some types of diseases, 
+
+378
+00:32:36,910 --> 00:32:40,470
+names of illnesses end with S, but they take
+
+379
+00:32:40,470 --> 00:32:49,250
+singular verb. Yeah? Yeah, don't end with S.
+
+380
+00:32:52,490 --> 00:32:58,210
+Okay, people is. People are. Sorry. Yeah. Yeah,
+
+381
+00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:01,850
+they don't end with S, but they take plural. Yeah.
+
+382
+00:33:07,570 --> 00:33:11,270
+Though they end with S, okay. The United States, 
+
+383
+00:33:11,430 --> 00:33:14,770
+for example. Okay, thank you very much. Good. And
+
+384
+00:33:14,770 --> 00:33:15,770
+finally, yeah. 
+
+385
+00:33:27,540 --> 00:33:32,600
+Okay, in plural writing, we use our, okay, thank 
+
+386
+00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:33,640
+you very much for today.

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/-KFnjmJFb28_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1544 @@
+1
+00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:24,320
+Okay. Good morning to you again. How are you?
+
+2
+00:00:24,740 --> 00:00:29,220
+Good. It's nice to start with a smile. Now look,
+
+3
+00:00:29,940 --> 00:00:33,800
+expressions of quantity. Some of expresses what?
+
+4
+00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:39,420
+Quantity, right? A lot of expresses quantity. Two
+
+5
+00:00:39,420 --> 00:00:43,660
+thirds of. Most of. They express what? They
+
+6
+00:00:43,660 --> 00:00:47,680
+express quantity. Okay. Now these expressions of
+
+7
+00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:53,410
+quantity. Don't determine what type of verb should
+
+8
+00:00:53,410 --> 00:00:58,550
+be used after them. Now listen, it is singular if
+
+9
+00:00:58,550 --> 00:01:02,730
+you have a singular noun. Look at book, it is
+
+10
+00:01:02,730 --> 00:01:09,630
+singular. Equipment? Okay, money? Homework. Okay,
+
+11
+00:01:09,930 --> 00:01:13,730
+now we used a singular noun and a singular verb.
+
+12
+00:01:14,350 --> 00:01:17,890
+Now look, the same amounts, the same words, the
+
+13
+00:01:17,890 --> 00:01:21,550
+same expressions, some of, a lot of, and so on.
+
+14
+00:01:22,230 --> 00:01:25,350
+What did we use after them? Plural nouns. Plural
+
+15
+00:01:25,350 --> 00:01:28,570
+nouns, good. And after the plural nouns? Plural
+
+16
+00:01:28,570 --> 00:01:32,520
+verbs. Okay, good. What do you understand? Who can
+
+17
+00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:36,080
+tell me? What do you understand? Yes, Marwa. With
+
+18
+00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:41,140
+expressions of quantity, we use the singular verbs
+
+19
+00:01:41,140 --> 00:01:45,240
+when we use singular nouns. Good. But use plural
+
+20
+00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:47,880
+verbs when we use plural nouns. Thank you very
+
+21
+00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:51,020
+much. So with expressions of a quantity, we can
+
+22
+00:01:51,020 --> 00:01:55,280
+use plural and singular. If a plural noun is used,
+
+23
+00:01:55,540 --> 00:01:58,960
+we use a plural verb. Singular, we need what?
+
+24
+00:01:59,260 --> 00:02:03,620
+Singular. Okay, read please. In most expressions
+
+25
+00:02:03,620 --> 00:02:09,760
+of quantity, the verb is determined by the noun or
+
+26
+00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:12,940
+pronoun that I follow. For example,
+
+27
+00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:30,320
+Okay, thank you. Now look, one of my friends, one
+
+28
+00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:36,480
+of my friends, each of my friends, do you remember
+
+29
+00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:43,420
+when we talked about each? Okay, now, yeah, each,
+
+30
+00:02:49,070 --> 00:02:54,810
+Student has. Okay? Each student has. Every student
+
+31
+00:02:54,810 --> 00:03:03,070
+has. Now, if I say each of students.
+
+32
+00:03:06,710 --> 00:03:09,110
+Each of the students.
+
+33
+00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:19,600
+has okay each of the students has look now what's
+
+34
+00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:25,800
+the difference each between each and each of yes
+
+35
+00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:31,880
+please very good that's right thank you very much
+
+36
+00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:34,880
+this is followed by a singular noun and that is
+
+37
+00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:38,260
+followed by a plural noun now look at the examples
+
+38
+00:03:45,250 --> 00:03:49,870
+Look at the examples. Now, one of my friends is,
+
+39
+00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:57,230
+this is what? Plural. And this is? Singular. Okay.
+
+40
+00:03:57,550 --> 00:04:03,150
+My, each of my friends, plural and singular. Every
+
+41
+00:04:03,150 --> 00:04:08,050
+one of my friends. Okay. Now look, this is
+
+42
+00:04:08,050 --> 00:04:12,250
+singular and this is plural. What does the rule
+
+43
+00:04:12,250 --> 00:04:19,460
+say? What does the rule say? The general rule of
+
+44
+00:04:19,460 --> 00:04:25,700
+subject-verb agreement. Plural verbs go
+
+45
+00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:32,840
+with plural Nouns and singular with singular.
+
+46
+00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:35,600
+Okay. Plural with a plural and singular with
+
+47
+00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:38,520
+singular. Now, what about this? What can you see?
+
+48
+00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:42,280
+This is singular and this is plural. This is what?
+
+49
+00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:46,680
+Singular and plural. And this is what? Okay. And
+
+50
+00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:50,300
+this is what? This is an exception. Okay. This is
+
+51
+00:04:50,300 --> 00:04:55,010
+an exception. Yeah. Okay, read it. One of each of
+
+52
+00:04:55,010 --> 00:04:58,850
+and every one of are followed by plural nouns and
+
+53
+00:04:58,850 --> 00:05:01,930
+take singular verbs. Thank you very much. This is
+
+54
+00:05:01,930 --> 00:05:06,130
+an exception to the rule, okay? Any question?
+
+55
+00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:18,750
+Now, none of the boys is here. None of the boys
+
+56
+00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:24,680
+and none of the boys are. None of the boys is and
+
+57
+00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:29,060
+none of the boys are. Subject with none of used to
+
+58
+00:05:29,060 --> 00:05:33,240
+be considered singular. This is in the past. They
+
+59
+00:05:33,240 --> 00:05:37,640
+used it in the past. Now it is not used. Used to
+
+60
+00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:43,800
+be. I used to drive fast. It means I'm not driving
+
+61
+00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:47,600
+fast now. I stopped. Right? She used to come late.
+
+62
+00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:51,360
+She's not coming late now. She stopped. Okay? So
+
+63
+00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:55,100
+they used to be considered what singular in very
+
+64
+00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:59,100
+formal English, but plural verbs are often used in
+
+65
+00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:03,900
+okay. And sometimes even in formal writing. So in
+
+66
+00:06:03,900 --> 00:06:08,160
+formal writing, we use what? The plural. Okay. In
+
+67
+00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:10,500
+formal writing, we use the plural.
+
+68
+00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:19,820
+Now in this class, in
+
+69
+00:06:19,820 --> 00:06:26,840
+this class, we have 70 students. Okay. This is the
+
+70
+00:06:26,840 --> 00:06:32,560
+total number. Okay. The total number. So we say
+
+71
+00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:38,360
+the number of
+
+72
+00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:40,120
+students
+
+73
+00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:48,580
+in this class is what? We are talking about today,
+
+74
+00:06:48,780 --> 00:06:53,120
+how many students? One, two, it is about 65. We
+
+75
+00:06:53,120 --> 00:07:01,100
+have 65 out of 70. Okay, so the number of students
+
+76
+00:07:01,100 --> 00:07:09,120
+is. What does that mean? It means that a number of
+
+77
+00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:10,980
+students
+
+78
+00:07:13,230 --> 00:07:19,050
+are absent. Okay. A number of students are absent.
+
+79
+00:07:19,390 --> 00:07:28,210
+Now the number is a number R. Okay. Now we used
+
+80
+00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:33,990
+what? Plural noun and plural noun. So we have two
+
+81
+00:07:33,990 --> 00:07:38,870
+expressions. Be careful about the number of and a
+
+82
+00:07:38,870 --> 00:07:39,930
+number of.
+
+83
+00:07:44,890 --> 00:07:48,730
+Look at this example, please read. The number of
+
+84
+00:07:48,730 --> 00:07:51,690
+students in the class is 15. Yeah, the number is
+
+85
+00:07:51,690 --> 00:07:55,850
+15. Now this is what? This is the subject. Good,
+
+86
+00:07:55,990 --> 00:07:59,410
+go on. A number of students were late for class.
+
+87
+00:07:59,530 --> 00:08:03,420
+Okay, a number of, it means a lot of. A lot of
+
+88
+00:08:03,420 --> 00:08:07,180
+students were. A lot of students are. So we have
+
+89
+00:08:07,180 --> 00:08:10,860
+two expressions. The number of students is. A
+
+90
+00:08:10,860 --> 00:08:15,080
+number of students are. And you know, as you see,
+
+91
+00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,240
+this is followed by plural noun, and this is
+
+92
+00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:21,460
+followed by what? Plural noun. Now please look at
+
+93
+00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:28,540
+your books. Exercise 11. And let's do some points
+
+94
+00:08:28,540 --> 00:08:29,260
+of the exercise.
+
+95
+00:08:31,950 --> 00:08:35,690
+Look at your box, all of you. Duaa, would you read
+
+96
+00:08:35,690 --> 00:08:36,330
+number one?
+
+97
+00:08:40,410 --> 00:08:47,970
+Some of the fruit in this bowl is rotten. Okay,
+
+98
+00:08:48,230 --> 00:08:54,390
+this is done. Do number two. Some of the apples in
+
+99
+00:08:54,390 --> 00:09:00,490
+the bowl is rotten. Some of the apples are. Very
+
+100
+00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:03,130
+good. Thank you very much. Next one. Yes, please.
+
+101
+00:09:03,270 --> 00:09:07,190
+Number three. Most of the movie is funny. Most of
+
+102
+00:09:07,190 --> 00:09:11,750
+the movie is. Good. Thank you. Next one.
+
+103
+00:09:15,390 --> 00:09:18,230
+Most of the movies are funny. Thank you very much.
+
+104
+00:09:18,290 --> 00:09:21,880
+Good. Next one. Yes, please. Half of the students
+
+105
+00:09:21,880 --> 00:09:24,400
+in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.
+
+106
+00:09:24,460 --> 00:09:27,680
+You are right. Half of the students are. Good.
+
+107
+00:09:28,160 --> 00:09:32,000
+Yes, please. Next. Half of this money is the
+
+108
+00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:35,100
+students. Yes, half of this money is. Thank you
+
+109
+00:09:35,100 --> 00:09:37,620
+very much. Yes, please. A lot of the students in
+
+110
+00:09:37,620 --> 00:09:40,740
+the class are from southern Asia. Good. Thank you
+
+111
+00:09:40,740 --> 00:09:45,040
+very much. Next one, please. Yeah. A lot of the
+
+112
+00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:48,200
+clothing in the stores is on sale. You are right.
+
+113
+00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:51,620
+Thank you very much. Yes, please. One of my best
+
+114
+00:09:51,620 --> 00:09:52,620
+friends is.
+
+115
+00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,080
+One is, okay, thank you. Yes, Noor? Each boy in
+
+116
+00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:03,920
+the class has his own number. Each boy has, very
+
+117
+00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:07,720
+good, thank you. Yes, please, yeah? Each of the
+
+118
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:13,300
+boys in the class has his own number. Which one
+
+119
+00:10:13,300 --> 00:10:18,780
+you are doing? Number? 11. 11, each of the boys
+
+120
+00:10:20,090 --> 00:10:23,890
+Has. Okay, each of the boys has. Thank you.
+
+121
+00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:26,590
+Twelve. Yes, please.
+
+122
+00:10:29,490 --> 00:10:34,770
+Okay, thank you. Every one of the students is.
+
+123
+00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:41,630
+Yes, please. None of the animals are.
+
+124
+00:10:42,030 --> 00:10:42,330
+Okay.
+
+125
+00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:56,700
+Okay, thank you. So none of the animals are free.
+
+126
+00:10:57,220 --> 00:11:03,100
+All of them are. Okay, thank you. Yes, please. A
+
+127
+00:11:03,100 --> 00:11:06,120
+number of students are absent today. A number are.
+
+128
+00:11:06,220 --> 00:11:10,020
+Good, thank you. Yes. The number of employees in
+
+129
+00:11:10,020 --> 00:11:12,800
+my company is. Is. The number is. Thank you very
+
+130
+00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:13,780
+much. Yes, please.
+
+131
+00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,490
+Yeah, one is. Thank you. Next one, seventeen. Do
+
+132
+00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:27,910
+all the students have their books? Yes, she's
+
+133
+00:11:27,910 --> 00:11:31,950
+right. Do all of the students? Okay, have. Thank
+
+134
+00:11:31,950 --> 00:11:37,670
+you. Next one. Does all of this homework? Thank
+
+135
+00:11:37,670 --> 00:11:41,190
+you. Yes, please. Why were some of the students?
+
+136
+00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:44,390
+Very good. Why were some of the students? And
+
+137
+00:11:44,390 --> 00:11:45,110
+finally,
+
+138
+00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:51,800
+Okay, thank you very much. Why was one of the
+
+139
+00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:59,020
+students okay now look What about there? What do
+
+140
+00:11:59,020 --> 00:12:00,360
+you have in your bag Marwa?
+
+141
+00:12:03,020 --> 00:12:08,220
+There is a sandwich in her bag There are some box
+
+142
+00:12:08,220 --> 00:12:12,540
+in her bag Okay What do you have in your bag
+
+143
+00:12:12,540 --> 00:12:19,790
+Khadija? There is There is a book. There is a
+
+144
+00:12:19,790 --> 00:12:23,990
+grammar book. Okay. And thank you. Yeah. What do
+
+145
+00:12:23,990 --> 00:12:27,410
+you have in your bag, please? There is a wallet.
+
+146
+00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:34,530
+Good. What do you have in your bag, please? There,
+
+147
+00:12:34,750 --> 00:12:35,830
+there,
+
+148
+00:12:38,410 --> 00:12:45,430
+there. Start with there. There is a
+
+149
+00:12:45,430 --> 00:12:50,560
+mobile. Say it again. There is a mobile. Thank you
+
+150
+00:12:50,560 --> 00:12:52,420
+very much. Yes, what do you have in your bag?
+
+151
+00:12:53,900 --> 00:12:56,580
+There is some money. Thank you. Yes, what do you
+
+152
+00:12:56,580 --> 00:13:04,540
+have in your bag? There is a piece of
+
+153
+00:13:04,540 --> 00:13:06,600
+chocolate. Thank you. Good. Yes, what do you have
+
+154
+00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:10,260
+in your bag? There are a lot of things. Thank you
+
+155
+00:13:10,260 --> 00:13:15,540
+very much. Now look, there is a fly. This is
+
+156
+00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:19,120
+singular and this is singular. There are three
+
+157
+00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:27,620
+windows. Now, R can be followed by? Singular and
+
+158
+00:13:27,620 --> 00:13:33,620
+singular or plural and plural, as you see. So what
+
+159
+00:13:33,620 --> 00:13:37,920
+determines the noun is the verb. The verb
+
+160
+00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:40,860
+determines the type of noun, whether we need a
+
+161
+00:13:40,860 --> 00:13:46,580
+singular or a plural one. Now, there is two sides
+
+162
+00:13:46,580 --> 00:13:50,100
+to every story. This is informal, but it is used
+
+163
+00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:52,680
+in everyday language, okay?
+
+164
+00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,120
+We want to do exercise 14. Please look at your
+
+165
+00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:07,460
+book. Exercise 14. Again. Number one. Read it.
+
+166
+00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:16,000
+There isn't any letters or there aren't letters.
+
+167
+00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:19,040
+Plural. Thank you. Yes, please. Go on. Next one.
+
+168
+00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:27,350
+There isn't any mail. Thank you. Yeah. A lot of
+
+169
+00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:29,030
+problems. Good. Yes, please.
+
+170
+00:14:31,790 --> 00:14:34,910
+Okay, good. There is a hole. Thank you. Yes,
+
+171
+00:14:34,990 --> 00:14:37,630
+please. Are there cans of beds?
+
+172
+00:14:40,290 --> 00:14:42,610
+Are there. Thank you. Yes, please. Next one.
+
+173
+00:14:49,090 --> 00:14:52,110
+Okay, thank you. Why isn't there a hospital? Good.
+
+174
+00:14:52,270 --> 00:14:52,490
+Yes.
+
+175
+00:14:56,310 --> 00:15:00,910
+There was a terrible earthquake. Yes please, go
+
+176
+00:15:00,910 --> 00:15:05,250
+on. Why is there a shortage of apartments? Thank
+
+177
+00:15:05,250 --> 00:15:13,230
+you. Why? This is number eight. Why is there a
+
+178
+00:15:13,230 --> 00:15:17,690
+shortage? This is what? Singular. Yes please, go
+
+179
+00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:17,870
+on.
+
+180
+00:15:22,720 --> 00:15:26,040
+There are more women than men. Okay. In my office.
+
+181
+00:15:26,180 --> 00:15:29,880
+Thank you. Good. And next one. Yes, please. Yeah.
+
+182
+00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:34,900
+There has been a line in front of the teacher
+
+183
+00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:41,300
+every night for the class to read. Listen, there,
+
+184
+00:15:41,520 --> 00:15:45,200
+a line, a line. This is singular. Please wait,
+
+185
+00:15:45,340 --> 00:15:48,240
+wait. Yeah. What do you think? Why did you use
+
+186
+00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:54,800
+have? How many lines? One. So with one we use has.
+
+187
+00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:56,480
+Thank you. Good. Next one.
+
+188
+00:16:00,260 --> 00:16:01,640
+Very good. Thank you very much.
+
+189
+00:16:04,580 --> 00:16:05,540
+Now look,
+
+190
+00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:13,820
+the United States is
+
+191
+00:16:13,820 --> 00:16:15,940
+big.
+
+192
+00:16:17,180 --> 00:16:21,630
+The United Arab Emirates is a big country. The
+
+193
+00:16:21,630 --> 00:16:25,910
+United Arab Emirates is a big country. Look, it
+
+194
+00:16:25,910 --> 00:16:30,430
+ends with S, but it takes what? Singular verb.
+
+195
+00:16:30,710 --> 00:16:34,150
+Now, if you want to use a pronoun instead of the
+
+196
+00:16:34,150 --> 00:16:38,490
+United States, do we use it or they? It. So it
+
+197
+00:16:38,490 --> 00:16:42,690
+what? It is big. It is big. Okay. Now, the
+
+198
+00:16:42,690 --> 00:16:48,040
+Philippians. Consists. The country consists. It
+
+199
+00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:54,600
+consists. The United Nations has.
+
+200
+00:16:55,480 --> 00:17:02,260
+Has. The organization has. It has. Harrods is a
+
+201
+00:17:02,260 --> 00:17:06,260
+department store. Harrods is like in Gaza, let's
+
+202
+00:17:06,260 --> 00:17:09,580
+say steps. You know steps? Steps.
+
+203
+00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:18,300
+What is steps? Yeah, what is it? Yeah, it is a big
+
+204
+00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:21,820
+mall, a big supermarket in Al Nasri Street, okay?
+
+205
+00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:25,900
+So this is the name of the store. This is the name
+
+206
+00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:29,800
+of the store, okay? This is the name. So we say
+
+207
+00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:36,700
+Stips is or Stips are? Stips is, okay? Stips is a
+
+208
+00:17:36,700 --> 00:17:42,330
+big store. Stips is, okay? Now, the same thing,
+
+209
+00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:46,670
+Harrods. This is the name of the store. Harrods
+
+210
+00:17:46,670 --> 00:17:54,490
+is. Now, look. These nouns end with S. But they
+
+211
+00:17:54,490 --> 00:17:58,470
+take what? Singular verb. They refer to a singular
+
+212
+00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:00,670
+noun, not to a plural noun.
+
+213
+00:18:04,090 --> 00:18:10,970
+The news is interesting. Okay? The news is
+
+214
+00:18:10,970 --> 00:18:16,230
+interesting. The furniture is new. Mathematics is
+
+215
+00:18:16,230 --> 00:18:22,810
+easy. Look, this ends with S. And takes singular
+
+216
+00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:28,150
+verb. The news is. Mathematics, this is a field of
+
+217
+00:18:28,150 --> 00:18:31,750
+study, a topic for study. Phonetics is.
+
+218
+00:18:32,170 --> 00:18:37,210
+Linguistics is. Physics is again, when we talk
+
+219
+00:18:37,210 --> 00:18:40,510
+about fields of study, because it is one topic,
+
+220
+00:18:40,750 --> 00:18:46,390
+one subject, we use a singular verb. Okay, now
+
+221
+00:18:46,390 --> 00:18:47,250
+look at this.
+
+222
+00:18:50,370 --> 00:18:56,770
+Diabetes is An illness is an illness. It ends with
+
+223
+00:18:56,770 --> 00:19:00,930
+S, but it is one disease, okay? Again, measles
+
+224
+00:19:00,930 --> 00:19:05,070
+ends with what? S. So these names of diseases,
+
+225
+00:19:05,290 --> 00:19:08,090
+though they end with S, but they show what?
+
+226
+00:19:09,290 --> 00:19:14,970
+Singular nouns. They express one. We say it, it
+
+227
+00:19:14,970 --> 00:19:20,470
+causes, it has, it makes, and so on. They are
+
+228
+00:19:20,470 --> 00:19:24,160
+singular ones. Now,
+
+229
+00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:32,940
+eight hours of sleep. Eight hours of sleep is
+
+230
+00:19:32,940 --> 00:19:39,800
+enough. This period of time is enough. Okay. Eight
+
+231
+00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:42,900
+hours of sleep. This is a period. It is one
+
+232
+00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:46,820
+period. So this period is what? Enough. Singular.
+
+233
+00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:49,940
+Yeah. Read the other one please. Yes.
+
+234
+00:19:53,210 --> 00:19:58,090
+It is too much. This sum, this amount of money is
+
+235
+00:19:58,090 --> 00:20:01,190
+what? Is too much to pay. Thank you. Read the
+
+236
+00:20:01,190 --> 00:20:02,050
+other one please.
+
+237
+00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:10,740
+Miles is five thousand miles. Okay. This is
+
+238
+00:20:10,740 --> 00:20:14,360
+distance. It is one distance. Okay. One distance.
+
+239
+00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:18,980
+So this expresses a distance, expresses amount of
+
+240
+00:20:18,980 --> 00:20:23,160
+money, sum of money and a period of time. So with
+
+241
+00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:26,980
+these, we use what? We use singular verbs. Thank
+
+242
+00:20:26,980 --> 00:20:32,680
+you. Now look at these mathematical expressions.
+
+243
+00:20:33,940 --> 00:20:41,950
+Two and two. Two and two is or two and two equals
+
+244
+00:20:41,950 --> 00:20:46,450
+two plus two is okay five.
+
+245
+00:20:48,850 --> 00:20:55,910
+Five times five. Okay. Five times five is what?
+
+246
+00:20:56,030 --> 00:21:01,950
+25. Now with these arithmetic expressions, what
+
+247
+00:21:01,950 --> 00:21:06,090
+type of verb did we use? Singular. So with
+
+248
+00:21:06,090 --> 00:21:10,310
+arithmetic expressions, we use what? Singular
+
+249
+00:21:10,310 --> 00:21:14,970
+verbs. Thank you. Those people are.
+
+250
+00:21:16,570 --> 00:21:21,510
+Those people are.people are yes please read the
+
+251
+00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:28,090
+other one have the police have have the policeman
+
+252
+00:21:28,090 --> 00:21:37,910
+has okay yeah cattle are Cattle are domestic
+
+253
+00:21:37,910 --> 00:21:42,550
+animals. And fish live.
+
+254
+00:21:44,550 --> 00:21:48,530
+Okay? It takes a plural verb. They take plural
+
+255
+00:21:48,530 --> 00:21:54,530
+verb. Are, cattle are, fish live, and so on. Yeah,
+
+256
+00:21:54,670 --> 00:21:58,750
+read the note, please. People are both cattle and
+
+257
+00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,170
+fish, but they are plural nouns.
+
+258
+00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:12,540
+Very good. They require plural verbs. Now look,
+
+259
+00:22:13,180 --> 00:22:18,660
+English is spoken in many countries and the
+
+260
+00:22:18,660 --> 00:22:23,120
+English drink tea. It is the same word, but the
+
+261
+00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:26,180
+meaning is different. Now English, we mean what?
+
+262
+00:22:26,990 --> 00:22:30,550
+The language. Very good. So English language is.
+
+263
+00:22:30,990 --> 00:22:36,430
+English language has. English language makes you
+
+264
+00:22:36,430 --> 00:22:40,230
+and so on. But this is the English people from
+
+265
+00:22:40,230 --> 00:22:46,590
+England. Nationality. The English drink. Chinese
+
+266
+00:22:46,590 --> 00:22:51,310
+is his native language. Chinese again, this is
+
+267
+00:22:51,310 --> 00:22:57,040
+what? The language. But the Chinese People who
+
+268
+00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:02,560
+live in China. Thank you. That's right. Now, some
+
+269
+00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:07,800
+words can be
+
+270
+00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:14,020
+used or express a language. Some words have more
+
+271
+00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:16,400
+than one meaning. If they express a language,
+
+272
+00:23:16,980 --> 00:23:21,660
+English is. We use a singular verb. But if they
+
+273
+00:23:21,660 --> 00:23:26,690
+express the people, the nationality. Plural. Now,
+
+274
+00:23:27,230 --> 00:23:38,230
+some nouns, read please. French for
+
+275
+00:23:38,230 --> 00:23:42,210
+example, French is and French are. Okay, go on.
+
+276
+00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:46,610
+English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese,
+
+277
+00:23:47,390 --> 00:23:54,050
+Portuguese, French. Okay, thank you. Now, the poor
+
+278
+00:23:54,050 --> 00:23:59,580
+have money. Problems. The poor have. How do we
+
+279
+00:23:59,580 --> 00:24:02,720
+translate the poor in Arabic? One speaker. Yeah.
+
+280
+00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:07,620
+Very good. الفقراء. The poor have. Okay. The poor
+
+281
+00:24:07,620 --> 00:24:11,340
+have many problems. This is an adjective preceded
+
+282
+00:24:11,340 --> 00:24:15,580
+by that. So it is what? A plural now. The poor
+
+283
+00:24:15,580 --> 00:24:20,480
+have many problems. The rich get richer.
+
+284
+00:24:22,820 --> 00:24:25,500
+Now, read the notes, please.
+
+285
+00:24:53,570 --> 00:24:56,870
+Okay, thank you. The disabled people who are
+
+286
+00:24:56,870 --> 00:25:02,590
+disabled. The deaf people who are deaf. People who
+
+287
+00:25:02,590 --> 00:25:08,230
+are blind and so on. Okay, any questions? Look at
+
+288
+00:25:08,230 --> 00:25:14,150
+your book please. Page 94. Let's do the exercise.
+
+289
+00:25:22,730 --> 00:25:27,690
+Number one. Yes, please. The United States has a
+
+290
+00:25:27,690 --> 00:25:31,110
+population of three million people. Read it again.
+
+291
+00:25:31,570 --> 00:25:33,750
+The United States has a population of three
+
+292
+00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:36,830
+million people. Very good. Okay, this is done. The
+
+293
+00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:38,350
+United States has a population of three million
+
+294
+00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:39,770
+people. Do number two, please.
+
+295
+00:25:42,910 --> 00:25:46,450
+Number two, yeah. The news about Mr. Collins is
+
+296
+00:25:46,450 --> 00:25:50,650
+something Okay. The news is. Very good. Thank you.
+
+297
+00:25:51,310 --> 00:25:54,470
+The news is. Thank you. Yeah. Next one.
+
+298
+00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:01,770
+Okay. Thank you very much. The New York Times.
+
+299
+00:26:02,190 --> 00:26:07,090
+This is a newspaper. The New York Times is. Thank
+
+300
+00:26:07,090 --> 00:26:10,170
+you. Yes, please. Next one. Physics again.
+
+301
+00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:18,940
+Please, one speaker, please. One speaker, yeah.
+
+302
+00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:26,020
+Seek or seeks? Please, one speaker, one speaker,
+
+303
+00:26:26,220 --> 00:26:31,500
+please. Yeah. Physics. It is singular. Okay. What
+
+304
+00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:35,800
+is physics? It is a topic of study. Okay. It is
+
+305
+00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,660
+like linguistics. We say linguistics is or are?
+
+306
+00:26:39,220 --> 00:26:45,300
+Is. Okay, go on. Physics seeks. Thank you. Yes,
+
+307
+00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:45,700
+please.
+
+308
+00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:56,860
+Statistics is okay. Complete the sentence. A
+
+309
+00:26:56,860 --> 00:27:01,140
+branch of mathematics. Okay. This is the study.
+
+310
+00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:01,880
+Thank you. Yeah.
+
+311
+00:27:07,680 --> 00:27:12,700
+Okay, now look. In number five, statistics. This
+
+312
+00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:17,760
+is the science, okay? But in number six, the
+
+313
+00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:19,860
+statistics in the report.
+
+314
+00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:27,380
+You are right. Thank you. Yes.
+
+315
+00:27:34,270 --> 00:27:38,550
+Yes, fifty minutes is or are? Is. Fifty minutes
+
+316
+00:27:38,550 --> 00:27:40,710
+is. Good. Thank you. Next one.
+
+317
+00:27:46,310 --> 00:27:47,690
+Unreasonable price.
+
+318
+00:27:50,570 --> 00:27:54,550
+Nicholas. Thank you. Many people in the world
+
+319
+00:27:54,550 --> 00:27:59,290
+don't have enough to eat. Many people don't have.
+
+320
+00:27:59,310 --> 00:28:01,450
+Very good. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+321
+00:28:10,980 --> 00:28:15,560
+Again. You are right. Thank you. The police are.
+
+322
+00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:27,160
+Thank you. This is a type of disease. Yeah. Thank
+
+323
+00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:29,240
+you. The French are. What do you mean by the
+
+324
+00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:32,120
+French here? Nationality or people or language?
+
+325
+00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:33,840
+Very good. Yes.
+
+326
+00:28:37,110 --> 00:28:40,410
+Yeah. Thank you. This is the language. French
+
+327
+00:28:40,410 --> 00:28:42,610
+isn't my native language. Yes or no?
+
+328
+00:28:47,410 --> 00:28:51,250
+Thank you very much. Many Japanese commute. Okay.
+
+329
+00:28:51,350 --> 00:28:57,330
+Thank you. Next one. Yeah. Portuguese is somewhat
+
+330
+00:28:57,330 --> 00:29:00,290
+similar to Spanish, isn't it? Okay. Thank you very
+
+331
+00:29:00,290 --> 00:29:03,470
+much. Okay. This is the language, right? And
+
+332
+00:29:03,470 --> 00:29:09,280
+Spanish is what? The language. Yeah. Next one. The
+
+333
+00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:13,380
+poor are helped by government. Thank you. The poor
+
+334
+00:29:13,380 --> 00:29:17,000
+are helped. Thank you. Good. Next one. Yes,
+
+335
+00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:21,080
+please. The blind want the rest of us to treat
+
+336
+00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:25,080
+them the same way we treat everyone else. Thank
+
+337
+00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:29,700
+you very much. The blind want. The blind want.
+
+338
+00:29:29,820 --> 00:29:35,100
+Good. Okay, go on. Next one. Yes, Marwa. The
+
+339
+00:29:35,100 --> 00:29:38,020
+effect of honey bees' pain on human beings depends
+
+340
+00:29:38,020 --> 00:29:44,840
+on that person's susceptibility to their bees'
+
+341
+00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:48,360
+venom. Most people are not in danger at their
+
+342
+00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:51,880
+time, but there have been instances of allergic
+
+343
+00:29:51,880 --> 00:29:54,760
+transformations. Okay, thank you very much. Good.
+
+344
+00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,320
+You are right. Thank you. Now, make sure that you
+
+345
+00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:03,160
+got the right answers. Check your answers quickly.
+
+346
+00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:07,360
+Quickly check your answers.
+
+347
+00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:13,560
+And let's make a quick summary of this lecture.
+
+348
+00:30:14,780 --> 00:30:17,740
+Okay, let's make a quick summary for this lecture.
+
+349
+00:30:17,860 --> 00:30:24,000
+What did we talk about today? Go on. Yes, please.
+
+350
+00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:29,600
+Some expressions of
+
+351
+00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:37,130
+quantity. If it is followed by a singular noun, so
+
+352
+00:30:37,130 --> 00:30:39,950
+we will use the singular verb. If it is plural
+
+353
+00:30:39,950 --> 00:30:42,130
+noun, we use the plural noun. Good. So these
+
+354
+00:30:42,130 --> 00:30:45,430
+expressions of a quantity can be followed by a
+
+355
+00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:49,590
+singular noun and a singular verb or a plural and
+
+356
+00:30:49,590 --> 00:30:52,690
+a plural. Thank you. Yes, please. One of each of
+
+357
+00:30:52,690 --> 00:30:58,030
+and each with the plural nouns take singular form.
+
+358
+00:30:58,370 --> 00:31:01,090
+Okay. And they are an exception to the rule. Okay.
+
+359
+00:31:01,410 --> 00:31:03,790
+Thank you. Because they take plural nouns and
+
+360
+00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:05,170
+singular verbs. Thank you.
+
+361
+00:31:09,730 --> 00:31:15,750
+Okay. Subjects. Okay. They are singular nouns.
+
+362
+00:31:15,970 --> 00:31:18,050
+They take singular verbs. Yes, please.
+
+363
+00:31:21,850 --> 00:31:28,630
+Very good. For example, we say two. And two is
+
+364
+00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:32,850
+far. Good. Two and four is, two is far. Yeah. When
+
+365
+00:31:32,850 --> 00:31:36,350
+we talk a language, we use a singular verb, but
+
+366
+00:31:36,350 --> 00:31:40,490
+when we talk to people, Okay, thank you. So some
+
+367
+00:31:40,490 --> 00:31:47,450
+words express a language. English is easy. This is
+
+368
+00:31:47,450 --> 00:31:50,490
+the language. But when we say the English, people
+
+369
+00:31:50,490 --> 00:31:55,530
+who are from England. Okay, the English are. The
+
+370
+00:31:55,530 --> 00:32:00,270
+English like. Yeah? The expression time and money
+
+371
+00:32:00,270 --> 00:32:05,470
+and distance are usually similar. Okay. Thank you
+
+372
+00:32:05,470 --> 00:32:06,830
+very much. Good. Yes, please.
+
+373
+00:32:16,390 --> 00:32:19,330
+Plural nouns. You are right. The poor are, the
+
+374
+00:32:19,330 --> 00:32:22,210
+blind are good. Thank you. The rich are. Thank
+
+375
+00:32:22,210 --> 00:32:22,610
+you. Yeah.
+
+376
+00:32:27,670 --> 00:32:28,070
+Okay.
+
+377
+00:32:30,810 --> 00:32:36,490
+You are right. Like, okay, some types of diseases,
+
+378
+00:32:36,910 --> 00:32:40,470
+names of illnesses end with S, but they take
+
+379
+00:32:40,470 --> 00:32:49,250
+singular verb. Yeah? Yeah, don't end with S.
+
+380
+00:32:52,490 --> 00:32:58,210
+Okay, people is. People are. Sorry. Yeah. Yeah,
+
+381
+00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:01,850
+they don't end with S, but they take plural. Yeah.
+
+382
+00:33:07,570 --> 00:33:11,270
+Though they end with S, okay. The United States,
+
+383
+00:33:11,430 --> 00:33:14,770
+for example. Okay, thank you very much. Good. And
+
+384
+00:33:14,770 --> 00:33:15,770
+finally, yeah.
+
+385
+00:33:27,540 --> 00:33:32,600
+Okay, in plural writing, we use our, okay, thank
+
+386
+00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:33,640
+you very much for today.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/1jIg2VzKvnI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1519 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,820 --> 00:00:27,640
+Good morning to you all. How are you? I'm fine,
+
+2
+00:00:27,740 --> 00:00:30,940
+thank you. As you see, we have to smile. We have
+
+3
+00:00:30,940 --> 00:00:34,600
+to start with a smile, okay? You know, wasting
+
+4
+00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:39,420
+time makes me nervous, really. Now, quickly, let's
+
+5
+00:00:39,420 --> 00:00:42,820
+revise what we talked about last time. We talked
+
+6
+00:00:42,820 --> 00:00:49,760
+about using what? The article. Okay. How can we
+
+7
+00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:53,660
+make a generic noun? We talked about a generic
+
+8
+00:00:53,660 --> 00:00:57,680
+noun. How can we form a generic noun? As you see,
+
+9
+00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:02,220
+a banana is yellow. Banana, this is generic. And
+
+10
+00:01:02,220 --> 00:01:07,120
+bananas are yellow. So we can use what? The
+
+11
+00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:15,210
+indefinite article. A or N plus singular count
+
+12
+00:01:15,210 --> 00:01:20,530
+nouns, right? Okay. And we can use what? Zero
+
+13
+00:01:20,530 --> 00:01:28,590
+article with plural count nouns to make nouns
+
+14
+00:01:28,590 --> 00:01:35,500
+generic. Again, you know, a fruit is. Is it a
+
+15
+00:01:35,500 --> 00:01:39,020
+count or a non-count noun? Non-count. We can use
+
+16
+00:01:39,020 --> 00:01:44,800
+zero article with what? Non-count nouns. Now, we
+
+17
+00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:49,120
+have three ways for making generic nouns. What are
+
+18
+00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:51,940
+they again? Can you repeat please? What are the
+
+19
+00:01:51,940 --> 00:01:53,920
+three ways for making generic nouns?
+
+20
+00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:04,340
+Yeah, a student should study hard. Yeah. Students
+
+21
+00:02:04,340 --> 00:02:10,200
+should study hard. Okay. Yeah. That's right. Thank
+
+22
+00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:13,840
+you very much. These examples, we talked about
+
+23
+00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:24,850
+that. Now we can also use the. The. for making
+
+24
+00:02:24,850 --> 00:02:28,950
+generic nouns in three cases. Who can remind me
+
+25
+00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:35,370
+with that? We can use that with the noun, with
+
+26
+00:02:35,370 --> 00:02:39,630
+generic nouns, with generic nouns. Yes. Very good.
+
+27
+00:02:39,930 --> 00:02:43,270
+The whale, the elephant, the lion. Thank you very
+
+28
+00:02:43,270 --> 00:02:47,110
+much. Yeah. Instruments, the piano. Good. Thank
+
+29
+00:02:47,110 --> 00:02:51,590
+you. And And inventions, the telephone, that's
+
+30
+00:02:51,590 --> 00:02:55,370
+right. The telephone, who invented the telephone?
+
+31
+00:02:56,390 --> 00:02:59,690
+The telephone has become very important in our
+
+32
+00:02:59,690 --> 00:03:03,190
+life. The telephone here is what? A generic noun.
+
+33
+00:03:03,650 --> 00:03:07,230
+So we can use the with these three types of nouns.
+
+34
+00:03:10,770 --> 00:03:17,800
+We can use a. Or some with indefinite nouns. When
+
+35
+00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:24,540
+you say, I ate a banana. I ate a banana. A banana
+
+36
+00:03:24,540 --> 00:03:28,300
+here what? Is it definite or indefinite? It is
+
+37
+00:03:28,300 --> 00:03:31,900
+indefinite. Okay. Now when I say, thank you for
+
+38
+00:03:31,900 --> 00:03:35,890
+the banana. Thank you for the book. This is
+
+39
+00:03:35,890 --> 00:03:40,030
+definite, but in this sentence, a is used with a
+
+40
+00:03:40,030 --> 00:03:46,070
+singular count to make an indefinite noun. Also,
+
+41
+00:03:46,210 --> 00:03:51,370
+you can use some with plural count and with what?
+
+42
+00:03:51,550 --> 00:03:56,910
+Non-count nouns. Good. Now, when you say thank you
+
+43
+00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:00,510
+for the banana, The banana in this sentence is
+
+44
+00:04:00,510 --> 00:04:04,890
+what? Definite. Okay. And thank you for the
+
+45
+00:04:04,890 --> 00:04:09,330
+bananas. It is definite. So we can use that with
+
+46
+00:04:09,330 --> 00:04:15,070
+singular count and plural count nouns and with non
+
+47
+00:04:15,070 --> 00:04:18,490
+-count nouns. Thank you for the fruit. So we can
+
+48
+00:04:18,490 --> 00:04:21,370
+use it for all types of nouns, singular count,
+
+49
+00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:26,210
+plural count and with non-count nouns. This is an
+
+50
+00:04:26,210 --> 00:04:33,380
+exercise. Shall we start the exercise? We did it?
+
+51
+00:04:33,820 --> 00:04:38,920
+All of it? Up to seven.
+
+52
+00:04:44,930 --> 00:04:49,250
+Complete the exercise, Tom, since we did. I think
+
+53
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:52,050
+I asked you to complete it, Tom. Right? Check your
+
+54
+00:04:52,050 --> 00:04:54,830
+answers. Let's look at another exercise. Now,
+
+55
+00:04:55,570 --> 00:05:00,130
+complete the sentences with a, an, or some. A, an,
+
+56
+00:05:00,210 --> 00:05:03,790
+or some. Just can you remind me, when do we use a,
+
+57
+00:05:04,510 --> 00:05:06,050
+an, and some?
+
+58
+00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:14,460
+Yes, words start with a vowel. Thank you. Singular
+
+59
+00:05:14,460 --> 00:05:18,680
+count nouns that start with a vowel. Good. And the
+
+60
+00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:22,720
+other count nouns should be preceded by a. Good.
+
+61
+00:05:23,220 --> 00:05:27,280
+And some is used with what? With non-count and?
+
+62
+00:05:28,540 --> 00:05:32,040
+Plural count. Plural count. Thank you. Now, tell
+
+63
+00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:35,260
+me quickly, what shall I write here? Yes, please.
+
+64
+00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:39,760
+I had an accident. I had an accident. Good. Number
+
+65
+00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:43,500
+six. Yes, please. I have some homework to do. Some
+
+66
+00:05:43,500 --> 00:05:47,500
+homework. Good. Some homework. There is. Yes,
+
+67
+00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:51,740
+please. There is a table. Good. There is a table.
+
+68
+00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:55,000
+Yes, please. Thank you. There is some literature
+
+69
+00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:59,830
+available. There is some. Thank you. Good. Yes,
+
+70
+00:06:00,150 --> 00:06:04,290
+next one. There are chairs. There are what? Some
+
+71
+00:06:04,290 --> 00:06:08,590
+chairs. Please don't give a group answer. I want
+
+72
+00:06:08,590 --> 00:06:12,150
+one speaker. Yes, please. My father gave me
+
+73
+00:06:12,150 --> 00:06:16,270
+advice. My father gave me... Just a minute. Wait,
+
+74
+00:06:16,530 --> 00:06:20,250
+wait, wait. Now advice.
+
+75
+00:06:25,010 --> 00:06:29,620
+Is this a count or an uncount noun? Non-count
+
+76
+00:06:29,620 --> 00:06:34,500
+noun. Okay. So because it is a non-count, I cannot
+
+77
+00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:39,920
+say advice. This is not accepted. This is not
+
+78
+00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:43,820
+okay. And this is not English. Okay. Also, I
+
+79
+00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:48,960
+cannot say what? Advices. Also, this is not
+
+80
+00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:55,040
+accepted. Right? So never use S at the end of this
+
+81
+00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:59,320
+word or never started with N. Okay. So what shall
+
+82
+00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:05,080
+I say? Okay. Some advice. Good. Some advice.
+
+83
+00:07:10,140 --> 00:07:12,900
+You are right. You can say, if you want to show
+
+84
+00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:16,580
+the number, he gave me a good piece of advice, two
+
+85
+00:07:16,580 --> 00:07:20,580
+pieces of advice, a good piece of news and so on.
+
+86
+00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:26,510
+But what? Ah, this, in this equation, we need
+
+87
+00:07:26,510 --> 00:07:28,610
+some. You are right, because you know, he wants me
+
+88
+00:07:28,610 --> 00:07:33,990
+to use A and R. Thank you. This is enough.
+
+89
+00:07:34,110 --> 00:07:37,050
+Complete the exercise at home, and you have the
+
+90
+00:07:37,050 --> 00:07:39,910
+answers you can check. Now, we want to look at
+
+91
+00:07:39,910 --> 00:07:40,730
+this exercise.
+
+92
+00:07:47,510 --> 00:07:51,390
+Look at this exercise. Yes, Lama? Correct the
+
+93
+00:07:51,390 --> 00:07:53,590
+error. Oh, look at what?
+
+94
+00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:58,830
+Okay. Look at the moon. Very good. Look at the
+
+95
+00:07:58,830 --> 00:08:02,550
+moon. It's beautiful tonight. Now, why did we use
+
+96
+00:08:02,550 --> 00:08:05,430
+the with moon?
+
+97
+00:08:08,290 --> 00:08:11,690
+The moon is? Who's the speaker? Please. I want one
+
+98
+00:08:11,690 --> 00:08:17,990
+speaker. Yes. Complete your answer. It's defined.
+
+99
+00:08:18,230 --> 00:08:23,700
+Thank you. Good. Yes. There is only one, okay? It
+
+100
+00:08:23,700 --> 00:08:27,420
+is unique. There is only one. How many moons do we
+
+101
+00:08:27,420 --> 00:08:31,960
+have? How many suns? How many kings? How many
+
+102
+00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:40,580
+governments? One, yes. And so on. So again, look
+
+103
+00:08:40,580 --> 00:08:43,120
+at the moon. It is beautiful. Thank you very much.
+
+104
+00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:44,220
+Yes, please.
+
+105
+00:08:54,110 --> 00:08:58,110
+Thank you very much. Good. In this sentence. Look,
+
+106
+00:08:58,430 --> 00:09:02,310
+I saw a cat. Cat is first mentioned. We use a
+
+107
+00:09:02,310 --> 00:09:07,450
+indefinite article. Bird is first mentioned. Okay?
+
+108
+00:09:07,770 --> 00:09:12,170
+Now, cat is second mentioned, repeated. So I say
+
+109
+00:09:12,170 --> 00:09:17,110
+what? The. And remember, we need a small letter
+
+110
+00:09:17,110 --> 00:09:22,110
+after cat. Was trying to catch the bird. The bird
+
+111
+00:09:22,110 --> 00:09:27,580
+is second mentioned. But it didn't succeed. Yeah,
+
+112
+00:09:27,740 --> 00:09:35,200
+the? The bird. Good, thank you. Next one, Yasmin.
+
+113
+00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:40,860
+The birds have the wings, many insects have wings.
+
+114
+00:09:41,180 --> 00:09:44,500
+The birds have wings, many insects have the wings.
+
+115
+00:09:44,740 --> 00:09:49,760
+Okay, so birds have, we start with capital, have
+
+116
+00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:56,810
+wings, many insects have The wings or wings?
+
+117
+00:09:57,630 --> 00:10:01,490
+Wings. No need. Okay. Wings. This is a generic
+
+118
+00:10:01,490 --> 00:10:05,650
+noun. Yes, Marwa? We all look for happiness.
+
+119
+00:10:05,990 --> 00:10:12,590
+Happiness. Very good. Yeah. And finally, I have a
+
+120
+00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:19,530
+book. Good. Look, I have a book. The noun should
+
+121
+00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:24,030
+be preceded by an article. Give me the book. I
+
+122
+00:10:24,030 --> 00:10:30,230
+have a book. Or, give me your book. Give me this
+
+123
+00:10:30,230 --> 00:10:34,150
+book. Give me my book. Give me his book. But never
+
+124
+00:10:34,150 --> 00:10:38,110
+say, give me book. I have book. No. So we should
+
+125
+00:10:38,110 --> 00:10:41,230
+precede the noun by an article, by a pronoun, or
+
+126
+00:10:41,230 --> 00:10:48,690
+by what also? A pronoun. This, that, and so on.
+
+127
+00:10:51,570 --> 00:10:52,430
+Now look.
+
+128
+00:11:05,670 --> 00:11:10,050
+The sun is
+
+129
+00:11:10,050 --> 00:11:15,270
+bright today. Please hand this book to the
+
+130
+00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:21,490
+teacher. Please open the door. Omar is in the
+
+131
+00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:28,050
+kitchen. Now, when I ask you, open the window.
+
+132
+00:11:29,670 --> 00:11:35,750
+Now, which window is she thinking of? Which thing?
+
+133
+00:11:35,870 --> 00:11:40,670
+Which window? This window. Okay. This window. When
+
+134
+00:11:40,670 --> 00:11:45,070
+I tell you that your exam, the exam will be from
+
+135
+00:11:45,070 --> 00:11:49,670
+one to two, which exam I'm talking about? Grammar
+
+136
+00:11:49,670 --> 00:11:54,630
+exam. Good. So when the speaker and the listener
+
+137
+00:11:54,630 --> 00:11:57,650
+are thinking of the same thing, we use what? The.
+
+138
+00:11:58,510 --> 00:12:01,210
+When I tell you the exam will be from one to two,
+
+139
+00:12:01,330 --> 00:12:04,790
+you don't think of the Arabic exam, for example.
+
+140
+00:12:05,230 --> 00:12:08,590
+You don't think of the linguistics exam. You think
+
+141
+00:12:08,590 --> 00:12:12,310
+of what? The grammar exam. I'm talking about, I
+
+142
+00:12:12,310 --> 00:12:14,890
+know that you are talking about, you are thinking
+
+143
+00:12:14,890 --> 00:12:20,350
+of the grammar exam. So When the listener and the
+
+144
+00:12:20,350 --> 00:12:26,650
+speaker are thinking of the same thing, we use
+
+145
+00:12:26,650 --> 00:12:33,090
+the. So, in this sentence, I say, Omar is in the
+
+146
+00:12:33,090 --> 00:12:35,930
+kitchen. Now, we are in the house. Where is Omar?
+
+147
+00:12:36,150 --> 00:12:38,850
+Where is Fatima? She is in the kitchen. Which
+
+148
+00:12:38,850 --> 00:12:43,100
+kitchen? Our kitchen in the house, okay? Our
+
+149
+00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:45,920
+kitchen in the house. Please open the door. Which
+
+150
+00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:49,100
+door? Which window? This window or this door,
+
+151
+00:12:49,180 --> 00:12:53,380
+okay? Now give this book to the teacher. Which
+
+152
+00:12:53,380 --> 00:12:55,640
+teacher? This is a grammar book. I give it to you.
+
+153
+00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:58,160
+Give this book to the teacher. Which teacher?
+
+154
+00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,460
+Grammar teacher and so on. Now, again.
+
+155
+00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:09,620
+The listener is familiar with and thinking about
+
+156
+00:13:09,620 --> 00:13:13,100
+the same specific thing. The speaker and the
+
+157
+00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:16,340
+listener are thinking of the same specific thing.
+
+158
+00:13:16,820 --> 00:13:21,420
+Now, look at this story. Who wants to read the
+
+159
+00:13:21,420 --> 00:13:27,550
+story? Yes, Suhail. The dogs were chasing a cat.
+
+160
+00:13:29,510 --> 00:13:33,750
+Chasing? Yes, chasing a cat. The cat was chasing a
+
+161
+00:13:33,750 --> 00:13:36,910
+mouse. The mouse ran into a hole. The hole was
+
+162
+00:13:36,910 --> 00:13:40,830
+very small. Thank you. A good story. Yes. Right?
+
+163
+00:13:41,090 --> 00:13:47,210
+Now listen. What happened? I saw some dogs. Some
+
+164
+00:13:47,210 --> 00:13:51,610
+dogs. Yes. Okay? This is a plural count. The dog
+
+165
+00:13:52,530 --> 00:13:56,350
+Where are the dogs were chasing? I'm talking about
+
+166
+00:13:56,350 --> 00:13:59,710
+what? Now dogs, this is what first mentioned.
+
+167
+00:14:00,450 --> 00:14:04,530
+Second mentioned, we use them. Now we are thinking
+
+168
+00:14:04,530 --> 00:14:08,350
+about the same dogs, the same group. We're chasing
+
+169
+00:14:08,350 --> 00:14:11,930
+a cat. A cat, this is first mentioned. First
+
+170
+00:14:11,930 --> 00:14:15,870
+mentioned. The cat was chasing a mouse. The cat,
+
+171
+00:14:15,990 --> 00:14:19,430
+second mentioned. A mouse, first mentioned. Second
+
+172
+00:14:19,430 --> 00:14:22,890
+mentioned that. A hole, first mentioned. The hole,
+
+173
+00:14:23,070 --> 00:14:28,300
+second mentioned, and so on. So, when a noun is
+
+174
+00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:31,240
+first mentioned, we use the indefinite article, a
+
+175
+00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:35,780
+or at. When it is second mentioned, we use what?
+
+176
+00:14:36,620 --> 00:14:44,740
+We use the. But if I ask you, the dogs, the cat,
+
+177
+00:14:45,780 --> 00:14:52,220
+is it a definite or a generic noun? Now, I'm
+
+178
+00:14:52,220 --> 00:14:54,500
+talking about this sentence again. Look at the
+
+179
+00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:58,880
+sentence. The cat. Is it definite? Yes, who is the
+
+180
+00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:03,460
+speaker? Yeah? Definite. Yeah, that's right. We
+
+181
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:07,200
+are talking about a certain. This cat, these dogs,
+
+182
+00:15:07,360 --> 00:15:11,160
+okay? This whole, right? So, the noun is definite.
+
+183
+00:15:12,060 --> 00:15:15,900
+So, when we are dealing with definite nouns,
+
+184
+00:15:18,460 --> 00:15:22,780
+We start by the indefinite article, but when the
+
+185
+00:15:22,780 --> 00:15:25,880
+noun is second mentioned, we use what? The. As you
+
+186
+00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:35,300
+see. Now look at this example. What color is
+
+187
+00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:37,060
+a banana?
+
+188
+00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:44,760
+The. A banana.
+
+189
+00:15:47,210 --> 00:15:53,490
+This is yellow. Please raise your hands. What
+
+190
+00:15:53,490 --> 00:15
+
+223
+00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:43,510
+We are talking about what? Singular, count nouns.
+
+224
+00:18:43,910 --> 00:18:48,170
+Okay? But, if you want to make generalizations,
+
+225
+00:18:48,510 --> 00:18:51,910
+generic nouns, you remember in the previous
+
+226
+00:18:51,910 --> 00:18:56,930
+sentence, we said, the dogs. The dogs. In the 
+
+227
+00:18:56,930 --> 00:18:59,350
+previous sentence, in this sentence, look, let's
+
+228
+00:18:59,350 --> 00:18:59,950
+back again.
+
+229
+00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:06,680
+Yeah, the dogs. Is it a generic or a definite
+
+230
+00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:11,000
+noun? This is definite, not generic. It is 
+
+231
+00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,300
+definite, not generic. So we use that. But if it
+
+232
+00:19:14,300 --> 00:19:21,260
+is a generic noun, we cannot use that. Now, what
+
+233
+00:19:21,260 --> 00:19:25,200
+shall I say? I am afraid of dogs or I'm afraid of 
+
+234
+00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,840
+the dogs. Raise your hands, please. I'm afraid of
+
+235
+00:19:28,840 --> 00:19:34,620
+dogs or I'm afraid of the dogs. Yes, of dogs? In
+
+236
+00:19:34,620 --> 00:19:38,980
+general, okay. I'm afraid of dogs in general, but
+
+237
+00:19:38,980 --> 00:19:44,180
+in this sentence, it is what? Definite. Okay, so
+
+238
+00:19:44,180 --> 00:19:50,080
+with plural count, generic nouns, and with non 
+
+239
+00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:53,300
+-count generic nouns, we don't use what? Good.
+
+240
+00:19:55,440 --> 00:20:02,600
+Look at this sentence. Who can read? Yes Khadija. 
+
+241
+00:20:02,860 --> 00:20:07,020
+I drove a car. I drove the car. I drove that car.
+
+242
+00:20:07,160 --> 00:20:10,120
+I drove his car. Thank you. So this is a noun, 
+
+243
+00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,940
+car. Car can be preceded by definite article. 
+
+244
+00:20:15,290 --> 00:20:19,370
+Okay? By indefinite article or definite article.
+
+245
+00:20:19,530 --> 00:20:24,810
+By a or by that. It can also be preceded by that, 
+
+246
+00:20:25,050 --> 00:20:29,370
+this, okay? And so on. It can also be preceded by
+
+247
+00:20:29,370 --> 00:20:33,310
+this. That's right. So, but don't say I drove car. 
+
+248
+00:20:33,690 --> 00:20:37,690
+Don't say I ate apple. Don't say I bought jacket. 
+
+249
+00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:46,430
+Okay? I bought a jacket. I ate an apple. I read a 
+
+250
+00:20:46,430 --> 00:20:51,650
+story. And so on. So it should be preceded by one
+
+251
+00:20:51,650 --> 00:20:55,010
+of these. This is an exercise.
+
+252
+00:20:57,390 --> 00:21:02,470
+Complete the dialogue with A and Or The.
+
+253
+00:21:03,890 --> 00:21:12,170
+Capitalize as necessary. Can you 
+
+254
+00:21:12,170 --> 00:21:16,030
+just tell me when do we use a, when do we use an,
+
+255
+00:21:16,150 --> 00:21:19,050
+and when do we use the? Before we start.
+
+256
+00:21:22,650 --> 00:21:25,810
+Yes please.
+
+257
+00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:34,220
+Generic noun. A singular, count, generic. Right?
+
+258
+00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:39,220
+Good. And it's the same. Singular, count, generic. 
+
+259
+00:21:39,380 --> 00:21:42,660
+But generic, what starts with a vowel? And what
+
+260
+00:21:42,660 --> 00:21:43,280
+about the?
+
+261
+00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:52,360
+Okay, definitely. Second mention. Thank you. Now, 
+
+262
+00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:54,700
+who wants to do number one? Come please, Dama.
+
+263
+00:22:02,390 --> 00:22:05,130
+You'd better have a good reason for being there. 
+
+264
+00:22:05,670 --> 00:22:05,930
+Okay.
+
+265
+00:22:10,590 --> 00:22:20,030
+Thank you. Next one. Did you 
+
+266
+00:22:20,030 --> 00:22:22,750
+think the reason Magia for being there was
+
+267
+00:22:22,750 --> 00:22:29,070
+acceptable? Thank you. The reason.
+
+268
+00:22:29,250 --> 00:22:32,550
+We are talking about... Yeah. The reason, definite 
+
+269
+00:22:32,550 --> 00:22:33,810
+reason. Thank you. Come.
+
+270
+00:22:38,050 --> 00:22:41,510
+What is my blue shirt?
+
+271
+00:22:45,930 --> 00:22:50,010
+The washing 
+
+272
+00:22:50,010 --> 00:22:53,930
+machine. Thank you. Yes, please. A different
+
+273
+00:22:53,930 --> 00:22:58,590
+shirt. Write it. Come, please. And complete. Thank
+
+274
+00:22:58,590 --> 00:23:03,750
+you. You are right. I wish we had a washing 
+
+275
+00:23:03,750 --> 00:23:04,370
+machine. 
+
+276
+00:23:16,830 --> 00:23:18,590
+Okay, number seven. 
+
+277
+00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:25,850
+Yes please, 
+
+278
+00:23:26,030 --> 00:23:26,250
+come.
+
+279
+00:23:34,870 --> 00:23:37,090
+Clean the board, then write. Clean.
+
+280
+00:23:51,110 --> 00:23:55,810
+Hallway. Thank you. Good. The last one. The last
+
+281
+00:23:55,810 --> 00:24:00,390
+one. Yes, please. Come. But why did you write it 
+
+282
+00:24:00,390 --> 00:24:06,960
+capital? Salwa. Why did you write capital that? It
+
+283
+00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:17,880
+should be small. Okay, 
+
+284
+00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:21,480
+please just a minute clean it again clean it 
+
+285
+00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:25,400
+again, please. When
+
+286
+00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:28,970
+you write that. When you write English, your hand
+
+287
+00:24:28,970 --> 00:24:33,430
+should always move from left to right. Never go 
+
+288
+00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:36,390
+from right to left. So write it again, please. And 
+
+289
+00:24:36,390 --> 00:24:39,330
+be careful. Your hand should move from left to 
+
+290
+00:24:39,330 --> 00:24:45,270
+right. Go on. The? No, no. Look. The? How did you 
+
+291
+00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:48,190
+make the dash for the T? From right to left,
+
+292
+00:24:48,330 --> 00:24:49,930
+right? The.
+
+293
+00:24:54,330 --> 00:24:57,410
+Now give me the pen, please. Look, that should be
+
+294
+00:24:57,410 --> 00:25:02,550
+written like that. Okay, take the pen.
+
+295
+00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:07,630
+Now, now again. 
+
+296
+00:25:10,570 --> 00:25:11,850
+This is very important.
+
+297
+00:25:15,430 --> 00:25:19,970
+Now look at, okay. Okay.
+
+298
+00:25:23,270 --> 00:25:25,890
+Okay, write the other one. Write the other one.
+
+299
+00:25:26,730 --> 00:25:30,550
+Okay, write this one, please. The. The radiator. 
+
+300
+00:25:32,290 --> 00:25:34,690
+Okay, good. But this should be capital, right?
+
+301
+00:25:34,830 --> 00:25:40,030
+Because we start with a capital. Okay. Thank you 
+
+302
+00:25:40,030 --> 00:25:42,910
+very much. Thank you very much. Okay? Sorry for
+
+303
+00:25:42,910 --> 00:25:46,690
+disturbing you. Now listen, one day you'll be a 
+
+304
+00:25:46,690 --> 00:25:49,830
+teacher. You'll stand in front of about 50 
+
+305
+00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:53,530
+children, and your children imitate you. This is
+
+306
+00:25:53,530 --> 00:25:57,430
+very dangerous. Okay? Your children imitate you. 
+
+307
+00:25:58,130 --> 00:26:02,290
+So, always you should be very sharp with yourself. 
+
+308
+00:26:03,150 --> 00:26:06,910
+Watch yourself. Okay? Never move your hand from 
+
+309
+00:26:06,910 --> 00:26:09,830
+right to left when writing English. Go on, please.
+
+310
+00:26:10,470 --> 00:26:11,870
+A leak. Okay?
+
+311
+00:26:14,930 --> 00:26:22,430
+Is it a wind? What about this? Do you agree with
+
+312
+00:26:22,430 --> 00:26:25,670
+the answer? This is that.
+
+313
+00:26:35,170 --> 00:26:38,210
+Clean it. Clean it all. Thank you. Complete the
+
+314
+00:26:38,210 --> 00:26:42,170
+exercise at home. Look at this exercise. 
+
+315
+00:26:52,690 --> 00:26:56,970
+Complete the sentences with A and or zero article. 
+
+316
+00:26:57,230 --> 00:27:00,910
+Capitalize as necessary. Yes please, come. Lucy 
+
+317
+00:27:00,910 --> 00:27:02,030
+likes to clean hands. 
+
+318
+00:27:09,910 --> 00:27:13,990
+Hats. Zero article. This is a generic noun. Good.
+
+319
+00:27:14,710 --> 00:27:19,990
+Thank you. Next one. Yes, please. Come, please. 
+
+320
+00:27:26,590 --> 00:27:32,170
+What did you write? Is it the hat or a hat? Now,
+
+321
+00:27:32,410 --> 00:27:35,250
+do we say the banana is yellow or a banana is
+
+322
+00:27:35,250 --> 00:27:39,620
+yellow? A banana. This is a generic noun. Okay. 
+
+323
+00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:43,080
+Yeah, a hat is an article.
+
+324
+00:27:46,140 --> 00:27:47,460
+Thank you. Come, please. 
+
+325
+00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:05,650
+R. Look, this is a plural. Articles. This is a
+
+326
+00:28:05,650 --> 00:28:09,470
+plural. Can we use and with a plural noun? No, so 
+
+327
+00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:12,270
+what shall I use? Zero articles. 
+
+328
+00:28:15,050 --> 00:28:21,610
+Zero articles. Okay. Thank you. Yes, come again 
+
+329
+00:28:21,610 --> 00:28:21,970
+please.
+
+330
+00:28:30,130 --> 00:28:32,250
+Good. The brown hat.
+
+331
+00:28:35,450 --> 00:28:40,030
+Thank you. Thank you very much. Good.
+
+332
+00:28:49,130 --> 00:28:50,090
+In life. 
+
+333
+00:29:02,210 --> 00:29:07,630
+Okay, thank you. Good. Next one. Next one. What
+
+334
+00:29:07,630 --> 00:29:10,850
+about the others? Yes, Lama. Come. 
+
+335
+00:29:18,090 --> 00:29:22,170
+The life. Now, thank you very much. Good. Now, who
+
+336
+00:29:22,170 --> 00:29:27,490
+can explain why life in number eight and the life
+
+337
+00:29:27,490 --> 00:29:32,570
+in number nine? Yes, please. Now, this is generic
+
+338
+00:29:32,570 --> 00:29:37,070
+in life, but in the other sentence, it's definite,
+
+339
+00:29:37,270 --> 00:29:41,030
+the life of this person. Good, thank you. And
+
+340
+00:29:41,030 --> 00:29:42,650
+finally, yes, Noor? 
+
+341
+00:29:49,190 --> 00:29:52,550
+The Brooklyn Express was designed by an engineer.
+
+342
+00:29:52,630 --> 00:29:59,470
+By an engineer. Yes. Good. Yes. Yes, please. The
+
+343
+00:29:59,470 --> 00:30:04,150
+last one. The name of the engineer. The name of
+
+344
+00:30:04,150 --> 00:30:09,050
+the engineer. Write it. The name of the engineer.
+
+345
+00:30:14,950 --> 00:30:23,240
+Now, just a minute. Okay. An engineer who designed 
+
+346
+00:30:23,240 --> 00:30:27,680
+from which one?
+
+347
+00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:33,600
+It is an okay. Just a minute. Who's the speaker?
+
+348
+00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:38,760
+Please don't talk like that. We agree that we want
+
+349
+00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:42,880
+one speaker. Yes, who is the speaker? What would
+
+350
+00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:45,440
+you like to say? Thank you very much. Thank you. 
+
+351
+00:30:45,540 --> 00:30:50,140
+Sit down. I think we should use an engineer. 
+
+352
+00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:58,320
+This one here? Yes. Why? Now, now look, now the
+
+353
+00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:02,700
+engineer who designed, am I talking about, aha, 
+
+354
+00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:05,580
+look at this, an engineer, engineer, this is 
+
+355
+00:31:05,580 --> 00:31:08,440
+generic, can be any engineer, but in the other 
+
+356
+00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:12,220
+sentence, yeah, it is definite, I'm talking about
+
+357
+00:31:12,220 --> 00:31:16,220
+a definite engineer. Is the engineer who? Yes
+
+358
+00:31:16,220 --> 00:31:16,620
+Najwa?
+
+359
+00:31:20,540 --> 00:31:25,290
+It's the name. Why a name, not a name? Why a name,
+
+360
+00:31:25,390 --> 00:31:25,950
+not the name? 
+
+361
+00:31:29,090 --> 00:31:32,870
+Again, is it now generic or definite?
+
+362
+00:31:38,570 --> 00:31:48,530
+Now listen, when I say Fatima is a name preferred
+
+363
+00:31:48,530 --> 00:31:55,020
+for girls. is a name for girls is a name this is 
+
+364
+00:31:55,020 --> 00:31:59,640
+generic Fatima okay but now is the name of in this 
+
+365
+00:31:59,640 --> 00:32:04,080
+sentence we are talking about a definite name for
+
+366
+00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:11,080
+a definite person it is definite is that okay she
+
+367
+00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:11,980
+cannot say yes.
+
+368
+00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:22,120
+Now, let's come another exercise. We, yes, 
+
+369
+00:32:22,260 --> 00:32:25,620
+complete with A, N, or Zero article. It's the same
+
+370
+00:32:25,620 --> 00:32:29,480
+idea. The same idea. Just we want to do some of
+
+371
+00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:33,880
+the exercise. Come here, Sahar.
+
+372
+00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:37,760
+Cell.
+
+373
+00:32:42,090 --> 00:32:45,370
+ah just a minute just a minute there is a mistake
+
+374
+00:32:45,370 --> 00:32:49,870
+okay just a minute okay clean clean everything
+
+375
+00:32:49,870 --> 00:32:57,790
+clean everything just 
+
+376
+00:32:57,790 --> 00:32:59,530
+a minute let me do it please
+
+377
+00:33:16,270 --> 00:33:20,270
+Okay, you write your answer. A cellphone. A 
+
+378
+00:33:20,270 --> 00:33:24,630
+cellphone, thank you. Good. Next one. Yes, Murida. 
+
+379
+00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:43,990
+Thank you. Yes, please. Next one. Come.
+
+380
+00:33:47,030 --> 00:33:48,810
+U2, 3 and 4. 
+
+381
+00:33:58,900 --> 00:34:02,920
+Thank you. Cell phones. Now, just a minute. Just a
+
+382
+00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:06,020
+minute. When you write cell, what about the C? It
+
+383
+00:34:06,020 --> 00:34:09,620
+shall be what? Capital. Make it capital, please.
+
+384
+00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:16,220
+Watches. Cell. Cell. Cell. Keep the article. Zero 
+
+385
+00:34:16,220 --> 00:34:20,480
+article. Keep it. Okay. Thank you. Good. What
+
+386
+00:34:20,480 --> 00:34:25,280
+about watches? No. Okay. Next one.
+
+387
+00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:39,060
+Aha, what did you do? One key to a healthy life.
+
+388
+00:34:39,180 --> 00:34:41,540
+You are right. Thank you very much.
+
+389
+00:34:54,840 --> 00:34:59,610
+Now this is another exercise. Number eight, which 
+
+390
+00:34:59,610 --> 00:35:04,670
+sentence? In the previous exercise? Yes.
+
+391
+00:35:09,210 --> 00:35:16,470
+This one? 
+
+392
+00:35:16,830 --> 00:35:23,250
+Yes. B, zero. What? B, zero. Yes. B, zero. Yes. 
+
+393
+00:35:26,070 --> 00:35:28,370
+Thank you. This one? 
+
+394
+00:35:31,590 --> 00:35:46,290
+In the 
+
+395
+00:35:46,290 --> 00:35:46,510
+universe,
+
+396
+00:35:51,410 --> 00:35:53,410
+you are right. In the universe. 
+
+397
+00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:59,780
+Now let's come to this exercise. Is it the last
+
+398
+00:35:59,780 --> 00:36:05,180
+one? Yeah, it is the last exercise. It is what? 
+
+399
+00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:11,700
+Okay, because you know time is over. Just tell me
+
+400
+00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:13,640
+what to write. Let's start the exercise.
+
+401
+00:36:19,510 --> 00:36:25,870
+Yes, please. A new phone. Thank you. Good. Yes, 
+
+402
+00:36:25,950 --> 00:36:31,890
+please. That phone. Good. Thank you. Yes, next 
+
+403
+00:36:31,890 --> 00:36:41,450
+one. So this is what? Zero article and people use 
+
+404
+00:36:41,450 --> 00:36:45,530
+what? She's speaking. Please. Yeah, one speaker. 
+
+405
+00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:53,930
+Yeah. Plants, okay, in what
+
+406
+00:36:53,930 --> 00:37:01,810
+shall I write? Zero articles. Okay, complete. They
+
+407
+00:37:01,810 --> 00:37:08,770
+are a source of life-saving to build, okay? To 
+
+408
+00:37:08,770 --> 00:37:16,170
+build, please. Who can read this word? One, one.
+
+409
+00:37:16,810 --> 00:37:22,030
+Who's the reader? Yes, me. Houses. One house. Two
+
+410
+00:37:22,030 --> 00:37:28,410
+houses. Okay. Be careful. To make what? Paper. 
+
+411
+00:37:29,970 --> 00:37:34,010
+Okay. Thank you very much. This is enough.
+
+412
+00:37:34,110 --> 00:37:35,550
+Complete the exercise at home. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/1jIg2VzKvnI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1648 @@
+1
+00:00:20,820 --> 00:00:27,640
+Good morning to you all. How are you? I'm fine,
+
+2
+00:00:27,740 --> 00:00:30,940
+thank you. As you see, we have to smile. We have
+
+3
+00:00:30,940 --> 00:00:34,600
+to start with a smile, okay? You know, wasting
+
+4
+00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:39,420
+time makes me nervous, really. Now, quickly, let's
+
+5
+00:00:39,420 --> 00:00:42,820
+revise what we talked about last time. We talked
+
+6
+00:00:42,820 --> 00:00:49,760
+about using what? The article. Okay. How can we
+
+7
+00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:53,660
+make a generic noun? We talked about a generic
+
+8
+00:00:53,660 --> 00:00:57,680
+noun. How can we form a generic noun? As you see,
+
+9
+00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:02,220
+a banana is yellow. Banana, this is generic. And
+
+10
+00:01:02,220 --> 00:01:07,120
+bananas are yellow. So we can use what? The
+
+11
+00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:15,210
+indefinite article. A or N plus singular count
+
+12
+00:01:15,210 --> 00:01:20,530
+nouns, right? Okay. And we can use what? Zero
+
+13
+00:01:20,530 --> 00:01:28,590
+article with plural count nouns to make nouns
+
+14
+00:01:28,590 --> 00:01:35,500
+generic. Again, you know, a fruit is. Is it a
+
+15
+00:01:35,500 --> 00:01:39,020
+count or a non-count noun? Non-count. We can use
+
+16
+00:01:39,020 --> 00:01:44,800
+zero article with what? Non-count nouns. Now, we
+
+17
+00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:49,120
+have three ways for making generic nouns. What are
+
+18
+00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:51,940
+they again? Can you repeat please? What are the
+
+19
+00:01:51,940 --> 00:01:53,920
+three ways for making generic nouns?
+
+20
+00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:04,340
+Yeah, a student should study hard. Yeah. Students
+
+21
+00:02:04,340 --> 00:02:10,200
+should study hard. Okay. Yeah. That's right. Thank
+
+22
+00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:13,840
+you very much. These examples, we talked about
+
+23
+00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:24,850
+that. Now we can also use the. The. for making
+
+24
+00:02:24,850 --> 00:02:28,950
+generic nouns in three cases. Who can remind me
+
+25
+00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:35,370
+with that? We can use that with the noun, with
+
+26
+00:02:35,370 --> 00:02:39,630
+generic nouns, with generic nouns. Yes. Very good.
+
+27
+00:02:39,930 --> 00:02:43,270
+The whale, the elephant, the lion. Thank you very
+
+28
+00:02:43,270 --> 00:02:47,110
+much. Yeah. Instruments, the piano. Good. Thank
+
+29
+00:02:47,110 --> 00:02:51,590
+you. And And inventions, the telephone, that's
+
+30
+00:02:51,590 --> 00:02:55,370
+right. The telephone, who invented the telephone?
+
+31
+00:02:56,390 --> 00:02:59,690
+The telephone has become very important in our
+
+32
+00:02:59,690 --> 00:03:03,190
+life. The telephone here is what? A generic noun.
+
+33
+00:03:03,650 --> 00:03:07,230
+So we can use the with these three types of nouns.
+
+34
+00:03:10,770 --> 00:03:17,800
+We can use a. Or some with indefinite nouns. When
+
+35
+00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:24,540
+you say, I ate a banana. I ate a banana. A banana
+
+36
+00:03:24,540 --> 00:03:28,300
+here what? Is it definite or indefinite? It is
+
+37
+00:03:28,300 --> 00:03:31,900
+indefinite. Okay. Now when I say, thank you for
+
+38
+00:03:31,900 --> 00:03:35,890
+the banana. Thank you for the book. This is
+
+39
+00:03:35,890 --> 00:03:40,030
+definite, but in this sentence, a is used with a
+
+40
+00:03:40,030 --> 00:03:46,070
+singular count to make an indefinite noun. Also,
+
+41
+00:03:46,210 --> 00:03:51,370
+you can use some with plural count and with what?
+
+42
+00:03:51,550 --> 00:03:56,910
+Non-count nouns. Good. Now, when you say thank you
+
+43
+00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:00,510
+for the banana, The banana in this sentence is
+
+44
+00:04:00,510 --> 00:04:04,890
+what? Definite. Okay. And thank you for the
+
+45
+00:04:04,890 --> 00:04:09,330
+bananas. It is definite. So we can use that with
+
+46
+00:04:09,330 --> 00:04:15,070
+singular count and plural count nouns and with non
+
+47
+00:04:15,070 --> 00:04:18,490
+-count nouns. Thank you for the fruit. So we can
+
+48
+00:04:18,490 --> 00:04:21,370
+use it for all types of nouns, singular count,
+
+49
+00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:26,210
+plural count and with non-count nouns. This is an
+
+50
+00:04:26,210 --> 00:04:33,380
+exercise. Shall we start the exercise? We did it?
+
+51
+00:04:33,820 --> 00:04:38,920
+All of it? Up to seven.
+
+52
+00:04:44,930 --> 00:04:49,250
+Complete the exercise, Tom, since we did. I think
+
+53
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:52,050
+I asked you to complete it, Tom. Right? Check your
+
+54
+00:04:52,050 --> 00:04:54,830
+answers. Let's look at another exercise. Now,
+
+55
+00:04:55,570 --> 00:05:00,130
+complete the sentences with a, an, or some. A, an,
+
+56
+00:05:00,210 --> 00:05:03,790
+or some. Just can you remind me, when do we use a,
+
+57
+00:05:04,510 --> 00:05:06,050
+an, and some?
+
+58
+00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:14,460
+Yes, words start with a vowel. Thank you. Singular
+
+59
+00:05:14,460 --> 00:05:18,680
+count nouns that start with a vowel. Good. And the
+
+60
+00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:22,720
+other count nouns should be preceded by a. Good.
+
+61
+00:05:23,220 --> 00:05:27,280
+And some is used with what? With non-count and?
+
+62
+00:05:28,540 --> 00:05:32,040
+Plural count. Plural count. Thank you. Now, tell
+
+63
+00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:35,260
+me quickly, what shall I write here? Yes, please.
+
+64
+00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:39,760
+I had an accident. I had an accident. Good. Number
+
+65
+00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:43,500
+six. Yes, please. I have some homework to do. Some
+
+66
+00:05:43,500 --> 00:05:47,500
+homework. Good. Some homework. There is. Yes,
+
+67
+00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:51,740
+please. There is a table. Good. There is a table.
+
+68
+00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:55,000
+Yes, please. Thank you. There is some literature
+
+69
+00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:59,830
+available. There is some. Thank you. Good. Yes,
+
+70
+00:06:00,150 --> 00:06:04,290
+next one. There are chairs. There are what? Some
+
+71
+00:06:04,290 --> 00:06:08,590
+chairs. Please don't give a group answer. I want
+
+72
+00:06:08,590 --> 00:06:12,150
+one speaker. Yes, please. My father gave me
+
+73
+00:06:12,150 --> 00:06:16,270
+advice. My father gave me... Just a minute. Wait,
+
+74
+00:06:16,530 --> 00:06:20,250
+wait, wait. Now advice.
+
+75
+00:06:25,010 --> 00:06:29,620
+Is this a count or an uncount noun? Non-count
+
+76
+00:06:29,620 --> 00:06:34,500
+noun. Okay. So because it is a non-count, I cannot
+
+77
+00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:39,920
+say advice. This is not accepted. This is not
+
+78
+00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:43,820
+okay. And this is not English. Okay. Also, I
+
+79
+00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:48,960
+cannot say what? Advices. Also, this is not
+
+80
+00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:55,040
+accepted. Right? So never use S at the end of this
+
+81
+00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:59,320
+word or never started with N. Okay. So what shall
+
+82
+00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:05,080
+I say? Okay. Some advice. Good. Some advice.
+
+83
+00:07:10,140 --> 00:07:12,900
+You are right. You can say, if you want to show
+
+84
+00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:16,580
+the number, he gave me a good piece of advice, two
+
+85
+00:07:16,580 --> 00:07:20,580
+pieces of advice, a good piece of news and so on.
+
+86
+00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:26,510
+But what? Ah, this, in this equation, we need
+
+87
+00:07:26,510 --> 00:07:28,610
+some. You are right, because you know, he wants me
+
+88
+00:07:28,610 --> 00:07:33,990
+to use A and R. Thank you. This is enough.
+
+89
+00:07:34,110 --> 00:07:37,050
+Complete the exercise at home, and you have the
+
+90
+00:07:37,050 --> 00:07:39,910
+answers you can check. Now, we want to look at
+
+91
+00:07:39,910 --> 00:07:40,730
+this exercise.
+
+92
+00:07:47,510 --> 00:07:51,390
+Look at this exercise. Yes, Lama? Correct the
+
+93
+00:07:51,390 --> 00:07:53,590
+error. Oh, look at what?
+
+94
+00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:58,830
+Okay. Look at the moon. Very good. Look at the
+
+95
+00:07:58,830 --> 00:08:02,550
+moon. It's beautiful tonight. Now, why did we use
+
+96
+00:08:02,550 --> 00:08:05,430
+the with moon?
+
+97
+00:08:08,290 --> 00:08:11,690
+The moon is? Who's the speaker? Please. I want one
+
+98
+00:08:11,690 --> 00:08:17,990
+speaker. Yes. Complete your answer. It's defined.
+
+99
+00:08:18,230 --> 00:08:23,700
+Thank you. Good. Yes. There is only one, okay? It
+
+100
+00:08:23,700 --> 00:08:27,420
+is unique. There is only one. How many moons do we
+
+101
+00:08:27,420 --> 00:08:31,960
+have? How many suns? How many kings? How many
+
+102
+00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:40,580
+governments? One, yes. And so on. So again, look
+
+103
+00:08:40,580 --> 00:08:43,120
+at the moon. It is beautiful. Thank you very much.
+
+104
+00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:44,220
+Yes, please.
+
+105
+00:08:54,110 --> 00:08:58,110
+Thank you very much. Good. In this sentence. Look,
+
+106
+00:08:58,430 --> 00:09:02,310
+I saw a cat. Cat is first mentioned. We use a
+
+107
+00:09:02,310 --> 00:09:07,450
+indefinite article. Bird is first mentioned. Okay?
+
+108
+00:09:07,770 --> 00:09:12,170
+Now, cat is second mentioned, repeated. So I say
+
+109
+00:09:12,170 --> 00:09:17,110
+what? The. And remember, we need a small letter
+
+110
+00:09:17,110 --> 00:09:22,110
+after cat. Was trying to catch the bird. The bird
+
+111
+00:09:22,110 --> 00:09:27,580
+is second mentioned. But it didn't succeed. Yeah,
+
+112
+00:09:27,740 --> 00:09:35,200
+the? The bird. Good, thank you. Next one, Yasmin.
+
+113
+00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:40,860
+The birds have the wings, many insects have wings.
+
+114
+00:09:41,180 --> 00:09:44,500
+The birds have wings, many insects have the wings.
+
+115
+00:09:44,740 --> 00:09:49,760
+Okay, so birds have, we start with capital, have
+
+116
+00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:56,810
+wings, many insects have The wings or wings?
+
+117
+00:09:57,630 --> 00:10:01,490
+Wings. No need. Okay. Wings. This is a generic
+
+118
+00:10:01,490 --> 00:10:05,650
+noun. Yes, Marwa? We all look for happiness.
+
+119
+00:10:05,990 --> 00:10:12,590
+Happiness. Very good. Yeah. And finally, I have a
+
+120
+00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:19,530
+book. Good. Look, I have a book. The noun should
+
+121
+00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:24,030
+be preceded by an article. Give me the book. I
+
+122
+00:10:24,030 --> 00:10:30,230
+have a book. Or, give me your book. Give me this
+
+123
+00:10:30,230 --> 00:10:34,150
+book. Give me my book. Give me his book. But never
+
+124
+00:10:34,150 --> 00:10:38,110
+say, give me book. I have book. No. So we should
+
+125
+00:10:38,110 --> 00:10:41,230
+precede the noun by an article, by a pronoun, or
+
+126
+00:10:41,230 --> 00:10:48,690
+by what also? A pronoun. This, that, and so on.
+
+127
+00:10:51,570 --> 00:10:52,430
+Now look.
+
+128
+00:11:05,670 --> 00:11:10,050
+The sun is
+
+129
+00:11:10,050 --> 00:11:15,270
+bright today. Please hand this book to the
+
+130
+00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:21,490
+teacher. Please open the door. Omar is in the
+
+131
+00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:28,050
+kitchen. Now, when I ask you, open the window.
+
+132
+00:11:29,670 --> 00:11:35,750
+Now, which window is she thinking of? Which thing?
+
+133
+00:11:35,870 --> 00:11:40,670
+Which window? This window. Okay. This window. When
+
+134
+00:11:40,670 --> 00:11:45,070
+I tell you that your exam, the exam will be from
+
+135
+00:11:45,070 --> 00:11:49,670
+one to two, which exam I'm talking about? Grammar
+
+136
+00:11:49,670 --> 00:11:54,630
+exam. Good. So when the speakerand the listener
+
+137
+00:11:54,630 --> 00:11:57,650
+are thinking of the same thing, we use what? That.
+
+138
+00:11:58,510 --> 00:12:01,210
+When I tell you the exam will be from one to two,
+
+139
+00:12:01,330 --> 00:12:04,790
+you don't think of the Arabic exam, for example.
+
+140
+00:12:05,230 --> 00:12:08,590
+You don't think of the linguistics exam. You think
+
+141
+00:12:08,590 --> 00:12:12,310
+of what? The grammar exam. I'm talking about, I
+
+142
+00:12:12,310 --> 00:12:14,890
+know that you are talking about, you are thinking
+
+143
+00:12:14,890 --> 00:12:20,350
+of the grammar exam. So When the listener and the
+
+144
+00:12:20,350 --> 00:12:26,650
+speaker are thinking of the same thing, we use
+
+145
+00:12:26,650 --> 00:12:33,090
+that. So, in this sentence, I say, Omar is in the
+
+146
+00:12:33,090 --> 00:12:35,930
+kitchen. Now, we are in the house. Where is Omar?
+
+147
+00:12:36,150 --> 00:12:38,850
+Where is Fatima? She is in the kitchen. Which
+
+148
+00:12:38,850 --> 00:12:43,100
+kitchen? Our kitchen in the house, okay? Our
+
+149
+00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:45,920
+kitchen in the house. Please open the door. Which
+
+150
+00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:49,100
+door? Which window? This window or this door,
+
+151
+00:12:49,180 --> 00:12:53,380
+okay? Now give this book to the teacher. Which
+
+152
+00:12:53,380 --> 00:12:55,640
+teacher? This is a grammar book. I give it to you.
+
+153
+00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:58,160
+Give this book to the teacher. Which teacher?
+
+154
+00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,460
+Grammar teacher and so on. Now, again.
+
+155
+00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:09,620
+The listener is familiar with and thinking about
+
+156
+00:13:09,620 --> 00:13:13,100
+the same specific thing. The speaker and the
+
+157
+00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:16,340
+listener are thinking of the same specific thing.
+
+158
+00:13:16,820 --> 00:13:21,420
+Now, look at this story. Who wants to read the
+
+159
+00:13:21,420 --> 00:13:27,550
+story? Yes, Suhail. The dogs were chasing a cat.
+
+160
+00:13:29,510 --> 00:13:33,750
+Chasing? Yes, chasing a cat. The cat was chasing a
+
+161
+00:13:33,750 --> 00:13:36,910
+mouse. The mouse ran into a hole. The hole was
+
+162
+00:13:36,910 --> 00:13:40,830
+very small. Thank you. A good story. Yes. Right?
+
+163
+00:13:41,090 --> 00:13:47,210
+Now listen. What happened? I saw some dogs. Some
+
+164
+00:13:47,210 --> 00:13:51,610
+dogs. Yes. Okay? This is a plural count. The dog
+
+165
+00:13:52,530 --> 00:13:56,350
+Where are the dogs were chasing? I'm talking about
+
+166
+00:13:56,350 --> 00:13:59,710
+what? Now dogs, this is what first mentioned.
+
+167
+00:14:00,450 --> 00:14:04,530
+Second mentioned, we use them. Now we are thinking
+
+168
+00:14:04,530 --> 00:14:08,350
+about the same dogs, the same group. We're chasing
+
+169
+00:14:08,350 --> 00:14:11,930
+a cat. A cat, this is first mentioned. First
+
+170
+00:14:11,930 --> 00:14:15,870
+mentioned. The cat was chasing a mouse. The cat,
+
+171
+00:14:15,990 --> 00:14:19,430
+second mentioned. A mouse, first mentioned. Second
+
+172
+00:14:19,430 --> 00:14:22,890
+mentioned that. A hole, first mentioned. The hole,
+
+173
+00:14:23,070 --> 00:14:28,300
+second mentioned, and so on. So, when a noun is
+
+174
+00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:31,240
+first mentioned, we use the indefinite article, a
+
+175
+00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:35,780
+or at. When it is second mentioned, we use what?
+
+176
+00:14:36,620 --> 00:14:44,740
+We use that. But if I ask you, the dogs, the cat,
+
+177
+00:14:45,780 --> 00:14:52,220
+is it a definite or a generic noun? Now, I'm
+
+178
+00:14:52,220 --> 00:14:54,500
+talking about this sentence again. Look at the
+
+179
+00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:58,880
+sentence. The cat. Is it definite? Yes, who is the
+
+180
+00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:03,460
+speaker? Yeah? Definite. Yeah, that's right. We
+
+181
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:07,200
+are talking about a certain. This cat, these dogs,
+
+182
+00:15:07,360 --> 00:15:11,160
+okay? This whole, right? So, the noun is definite.
+
+183
+00:15:12,060 --> 00:15:15,900
+So, when we are dealing with definite nouns,
+
+184
+00:15:18,460 --> 00:15:22,780
+We start by the indefinite article, but when the
+
+185
+00:15:22,780 --> 00:15:25,880
+noun is second mentioned, we use what? The. As you
+
+186
+00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:35,300
+see. Now look at this example. What color is
+
+187
+00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:37,060
+a banana?
+
+188
+00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:44,760
+The. A banana.
+
+189
+00:15:47,210 --> 00:15:53,490
+This is yellow. Please raise your hands. What
+
+190
+00:15:53,490 --> 00:15:57,650
+color is a banana? Banana is first mentioned. We
+
+191
+00:15:57,650 --> 00:16:02,130
+used what? And this is second mentioned. What
+
+192
+00:16:02,130 --> 00:16:09,900
+shall I say? The banana. Now? According, listen.
+
+193
+00:16:10,760 --> 00:16:14,700
+According to what we said before, if the noun is
+
+194
+00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:20,200
+second mentioned and the noun is definite, we use
+
+195
+00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:24,740
+what? The. Now is banana a definite noun here in
+
+196
+00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:28,800
+this sentence or generic? She can answer. I'm
+
+197
+00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:34,910
+asking you. Is it a definite? Your name is? Salwa,
+
+198
+00:16:35,130 --> 00:16:39,990
+is this a generic or a definite noun? Generic.
+
+199
+00:16:40,070 --> 00:16:43,050
+Very good. So in this sentence, banana is a
+
+200
+00:16:43,050 --> 00:16:48,390
+generic noun. In generic nouns, even if the noun
+
+201
+00:16:48,390 --> 00:16:53,170
+is repeated, don't use that. Don't use that, okay?
+
+202
+00:16:53,590 --> 00:16:56,930
+Now, we use that because this is a definite noun.
+
+203
+00:16:57,630 --> 00:17:00,910
+But this is indefinite because it is generic.
+
+204
+00:17:01,090 --> 00:17:03,770
+Sorry, it is generic noun. We don't say the
+
+205
+00:17:03,770 --> 00:17:07,630
+banana. It is second mentioned, we say a banana is
+
+206
+00:17:07,630 --> 00:17:10,810
+yellow. What color is a banana? A banana is
+
+207
+00:17:10,810 --> 00:17:14,270
+yellow. This is generic, but with definite, you
+
+208
+00:17:14,270 --> 00:17:16,710
+can use it. Is that clear? Okay.
+
+209
+00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:29,190
+We talked about this point, right? Now look at
+
+210
+00:17:29,190 --> 00:17:32,270
+this sentence. Who wants to read? Yes, Maryam?
+
+211
+00:17:36,290 --> 00:17:41,990
+Okay, the banana is definite, right? The banana.
+
+212
+00:17:42,090 --> 00:17:44,810
+But in the first one, what color is the banana?
+
+213
+00:17:45,850 --> 00:17:49,530
+This is generic. A banana is yellow. We don't say
+
+214
+00:17:49,530 --> 00:17:55,720
+the banana is yellow, okay? Now look. Apples are
+
+215
+00:17:55,720 --> 00:18:01,740
+my favorite fruit. Apples, okay? This is generic.
+
+216
+00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:07,220
+Generic, count nouns. Generic, count nouns. Don't
+
+217
+00:18:07,220 --> 00:18:11,540
+say the apples. Don't say the apples are my
+
+218
+00:18:11,540 --> 00:18:18,560
+favorite, okay? Are my favorite fruit. Gold is a
+
+219
+00:18:18,560 --> 00:18:23,820
+metal, okay? Now, that gold. Don't say the gold.
+
+220
+00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:28,440
+This is a non-count noun. Now, don't use that with
+
+221
+00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:31,180
+a plural count noun or non-count when you are
+
+222
+00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:37,720
+making what? Generalization. So, we use that when
+
+223
+00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:43,510
+we are talking about what? Singular, count nouns.
+
+224
+00:18:43,910 --> 00:18:48,170
+Okay? But, if you want to make generalizations,
+
+225
+00:18:48,510 --> 00:18:51,910
+generic nouns, you remember in the previous
+
+226
+00:18:51,910 --> 00:18:56,930
+sentence, we said, the dogs. The dogs. In the
+
+227
+00:18:56,930 --> 00:18:59,350
+previous sentence, in this sentence, look, let's
+
+228
+00:18:59,350 --> 00:18:59,950
+back again.
+
+229
+00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:06,680
+Yeah, the dogs. Is it a generic or a definite
+
+230
+00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:11,000
+noun? This is definite, not generic. It is
+
+231
+00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,300
+definite, not generic. So we use that. But if it
+
+232
+00:19:14,300 --> 00:19:21,260
+is a generic noun, we cannot use that. Now, what
+
+233
+00:19:21,260 --> 00:19:25,200
+shall I say? I am afraid of dogs or I'm afraid of
+
+234
+00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,840
+the dogs. Raise your hands, please. I'm afraid of
+
+235
+00:19:28,840 --> 00:19:34,620
+dogs or I'm afraid of the dogs. Yes, of dogs? In
+
+236
+00:19:34,620 --> 00:19:38,980
+general, okay. I'm afraid of dogs in general, but
+
+237
+00:19:38,980 --> 00:19:44,180
+in this sentence, it is what? Definite. Okay, so
+
+238
+00:19:44,180 --> 00:19:50,080
+with plural count, generic nouns, and with non
+
+239
+00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:53,300
+-count generic nouns, we don't use what? Good.
+
+240
+00:19:55,440 --> 00:20:02,600
+Look at this sentence. Who can read? Yes Khadija.
+
+241
+00:20:02,860 --> 00:20:07,020
+I drove a car. I drove the car. I drove that car.
+
+242
+00:20:07,160 --> 00:20:10,120
+I drove his car. Thank you. So this is a noun,
+
+243
+00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,940
+car. Car can be preceded by definite article.
+
+244
+00:20:15,290 --> 00:20:19,370
+Okay? By indefinite article or definite article.
+
+245
+00:20:19,530 --> 00:20:24,810
+By a or by that. It can also be preceded by that,
+
+246
+00:20:25,050 --> 00:20:29,370
+this, okay? And so on. It can also be preceded by
+
+247
+00:20:29,370 --> 00:20:33,310
+this. That's right. So, but don't say I drove car.
+
+248
+00:20:33,690 --> 00:20:37,690
+Don't say I ate apple. Don't say I bought jacket.
+
+249
+00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:46,430
+Okay? I bought a jacket. I ate an apple. I read a
+
+250
+00:20:46,430 --> 00:20:51,650
+story. And so on. So it should be preceded by one
+
+251
+00:20:51,650 --> 00:20:55,010
+of these. This is an exercise.
+
+252
+00:20:57,390 --> 00:21:02,470
+Complete the dialogue with A and Or The.
+
+253
+00:21:03,890 --> 00:21:12,170
+Capitalize as necessary. Can you
+
+254
+00:21:12,170 --> 00:21:16,030
+just tell me when do we use a, when do we use an,
+
+255
+00:21:16,150 --> 00:21:19,050
+and when do we use the? Before we start.
+
+256
+00:21:22,650 --> 00:21:25,810
+Yes please.
+
+257
+00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:34,220
+Generic noun. A singular, count, generic. Right?
+
+258
+00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:39,220
+Good. And it's the same. Singular, count, generic.
+
+259
+00:21:39,380 --> 00:21:42,660
+But generic, what starts with a vowel? And what
+
+260
+00:21:42,660 --> 00:21:43,280
+about the?
+
+261
+00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:52,360
+Okay, definitely. Second mention. Thank you. Now,
+
+262
+00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:54,700
+who wants to do number one? Come please, Dama.
+
+263
+00:22:02,390 --> 00:22:05,130
+You'd better have a good reason for being there.
+
+264
+00:22:05,670 --> 00:22:05,930
+Okay.
+
+265
+00:22:10,590 --> 00:22:20,030
+Thank you. Next one. Did you
+
+266
+00:22:20,030 --> 00:22:22,750
+think the reason Magia for being there was
+
+267
+00:22:22,750 --> 00:22:29,070
+acceptable? Thank you. The reason.
+
+268
+00:22:29,250 --> 00:22:32,550
+We are talking about... Yeah. The reason, definite
+
+269
+00:22:32,550 --> 00:22:33,810
+reason. Thank you. Come.
+
+270
+00:22:38,050 --> 00:22:41,510
+What is my blue shirt?
+
+271
+00:22:45,930 --> 00:22:50,010
+The washing
+
+272
+00:22:50,010 --> 00:22:53,930
+machine. Thank you. Yes, please. A different
+
+273
+00:22:53,930 --> 00:22:58,590
+shirt. Write it. Come, please. And complete. Thank
+
+274
+00:22:58,590 --> 00:23:03,750
+you. You are right. I wish we had a washing
+
+275
+00:23:03,750 --> 00:23:04,370
+machine.
+
+276
+00:23:16,830 --> 00:23:18,590
+Okay, number seven.
+
+277
+00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:25,850
+Yes please,
+
+278
+00:23:26,030 --> 00:23:26,250
+come.
+
+279
+00:23:34,870 --> 00:23:37,090
+Clean the board, then write. Clean.
+
+280
+00:23:51,110 --> 00:23:55,810
+Hallway. Thank you. Good. The last one. The last
+
+281
+00:23:55,810 --> 00:24:00,390
+one. Yes, please. Come. But why did you write it
+
+282
+00:24:00,390 --> 00:24:06,960
+capital? Salwa. Why did you write capital that? It
+
+283
+00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:17,880
+should be small Okay,
+
+284
+00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:21,480
+please just a minute clean it again clean it
+
+285
+00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:25,400
+again, please When
+
+286
+00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:28,970
+you write that When you write English, your hand
+
+287
+00:24:28,970 --> 00:24:33,430
+should always move from left to right. Never go
+
+288
+00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:36,390
+from right to left. So write it again, please. And
+
+289
+00:24:36,390 --> 00:24:39,330
+be careful. Your hand should move from left to
+
+290
+00:24:39,330 --> 00:24:45,270
+right. Go on. The? No, no. Look. The? How did you
+
+291
+00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:48,190
+make the dash for the T? From right to left,
+
+292
+00:24:48,330 --> 00:24:49,930
+right? The.
+
+293
+00:24:54,330 --> 00:24:57,410
+Now give me the pen, please. Look, that should be
+
+294
+00:24:57,410 --> 00:25:02,550
+written like that. Okay, take the pen.
+
+295
+00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:07,630
+Now, now again.
+
+296
+00:25:10,570 --> 00:25:11,850
+This is very important.
+
+297
+00:25:15,430 --> 00:25:19,970
+Now look at, okay. Okay.
+
+298
+00:25:23,270 --> 00:25:25,890
+Okay, write the other one. Write the other one.
+
+299
+00:25:26,730 --> 00:25:30,550
+Okay, write this one, please. The. The radiator.
+
+300
+00:25:32,290 --> 00:25:34,690
+Okay, good. But this should be capital, right?
+
+301
+00:25:34,830 --> 00:25:40,030
+Because we start with a capital. Okay. Thank you
+
+302
+00:25:40,030 --> 00:25:42,910
+very much. Thank you very much. Okay? Sorry for
+
+303
+00:25:42,910 --> 00:25:46,690
+disturbing you. Now listen, one day you'll be a
+
+304
+00:25:46,690 --> 00:25:49,830
+teacher. You'll stand in front of about 50
+
+305
+00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:53,530
+children, and your children imitate you. This is
+
+306
+00:25:53,530 --> 00:25:57,430
+very dangerous. Okay? Your children imitate you.
+
+307
+00:25:58,130 --> 00:26:02,290
+So, always you should be very sharp with yourself.
+
+308
+00:26:03,150 --> 00:26:06,910
+Watch yourself. Okay? Never move your hand from
+
+309
+00:26:06,910 --> 00:26:09,830
+right to left when writing English. Go on, please.
+
+310
+00:26:10,470 --> 00:26:11,870
+A leak. Okay?
+
+311
+00:26:14,930 --> 00:26:22,430
+Is it a wind? What about this? Do you agree with
+
+312
+00:26:22,430 --> 00:26:25,670
+the answer? This is that.
+
+313
+00:26:35,170 --> 00:26:38,210
+Clean it. Clean it all. Thank you. Complete the
+
+314
+00:26:38,210 --> 00:26:42,170
+exercise at home. Look at this exercise.
+
+315
+00:26:52,690 --> 00:26:56,970
+Complete the sentences with A and or zero article.
+
+316
+00:26:57,230 --> 00:27:00,910
+Capitalize as necessary. Yes please, come. Lucy
+
+317
+00:27:00,910 --> 00:27:02,030
+likes to clean hands.
+
+318
+00:27:09,910 --> 00:27:13,990
+Hats. Zero article. This is a generic noun. Good.
+
+319
+00:27:14,710 --> 00:27:19,990
+Thank you. Next one. Yes, please. Come, please.
+
+320
+00:27:26,590 --> 00:27:32,170
+What did you write? Is it the hat or a hat? Now,
+
+321
+00:27:32,410 --> 00:27:35,250
+do we say the banana is yellow or a banana is
+
+322
+00:27:35,250 --> 00:27:39,620
+yellow? A banana. This is a generic noun. Okay.
+
+323
+00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:43,080
+Yeah, a hat is an article.
+
+324
+00:27:46,140 --> 00:27:47,460
+Thank you. Come, please.
+
+325
+00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:05,650
+R Look, this is a plural. Articles. This is a
+
+326
+00:28:05,650 --> 00:28:09,470
+plural. Can we use and with a plural noun? No, so
+
+327
+00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:12,270
+what shall I use? Zero articles.
+
+328
+00:28:15,050 --> 00:28:21,610
+Zero articles. Okay. Thank you. Yes, come again
+
+329
+00:28:21,610 --> 00:28:21,970
+please.
+
+330
+00:28:30,130 --> 00:28:32,250
+Good. The brown hat.
+
+331
+00:28:35,450 --> 00:28:40,030
+Thank you. Thank you very much. Good.
+
+332
+00:28:49,130 --> 00:28:50,090
+In life.
+
+333
+00:29:02,210 --> 00:29:07,630
+Okay, thank you. Good. Next one. Next one. What
+
+334
+00:29:07,630 --> 00:29:10,850
+about the others? Yes, Lama. Come.
+
+335
+00:29:18,090 --> 00:29:22,170
+The life. Now, thank you very much. Good. Now, who
+
+336
+00:29:22,170 --> 00:29:27,490
+can explain why life in number eight and the life
+
+337
+00:29:27,490 --> 00:29:32,570
+in number nine? Yes, please. Now, this is generic
+
+338
+00:29:32,570 --> 00:29:37,070
+in life, but in the other sentence, it's definite,
+
+339
+00:29:37,270 --> 00:29:41,030
+the life of this person. Good, thank you. And
+
+340
+00:29:41,030 --> 00:29:42,650
+finally, yes, Noor?
+
+341
+00:29:49,190 --> 00:29:52,550
+The Brooklyn Express was designed by an engineer.
+
+342
+00:29:52,630 --> 00:29:59,470
+By an engineer. Yes. Good. Yes. Yes, please. The
+
+343
+00:29:59,470 --> 00:30:04,150
+last one. The name of the engineer. The name of
+
+344
+00:30:04,150 --> 00:30:09,050
+the engineer. Write it. The name of the engineer.
+
+345
+00:30:14,950 --> 00:30:23,240
+Now, just a minute. Okay. An engineer who designed
+
+346
+00:30:23,240 --> 00:30:27,680
+from which one?
+
+347
+00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:33,600
+It is an okay. Just a minute. Who's the speaker?
+
+348
+00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:38,760
+Please don't talk like that. We agree that we want
+
+349
+00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:42,880
+one speaker. Yes, who is the speaker? What would
+
+350
+00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:45,440
+you like to say? Thank you very much. Thank you.
+
+351
+00:30:45,540 --> 00:30:50,140
+Sit down. I think we should use an engineer.
+
+352
+00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:58,320
+This one here? Yes. Why? Now, now look, now the
+
+353
+00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:02,700
+engineer who designed, am I talking about, aha,
+
+354
+00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:05,580
+look at this, an engineer, engineer, this is
+
+355
+00:31:05,580 --> 00:31:08,440
+generic, can be any engineer, but in the other
+
+356
+00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:12,220
+sentence, yeah, it is definite, I'm talking about
+
+357
+00:31:12,220 --> 00:31:16,220
+a definite engineer. Is the engineer who? Yes
+
+358
+00:31:16,220 --> 00:31:16,620
+Najwa?
+
+359
+00:31:20,540 --> 00:31:25,290
+It's the name. Why a name, not a name? Why a name,
+
+360
+00:31:25,390 --> 00:31:25,950
+not the name?
+
+361
+00:31:29,090 --> 00:31:32,870
+Again, is it now generic or definite?
+
+362
+00:31:38,570 --> 00:31:48,530
+Now listen, when I say Fatima is a name preferred
+
+363
+00:31:48,530 --> 00:31:55,020
+for girls. is a name for girls is a name this is
+
+364
+00:31:55,020 --> 00:31:59,640
+generic Fatima okay but now is the name of in this
+
+365
+00:31:59,640 --> 00:32:04,080
+sentence we are talking about a definite name for
+
+366
+00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:11,080
+a definite person it is definite is that okay she
+
+367
+00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:11,980
+cannot say yes
+
+368
+00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:22,120
+Now, let's come another exercise. We, yes,
+
+369
+00:32:22,260 --> 00:32:25,620
+complete with A, N, or Zero article. It's the same
+
+370
+00:32:25,620 --> 00:32:29,480
+idea. The same idea. Just we want to do some of
+
+371
+00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:33,880
+the exercise. Come here, Sahar.
+
+372
+00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:37,760
+Cell.
+
+373
+00:32:42,090 --> 00:32:45,370
+ah just a minute just a minute there is a mistake
+
+374
+00:32:45,370 --> 00:32:49,870
+okay just a minute okay clean clean everything
+
+375
+00:32:49,870 --> 00:32:57,790
+clean everything just
+
+376
+00:32:57,790 --> 00:32:59,530
+a minute let me do it please
+
+377
+00:33:16,270 --> 00:33:20,270
+Okay, you write your answer. A cellphone. A
+
+378
+00:33:20,270 --> 00:33:24,630
+cellphone, thank you. Good. Next one. Yes, Murida.
+
+379
+00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:43,990
+Thank you. Yes, please. Next one. Come.
+
+380
+00:33:47,030 --> 00:33:48,810
+U2, 3 and 4.
+
+381
+00:33:58,900 --> 00:34:02,920
+Thank you. Cell phones. Now, just a minute. Just a
+
+382
+00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:06,020
+minute. When you write cell, what about the C? It
+
+383
+00:34:06,020 --> 00:34:09,620
+shall be what? Capital. Make it capital, please.
+
+384
+00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:16,220
+Watches. Cell. Cell. Cell. Keep the article. Zero
+
+385
+00:34:16,220 --> 00:34:20,480
+article. Keep it. Okay. Thank you. Good. What
+
+386
+00:34:20,480 --> 00:34:25,280
+about watches? No. Okay. Next one.
+
+387
+00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:39,060
+Aha, what did you do? One key to a healthy life.
+
+388
+00:34:39,180 --> 00:34:41,540
+You are right. Thank you very much.
+
+389
+00:34:54,840 --> 00:34:59,610
+Now this is another exercise. Number eight, which
+
+390
+00:34:59,610 --> 00:35:04,670
+sentence? In the previous exercise? Yes.
+
+391
+00:35:09,210 --> 00:35:16,470
+This one?
+
+392
+00:35:16,830 --> 00:35:23,250
+Yes. B, zero. What? B, zero. Yes. B, zero. Yes.
+
+393
+00:35:26,070 --> 00:35:28,370
+Thank you. This one?
+
+394
+00:35:31,590 --> 00:35:46,290
+In the
+
+395
+00:35:46,290 --> 00:35:46,510
+universe,
+
+396
+00:35:51,410 --> 00:35:53,410
+you are right. In the universe.
+
+397
+00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:59,780
+Now let's come to this exercise. Is it the last
+
+398
+00:35:59,780 --> 00:36:05,180
+one? Yeah, it is the last exercise. It is what?
+
+399
+00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:11,700
+Okay, because you know time is over. Just tell me
+
+400
+00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:13,640
+what to write. Let's start the exercise.
+
+401
+00:36:19,510 --> 00:36:25,870
+Yes, please. A new phone. Thank you. Good. Yes,
+
+402
+00:36:25,950 --> 00:36:31,890
+please. That phone. Good. Thank you. Yes, next
+
+403
+00:36:31,890 --> 00:36:41,450
+one. So this is what? Zero article and people use
+
+404
+00:36:41,450 --> 00:36:45,530
+what? She's speaking. Please. Yeah, one speaker.
+
+405
+00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:53,930
+Yeah. Plants, okay, in what
+
+406
+00:36:53,930 --> 00:37:01,810
+shall I write? Zero articles. Okay, complete. They
+
+407
+00:37:01,810 --> 00:37:08,770
+are a source of life-saving to build, okay? To
+
+408
+00:37:08,770 --> 00:37:16,170
+build, please. Who can read this word? One, one.
+
+409
+00:37:16,810 --> 00:37:22,030
+Who's the reader? Yes, me. Houses. One house. Two
+
+410
+00:37:22,030 --> 00:37:28,410
+houses. Okay. Be careful. To make what? Paper.
+
+411
+00:37:29,970 --> 00:37:34,010
+Okay. Thank you very much. This is enough.
+
+412
+00:37:34,110 --> 00:37:35,550
+Complete the exercise at home.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/2w2N8Ojjp24.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1528 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:25,760
+Assalamualaikum. Good morning to you all. Let's
+
+2
+00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:28,280
+start with a smile since you finished your exams.
+
+3
+00:00:28,960 --> 00:00:33,960
+So smile to each other. Okay. We started talking
+
+4
+00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:39,340
+about pronouns. We had some exercises. I'm afraid 
+
+5
+00:00:39,340 --> 00:00:44,020
+everything has gone with the exams. Let's revise
+
+6
+00:00:44,020 --> 00:00:47,870
+quickly the personal pronouns. The personal
+
+7
+00:00:47,870 --> 00:00:50,330
+pronouns. Now, what would you say about the first
+
+8
+00:00:50,330 --> 00:00:54,170
+group? Yes, read and say. Yeah, Hanin. Subject
+
+9
+00:00:54,170 --> 00:00:58,050
+pronouns. Singular. I, you, she, he, it. What does
+
+10
+00:00:58,050 --> 00:00:59,370
+it mean subject pronouns?
+
+11
+00:01:02,530 --> 00:01:05,690
+No, don't translate. I mean, what do you know
+
+12
+00:01:05,690 --> 00:01:13,250
+about these pronouns? Go on,
+
+13
+00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:17,750
+go on. Go on. You mean they are used as the
+
+14
+00:01:17,750 --> 00:01:21,550
+subject of the sentence. Or they refer to the
+
+15
+00:01:21,550 --> 00:01:25,770
+subject. Good. They refer to the subject or they
+
+16
+00:01:25,770 --> 00:01:29,050
+are used as the subject. This group is singular 
+
+17
+00:01:29,050 --> 00:01:33,490
+and this group is plural. Thank you. Yeah. Sorry?
+
+18
+00:01:34,010 --> 00:01:37,550
+I know. I know. But just we, I want to remind you
+
+19
+00:01:37,550 --> 00:01:41,670
+because we need it in some exercises now. Yeah.
+
+20
+00:01:42,210 --> 00:01:45,490
+Would you tell me about the other group? Yes,
+
+21
+00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:51,150
+please. Object pronoun, me, you, her, him, it.
+
+22
+00:01:51,290 --> 00:01:56,890
+Okay. We use object pronouns as an object in the
+
+23
+00:01:56,890 --> 00:02:00,070
+sentence. Okay. They are used as the object of the
+
+24
+00:02:00,070 --> 00:02:05,610
+sentence or as they refer to the object. So they
+
+25
+00:02:05,610 --> 00:02:10,630
+are used as the object or referred to the object
+
+26
+00:02:10,630 --> 00:02:14,860
+or object. Okay. Object of the preposition. Very
+
+27
+00:02:14,860 --> 00:02:17,960
+good Khadija. They are, they can, this is for him.
+
+28
+00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:22,900
+Okay. This is for me. This is for you. Can be used
+
+29
+00:02:22,900 --> 00:02:25,700
+as the object of the preposition. They visited me
+
+30
+00:02:25,700 --> 00:02:28,480
+yesterday. They visited me. This is the object.
+
+31
+00:02:28,940 --> 00:02:32,040
+This is for you. This is object of the 
+
+32
+00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:35,240
+preposition. Good. And what about the other group?
+
+33
+00:02:36,060 --> 00:02:39,050
+What about the other group? Yes, please. This 
+
+34
+00:02:39,050 --> 00:02:47,450
+pronouns aren't
+
+35
+00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,230
+followed by nouns? Yeah, they are not followed by
+
+36
+00:02:50,230 --> 00:02:53,970
+nouns. I say this is mine, this is yours, this is
+
+37
+00:02:53,970 --> 00:02:58,190
+ours and so on. So they can stand alone and they
+
+38
+00:02:58,190 --> 00:03:01,190
+should not be followed by a noun. Good, thank you 
+
+39
+00:03:01,190 --> 00:03:04,430
+very much. And what about the last group? Yes,
+
+40
+00:03:04,510 --> 00:03:09,230
+yes, mean? Possessive adjective, my, your, her, 
+
+41
+00:03:09,350 --> 00:03:13,190
+his, its in singular, and our, your, their in
+
+42
+00:03:13,190 --> 00:03:17,550
+plural. Possessive adjective, it must be followed 
+
+43
+00:03:17,550 --> 00:03:21,270
+by the name. Must be followed by a noun, that's
+
+44
+00:03:21,270 --> 00:03:25,710
+right, thank you. I say my car, your house, our
+
+45
+00:03:25,710 --> 00:03:33,470
+school, and so on, okay? Now, if I say, this book,
+
+46
+00:03:34,670 --> 00:03:42,770
+is mine it is about history for example it is a 
+
+47
+00:03:42,770 --> 00:03:45,910
+pronoun refers to the book right what do we call
+
+48
+00:03:45,910 --> 00:03:48,090
+the book yeah
+
+49
+00:03:49,750 --> 00:03:52,750
+Antecedent. We call it antecedent. So the noun,
+
+50
+00:03:53,450 --> 00:03:58,490
+when the pronoun refers to a noun, this noun is
+
+51
+00:03:58,490 --> 00:04:02,690
+called antecedent. Good. Thank you. Now we started
+
+52
+00:04:02,690 --> 00:04:04,290
+making exercises, right?
+
+53
+00:04:22,020 --> 00:04:25,420
+We stopped at this one. Now we want to do this
+
+54
+00:04:25,420 --> 00:04:26,060
+exercise.
+
+55
+00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:34,020
+We want to do this exercise. Yeah, read the 
+
+56
+00:04:34,020 --> 00:04:35,020
+introduction please.
+
+57
+00:04:37,640 --> 00:04:43,120
+This umbrella is mine. Choose the correct word in
+
+58
+00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:47,710
+the entry. In Italics, yeah. In Italics. Good. Go
+
+59
+00:04:47,710 --> 00:04:52,790
+on. This umbrella is mine, mine. The other one is
+
+60
+00:04:52,790 --> 00:04:55,450
+yours, yours. Okay, what do you think? Can you do
+
+61
+00:04:55,450 --> 00:05:00,430
+it? This umbrella, this pen is mine or is my? 
+
+62
+00:05:00,590 --> 00:05:05,050
+Mine. Mine. Why mine, not mine? Because not for
+
+63
+00:05:05,050 --> 00:05:08,890
+the table now. Okay. Thank you. And the other one?
+
+64
+00:05:09,810 --> 00:05:13,170
+The other one is? Yours. Yours. Come, please, and
+
+65
+00:05:13,170 --> 00:05:13,570
+do it.
+
+66
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:24,710
+Number two. Yes, please. Mary and Pop have their 
+
+67
+00:05:24,710 --> 00:05:28,590
+pop, have a positive adjective. In other words,
+
+68
+00:05:28,810 --> 00:05:33,210
+Mary has her hills and Pop has his hills. Thank
+
+69
+00:05:33,210 --> 00:05:37,290
+you. And the first one. Mine, mine. Yes, go on, go
+
+70
+00:05:37,290 --> 00:05:41,590
+on. Mary has her hills and Pop has his hills. Come
+
+71
+00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:46,070
+here, please. Come. Thank you. So the positive
+
+72
+00:05:46,070 --> 00:05:48,250
+pronoun.
+
+73
+00:05:53,190 --> 00:05:57,670
+have their books his okay why you are right but
+
+74
+00:05:57,670 --> 00:06:02,430
+why did you choose these answers okay followed by 
+
+75
+00:06:02,430 --> 00:06:06,270
+a noun good okay
+
+76
+00:06:06,270 --> 00:06:11,250
+thank
+
+77
+00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:15,070
+you a pronoun good thank you very much next one
+
+78
+00:06:15,070 --> 00:06:15,950
+yes please come
+
+79
+00:06:21,270 --> 00:06:23,970
+Our house, ours.
+
+80
+00:06:28,050 --> 00:06:32,410
+Okay, we say what? Our house or ours house? Our 
+
+81
+00:06:32,410 --> 00:06:40,800
+house. Wait, wait, we say this class is ours. And 
+
+82
+00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:45,760
+this is our class. This class is ours. Or this is
+
+83
+00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:49,560
+our class. So what do you think? Okay, our house, 
+
+84
+00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:53,340
+it is followed by a noun. It's almost the same as
+
+85
+00:06:53,340 --> 00:06:58,940
+our house. Please, one speaker, give her a chance.
+
+86
+00:07:00,700 --> 00:07:05,960
+It's almost the same as our 
+
+87
+00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:12,270
+house. Okay. The same as ours or our. Now, what's 
+
+88
+00:07:12,270 --> 00:07:14,630
+the difference between our and ours again?
+
+89
+00:07:17,410 --> 00:07:23,610
+Which one should be followed by a noun? Now, our,
+
+90
+00:07:23,750 --> 00:07:28,490
+what do we call our? Good. So, it should be
+
+91
+00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:31,390
+followed by a noun. And the other one, ours, is 
+
+92
+00:07:31,390 --> 00:07:36,340
+called? Good. It should, it can stand alone. So
+
+93
+00:07:36,340 --> 00:07:40,060
+now we have a noun, we say our house. And this is
+
+94
+00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:43,120
+what? Our neighbor's house. We have another noun. 
+
+95
+00:07:43,340 --> 00:07:53,640
+So what do you think? Our, good. There is 
+
+96
+00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:57,120
+no noun. Good. That's right. Ours is a gray and
+
+97
+00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:02,100
+their or theirs? Theirs is white. Thank you.
+
+98
+00:08:09,580 --> 00:08:15,840
+Next exercise. Okay. Read the introduction, 
+
+99
+00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,640
+please. Complete the sentences with a it or a it.
+
+100
+00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:23,460
+Okay. Now, what's the difference between the two 
+
+101
+00:08:23,460 --> 00:08:28,580
+words? What's the difference between them? Who can
+
+102
+00:08:28,580 --> 00:08:34,170
+say? Yes, please. It's apostrophe pronounced and 
+
+103
+00:08:34,170 --> 00:08:36,890
+it is... Which one? With apostrophe or without 
+
+104
+00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:41,470
+apostrophe? Without apostrophe. Okay, good. But it
+
+105
+00:08:41,470 --> 00:08:48,250
+is with apostrophe subject now. Now it is again it
+
+106
+00:08:48,250 --> 00:08:51,890
+okay but you are right it is it refers to the 
+
+107
+00:08:51,890 --> 00:08:56,110
+subject now and what about why do we use the 
+
+108
+00:08:56,110 --> 00:08:59,090
+apostrophe here? Because
+
+109
+00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:08,420
+Something is abbreviated,
+
+110
+00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:14,240
+right? Something is deleted, you know? It is or it
+
+111
+00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:19,300
+has. It is or it has. So with apostrophe, it is or 
+
+112
+00:09:19,300 --> 00:09:22,920
+it has. Without apostrophe, it is used for what?
+
+113
+00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:29,020
+Okay, good. To express a possessive. Good. Now,
+
+114
+00:09:29,100 --> 00:09:30,640
+number one. Come.
+
+115
+00:09:38,660 --> 00:09:42,820
+Honeybee has wings on each side of its body. 
+
+116
+00:09:45,420 --> 00:09:54,180
+Thank you. Good. Next one. Yes, please. Get ready
+
+117
+00:09:54,180 --> 00:09:59,860
+for number four. Yeah? Tom has a bed. It's a... 
+
+118
+00:09:59,860 --> 00:10:03,460
+It's
+
+119
+00:10:03,460 --> 00:10:08,120
+a square. It's a... Now, its name. Do we need 
+
+120
+00:10:08,120 --> 00:10:12,820
+apostrophe? No. No, we don't need apostrophe.
+
+121
+00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:17,760
+Okay, good. Complete. Complete.
+
+122
+00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:27,400
+It's been spread for several years. Thank you. It
+
+123
+00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:29,940
+has been. Good. Come, please.
+
+124
+00:10:38,710 --> 00:10:42,650
+Please tell us what did you do? A nation that does
+
+125
+00:10:42,650 --> 00:10:44,190
+not educate its children?
+
+126
+00:10:48,350 --> 00:10:53,410
+Because it is a possessive, okay? Good. And number
+
+127
+00:10:53,410 --> 00:10:55,050
+five, come please.
+
+128
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:05,150
+All of us can help create peace in the world. It
+
+129
+00:11:05,150 --> 00:11:10,870
+is our responsibility to do so. It is. You are
+
+130
+00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:12,250
+right. Good.
+
+131
+00:11:17,270 --> 00:11:19,130
+Sorry, you did not finish.
+
+132
+00:11:22,310 --> 00:11:27,810
+Thank you. Any questions on this exercise?
+
+133
+00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:33,180
+So you all can distinguish between the two words.
+
+134
+00:11:33,460 --> 00:11:38,480
+Yeah. Number four. Yeah. What about it? Why not 
+
+135
+00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:44,660
+it's apostrophe? It's children. Why? Why? So if I
+
+136
+00:11:44,660 --> 00:11:48,500
+use apostrophe, it means it is children or it's 
+
+137
+00:11:48,500 --> 00:11:53,660
+now I want a word to refer to express possessive
+
+138
+00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:57,400
+here. Okay, my children, your children, her 
+
+139
+00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:00,800
+children, its children. So it is a possessive
+
+140
+00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:06,200
+hair. Okay? Other questions?
+
+141
+00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:10,540
+Look at the next exercise.
+
+142
+00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:16,060
+I'd like you all to do this exercise together.
+
+143
+00:12:16,860 --> 00:12:19,700
+Look at your box and you all do it. You have one
+
+144
+00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:24,660
+minute only. Do the exercise, all of you. It's a
+
+145
+00:12:24,660 --> 00:12:25,120
+good one.
+
+146
+00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:18,570
+Thank you.
+
+147
+00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:35,520
+Okay, who wants to come here? Read aloud 
+
+148
+00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,120
+and explain to us what you'll do.
+
+149
+00:13:51,260 --> 00:13:52,420
+Good.
+
+150
+00:13:54,320 --> 00:13:57,720
+With apostrophe. Good. Go on.
+
+151
+00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:09,980
+Why it's not there? A singular pronoun? Okay, 
+
+152
+00:14:10,140 --> 00:14:14,180
+refers to what? A fish eater. A fish eater. To the 
+
+153
+00:14:14,180 --> 00:14:17,360
+singular now. Singular refers to the singular. Go 
+
+154
+00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:17,600
+on.
+
+155
+00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:22,340
+Spears. Spears, good.
+
+156
+00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:32,020
+Good, you are right. It's prey. It is apostrophe.
+
+157
+00:14:32,340 --> 00:14:34,160
+Okay? Without apostrophe.
+
+158
+00:14:36,790 --> 00:14:41,690
+Also without apostrophe. Okay, on its long pointed
+
+159
+00:14:41,690 --> 00:14:41,990
+bell.
+
+160
+00:14:46,970 --> 00:14:49,570
+Emerging from the water.
+
+161
+00:14:51,630 --> 00:14:53,350
+Good. It tosses. Thank you.
+
+162
+00:14:58,090 --> 00:15:00,390
+Catches. Thank you. It.
+
+163
+00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:13,030
+And then? Uh-huh. Swallows. Good. Yeah. It again.
+
+164
+00:15:21,030 --> 00:15:24,410
+It's with apostrophe or without? With apostrophe.
+
+165
+00:15:24,830 --> 00:15:26,190
+It is interesting. Good.
+
+166
+00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:37,130
+Now we are talking about the bird and the fish
+
+167
+00:15:37,130 --> 00:15:40,870
+together. What do you think? It or them? Very 
+
+168
+00:15:40,870 --> 00:15:43,850
+good. Thank you very much. Thank you.
+
+169
+00:15:56,450 --> 00:16:01,650
+Doctor, what about fish? I don't know, I'm just
+
+170
+00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:08,510
+confused. You know, fish, fish, okay, we can say
+
+171
+00:16:08,510 --> 00:16:14,470
+fish is, okay, and fish are. So, this depends on 
+
+172
+00:16:14,470 --> 00:16:17,630
+the context. Now, he used the article, the 
+
+173
+00:16:17,630 --> 00:16:20,710
+indefinite article. Where is it? Okay, a fish 
+
+174
+00:16:20,710 --> 00:16:25,730
+eater. A fish. So, a means one. Give me a buck.
+
+175
+00:16:25,910 --> 00:16:29,910
+How many? One. So, this indicates the singular. 
+
+176
+00:16:30,370 --> 00:16:32,010
+So, it is, right?
+
+177
+00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:43,840
+Other questions, yeah? Why them? Now we were
+
+178
+00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:46,680
+talking about what? The bird, the bird, the bird,
+
+179
+00:16:46,780 --> 00:16:50,600
+the bird. And finally, do you enjoy watching what?
+
+180
+00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:54,960
+The bird only or the bird and the fish? The bird 
+
+181
+00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:58,040
+and the fish. You enjoy watching the bird and the 
+
+182
+00:16:58,040 --> 00:17:01,560
+fish together. They are in the scene.
+
+183
+00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:16,940
+Now listen.
+
+184
+00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:33,880
+When I say, A student walked into
+
+185
+00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:38,940
+the room. She was looking for the teacher. Where 
+
+186
+00:17:38,940 --> 00:17:39,500
+is the pronoun?
+
+187
+00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:48,380
+She, that's right. Now, does she refer to a 
+
+188
+00:17:48,380 --> 00:17:55,040
+particular person or to a general noun? Particular
+
+189
+00:17:55,040 --> 00:18:00,000
+person. Okay, she must be Fatima, Ghuda, Khadija 
+
+190
+00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:04,040
+and so on, right? Okay, now look at the other 
+
+191
+00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:07,000
+sentence. A student walked into the room. He was
+
+192
+00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:13,140
+looking. For the teacher, he again, does it refer
+
+193
+00:18:13,140 --> 00:18:17,800
+to a generic noun or to a
+
+223
+00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:34,290
+Now when I say a student can refer to a male and
+
+224
+00:20:34,290 --> 00:20:38,650
+to a female. So how can we solve this problem?
+
+225
+00:20:41,030 --> 00:20:44,130
+Very good Nada. Thank you very much. We say his or 
+
+226
+00:20:44,130 --> 00:20:48,540
+her. A lot of writers started to say a lot. Look,
+
+227
+00:20:48,860 --> 00:20:53,700
+traditionally in Old English, they used to say
+
+228
+00:20:53,700 --> 00:21:00,540
+what? His. Use his for a male. and some writers
+
+229
+00:21:00,540 --> 00:21:04,220
+consider it male domination or male domination, 
+
+230
+00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:08,500
+something like that, okay? But now, most of the 
+
+231
+00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:13,320
+books, a lot of writers say his or her to be fair
+
+232
+00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,420
+in order not to neglect, yes, the other
+
+233
+00:21:16,420 --> 00:21:17,000
+possibility.
+
+234
+00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:24,860
+Even in Arabic sometimes, even in Arabic sometimes
+
+235
+00:21:24,860 --> 00:21:31,450
+we use Okay, both of them, right? أكتب, right? And 
+
+236
+00:21:31,450 --> 00:21:35,730
+sometimes in the exam, أكتب, أكتبي, right? We use
+
+237
+00:21:35,730 --> 00:21:40,310
+it even in Arabic. Some people consider the
+
+238
+00:21:40,310 --> 00:21:44,150
+masculine is enough, okay? His. And others, no,
+
+239
+00:21:44,390 --> 00:21:47,650
+they should refer or they should point to the
+
+240
+00:21:47,650 --> 00:21:53,510
+feminine. Gender hair. So now, how can we solve
+
+241
+00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:57,430
+this problem? You see, as you see, a student
+
+242
+00:21:57,430 --> 00:22:02,270
+should do his. Why not hair? So write his or hair. 
+
+243
+00:22:02,830 --> 00:22:05,350
+How can we solve this problem? This is a problem.
+
+244
+00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:09,430
+What do you think? In writing, yes?
+
+245
+00:22:12,990 --> 00:22:18,310
+Say it, speak aloud. Change it to another pronoun.
+
+246
+00:22:18,790 --> 00:22:23,170
+Another pronoun like what? Another pronoun which
+
+247
+00:22:23,170 --> 00:22:27,410
+may include he and she. Right. Very good. What's 
+
+248
+00:22:27,410 --> 00:22:33,750
+that pronoun? His or her can change to their. Very
+
+249
+00:22:33,750 --> 00:22:36,790
+good. Thank you very much. Thank you. In other 
+
+250
+00:22:36,790 --> 00:22:40,680
+words, we make it what? Plural. We make it plural.
+
+251
+00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:44,440
+So to avoid this problem, we make it plural and
+
+252
+00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:49,360
+not necessary to say he, she, he or she. So again,
+
+253
+00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:52,760
+when I say students should always do what? Their 
+
+254
+00:22:52,760 --> 00:22:56,740
+assignments. And by this way, we can avoid the
+
+255
+00:22:56,740 --> 00:23:00,580
+problem. So make it plural and avoid the problem.
+
+256
+00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:08,000
+Look at these indefinite pronouns. Remember? Okay,
+
+257
+00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:11,520
+look. Before we talk about them, they are what?
+
+258
+00:23:11,740 --> 00:23:16,720
+How many words? One word. So everyone is what? One 
+
+259
+00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:21,180
+word. Everybody? Everything? Okay, read the other
+
+260
+00:23:21,180 --> 00:23:24,460
+group, please. Someone, somebody, something. Thank
+
+261
+00:23:24,460 --> 00:23:26,820
+you. The other ones? Anyone, everybody,
+
+262
+00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:29,860
+everything. Thank you. And the other ones? Nobody, 
+
+263
+00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:34,620
+nothing. Good. So remember, they should be what? 
+
+264
+00:23:34,740 --> 00:23:43,020
+One word. Now, Somebody, somebody refers to what?
+
+265
+00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:51,380
+Sorry? Okay, somebody left his book on the desk. 
+
+266
+00:23:52,740 --> 00:23:57,920
+Somebody left his. Okay, somebody left his. His 
+
+267
+00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:00,900
+refers to a singular person, right? A singular
+
+268
+00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:06,660
+noun. Everyone has his or her, okay? Has his or 
+
+269
+00:24:06,660 --> 00:24:11,660
+her again. Can be a male or can be a female. Can 
+
+270
+00:24:11,660 --> 00:24:18,740
+refer to one of them. Now, in old English, most of 
+
+271
+00:24:18,740 --> 00:24:22,960
+the books used to write his. In other words, to 
+
+272
+00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:27,440
+consider it singular. And in spoken English, when
+
+273
+00:24:27,440 --> 00:24:33,620
+you are talking, Again, in formal English, it is
+
+274
+00:24:33,620 --> 00:24:38,240
+used, it is considered what? His. So his, this is
+
+275
+00:24:38,240 --> 00:24:42,320
+one. Somebody left his. In formal English, the use 
+
+276
+00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:45,740
+of a singular pronoun to refer to an indefinite 
+
+277
+00:24:45,740 --> 00:24:47,900
+pronoun is generally considered to be 
+
+278
+00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:51,140
+grammatically correct. So this is accepted in 
+
+279
+00:24:51,140 --> 00:24:55,400
+formal English. I say, somebody left his. Somebody 
+
+280
+00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:59,920
+Lift hair. Everyone should bring hair and so on.
+
+281
+00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:03,040
+Should bring his. This is waqt. This is formal.
+
+282
+00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:07,460
+Now what about the everyday English? When people
+
+283
+00:25:07,460 --> 00:25:11,040
+speak to each other. They say somebody lift their.
+
+284
+00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:18,220
+Okay, everyone has their own ideas. Now, which one
+
+285
+00:25:18,220 --> 00:25:21,940
+shall I use? between friends in everyday language 
+
+286
+00:25:21,940 --> 00:25:25,260
+most people use what used there use the plural 
+
+287
+00:25:25,260 --> 00:25:32,120
+form but in formal writing and sometimes okay in
+
+288
+00:25:32,120 --> 00:25:36,200
+the very formal they use what they use there but
+
+289
+00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,540
+commonly we can say that this is the formal form 
+
+290
+00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:45,040
+his or her, and this is the informal used in 
+
+291
+00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:48,720
+everyday life between friends in spoken English
+
+292
+00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:52,660
+and so on. Is that okay? Now let's have an
+
+293
+00:25:52,660 --> 00:25:53,200
+exercise.
+
+294
+00:25:56,580 --> 00:25:59,740
+Yeah, read please the introduction. Read it from 
+
+295
+00:25:59,740 --> 00:26:00,300
+your book.
+
+296
+00:26:03,250 --> 00:26:05,850
+Exchange sentences by using plural instead of 
+
+297
+00:26:05,850 --> 00:26:08,370
+singular generic nouns where possible. Change
+
+298
+00:26:08,370 --> 00:26:10,730
+pronouns and verbs as necessary to sculpt the
+
+299
+00:26:10,730 --> 00:26:14,190
+advantages of using plural rather than singular 
+
+300
+00:26:14,190 --> 00:26:16,930
+generic nouns. Okay, now let's do number one. 
+
+301
+00:26:22,410 --> 00:26:29,010
+When I say each student in Biology 101 has to, has
+
+302
+00:26:29,010 --> 00:26:38,240
+to Yeah, each student. Complete, reading it, 
+
+303
+00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:42,480
+complete reading. Each student in Biology 101 has
+
+304
+00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:47,860
+to spend three hours per week in the laboratory
+
+305
+00:26:47,860 --> 00:26:50,180
+where he or she
+
+306
+00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:04,940
+Okay Now all students. Yeah, we write what? Come
+
+307
+00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:11,340
+you're right all students So instead of each 
+
+308
+00:27:11,340 --> 00:27:17,940
+student is we say what all students are Okay all
+
+309
+00:27:17,940 --> 00:27:18,680
+students
+
+310
+00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:27,420
+Students. Students. Yeah, good. Complete. Have to.
+
+311
+00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:31,720
+Has to. Students has to or have to? Have to. Have 
+
+312
+00:27:31,720 --> 00:27:37,720
+to, good. Spend three hours every week. 
+
+313
+00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:44,420
+Yeah, what do you think of he or she? They. They,
+
+314
+00:27:44,540 --> 00:27:53,430
+very good. Yeah, they. They does. Do. They, they
+
+315
+00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:58,650
+do. Thank you very much. Any other changes? In his 
+
+316
+00:27:58,650 --> 00:28:03,010
+or her. Yeah, in his or her. Their lab. Okay.
+
+317
+00:28:04,610 --> 00:28:11,510
+Thank you. In their, they're spelling? E-I. E-I, 
+
+318
+00:28:11,590 --> 00:28:17,370
+okay. Yeah. You want to do it? Okay, come. Okay. 
+
+319
+00:28:19,290 --> 00:28:31,820
+Fadhli, come. get ready for the other one citizens 
+
+320
+00:28:31,820 --> 00:28:35,760
+okay 
+
+321
+00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:40,120
+have yeah
+
+322
+00:28:43,460 --> 00:28:45,800
+Just a minute. Just a minute. Let's complete this
+
+323
+00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:48,760
+point. We started this point. Let's complete it.
+
+324
+00:28:49,060 --> 00:28:49,800
+Okay, go on.
+
+325
+00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:55,360
+Every election. What do you think of every
+
+326
+00:28:55,360 --> 00:29:03,240
+election? Every election. Now he
+
+327
+00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:09,070
+wants you what? Okay. It changed. by using plural
+
+328
+00:29:09,070 --> 00:29:13,470
+instead of singular, generic. So instead of every
+
+329
+00:29:13,470 --> 00:29:17,430
+election, we say what? All. Okay, good. We say all
+
+330
+00:29:17,430 --> 00:29:18,230
+elections.
+
+331
+00:29:26,970 --> 00:29:33,170
+Yeah. Thank you. Yeah, you are right.
+
+332
+00:29:37,220 --> 00:29:39,280
+What's the meaning of Jaleb? Check it in the
+
+333
+00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:46,660
+dictionary. Okay. Yeah, who was asking there? Just
+
+334
+00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:51,540
+a minute, she has a question. Number three, yeah, 
+
+335
+00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,700
+what about number three? Yeah, last one?
+
+336
+00:29:58,120 --> 00:30:05,770
+Them? Okay, why them? Why them? Now, you know,
+
+337
+00:30:06,290 --> 00:30:12,110
+this is a noun. If I have them, this is for them. 
+
+338
+00:30:12,630 --> 00:30:16,370
+This is for you, right? It should not be followed 
+
+339
+00:30:16,370 --> 00:30:22,690
+by a noun. Sorry? Yeah, it should not be followed 
+
+340
+00:30:22,690 --> 00:30:26,970
+by a noun. So we say there, but you know, there,
+
+341
+00:30:28,070 --> 00:30:28,970
+look at the spelling.
+
+342
+00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:42,280
+Other questions? What about the same exercise,
+
+343
+00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:45,060
+number two? Number two? It's not changed. It's not 
+
+344
+00:30:45,060 --> 00:30:47,580
+here. Number two in the book you mean? Yes, yes.
+
+345
+00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:50,840
+Okay. It's not changed. Why? Because she made a
+
+346
+00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:55,460
+reply. There is no change? Yes. Read it please. I
+
+347
+00:30:55,460 --> 00:30:58,700
+talked to a student in my chemistry class. I asked
+
+348
+00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:02,460
+for her notes from the class I met. She gave them 
+
+349
+00:31:02,460 --> 00:31:06,010
+to me gladly. So this is a good sentence. Why 
+
+350
+00:31:06,010 --> 00:31:11,030
+shall we change? Okay? It's a good sentence. Now
+
+351
+00:31:11,030 --> 00:31:15,070
+look at number five. Look at number five. Who's
+
+352
+00:31:15,070 --> 00:31:17,430
+coming? Who's going to commit? Okay, it is for
+
+353
+00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:20,570
+you. So what about the changes? Where are the
+
+354
+00:31:20,570 --> 00:31:23,610
+changes? It's good that you are going to make it.
+
+355
+00:31:25,010 --> 00:31:27,670
+No, it is. There is no problem. 
+
+356
+00:31:40,450 --> 00:31:43,790
+No change. You are right. Thank you. Right. No 
+
+357
+00:31:43,790 --> 00:31:44,290
+change.
+
+358
+00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:49,870
+Never mind. Write it. Write it. You write it. 
+
+359
+00:31:52,910 --> 00:31:55,770
+It is the same as the one you asked about. Right?
+
+360
+00:31:57,590 --> 00:32:00,050
+Okay. So you got the answer. 
+
+361
+00:32:11,540 --> 00:32:13,340
+Now this is another exercise. 
+
+362
+00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:26,200
+What does he want?
+
+363
+00:32:28,860 --> 00:32:32,030
+Read the introduction in your book. Complete each 
+
+364
+00:32:32,030 --> 00:32:35,410
+sentence with the pronouns that seems appropriate 
+
+365
+00:32:35,410 --> 00:32:38,330
+to the given situation. Choose the correct verbs
+
+366
+00:32:38,330 --> 00:32:44,210
+and parties as Nisari discuss formal and informal 
+
+367
+00:32:44,210 --> 00:32:48,090
+pronouns. Okay, thank you. Now, the first one, 
+
+368
+00:32:48,150 --> 00:32:54,320
+number two. Who wants to start? Go on. Yasmin. One 
+
+369
+00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:56,440
+friend to another, of course you can learn to 
+
+370
+00:32:56,440 --> 00:32:59,240
+dance. Just a minute, please. One friend to 
+
+371
+00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:01,500
+another. What does that mean? Is it a formal 
+
+372
+00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:05,880
+situation? It is informal situation. Good. This is
+
+373
+00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:10,180
+informal situation. Go on. Of course you can learn
+
+374
+00:33:10,180 --> 00:33:13,820
+to dance. Anyone can learn how to dance if you 
+
+375
+00:33:13,820 --> 00:33:18,500
+want to. If we want to use a pronoun. Now anyone 
+
+376
+00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:23,620
+can learn. Anyone. We want a pronoun to refer to 
+
+377
+00:33:23,620 --> 00:33:26,860
+anyone. The indefinite pronoun. They. Very good.
+
+378
+00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:29,940
+They because this is as we said informal
+
+379
+00:33:29,940 --> 00:33:31,600
+situation. Good.
+
+380
+00:33:35,820 --> 00:33:38,200
+If you can learn how to dance. No, no. Write it
+
+381
+00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:43,020
+there. Write it there. Clean this. Okay, clean 
+
+382
+00:33:43,020 --> 00:33:48,200
+this. And which verb do we use? 
+
+383
+00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:55,300
+Okay, thank you very much. Good. Next one, come.
+
+384
+00:33:56,780 --> 00:34:02,840
+You want to ask? Now we said, now she's asking
+
+385
+00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:06,740
+anyone. Do we use a singular pronoun or a plural
+
+386
+00:34:06,740 --> 00:34:10,120
+pronoun to refer to anyone? Who can answer her 
+
+387
+00:34:10,120 --> 00:34:17,000
+question? We say that any formal language we use
+
+388
+00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,860
+there or plural, as a plural. But in formal
+
+389
+00:34:20,860 --> 00:34:26,460
+writing, we use he or she or he or them. Okay,
+
+390
+00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:32,700
+now, sorry again. Anyone prefers 
+
+391
+00:34:32,700 --> 00:34:37,510
+to? Okay, we said you should consider whether you 
+
+392
+00:34:37,510 --> 00:34:41,370
+are dealing with a formal situation or an informal 
+
+393
+00:34:41,370 --> 00:34:46,130
+situation. In a formal situation, we say it. Okay?
+
+394
+00:34:46,950 --> 00:34:50,950
+And in a formal situation, in informal situation,
+
+395
+00:34:51,090 --> 00:34:56,950
+we say they. Okay? Now, why did he introduce the 
+
+396
+00:34:56,950 --> 00:34:59,470
+exercise by this expression, one friend to
+
+397
+00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:03,320
+another? The writer wants to tell you that this is
+
+398
+00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:08,040
+an informal situation, okay? This is informal 
+
+399
+00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:12,100
+situation. Yeah, why did you sit? Come, we are 
+
+400
+00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:12,500
+waiting. 
+
+401
+00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:23,160
+Now, business takes back. This is what? Formal, 
+
+402
+00:35:23,180 --> 00:35:27,100
+good. Go on. Corporate manager must be able to
+
+403
+00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:32,040
+motivate their employees. I don't know. This is for 
+
+404
+00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:38,850
+you. Why there? Why there? Now we said, look at 
+
+405
+00:35:38,850 --> 00:35:41,230
+the previous one. Number two, this is informal 
+
+406
+00:35:41,230 --> 00:35:44,830
+situation. In the informal, we use the plural
+
+407
+00:35:44,830 --> 00:35:49,270
+they, right? And now this is informal and this is
+
+408
+00:35:49,270 --> 00:35:53,530
+formal. So in the formal, okay. Now listen, the 
+
+409
+00:35:53,530 --> 00:35:59,050
+manager can be a male and or a female. So what
+
+410
+00:35:59,050 --> 00:36:02,870
+shall I write? His or her. Very good. Thank you. 
+
+411
+00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:11,360
+You

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/2w2N8Ojjp24_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1752 @@
+1
+00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:25,760
+Assalamualaikum. Good morning to you all. Let's
+
+2
+00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:28,280
+start with a smile since you finished your exams.
+
+3
+00:00:28,960 --> 00:00:33,960
+So smile to each other. Okay. We started talking
+
+4
+00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:39,340
+about pronouns. We had some exercises. I'm afraid
+
+5
+00:00:39,340 --> 00:00:44,020
+everything has gone with the exams. Let's revise
+
+6
+00:00:44,020 --> 00:00:47,870
+quickly the personal pronouns. The personal
+
+7
+00:00:47,870 --> 00:00:50,330
+pronouns. Now, what would you say about the first
+
+8
+00:00:50,330 --> 00:00:54,170
+group? Yes, read and say. Yeah, Hanin. Subject
+
+9
+00:00:54,170 --> 00:00:58,050
+pronouns. Singular. I, you, she, he, it. What does
+
+10
+00:00:58,050 --> 00:00:59,370
+it mean subject pronouns?
+
+11
+00:01:02,530 --> 00:01:05,690
+No, don't translate. I mean, what do you know
+
+12
+00:01:05,690 --> 00:01:13,250
+about these pronouns? Go on,
+
+13
+00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:17,750
+go on. Go on. You mean they are used as the
+
+14
+00:01:17,750 --> 00:01:21,550
+subject of the sentence. Or they refer to the
+
+15
+00:01:21,550 --> 00:01:25,770
+subject. Good. They refer to the subject or they
+
+16
+00:01:25,770 --> 00:01:29,050
+are used as the subject. This group is singular
+
+17
+00:01:29,050 --> 00:01:33,490
+and this group is plural. Thank you. Yeah. Sorry?
+
+18
+00:01:34,010 --> 00:01:37,550
+I know. I know. But just we, I want to remind you
+
+19
+00:01:37,550 --> 00:01:41,670
+because we need it in some exercises now. Yeah.
+
+20
+00:01:42,210 --> 00:01:45,490
+Would you tell me about the other group? Yes,
+
+21
+00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:51,150
+please. Object pronoun, me, you, her, him, it.
+
+22
+00:01:51,290 --> 00:01:56,890
+Okay. We use object pronouns as an object in the
+
+23
+00:01:56,890 --> 00:02:00,070
+sentence. Okay. They are used as the object of the
+
+24
+00:02:00,070 --> 00:02:05,610
+sentence or as they refer to the object. So they
+
+25
+00:02:05,610 --> 00:02:10,630
+are used as the object or referred to the object
+
+26
+00:02:10,630 --> 00:02:14,860
+or object. Okay. Object of the preposition. Very
+
+27
+00:02:14,860 --> 00:02:17,960
+good Khadija. They are, they can, this is for him.
+
+28
+00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:22,900
+Okay. This is for me. This is for you. Can be used
+
+29
+00:02:22,900 --> 00:02:25,700
+as the object of the preposition. They visited me
+
+30
+00:02:25,700 --> 00:02:28,480
+yesterday. They visited me. This is the object.
+
+31
+00:02:28,940 --> 00:02:32,040
+This is for you. This is object of the
+
+32
+00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:35,240
+preposition. Good. And what about the other group?
+
+33
+00:02:36,060 --> 00:02:39,050
+What about the other group? Yes, please. This
+
+34
+00:02:39,050 --> 00:02:47,450
+pronouns aren't
+
+35
+00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,230
+followed by nouns? Yeah, they are not followed by
+
+36
+00:02:50,230 --> 00:02:53,970
+nouns. I say this is mine, this is yours, this is
+
+37
+00:02:53,970 --> 00:02:58,190
+ours and so on. So they can stand alone and they
+
+38
+00:02:58,190 --> 00:03:01,190
+should not be followed by a noun. Good, thank you
+
+39
+00:03:01,190 --> 00:03:04,430
+very much. And what about the last group? Yes,
+
+40
+00:03:04,510 --> 00:03:09,230
+yes, mean? Possessive adjective, my, your, her,
+
+41
+00:03:09,350 --> 00:03:13,190
+his, its in singular, and our, your, their in
+
+42
+00:03:13,190 --> 00:03:17,550
+plural. Possessive adjective, it must be followed
+
+43
+00:03:17,550 --> 00:03:21,270
+by the name. Must be followed by a noun, that's
+
+44
+00:03:21,270 --> 00:03:25,710
+right, thank you. I say my car, your house, our
+
+45
+00:03:25,710 --> 00:03:33,470
+school, and so on, okay? Now, if I say, this book,
+
+46
+00:03:34,670 --> 00:03:42,770
+is mine it is about history for example it is a
+
+47
+00:03:42,770 --> 00:03:45,910
+pronoun refers to the book right what do we call
+
+48
+00:03:45,910 --> 00:03:48,090
+the book yeah
+
+49
+00:03:49,750 --> 00:03:52,750
+Antecedent. We call it antecedent. So the noun,
+
+50
+00:03:53,450 --> 00:03:58,490
+when the pronoun refers to a noun, this noun is
+
+51
+00:03:58,490 --> 00:04:02,690
+called antecedent. Good. Thank you. Now we started
+
+52
+00:04:02,690 --> 00:04:04,290
+making exercises, right?
+
+53
+00:04:22,020 --> 00:04:25,420
+We stopped at this one. Now we want to do this
+
+54
+00:04:25,420 --> 00:04:26,060
+exercise.
+
+55
+00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:34,020
+We want to do this exercise. Yeah, read the
+
+56
+00:04:34,020 --> 00:04:35,020
+introduction please.
+
+57
+00:04:37,640 --> 00:04:43,120
+This umbrella is mine. Choose the correct word in
+
+58
+00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:47,710
+the entry. In Italics, yeah. In Italics. Good. Go
+
+59
+00:04:47,710 --> 00:04:52,790
+on. This umbrella is mine, mine. The other one is
+
+60
+00:04:52,790 --> 00:04:55,450
+yours, yours. Okay, what do you think? Can you do
+
+61
+00:04:55,450 --> 00:05:00,430
+it? This umbrella, this pen is mine or is my?
+
+62
+00:05:00,590 --> 00:05:05,050
+Mine. Mine. Why mine, not mine? Because not for
+
+63
+00:05:05,050 --> 00:05:08,890
+the table now. Okay. Thank you. And the other one?
+
+64
+00:05:09,810 --> 00:05:13,170
+The other one is? Yours. Yours. Come, please, and
+
+65
+00:05:13,170 --> 00:05:13,570
+do it.
+
+66
+00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:24,710
+Number two. Yes, please. Mary and Pop have their
+
+67
+00:05:24,710 --> 00:05:28,590
+pop, have a positive adjective. In other words,
+
+68
+00:05:28,810 --> 00:05:33,210
+Mary has her hills and Pop has his hills. Thank
+
+69
+00:05:33,210 --> 00:05:37,290
+you. And the first one. Mine, mine. Yes, go on, go
+
+70
+00:05:37,290 --> 00:05:41,590
+on. Mary has her hills and Pop has his hills. Come
+
+71
+00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:46,070
+here, please. Come. Thank you. So the positive
+
+72
+00:05:46,070 --> 00:05:48,250
+pronoun.
+
+73
+00:05:53,190 --> 00:05:57,670
+have their books his okay why you are right but
+
+74
+00:05:57,670 --> 00:06:02,430
+why did you choose these answers okay followed by
+
+75
+00:06:02,430 --> 00:06:06,270
+a noun good okay
+
+76
+00:06:06,270 --> 00:06:11,250
+thank
+
+77
+00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:15,070
+you a pronoun good thank you very much next one
+
+78
+00:06:15,070 --> 00:06:15,950
+yes please come
+
+79
+00:06:21,270 --> 00:06:23,970
+Our house, ours.
+
+80
+00:06:28,050 --> 00:06:32,410
+Okay, we say what? Our house or ours house? Our
+
+81
+00:06:32,410 --> 00:06:40,800
+house. Wait, wait, we say this class is ours. And
+
+82
+00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:45,760
+this is our class. This class is ours. Or this is
+
+83
+00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:49,560
+our class. So what do you think? Okay, our house,
+
+84
+00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:53,340
+it is followed by a noun. It's almost the same as
+
+85
+00:06:53,340 --> 00:06:58,940
+our house. Please, one speaker, give her a chance.
+
+86
+00:07:00,700 --> 00:07:05,960
+It's almost the same as our
+
+87
+00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:12,270
+house. Okay. The same as ours or our. Now, what's
+
+88
+00:07:12,270 --> 00:07:14,630
+the difference between our and ours again?
+
+89
+00:07:17,410 --> 00:07:23,610
+Which one should be followed by a noun? Now, our,
+
+90
+00:07:23,750 --> 00:07:28,490
+what do we call our? Good. So, it should be
+
+91
+00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:31,390
+followed by a noun. And the other one, ours, is
+
+92
+00:07:31,390 --> 00:07:36,340
+called? Good. It should, it can stand alone. So
+
+93
+00:07:36,340 --> 00:07:40,060
+now we have a noun, we say our house. And this is
+
+94
+00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:43,120
+what? Our neighbor's house. We have another noun.
+
+95
+00:07:43,340 --> 00:07:53,640
+So what do you think? Our, good. There is
+
+96
+00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:57,120
+no noun. Good. That's right. Ours is a gray and
+
+97
+00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:02,100
+their or theirs? Theirs is white. Thank you.
+
+98
+00:08:09,580 --> 00:08:15,840
+Next exercise. Okay. Read the introduction,
+
+99
+00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,640
+please. Complete the sentences with a it or a it.
+
+100
+00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:23,460
+Okay. Now, what's the difference between the two
+
+101
+00:08:23,460 --> 00:08:28,580
+words? What's the difference between them? Who can
+
+102
+00:08:28,580 --> 00:08:34,170
+say? Yes, please. It's apostrophe pronounced and
+
+103
+00:08:34,170 --> 00:08:36,890
+it is... Which one? With apostrophe or without
+
+104
+00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:41,470
+apostrophe? Without apostrophe. Okay, good. But it
+
+105
+00:08:41,470 --> 00:08:48,250
+is with apostrophe subject now. Now it is again it
+
+106
+00:08:48,250 --> 00:08:51,890
+okay but you are right it is it refers to the
+
+107
+00:08:51,890 --> 00:08:56,110
+subject now and what about why do we use the
+
+108
+00:08:56,110 --> 00:08:59,090
+apostrophe here? Because
+
+109
+00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:08,420
+Something is abbreviated,
+
+110
+00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:14,240
+right? Something is deleted, you know? It is or it
+
+111
+00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:19,300
+has. It is or it has. So with apostrophe, it is or
+
+112
+00:09:19,300 --> 00:09:22,920
+it has. Without apostrophe, it is used for what?
+
+113
+00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:29,020
+Okay, good. To express a possessive. Good. Now,
+
+114
+00:09:29,100 --> 00:09:30,640
+number one. Come.
+
+115
+00:09:38,660 --> 00:09:42,820
+Honeybee has wings on each side of its body.
+
+116
+00:09:45,420 --> 00:09:54,180
+Thank you. Good. Next one. Yes, please. Get ready
+
+117
+00:09:54,180 --> 00:09:59,860
+for number four. Yeah? Tom has a bed. It's a...
+
+118
+00:09:59,860 --> 00:10:03,460
+It's
+
+119
+00:10:03,460 --> 00:10:08,120
+a square. It's a... Now, its name. Do we need
+
+120
+00:10:08,120 --> 00:10:12,820
+apostrophe? No. No, we don't need apostrophe.
+
+121
+00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:17,760
+Okay, good. Complete. Complete.
+
+122
+00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:27,400
+It's been spread for several years. Thank you. It
+
+123
+00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:29,940
+has been. Good. Come, please.
+
+124
+00:10:38,710 --> 00:10:42,650
+Please tell us what did you do? A nation that does
+
+125
+00:10:42,650 --> 00:10:44,190
+not educate its children?
+
+126
+00:10:48,350 --> 00:10:53,410
+Because it is a possessive, okay? Good. And number
+
+127
+00:10:53,410 --> 00:10:55,050
+five, come please.
+
+128
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:05,150
+All of us can help create peace in the world. It
+
+129
+00:11:05,150 --> 00:11:10,870
+is our responsibility to do so. It is. You are
+
+130
+00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:12,250
+right. Good.
+
+131
+00:11:17,270 --> 00:11:19,130
+Sorry, you did not finish.
+
+132
+00:11:22,310 --> 00:11:27,810
+Thank you. Any questions on this exercise?
+
+133
+00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:33,180
+So you all can distinguish between the two words.
+
+134
+00:11:33,460 --> 00:11:38,480
+Yeah. Number four. Yeah. What about it? Why not
+
+135
+00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:44,660
+it's apostrophe? It's children. Why? Why? So if I
+
+136
+00:11:44,660 --> 00:11:48,500
+use apostrophe, it means it is children or it's
+
+137
+00:11:48,500 --> 00:11:53,660
+now I want a word to refer to express possessive
+
+138
+00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:57,400
+here. Okay, my children, your children, her
+
+139
+00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:00,800
+children, its children. So it is a possessive
+
+140
+00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:06,200
+hair. Okay? Other questions?
+
+141
+00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:10,540
+Look at the next exercise.
+
+142
+00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:16,060
+I'd like you all to do this exercise together.
+
+143
+00:12:16,860 --> 00:12:19,700
+Look at your box and you all do it. You have one
+
+144
+00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:24,660
+minute only. Do the exercise, all of you. It's a
+
+145
+00:12:24,660 --> 00:12:25,120
+good one.
+
+146
+00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:18,570
+Thank you.
+
+147
+00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:35,520
+Okay, who wants to come here? Read aloud
+
+148
+00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,120
+and explain to us what you'll do.
+
+149
+00:13:51,260 --> 00:13:52,420
+Good.
+
+150
+00:13:54,320 --> 00:13:57,720
+With apostrophe. Good. Go on.
+
+151
+00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:09,980
+Why it's not there? A singular pronoun? Okay,
+
+152
+00:14:10,140 --> 00:14:14,180
+refers to what? A fish eater. A fish eater. To the
+
+153
+00:14:14,180 --> 00:14:17,360
+singular now. Singular refers to the singular. Go
+
+154
+00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:17,600
+on.
+
+155
+00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:22,340
+Spears. Spears, good.
+
+156
+00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:32,020
+Good, you are right. It's prey. It is apostrophe.
+
+157
+00:14:32,340 --> 00:14:34,160
+Okay? Without apostrophe.
+
+158
+00:14:36,790 --> 00:14:41,690
+Also without apostrophe. Okay, on its long pointed
+
+159
+00:14:41,690 --> 00:14:41,990
+bell.
+
+160
+00:14:46,970 --> 00:14:49,570
+Emerging from the water.
+
+161
+00:14:51,630 --> 00:14:53,350
+Good. It tosses. Thank you.
+
+162
+00:14:58,090 --> 00:15:00,390
+Catches. Thank you. It.
+
+163
+00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:13,030
+And then? Uh-huh. Swallows. Good. Yeah. It again.
+
+164
+00:15:21,030 --> 00:15:24,410
+It's with apostrophe or without? With apostrophe.
+
+165
+00:15:24,830 --> 00:15:26,190
+It is interesting. Good.
+
+166
+00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:37,130
+Now we are talking about the bird and the fish
+
+167
+00:15:37,130 --> 00:15:40,870
+together. What do you think? It or them? Very
+
+168
+00:15:40,870 --> 00:15:43,850
+good. Thank you very much. Thank you.
+
+169
+00:15:56,450 --> 00:16:01,650
+Doctor, what about fish? I don't know, I'm just
+
+170
+00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:08,510
+confused. You know, fish, fish, okay, we can say
+
+171
+00:16:08,510 --> 00:16:14,470
+fish is, okay, and fish are. So, this depends on
+
+172
+00:16:14,470 --> 00:16:17,630
+the context. Now, he used the article, the
+
+173
+00:16:17,630 --> 00:16:20,710
+indefinite article. Where is it? Okay, a fish
+
+174
+00:16:20,710 --> 00:16:25,730
+eater. A fish. So, a means one. Give me a buck.
+
+175
+00:16:25,910 --> 00:16:29,910
+How many? One. So, this indicates the singular.
+
+176
+00:16:30,370 --> 00:16:32,010
+So, it is, right?
+
+177
+00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:43,840
+Other questions, yeah? Why them? Now we were
+
+178
+00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:46,680
+talking about what? The bird, the bird, the bird,
+
+179
+00:16:46,780 --> 00:16:50,600
+the bird. And finally, do you enjoy watching what?
+
+180
+00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:54,960
+The bird only or the bird and the fish? The bird
+
+181
+00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:58,040
+and the fish. You enjoy watching the bird and the
+
+182
+00:16:58,040 --> 00:17:01,560
+fish together. They are in the scene.
+
+183
+00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:16,940
+Now listen.
+
+184
+00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:33,880
+When I say, A student walked into
+
+185
+00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:38,940
+the room. She was looking for the teacher. Where
+
+186
+00:17:38,940 --> 00:17:39,500
+is the pronoun?
+
+187
+00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:48,380
+She, that's right. Now, does she refer to a
+
+188
+00:17:48,380 --> 00:17:55,040
+particular person or to a general noun? Particular
+
+189
+00:17:55,040 --> 00:18:00,000
+person. Okay, she must be Fatima, Ghuda, Khadija
+
+190
+00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:04,040
+and so on, right? Okay, now look at the other
+
+191
+00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:07,000
+sentence. A student walked into the room. He was
+
+192
+00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:13,140
+looking. For the teacher, he again, does it refer
+
+193
+00:18:13,140 --> 00:18:17,800
+to a generic noun or to a particular individual?
+
+194
+00:18:19,020 --> 00:18:23,560
+Okay, particular person. When I say he must be,
+
+195
+00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:26,980
+for example, Ali, Ahmed, Ibrahim, Khalid, and so
+
+196
+00:18:26,980 --> 00:18:31,820
+on. Right? So we understand that he and she always
+
+197
+00:18:31,820 --> 00:18:35,060
+refer to particular persons. They are not generic.
+
+198
+00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:42,540
+But when I say a student came, a student walked, a
+
+199
+00:18:42,540 --> 00:18:46,330
+student arrived. What do you think a student is it
+
+200
+00:18:46,330 --> 00:18:50,230
+a generic noun or a particular or a definite thing
+
+201
+00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:54,210
+can be any student okay it represents any students
+
+202
+00:18:54,210 --> 00:19:01,030
+can be you can be any student right now nouns like
+
+203
+00:19:01,030 --> 00:19:06,820
+a student and a student, they are generic nouns.
+
+204
+00:19:07,220 --> 00:19:12,460
+They are generic nouns, but the pronouns cannot be
+
+205
+00:19:12,460 --> 00:19:15,880
+generic here. They refer to what particular
+
+206
+00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:21,380
+students, even though they refer to generic nouns,
+
+207
+00:19:21,540 --> 00:19:25,160
+but they express particular persons. They express
+
+208
+00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:28,320
+what particular persons. Now,
+
+209
+00:19:31,580 --> 00:19:37,560
+In this sentence, a student should always, a
+
+210
+00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:40,620
+student, when somebody says a student, what do you
+
+211
+00:19:40,620 --> 00:19:44,220
+imagine? A generic noun, right, can be any
+
+212
+00:19:44,220 --> 00:19:48,040
+student, can be a male or a female, right? So
+
+213
+00:19:48,040 --> 00:19:52,740
+shall I say a student came into, should always do
+
+214
+00:19:52,740 --> 00:19:57,450
+his assignments or her assignments So now when I
+
+215
+00:19:57,450 --> 00:20:00,470
+say a student can be a male and can be a female,
+
+216
+00:20:00,630 --> 00:20:04,570
+right? So since it is possible to be a male or a
+
+217
+00:20:04,570 --> 00:20:07,790
+female, what shall I say? Do his assignments or
+
+218
+00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:12,930
+her assignments? Why not her? Some ladies will
+
+219
+00:20:12,930 --> 00:20:17,670
+protest. Okay. Men should not always be
+
+220
+00:20:17,670 --> 00:20:21,390
+dominating. Okay. So what do you think Morida? The
+
+221
+00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:24,970
+same word student refers to a male, not female.
+
+222
+00:20:25,550 --> 00:20:30,230
+and can refer to a female also. Okay? Can refer.
+
+223
+00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:34,290
+Now when I say a student can refer to a male and
+
+224
+00:20:34,290 --> 00:20:38,650
+to a female. So how can we solve this problem?
+
+225
+00:20:41,030 --> 00:20:44,130
+Very good Nada. Thank you very much. We say his or
+
+226
+00:20:44,130 --> 00:20:48,540
+her. A lot of writers started to say a lot. Look,
+
+227
+00:20:48,860 --> 00:20:53,700
+traditionally in Old English, they used to say
+
+228
+00:20:53,700 --> 00:21:00,540
+what? His. Use his for a male. and some writers
+
+229
+00:21:00,540 --> 00:21:04,220
+consider it male domination or male domination,
+
+230
+00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:08,500
+something like that, okay? But now, most of the
+
+231
+00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:13,320
+books, a lot of writers say his or her to be fair
+
+232
+00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,420
+in order not to neglect, yes, the other
+
+233
+00:21:16,420 --> 00:21:17,000
+possibility.
+
+234
+00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:24,860
+Even in Arabic sometimes, even in Arabic sometimes
+
+235
+00:21:24,860 --> 00:21:31,450
+we use Okay, both of them, right? أكتب, right? And
+
+236
+00:21:31,450 --> 00:21:35,730
+sometimes in the exam, أكتب, أكتبي, right? We use
+
+237
+00:21:35,730 --> 00:21:40,310
+it even in Arabic. Some people consider the
+
+238
+00:21:40,310 --> 00:21:44,150
+masculine is enough, okay? His. And others, no,
+
+239
+00:21:44,390 --> 00:21:47,650
+they should refer or they should point to the
+
+240
+00:21:47,650 --> 00:21:53,510
+feminine. Gender hair. So now, how can we solve
+
+241
+00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:57,430
+this problem? You see, as you see, a student
+
+242
+00:21:57,430 --> 00:22:02,270
+should do his. Why not hair? So write his or hair.
+
+243
+00:22:02,830 --> 00:22:05,350
+How can we solve this problem? This is a problem.
+
+244
+00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:09,430
+What do you think? In writing, yes?
+
+245
+00:22:12,990 --> 00:22:18,310
+Say it, speak aloud. Change it to another pronoun.
+
+246
+00:22:18,790 --> 00:22:23,170
+Another pronoun like what? Another pronoun which
+
+247
+00:22:23,170 --> 00:22:27,410
+may include he and she. Right. Very good. What's
+
+248
+00:22:27,410 --> 00:22:33,750
+that pronoun? His or her can change to their. Very
+
+249
+00:22:33,750 --> 00:22:36,790
+good. Thank you very much. Thank you. In other
+
+250
+00:22:36,790 --> 00:22:40,680
+words, we make it what? Plural. We make it plural.
+
+251
+00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:44,440
+So to avoid this problem, we make it plural and
+
+252
+00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:49,360
+not necessary to say he, she, he or she. So again,
+
+253
+00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:52,760
+when I say students should always do what? Their
+
+254
+00:22:52,760 --> 00:22:56,740
+assignments. And by this way, we can avoid the
+
+255
+00:22:56,740 --> 00:23:00,580
+problem. So make it plural and avoid the problem.
+
+256
+00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:08,000
+Look at these indefinite pronouns. Remember? Okay,
+
+257
+00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:11,520
+look. Before we talk about them, they are what?
+
+258
+00:23:11,740 --> 00:23:16,720
+How many words? One word. So everyone is what? One
+
+259
+00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:21,180
+word. Everybody? Everything? Okay, read the other
+
+260
+00:23:21,180 --> 00:23:24,460
+group, please. Someone, somebody, something. Thank
+
+261
+00:23:24,460 --> 00:23:26,820
+you. The other ones? Anyone, everybody,
+
+262
+00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:29,860
+everything. Thank you. And the other ones? Nobody,
+
+263
+00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:34,620
+nothing. Good. So remember, they should be what?
+
+264
+00:23:34,740 --> 00:23:43,020
+One word. Now, Somebody, somebody refers to what?
+
+265
+00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:51,380
+Sorry? Okay, somebody left his book on the desk.
+
+266
+00:23:52,740 --> 00:23:57,920
+Somebody left his. Okay, somebody left his. His
+
+267
+00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:00,900
+refers to a singular person, right? A singular
+
+268
+00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:06,660
+noun. Everyone has his or her, okay? Has his or
+
+269
+00:24:06,660 --> 00:24:11,660
+her again. Can be a male or can be a female. Can
+
+270
+00:24:11,660 --> 00:24:18,740
+refer to one of them. Now, in old English, most of
+
+271
+00:24:18,740 --> 00:24:22,960
+the books used to write his. In other words, to
+
+272
+00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:27,440
+consider it singular. And in spoken English, when
+
+273
+00:24:27,440 --> 00:24:33,620
+you are talking, Again, in formal English, it is
+
+274
+00:24:33,620 --> 00:24:38,240
+used, it is considered what? His. So his, this is
+
+275
+00:24:38,240 --> 00:24:42,320
+one. Somebody left his. In formal English, the use
+
+276
+00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:45,740
+of a singular pronoun to refer to an indefinite
+
+277
+00:24:45,740 --> 00:24:47,900
+pronoun is generally considered to be
+
+278
+00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:51,140
+grammatically correct. So this is accepted in
+
+279
+00:24:51,140 --> 00:24:55,400
+formal English. I say, somebody left his. Somebody
+
+280
+00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:59,920
+Lift hair. Everyone should bring hair and so on.
+
+281
+00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:03,040
+Should bring his. This is waqt. This is formal.
+
+282
+00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:07,460
+Now what about the everyday English? When people
+
+283
+00:25:07,460 --> 00:25:11,040
+speak to each other. They say somebody lift their.
+
+284
+00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:18,220
+Okay, everyone has their own ideas. Now, which one
+
+285
+00:25:18,220 --> 00:25:21,940
+shall I use? between friends in everyday language
+
+286
+00:25:21,940 --> 00:25:25,260
+most people use what used there use the plural
+
+287
+00:25:25,260 --> 00:25:32,120
+form but in formal writing and sometimes okay in
+
+288
+00:25:32,120 --> 00:25:36,200
+the very formal they use what they use there but
+
+289
+00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,540
+commonly we can say that this is the formal form
+
+290
+00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:45,040
+his or her, and this is the informal used in
+
+291
+00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:48,720
+everyday life between friends in spoken English
+
+292
+00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:52,660
+and so on. Is that okay? Now let's have an
+
+293
+00:25:52,660 --> 00:25:53,200
+exercise.
+
+294
+00:25:56,580 --> 00:25:59,740
+Yeah, read please the introduction. Read it from
+
+295
+00:25:59,740 --> 00:26:00,300
+your book.
+
+296
+00:26:03,250 --> 00:26:05,850
+Exchange sentences by using plural instead of
+
+297
+00:26:05,850 --> 00:26:08,370
+singular generic nouns where possible. Change
+
+298
+00:26:08,370 --> 00:26:10,730
+pronouns and verbs as necessary to sculpt the
+
+299
+00:26:10,730 --> 00:26:14,190
+advantages of using plural rather than singular
+
+300
+00:26:14,190 --> 00:26:16,930
+generic nouns. Okay, now let's do number one.
+
+301
+00:26:22,410 --> 00:26:29,010
+When I say each student in Biology 101 has to, has
+
+302
+00:26:29,010 --> 00:26:38,240
+to Yeah, each student. Complete, reading it,
+
+303
+00:26:38,360 --> 00:26:42,480
+complete reading. Each student in Biology 101 has
+
+304
+00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:47,860
+to spend three hours per week in the laboratory
+
+305
+00:26:47,860 --> 00:26:50,180
+where he or she
+
+306
+00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:04,940
+Okay Now all students. Yeah, we write what? Come
+
+307
+00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:11,340
+you're right all students So instead of each
+
+308
+00:27:11,340 --> 00:27:17,940
+student is we say what all students are Okay all
+
+309
+00:27:17,940 --> 00:27:18,680
+students
+
+310
+00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:27,420
+Students. Students. Yeah, good. Complete. Have to.
+
+311
+00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:31,720
+Has to. Students has to or have to? Have to. Have
+
+312
+00:27:31,720 --> 00:27:37,720
+to, good. Spend three hours every week.
+
+313
+00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:44,420
+Yeah, what do you think of he or she? They. They,
+
+314
+00:27:44,540 --> 00:27:53,430
+very good. Yeah, they. They does. Do. They, they
+
+315
+00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:58,650
+do. Thank you very much. Any other changes? In his
+
+316
+00:27:58,650 --> 00:28:03,010
+or her. Yeah, in his or her. Their lab. Okay.
+
+317
+00:28:04,610 --> 00:28:11,510
+Thank you. In their, they're spelling? E-I. E-I,
+
+318
+00:28:11,590 --> 00:28:17,370
+okay. Yeah. You want to do it? Okay, come. Okay.
+
+319
+00:28:19,290 --> 00:28:31,820
+Fadhli, come. get ready for the other one citizens
+
+320
+00:28:31,820 --> 00:28:35,760
+okay
+
+321
+00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:40,120
+have yeah
+
+322
+00:28:43,460 --> 00:28:45,800
+Just a minute. Just a minute. Let's complete this
+
+323
+00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:48,760
+point. We started this point. Let's complete it.
+
+324
+00:28:49,060 --> 00:28:49,800
+Okay, go on.
+
+325
+00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:55,360
+Every election. What do you think of every
+
+326
+00:28:55,360 --> 00:29:03,240
+election? Every election. Now he
+
+327
+00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:09,070
+wants you what? Okay. It changed.by using plural
+
+328
+00:29:09,070 --> 00:29:13,470
+instead of singular, generic. So instead of every
+
+329
+00:29:13,470 --> 00:29:17,430
+election, we say what? All. Okay, good. We say all
+
+330
+00:29:17,430 --> 00:29:18,230
+elections.
+
+331
+00:29:26,970 --> 00:29:33,170
+Yeah. Thank you. Yeah, you are right.
+
+332
+00:29:37,220 --> 00:29:39,280
+What's the meaning of Jaleb? Check it in the
+
+333
+00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:46,660
+dictionary. Okay. Yeah, who was asking there? Just
+
+334
+00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:51,540
+a minute, she has a question. Number three, yeah,
+
+335
+00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,700
+what about number three? Yeah, last one?
+
+336
+00:29:58,120 --> 00:30:05,770
+Them? Okay, why them? Why them? Now, you know,
+
+337
+00:30:06,290 --> 00:30:12,110
+this is a noun. If I have them, this is for them.
+
+338
+00:30:12,630 --> 00:30:16,370
+This is for you, right? It should not be followed
+
+339
+00:30:16,370 --> 00:30:22,690
+by a noun. Sorry? Yeah, it should not be followed
+
+340
+00:30:22,690 --> 00:30:26,970
+by a noun. So we say there, but you know, there,
+
+341
+00:30:28,070 --> 00:30:28,970
+look at the spelling.
+
+342
+00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:42,280
+Other questions? What about the same exercise,
+
+343
+00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:45,060
+number two? Number two? It's not changed. It's not
+
+344
+00:30:45,060 --> 00:30:47,580
+here. Number two in the book you mean? Yes, yes.
+
+345
+00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:50,840
+Okay. It's not changed. Why? Because she made a
+
+346
+00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:55,460
+reply. There is no change? Yes. Read it please. I
+
+347
+00:30:55,460 --> 00:30:58,700
+talked to a student in my chemistry class. I asked
+
+348
+00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:02,460
+for her notes from the class I met. She gave them
+
+349
+00:31:02,460 --> 00:31:06,010
+to me gladly. So this is a good sentence. Why
+
+350
+00:31:06,010 --> 00:31:11,030
+shall we change? Okay? It's a good sentence. Now
+
+351
+00:31:11,030 --> 00:31:15,070
+look at number five. Look at number five. Who's
+
+352
+00:31:15,070 --> 00:31:17,430
+coming? Who's going to commit? Okay, it is for
+
+353
+00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:20,570
+you. So what about the changes? Where are the
+
+354
+00:31:20,570 --> 00:31:23,610
+changes? It's good that you are going to make it.
+
+355
+00:31:25,010 --> 00:31:27,670
+No, it is. There is no problem.
+
+356
+00:31:40,450 --> 00:31:43,790
+No change. You are right. Thank you. Right. No
+
+357
+00:31:43,790 --> 00:31:44,290
+change.
+
+358
+00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:49,870
+Never mind. Write it. Write it. You write it.
+
+359
+00:31:52,910 --> 00:31:55,770
+It is the same as the one you asked about. Right?
+
+360
+00:31:57,590 --> 00:32:00,050
+Okay. So you got the answer.
+
+361
+00:32:11,540 --> 00:32:13,340
+Now this is another exercise.
+
+362
+00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:26,200
+What does he want?
+
+363
+00:32:28,860 --> 00:32:32,030
+Read the introduction in your book. Complete each
+
+364
+00:32:32,030 --> 00:32:35,410
+sentence with the pronouns that seems appropriate
+
+365
+00:32:35,410 --> 00:32:38,330
+to the given situation. Choose the correct verbs
+
+366
+00:32:38,330 --> 00:32:44,210
+and parties as Nisari discuss formal and informal
+
+367
+00:32:44,210 --> 00:32:48,090
+pronouns. Okay, thank you. Now, the first one,
+
+368
+00:32:48,150 --> 00:32:54,320
+number two. Who wants to start? Go on. Yasmin. One
+
+369
+00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:56,440
+friend to another, of course you can learn to
+
+370
+00:32:56,440 --> 00:32:59,240
+dance. Just a minute, please. One friend to
+
+371
+00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:01,500
+another. What does that mean? Is it a formal
+
+372
+00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:05,880
+situation? It is informal situation. Good. This is
+
+373
+00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:10,180
+informal situation. Go on. Of course you can learn
+
+374
+00:33:10,180 --> 00:33:13,820
+to dance. Anyone can learn how to dance if you
+
+375
+00:33:13,820 --> 00:33:18,500
+want to. If we want to use a pronoun. Now anyone
+
+376
+00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:23,620
+can learn. Anyone. We want a pronoun to refer to
+
+377
+00:33:23,620 --> 00:33:26,860
+anyone. The indefinite pronoun. They. Very good.
+
+378
+00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:29,940
+They because this is as we said informal
+
+379
+00:33:29,940 --> 00:33:31,600
+situation. Good.
+
+380
+00:33:35,820 --> 00:33:38,200
+If you can learn how to dance. No, no. Write it
+
+381
+00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:43,020
+there. Write it there. Clean this. Okay, clean
+
+382
+00:33:43,020 --> 00:33:48,200
+this. And which verb do we use?
+
+383
+00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:55,300
+Okay, thank you very much. Good. Next one, come.
+
+384
+00:33:56,780 --> 00:34:02,840
+You want to ask? Now we said, now she's asking
+
+385
+00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:06,740
+anyone. Do we use a singular pronoun or a plural
+
+386
+00:34:06,740 --> 00:34:10,120
+pronoun to refer to anyone? Who can answer her
+
+387
+00:34:10,120 --> 00:34:17,000
+question? We say that any formal language we use
+
+388
+00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,860
+there or plural, as a plural. But in formal
+
+389
+00:34:20,860 --> 00:34:26,460
+writing, we use he or she or he or them. Okay,
+
+390
+00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:32,700
+now, sorry again. Anyone prefers
+
+391
+00:34:32,700 --> 00:34:37,510
+to? Okay, we said you should consider whether you
+
+392
+00:34:37,510 --> 00:34:41,370
+are dealing with a formal situation or an informal
+
+393
+00:34:41,370 --> 00:34:46,130
+situation. In a formal situation, we say it. Okay?
+
+394
+00:34:46,950 --> 00:34:50,950
+And in a formal situation, in informal situation,
+
+395
+00:34:51,090 --> 00:34:56,950
+we say they. Okay? Now, why did he introduce the
+
+396
+00:34:56,950 --> 00:34:59,470
+exercise by this expression, one friend to
+
+397
+00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:03,320
+another? The writer wants to tell you that this is
+
+398
+00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:08,040
+an informal situation, okay? This is informal
+
+399
+00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:12,100
+situation. Yeah, why did you sit? Come, we are
+
+400
+00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:12,500
+waiting.
+
+401
+00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:23,160
+Now, business takes back. This is what? Formal,
+
+402
+00:35:23,180 --> 00:35:27,100
+good. Go on. Corporate manager must be able to
+
+403
+00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:32,040
+motivate their employees.I don't know. This is for
+
+404
+00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:38,850
+you. Why there? Why there? Now we said, look at
+
+405
+00:35:38,850 --> 00:35:41,230
+the previous one. Number two, this is informal
+
+406
+00:35:41,230 --> 00:35:44,830
+situation. In the informal, we use the plural
+
+407
+00:35:44,830 --> 00:35:49,270
+they, right? And now this is informal and this is
+
+408
+00:35:49,270 --> 00:35:53,530
+formal. So in the formal, okay. Now listen, the
+
+409
+00:35:53,530 --> 00:35:59,050
+manager can be a male and or a female. So what
+
+410
+00:35:59,050 --> 00:36:02,870
+shall I write? His or her. Very good. Thank you.
+
+411
+00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:11,360
+You can write his only. You can write his only.
+
+412
+00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:14,620
+You can write his only. Okay. But some others will
+
+413
+00:36:14,620 --> 00:36:18,580
+protest. Okay. Yes. Come please.
+
+414
+00:36:24,380 --> 00:36:29,360
+Look, one room made to another. This is informal.
+
+415
+00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:31,580
+Very good. This is informal. Look, this
+
+416
+00:36:31,580 --> 00:36:34,760
+introduction is very important. Yeah. Go on.
+
+417
+00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:42,400
+Very good.
+
+418
+00:36:43,260 --> 00:36:43,800
+Tell them.
+
+419
+00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:54,900
+Number five. New ones. Come, please. Then you. Get
+
+420
+00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:55,500
+ready, okay?
+
+421
+00:37:03,020 --> 00:37:06,140
+Okay, son to his mother. What does that indicate?
+
+422
+00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:09,860
+Formal or informal? Informal situation. Good, go
+
+423
+00:37:09,860 --> 00:37:17,300
+on. Their own food. Okay, clean the previous ones,
+
+424
+00:37:17,420 --> 00:37:19,240
+please. Clean them.
+
+425
+00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:29,140
+Their own food, yeah. Thank you. Yes, come,
+
+426
+00:37:29,260 --> 00:37:29,480
+please.
+
+427
+00:37:42,090 --> 00:37:45,890
+University lecture. It is a formal situation. Go
+
+428
+00:37:45,890 --> 00:37:46,110
+on.
+
+429
+00:37:54,150 --> 00:37:58,010
+Very good. With his or her. Thank you. Yeah, come.
+
+430
+00:38:04,130 --> 00:38:04,890
+Thank you.
+
+431
+00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:11,820
+What does it indicate? Magazine article? Formal
+
+432
+00:38:11,820 --> 00:38:12,640
+again. Go on.
+
+433
+00:38:19,380 --> 00:38:30,640
+Thank you.
+
+434
+00:38:31,820 --> 00:38:36,960
+Thank you. Also you can write what? His, okay, or
+
+435
+00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:41,400
+instead of the slash. His or her.
+
+436
+00:38:46,260 --> 00:38:47,840
+Check your answers.
+
+437
+00:38:56,100 --> 00:39:01,780
+Now let's stop at this point and
+
+438
+00:39:01,780 --> 00:39:03,020
+say goodbye for today.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/31n8CPEpBQY.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1758 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,970 --> 00:00:24,010
+Good morning to you all. Good morning. How are
+
+2
+00:00:24,010 --> 00:00:27,650
+you? Fine. And you? I'm nice. Thank you very much.
+
+3
+00:00:27,810 --> 00:00:31,530
+Feeling well today? Fine. Fine. Good. So let's
+
+4
+00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:35,050
+start with a smile. It is a nice day today. A nice
+
+5
+00:00:35,050 --> 00:00:42,810
+weather. Okay. You know Marwa has a story. Marwa
+
+6
+00:00:42,810 --> 00:00:46,770
+usually comes by bus to the university. You know
+
+7
+00:00:46,770 --> 00:00:49,710
+what happened today? No.
+
+8
+00:00:59,910 --> 00:01:09,210
+When she arrived at 
+
+9
+00:01:09,210 --> 00:01:19,250
+the station, the bus station, the bus had
+
+10
+00:01:19,250 --> 00:01:29,030
+left. When she arrived, the bus had left. Did she
+
+11
+00:01:29,030 --> 00:01:34,630
+come by bus? No. Did she catch the bus? No. No.
+
+12
+00:01:35,010 --> 00:01:39,210
+What does that mean? What does that mean? Look,
+
+13
+00:01:39,710 --> 00:01:45,710
+she arrived, okay, and had left. I used two 
+
+14
+00:01:45,710 --> 00:01:49,270
+tenses. The two tenses happened in the past. Good.
+
+15
+00:01:49,730 --> 00:01:56,650
+Which happened before? Yes, please. Very good. The 
+
+16
+00:01:56,650 --> 00:02:00,070
+bus left, then she arrived. Now, we use two
+
+17
+00:02:00,070 --> 00:02:05,130
+tenses. Which tense is this? This, the past 
+
+18
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:09,110
+simple. Good. And this one? Okay, good. So, can 
+
+19
+00:02:09,110 --> 00:02:13,630
+you tell me why or when do we use the past 
+
+20
+00:02:13,630 --> 00:02:18,200
+perfect? Yes, Yasmin. When we have two actions, 
+
+21
+00:02:18,620 --> 00:02:22,600
+someone happens before another. Very good. Someone 
+
+22
+00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:27,180
+completed, okay, finished, started and completed
+
+23
+00:02:27,180 --> 00:02:31,460
+before another action or before another time. This
+
+24
+00:02:31,460 --> 00:02:32,160
+is nice. Good.
+
+25
+00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:55,360
+Now look, read the example please. Yes, read it.
+
+26
+00:02:57,880 --> 00:03:02,620
+Thank you.
+
+27
+00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:09,680
+Look at the time, left at 9.30, arrived at 10,
+
+28
+00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:12,700
+which happened before? Which happened? One
+
+29
+00:03:12,700 --> 00:03:16,300
+speaker, please. One speaker. Yes, please. Okay, 
+
+30
+00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:21,280
+thank you. Ali left before Sami arrived. The two
+
+31
+00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:24,500
+actions happened in the past. But according to the 
+
+32
+00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:29,140
+time given, we know that this happened first. So
+
+33
+00:03:29,140 --> 00:03:34,760
+if we want to talk about or to use two tenses to 
+
+34
+00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:39,680
+express the situation, we say, yes or no. What do
+
+35
+00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:46,560
+we say, Ali? Very good. Ali had already left when 
+
+36
+00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,620
+Sami arrived. It means what? First, Ali left.
+
+37
+00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:57,860
+Second, Sami arrived. Thank you. Read please,
+
+38
+00:03:58,380 --> 00:04:01,980
+Naveen. The bus permit expresses an activity that
+
+39
+00:04:01,980 --> 00:04:04,740
+was completed for another activity four times.
+
+40
+00:04:05,260 --> 00:04:08,560
+Thank you very much. Good. Yeah. What do you 
+
+41
+00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:12,520
+understand, Noor? Can you summarize? Yeah.
+
+42
+00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:23,260
+Very good, thank you very much. Happened, 
+
+43
+00:04:23,340 --> 00:04:27,400
+completed before the other tense. Thank you. Now, 
+
+44
+00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:29,880
+read the other sentence, Basma.
+
+45
+00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:39,100
+Okay, thank you very much. Sami got Ali had 
+
+46
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:44,990
+already left. Did they meet? Did Sami see Ali? Did
+
+47
+00:04:44,990 --> 00:04:50,410
+Sami see Ali? Thank you. 
+
+48
+00:04:51,110 --> 00:04:56,450
+So, he did not see Ali. Why? How did you know? Had 
+
+49
+00:04:56,450 --> 00:05:01,050
+already left. Thank you very much. Now, already. 
+
+50
+00:05:01,470 --> 00:05:05,470
+When I say Ali had left, does it give you a good 
+
+51
+00:05:05,470 --> 00:05:09,610
+meaning, a good grammar? Yes, when I use already.
+
+52
+00:05:10,730 --> 00:05:13,930
+Already, to emphasize the meaning, very good. So
+
+53
+00:05:13,930 --> 00:05:18,870
+we use some adverbs, some reference to the time, 
+
+54
+00:05:19,030 --> 00:05:22,490
+some words that refer to the, some words to
+
+55
+00:05:22,490 --> 00:05:26,110
+emphasize the action. The action has already, we 
+
+56
+00:05:26,110 --> 00:05:29,990
+say already. When I say also by the time, this is
+
+57
+00:05:29,990 --> 00:05:33,570
+another time expression used. Okay, another
+
+58
+00:05:33,570 --> 00:05:38,420
+expression used with the past perfect. Now, read
+
+59
+00:05:38,420 --> 00:05:44,900
+Sahar the first sentence, please. She wants to 
+
+60
+00:05:44,900 --> 00:05:46,180
+visit Cairo. 
+
+61
+00:05:48,580 --> 00:05:54,720
+Good. She wants to visit. She has seen. What is 
+
+62
+00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:58,420
+the tense here? Present simple. And this one? 
+
+63
+00:05:58,900 --> 00:06:03,060
+Present perfect. Good. Which happened first? The 
+
+64
+00:06:03,060 --> 00:06:06,500
+simple or the perfect? Yes, please. Very good.
+
+65
+00:06:07,350 --> 00:06:11,570
+Okay, the perfect. So again, because she has seen, 
+
+66
+00:06:12,030 --> 00:06:15,870
+she wants. Okay? Now read the other example, 
+
+67
+00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:21,490
+please, Ayah. Read this one. Good.
+
+68
+00:06:25,510 --> 00:06:29,350
+She wanted to visit because she had seen. Again, 
+
+69
+00:06:29,770 --> 00:06:34,250
+the simple past and the? Simple past. Okay. Which 
+
+70
+00:06:34,250 --> 00:06:38,990
+happened first? The perfect, very good. Now look, 
+
+71
+00:06:40,250 --> 00:06:44,790
+present simple, present perfect. Past simple, past 
+
+72
+00:06:44,790 --> 00:06:49,870
+perfect. The present simple happens before the 
+
+73
+00:06:49,870 --> 00:06:52,970
+present perfect. The present perfect happens 
+
+74
+00:06:52,970 --> 00:06:56,590
+before the present simple. And the past perfect 
+
+75
+00:06:56,590 --> 00:07:00,330
+happens before the past simple. Okay, so the
+
+76
+00:07:00,330 --> 00:07:05,440
+perfect. Okay? Happens before the symbol. The 
+
+77
+00:07:05,440 --> 00:07:09,620
+relationship between the present symbol and the 
+
+78
+00:07:09,620 --> 00:07:13,380
+present perfect is similar to that between the 
+
+79
+00:07:13,380 --> 00:07:17,060
+past symbol and the past perfect. In other words,
+
+80
+00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:21,320
+the perfect happens before what? Before the
+
+81
+00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:24,820
+symbol. Good. And read Najwa, this one.
+
+82
+00:07:35,820 --> 00:07:36,280
+Okay, 
+
+83
+00:07:41,220 --> 00:07:45,220
+thank you very much. Again, when we use the symbol
+
+84
+00:07:45,220 --> 00:07:51,000
+with the perfect, okay, the perfect happens before 
+
+85
+00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:54,360
+Okay, thank you very much. That's nice. Good.
+
+86
+00:07:56,800 --> 00:08:01,900
+Could you read this example, please? Yeah. She had 
+
+87
+00:08:01,900 --> 00:08:04,740
+met as a manager of many companies. Okay, Jones.
+
+88
+00:08:06,220 --> 00:08:08,640
+On many occasions. This is enough. Thank you. 
+
+89
+00:08:08,820 --> 00:08:12,840
+Good. She had met the manager on many occasions. 
+
+90
+00:08:13,260 --> 00:08:17,160
+She was a reporter for example. She wanted to make 
+
+91
+00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:21,440
+a research and she visited the manager and visited
+
+92
+00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:24,720
+the manager and repeated the action and repeated 
+
+93
+00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:29,740
+the action. The manager offered her a job. Okay?
+
+94
+00:08:29,940 --> 00:08:35,300
+The manager offered her a job. Now, She had met 
+
+95
+00:08:35,300 --> 00:08:42,140
+the manager on many occasions before she got the
+
+96
+00:08:42,140 --> 00:08:46,720
+job. I have two actions, okay? The first action
+
+97
+00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:51,560
+was, okay, it is past perfect, but you know, it 
+
+98
+00:08:51,560 --> 00:08:55,180
+was repeated. That's right. Thank you. It was
+
+99
+00:08:55,180 --> 00:08:59,120
+repeated. Happened again and again and again. Then
+
+100
+00:08:59,120 --> 00:09:02,560
+another action happened. Okay? Complete, please 
+
+101
+00:09:02,560 --> 00:09:06,300
+read. Use the bus bell to talk about repeated 
+
+102
+00:09:06,300 --> 00:09:09,940
+actions in the bus that took place before another
+
+103
+00:09:09,940 --> 00:09:13,040
+event in the bus. Thank you very much. I had
+
+104
+00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:18,680
+visited the area before I bought the house. I had 
+
+105
+00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:22,280
+visited the area before I bought the house. I 
+
+106
+00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:27,740
+wanted to live in a new area, so I visited it a
+
+107
+00:09:27,740 --> 00:09:32,300
+lot of times, okay? Then I bought. Can you give me
+
+108
+00:09:32,300 --> 00:09:37,730
+examples about yourself? Examples about yourself. 
+
+109
+00:09:42,110 --> 00:09:49,790
+Now, Suha has a new bag. You know what did she do?
+
+110
+00:09:50,430 --> 00:09:55,090
+She had visited many shops before she bought the 
+
+111
+00:09:55,090 --> 00:10:00,950
+bag. Okay. She had visited. So again, the action
+
+112
+00:10:00,950 --> 00:10:05,010
+was repeated before another action happened or 
+
+113
+00:10:05,010 --> 00:10:14,170
+started. Yes. Very good.
+
+114
+00:10:14,670 --> 00:10:20,290
+I had gone. Okay, she came and came and came then
+
+115
+00:10:20,290 --> 00:10:22,970
+she started. Thank you. Yes, please. Yes mean
+
+116
+00:10:22,970 --> 00:10:26,030
+Thank
+
+117
+00:10:26,030 --> 00:10:29,670
+you very much good now read the other example, 
+
+118
+00:10:29,870 --> 00:10:35,150
+please read Thank 
+
+119
+00:10:35,150 --> 00:10:40,830
+you very much look had left and left Had left and 
+
+120
+00:10:40,830 --> 00:10:47,390
+left Okay now This is what? Past perfect. And this
+
+121
+00:10:47,390 --> 00:10:53,550
+is what? Past simple. Look, when we talk about the
+
+122
+00:10:53,550 --> 00:10:57,070
+time relation between some verbs. If I say, for
+
+123
+00:10:57,070 --> 00:11:05,260
+example, eat and watch TV. Which usually happens
+
+124
+00:11:05,260 --> 00:11:08,960
+first? You want to eat and you want to watch TV?
+
+125
+00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:19,860
+No, I'm asking you. Which happens first? In other
+
+126
+00:11:19,860 --> 00:11:23,720
+words, is there a clear time relationship between 
+
+127
+00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:29,370
+the two verbs? No. Sometimes I want to eat. I eat
+
+128
+00:11:29,370 --> 00:11:32,930
+because it's not time for my favorite program. I 
+
+129
+00:11:32,930 --> 00:11:36,010
+have some minutes to eat, right? And sometimes,
+
+130
+00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:42,680
+Yeah, the program has already started. So I watch
+
+131
+00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:47,740
+the program, I watch TV, then I eat, right? If I 
+
+132
+00:11:47,740 --> 00:11:51,840
+want to make the time relationship between the two
+
+133
+00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:55,020
+actions clear, in other words, if I want to tell 
+
+134
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:58,540
+the reader which action happened first, I use
+
+135
+00:11:58,540 --> 00:12:03,080
+what? Before and after. Before and after, very
+
+136
+00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:08,870
+good. I can use before or after, or? Okay. Before.
+
+137
+00:12:10,810 --> 00:12:19,010
+After. Or we use what? The past perfect. Okay? We 
+
+138
+00:12:19,010 --> 00:12:22,590
+use the past perfect. So, we use the past perfect
+
+139
+00:12:22,590 --> 00:12:25,270
+to show the time relationship between the two
+
+140
+00:12:25,270 --> 00:12:30,270
+actions. Or we use what? Before or after. Now, 
+
+141
+00:12:30,590 --> 00:12:34,970
+when I say before I
+
+142
+00:12:40,330 --> 00:12:48,590
+I watched TV. Now according to the sentence, in
+
+143
+00:12:48,590 --> 00:12:52,770
+this sentence, is the time relationship between 
+
+144
+00:12:52,770 --> 00:12:56,950
+the two verbs clear? Yes. Which happened first? 
+
+145
+00:12:58,370 --> 00:13:02,810
+Which happened first? Watched. So it means before
+
+146
+00:13:02,810 --> 00:13:06,250
+I ate, I watched it. This happened, this, this 
+
+147
+00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:12,330
+happened. Okay. Now can I say after? After I ate.
+
+148
+00:13:12,750 --> 00:13:17,550
+Who's the speaker? After? After I ate. After I 
+
+149
+00:13:17,550 --> 00:13:20,690
+want the same, the same meaning. I don't want to 
+
+150
+00:13:20,690 --> 00:13:23,630
+change the meaning. You can say after I ate, I 
+
+151
+00:13:23,630 --> 00:13:26,210
+watched it. But I want the same meaning. After?
+
+152
+00:13:27,190 --> 00:13:35,380
+Yes, go on. After I watched TV, 
+
+153
+00:13:36,540 --> 00:13:38,300
+I ate. 
+
+154
+00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,900
+After I watched, I ate. Is the time relationship 
+
+155
+00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:47,040
+between the two verbs, the simple past and the 
+
+156
+00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:51,320
+simple past clear? Yes. Is it clear? Can you say 
+
+157
+00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:55,620
+which one happened first? Yes. So is it necessary
+
+158
+00:13:55,620 --> 00:14:00,680
+to use the past perfect in this sentence? No, it
+
+159
+00:14:00,680 --> 00:14:04,320
+is not necessary. We use the past perfect to show 
+
+160
+00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:07,800
+which action happened first. But if the time
+
+161
+00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:11,500
+relationship between the two actions is clear, use
+
+162
+00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:14,760
+the symbol and the symbol. We don't need it. So it 
+
+163
+00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:17,740
+is not necessary to use what? The past perfect.
+
+164
+00:14:19,190 --> 00:14:22,870
+But it is not commonly not recommended. Okay. We 
+
+165
+00:14:22,870 --> 00:14:26,890
+said it is unnecessary. Unnecessary. Right? 
+
+166
+00:14:39,450 --> 00:14:43,310
+Yes. Read the sentence again, Lama. Sami had left 
+
+167
+00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:46,890
+before Ali got there. Sami left before Ali got 
+
+168
+00:14:46,890 --> 00:14:52,300
+there. Okay. The two sentences have the same
+
+169
+00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:56,400
+meaning. So again, if the time relationship is 
+
+170
+00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:01,240
+clear, don't use what? The perfect. Yeah. Read the 
+
+171
+00:15:01,240 --> 00:15:02,420
+other sentence, please.
+
+172
+00:15:06,420 --> 00:15:11,760
+Okay. Thank you. Now, is the time relationship
+
+173
+00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:15,420
+clear between the two verbs? When do you usually
+
+174
+00:15:15,420 --> 00:15:17,540
+go to bed? While you are having the guests, you
+
+175
+00:15:17,540 --> 00:15:20,440
+say, good night, my guests, I'm going to bed and 
+
+176
+00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:26,280
+you leave them? No. Okay. So one stops, one is
+
+177
+00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:30,180
+completed, the other what? Starts. Okay. Yeah. So
+
+178
+00:15:30,180 --> 00:15:35,100
+again, go on. The two sentences. So it is not 
+
+179
+00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:39,010
+necessary to say after the guests had left. Okay? 
+
+180
+00:15:39,590 --> 00:15:44,330
+The past perfect is not needed. It is not needed.
+
+181
+00:15:44,430 --> 00:15:48,750
+Unnecessary in this sentence. Again, because the 
+
+182
+00:15:48,750 --> 00:15:52,770
+time relationship between the two actions is what?
+
+183
+00:15:52,970 --> 00:15:59,220
+Clear. Okay. Yes. Just when we use after or
+
+184
+00:15:59,220 --> 00:16:02,660
+before, the time relationship is clear. Okay, so 
+
+185
+00:16:02,660 --> 00:16:05,780
+if the time relation and what do you mean by
+
+186
+00:16:05,780 --> 00:16:08,120
+clear? You know which happened first and which 
+
+187
+00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:11,320
+happened next, right? And we use the past perfect 
+
+188
+00:16:11,320 --> 00:16:14,040
+also to show which happened first and which 
+
+189
+00:16:14,040 --> 00:16:18,440
+happened next, right? So it is not necessary to
+
+190
+00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:21,660
+use the past perfect with after and before. Not
+
+191
+00:16:21,660 --> 00:16:28,590
+always. At all. What do you mean by at all? All 
+
+192
+00:16:28,590 -->
+
+223
+00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:38,360
+university, I kissed my mother.
+
+224
+00:18:38,540 --> 00:18:42,480
+Good, thank you. Before I went to my bed, I
+
+225
+00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:45,100
+brushed my teeth. Before I went, I brushed my
+
+226
+00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:47,600
+teeth. Thank you very much. So again, the time
+
+227
+00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:51,440
+relationship is clear between the two actions. So
+
+228
+00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:56,120
+the symbol and the symbol Is okay. Is enough.
+
+229
+00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:02,640
+Yeah. Read please the other, the example.
+
+230
+00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:11,960
+Thank you. Now, Ali didn't go to the movies with
+
+231
+00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:18,260
+us. He had seen it. He had seen it. Okay. Is it a
+
+232
+00:19:18,260 --> 00:19:21,300
+good grammar? Does it give you a good meaning?
+
+233
+00:19:21,580 --> 00:19:25,960
+Yes. Okay. Now, when I say he had already seen. He
+
+234
+00:19:25,960 --> 00:19:30,780
+had already seen. Already what? Emphasizes. Very
+
+235
+00:19:30,780 --> 00:19:34,500
+good. Emphasizes the meaning. Okay? It emphasizes
+
+236
+00:19:34,500 --> 00:19:36,980
+the meaning. Go on, please. Read the other one.
+
+237
+00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:41,580
+Yeah? I saw the film last night. I had never seen
+
+238
+00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:44,740
+it before. I had never seen. Never again
+
+239
+00:19:44,740 --> 00:19:47,580
+emphasizes what? Meaning. The meaning. Thank you.
+
+240
+00:19:47,660 --> 00:19:47,800
+Yeah?
+
+241
+00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:52,930
+Okay,
+
+242
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:01,130
+thank you. Now we know which happened first.
+
+243
+00:20:01,910 --> 00:20:05,070
+Again, to emphasize the idea, to emphasize the
+
+244
+00:20:05,070 --> 00:20:09,210
+meaning of the past perfect, use these words to
+
+245
+00:20:09,210 --> 00:20:10,810
+emphasize the meaning.
+
+246
+00:20:13,610 --> 00:20:18,110
+Where are your keys? Where are your keys? You lost
+
+247
+00:20:18,110 --> 00:20:26,260
+them? she lost her keys okay she lost her keys yes
+
+248
+00:20:26,260 --> 00:20:31,260
+where are your keys listen to her i lost my keys
+
+249
+00:20:31,260 --> 00:20:36,500
+okay she says i lost my keys what did she say she
+
+250
+00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:40,080
+said that she had lost very good she said that she
+
+251
+00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:45,270
+had lost repeat your words again please Yeah. I
+
+252
+00:20:45,270 --> 00:20:48,930
+lost my keys, she says. Again, what did she say?
+
+253
+00:20:49,070 --> 00:20:51,930
+She said that she had lost her keys. So in the
+
+254
+00:20:51,930 --> 00:20:54,230
+reported speech, we use what? The past perfect.
+
+255
+00:20:54,390 --> 00:20:57,890
+The past perfect. Okay. Read the examples, please.
+
+256
+00:20:58,430 --> 00:21:03,610
+I lost my keys. Go on. Repeated word, Mona said
+
+257
+00:21:03,610 --> 00:21:10,570
+that she had lost her keys. Good. Thank you. Yeah.
+
+258
+00:21:12,890 --> 00:21:13,870
+Go on, read.
+
+259
+00:21:27,140 --> 00:21:27,700
+Okay,
+
+260
+00:21:30,540 --> 00:21:31,400
+thank you. Good.
+
+261
+00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:40,230
+This is a piece of writing, a piece of fiction.
+
+262
+00:21:40,790 --> 00:21:46,390
+You like stories and drama and novels, okay? This
+
+263
+00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:49,690
+is a piece of writing. Who wants to read? Yes,
+
+264
+00:21:49,810 --> 00:21:53,890
+please, read. Bill was great that evening. Earlier
+
+265
+00:21:53,890 --> 00:21:58,830
+in the day, Anne had caught one fish and he had
+
+266
+00:21:58,830 --> 00:22:02,890
+caught three. They had had a delicious picnic near
+
+267
+00:22:02,890 --> 00:22:06,800
+the lake and Ben had gone swimming again. It had
+
+268
+00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,800
+been a nearly perfect vacation day. Thank you very
+
+269
+00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:15,700
+much. Now listen. The writer used what? The past
+
+270
+00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:18,480
+perfect. And the past perfect. And the past
+
+271
+00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:22,400
+perfect. Bill felt great. Okay, the past symbol
+
+272
+00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:26,950
+felt great. Why? The writer wants to tell you why
+
+273
+00:22:26,950 --> 00:22:34,110
+did he feel sad. Some actions happened before and
+
+274
+00:22:34,110 --> 00:22:38,440
+as a result of the actions, how did he feel? Okay,
+
+275
+00:22:38,540 --> 00:22:40,880
+what did he use to convey that message to the
+
+276
+00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:45,220
+reader? He used what? The past perfect. He used
+
+277
+00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:49,360
+the past perfect. So the past perfect is used in
+
+278
+00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:52,660
+formal writing. This is a piece of formal writing.
+
+279
+00:22:53,020 --> 00:22:56,720
+Okay, a lot of writers use it to emphasize the
+
+280
+00:22:56,720 --> 00:23:02,640
+idea. Okay, read please. The past perfect is often
+
+281
+00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:08,980
+found Formal writing, such as what? Good, go on.
+
+282
+00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:14,180
+In the above sentence, the fiction writer uses the
+
+283
+00:23:14,180 --> 00:23:17,740
+simple past to say that an event happened in the
+
+284
+00:23:17,740 --> 00:23:24,120
+fifth degree, and the actor uses the past basic to
+
+285
+00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:27,900
+explain what had happened before that event. thank
+
+286
+00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:32,720
+you good so he felt great why because he had
+
+287
+00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:37,220
+caught he had seen he had had okay explaining what
+
+288
+00:23:37,220 --> 00:23:40,760
+happened before so feeling happy is a result of
+
+289
+00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:44,980
+some actions what happened before then he felt
+
+290
+00:23:44,980 --> 00:23:54,820
+great okay would you read please yeah he finished
+
+291
+00:23:55,470 --> 00:24:00,350
+What's that? What would you say about that? This
+
+292
+00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:04,510
+is the short form, the contraction. Okay?
+
+293
+00:24:05,050 --> 00:24:08,570
+Contracted form. So you can make contractions with
+
+294
+00:24:08,570 --> 00:24:14,790
+head in the past perfect. Okay. Again, please go
+
+295
+00:24:14,790 --> 00:24:21,600
+on, read. Contracted with personal pronouns in
+
+296
+00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:27,520
+informal writing, not I'd finished, I'd, I had.
+
+297
+00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:32,560
+Look, I'd finished means what? I had, but I'd
+
+298
+00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:39,520
+like, I, I would. Okay, now would and had are
+
+299
+00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:43,880
+contracted in the same way. Okay, I'd like, it
+
+300
+00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:48,000
+means what? I would like, but I'd finished? I
+
+301
+00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:55,780
+have. Good. We want to make a quick summary for
+
+302
+00:24:55,780 --> 00:24:59,140
+the past perfect. What did we talk about? Yes,
+
+303
+00:24:59,220 --> 00:25:01,420
+tell me. What did you know about the past perfect
+
+304
+00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:06,980
+now? Dua. The past perfect is an activity
+
+305
+00:25:06,980 --> 00:25:12,640
+completed before another activity. Good, thank you
+
+306
+00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:14,900
+very much. Tell me another point about the past
+
+307
+00:25:14,900 --> 00:25:15,920
+perfect. Yes, please.
+
+308
+00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:26,240
+Okay, when the relationship between the two
+
+309
+00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:30,620
+actions is clear, we use what? The simple past and
+
+310
+00:25:30,620 --> 00:25:33,140
+the simple past, not the perfect. Thank you very
+
+311
+00:25:33,140 --> 00:25:33,640
+much. Good.
+
+312
+00:25:39,170 --> 00:25:41,430
+Thank you very much. Good. Yes Basma.
+
+313
+00:25:44,650 --> 00:25:46,250
+Good. Thank you.
+
+314
+00:25:50,590 --> 00:25:55,650
+Thank you very much. To emphasize the action.
+
+315
+00:25:55,810 --> 00:25:55,910
+Yeah.
+
+316
+00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:04,770
+Very good. Thank you very much. Now listen. When
+
+317
+00:26:04,770 --> 00:26:11,660
+we say had visited, had bought, had eaten, had
+
+318
+00:26:11,660 --> 00:26:16,940
+written. Do you think there was a continuity or a
+
+319
+00:26:16,940 --> 00:26:20,740
+duration for the action in the past? Do you think
+
+320
+00:26:20,740 --> 00:26:26,580
+there was a duration? When I say, the boss had
+
+321
+00:26:26,580 --> 00:26:32,340
+left when I arrived. Had left. Yeah. No duration.
+
+322
+00:26:33,340 --> 00:26:37,380
+Sometimes I am interested in the continuity of the
+
+323
+00:26:37,380 --> 00:26:41,960
+action, in the duration of the action. Now, if you
+
+324
+00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,520
+want to tell me about yourself before you came to
+
+325
+00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:50,150
+the university, Every day, you used to get up
+
+326
+00:26:50,150 --> 00:26:53,670
+early, take your bag, go to school, sit in the
+
+327
+00:26:53,670 --> 00:26:58,490
+class, listen to the teacher, write some notes,
+
+328
+00:26:58,850 --> 00:27:02,150
+then carry your bag again. How long did that
+
+329
+00:27:02,150 --> 00:27:09,370
+continue? Twelve years. Twelve years. Now, if you
+
+330
+00:27:09,370 --> 00:27:12,170
+want to talk about yourself, you say,
+
+331
+00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:27,690
+had been going to school for
+
+332
+00:27:27,690 --> 00:27:34,650
+what? Twelve years. Okay. Now, it's going to
+
+333
+00:27:34,650 --> 00:27:39,610
+school. Like eating a sandwich, for example, I had
+
+334
+00:27:39,610 --> 00:27:43,990
+eaten. Are they the same? No. Now the duration of
+
+335
+00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:48,210
+the action is important here. 12 years. It means I
+
+336
+00:27:48,210 --> 00:27:52,850
+had been going to school for 12 years before I
+
+337
+00:27:52,850 --> 00:27:56,390
+joined the university. Before I joined. So you
+
+338
+00:27:56,390 --> 00:27:59,470
+joined the university and you had been going to
+
+339
+00:27:59,470 --> 00:28:05,810
+school. The first action started, continued in the
+
+340
+00:28:05,810 --> 00:28:09,850
+past, okay? There was continuity, duration for the
+
+341
+00:28:09,850 --> 00:28:13,710
+action. Then another action started, which is
+
+342
+00:28:13,710 --> 00:28:19,890
+what? Joining the school. Joining the university.
+
+343
+00:28:36,120 --> 00:28:39,760
+Read the example, please. Yes, go ahead. Ali
+
+344
+00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:42,660
+finally came at six o'clock. I had been waiting
+
+345
+00:28:42,660 --> 00:28:45,580
+for him since four minutes. Thank you very much.
+
+346
+00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:52,900
+Good. Look, Ali finally came. I was waiting, Ali.
+
+347
+00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:56,900
+I became very tired of waiting. Do you like
+
+348
+00:28:56,900 --> 00:29:01,580
+waiting? No. Nobody likes waiting. Okay, finally
+
+349
+00:29:01,580 --> 00:29:07,790
+came. I had been waiting. I had been waiting. What
+
+350
+00:29:07,790 --> 00:29:15,670
+do you understand? I had been waiting. Yeah. Was
+
+351
+00:29:15,670 --> 00:29:21,670
+continuous, was in progress in the past. So, I had
+
+352
+00:29:21,670 --> 00:29:26,450
+been waiting Ali. It was very difficult for me. I
+
+353
+00:29:26,450 --> 00:29:30,810
+had been waiting for Ali since so and so. So
+
+354
+00:29:30,810 --> 00:29:34,190
+again, I want to show the duration, that the
+
+355
+00:29:34,190 --> 00:29:38,090
+action was in progress. So I say, I had been
+
+356
+00:29:38,090 --> 00:29:42,520
+waiting. Now Ali finally came. Ali came, but
+
+357
+00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:46,640
+before he came, I had been waiting. And the
+
+358
+00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:49,620
+duration of the action, the continuity of the
+
+359
+00:29:49,620 --> 00:29:52,480
+progress of the action in the past was important.
+
+360
+00:29:52,660 --> 00:29:55,720
+Thank you. Read please the other one. Yes, read.
+
+361
+00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:02,840
+Yeah, four.
+
+362
+00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:13,260
+Thank you. Had been looking. Day and night. Okay?
+
+363
+00:30:13,980 --> 00:30:18,840
+In every place. Had been looking. Before what?
+
+364
+00:30:19,460 --> 00:30:23,680
+Okay, they caught him. Yeah, they caught him. So
+
+365
+00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:28,020
+again, there was a duration for the action in the
+
+366
+00:30:28,020 --> 00:30:32,260
+past. There was continuity. The action was in a
+
+367
+00:30:32,260 --> 00:30:35,580
+progress before another action started. The first
+
+368
+00:30:35,580 --> 00:30:40,620
+action which was in a progress is what had been
+
+369
+00:30:40,620 --> 00:30:45,650
+looking. Okay, then what happened then? They
+
+370
+00:30:45,650 --> 00:30:51,230
+caught him. Good. Thank you. Yes, please read. The
+
+371
+00:30:51,230 --> 00:31:05,530
+duration of
+
+372
+00:31:05,530 --> 00:31:08,890
+an activity emphasizes the duration of an
+
+373
+00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:12,370
+activity. We are talking again about the bus.
+
+374
+00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:26,820
+Okay,
+
+375
+00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:36,740
+good. The other tenses are used more than the past
+
+376
+00:31:36,740 --> 00:31:39,680
+perfect progressive. It is not very common, but it
+
+377
+00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:42,640
+is a good tense and it is used, but not very
+
+378
+00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:48,280
+common tense. Yes, please read the example.
+
+379
+00:31:58,780 --> 00:31:59,600
+The runners.
+
+380
+00:32:05,060 --> 00:32:05,500
+Okay,
+
+381
+00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:13,300
+good. Thank you. Now, look at this sentence. The
+
+382
+00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:17,680
+runners had been running. okay the runners had
+
+383
+00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:22,510
+been running does the sentence does the tense.
+
+384
+00:32:23,090 --> 00:32:26,830
+Tell me anything about the result. What happened
+
+385
+00:32:26,830 --> 00:32:30,210
+then? Can I understand what happened with the
+
+386
+00:32:30,210 --> 00:32:34,610
+runners? Did they stop? Did they go on? Did they
+
+387
+00:32:34,610 --> 00:32:39,450
+continue? No. So the progressive here emphasizes
+
+388
+00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:43,750
+what? The process, not the result. Not interested,
+
+389
+00:32:43,910 --> 00:32:47,530
+we cannot. So how can we know something about the
+
+390
+00:32:47,530 --> 00:32:51,580
+result? how can we know something about the result
+
+391
+00:32:51,580 --> 00:32:57,940
+look please read the other sentence good
+
+392
+00:32:57,940 --> 00:33:03,600
+now
+
+393
+00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:08,060
+the finished line the finished line tells you what
+
+394
+00:33:09,650 --> 00:33:13,950
+Stopped. Okay? So it tells me something about the
+
+395
+00:33:13,950 --> 00:33:18,590
+end result. That's right. Now, did the tense tell
+
+396
+00:33:18,590 --> 00:33:23,190
+me something about the end result? The tense. Is
+
+397
+00:33:23,190 --> 00:33:26,610
+it the tense? Did I understand this from the tense
+
+398
+00:33:26,610 --> 00:33:32,940
+or from the context? From the context, okay? The
+
+399
+00:33:32,940 --> 00:33:35,820
+context. Now, in the first sentence, you know, I
+
+400
+00:33:35,820 --> 00:33:38,900
+cannot understand. I cannot know anything about
+
+401
+00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,660
+the result. The progressive emphasizes the action.
+
+402
+00:33:43,740 --> 00:33:46,720
+But here, I can know something about the end
+
+403
+00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,820
+result because something is mentioned. He crossed
+
+404
+00:33:49,820 --> 00:33:54,980
+the finish line. Okay? Go on, please read. Notice.
+
+405
+00:34:03,180 --> 00:34:14,740
+Thank you, good. Now, when I say, it was raining
+
+406
+00:34:14,740 --> 00:34:21,600
+when I left my house. it was raining when i left
+
+407
+00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:26,560
+my house and it had been raining when i left my
+
+408
+00:34:26,560 --> 00:34:30,280
+house okay what's the difference between the two
+
+409
+00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:36,920
+sentences think of that again it was raining when
+
+410
+00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:41,780
+i left my house it had been raining when i left my
+
+411
+00:34:41,780 --> 00:34:47,390
+house in the first sentence did i get wet Yes. Did
+
+412
+00:34:47,390 --> 00:34:52,390
+I walk under the rain? Yes. Yes. Okay. So the, the
+
+413
+00:34:52,390 --> 00:34:58,430
+rain was okay. It had been raining. Okay. The
+
+414
+00:34:58,430 --> 00:35:03,210
+streets were wet, right? But did I go under the
+
+415
+00:35:03,210
+
+445
+00:37:06,340 --> 00:37:09,540
+arrived, he was sleeping. I could not talk to him.
+
+446
+00:37:09,980 --> 00:37:18,920
+He was sleeping. Read please 
+
+447
+00:37:18,920 --> 00:37:19,880
+the other sentence.
+
+448
+00:37:22,750 --> 00:37:26,190
+Her hair was still wet because she had been
+
+449
+00:37:26,190 --> 00:37:32,010
+swimming. Very good. Now, Mona got home. Her hair 
+
+450
+00:37:32,010 --> 00:37:38,590
+was still wet. Why? She had been swimming. She had
+
+451
+00:37:38,590 --> 00:37:44,710
+been swimming. Now, got home and had been 
+
+452
+00:37:44,710 --> 00:37:49,410
+swimming. Was this action completed when the other 
+
+453
+00:37:49,410 --> 00:37:54,980
+action started? Yes. Was it completed? Yes, of
+
+454
+00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,820
+course it was completed. But when? Which past?
+
+455
+00:38:03,620 --> 00:38:07,940
+Thank you. In the immediate past. Very good. There 
+
+456
+00:38:07,940 --> 00:38:13,260
+was a short time, just before. Still, her hair was
+
+457
+00:38:13,260 --> 00:38:16,300
+wet. Okay, read please the other sentence. 
+
+458
+00:38:21,250 --> 00:38:24,710
+Funeral, yeah? Yes, his eyes were red because he 
+
+459
+00:38:24,710 --> 00:38:27,410
+had been crying. Good, thank you. He had been
+
+460
+00:38:27,410 --> 00:38:31,510
+crying. When you went to him, he was not crying,
+
+461
+00:38:31,650 --> 00:38:35,090
+okay? But he had been crying before you went to 
+
+462
+00:38:35,090 --> 00:38:37,670
+him. And you could see what? His eyes were red.
+
+463
+00:38:37,690 --> 00:38:40,870
+The red eyes. Yes. You could see the red eyes. 
+
+464
+00:38:41,330 --> 00:38:45,470
+Yeah, please read. Distance also may express an 
+
+465
+00:38:45,470 --> 00:38:47,930
+activity in a progressive closing time to another 
+
+466
+00:38:47,930 --> 00:38:50,420
+activity. All the time in the past. Very good.
+
+467
+00:38:50,840 --> 00:38:54,440
+Okay. Activity in progress. A clause in time to
+
+468
+00:38:54,440 --> 00:38:58,760
+another activity. When she got home, she had been
+
+469
+00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:02,620
+sleeping. She had been swimming. A clause in time
+
+470
+00:39:02,620 --> 00:39:05,600
+to the other activity. I have two activities. The
+
+471
+00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:13,080
+other one is a clause in time. Now, read. Yes,
+
+472
+00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:13,400
+please. 
+
+473
+00:39:21,850 --> 00:39:26,610
+Thank you very much. Again, this tense is also
+
+474
+00:39:26,610 --> 00:39:29,550
+used in the reported speech. Yeah, you want to 
+
+475
+00:39:29,550 --> 00:39:32,590
+ask? Uh-huh, you want to ask?
+
+476
+00:39:37,110 --> 00:39:42,610
+Now, let's sum up quickly. What did we say about 
+
+477
+00:39:42,610 --> 00:39:45,980
+the past perfect progressive? What did we say?
+
+478
+00:39:46,720 --> 00:39:51,320
+Yeah, who can give me something? Give me a point.
+
+479
+00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:55,720
+What did we say about the progressive? Pass 
+
+480
+00:39:55,720 --> 00:40:00,360
+perfect
+
+481
+00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:01,400
+to progressive, yeah? 
+
+482
+00:40:05,950 --> 00:40:08,530
+Okay, we are interested in the duration. There was 
+
+483
+00:40:08,530 --> 00:40:12,910
+a duration, they were in a progress before another
+
+484
+00:40:12,910 --> 00:40:15,690
+action happened. Very good, thank you. Yes?
+
+485
+00:40:19,830 --> 00:40:24,250
+Very good, 
+
+486
+00:40:24,370 --> 00:40:29,250
+thank you very much. Yes, please, Lama? It's much 
+
+487
+00:40:29,250 --> 00:40:32,550
+better to progress when we talk about
+
+488
+00:40:35,380 --> 00:40:38,220
+Okay. It is used in the reported speech also.
+
+489
+00:40:38,340 --> 00:40:39,580
+Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+490
+00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:46,020
+Okay. Thank you. Emphasizes the action you mean.
+
+491
+00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:49,900
+Thank you. Good. Good. You remember when we talked
+
+492
+00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,000
+about the present perfect progressive and the
+
+493
+00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:57,800
+present perfect? Okay. Which tense tells us or
+
+494
+00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,040
+emphasizes the result, not the action? The
+
+495
+00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:01,260
+progressive or the perfect? 
+
+496
+00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:08,000
+Yeah, the perfect. And the progressive emphasizes
+
+497
+00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:11,120
+the action. Emphasizes I'm interested in the
+
+498
+00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:14,000
+action more than the result when I use the
+
+499
+00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:16,480
+progressive. Okay, thank you very much. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/31n8CPEpBQY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1996 @@
+1
+00:00:20,970 --> 00:00:24,010
+Good morning to you all. Good morning. How are
+
+2
+00:00:24,010 --> 00:00:27,650
+you? Fine. And you? I'm nice. Thank you very much.
+
+3
+00:00:27,810 --> 00:00:31,530
+Feeling well today? Fine. Fine. Good. So let's
+
+4
+00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:35,050
+start with a smile. It is a nice day today. A nice
+
+5
+00:00:35,050 --> 00:00:42,810
+weather. Okay. You know Marwa has a story. Marwa
+
+6
+00:00:42,810 --> 00:00:46,770
+usually comes by bus to the university. You know
+
+7
+00:00:46,770 --> 00:00:49,710
+what happened today? No.
+
+8
+00:00:59,910 --> 00:01:09,210
+When she arrived at
+
+9
+00:01:09,210 --> 00:01:19,250
+the station, the bus station, the bus had
+
+10
+00:01:19,250 --> 00:01:29,030
+left. When she arrived, the bus had left. Did she
+
+11
+00:01:29,030 --> 00:01:34,630
+come by bus? No. Did she catch the bus? No. No.
+
+12
+00:01:35,010 --> 00:01:39,210
+What does that mean? What does that mean? Look,
+
+13
+00:01:39,710 --> 00:01:45,710
+she arrived, okay, and had left. I used two
+
+14
+00:01:45,710 --> 00:01:49,270
+tenses. The two tenses happened in the past. Good.
+
+15
+00:01:49,730 --> 00:01:56,650
+Which happened before? Yes, please. Very good. The
+
+16
+00:01:56,650 --> 00:02:00,070
+bus left, then she arrived. Now, we use two
+
+17
+00:02:00,070 --> 00:02:05,130
+tenses. Which tense is this? This, the past
+
+18
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:09,110
+simple. Good. And this one? Okay, good. So, can
+
+19
+00:02:09,110 --> 00:02:13,630
+you tell me why or when do we use the past
+
+20
+00:02:13,630 --> 00:02:18,200
+perfect? Yes, Yasmin. When we have two actions,
+
+21
+00:02:18,620 --> 00:02:22,600
+someone happens before another. Very good. Someone
+
+22
+00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:27,180
+completed, okay, finished, started and completed
+
+23
+00:02:27,180 --> 00:02:31,460
+before another action or before another time. This
+
+24
+00:02:31,460 --> 00:02:32,160
+is nice. Good.
+
+25
+00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:55,360
+Now look, read the example please. Yes, read it.
+
+26
+00:02:57,880 --> 00:03:02,620
+Thank you.
+
+27
+00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:09,680
+Look at the time, left at 9.30, arrived at 10,
+
+28
+00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:12,700
+which happened before? Which happened? One
+
+29
+00:03:12,700 --> 00:03:16,300
+speaker, please. One speaker. Yes, please. Okay,
+
+30
+00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:21,280
+thank you. Ali left before Sami arrived. The two
+
+31
+00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:24,500
+actions happened in the past. But according to the
+
+32
+00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:29,140
+time given, we know that this happened first. So
+
+33
+00:03:29,140 --> 00:03:34,760
+if we want to talk about or to use two tenses to
+
+34
+00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:39,680
+express the situation, we say, yes or no. What do
+
+35
+00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:46,560
+we say, Ali? Very good. Ali had already left when
+
+36
+00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,620
+Sami arrived. It means what? First, Ali left.
+
+37
+00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:57,860
+Second, Sami arrived. Thank you. Read please,
+
+38
+00:03:58,380 --> 00:04:01,980
+Naveen. The bus permit expresses an activity that
+
+39
+00:04:01,980 --> 00:04:04,740
+was completed for another activity four times.
+
+40
+00:04:05,260 --> 00:04:08,560
+Thank you very much. Good. Yeah. What do you
+
+41
+00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:12,520
+understand, Noor? Can you summarize? Yeah.
+
+42
+00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:23,260
+Very good, thank you very much. Happened,
+
+43
+00:04:23,340 --> 00:04:27,400
+completed before the other tense. Thank you. Now,
+
+44
+00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:29,880
+read the other sentence, Basma.
+
+45
+00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:39,100
+Okay, thank you very much. Sami got Ali had
+
+46
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:44,990
+already left. Did they meet? Did Sami see Ali? Did
+
+47
+00:04:44,990 --> 00:04:50,410
+Sami see Ali? Thank you.
+
+48
+00:04:51,110 --> 00:04:56,450
+So, he did not see Ali. Why? How did you know? Had
+
+49
+00:04:56,450 --> 00:05:01,050
+already left. Thank you very much. Now, already.
+
+50
+00:05:01,470 --> 00:05:05,470
+When I say Ali had left, does it give you a good
+
+51
+00:05:05,470 --> 00:05:09,610
+meaning, a good grammar? Yes, when I use already.
+
+52
+00:05:10,730 --> 00:05:13,930
+Already, to emphasize the meaning, very good. So
+
+53
+00:05:13,930 --> 00:05:18,870
+we use some adverbs, some reference to the time,
+
+54
+00:05:19,030 --> 00:05:22,490
+some words that refer to the, some words to
+
+55
+00:05:22,490 --> 00:05:26,110
+emphasize the action. The action has already, we
+
+56
+00:05:26,110 --> 00:05:29,990
+say already. When I say also by the time, this is
+
+57
+00:05:29,990 --> 00:05:33,570
+another time expression used. Okay, another
+
+58
+00:05:33,570 --> 00:05:38,420
+expression used with the past perfect. Now, read
+
+59
+00:05:38,420 --> 00:05:44,900
+Sahar the first sentence, please. She wants to
+
+60
+00:05:44,900 --> 00:05:46,180
+visit Cairo.
+
+61
+00:05:48,580 --> 00:05:54,720
+Good. She wants to visit. She has seen. What is
+
+62
+00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:58,420
+the tense here? Present simple. And this one?
+
+63
+00:05:58,900 --> 00:06:03,060
+Present perfect. Good. Which happened first? The
+
+64
+00:06:03,060 --> 00:06:06,500
+simple or the perfect? Yes, please. Very good.
+
+65
+00:06:07,350 --> 00:06:11,570
+Okay, the perfect. So again, because she has seen,
+
+66
+00:06:12,030 --> 00:06:15,870
+she wants. Okay? Now read the other example,
+
+67
+00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:21,490
+please, Ayah. Read this one. Good.
+
+68
+00:06:25,510 --> 00:06:29,350
+She wanted to visit because she had seen. Again,
+
+69
+00:06:29,770 --> 00:06:34,250
+the simple past and the? Simple past. Okay. Which
+
+70
+00:06:34,250 --> 00:06:38,990
+happened first? The perfect, very good. Now look,
+
+71
+00:06:40,250 --> 00:06:44,790
+present simple, present perfect. Past simple, past
+
+72
+00:06:44,790 --> 00:06:49,870
+perfect. The present simple happens before the
+
+73
+00:06:49,870 --> 00:06:52,970
+present perfect. The present perfect happens
+
+74
+00:06:52,970 --> 00:06:56,590
+before the present simple. And the past perfect
+
+75
+00:06:56,590 --> 00:07:00,330
+happens before the past simple. Okay, so the
+
+76
+00:07:00,330 --> 00:07:05,440
+perfect. Okay? Happens before the symbol. The
+
+77
+00:07:05,440 --> 00:07:09,620
+relationship between the present symbol and the
+
+78
+00:07:09,620 --> 00:07:13,380
+present perfect is similar to that between the
+
+79
+00:07:13,380 --> 00:07:17,060
+past symbol and the past perfect. In other words,
+
+80
+00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:21,320
+the perfect happens before what? Before the
+
+81
+00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:24,820
+symbol. Good. And read Najwa, this one.
+
+82
+00:07:35,820 --> 00:07:36,280
+Okay,
+
+83
+00:07:41,220 --> 00:07:45,220
+thank you very much. Again, when we use the symbol
+
+84
+00:07:45,220 --> 00:07:51,000
+with the perfect, okay, the perfect happens before
+
+85
+00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:54,360
+Okay, thank you very much. That's nice. Good.
+
+86
+00:07:56,800 --> 00:08:01,900
+Could you read this example, please? Yeah. She had
+
+87
+00:08:01,900 --> 00:08:04,740
+met as a manager of many companies. Okay, Jones.
+
+88
+00:08:06,220 --> 00:08:08,640
+On many occasions. This is enough. Thank you.
+
+89
+00:08:08,820 --> 00:08:12,840
+Good. She had met the manager on many occasions.
+
+90
+00:08:13,260 --> 00:08:17,160
+She was a reporter for example. She wanted to make
+
+91
+00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:21,440
+a research and she visited the manager and visited
+
+92
+00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:24,720
+the manager and repeated the action and repeated
+
+93
+00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:29,740
+the action. The manager offered her a job. Okay?
+
+94
+00:08:29,940 --> 00:08:35,300
+The manager offered her a job. Now, She had met
+
+95
+00:08:35,300 --> 00:08:42,140
+the manager on many occasions before she got the
+
+96
+00:08:42,140 --> 00:08:46,720
+job. I have two actions, okay? The first action
+
+97
+00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:51,560
+was, okay, it is past perfect, but you know, it
+
+98
+00:08:51,560 --> 00:08:55,180
+was repeated. That's right. Thank you. It was
+
+99
+00:08:55,180 --> 00:08:59,120
+repeated. Happened again and again and again. Then
+
+100
+00:08:59,120 --> 00:09:02,560
+another action happened. Okay? Complete, please
+
+101
+00:09:02,560 --> 00:09:06,300
+read. Use the bus bell to talk about repeated
+
+102
+00:09:06,300 --> 00:09:09,940
+actions in the bus that took place before another
+
+103
+00:09:09,940 --> 00:09:13,040
+event in the bus. Thank you very much. I had
+
+104
+00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:18,680
+visited the area before I bought the house. I had
+
+105
+00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:22,280
+visited the area before I bought the house. I
+
+106
+00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:27,740
+wanted to live in a new area, so I visited it a
+
+107
+00:09:27,740 --> 00:09:32,300
+lot of times, okay? Then I bought. Can you give me
+
+108
+00:09:32,300 --> 00:09:37,730
+examples about yourself? Examples about yourself.
+
+109
+00:09:42,110 --> 00:09:49,790
+Now, Suha has a new bag. You know what did she do?
+
+110
+00:09:50,430 --> 00:09:55,090
+She had visited many shops before she bought the
+
+111
+00:09:55,090 --> 00:10:00,950
+bag. Okay. She had visited. So again, the action
+
+112
+00:10:00,950 --> 00:10:05,010
+was repeated before another action happened or
+
+113
+00:10:05,010 --> 00:10:14,170
+started. Yes. Very good.
+
+114
+00:10:14,670 --> 00:10:20,290
+I had gone. Okay, she came and came and came then
+
+115
+00:10:20,290 --> 00:10:22,970
+she started. Thank you. Yes, please. Yes mean
+
+116
+00:10:22,970 --> 00:10:26,030
+Thank
+
+117
+00:10:26,030 --> 00:10:29,670
+you very much good now read the other example,
+
+118
+00:10:29,870 --> 00:10:35,150
+please read Thank
+
+119
+00:10:35,150 --> 00:10:40,830
+you very much look had left and left Had left and
+
+120
+00:10:40,830 --> 00:10:47,390
+left Okay now This is what? Past perfect. And this
+
+121
+00:10:47,390 --> 00:10:53,550
+is what? Past simple. Look, when we talk about the
+
+122
+00:10:53,550 --> 00:10:57,070
+time relation between some verbs. If I say, for
+
+123
+00:10:57,070 --> 00:11:05,260
+example, eat and watch TV. Which usually happens
+
+124
+00:11:05,260 --> 00:11:08,960
+first? You want to eat and you want to watch TV?
+
+125
+00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:19,860
+No, I'm asking you. Which happens first? In other
+
+126
+00:11:19,860 --> 00:11:23,720
+words, is there a clear time relationship between
+
+127
+00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:29,370
+the two verbs? No. Sometimes I want to eat. I eat
+
+128
+00:11:29,370 --> 00:11:32,930
+because it's not time for my favorite program. I
+
+129
+00:11:32,930 --> 00:11:36,010
+have some minutes to eat, right? And sometimes,
+
+130
+00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:42,680
+Yeah, the program has already started. So I watch
+
+131
+00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:47,740
+the program, I watch TV, then I eat, right? If I
+
+132
+00:11:47,740 --> 00:11:51,840
+want to make the time relationship between the two
+
+133
+00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:55,020
+actions clear, in other words, if I want to tell
+
+134
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:58,540
+the reader which action happened first, I use
+
+135
+00:11:58,540 --> 00:12:03,080
+what? Before and after. Before and after, very
+
+136
+00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:08,870
+good. I can use before or after, or? Okay. Before.
+
+137
+00:12:10,810 --> 00:12:19,010
+After. Or we use what? The past perfect. Okay? We
+
+138
+00:12:19,010 --> 00:12:22,590
+use the past perfect. So, we use the past perfect
+
+139
+00:12:22,590 --> 00:12:25,270
+to show the time relationship between the two
+
+140
+00:12:25,270 --> 00:12:30,270
+actions. Or we use what? Before or after. Now,
+
+141
+00:12:30,590 --> 00:12:34,970
+when I say before I
+
+142
+00:12:40,330 --> 00:12:48,590
+I watched TV. Now according to the sentence, in
+
+143
+00:12:48,590 --> 00:12:52,770
+this sentence, is the time relationship between
+
+144
+00:12:52,770 --> 00:12:56,950
+the two verbs clear? Yes. Which happened first?
+
+145
+00:12:58,370 --> 00:13:02,810
+Which happened first? Watched. So it means before
+
+146
+00:13:02,810 --> 00:13:06,250
+I ate, I watched it. This happened, this, this
+
+147
+00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:12,330
+happened. Okay. Now can I say after? After I ate.
+
+148
+00:13:12,750 --> 00:13:17,550
+Who's the speaker? After? After I ate. After I
+
+149
+00:13:17,550 --> 00:13:20,690
+want the same, the same meaning. I don't want to
+
+150
+00:13:20,690 --> 00:13:23,630
+change the meaning. You can say after I ate, I
+
+151
+00:13:23,630 --> 00:13:26,210
+watched it. But I want the same meaning. After?
+
+152
+00:13:27,190 --> 00:13:35,380
+Yes, go on. After I watched TV,
+
+153
+00:13:36,540 --> 00:13:38,300
+I ate.
+
+154
+00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,900
+After I watched, I ate. Is the time relationship
+
+155
+00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:47,040
+between the two verbs, the simple past and the
+
+156
+00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:51,320
+simple past clear? Yes. Is it clear? Can you say
+
+157
+00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:55,620
+which one happened first? Yes. So is it necessary
+
+158
+00:13:55,620 --> 00:14:00,680
+to use the past perfect in this sentence? No, it
+
+159
+00:14:00,680 --> 00:14:04,320
+is not necessary. We use the past perfect to show
+
+160
+00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:07,800
+which action happened first. But if the time
+
+161
+00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:11,500
+relationship between the two actions is clear, use
+
+162
+00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:14,760
+the symbol and the symbol. We don't need it. So it
+
+163
+00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:17,740
+is not necessary to use what? The past perfect.
+
+164
+00:14:19,190 --> 00:14:22,870
+But it is not commonly not recommended. Okay. We
+
+165
+00:14:22,870 --> 00:14:26,890
+said it is unnecessary. Unnecessary. Right?
+
+166
+00:14:39,450 --> 00:14:43,310
+Yes. Read the sentence again, Lama. Sami had left
+
+167
+00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:46,890
+before Ali got there. Sami left before Ali got
+
+168
+00:14:46,890 --> 00:14:52,300
+there. Okay. The two sentences have the same
+
+169
+00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:56,400
+meaning. So again, if the time relationship is
+
+170
+00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:01,240
+clear, don't use what? The perfect. Yeah. Read the
+
+171
+00:15:01,240 --> 00:15:02,420
+other sentence, please.
+
+172
+00:15:06,420 --> 00:15:11,760
+Okay. Thank you. Now, is the time relationship
+
+173
+00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:15,420
+clear between the two verbs? When do you usually
+
+174
+00:15:15,420 --> 00:15:17,540
+go to bed? While you are having the guests, you
+
+175
+00:15:17,540 --> 00:15:20,440
+say, good night, my guests, I'm going to bed and
+
+176
+00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:26,280
+you leave them? No. Okay. So one stops, one is
+
+177
+00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:30,180
+completed, the other what? Starts. Okay. Yeah. So
+
+178
+00:15:30,180 --> 00:15:35,100
+again, go on. The two sentences. So it is not
+
+179
+00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:39,010
+necessary to say after the guests had left.Okay?
+
+180
+00:15:39,590 --> 00:15:44,330
+The past perfect is not needed. It is not needed.
+
+181
+00:15:44,430 --> 00:15:48,750
+Unnecessary in this sentence. Again, because the
+
+182
+00:15:48,750 --> 00:15:52,770
+time relationship between the two actions is what?
+
+183
+00:15:52,970 --> 00:15:59,220
+Clear. Okay. Yes. Just when we use after or
+
+184
+00:15:59,220 --> 00:16:02,660
+before, the time relationship is clear. Okay, so
+
+185
+00:16:02,660 --> 00:16:05,780
+if the time relation and what do you mean by
+
+186
+00:16:05,780 --> 00:16:08,120
+clear? You know which happened first and which
+
+187
+00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:11,320
+happened next, right? And we use the past perfect
+
+188
+00:16:11,320 --> 00:16:14,040
+also to show which happened first and which
+
+189
+00:16:14,040 --> 00:16:18,440
+happened next, right? So it is not necessary to
+
+190
+00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:21,660
+use the past perfect with after and before. Not
+
+191
+00:16:21,660 --> 00:16:28,590
+always. At all. What do you mean by at all? All
+
+192
+00:16:28,590 --> 00:16:32,290
+the time, we must use the past simple because the
+
+193
+00:16:32,290 --> 00:16:34,270
+time relationship is important. Okay, if the past
+
+194
+00:16:34,270 --> 00:16:38,090
+simple conveys your message, gives you a complete
+
+195
+00:16:38,090 --> 00:16:40,870
+meaning, don't use the perfect. Right? You don't
+
+196
+00:16:40,870 --> 00:16:44,910
+need. Try to use the simple. Now, we use the
+
+197
+00:16:44,910 --> 00:16:49,510
+tenses to convey a certain message. We said, why
+
+198
+00:16:49,510 --> 00:16:54,750
+do we learn grammar? To write well and to speak
+
+199
+00:16:54,750 --> 00:16:59,210
+well, right? So if I can convey my message to the
+
+200
+00:16:59,210 --> 00:17:02,610
+reader or to the listener with the symbol, use the
+
+201
+00:17:02,610 --> 00:17:05,190
+symbol. If I need the progressive, I use the
+
+202
+00:17:05,190 --> 00:17:09,130
+progressive. If I need the perfect, I use the
+
+203
+00:17:09,130 --> 00:17:14,310
+perfect, and so on. So if you convey your message
+
+204
+00:17:14,310 --> 00:17:18,390
+by the symbol only, don't use the perfect. Okay?
+
+205
+00:17:23,650 --> 00:17:28,690
+Read please. If either before or after is used in
+
+206
+00:17:28,690 --> 00:17:31,830
+the sentence, the past perfect is often not
+
+207
+00:17:31,830 --> 00:17:35,310
+necessary. Yeah, not necessary. Because the time
+
+208
+00:17:35,310 --> 00:17:38,830
+relationship is already clear. The simple past may
+
+209
+00:17:38,830 --> 00:17:42,730
+be used for both. Thank you. We use the simple
+
+210
+00:17:42,730 --> 00:17:46,170
+past and the simple past. Now talk about
+
+211
+00:17:46,170 --> 00:17:49,690
+yourselves. Tell me. Tell me. Yeah. Use the simple
+
+212
+00:17:49,690 --> 00:17:51,630
+and the simple with after and before.
+
+213
+00:17:54,730 --> 00:17:55,430
+Yes, please.
+
+214
+00:17:59,450 --> 00:18:04,950
+I ate my breakfast. Before I left, I ate my
+
+215
+00:18:04,950 --> 00:18:09,090
+breakfast. Thank you. Good. Yes, Marwa. After I
+
+216
+00:18:09,090 --> 00:18:12,950
+reached the university, I rushed to the class.
+
+217
+00:18:13,070 --> 00:18:15,830
+After I reached, I rushed to the class. Very good.
+
+218
+00:18:15,930 --> 00:18:19,030
+Thank you. Go on. Go on. Other examples. Yes, tell
+
+219
+00:18:19,030 --> 00:18:22,810
+me about yourself. After I reached, I rushed.
+
+220
+00:18:22,910 --> 00:18:23,030
+Yeah.
+
+221
+00:18:26,580 --> 00:18:29,500
+Okay, before I slept, I returned my homework.
+
+222
+00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:32,400
+Good, thank you very much. Before I went to my
+
+223
+00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:38,360
+university, I kissed my mother.
+
+224
+00:18:38,540 --> 00:18:42,480
+Good, thank you. Before I went to my bed, I
+
+225
+00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:45,100
+brushed my teeth. Before I went, I brushed my
+
+226
+00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:47,600
+teeth. Thank you very much. So again, the time
+
+227
+00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:51,440
+relationship is clear between the two actions. So
+
+228
+00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:56,120
+the symbol and the symbol Is okay. Is enough.
+
+229
+00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:02,640
+Yeah. Read please the other, the example.
+
+230
+00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:11,960
+Thank you. Now, Ali didn't go to the movies with
+
+231
+00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:18,260
+us. He had seen it. He had seen it. Okay. Is it a
+
+232
+00:19:18,260 --> 00:19:21,300
+good grammar? Does it give you a good meaning?
+
+233
+00:19:21,580 --> 00:19:25,960
+Yes. Okay. Now, when I say he had already seen. He
+
+234
+00:19:25,960 --> 00:19:30,780
+had already seen. Already what? Emphasizes. Very
+
+235
+00:19:30,780 --> 00:19:34,500
+good. Emphasizes the meaning. Okay? It emphasizes
+
+236
+00:19:34,500 --> 00:19:36,980
+the meaning. Go on, please. Read the other one.
+
+237
+00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:41,580
+Yeah? I saw the film last night. I had never seen
+
+238
+00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:44,740
+it before. I had never seen. Never again
+
+239
+00:19:44,740 --> 00:19:47,580
+emphasizes what? Meaning. The meaning. Thank you.
+
+240
+00:19:47,660 --> 00:19:47,800
+Yeah?
+
+241
+00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:52,930
+Okay,
+
+242
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:01,130
+thank you. Now we know which happened first.
+
+243
+00:20:01,910 --> 00:20:05,070
+Again, to emphasize the idea, to emphasize the
+
+244
+00:20:05,070 --> 00:20:09,210
+meaning of the past perfect, use these words to
+
+245
+00:20:09,210 --> 00:20:10,810
+emphasize the meaning.
+
+246
+00:20:13,610 --> 00:20:18,110
+Where are your keys? Where are your keys? You lost
+
+247
+00:20:18,110 --> 00:20:26,260
+them? she lost her keys okay she lost her keys yes
+
+248
+00:20:26,260 --> 00:20:31,260
+where are your keys listen to her i lost my keys
+
+249
+00:20:31,260 --> 00:20:36,500
+okay she says i lost my keys what did she say she
+
+250
+00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:40,080
+said that she had lost very good she said that she
+
+251
+00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:45,270
+had lost repeat your words again please Yeah. I
+
+252
+00:20:45,270 --> 00:20:48,930
+lost my keys, she says. Again, what did she say?
+
+253
+00:20:49,070 --> 00:20:51,930
+She said that she had lost her keys. So in the
+
+254
+00:20:51,930 --> 00:20:54,230
+reported speech, we use what? The past perfect.
+
+255
+00:20:54,390 --> 00:20:57,890
+The past perfect. Okay. Read the examples, please.
+
+256
+00:20:58,430 --> 00:21:03,610
+I lost my keys. Go on. Repeated word, Mona said
+
+257
+00:21:03,610 --> 00:21:10,570
+that she had lost her keys. Good. Thank you. Yeah.
+
+258
+00:21:12,890 --> 00:21:13,870
+Go on, read.
+
+259
+00:21:27,140 --> 00:21:27,700
+Okay,
+
+260
+00:21:30,540 --> 00:21:31,400
+thank you. Good.
+
+261
+00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:40,230
+This is a piece of writing, a piece of fiction.
+
+262
+00:21:40,790 --> 00:21:46,390
+You like stories and drama and novels, okay? This
+
+263
+00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:49,690
+is a piece of writing. Who wants to read? Yes,
+
+264
+00:21:49,810 --> 00:21:53,890
+please, read. Bill was great that evening. Earlier
+
+265
+00:21:53,890 --> 00:21:58,830
+in the day, Anne had caught one fish and he had
+
+266
+00:21:58,830 --> 00:22:02,890
+caught three. They had had a delicious picnic near
+
+267
+00:22:02,890 --> 00:22:06,800
+the lake and Ben had gone swimming again. It had
+
+268
+00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,800
+been a nearly perfect vacation day. Thank you very
+
+269
+00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:15,700
+much. Now listen. The writer used what? The past
+
+270
+00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:18,480
+perfect. And the past perfect. And the past
+
+271
+00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:22,400
+perfect. Bill felt great. Okay, the past symbol
+
+272
+00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:26,950
+felt great. Why? The writer wants to tell you why
+
+273
+00:22:26,950 --> 00:22:34,110
+did he feel sad. Some actions happened before and
+
+274
+00:22:34,110 --> 00:22:38,440
+as a result of the actions, how did he feel? Okay,
+
+275
+00:22:38,540 --> 00:22:40,880
+what did he use to convey that message to the
+
+276
+00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:45,220
+reader? He used what? The past perfect. He used
+
+277
+00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:49,360
+the past perfect. So the past perfect is used in
+
+278
+00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:52,660
+formal writing. This is a piece of formal writing.
+
+279
+00:22:53,020 --> 00:22:56,720
+Okay, a lot of writers use it to emphasize the
+
+280
+00:22:56,720 --> 00:23:02,640
+idea. Okay, read please. The past perfect is often
+
+281
+00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:08,980
+found Formal writing, such as what? Good, go on.
+
+282
+00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:14,180
+In the above sentence, the fiction writer uses the
+
+283
+00:23:14,180 --> 00:23:17,740
+simple past to say that an event happened in the
+
+284
+00:23:17,740 --> 00:23:24,120
+fifth degree, and the actor uses the past basic to
+
+285
+00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:27,900
+explain what had happened before that event. thank
+
+286
+00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:32,720
+you good so he felt great why because he had
+
+287
+00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:37,220
+caught he had seen he had had okay explaining what
+
+288
+00:23:37,220 --> 00:23:40,760
+happened before so feeling happy is a result of
+
+289
+00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:44,980
+some actions what happened before then he felt
+
+290
+00:23:44,980 --> 00:23:54,820
+great okay would you read please yeah he finished
+
+291
+00:23:55,470 --> 00:24:00,350
+What's that? What would you say about that? This
+
+292
+00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:04,510
+is the short form, the contraction. Okay?
+
+293
+00:24:05,050 --> 00:24:08,570
+Contracted form. So you can make contractions with
+
+294
+00:24:08,570 --> 00:24:14,790
+head in the past perfect. Okay. Again, please go
+
+295
+00:24:14,790 --> 00:24:21,600
+on, read. Contracted with personal pronouns in
+
+296
+00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:27,520
+informal writing, not I'd finished, I'd, I had.
+
+297
+00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:32,560
+Look, I'd finished means what? I had, but I'd
+
+298
+00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:39,520
+like, I, I would. Okay, now would and had are
+
+299
+00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:43,880
+contracted in the same way. Okay, I'd like, it
+
+300
+00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:48,000
+means what? I would like, but I'd finished? I
+
+301
+00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:55,780
+have. Good. We want to make a quick summary for
+
+302
+00:24:55,780 --> 00:24:59,140
+the past perfect. What did we talk about? Yes,
+
+303
+00:24:59,220 --> 00:25:01,420
+tell me. What did you know about the past perfect
+
+304
+00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:06,980
+now? Dua. The past perfect is an activity
+
+305
+00:25:06,980 --> 00:25:12,640
+completed before another activity. Good, thank you
+
+306
+00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:14,900
+very much. Tell me another point about the past
+
+307
+00:25:14,900 --> 00:25:15,920
+perfect. Yes, please.
+
+308
+00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:26,240
+Okay, when the relationship between the two
+
+309
+00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:30,620
+actions is clear, we use what? The simple past and
+
+310
+00:25:30,620 --> 00:25:33,140
+the simple past, not the perfect. Thank you very
+
+311
+00:25:33,140 --> 00:25:33,640
+much. Good.
+
+312
+00:25:39,170 --> 00:25:41,430
+Thank you very much. Good. Yes Basma.
+
+313
+00:25:44,650 --> 00:25:46,250
+Good. Thank you.
+
+314
+00:25:50,590 --> 00:25:55,650
+Thank you very much. To emphasize the action.
+
+315
+00:25:55,810 --> 00:25:55,910
+Yeah.
+
+316
+00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:04,770
+Very good. Thank you very much. Now listen. When
+
+317
+00:26:04,770 --> 00:26:11,660
+we say had visited, had bought, had eaten, had
+
+318
+00:26:11,660 --> 00:26:16,940
+written. Do you think there was a continuity or a
+
+319
+00:26:16,940 --> 00:26:20,740
+duration for the action in the past? Do you think
+
+320
+00:26:20,740 --> 00:26:26,580
+there was a duration? When I say, the boss had
+
+321
+00:26:26,580 --> 00:26:32,340
+left when I arrived. Had left. Yeah. No duration.
+
+322
+00:26:33,340 --> 00:26:37,380
+Sometimes I am interested in the continuity of the
+
+323
+00:26:37,380 --> 00:26:41,960
+action, in the duration of the action. Now, if you
+
+324
+00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,520
+want to tell me about yourself before you came to
+
+325
+00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:50,150
+the university, Every day, you used to get up
+
+326
+00:26:50,150 --> 00:26:53,670
+early, take your bag, go to school, sit in the
+
+327
+00:26:53,670 --> 00:26:58,490
+class, listen to the teacher, write some notes,
+
+328
+00:26:58,850 --> 00:27:02,150
+then carry your bag again. How long did that
+
+329
+00:27:02,150 --> 00:27:09,370
+continue? Twelve years. Twelve years. Now, if you
+
+330
+00:27:09,370 --> 00:27:12,170
+want to talk about yourself, you say,
+
+331
+00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:27,690
+had been going to school for
+
+332
+00:27:27,690 --> 00:27:34,650
+what? Twelve years. Okay. Now, it's going to
+
+333
+00:27:34,650 --> 00:27:39,610
+school. Like eating a sandwich, for example, I had
+
+334
+00:27:39,610 --> 00:27:43,990
+eaten. Are they the same? No. Now the duration of
+
+335
+00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:48,210
+the action is important here. 12 years. It means I
+
+336
+00:27:48,210 --> 00:27:52,850
+had been going to school for 12 years before I
+
+337
+00:27:52,850 --> 00:27:56,390
+joined the university. Before I joined. So you
+
+338
+00:27:56,390 --> 00:27:59,470
+joined the university and you had been going to
+
+339
+00:27:59,470 --> 00:28:05,810
+school. The first action started, continued in the
+
+340
+00:28:05,810 --> 00:28:09,850
+past, okay? There was continuity, duration for the
+
+341
+00:28:09,850 --> 00:28:13,710
+action. Then another action started, which is
+
+342
+00:28:13,710 --> 00:28:19,890
+what? Joining the school. Joining the university.
+
+343
+00:28:36,120 --> 00:28:39,760
+Read the example, please. Yes, go ahead. Ali
+
+344
+00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:42,660
+finally came at six o'clock. I had been waiting
+
+345
+00:28:42,660 --> 00:28:45,580
+for him since four minutes. Thank you very much.
+
+346
+00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:52,900
+Good. Look, Ali finally came. I was waiting, Ali.
+
+347
+00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:56,900
+I became very tired of waiting. Do you like
+
+348
+00:28:56,900 --> 00:29:01,580
+waiting? No. Nobody likes waiting. Okay, finally
+
+349
+00:29:01,580 --> 00:29:07,790
+came. I had been waiting. I had been waiting. What
+
+350
+00:29:07,790 --> 00:29:15,670
+do you understand? I had been waiting. Yeah. Was
+
+351
+00:29:15,670 --> 00:29:21,670
+continuous, was in progress in the past. So, I had
+
+352
+00:29:21,670 --> 00:29:26,450
+been waiting Ali. It was very difficult for me. I
+
+353
+00:29:26,450 --> 00:29:30,810
+had been waiting for Ali since so and so. So
+
+354
+00:29:30,810 --> 00:29:34,190
+again, I want to show the duration, that the
+
+355
+00:29:34,190 --> 00:29:38,090
+action was in progress. So I say, I had been
+
+356
+00:29:38,090 --> 00:29:42,520
+waiting. Now Ali finally came. Ali came, but
+
+357
+00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:46,640
+before he came, I had been waiting. And the
+
+358
+00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:49,620
+duration of the action, the continuity of the
+
+359
+00:29:49,620 --> 00:29:52,480
+progress of the action in the past was important.
+
+360
+00:29:52,660 --> 00:29:55,720
+Thank you. Read please the other one. Yes, read.
+
+361
+00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:02,840
+Yeah, four.
+
+362
+00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:13,260
+Thank you. Had been looking. Day and night. Okay?
+
+363
+00:30:13,980 --> 00:30:18,840
+In every place. Had been looking. Before what?
+
+364
+00:30:19,460 --> 00:30:23,680
+Okay, they caught him. Yeah, they caught him. So
+
+365
+00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:28,020
+again, there was a duration for the action in the
+
+366
+00:30:28,020 --> 00:30:32,260
+past. There was continuity. The action was in a
+
+367
+00:30:32,260 --> 00:30:35,580
+progress before another action started. The first
+
+368
+00:30:35,580 --> 00:30:40,620
+action which was in a progress is what had been
+
+369
+00:30:40,620 --> 00:30:45,650
+looking. Okay, then what happened then? They
+
+370
+00:30:45,650 --> 00:30:51,230
+caught him. Good. Thank you. Yes, please read. The
+
+371
+00:30:51,230 --> 00:31:05,530
+duration of
+
+372
+00:31:05,530 --> 00:31:08,890
+an activity emphasizes the duration of an
+
+373
+00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:12,370
+activity. We are talking again about the bus.
+
+374
+00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:26,820
+Okay,
+
+375
+00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:36,740
+good. The other tenses are used more than the past
+
+376
+00:31:36,740 --> 00:31:39,680
+perfect progressive. It is not very common, but it
+
+377
+00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:42,640
+is a good tense and it is used, but not very
+
+378
+00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:48,280
+common tense. Yes, please read the example.
+
+379
+00:31:58,780 --> 00:31:59,600
+The runners.
+
+380
+00:32:05,060 --> 00:32:05,500
+Okay,
+
+381
+00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:13,300
+good. Thank you. Now, look at this sentence. The
+
+382
+00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:17,680
+runners had been running. okay the runners had
+
+383
+00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:22,510
+been running does the sentence does the tense.
+
+384
+00:32:23,090 --> 00:32:26,830
+Tell me anything about the result. What happened
+
+385
+00:32:26,830 --> 00:32:30,210
+then? Can I understand what happened with the
+
+386
+00:32:30,210 --> 00:32:34,610
+runners? Did they stop? Did they go on? Did they
+
+387
+00:32:34,610 --> 00:32:39,450
+continue? No. So the progressive here emphasizes
+
+388
+00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:43,750
+what? The process, not the result. Not interested,
+
+389
+00:32:43,910 --> 00:32:47,530
+we cannot. So how can we know something about the
+
+390
+00:32:47,530 --> 00:32:51,580
+result? how can we know something about the result
+
+391
+00:32:51,580 --> 00:32:57,940
+look please read the other sentence good
+
+392
+00:32:57,940 --> 00:33:03,600
+now
+
+393
+00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:08,060
+the finished line the finished line tells you what
+
+394
+00:33:09,650 --> 00:33:13,950
+Stopped. Okay? So it tells me something about the
+
+395
+00:33:13,950 --> 00:33:18,590
+end result. That's right. Now, did the tense tell
+
+396
+00:33:18,590 --> 00:33:23,190
+me something about the end result? The tense. Is
+
+397
+00:33:23,190 --> 00:33:26,610
+it the tense? Did I understand this from the tense
+
+398
+00:33:26,610 --> 00:33:32,940
+or from the context? From the context, okay? The
+
+399
+00:33:32,940 --> 00:33:35,820
+context. Now, in the first sentence, you know, I
+
+400
+00:33:35,820 --> 00:33:38,900
+cannot understand. I cannot know anything about
+
+401
+00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,660
+the result. The progressive emphasizes the action.
+
+402
+00:33:43,740 --> 00:33:46,720
+But here, I can know something about the end
+
+403
+00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,820
+result because something is mentioned. He crossed
+
+404
+00:33:49,820 --> 00:33:54,980
+the finish line. Okay? Go on, please read. Notice.
+
+405
+00:34:03,180 --> 00:34:14,740
+Thank you, good. Now, when I say, it was raining
+
+406
+00:34:14,740 --> 00:34:21,600
+when I left my house. it was raining when i left
+
+407
+00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:26,560
+my house and it had been raining when i left my
+
+408
+00:34:26,560 --> 00:34:30,280
+house okay what's the difference between the two
+
+409
+00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:36,920
+sentences think of that again it was raining when
+
+410
+00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:41,780
+i left my house it had been raining when i left my
+
+411
+00:34:41,780 --> 00:34:47,390
+house in the first sentence did i get wet Yes. Did
+
+412
+00:34:47,390 --> 00:34:52,390
+I walk under the rain? Yes. Yes. Okay. So the, the
+
+413
+00:34:52,390 --> 00:34:58,430
+rain was okay. It had been raining. Okay. The
+
+414
+00:34:58,430 --> 00:35:03,210
+streets were wet, right? But did I go under the
+
+415
+00:35:03,210 --> 00:35:06,550
+rain? No. Thank you. Read please the first
+
+416
+00:35:06,550 --> 00:35:09,810
+sentence. When the rain started, it was raining
+
+417
+00:35:09,810 --> 00:35:13,410
+and the streets were wet. It was still raining.
+
+418
+00:35:14,770 --> 00:35:19,730
+Good. Look past progressive. It was still raining
+
+419
+00:35:19,730 --> 00:35:23,950
+during the race. Go on. When the race started, it
+
+420
+00:35:23,950 --> 00:35:27,390
+had been raining and the streets were wet. It
+
+421
+00:35:27,390 --> 00:35:31,110
+wasn't raining during the race. It had already
+
+422
+00:35:31,110 --> 00:35:36,270
+stopped. Very good. Again, what is the difference
+
+423
+00:35:36,270 --> 00:35:40,090
+between the two sentences? Who can repeat? Who can
+
+424
+00:35:40,090 --> 00:35:40,470
+repeat?
+
+425
+00:35:43,330 --> 00:35:48,590
+Yes please, Marwa. When we used the past
+
+426
+00:35:48,590 --> 00:35:52,530
+progressive, it showed that the action finished
+
+427
+00:35:52,530 --> 00:35:55,630
+before, sorry it showed that the action was
+
+428
+00:35:55,630 --> 00:36:01,250
+continuing when I left, when I was Okay, good.
+
+429
+00:36:01,930 --> 00:36:04,950
+Gone. Okay. But in the second example that you
+
+430
+00:36:04,950 --> 00:36:11,470
+said, the rain was stopped, already stopped when I
+
+431
+00:36:11,470 --> 00:36:14,590
+left home. So I didn't, I didn't pay attention.
+
+432
+00:36:14,670 --> 00:36:17,010
+Thank you very much. You remember when you went
+
+433
+00:36:17,010 --> 00:36:20,090
+home yesterday. Remember what happened with you.
+
+434
+00:36:20,650 --> 00:36:23,530
+Okay? When you went home, your father was
+
+435
+00:36:23,530 --> 00:36:27,870
+sleeping. When you arrived, your father was
+
+436
+00:36:27,870 --> 00:36:31,640
+sleeping. He was sleeping. Sorry, you are right.
+
+437
+00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:35,700
+When you arrived, your father was sleeping. Did
+
+438
+00:36:35,700 --> 00:36:38,900
+you talk to him when you arrived? No, he was
+
+439
+00:36:38,900 --> 00:36:43,920
+sleeping. But if you say, when I arrived the other
+
+440
+00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:48,600
+day, my father had been sleeping. Could you talk
+
+441
+00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:53,880
+to him on that day? He had been sleeping. Yes, of
+
+442
+00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:58,380
+course. He had been sleeping. When I arrived, he
+
+443
+00:36:58,380 --> 00:37:02,460
+had been sleeping. And he opened the door for me
+
+444
+00:37:02,460 --> 00:37:06,340
+when I arrived. And I talked to him. But when I
+
+445
+00:37:06,340 --> 00:37:09,540
+arrived, he was sleeping. I could not talk to him.
+
+446
+00:37:09,980 --> 00:37:18,920
+He was sleeping. Read please
+
+447
+00:37:18,920 --> 00:37:19,880
+the other sentence.
+
+448
+00:37:22,750 --> 00:37:26,190
+Her hair was still wet because she had been
+
+449
+00:37:26,190 --> 00:37:32,010
+swimming. Very good. Now, Mona got home. Her hair
+
+450
+00:37:32,010 --> 00:37:38,590
+was still wet. Why? She had been swimming. She had
+
+451
+00:37:38,590 --> 00:37:44,710
+been swimming. Now, got home and had been
+
+452
+00:37:44,710 --> 00:37:49,410
+swimming. Was this action completed when the other
+
+453
+00:37:49,410 --> 00:37:54,980
+action started? Yes. Was it completed? Yes, of
+
+454
+00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,820
+course it was completed. But when? Which past?
+
+455
+00:38:03,620 --> 00:38:07,940
+Thank you. In the immediate past. Very good. There
+
+456
+00:38:07,940 --> 00:38:13,260
+was a short time, just before. Still, her hair was
+
+457
+00:38:13,260 --> 00:38:16,300
+wet. Okay, read please the other sentence.
+
+458
+00:38:21,250 --> 00:38:24,710
+Funeral, yeah? Yes, his eyes were red because he
+
+459
+00:38:24,710 --> 00:38:27,410
+had been crying. Good, thank you. He had been
+
+460
+00:38:27,410 --> 00:38:31,510
+crying. When you went to him, he was not crying,
+
+461
+00:38:31,650 --> 00:38:35,090
+okay? But he had been crying before you went to
+
+462
+00:38:35,090 --> 00:38:37,670
+him. And you could see what? His eyes were red.
+
+463
+00:38:37,690 --> 00:38:40,870
+The red eyes. Yes. You could see the red eyes.
+
+464
+00:38:41,330 --> 00:38:45,470
+Yeah, please read. Distance also may express an
+
+465
+00:38:45,470 --> 00:38:47,930
+activity in a progressive closing time to another
+
+466
+00:38:47,930 --> 00:38:50,420
+activity. All the time in the past. Very good.
+
+467
+00:38:50,840 --> 00:38:54,440
+Okay. Activity in progress. A clause in time to
+
+468
+00:38:54,440 --> 00:38:58,760
+another activity. When she got home, she had been
+
+469
+00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:02,620
+sleeping. She had been swimming. A clause in time
+
+470
+00:39:02,620 --> 00:39:05,600
+to the other activity. I have two activities. The
+
+471
+00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:13,080
+other one is a clause in time. Now, read. Yes,
+
+472
+00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:13,400
+please.
+
+473
+00:39:21,850 --> 00:39:26,610
+Thank you very much. Again, this tense is also
+
+474
+00:39:26,610 --> 00:39:29,550
+used in the reported speech. Yeah, you want to
+
+475
+00:39:29,550 --> 00:39:32,590
+ask? Uh-huh, you want to ask?
+
+476
+00:39:37,110 --> 00:39:42,610
+Now, let's sum up quickly. What did we say about
+
+477
+00:39:42,610 --> 00:39:45,980
+the past perfect progressive? What did we say?
+
+478
+00:39:46,720 --> 00:39:51,320
+Yeah, who can give me something? Give me a point.
+
+479
+00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:55,720
+What did we say about the progressive? Pass
+
+480
+00:39:55,720 --> 00:40:00,360
+perfect
+
+481
+00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:01,400
+to progressive, yeah?
+
+482
+00:40:05,950 --> 00:40:08,530
+Okay, we are interested in the duration. There was
+
+483
+00:40:08,530 --> 00:40:12,910
+a duration, they were in a progress before another
+
+484
+00:40:12,910 --> 00:40:15,690
+action happened. Very good, thank you. Yes?
+
+485
+00:40:19,830 --> 00:40:24,250
+Very good,
+
+486
+00:40:24,370 --> 00:40:29,250
+thank you very much. Yes, please, Lama? It's much
+
+487
+00:40:29,250 --> 00:40:32,550
+better to progress when we talk about
+
+488
+00:40:35,380 --> 00:40:38,220
+Okay. It is used in the reported speech also.
+
+489
+00:40:38,340 --> 00:40:39,580
+Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+490
+00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:46,020
+Okay. Thank you. Emphasizes the action you mean.
+
+491
+00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:49,900
+Thank you. Good. Good. You remember when we talked
+
+492
+00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,000
+about the present perfect progressive and the
+
+493
+00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:57,800
+present perfect? Okay. Which tense tells us or
+
+494
+00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,040
+emphasizes the result, not the action? The
+
+495
+00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:01,260
+progressive or the perfect?
+
+496
+00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:08,000
+Yeah, the perfect. And the progressive emphasizes
+
+497
+00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:11,120
+the action. Emphasizes I'm interested in the
+
+498
+00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:14,000
+action more than the result when I use the
+
+499
+00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:16,480
+progressive. Okay, thank you very much.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/3csAdG_Imio.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1341 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:23,830
+Good morning to you all. Good morning. How are 
+
+2
+00:00:23,830 --> 00:00:27,410
+you? Fine. I hope you are feeling well today with 
+
+3
+00:00:27,410 --> 00:00:31,970
+your exams. Yes. You should. You should. Even if 
+
+4
+00:00:31,970 --> 00:00:36,050
+you have exams, feel well. Think okay. Don't think 
+
+5
+00:00:36,050 --> 00:00:39,430
+too much of that. Yasmin, can you give me your pen 
+
+6
+00:00:39,430 --> 00:00:41,650
+please? Your pen. 
+
+7
+00:00:45,350 --> 00:00:51,130
+Thank you. This is Yasmin's pencil. Yes means 
+
+8
+00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:57,530
+pencil. Okay. Thank you. Yes means pencil. 
+
+9
+00:01:00,110 --> 00:01:01,550
+Najwa, where is your book? 
+
+10
+00:01:04,890 --> 00:01:09,870
+Where is your book? Okay. Yes. What's that? Can 
+
+11
+00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:13,760
+you tell me what's that, Sahar? It is Najwa's 
+
+12
+00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:16,760
+book. Thank you very much. Good. It is Najwa's 
+
+13
+00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:23,480
+book. Okay. Now, Du'a has a new pen. What's that? 
+
+14
+00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:30,080
+Du'a's pen. Now, how can I write yes means, for 
+
+15
+00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:32,620
+example, if I want to write, okay, 
+
+16
+00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:40,380
+yes means pen. Yes means pen. Look. 
+
+17
+00:01:49,620 --> 00:01:56,010
+Yes means pen. What do we call This. This is what? 
+
+18
+00:01:56,850 --> 00:01:59,290
+Apostrophe. Very good. Thank you. Now let's agree 
+
+19
+00:01:59,290 --> 00:02:05,170
+that this is apostrophe, not comma. Not comma. 
+
+20
+00:02:05,370 --> 00:02:08,730
+There is, yes, a big difference between a comma 
+
+21
+00:02:08,730 --> 00:02:12,650
+and an apostrophe. So this is apostrophe. An 
+
+22
+00:02:12,650 --> 00:02:17,770
+apostrophe is used. Now we use, look, if you look 
+
+23
+00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:21,390
+at the nouns, the girl, Tom, my wife, a lady and 
+
+24
+00:02:21,390 --> 00:02:26,790
+Thomas. We write, we want to express the possessive 
+
+25
+00:02:26,790 --> 00:02:33,890
+case by writing, by writing what? Yeah. Yeah, 
+
+26
+00:02:34,050 --> 00:02:39,490
+apostrophe. Uh-huh. By writing an apostrophe and S. You 
+
+27
+00:02:39,490 --> 00:02:42,490
+know, I'm thinking of something else. Okay. There 
+
+28
+00:02:42,490 --> 00:02:46,030
+is a mistake here. I discovered a mistake. This 
+
+29
+00:02:46,030 --> 00:02:49,590
+should be corrected. This is what? Okay. 
+
+30
+00:02:52,510 --> 00:02:57,650
+Was the same form, okay? Not noun. Okay? So now 
+
+31
+00:02:57,650 --> 00:03:04,370
+the girl, the girls. Yeah. Tom, Tom's. My wife, my 
+
+32
+00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:10,110
+wife's. Yeah. A lady, a ladies. How do we write a 
+
+33
+00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,650
+ladies? Now look at this noun, it ends with Y. It 
+
+34
+00:03:14,650 --> 00:03:16,950
+has nothing to do with the spelling, with the Y, 
+
+35
+00:03:17,050 --> 00:03:20,830
+okay? This is not for the plural. Remember, if it 
+
+36
+00:03:20,830 --> 00:03:24,610
+is for a plural or if it is with a verb, we think 
+
+37
+00:03:24,610 --> 00:03:27,730
+whether we have to keep the Y or to change it. But 
+
+38
+00:03:27,730 --> 00:03:31,050
+now, in these nouns if you want to write the 
+
+39
+00:03:31,050 --> 00:03:34,490
+apostrophe s keep it okay keep it whether it is 
+
+40
+00:03:34,490 --> 00:03:40,010
+preceded by a vowel or a consonant good now look 
+
+41
+00:03:40,010 --> 00:03:45,690
+thomas is different anus is different in us is 
+
+42
+00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:49,610
+also different they end with what with s how can 
+
+43
+00:03:49,610 --> 00:03:53,210
+we write the possessive case We have two forms, 
+
+44
+00:03:53,290 --> 00:03:59,910
+what are they? Thank you very much, you have two 
+
+45
+00:03:59,910 --> 00:04:03,930
+options, you can add apostrophe S or just 
+
+46
+00:04:03,930 --> 00:04:10,610
+apostrophe and they will do, okay. Now look at 
+
+47
+00:04:10,610 --> 00:04:15,050
+that, this is right, okay. 
+
+48
+00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:21,070
+Now what do you notice about these nouns? Would 
+
+49
+00:04:21,070 --> 00:04:26,450
+you read please Khadija? The girls, the wives, the 
+
+50
+00:04:26,450 --> 00:04:30,290
+men, the children. Thank you very much. Now we 
+
+51
+00:04:30,290 --> 00:04:35,230
+have plural nouns. And they include the two types 
+
+52
+00:04:35,230 --> 00:04:39,710
+of plural, regular and irregular. Look, okay? 
+
+53
+00:04:40,070 --> 00:04:45,550
+Girls, wives, ladies, men and children. Now, how 
+
+54
+00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:49,130
+can we write the apostrophe for these nouns? Yes, 
+
+55
+00:04:49,230 --> 00:04:55,570
+Sahar? Yeah, add only apostrophe. Okay? If we 
+
+56
+00:04:55,570 --> 00:04:59,330
+want, if the noun ends with S. You remember 
+
+57
+00:04:59,330 --> 00:05:03,470
+Thomas, Annas, Enas? We added what? Apostrophe. 
+
+58
+00:05:03,870 --> 00:05:06,890
+Now, this is also, in this case, we add only 
+
+59
+00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:11,270
+apostrophe. Only apostrophe, only apostrophe. But 
+
+60
+00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:16,790
+with men, with irregular nouns, you add apostrophe 
+
+61
+00:05:16,790 --> 00:05:22,810
+S. Now I want to ask. Do you think an apostrophe 
+
+62
+00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:29,410
+only can be added to man, to men, to women? No, 
+
+63
+00:05:30,390 --> 00:05:31,590
+you are right. But why? 
+
+64
+00:05:35,130 --> 00:05:38,810
+That's right. They are irregular and they never 
+
+65
+00:05:38,810 --> 00:05:45,210
+end with S to be plural. Now again, we add 
+
+66
+00:05:45,210 --> 00:05:50,420
+apostrophe only to make the possessive part.  
+
+67
+00:05:50,420 --> 00:05:51,980
+or a possessive case. 
+
+68
+00:05:55,520 --> 00:06:02,720
+Let me ask you, how 
+
+69
+00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:05,580
+do we translate this? 
+
+70
+00:06:20,430 --> 00:06:23,570
+Yeah, in Arabic. In Arabic. Noor, the first 
+
+71
+00:06:23,570 --> 00:06:24,110
+sentence. 
+
+72
+00:06:27,810 --> 00:06:33,390
+Good. And the other one? Very good. That's right. 
+
+73
+00:06:33,810 --> 00:06:36,250
+Okay. It is one book, but this is singular and 
+
+74
+00:06:36,250 --> 00:06:38,610
+this is what? Plural. Very good. Thank you very 
+
+75
+00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:39,090
+much. Good. 
+
+76
+00:06:45,130 --> 00:06:51,230
+Now, look at this sentence. Alan and Lisa. This 
+
+77
+00:06:51,230 --> 00:06:56,070
+house is for Fatima and Ali. We say it is Fatima 
+
+78
+00:06:56,070 --> 00:07:00,510
+and Ali's house, okay? It is Fatima and Ali's 
+
+79
+00:07:00,510 --> 00:07:05,830
+house. This bag is for Khadija and Dua. It is 
+
+80
+00:07:05,830 --> 00:07:11,170
+Khadija and Du'a's bag, okay? Now look, the house 
+
+81
+00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:15,510
+or the apartment is for two people, joined by 
+
+82
+00:07:15,510 --> 00:07:19,930
+what? By aunt. Alan and Liza. We say what? Alan 
+
+83
+00:07:19,930 --> 00:07:22,790
+and Liza's apartment. Yes, read the sentence. 
+
+84
+00:07:26,930 --> 00:07:31,270
+Okay, so we add the apostrophe s on the final 
+
+85
+00:07:31,270 --> 00:07:34,770
+noun. If they are joined or they are connected by 
+
+86
+00:07:34,770 --> 00:07:40,310
+what? By and. Good. Now this is an exercise. I'll 
+
+87
+00:07:40,310 --> 00:07:43,610
+give you three minutes to do this exercise. 
+
+88
+00:07:43,970 --> 00:07:47,150
+Exercise eight. Please look at your box and do the 
+
+89
+00:07:47,150 --> 00:07:47,550
+exercise. 
+
+90
+00:07:58,270 --> 00:08:01,370
+I think this is enough. Now check your answers. 
+
+91
+00:08:02,950 --> 00:08:03,970
+Check your answers. 
+
+92
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:22,820
+Any question? Who wants to ask? Who got a full 
+
+93
+00:08:22,820 --> 00:08:28,960
+mark? Really wonderful. Wonderful, good. Okay, no 
+
+94
+00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:29,480
+questions. 
+
+95
+00:08:34,620 --> 00:08:38,640
+Look, there is another exercise. Exercise eight 
+
+96
+00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:43,100
+and exercise nine. You have three minutes to do 
+
+97
+00:08:43,100 --> 00:08:48,660
+this exercise. Go on, please. Check your answers 
+
+98
+00:08:48,660 --> 00:08:52,380
+for 3, 4 and 5. Check your answers. 
+
+99
+00:09:13,560 --> 00:09:18,130
+Any question? Who got a full mark? Really 
+
+100
+00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:23,090
+wonderful. Very good. Thank you. Please complete 
+
+101
+00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:27,110
+the other sentences at home. You have another four 
+
+102
+00:09:27,110 --> 00:09:30,370
+sentences, okay? And you have the answers. 
+
+103
+00:09:37,330 --> 00:09:40,870
+Exercise 10, we want also to do this sentence, 
+
+104
+00:09:40,990 --> 00:09:44,410
+only number 2 in exercise 10. I'll give you one 
+
+105
+00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:50,770
+minute only, look at exercise 10, page 106 and do 
+
+106
+00:09:50,770 --> 00:09:51,370
+number 2. 
+
+107
+00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:21,960
+Now check your answers. Number two, you want 
+
+108
+00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:26,960
+number two, sorry. This is number two. Check the 
+
+109
+00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:27,360
+answer. 
+
+110
+00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:34,420
+This is the answer, you know. It is not the same. 
+
+111
+00:10:35,380 --> 00:10:42,380
+Look, there is a change, right? Complete the 
+
+112
+00:10:42,380 --> 00:10:44,060
+other sentences at home. 
+
+113
+00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:56,180
+Now look, who can read this sentence? Yes, please 
+
+114
+00:10:56,180 --> 00:11:01,200
+read it. The soup has vegetables in it. It's 
+
+115
+00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,520
+vegetable soup. Thank you very much. The other 
+
+116
+00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:08,920
+sentence. Yes, please, Sahar. The building has 
+
+117
+00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:16,620
+offices in it. It is an office building. Thank you 
+
+118
+00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:20,280
+very much. Now look. Office in general is a noun, 
+
+119
+00:11:20,900 --> 00:11:24,700
+right? In this sentence, if you say it is building 
+
+120
+00:11:24,700 --> 00:11:28,480
+or it is a building, what type of building is it? 
+
+121
+00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:32,700
+We don't know, okay? Now, what does this word do? 
+
+122
+00:11:33,810 --> 00:11:37,330
+It describes the noun. Now, when I say it is an 
+
+123
+00:11:37,330 --> 00:11:41,490
+office building, so this noun describes the other 
+
+124
+00:11:41,490 --> 00:11:45,190
+noun. So what does the adjective do? The adjective 
+
+125
+00:11:45,190 --> 00:11:48,970
+describes the noun. When I say wither, what type 
+
+126
+00:11:48,970 --> 00:11:51,890
+of wither? I don't know. But when I say cold 
+
+127
+00:11:51,890 --> 00:11:55,850
+wither, for example, cold, the adjective describes 
+
+128
+00:11:55,850 --> 00:11:59,780
+the noun. Now, in this sentence, this noun 
+
+129
+00:11:59,780 --> 00:12:04,960
+describes the other noun. So again, it is used as 
+
+130
+00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:08,540
+an adjective. It is a noun, but it is used as an 
+
+131
+00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:13,380
+adjective. So, the noun can be used to describe 
+
+132
+00:12:13,380 --> 00:12:16,520
+another noun, can be used as an adjective to 
+
+133
+00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:21,020
+describe another noun. Look, in this case, when a 
+
+134
+00:12:21,020 --> 00:12:24,420
+noun is used as an adjective, it is in its what? 
+
+135
+00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:30,920
+Good. It is in its singular. In the main sentence, 
+
+136
+00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:35,520
+the building has what? Offices. It offices. But 
+
+137
+00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:39,560
+this should be used with what? Singular. An office 
+
+138
+00:12:39,560 --> 00:12:43,900
+building. An office building. Okay. I have a lot 
+
+139
+00:12:43,900 --> 00:12:48,120
+of flowers in my garden. It is? A flower garden. A 
+
+140
+00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,380
+flower garden. Very good. It is a flower garden. 
+
+141
+00:12:52,150 --> 00:12:58,230
+Now, don't add S. For example, to vegetable, to 
+
+142
+00:12:58,230 --> 00:13:04,010
+office and so on. Don't add the S. Look at this 
+
+143
+00:13:04,010 --> 00:13:09,530
+sentence. Who can read? Yes please. The test 
+
+144
+00:13:09,530 --> 00:13:14,070
+lasted 
+
+145
+00:13:14,070 --> 00:13:14,850
+two hours. 
+
+146
+00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:22,770
+Okay, it was a two-hour test. A two-hour test. 
+
+147
+00:13:22,890 --> 00:13:28,610
+Now, how long did it last? How did we know? So 
+
+148
+00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,430
+again, a two-hour modified, modifies the noun. 
+
+149
+00:13:34,630 --> 00:13:39,070
+Okay, describes the noun. Remember again, we use 
+
+150
+00:13:39,070 --> 00:13:44,730
+what? Ah, so don't say it was two hours test. This 
+
+151
+00:13:44,730 --> 00:13:48,670
+is a common mistake. A lot of students think since 
+
+152
+00:13:48,670 --> 00:13:52,530
+we begin with two, we should add S. No, don't add 
+
+153
+00:13:52,530 --> 00:13:59,070
+S. Okay? Don't add S. Look. A two-hour test. A two 
+
+154
+00:13:59,070 --> 00:14:03,110
+-hour test. It modifies the noun. Look at the 
+
+155
+00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:06,010
+other sentence. Yes, please read it. 
+
+156
+00:14:10,170 --> 00:14:15,750
+Again, read it again. She has a five-year-old. 
+
+157
+00:14:15,810 --> 00:14:19,550
+Very good. Thank you very much. Okay. And this 
+
+158
+00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:26,570
+again, this is what? We use a hyphen. When we use 
+
+159
+00:14:26,570 --> 00:14:30,690
+a noun, a modifier to describe the noun, it should 
+
+160
+00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:34,370
+be hyphenated. We use hyphens. And again, remember 
+
+161
+00:14:34,370 --> 00:14:38,170
+to use what? The singular. Never use the plural. 
+
+162
+00:14:38,790 --> 00:14:42,970
+Okay. Yes, read please this note. When a noun is 
+
+163
+00:14:42,970 --> 00:14:46,450
+used as a modifier, it is combined with a number 
+
+164
+00:14:46,450 --> 00:14:51,340
+expression. The noun is singular and plural. Okay, 
+
+165
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:54,900
+a hyphen is used. Thank you. Yes, go on. She has. 
+
+166
+00:14:56,460 --> 00:15:00,220
+Okay, now look, this is what? This is cancelled. 
+
+167
+00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:07,190
+This is deleted. Look, we don't use the S. We 
+
+168
+00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:11,570
+don't use this, okay? And again, as I told you, 
+
+169
+00:15:12,010 --> 00:15:16,150
+this is a common mistake. We use a for singular. 
+
+170
+00:15:16,970 --> 00:15:21,350
+Give me a book. Can I use a and s with the same 
+
+171
+00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:21,630
+noun? 
+
+172
+00:15:25,230 --> 00:15:27,350
+Who wants to ask? 
+
+173
+00:15:30,510 --> 00:15:35,050
+Who wants to answer? Who wants to answer? Yes, 
+
+174
+00:15:35,130 --> 00:15:40,730
+please. Yes, me. Go on. Yes, of course. Before 
+
+175
+00:15:40,730 --> 00:15:43,670
+nouns, use it with modifiers. They are called 
+
+176
+00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:49,030
+modifiers. They modify the nouns. Okay. I want you 
+
+177
+00:15:49,030 --> 00:15:52,330
+to answer. Somebody to answer. My garden has 
+
+178
+00:15:52,330 --> 00:15:56,810
+flowers in it. It's a flower garden. My garden has 
+
+179
+00:15:56,810 --> 00:16:01,570
+flowers in it. Okay. Has flowers in it. So? 
+
+180
+00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:11,920
+has flowers in it. It is a flower garden. Thank 
+
+181
+00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,880
+you. Complete the exercise. Complete it yourself, 
+
+182
+00:16:15,020 --> 00:16:15,920
+please. It is easy. 
+
+183
+00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:48,080
+How many did you finish? Five? Seven? Good. Now 
+
+184
+00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:52,000
+check your answers. Check your answers. 
+
+185
+00:17:00,540 --> 00:17:04,420
+And complete the other sentences at home. Okay? If 
+
+186
+00:17:04,420 --> 00:17:07,440
+you finished five or
+
+223
+00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:20,620
+but I cannot count furniture and grammatically 
+
+224
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:25,020
+chair accepts what the indefinite article I say a
+
+225
+00:20:25,020 --> 00:20:29,700
+chair, right? I say a book, I say chairs, I say box
+
+226
+00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:35,040
+right? but furniture doesn't accept the A, doesn't 
+
+227
+00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,900
+accept the S, right? We don't add A or S for 
+
+228
+00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:43,120
+furniture. It is what? A non-count now. So, we
+
+229
+00:20:43,120 --> 00:20:46,940
+bought some furniture, again, this is not
+
+230
+00:20:46,940 --> 00:20:50,300
+accepted with the S, okay? With the S, it is not
+
+231
+00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:54,680
+accepted. Also, we bought a furniture, okay? This 
+
+232
+00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:58,780
+is not accepted. So, what is the main difference 
+
+233
+00:20:58,780 --> 00:21:03,240
+now between count and non-count nouns according to
+
+234
+00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:05,440
+what we said?
+
+235
+00:21:06,780 --> 00:21:13,820
+Yes, please. Count nouns can be singular or plural. 
+
+236
+00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:20,600
+Yes. But non-count can't
+
+237
+00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:25,920
+be singular or plural. Thank you very much now 
+
+238
+00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:30,380
+listen, count and non-count nouns to be more 
+
+239
+00:21:30,380 --> 00:21:37,040
+accurate, some non-count nouns can be used as count
+
+240
+00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:42,420
+nouns, okay? Non-count can be used as count for 
+
+241
+00:21:42,420 --> 00:21:49,840
+example, when I say when I say meat meat
+
+242
+00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:55,050
+is it count or non-count? It is non-count. Okay,
+
+243
+00:21:55,130 --> 00:21:58,890
+non-count noun. But if I say the new supermarket 
+
+244
+00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:04,210
+has several meats, several meats, different types 
+
+245
+00:22:04,210 --> 00:22:08,730
+of meats, right? So I can say that the non-count
+
+246
+00:22:08,730 --> 00:22:12,690
+is used as a count in this sentence, okay? Because
+
+247
+00:22:12,690 --> 00:22:15,990
+it accepted what the S means. This is for some, 
+
+248
+00:22:16,170 --> 00:22:21,590
+not all non-count nouns. Also, when coffee, for 
+
+249
+00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:26,280
+example, It is what? Non-count. But if your father 
+
+250
+00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:31,820
+says, three coffees, please. Three coffees. He 
+
+251
+00:22:31,820 --> 00:22:36,520
+used a non-count as a count. Okay. But now what we 
+
+252
+00:22:36,520 --> 00:22:39,900
+mean here in these sentences in general, in 
+
+253
+00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:43,800
+general, the non-count nouns don't accept the A 
+
+254
+00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,140
+for the singular and don't accept the S for 
+
+255
+00:22:47,140 --> 00:22:52,220
+plural. Now look at the examples. Count nouns. 
+
+256
+00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:59,040
+Singular and plural, you know, a chair, one chair,
+
+257
+00:22:59,420 --> 00:23:02,700
+two chairs, some, a lot, many chairs, or chairs, 
+
+258
+00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:07,860
+okay? So again, count nouns may be preceded by the
+
+259
+00:23:07,860 --> 00:23:13,880
+indefinite article, as you know, and take S or ES.
+
+260
+00:23:14,950 --> 00:23:18,270
+We talked about that. Now, what about the non-count
+
+261
+00:23:18,270 --> 00:23:23,610
+nouns? I say some furniture. Can I add S? Some 
+
+262
+00:23:23,610 --> 00:23:27,980
+furniture. A lot of? Furniture. Yeah, much
+
+263
+00:23:27,980 --> 00:23:32,100
+furniture. Or? Furniture. Okay. So again, they 
+
+264
+00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:37,300
+cannot be preceded by a, aya, and they cannot, 
+
+265
+00:23:37,780 --> 00:23:41,920
+they don't accept what the plural is. Now look at 
+
+266
+00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:45,300
+this exercise. You have two minutes to do this
+
+267
+00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:48,900
+exercise. Two, please. Two, three, and four. You 
+
+268
+00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:49,680
+have two minutes.
+
+269
+00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:57,960
+Okay. Now, check your answers, please. Check your 
+
+270
+00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:02,300
+answers. Now, we have in the first sentence, yes? 
+
+271
+00:24:03,120 --> 00:24:07,180
+Where is the noun? Yeah, is it count or non-count? 
+
+272
+00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:11,940
+Non-count. Okay, and the other noun? Rings, count. 
+
+273
+00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:15,440
+And this one? Bracelets. Bracelets, yeah? Count. 
+
+274
+00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:21,820
+Count, yeah? Yeah, we saw beautiful mountains.
+
+275
+00:24:21,820 --> 00:24:26,100
+Mountains, yes. This is what? Fields. Lakes.
+
+276
+00:24:27,020 --> 00:24:35,620
+Scenery. Okay, gold. Okay. Okay, good. Complete
+
+277
+00:24:35,620 --> 00:24:39,320
+the exercise, please, at home and check the answers. 
+
+278
+00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:45,220
+Now, what about it? Check it in the dictionary.
+
+279
+00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:50,450
+You have a dictionary, right? Okay. Now, I bought,
+
+280
+00:24:51,030 --> 00:24:55,470
+look, now let's talk about non-count nouns. Non
+
+281
+00:24:55,470 --> 00:25:03,190
+-count nouns. Who can read? Yes, please. Good, 
+
+282
+00:25:05,070 --> 00:25:08,410
+thank you. Now, can you tell me about the count 
+
+283
+00:25:08,410 --> 00:25:11,430
+and non-count nouns? Where are the count nouns? 
+
+284
+00:25:16,090 --> 00:25:21,710
+Okay, thank you. Now, when I say furniture, okay? 
+
+285
+00:25:22,450 --> 00:25:28,270
+Furniture, it refers to what? It refers
+
+286
+00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:33,490
+to chairs, tables and this. So it refers to a hole
+
+287
+00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:37,170
+that is made up of different parts. It is made up 
+
+288
+00:25:37,170 --> 00:25:39,850
+of furniture.
+
+289
+00:25:42,330 --> 00:25:44,830
+So it refers to different parts. It's a hole.
+
+290
+00:25:45,460 --> 00:25:48,360
+Okay, refers to a whole but made of different
+
+291
+00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:51,820
+parts. Furniture represents a whole group of 
+
+292
+00:25:51,820 --> 00:25:55,480
+things that is made up of similar but separate
+
+293
+00:25:55,480 --> 00:25:58,900
+items. This is a chair, this is a table and and
+
+294
+00:25:58,900 --> 00:26:04,840
+and and okay, they are separate items. Yes, read 
+
+295
+00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:09,700
+please. Read the example. I put some sugar in my
+
+296
+00:26:09,700 --> 00:26:13,180
+coffee. Thank you. I have two nouns, sugar and
+
+297
+00:26:13,180 --> 00:26:16,780
+coffee. Okay. Yes, what about these nouns, Yasmin?
+
+298
+00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:23,080
+Non-countable. Okay, non-countable. Now, read 
+
+299
+00:26:23,180 --> 00:26:26,780
+Suha. Sugar and coffee represent four measures
+
+300
+00:26:26,780 --> 00:26:32,290
+made up of individual Particles are elements.
+
+301
+00:26:32,650 --> 00:26:36,070
+Okay, now when I say sugar, I mean sugar in 
+
+302
+00:26:36,070 --> 00:26:38,610
+general. It is made of very small particles,
+
+303
+00:26:38,710 --> 00:26:41,650
+right? Okay, when I say coffee, coffee in general. 
+
+304
+00:26:42,050 --> 00:26:45,870
+This is again, I'm talking about what? Non-count
+
+305
+00:26:45,870 --> 00:26:52,450
+nouns. How can I express what? A particular 
+
+306
+00:26:52,450 --> 00:26:56,410
+quantity in other ways. We said, we talked about
+
+307
+00:26:56,410 --> 00:27:00,180
+coffee before some minutes. We said that We can 
+
+308
+00:27:00,180 --> 00:27:06,540
+use the non-count nouns as count nouns, okay? And 
+
+309
+00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,540
+we can say, give me three coffees, please. But
+
+310
+00:27:09,540 --> 00:27:13,000
+there is another way also of expressing the 
+
+311
+00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:19,550
+singular, water, okay? Give me a cup of water. 
+
+312
+00:27:20,250 --> 00:27:24,510
+Give me a glass of water. A bottle of juice, for 
+
+313
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:29,650
+example. So again, furniture. It is a non-count
+
+314
+00:27:29,650 --> 00:27:34,810
+noun. How can I express again a particular
+
+315
+00:27:34,810 --> 00:27:40,640
+quantity, a small quantity? Yeah, I can say, okay,
+
+316
+00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:43,500
+a piece of furniture. Thank you. Now, let's look
+
+317
+00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,840
+at this. Yeah, to express a particular quantity,
+
+318
+00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:53,260
+some non-counts may be preceded by what? Unit
+
+319
+00:27:53,260 --> 00:27:56,820
+expressions. Okay, unit expressions. Okay, now 
+
+320
+00:27:56,820 --> 00:28:00,460
+some, not all. Yes, please. What about sugar? What
+
+321
+00:28:00,460 --> 00:28:07,740
+do we say? Yes, sugar. Spoonful of. Spoonful
+
+322
+00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:11,980
+of. Okay. Sugar. Thank you. Next one. Yeah. Water. 
+
+323
+00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:18,360
+A glass of water. A cup of coffee. Thank you. Yes,
+
+324
+00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:21,620
+please. Next. Quart of milk. Yeah. Quart of milk.
+
+325
+00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:28,480
+What about bread? A loaf of bread. Thank you. And 
+
+326
+00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:34,140
+what about rice? A grain of rice. Thank you. What 
+
+327
+00:28:34,140 --> 00:28:36,120
+about soup? Yeah. Yes, please. 
+
+328
+00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:46,180
+Thank you. And what about flour? Thank you. What
+
+329
+00:28:46,180 --> 00:28:51,220
+about meat? A pound of meat, a kilo of meat, two
+
+330
+00:28:51,220 --> 00:28:56,460
+kilos of meat. Okay. Yeah. Furniture. A piece of 
+
+331
+00:28:56,460 --> 00:29:01,920
+furniture, paper. Yeah. A piece of paper and
+
+332
+00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:11,040
+jewelry. Okay, good. I wish you luck. I wish you 
+
+333
+00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:16,920
+luck. Where is the noun? Luck. Okay, luck. What
+
+334
+00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:22,220
+type of noun is luck? Okay, uncount and abstract.
+
+335
+00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:25,080
+Very good. Last time we talked about that, right?
+
+336
+00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:30,730
+It is an abstract noun. Yeah, that's right. So 
+
+337
+00:29:30,730 --> 00:29:35,410
+luck is an abstract concept. Abstract all. It has
+
+338
+00:29:35,410 --> 00:29:40,310
+no physical form. It has the look. This pen has a 
+
+339
+00:29:40,310 --> 00:29:45,050
+special physical form. Okay? You can what? Touch. 
+
+340
+00:29:45,590 --> 00:29:49,150
+You can touch it. This is a pen. Okay? But luck,
+
+341
+00:29:49,210 --> 00:29:54,450
+can you touch? Can you see? So again, it has no
+
+342
+00:29:54,450 --> 00:29:57,150
+physical form. You cannot touch it. And we called
+
+343
+00:29:57,150 --> 00:30:02,030
+it last time, what? An abstract noun. Okay. Read
+
+344
+00:30:02,030 --> 00:30:07,370
+the other example, please. Sunshine. Thank you.
+
+345
+00:30:07,970 --> 00:30:13,190
+Now this is what? Phenomenon. Is it singular or 
+
+346
+00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:16,850
+plural? Singular. How can we make it plural?
+
+347
+00:30:17,610 --> 00:30:23,380
+Phenomena. Very good. That's right. Now, a
+
+348
+00:30:23,380 --> 00:30:28,860
+phenomenon of what? Nature. It is sunshine. Okay?
+
+349
+00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:34,260
+Such as sunshine is frequently used as what? So
+
+350
+00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:39,200
+again, this is a phenomenon used as what? Non
+
+351
+00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:44,760
+count. Now, non-count. Look, in this sentence, 
+
+352
+00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:50,700
+Anne has brown hair. has brown hair. In this 
+
+353
+00:30:50,700 --> 00:30:54,420
+sentence, this noun hair, is it count or non 
+
+354
+00:30:54,420 --> 00:30:58,880
+-count? Non-count. Very good. Thank you. Now, Tom 
+
+355
+00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:02,840
+has a hair on his jacket. A hair on my jacket.
+
+356
+00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:12,000
+Count. So some nouns can be used as count or non
+
+357
+00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:17,370
+-count. Good. Yes, I opened. Read, please. Read. I
+
+358
+00:31:17,370 --> 00:31:20,830
+opened the curtains and let in some light. Okay, 
+
+359
+00:31:21,010 --> 00:31:24,610
+you let in some light. Okay, it was dark, dim. 
+
+360
+00:31:25,330 --> 00:31:28,530
+Light in this sentence is count or non-count? Non 
+
+361
+00:31:28,530 --> 00:31:31,110
+-count. Okay, look at this light. How many lights
+
+362
+00:31:31,110 --> 00:31:34,150
+are there in this room? One light, two lights, 
+
+363
+00:31:34,250 --> 00:31:41,110
+three, four, ten. Okay, so Okay, where is it? Yes, 
+
+364
+00:31:41,210 --> 00:31:42,170
+read this sentence. 
+
+365
+00:31:44,990 --> 00:31:47,930
+Okay, light in this sentence. Is it count or non 
+
+366
+00:31:47,930 --> 00:31:53,390
+-count? Again, some nouns can be used as what?
+
+367
+00:31:53,970 --> 00:32:00,990
+Count or non-counts? Now, some common non-count 
+
+368
+00:32:00,990 --> 00:32:07,570
+nouns. I think it's time to stop, okay? I don't 
+
+369
+00:32:07,570 --> 00:32:10,010
+want to keep you late. Thank you very much, but 
+
+370
+00:32:10,010 --> 00:32:13,610
+please complete the exercises. Complete the other
+
+371
+00:32:13,610 --> 00:32:15,450
+parts of the exercises at home.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/3csAdG_Imio_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1484 @@
+1
+00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:23,830
+Good morning to you all. Good morning. How are
+
+2
+00:00:23,830 --> 00:00:27,410
+you? Fine. I hope you are feeling well today with
+
+3
+00:00:27,410 --> 00:00:31,970
+your exams. Yes. You should. You should. Even if
+
+4
+00:00:31,970 --> 00:00:36,050
+you have exams, feel well. Think okay. Don't think
+
+5
+00:00:36,050 --> 00:00:39,430
+too much of that. Yasmin, can you give me your pen
+
+6
+00:00:39,430 --> 00:00:41,650
+please? Your pen.
+
+7
+00:00:45,350 --> 00:00:51,130
+Thank you. This is Yasmin's pencil. Yes means
+
+8
+00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:57,530
+pencil. Okay. Thank you. Yes means pencil.
+
+9
+00:01:00,110 --> 00:01:01,550
+Najwa, where is your book?
+
+10
+00:01:04,890 --> 00:01:09,870
+Where is your book? Okay. Yes. What's that? Can
+
+11
+00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:13,760
+you tell me what's that, Sahar? It is Najwa's
+
+12
+00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:16,760
+book. Thank you very much. Good. It is Najwa's
+
+13
+00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:23,480
+book. Okay. Now, Du'a has a new pen. What's that?
+
+14
+00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:30,080
+Du'a is pen. Now, how can I write yes means, for
+
+15
+00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:32,620
+example, if I want to write, okay,
+
+16
+00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:40,380
+yes means pen. Yes means pen. Look.
+
+17
+00:01:49,620 --> 00:01:56,010
+Yes means pen. What do we call This. This is what?
+
+18
+00:01:56,850 --> 00:01:59,290
+Apostrophe. Very good. Thank you. Now let's agree
+
+19
+00:01:59,290 --> 00:02:05,170
+that this is apostrophe, not comma. Not comma.
+
+20
+00:02:05,370 --> 00:02:08,730
+There is, yes, a big difference between a comma
+
+21
+00:02:08,730 --> 00:02:12,650
+and an apostrophe. So this is apostrophe. An
+
+22
+00:02:12,650 --> 00:02:17,770
+apostrophe is used. Now we use, look, if you look
+
+23
+00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:21,390
+at the nouns, the girl, Tom, my wife, a lady and
+
+24
+00:02:21,390 --> 00:02:26,790
+Thomas. We write, we want to express the positive
+
+25
+00:02:26,790 --> 00:02:33,890
+case by writing, by writing what? Yeah. Yeah,
+
+26
+00:02:34,050 --> 00:02:39,490
+comma. Uh-huh. By writing an apostrophe and S. You
+
+27
+00:02:39,490 --> 00:02:42,490
+know, I'm thinking of something else. Okay. There
+
+28
+00:02:42,490 --> 00:02:46,030
+is a mistake here. I discovered a mistake. This
+
+29
+00:02:46,030 --> 00:02:49,590
+should be corrected. This is what? Okay.
+
+30
+00:02:52,510 --> 00:02:57,650
+Was the same form, okay? Not noun. Okay? So now
+
+31
+00:02:57,650 --> 00:03:04,370
+the girl, the girls. Yeah. Tom, Tom's. My wife, my
+
+32
+00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:10,110
+wife's. Yeah. A lady, a ladies. How do we write a
+
+33
+00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,650
+ladies? Now look at this noun, it ends with Y. It
+
+34
+00:03:14,650 --> 00:03:16,950
+has nothing to do with the spelling, with the Y,
+
+35
+00:03:17,050 --> 00:03:20,830
+okay? This is not for the plural. Remember, if it
+
+36
+00:03:20,830 --> 00:03:24,610
+is for a plural or if it is with a verb, we think
+
+37
+00:03:24,610 --> 00:03:27,730
+whether we have to keep the Y or to change it. But
+
+38
+00:03:27,730 --> 00:03:31,050
+now, in these nouns if you want to write the
+
+39
+00:03:31,050 --> 00:03:34,490
+apostrophe s keep it okay keep it whether it is
+
+40
+00:03:34,490 --> 00:03:40,010
+preceded by a vowel or a consonant good now look
+
+41
+00:03:40,010 --> 00:03:45,690
+thomas is different anus is different in us is
+
+42
+00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:49,610
+also different they end with what with s how can
+
+43
+00:03:49,610 --> 00:03:53,210
+we write the possessive case We have two forms,
+
+44
+00:03:53,290 --> 00:03:59,910
+what are they? Thank you very much, you have two
+
+45
+00:03:59,910 --> 00:04:03,930
+options, you can add apostrophe S or just
+
+46
+00:04:03,930 --> 00:04:10,610
+apostrophe and they will do, okay. Now look at
+
+47
+00:04:10,610 --> 00:04:15,050
+that, this is right, okay.
+
+48
+00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:21,070
+Now what do you notice about these nouns? Would
+
+49
+00:04:21,070 --> 00:04:26,450
+you read please Khadija? The girls, the wives, the
+
+50
+00:04:26,450 --> 00:04:30,290
+men, the children. Thank you very much. Now we
+
+51
+00:04:30,290 --> 00:04:35,230
+have plural nouns. And they include the two types
+
+52
+00:04:35,230 --> 00:04:39,710
+of plural, regular and irregular. Look, okay?
+
+53
+00:04:40,070 --> 00:04:45,550
+Girls, wives, ladies, men and children. Now, how
+
+54
+00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:49,130
+can we write the apostrophe for these nouns? Yes,
+
+55
+00:04:49,230 --> 00:04:55,570
+Sahar? Yeah, add only apostrophe. Okay? If we
+
+56
+00:04:55,570 --> 00:04:59,330
+want, if the noun ends with S. You remember
+
+57
+00:04:59,330 --> 00:05:03,470
+Thomas, Annas, Enas? We added what? Apostrophe.
+
+58
+00:05:03,870 --> 00:05:06,890
+Now, this is also, in this case, we add only
+
+59
+00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:11,270
+apostrophe. Only apostrophe, only apostrophe. But
+
+60
+00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:16,790
+with men, with irregular nouns, you add apostrophe
+
+61
+00:05:16,790 --> 00:05:22,810
+S. Now I want to ask. Do you think an apostrophe
+
+62
+00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:29,410
+only can be added to man, to men, to women? No,
+
+63
+00:05:30,390 --> 00:05:31,590
+you are right. But why?
+
+64
+00:05:35,130 --> 00:05:38,810
+That's right. They are irregular and they never
+
+65
+00:05:38,810 --> 00:05:45,210
+end with S to be plural. Now again, we add
+
+66
+00:05:45,210 --> 00:05:50,420
+apostrophe only to make the possessive part. farm
+
+67
+00:05:50,420 --> 00:05:51,980
+or a possessive case.
+
+68
+00:05:55,520 --> 00:06:02,720
+Let me ask you, how
+
+69
+00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:05,580
+do we translate this?
+
+70
+00:06:20,430 --> 00:06:23,570
+Yeah, in Arabic. In Arabic. Noor, the first
+
+71
+00:06:23,570 --> 00:06:24,110
+sentence.
+
+72
+00:06:27,810 --> 00:06:33,390
+Good. And the other one? Very good. That's right.
+
+73
+00:06:33,810 --> 00:06:36,250
+Okay. It is one book, but this is singular and
+
+74
+00:06:36,250 --> 00:06:38,610
+this is what? Plural. Very good. Thank you very
+
+75
+00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:39,090
+much. Good.
+
+76
+00:06:45,130 --> 00:06:51,230
+Now, look at this sentence. Alan and Lisa. This
+
+77
+00:06:51,230 --> 00:06:56,070
+house is for Fatima and Ali. We say it is Fatima
+
+78
+00:06:56,070 --> 00:07:00,510
+and Ali's house, okay? It is Fatima and Ali's
+
+79
+00:07:00,510 --> 00:07:05,830
+house. This bag is for Khadija and Dua. It is
+
+80
+00:07:05,830 --> 00:07:11,170
+Khadija and Du'a's bag, okay? Now look, the house
+
+81
+00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:15,510
+or the apartment is for two people, joined by
+
+82
+00:07:15,510 --> 00:07:19,930
+what? By aunt. Alan and Liza. We say what? Alan
+
+83
+00:07:19,930 --> 00:07:22,790
+and Liza's apartment. Yes, read the sentence.
+
+84
+00:07:26,930 --> 00:07:31,270
+Okay, so we add the apostrophe s on the final
+
+85
+00:07:31,270 --> 00:07:34,770
+noun. If they are joined or they are connected by
+
+86
+00:07:34,770 --> 00:07:40,310
+what? By and. Good. Now this is an exercise. I'll
+
+87
+00:07:40,310 --> 00:07:43,610
+give you three minutes to do this exercise.
+
+88
+00:07:43,970 --> 00:07:47,150
+Exercise eight. Please look at your box and do the
+
+89
+00:07:47,150 --> 00:07:47,550
+exercise.
+
+90
+00:07:58,270 --> 00:08:01,370
+I think this is enough. Now check your answers.
+
+91
+00:08:02,950 --> 00:08:03,970
+Check your answers.
+
+92
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:22,820
+Any question? Who wants to ask? Who got a full
+
+93
+00:08:22,820 --> 00:08:28,960
+mark? Really wonderful. Wonderful, good. Okay, no
+
+94
+00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:29,480
+questions.
+
+95
+00:08:34,620 --> 00:08:38,640
+Look, there is another exercise. Exercise eight
+
+96
+00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:43,100
+and exercise nine. You have three minutes to do
+
+97
+00:08:43,100 --> 00:08:48,660
+this exercise. Go on, please. Check your answers
+
+98
+00:08:48,660 --> 00:08:52,380
+for 3, 4 and 5. Check your answers.
+
+99
+00:09:13,560 --> 00:09:18,130
+Any question? Who got a full mark? Really
+
+100
+00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:23,090
+wonderful. Very good. Thank you. Please complete
+
+101
+00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:27,110
+the other sentences at home. You have another four
+
+102
+00:09:27,110 --> 00:09:30,370
+sentences, okay? And you have the answers.
+
+103
+00:09:37,330 --> 00:09:40,870
+Exercise 10, we want also to do this sentence,
+
+104
+00:09:40,990 --> 00:09:44,410
+only number 2 in exercise 10. I'll give you one
+
+105
+00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:50,770
+minute only, look at exercise 10, page 106 and do
+
+106
+00:09:50,770 --> 00:09:51,370
+number 2.
+
+107
+00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:21,960
+Now check your answers. Number two, you want
+
+108
+00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:26,960
+number two, sorry. This is number two. Check the
+
+109
+00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:27,360
+answer.
+
+110
+00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:34,420
+This is the answer, you know. It is not the same.
+
+111
+00:10:35,380 --> 00:10:42,380
+Look, there is a change, right? Complete the
+
+112
+00:10:42,380 --> 00:10:44,060
+other sentences at home.
+
+113
+00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:56,180
+Now look, who can read this sentence? Yes, please
+
+114
+00:10:56,180 --> 00:11:01,200
+read it. The soup has vegetables in it. It's
+
+115
+00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,520
+vegetable soup. Thank you very much. The other
+
+116
+00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:08,920
+sentence. Yes, please, Sahar. The building has
+
+117
+00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:16,620
+offices in it. It is an office building. Thank you
+
+118
+00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:20,280
+very much. Now look. Office in general is a noun,
+
+119
+00:11:20,900 --> 00:11:24,700
+right? In this sentence, if you say it is building
+
+120
+00:11:24,700 --> 00:11:28,480
+or it is a building, what type of building is it?
+
+121
+00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:32,700
+We don't know, okay? Now, what does this word do?
+
+122
+00:11:33,810 --> 00:11:37,330
+It describes the noun. Now, when I say it is an
+
+123
+00:11:37,330 --> 00:11:41,490
+office building, so this noun describes the other
+
+124
+00:11:41,490 --> 00:11:45,190
+noun. So what does the adjective do? The adjective
+
+125
+00:11:45,190 --> 00:11:48,970
+describes the noun. When I say wither, what type
+
+126
+00:11:48,970 --> 00:11:51,890
+of wither? I don't know. But when I say cold
+
+127
+00:11:51,890 --> 00:11:55,850
+wither, for example, cold, the adjective describes
+
+128
+00:11:55,850 --> 00:11:59,780
+the noun. Now, in this sentence, this noun
+
+129
+00:11:59,780 --> 00:12:04,960
+describes the other noun. So again, it is used as
+
+130
+00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:08,540
+an adjective. It is a noun, but it is used as an
+
+131
+00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:13,380
+adjective. So, the noun can be used to describe
+
+132
+00:12:13,380 --> 00:12:16,520
+another noun, can be used as an adjective to
+
+133
+00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:21,020
+describe another noun. Look, in this case, when a
+
+134
+00:12:21,020 --> 00:12:24,420
+noun is used as an adjective, it is in its what?
+
+135
+00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:30,920
+Good. It is in its singular. In the main sentence,
+
+136
+00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:35,520
+the building has what? Offices. It offices. But
+
+137
+00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:39,560
+this should be used with what? Singular. An office
+
+138
+00:12:39,560 --> 00:12:43,900
+building. An office building. Okay. I have a lot
+
+139
+00:12:43,900 --> 00:12:48,120
+of flowers in my garden. It is? A flower garden. A
+
+140
+00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,380
+flower garden. Very good. It is a flower garden.
+
+141
+00:12:52,150 --> 00:12:58,230
+Now, don't add S. For example, to vegetable, to
+
+142
+00:12:58,230 --> 00:13:04,010
+office and so on. Don't add the S. Look at this
+
+143
+00:13:04,010 --> 00:13:09,530
+sentence. Who can read? Yes please. The test
+
+144
+00:13:09,530 --> 00:13:14,070
+lasted
+
+145
+00:13:14,070 --> 00:13:14,850
+two hours.
+
+146
+00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:22,770
+Okay, it was a two-hour test. A two-hour test.
+
+147
+00:13:22,890 --> 00:13:28,610
+Now, how long did it last? How did we know? So
+
+148
+00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,430
+again, a two-hour modified, modifies the noun.
+
+149
+00:13:34,630 --> 00:13:39,070
+Okay, describes the noun. Remember again, we use
+
+150
+00:13:39,070 --> 00:13:44,730
+what? Ah, so don't say it was two hours test. This
+
+151
+00:13:44,730 --> 00:13:48,670
+is a common mistake. A lot of students think since
+
+152
+00:13:48,670 --> 00:13:52,530
+we begin with two, we should add S. No, don't add
+
+153
+00:13:52,530 --> 00:13:59,070
+S. Okay? Don't add S. Look. A two-hour test. A two
+
+154
+00:13:59,070 --> 00:14:03,110
+-hour test. It modifies the noun. Look at the
+
+155
+00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:06,010
+other sentence. Yes, please read it.
+
+156
+00:14:10,170 --> 00:14:15,750
+Again, read it again. She has a five-year-old.
+
+157
+00:14:15,810 --> 00:14:19,550
+Very good. Thank you very much. Okay. And this
+
+158
+00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:26,570
+again, this is what? We use a hyphen. When we use
+
+159
+00:14:26,570 --> 00:14:30,690
+a noun, a modifier to describe the noun, it should
+
+160
+00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:34,370
+be hyphenated. We use hyphens. And again, remember
+
+161
+00:14:34,370 --> 00:14:38,170
+to use what? The singular. Never use the plural.
+
+162
+00:14:38,790 --> 00:14:42,970
+Okay. Yes, read please this note. When a noun is
+
+163
+00:14:42,970 --> 00:14:46,450
+used as a modifier, it is combined with a number
+
+164
+00:14:46,450 --> 00:14:51,340
+expression. The noun is singular and plural. Okay,
+
+165
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:54,900
+a hyphen is used. Thank you. Yes, go on. She has.
+
+166
+00:14:56,460 --> 00:15:00,220
+Okay, now look, this is what? This is cancelled.
+
+167
+00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:07,190
+This is deleted. Look, we don't use the S. We
+
+168
+00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:11,570
+don't use this, okay? And again, as I told you,
+
+169
+00:15:12,010 --> 00:15:16,150
+this is a common mistake. We use a for singular.
+
+170
+00:15:16,970 --> 00:15:21,350
+Give me a book. Can I use a and s with the same
+
+171
+00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:21,630
+noun?
+
+172
+00:15:25,230 --> 00:15:27,350
+Who wants to ask?
+
+173
+00:15:30,510 --> 00:15:35,050
+Who wants to answer? Who wants to answer? Yes,
+
+174
+00:15:35,130 --> 00:15:40,730
+please. Yes, me. Go on. Yes, of course. Before
+
+175
+00:15:40,730 --> 00:15:43,670
+nouns, use it with modifiers. They are called
+
+176
+00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:49,030
+modifiers. They modify the nouns. Okay. I want you
+
+177
+00:15:49,030 --> 00:15:52,330
+to answer. Somebody to answer. My garden has
+
+178
+00:15:52,330 --> 00:15:56,810
+flowers in it. It's a flower garden. My garden has
+
+179
+00:15:56,810 --> 00:16:01,570
+flowers in it. Okay. Has flowers in it. So?
+
+180
+00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:11,920
+has flowers in it. It is a flower garden. Thank
+
+181
+00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,880
+you. Complete the exercise. Complete it yourself,
+
+182
+00:16:15,020 --> 00:16:15,920
+please. It is easy.
+
+183
+00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:48,080
+How many did you finish? Five? Seven? Good. Now
+
+184
+00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:52,000
+check your answers. Check your answers.
+
+185
+00:17:00,540 --> 00:17:04,420
+And complete the other sentences at home. Okay? If
+
+186
+00:17:04,420 --> 00:17:07,440
+you finished five or seven, complete the others at
+
+187
+00:17:07,440 --> 00:17:07,660
+home.
+
+188
+00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:23,880
+Who can tell me what about this word mosquito? Why
+
+189
+00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,640
+written in two forms? Why written in two forms?
+
+190
+00:17:27,780 --> 00:17:32,320
+Yes? It ends with O. It ends with O. So it can be?
+
+191
+00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:37,580
+Okay, thank you. The plural can be with S or ES.
+
+192
+00:17:37,740 --> 00:17:44,980
+You are right. Good. Now, Count and non-count
+
+193
+00:17:44,980 --> 00:17:49,740
+nouns. Okay? Some books write countable and non
+
+194
+00:17:49,740 --> 00:17:54,020
+-countable nouns. Uncountable nouns. Okay? It is
+
+195
+00:17:54,020 --> 00:18:00,820
+the same. Now, how many books do you have, Noor? I
+
+196
+00:18:00,820 --> 00:18:05,260
+have two books. Okay? I have two books. How many
+
+197
+00:18:05,260 --> 00:18:10,350
+pens do you have? I have one pen. Thank you. Now,
+
+198
+00:18:10,450 --> 00:18:15,570
+how many bags do you have? How many bags do you
+
+199
+00:18:15,570 --> 00:18:19,690
+have? How many bags do you have? One bag, okay?
+
+200
+00:18:20,330 --> 00:18:24,560
+Now, how many sisters do you have? I have two
+
+201
+00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:29,540
+sisters, now sisters, books, okay? Bags, friends.
+
+202
+00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:34,880
+We can count them. They are count nouns. Okay?
+
+203
+00:18:35,020 --> 00:18:38,800
+They are count nouns. And when I say, for example,
+
+204
+00:18:39,460 --> 00:18:45,100
+I want a book. I have two books. Okay? This is a
+
+205
+00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:49,880
+count noun. When I say, for example, okay, a book
+
+206
+00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:56,060
+or I have two books. Box, okay. I used what? The A
+
+207
+00:18:56,060 --> 00:19:02,360
+in the singular and the S for the plural. Okay, we
+
+208
+00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:07,260
+use the indefinite articles. I ate an apple. I ate
+
+209
+00:19:07,260 --> 00:19:11,720
+two apples. We use the indefinite article for the
+
+210
+00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:15,460
+plural and the S for the singular and the S for
+
+211
+00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:23,020
+the plural. Now, when I say Water is essential for
+
+212
+00:19:23,020 --> 00:19:27,940
+our life. It is uncountable.
+
+213
+00:19:30,980 --> 00:19:37,820
+And it is unlike count nouns. So we have two types
+
+214
+00:19:37,820 --> 00:19:42,420
+of nouns. Count and non-count. If you look at the
+
+215
+00:19:42,420 --> 00:19:45,640
+first sentence. Yes, read it please. I bought a
+
+216
+00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:50,720
+chair. A chair. Yeah, one it means a. A chair, one
+
+217
+00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:53,820
+chair. Yes, Sam? Sam bought three chairs. Thank
+
+218
+00:19:53,820 --> 00:19:56,800
+you very much. Now I have chair and chairs. Look,
+
+219
+00:19:56,920 --> 00:20:00,420
+a chair and chairs. Okay, thank you. Read the
+
+220
+00:20:00,420 --> 00:20:04,980
+other sentence please. we bought some furniture
+
+221
+00:20:04,980 --> 00:20:10,820
+okay some furniture now furniture and chair or
+
+222
+00:20:10,820 --> 00:20:15,440
+chairs are different okay i can i can count chair
+
+223
+00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:20,620
+but i cannot count furniture and grammatically
+
+224
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:25,020
+chair accepts what the indefinite article i say a
+
+225
+00:20:25,020 --> 00:20:29,700
+chair right i say a book i say chairs i say box
+
+226
+00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:35,040
+right but furniture Doesn't accept the A, doesn't
+
+227
+00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,900
+accept the S, right? We don't add A or S for
+
+228
+00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:43,120
+furniture. It is what? A non-count now. So, we
+
+229
+00:20:43,120 --> 00:20:46,940
+bought some furnitures, again, this is not
+
+230
+00:20:46,940 --> 00:20:50,300
+accepted with the S, okay? With the S it is not
+
+231
+00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:54,680
+accepted. Also, we bought a furniture, okay? This
+
+232
+00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:58,780
+is not accepted. So, what is the main difference
+
+233
+00:20:58,780 --> 00:21:03,240
+now between count and non-count nouns according to
+
+234
+00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:05,440
+what we said?
+
+235
+00:21:06,780 --> 00:21:13,820
+Yes please. Count noun can be singular or plural.
+
+236
+00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:20,600
+Yes. But non-count can't
+
+237
+00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:25,920
+be singular or plural. thank you very much now
+
+238
+00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:30,380
+listen count and non-count nouns to be more
+
+239
+00:21:30,380 --> 00:21:37,040
+accurate some non-count nouns can be used as count
+
+240
+00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:42,420
+nouns okay non-count can be used as count for
+
+241
+00:21:42,420 --> 00:21:49,840
+example when i say when i say meat meat
+
+242
+00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:55,050
+is it count or non-count It is non-count. Okay,
+
+243
+00:21:55,130 --> 00:21:58,890
+non-count noun. But if I say the new supermarket
+
+244
+00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:04,210
+has several meats, several meats, different types
+
+245
+00:22:04,210 --> 00:22:08,730
+of meats, right? So I can say that the non-count
+
+246
+00:22:08,730 --> 00:22:12,690
+is used as a count in this sentence, okay? Because
+
+247
+00:22:12,690 --> 00:22:15,990
+it accepted what the S means. This is for some,
+
+248
+00:22:16,170 --> 00:22:21,590
+not all non-count nouns. Also, when coffee, for
+
+249
+00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:26,280
+example, It is what? Non-count. But if your father
+
+250
+00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:31,820
+says, three coffees, please. Three coffees. He
+
+251
+00:22:31,820 --> 00:22:36,520
+used a non-count as a count. Okay. But now what we
+
+252
+00:22:36,520 --> 00:22:39,900
+mean here in these sentences in general, in
+
+253
+00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:43,800
+general, the non-count nouns don't accept the A
+
+254
+00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,140
+for the singular and don't accept the S for
+
+255
+00:22:47,140 --> 00:22:52,220
+plural. Now look at the examples. Count nouns.
+
+256
+00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:59,040
+Singular and plural, you know, a chair, one chair,
+
+257
+00:22:59,420 --> 00:23:02,700
+two chairs, some, a lot, many chairs, or chairs,
+
+258
+00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:07,860
+okay? So again, count nouns may be preceded by the
+
+259
+00:23:07,860 --> 00:23:13,880
+indefinite article, as you know, and take S or ES.
+
+260
+00:23:14,950 --> 00:23:18,270
+We talked about that. Now what about the non-count
+
+261
+00:23:18,270 --> 00:23:23,610
+nouns? I say some furniture. Can I add S? Some
+
+262
+00:23:23,610 --> 00:23:27,980
+furniture. A lot of? Furniture. Yeah, much
+
+263
+00:23:27,980 --> 00:23:32,100
+furniture. Or? Furniture. Okay. So again, they
+
+264
+00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:37,300
+cannot be preceded by a, aya, and they cannot,
+
+265
+00:23:37,780 --> 00:23:41,920
+they don't accept what the plural is. Now look at
+
+266
+00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:45,300
+this exercise. You have two minutes to do this
+
+267
+00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:48,900
+exercise. Two, please. Two, three, and four. You
+
+268
+00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:49,680
+have two minutes.
+
+269
+00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:57,960
+Okay. Now, check your answers, please. Check your
+
+270
+00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:02,300
+answers. Now, we have in the first sentence, yes?
+
+271
+00:24:03,120 --> 00:24:07,180
+Where is the noun? Yeah, is it count or non-count?
+
+272
+00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:11,940
+Non-count. Okay, and the other noun? Rings count.
+
+273
+00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:15,440
+And this one? Bracelets. Bracelets, yeah? Count.
+
+274
+00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:21,820
+Count, yeah? Yeah, we saw beautiful mountains.
+
+275
+00:24:21,820 --> 00:24:26,100
+Mountains, yes. This is what? Fields. Lakes.
+
+276
+00:24:27,020 --> 00:24:35,620
+Scenery. Okay, gold. Okay. Okay, good. Complete
+
+277
+00:24:35,620 --> 00:24:39,320
+the exercise please at home and check the answers.
+
+278
+00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:45,220
+Now, what about it? Check it in the dictionary.
+
+279
+00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:50,450
+You have a dictionary, right? Okay. Now, I bought,
+
+280
+00:24:51,030 --> 00:24:55,470
+look, now let's talk about non-count nouns. Non
+
+281
+00:24:55,470 --> 00:25:03,190
+-count nouns. Who can read? Yes, please. Good,
+
+282
+00:25:05,070 --> 00:25:08,410
+thank you. Now, can you tell me about the count
+
+283
+00:25:08,410 --> 00:25:11,430
+and non-count nouns? Where are the count nouns?
+
+284
+00:25:16,090 --> 00:25:21,710
+Okay, thank you. Now, when I say furniture, okay?
+
+285
+00:25:22,450 --> 00:25:28,270
+Furniture, it refers to what? It refers
+
+286
+00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:33,490
+to chairs, tables and this. So it refers to a hole
+
+287
+00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:37,170
+that is made up of different parts. It is made up
+
+288
+00:25:37,170 --> 00:25:39,850
+of furniture.
+
+289
+00:25:42,330 --> 00:25:44,830
+So it refers to different parts. It's a hole.
+
+290
+00:25:45,460 --> 00:25:48,360
+Okay, refers to a whole but made of different
+
+291
+00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:51,820
+parts. Furniture represents a whole group of
+
+292
+00:25:51,820 --> 00:25:55,480
+things that is made up of similar but separate
+
+293
+00:25:55,480 --> 00:25:58,900
+items. This is a chair, this is a table and and
+
+294
+00:25:58,900 --> 00:26:04,840
+and and okay, they are separate items. Yes, read
+
+295
+00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:09,700
+please. Read the example. I put some sugar in my
+
+296
+00:26:09,700 --> 00:26:13,180
+coffee. Thank you. I have two nouns, sugar and
+
+297
+00:26:13,180 --> 00:26:16,780
+coffee. Okay. Yes, what about these nouns, Yasmin?
+
+298
+00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:23,080
+Non-countable. Okay, non-countable. Now read,
+
+299
+00:26:23,180 --> 00:26:26,780
+Suha. Sugar and coffee represent four measures
+
+300
+00:26:26,780 --> 00:26:32,290
+made up of individual Particles are elements.
+
+301
+00:26:32,650 --> 00:26:36,070
+Okay, now when I say sugar, I mean sugar in
+
+302
+00:26:36,070 --> 00:26:38,610
+general. It is made of very small particles,
+
+303
+00:26:38,710 --> 00:26:41,650
+right? Okay, when I say coffee, coffee in general.
+
+304
+00:26:42,050 --> 00:26:45,870
+This is again, I'm talking about what? Non-count
+
+305
+00:26:45,870 --> 00:26:52,450
+nouns. How can I express what? A particular
+
+306
+00:26:52,450 --> 00:26:56,410
+equality in other ways. We said, we talked about
+
+307
+00:26:56,410 --> 00:27:00,180
+coffee before some minutes. We said that We can
+
+308
+00:27:00,180 --> 00:27:06,540
+use the non-count nouns as count nouns, okay? And
+
+309
+00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,540
+we can say, give me three coffees, please. But
+
+310
+00:27:09,540 --> 00:27:13,000
+there is another way also of expressing the
+
+311
+00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:19,550
+singular, water, okay? Give me a cup of water.
+
+312
+00:27:20,250 --> 00:27:24,510
+Give me a glass of water. A bottle of juice, for
+
+313
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:29,650
+example. So again, furniture. It is a non-count
+
+314
+00:27:29,650 --> 00:27:34,810
+noun. How can I express again a particular
+
+315
+00:27:34,810 --> 00:27:40,640
+quantity, a small quantity? Yeah, I can say, okay,
+
+316
+00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:43,500
+a piece of furniture. Thank you. Now, let's look
+
+317
+00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,840
+at this. Yeah, to express a particular quantity,
+
+318
+00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:53,260
+some non-counts may be preceded by what? Unit
+
+319
+00:27:53,260 --> 00:27:56,820
+expressions. Okay, unit expressions. Okay, now
+
+320
+00:27:56,820 --> 00:28:00,460
+some, not all. Yes, please. What about sugar? What
+
+321
+00:28:00,460 --> 00:28:07,740
+do we say? Yes, sugar. Spoon full of. Spoon full
+
+322
+00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:11,980
+of. Okay. Sugar. Thank you. Next one. Yeah. Water.
+
+323
+00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:18,360
+A glass of water. A cup of coffee. Thank you. Yes,
+
+324
+00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:21,620
+please. Next. Quart of milk. Yeah. Quart of milk.
+
+325
+00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:28,480
+What about bread? A loaf of bread. Thank you. And
+
+326
+00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:34,140
+what about rice? A grain of rice. Thank you. What
+
+327
+00:28:34,140 --> 00:28:36,120
+about soup? Yeah. Yes, please.
+
+328
+00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:46,180
+Thank you. And what about flour? Thank you. What
+
+329
+00:28:46,180 --> 00:28:51,220
+about meat? A pound of meat, a kilo of meat, two
+
+330
+00:28:51,220 --> 00:28:56,460
+kilos of meat. Okay. Yeah. Furniture. A piece of
+
+331
+00:28:56,460 --> 00:29:01,920
+furniture, paper. Yeah. A piece of paper and
+
+332
+00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:11,040
+jewelry. Okay, good. I wish you luck. I wish you
+
+333
+00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:16,920
+luck. Where is the noun? Luck. Okay, luck. What
+
+334
+00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:22,220
+type of noun is luck? Okay, uncount and abstract.
+
+335
+00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:25,080
+Very good. Last time we talked about that, right?
+
+336
+00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:30,730
+It is an abstract noun. Yeah, that's right. So
+
+337
+00:29:30,730 --> 00:29:35,410
+luck is an abstract concept. Abstract all. It has
+
+338
+00:29:35,410 --> 00:29:40,310
+no physical form. It has the look. This pen has a
+
+339
+00:29:40,310 --> 00:29:45,050
+special physical form. Okay? You can what? Touch.
+
+340
+00:29:45,590 --> 00:29:49,150
+You can touch it. This is a pen. Okay? But luck,
+
+341
+00:29:49,210 --> 00:29:54,450
+can you touch? Can you see? So again, it has no
+
+342
+00:29:54,450 --> 00:29:57,150
+physical form. You cannot touch it. And we called
+
+343
+00:29:57,150 --> 00:30:02,030
+it last time, what? An abstract noun. Okay. Read
+
+344
+00:30:02,030 --> 00:30:07,370
+the other example, please. Sunshine. Thank you.
+
+345
+00:30:07,970 --> 00:30:13,190
+Now this is what? Phenomenon. Is it singular or
+
+346
+00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:16,850
+plural? Singular. How can we make it plural?
+
+347
+00:30:17,610 --> 00:30:23,380
+Phenomena. Very good. That's right. Now, a
+
+348
+00:30:23,380 --> 00:30:28,860
+phenomenon of what? Nature. It is sunshine. Okay?
+
+349
+00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:34,260
+Such as sunshine is frequently used as what? So
+
+350
+00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:39,200
+again, this is a phenomenon used as what? Nun
+
+351
+00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:44,760
+count. Now, nun count. Look, in this sentence,
+
+352
+00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:50,700
+Anne has brown hair. has brown hair. In this
+
+353
+00:30:50,700 --> 00:30:54,420
+sentence, this noun hair, is it count or non
+
+354
+00:30:54,420 --> 00:30:58,880
+-count? Non-count. Very good. Thank you. Now, Tom
+
+355
+00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:02,840
+has a hair on his jacket. A hair on my jacket.
+
+356
+00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:12,000
+Count. So some nouns can be used as count or non
+
+357
+00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:17,370
+-count. Good. Yes, I opened. Read, please. Read. I
+
+358
+00:31:17,370 --> 00:31:20,830
+opened the curtains and lit in some light. Okay,
+
+359
+00:31:21,010 --> 00:31:24,610
+you lit in some light. Okay, it was dark, dim.
+
+360
+00:31:25,330 --> 00:31:28,530
+Light in this sentence is count or non-count? Non
+
+361
+00:31:28,530 --> 00:31:31,110
+-count. Okay, look at this light. How many lights
+
+362
+00:31:31,110 --> 00:31:34,150
+are there in this room? One light, two lights,
+
+363
+00:31:34,250 --> 00:31:41,110
+three, four, ten. Okay, so Okay, where is it? Yes,
+
+364
+00:31:41,210 --> 00:31:42,170
+read this sentence.
+
+365
+00:31:44,990 --> 00:31:47,930
+Okay, light in this sentence. Is it count or non
+
+366
+00:31:47,930 --> 00:31:53,390
+-count? Again, some nouns can be used as what?
+
+367
+00:31:53,970 --> 00:32:00,990
+Count or non-counts? Now, some common non-count
+
+368
+00:32:00,990 --> 00:32:07,570
+nouns. I think it's time to stop, okay? I don't
+
+369
+00:32:07,570 --> 00:32:10,010
+want to keep you late. Thank you very much, but
+
+370
+00:32:10,010 --> 00:32:13,610
+please complete the exercises. Complete the other
+
+371
+00:32:13,610 --> 00:32:15,450
+parts of the exercises at home.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/3csAdG_Imio_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1484 @@
+1
+00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:23,830
+Good morning to you all. Good morning. How are
+
+2
+00:00:23,830 --> 00:00:27,410
+you? Fine. I hope you are feeling well today with
+
+3
+00:00:27,410 --> 00:00:31,970
+your exams. Yes. You should. You should. Even if
+
+4
+00:00:31,970 --> 00:00:36,050
+you have exams, feel well. Think okay. Don't think
+
+5
+00:00:36,050 --> 00:00:39,430
+too much of that. Yasmin, can you give me your pen
+
+6
+00:00:39,430 --> 00:00:41,650
+please? Your pen.
+
+7
+00:00:45,350 --> 00:00:51,130
+Thank you. This is Yasmin's pencil. Yes means
+
+8
+00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:57,530
+pencil. Okay. Thank you. Yes means pencil.
+
+9
+00:01:00,110 --> 00:01:01,550
+Najwa, where is your book?
+
+10
+00:01:04,890 --> 00:01:09,870
+Where is your book? Okay. Yes. What's that? Can
+
+11
+00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:13,760
+you tell me what's that, Sahar? It is Najwa's
+
+12
+00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:16,760
+book. Thank you very much. Good. It is Najwa's
+
+13
+00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:23,480
+book. Okay. Now, Du'a has a new pen. What's that?
+
+14
+00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:30,080
+Du'a is pen. Now, how can I write yes means, for
+
+15
+00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:32,620
+example, if I want to write, okay,
+
+16
+00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:40,380
+yes means pen. Yes means pen. Look.
+
+17
+00:01:49,620 --> 00:01:56,010
+Yes means pen. What do we call This. This is what?
+
+18
+00:01:56,850 --> 00:01:59,290
+Apostrophe. Very good. Thank you. Now let's agree
+
+19
+00:01:59,290 --> 00:02:05,170
+that this is apostrophe, not comma. Not comma.
+
+20
+00:02:05,370 --> 00:02:08,730
+There is, yes, a big difference between a comma
+
+21
+00:02:08,730 --> 00:02:12,650
+and an apostrophe. So this is apostrophe. An
+
+22
+00:02:12,650 --> 00:02:17,770
+apostrophe is used. Now we use, look, if you look
+
+23
+00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:21,390
+at the nouns, the girl, Tom, my wife, a lady and
+
+24
+00:02:21,390 --> 00:02:26,790
+Thomas. We write, we want to express the positive
+
+25
+00:02:26,790 --> 00:02:33,890
+case by writing, by writing what? Yeah. Yeah,
+
+26
+00:02:34,050 --> 00:02:39,490
+comma. Uh-huh. By writing an apostrophe and S. You
+
+27
+00:02:39,490 --> 00:02:42,490
+know, I'm thinking of something else. Okay. There
+
+28
+00:02:42,490 --> 00:02:46,030
+is a mistake here. I discovered a mistake. This
+
+29
+00:02:46,030 --> 00:02:49,590
+should be corrected. This is what? Okay.
+
+30
+00:02:52,510 --> 00:02:57,650
+Was the same form, okay? Not noun. Okay? So now
+
+31
+00:02:57,650 --> 00:03:04,370
+the girl, the girls. Yeah. Tom, Tom's. My wife, my
+
+32
+00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:10,110
+wife's. Yeah. A lady, a ladies. How do we write a
+
+33
+00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,650
+ladies? Now look at this noun, it ends with Y. It
+
+34
+00:03:14,650 --> 00:03:16,950
+has nothing to do with the spelling, with the Y,
+
+35
+00:03:17,050 --> 00:03:20,830
+okay? This is not for the plural. Remember, if it
+
+36
+00:03:20,830 --> 00:03:24,610
+is for a plural or if it is with a verb, we think
+
+37
+00:03:24,610 --> 00:03:27,730
+whether we have to keep the Y or to change it. But
+
+38
+00:03:27,730 --> 00:03:31,050
+now, in these nouns if you want to write the
+
+39
+00:03:31,050 --> 00:03:34,490
+apostrophe s keep it okay keep it whether it is
+
+40
+00:03:34,490 --> 00:03:40,010
+preceded by a vowel or a consonant good now look
+
+41
+00:03:40,010 --> 00:03:45,690
+thomas is different anus is different in us is
+
+42
+00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:49,610
+also different they end with what with s how can
+
+43
+00:03:49,610 --> 00:03:53,210
+we write the possessive case We have two forms,
+
+44
+00:03:53,290 --> 00:03:59,910
+what are they? Thank you very much, you have two
+
+45
+00:03:59,910 --> 00:04:03,930
+options, you can add apostrophe S or just
+
+46
+00:04:03,930 --> 00:04:10,610
+apostrophe and they will do, okay. Now look at
+
+47
+00:04:10,610 --> 00:04:15,050
+that, this is right, okay.
+
+48
+00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:21,070
+Now what do you notice about these nouns? Would
+
+49
+00:04:21,070 --> 00:04:26,450
+you read please Khadija? The girls, the wives, the
+
+50
+00:04:26,450 --> 00:04:30,290
+men, the children. Thank you very much. Now we
+
+51
+00:04:30,290 --> 00:04:35,230
+have plural nouns. And they include the two types
+
+52
+00:04:35,230 --> 00:04:39,710
+of plural, regular and irregular. Look, okay?
+
+53
+00:04:40,070 --> 00:04:45,550
+Girls, wives, ladies, men and children. Now, how
+
+54
+00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:49,130
+can we write the apostrophe for these nouns? Yes,
+
+55
+00:04:49,230 --> 00:04:55,570
+Sahar? Yeah, add only apostrophe. Okay? If we
+
+56
+00:04:55,570 --> 00:04:59,330
+want, if the noun ends with S. You remember
+
+57
+00:04:59,330 --> 00:05:03,470
+Thomas, Annas, Enas? We added what? Apostrophe.
+
+58
+00:05:03,870 --> 00:05:06,890
+Now, this is also, in this case, we add only
+
+59
+00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:11,270
+apostrophe. Only apostrophe, only apostrophe. But
+
+60
+00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:16,790
+with men, with irregular nouns, you add apostrophe
+
+61
+00:05:16,790 --> 00:05:22,810
+S. Now I want to ask. Do you think an apostrophe
+
+62
+00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:29,410
+only can be added to man, to men, to women? No,
+
+63
+00:05:30,390 --> 00:05:31,590
+you are right. But why?
+
+64
+00:05:35,130 --> 00:05:38,810
+That's right. They are irregular and they never
+
+65
+00:05:38,810 --> 00:05:45,210
+end with S to be plural. Now again, we add
+
+66
+00:05:45,210 --> 00:05:50,420
+apostrophe only to make the possessive part. farm
+
+67
+00:05:50,420 --> 00:05:51,980
+or a possessive case.
+
+68
+00:05:55,520 --> 00:06:02,720
+Let me ask you, how
+
+69
+00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:05,580
+do we translate this?
+
+70
+00:06:20,430 --> 00:06:23,570
+Yeah, in Arabic. In Arabic. Noor, the first
+
+71
+00:06:23,570 --> 00:06:24,110
+sentence.
+
+72
+00:06:27,810 --> 00:06:33,390
+Good. And the other one? Very good. That's right.
+
+73
+00:06:33,810 --> 00:06:36,250
+Okay. It is one book, but this is singular and
+
+74
+00:06:36,250 --> 00:06:38,610
+this is what? Plural. Very good. Thank you very
+
+75
+00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:39,090
+much. Good.
+
+76
+00:06:45,130 --> 00:06:51,230
+Now, look at this sentence. Alan and Lisa. This
+
+77
+00:06:51,230 --> 00:06:56,070
+house is for Fatima and Ali. We say it is Fatima
+
+78
+00:06:56,070 --> 00:07:00,510
+and Ali's house, okay? It is Fatima and Ali's
+
+79
+00:07:00,510 --> 00:07:05,830
+house. This bag is for Khadija and Dua. It is
+
+80
+00:07:05,830 --> 00:07:11,170
+Khadija and Du'a's bag, okay? Now look, the house
+
+81
+00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:15,510
+or the apartment is for two people, joined by
+
+82
+00:07:15,510 --> 00:07:19,930
+what? By aunt. Alan and Liza. We say what? Alan
+
+83
+00:07:19,930 --> 00:07:22,790
+and Liza's apartment. Yes, read the sentence.
+
+84
+00:07:26,930 --> 00:07:31,270
+Okay, so we add the apostrophe s on the final
+
+85
+00:07:31,270 --> 00:07:34,770
+noun. If they are joined or they are connected by
+
+86
+00:07:34,770 --> 00:07:40,310
+what? By and. Good. Now this is an exercise. I'll
+
+87
+00:07:40,310 --> 00:07:43,610
+give you three minutes to do this exercise.
+
+88
+00:07:43,970 --> 00:07:47,150
+Exercise eight. Please look at your box and do the
+
+89
+00:07:47,150 --> 00:07:47,550
+exercise.
+
+90
+00:07:58,270 --> 00:08:01,370
+I think this is enough. Now check your answers.
+
+91
+00:08:02,950 --> 00:08:03,970
+Check your answers.
+
+92
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:22,820
+Any question? Who wants to ask? Who got a full
+
+93
+00:08:22,820 --> 00:08:28,960
+mark? Really wonderful. Wonderful, good. Okay, no
+
+94
+00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:29,480
+questions.
+
+95
+00:08:34,620 --> 00:08:38,640
+Look, there is another exercise. Exercise eight
+
+96
+00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:43,100
+and exercise nine. You have three minutes to do
+
+97
+00:08:43,100 --> 00:08:48,660
+this exercise. Go on, please. Check your answers
+
+98
+00:08:48,660 --> 00:08:52,380
+for 3, 4 and 5. Check your answers.
+
+99
+00:09:13,560 --> 00:09:18,130
+Any question? Who got a full mark? Really
+
+100
+00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:23,090
+wonderful. Very good. Thank you. Please complete
+
+101
+00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:27,110
+the other sentences at home. You have another four
+
+102
+00:09:27,110 --> 00:09:30,370
+sentences, okay? And you have the answers.
+
+103
+00:09:37,330 --> 00:09:40,870
+Exercise 10, we want also to do this sentence,
+
+104
+00:09:40,990 --> 00:09:44,410
+only number 2 in exercise 10. I'll give you one
+
+105
+00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:50,770
+minute only, look at exercise 10, page 106 and do
+
+106
+00:09:50,770 --> 00:09:51,370
+number 2.
+
+107
+00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:21,960
+Now check your answers. Number two, you want
+
+108
+00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:26,960
+number two, sorry. This is number two. Check the
+
+109
+00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:27,360
+answer.
+
+110
+00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:34,420
+This is the answer, you know. It is not the same.
+
+111
+00:10:35,380 --> 00:10:42,380
+Look, there is a change, right? Complete the
+
+112
+00:10:42,380 --> 00:10:44,060
+other sentences at home.
+
+113
+00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:56,180
+Now look, who can read this sentence? Yes, please
+
+114
+00:10:56,180 --> 00:11:01,200
+read it. The soup has vegetables in it. It's
+
+115
+00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,520
+vegetable soup. Thank you very much. The other
+
+116
+00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:08,920
+sentence. Yes, please, Sahar. The building has
+
+117
+00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:16,620
+offices in it. It is an office building. Thank you
+
+118
+00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:20,280
+very much. Now look. Office in general is a noun,
+
+119
+00:11:20,900 --> 00:11:24,700
+right? In this sentence, if you say it is building
+
+120
+00:11:24,700 --> 00:11:28,480
+or it is a building, what type of building is it?
+
+121
+00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:32,700
+We don't know, okay? Now, what does this word do?
+
+122
+00:11:33,810 --> 00:11:37,330
+It describes the noun. Now, when I say it is an
+
+123
+00:11:37,330 --> 00:11:41,490
+office building, so this noun describes the other
+
+124
+00:11:41,490 --> 00:11:45,190
+noun. So what does the adjective do? The adjective
+
+125
+00:11:45,190 --> 00:11:48,970
+describes the noun. When I say wither, what type
+
+126
+00:11:48,970 --> 00:11:51,890
+of wither? I don't know. But when I say cold
+
+127
+00:11:51,890 --> 00:11:55,850
+wither, for example, cold, the adjective describes
+
+128
+00:11:55,850 --> 00:11:59,780
+the noun. Now, in this sentence, this noun
+
+129
+00:11:59,780 --> 00:12:04,960
+describes the other noun. So again, it is used as
+
+130
+00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:08,540
+an adjective. It is a noun, but it is used as an
+
+131
+00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:13,380
+adjective. So, the noun can be used to describe
+
+132
+00:12:13,380 --> 00:12:16,520
+another noun, can be used as an adjective to
+
+133
+00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:21,020
+describe another noun. Look, in this case, when a
+
+134
+00:12:21,020 --> 00:12:24,420
+noun is used as an adjective, it is in its what?
+
+135
+00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:30,920
+Good. It is in its singular. In the main sentence,
+
+136
+00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:35,520
+the building has what? Offices. It offices. But
+
+137
+00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:39,560
+this should be used with what? Singular. An office
+
+138
+00:12:39,560 --> 00:12:43,900
+building. An office building. Okay. I have a lot
+
+139
+00:12:43,900 --> 00:12:48,120
+of flowers in my garden. It is? A flower garden. A
+
+140
+00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,380
+flower garden. Very good. It is a flower garden.
+
+141
+00:12:52,150 --> 00:12:58,230
+Now, don't add S. For example, to vegetable, to
+
+142
+00:12:58,230 --> 00:13:04,010
+office and so on. Don't add the S. Look at this
+
+143
+00:13:04,010 --> 00:13:09,530
+sentence. Who can read? Yes please. The test
+
+144
+00:13:09,530 --> 00:13:14,070
+lasted
+
+145
+00:13:14,070 --> 00:13:14,850
+two hours.
+
+146
+00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:22,770
+Okay, it was a two-hour test. A two-hour test.
+
+147
+00:13:22,890 --> 00:13:28,610
+Now, how long did it last? How did we know? So
+
+148
+00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,430
+again, a two-hour modified, modifies the noun.
+
+149
+00:13:34,630 --> 00:13:39,070
+Okay, describes the noun. Remember again, we use
+
+150
+00:13:39,070 --> 00:13:44,730
+what? Ah, so don't say it was two hours test. This
+
+151
+00:13:44,730 --> 00:13:48,670
+is a common mistake. A lot of students think since
+
+152
+00:13:48,670 --> 00:13:52,530
+we begin with two, we should add S. No, don't add
+
+153
+00:13:52,530 --> 00:13:59,070
+S. Okay? Don't add S. Look. A two-hour test. A two
+
+154
+00:13:59,070 --> 00:14:03,110
+-hour test. It modifies the noun. Look at the
+
+155
+00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:06,010
+other sentence. Yes, please read it.
+
+156
+00:14:10,170 --> 00:14:15,750
+Again, read it again. She has a five-year-old.
+
+157
+00:14:15,810 --> 00:14:19,550
+Very good. Thank you very much. Okay. And this
+
+158
+00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:26,570
+again, this is what? We use a hyphen. When we use
+
+159
+00:14:26,570 --> 00:14:30,690
+a noun, a modifier to describe the noun, it should
+
+160
+00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:34,370
+be hyphenated. We use hyphens. And again, remember
+
+161
+00:14:34,370 --> 00:14:38,170
+to use what? The singular. Never use the plural.
+
+162
+00:14:38,790 --> 00:14:42,970
+Okay. Yes, read please this note. When a noun is
+
+163
+00:14:42,970 --> 00:14:46,450
+used as a modifier, it is combined with a number
+
+164
+00:14:46,450 --> 00:14:51,340
+expression. The noun is singular and plural. Okay,
+
+165
+00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:54,900
+a hyphen is used. Thank you. Yes, go on. She has.
+
+166
+00:14:56,460 --> 00:15:00,220
+Okay, now look, this is what? This is cancelled.
+
+167
+00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:07,190
+This is deleted. Look, we don't use the S. We
+
+168
+00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:11,570
+don't use this, okay? And again, as I told you,
+
+169
+00:15:12,010 --> 00:15:16,150
+this is a common mistake. We use a for singular.
+
+170
+00:15:16,970 --> 00:15:21,350
+Give me a book. Can I use a and s with the same
+
+171
+00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:21,630
+noun?
+
+172
+00:15:25,230 --> 00:15:27,350
+Who wants to ask?
+
+173
+00:15:30,510 --> 00:15:35,050
+Who wants to answer? Who wants to answer? Yes,
+
+174
+00:15:35,130 --> 00:15:40,730
+please. Yes, me. Go on. Yes, of course. Before
+
+175
+00:15:40,730 --> 00:15:43,670
+nouns, use it with modifiers. They are called
+
+176
+00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:49,030
+modifiers. They modify the nouns. Okay. I want you
+
+177
+00:15:49,030 --> 00:15:52,330
+to answer. Somebody to answer. My garden has
+
+178
+00:15:52,330 --> 00:15:56,810
+flowers in it. It's a flower garden. My garden has
+
+179
+00:15:56,810 --> 00:16:01,570
+flowers in it. Okay. Has flowers in it. So?
+
+180
+00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:11,920
+has flowers in it. It is a flower garden. Thank
+
+181
+00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,880
+you. Complete the exercise. Complete it yourself,
+
+182
+00:16:15,020 --> 00:16:15,920
+please. It is easy.
+
+183
+00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:48,080
+How many did you finish? Five? Seven? Good. Now
+
+184
+00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:52,000
+check your answers. Check your answers.
+
+185
+00:17:00,540 --> 00:17:04,420
+And complete the other sentences at home. Okay? If
+
+186
+00:17:04,420 --> 00:17:07,440
+you finished five or seven, complete the others at
+
+187
+00:17:07,440 --> 00:17:07,660
+home.
+
+188
+00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:23,880
+Who can tell me what about this word mosquito? Why
+
+189
+00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,640
+written in two forms? Why written in two forms?
+
+190
+00:17:27,780 --> 00:17:32,320
+Yes? It ends with O. It ends with O. So it can be?
+
+191
+00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:37,580
+Okay, thank you. The plural can be with S or ES.
+
+192
+00:17:37,740 --> 00:17:44,980
+You are right. Good. Now, Count and non-count
+
+193
+00:17:44,980 --> 00:17:49,740
+nouns. Okay? Some books write countable and non
+
+194
+00:17:49,740 --> 00:17:54,020
+-countable nouns. Uncountable nouns. Okay? It is
+
+195
+00:17:54,020 --> 00:18:00,820
+the same. Now, how many books do you have, Noor? I
+
+196
+00:18:00,820 --> 00:18:05,260
+have two books. Okay? I have two books. How many
+
+197
+00:18:05,260 --> 00:18:10,350
+pens do you have? I have one pen. Thank you. Now,
+
+198
+00:18:10,450 --> 00:18:15,570
+how many bags do you have? How many bags do you
+
+199
+00:18:15,570 --> 00:18:19,690
+have? How many bags do you have? One bag, okay?
+
+200
+00:18:20,330 --> 00:18:24,560
+Now, how many sisters do you have? I have two
+
+201
+00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:29,540
+sisters, now sisters, books, okay? Bags, friends.
+
+202
+00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:34,880
+We can count them. They are count nouns. Okay?
+
+203
+00:18:35,020 --> 00:18:38,800
+They are count nouns. And when I say, for example,
+
+204
+00:18:39,460 --> 00:18:45,100
+I want a book. I have two books. Okay? This is a
+
+205
+00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:49,880
+count noun. When I say, for example, okay, a book
+
+206
+00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:56,060
+or I have two books. Box, okay. I used what? The A
+
+207
+00:18:56,060 --> 00:19:02,360
+in the singular and the S for the plural. Okay, we
+
+208
+00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:07,260
+use the indefinite articles. I ate an apple. I ate
+
+209
+00:19:07,260 --> 00:19:11,720
+two apples. We use the indefinite article for the
+
+210
+00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:15,460
+plural and the S for the singular and the S for
+
+211
+00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:23,020
+the plural. Now, when I say Water is essential for
+
+212
+00:19:23,020 --> 00:19:27,940
+our life. It is uncountable.
+
+213
+00:19:30,980 --> 00:19:37,820
+And it is unlike count nouns. So we have two types
+
+214
+00:19:37,820 --> 00:19:42,420
+of nouns. Count and non-count. If you look at the
+
+215
+00:19:42,420 --> 00:19:45,640
+first sentence. Yes, read it please. I bought a
+
+216
+00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:50,720
+chair. A chair. Yeah, one it means a. A chair, one
+
+217
+00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:53,820
+chair. Yes, Sam? Sam bought three chairs. Thank
+
+218
+00:19:53,820 --> 00:19:56,800
+you very much. Now I have chair and chairs. Look,
+
+219
+00:19:56,920 --> 00:20:00,420
+a chair and chairs. Okay, thank you. Read the
+
+220
+00:20:00,420 --> 00:20:04,980
+other sentence please. we bought some furniture
+
+221
+00:20:04,980 --> 00:20:10,820
+okay some furniture now furniture and chair or
+
+222
+00:20:10,820 --> 00:20:15,440
+chairs are different okay i can i can count chair
+
+223
+00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:20,620
+but i cannot count furniture and grammatically
+
+224
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:25,020
+chair accepts what the indefinite article i say a
+
+225
+00:20:25,020 --> 00:20:29,700
+chair right i say a book i say chairs i say box
+
+226
+00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:35,040
+right but furniture Doesn't accept the A, doesn't
+
+227
+00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,900
+accept the S, right? We don't add A or S for
+
+228
+00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:43,120
+furniture. It is what? A non-count now. So, we
+
+229
+00:20:43,120 --> 00:20:46,940
+bought some furnitures, again, this is not
+
+230
+00:20:46,940 --> 00:20:50,300
+accepted with the S, okay? With the S it is not
+
+231
+00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:54,680
+accepted. Also, we bought a furniture, okay? This
+
+232
+00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:58,780
+is not accepted. So, what is the main difference
+
+233
+00:20:58,780 --> 00:21:03,240
+now between count and non-count nouns according to
+
+234
+00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:05,440
+what we said?
+
+235
+00:21:06,780 --> 00:21:13,820
+Yes please. Count noun can be singular or plural.
+
+236
+00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:20,600
+Yes. But non-count can't
+
+237
+00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:25,920
+be singular or plural. thank you very much now
+
+238
+00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:30,380
+listen count and non-count nouns to be more
+
+239
+00:21:30,380 --> 00:21:37,040
+accurate some non-count nouns can be used as count
+
+240
+00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:42,420
+nouns okay non-count can be used as count for
+
+241
+00:21:42,420 --> 00:21:49,840
+example when i say when i say meat meat
+
+242
+00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:55,050
+is it count or non-count It is non-count. Okay,
+
+243
+00:21:55,130 --> 00:21:58,890
+non-count noun. But if I say the new supermarket
+
+244
+00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:04,210
+has several meats, several meats, different types
+
+245
+00:22:04,210 --> 00:22:08,730
+of meats, right? So I can say that the non-count
+
+246
+00:22:08,730 --> 00:22:12,690
+is used as a count in this sentence, okay? Because
+
+247
+00:22:12,690 --> 00:22:15,990
+it accepted what the S means. This is for some,
+
+248
+00:22:16,170 --> 00:22:21,590
+not all non-count nouns. Also, when coffee, for
+
+249
+00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:26,280
+example, It is what? Non-count. But if your father
+
+250
+00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:31,820
+says, three coffees, please. Three coffees. He
+
+251
+00:22:31,820 --> 00:22:36,520
+used a non-count as a count. Okay. But now what we
+
+252
+00:22:36,520 --> 00:22:39,900
+mean here in these sentences in general, in
+
+253
+00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:43,800
+general, the non-count nouns don't accept the A
+
+254
+00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,140
+for the singular and don't accept the S for
+
+255
+00:22:47,140 --> 00:22:52,220
+plural. Now look at the examples. Count nouns.
+
+256
+00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:59,040
+Singular and plural, you know, a chair, one chair,
+
+257
+00:22:59,420 --> 00:23:02,700
+two chairs, some, a lot, many chairs, or chairs,
+
+258
+00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:07,860
+okay? So again, count nouns may be preceded by the
+
+259
+00:23:07,860 --> 00:23:13,880
+indefinite article, as you know, and take S or ES.
+
+260
+00:23:14,950 --> 00:23:18,270
+We talked about that. Now what about the non-count
+
+261
+00:23:18,270 --> 00:23:23,610
+nouns? I say some furniture. Can I add S? Some
+
+262
+00:23:23,610 --> 00:23:27,980
+furniture. A lot of? Furniture. Yeah, much
+
+263
+00:23:27,980 --> 00:23:32,100
+furniture. Or? Furniture. Okay. So again, they
+
+264
+00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:37,300
+cannot be preceded by a, aya, and they cannot,
+
+265
+00:23:37,780 --> 00:23:41,920
+they don't accept what the plural is. Now look at
+
+266
+00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:45,300
+this exercise. You have two minutes to do this
+
+267
+00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:48,900
+exercise. Two, please. Two, three, and four. You
+
+268
+00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:49,680
+have two minutes.
+
+269
+00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:57,960
+Okay. Now, check your answers, please. Check your
+
+270
+00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:02,300
+answers. Now, we have in the first sentence, yes?
+
+271
+00:24:03,120 --> 00:24:07,180
+Where is the noun? Yeah, is it count or non-count?
+
+272
+00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:11,940
+Non-count. Okay, and the other noun? Rings count.
+
+273
+00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:15,440
+And this one? Bracelets. Bracelets, yeah? Count.
+
+274
+00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:21,820
+Count, yeah? Yeah, we saw beautiful mountains.
+
+275
+00:24:21,820 --> 00:24:26,100
+Mountains, yes. This is what? Fields. Lakes.
+
+276
+00:24:27,020 --> 00:24:35,620
+Scenery. Okay, gold. Okay. Okay, good. Complete
+
+277
+00:24:35,620 --> 00:24:39,320
+the exercise please at home and check the answers.
+
+278
+00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:45,220
+Now, what about it? Check it in the dictionary.
+
+279
+00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:50,450
+You have a dictionary, right? Okay. Now, I bought,
+
+280
+00:24:51,030 --> 00:24:55,470
+look, now let's talk about non-count nouns. Non
+
+281
+00:24:55,470 --> 00:25:03,190
+-count nouns. Who can read? Yes, please. Good,
+
+282
+00:25:05,070 --> 00:25:08,410
+thank you. Now, can you tell me about the count
+
+283
+00:25:08,410 --> 00:25:11,430
+and non-count nouns? Where are the count nouns?
+
+284
+00:25:16,090 --> 00:25:21,710
+Okay, thank you. Now, when I say furniture, okay?
+
+285
+00:25:22,450 --> 00:25:28,270
+Furniture, it refers to what? It refers
+
+286
+00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:33,490
+to chairs, tables and this. So it refers to a hole
+
+287
+00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:37,170
+that is made up of different parts. It is made up
+
+288
+00:25:37,170 --> 00:25:39,850
+of furniture.
+
+289
+00:25:42,330 --> 00:25:44,830
+So it refers to different parts. It's a hole.
+
+290
+00:25:45,460 --> 00:25:48,360
+Okay, refers to a whole but made of different
+
+291
+00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:51,820
+parts. Furniture represents a whole group of
+
+292
+00:25:51,820 --> 00:25:55,480
+things that is made up of similar but separate
+
+293
+00:25:55,480 --> 00:25:58,900
+items. This is a chair, this is a table and and
+
+294
+00:25:58,900 --> 00:26:04,840
+and and okay, they are separate items. Yes, read
+
+295
+00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:09,700
+please. Read the example. I put some sugar in my
+
+296
+00:26:09,700 --> 00:26:13,180
+coffee. Thank you. I have two nouns, sugar and
+
+297
+00:26:13,180 --> 00:26:16,780
+coffee. Okay. Yes, what about these nouns, Yasmin?
+
+298
+00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:23,080
+Non-countable. Okay, non-countable. Now read,
+
+299
+00:26:23,180 --> 00:26:26,780
+Suha. Sugar and coffee represent four measures
+
+300
+00:26:26,780 --> 00:26:32,290
+made up of individual Particles are elements.
+
+301
+00:26:32,650 --> 00:26:36,070
+Okay, now when I say sugar, I mean sugar in
+
+302
+00:26:36,070 --> 00:26:38,610
+general. It is made of very small particles,
+
+303
+00:26:38,710 --> 00:26:41,650
+right? Okay, when I say coffee, coffee in general.
+
+304
+00:26:42,050 --> 00:26:45,870
+This is again, I'm talking about what? Non-count
+
+305
+00:26:45,870 --> 00:26:52,450
+nouns. How can I express what? A particular
+
+306
+00:26:52,450 --> 00:26:56,410
+equality in other ways. We said, we talked about
+
+307
+00:26:56,410 --> 00:27:00,180
+coffee before some minutes. We said that We can
+
+308
+00:27:00,180 --> 00:27:06,540
+use the non-count nouns as count nouns, okay? And
+
+309
+00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,540
+we can say, give me three coffees, please. But
+
+310
+00:27:09,540 --> 00:27:13,000
+there is another way also of expressing the
+
+311
+00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:19,550
+singular, water, okay? Give me a cup of water.
+
+312
+00:27:20,250 --> 00:27:24,510
+Give me a glass of water. A bottle of juice, for
+
+313
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:29,650
+example. So again, furniture. It is a non-count
+
+314
+00:27:29,650 --> 00:27:34,810
+noun. How can I express again a particular
+
+315
+00:27:34,810 --> 00:27:40,640
+quantity, a small quantity? Yeah, I can say, okay,
+
+316
+00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:43,500
+a piece of furniture. Thank you. Now, let's look
+
+317
+00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,840
+at this. Yeah, to express a particular quantity,
+
+318
+00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:53,260
+some non-counts may be preceded by what? Unit
+
+319
+00:27:53,260 --> 00:27:56,820
+expressions. Okay, unit expressions. Okay, now
+
+320
+00:27:56,820 --> 00:28:00,460
+some, not all. Yes, please. What about sugar? What
+
+321
+00:28:00,460 --> 00:28:07,740
+do we say? Yes, sugar. Spoon full of. Spoon full
+
+322
+00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:11,980
+of. Okay. Sugar. Thank you. Next one. Yeah. Water.
+
+323
+00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:18,360
+A glass of water. A cup of coffee. Thank you. Yes,
+
+324
+00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:21,620
+please. Next. Quart of milk. Yeah. Quart of milk.
+
+325
+00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:28,480
+What about bread? A loaf of bread. Thank you. And
+
+326
+00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:34,140
+what about rice? A grain of rice. Thank you. What
+
+327
+00:28:34,140 --> 00:28:36,120
+about soup? Yeah. Yes, please.
+
+328
+00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:46,180
+Thank you. And what about flour? Thank you. What
+
+329
+00:28:46,180 --> 00:28:51,220
+about meat? A pound of meat, a kilo of meat, two
+
+330
+00:28:51,220 --> 00:28:56,460
+kilos of meat. Okay. Yeah. Furniture. A piece of
+
+331
+00:28:56,460 --> 00:29:01,920
+furniture, paper. Yeah. A piece of paper and
+
+332
+00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:11,040
+jewelry. Okay, good. I wish you luck. I wish you
+
+333
+00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:16,920
+luck. Where is the noun? Luck. Okay, luck. What
+
+334
+00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:22,220
+type of noun is luck? Okay, uncount and abstract.
+
+335
+00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:25,080
+Very good. Last time we talked about that, right?
+
+336
+00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:30,730
+It is an abstract noun. Yeah, that's right. So
+
+337
+00:29:30,730 --> 00:29:35,410
+luck is an abstract concept. Abstract all. It has
+
+338
+00:29:35,410 --> 00:29:40,310
+no physical form. It has the look. This pen has a
+
+339
+00:29:40,310 --> 00:29:45,050
+special physical form. Okay? You can what? Touch.
+
+340
+00:29:45,590 --> 00:29:49,150
+You can touch it. This is a pen. Okay? But luck,
+
+341
+00:29:49,210 --> 00:29:54,450
+can you touch? Can you see? So again, it has no
+
+342
+00:29:54,450 --> 00:29:57,150
+physical form. You cannot touch it. And we called
+
+343
+00:29:57,150 --> 00:30:02,030
+it last time, what? An abstract noun. Okay. Read
+
+344
+00:30:02,030 --> 00:30:07,370
+the other example, please. Sunshine. Thank you.
+
+345
+00:30:07,970 --> 00:30:13,190
+Now this is what? Phenomenon. Is it singular or
+
+346
+00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:16,850
+plural? Singular. How can we make it plural?
+
+347
+00:30:17,610 --> 00:30:23,380
+Phenomena. Very good. That's right. Now, a
+
+348
+00:30:23,380 --> 00:30:28,860
+phenomenon of what? Nature. It is sunshine. Okay?
+
+349
+00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:34,260
+Such as sunshine is frequently used as what? So
+
+350
+00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:39,200
+again, this is a phenomenon used as what? Nun
+
+351
+00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:44,760
+count. Now, nun count. Look, in this sentence,
+
+352
+00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:50,700
+Anne has brown hair. has brown hair. In this
+
+353
+00:30:50,700 --> 00:30:54,420
+sentence, this noun hair, is it count or non
+
+354
+00:30:54,420 --> 00:30:58,880
+-count? Non-count. Very good. Thank you. Now, Tom
+
+355
+00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:02,840
+has a hair on his jacket. A hair on my jacket.
+
+356
+00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:12,000
+Count. So some nouns can be used as count or non
+
+357
+00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:17,370
+-count. Good. Yes, I opened. Read, please. Read. I
+
+358
+00:31:17,370 --> 00:31:20,830
+opened the curtains and lit in some light. Okay,
+
+359
+00:31:21,010 --> 00:31:24,610
+you lit in some light. Okay, it was dark, dim.
+
+360
+00:31:25,330 --> 00:31:28,530
+Light in this sentence is count or non-count? Non
+
+361
+00:31:28,530 --> 00:31:31,110
+-count. Okay, look at this light. How many lights
+
+362
+00:31:31,110 --> 00:31:34,150
+are there in this room? One light, two lights,
+
+363
+00:31:34,250 --> 00:31:41,110
+three, four, ten. Okay, so Okay, where is it? Yes,
+
+364
+00:31:41,210 --> 00:31:42,170
+read this sentence.
+
+365
+00:31:44,990 --> 00:31:47,930
+Okay, light in this sentence. Is it count or non
+
+366
+00:31:47,930 --> 00:31:53,390
+-count? Again, some nouns can be used as what?
+
+367
+00:31:53,970 --> 00:32:00,990
+Count or non-counts? Now, some common non-count
+
+368
+00:32:00,990 --> 00:32:07,570
+nouns. I think it's time to stop, okay? I don't
+
+369
+00:32:07,570 --> 00:32:10,010
+want to keep you late. Thank you very much, but
+
+370
+00:32:10,010 --> 00:32:13,610
+please complete the exercises. Complete the other
+
+371
+00:32:13,610 --> 00:32:15,450
+parts of the exercises at home.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/4pb6UpWvYds_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1544 @@
+1
+00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:26,210
+Good morning to you all. How are you? Did you
+
+2
+00:00:26,210 --> 00:00:30,070
+enjoy the holiday? I'm fine, thank you. Why not?
+
+3
+00:00:34,110 --> 00:00:39,750
+Why not? So, you can't say Alhamdulillah. Stop
+
+4
+00:00:39,750 --> 00:00:42,630
+nagging, complaining, stop complaining. You should
+
+5
+00:00:42,630 --> 00:00:45,050
+always say Alhamdulillah. Okay.
+
+6
+00:00:48,610 --> 00:00:49,210
+Now,
+
+7
+00:00:51,970 --> 00:00:53,910
+We are still talking about nouns.
+
+8
+00:00:56,650 --> 00:01:01,990
+Nouns can be used with some expressions of a
+
+9
+00:01:01,990 --> 00:01:08,170
+quantity, and nouns are different. As you know, we
+
+10
+00:01:08,170 --> 00:01:12,570
+have some singular nouns, singular plural count,
+
+11
+00:01:13,390 --> 00:01:18,970
+plural count, and we have non-count. How can we
+
+12
+00:01:18,970 --> 00:01:22,390
+use these nouns with the expressions of a
+
+13
+00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:30,470
+quantity? Some expressions
+
+14
+00:01:30,470 --> 00:01:35,090
+can be used only with singular count nouns. Others
+
+15
+00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:39,410
+can be used with plural. Others can be used with
+
+16
+00:01:39,410 --> 00:01:46,460
+non-count nouns. Others may be used with more than
+
+17
+00:01:46,460 --> 00:01:51,280
+one type of nouns. Now, let's see. If you look at
+
+18
+00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:55,980
+these expressions. Now, Apple. This is what? What
+
+19
+00:01:55,980 --> 00:02:00,380
+type of noun is it? Singular count. Apple, book.
+
+20
+00:02:00,740 --> 00:02:07,390
+Okay, student. We can say one. Apple, two. Okay,
+
+21
+00:02:07,630 --> 00:02:13,250
+sorry, each, apple, every, apple. So now one, each
+
+22
+00:02:13,250 --> 00:02:16,490
+and every are used with what type of nouns? Yes,
+
+23
+00:02:17,050 --> 00:02:20,970
+singular count nouns. Thank you very much. And you
+
+24
+00:02:20,970 --> 00:02:24,670
+know, singular count nouns can be made plural by
+
+25
+00:02:24,670 --> 00:02:28,810
+adding what is or is. Since we can say one apple,
+
+26
+00:02:28,930 --> 00:02:32,390
+we can say what? Two apples, three apples and so
+
+27
+00:02:32,390 --> 00:02:37,710
+on. We can also say what? Both apples, both
+
+28
+00:02:37,710 --> 00:02:42,650
+students and so on. And we can say a couple of
+
+29
+00:02:42,650 --> 00:02:48,860
+apples. We can say what? Yes? A few of apples.
+
+30
+00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:54,780
+Thank you. We can say several, several apples.
+
+31
+00:02:55,060 --> 00:02:58,600
+Thank you. And we can say many apples. And we can
+
+32
+00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:03,200
+say what? A number of apples. Now, these
+
+33
+00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:06,180
+expressions of a quantity, one each, every two,
+
+34
+00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:11,530
+and, and, okay, are always used with what? With
+
+35
+00:03:11,530 --> 00:03:15,630
+singular count nouns. That's the first group. And
+
+36
+00:03:15,630 --> 00:03:19,570
+the other group is used with what? Plural. So they
+
+37
+00:03:19,570 --> 00:03:23,710
+are used with count nouns in general. Some with
+
+38
+00:03:23,710 --> 00:03:26,890
+singular and other with plural. Can I use them
+
+39
+00:03:26,890 --> 00:03:30,790
+with non-count nouns? No, they cannot be used with
+
+40
+00:03:30,790 --> 00:03:35,090
+non-count nouns. This is the first group. Look at
+
+41
+00:03:35,090 --> 00:03:35,850
+the other group.
+
+42
+00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:43,720
+Much, a great deal of. Look at rice. What type of
+
+43
+00:03:43,720 --> 00:03:49,680
+noun is rice? Please speak. One speaker. Yeah. It
+
+44
+00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:52,860
+is an uncount noun. Thank you. It is an uncount.
+
+45
+00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:59,260
+So we say what? A little rice. Okay. We say much
+
+46
+00:03:59,260 --> 00:04:05,380
+and we say? A great deal of... So now we have
+
+47
+00:04:05,380 --> 00:04:09,120
+another three expressions. What are they? Yes,
+
+48
+00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:14,800
+Morida. A little, much, a great deal of... Yeah,
+
+49
+00:04:14,860 --> 00:04:18,300
+they are used with what type of nouns? Yes, who
+
+50
+00:04:18,300 --> 00:04:22,560
+was asking there? Any question? Who's asking? No
+
+51
+00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:27,480
+questions, okay. Now, this new group of
+
+52
+00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:31,200
+expressions is used with what? Non-count nouns.
+
+53
+00:04:31,660 --> 00:04:36,780
+Now look at these expressions. Now, no apples and
+
+54
+00:04:36,780 --> 00:04:41,760
+no rice. What does that mean? It is for count and
+
+55
+00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:44,920
+non-count. Thank you. They can be used with count,
+
+56
+00:04:45,140 --> 00:04:50,960
+with non-count nouns, okay? Now, hardly any can be
+
+57
+00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:54,660
+used. Yes, hardly any apples and hardly any what?
+
+58
+00:04:54,820 --> 00:04:57,620
+Rice. Yes, please read the other one.
+
+59
+00:05:04,590 --> 00:05:07,710
+Thank you. You know the difference between some
+
+60
+00:05:07,710 --> 00:05:13,690
+and any. Okay. Now I have some apples. I have some
+
+61
+00:05:13,690 --> 00:05:19,490
+money. I have some pens. Okay. But have you got
+
+62
+00:05:19,490 --> 00:05:25,910
+any money for example? Or I haven't got any food.
+
+63
+00:05:26,990 --> 00:05:33,410
+So some, yes Khadija? Positive, okay, yes thank
+
+64
+00:05:33,410 --> 00:05:38,490
+you. Affirmative, yeah? Questions and negative,
+
+65
+00:05:38,630 --> 00:05:43,050
+you are right, thank you, good. Now a lot of and
+
+66
+00:05:43,050 --> 00:05:48,910
+lots, a lot of and lots, they are used with, yes?
+
+67
+00:05:49,970 --> 00:05:53,730
+With count and non-count. You can say a lot of or
+
+68
+00:05:53,730 --> 00:05:57,990
+lots of what? Apples and lots of? Rice. Thank you.
+
+69
+00:05:58,350 --> 00:06:01,810
+Yes, please. Next one. Plenty of? Plenty of
+
+70
+00:06:01,810 --> 00:06:05,730
+apples, plenty of rice. Thank you. So this is also
+
+71
+00:06:05,730 --> 00:06:09,570
+used with what? Count and non-count nouns. And
+
+72
+00:06:09,570 --> 00:06:11,770
+what about most? Yes, Sahar?
+
+73
+00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:17,990
+Most rights. They are also, this is used also with
+
+74
+00:06:17,990 --> 00:06:21,910
+what? Count and non-count noun. What about the
+
+75
+00:06:21,910 --> 00:06:29,450
+other, the last one? All. Yes please. Yes. So this
+
+76
+00:06:29,450 --> 00:06:33,930
+is used again with what? With count and non-count
+
+77
+00:06:33,930 --> 00:06:37,790
+noun. So now we have three groups. The first group
+
+78
+00:06:37,790 --> 00:06:43,210
+is used with? Okay, what is the first group who
+
+79
+00:06:43,210 --> 00:06:48,970
+can read it again? Yes, please Okay,
+
+80
+00:06:49,070 --> 00:06:57,750
+this is singular count okay, thank you go on Okay,
+
+81
+00:06:57,790 --> 00:07:03,510
+they are used with Plural okay count. Thank you
+
+82
+00:07:03,510 --> 00:07:06,390
+and the other group. Yes Khadija a little much
+
+83
+00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:10,920
+They are
+
+84
+00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:14,900
+used only with non-count nouns. Thank you. And the
+
+85
+00:07:14,900 --> 00:07:16,340
+third group, Duaa.
+
+86
+00:07:21,940 --> 00:07:22,480
+Okay,
+
+87
+00:07:26,120 --> 00:07:28,740
+thank you. Can be used with count and with non
+
+88
+00:07:28,740 --> 00:07:31,800
+-count nouns. Now look at this exercise. Look at
+
+89
+00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:34,160
+your books. You have the exercise in the book.
+
+90
+00:07:34,540 --> 00:07:37,240
+Draw a line through the expressions that cannot be
+
+91
+00:07:37,240 --> 00:07:42,440
+used to complete the sentences. Draw a line.
+
+92
+00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:51,000
+Yes, please. Now, first of all, this is what?
+
+93
+00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,540
+Homework. Is it count or non-count noun? Non-count
+
+94
+00:07:55,540 --> 00:07:58,600
+noun. Okay. You have one minute. Do this one,
+
+95
+00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:02,220
+please. Do this one. One minute only. Go on. Go
+
+96
+00:08:02,220 --> 00:08:04,260
+on. Do it in your book, please. Do it in your
+
+97
+00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:04,560
+book.
+
+98
+00:08:07,620 --> 00:08:09,940
+If you have any question, raise your hand.
+
+99
+00:08:41,710 --> 00:08:45,790
+Yes. Tell me what shall, where shall we draw the
+
+100
+00:08:45,790 --> 00:08:49,150
+line? Where shall we draw the line? Yes, please.
+
+101
+00:08:49,430 --> 00:08:56,890
+Number three. Number one. Okay.
+
+102
+00:09:04,950 --> 00:09:09,430
+Yes, that cannot be used. Okay. So number one.
+
+103
+00:09:10,990 --> 00:09:16,370
+Okay. Number one. Good. Number six. Too many.
+
+104
+00:09:16,750 --> 00:09:22,030
+Okay. Number nine. Okay. Number nine. You are
+
+105
+00:09:22,030 --> 00:09:25,650
+right. Thank you. A number of. Good. Thank you. A
+
+106
+00:09:25,650 --> 00:09:28,670
+grade. What is a few? You are right. This is used
+
+107
+00:09:28,670 --> 00:09:34,630
+with count nouns. Thank you. What about two?
+
+108
+00:09:35,710 --> 00:09:38,810
+Several. With count nouns. Yes, used with count
+
+109
+00:09:38,810 --> 00:09:42,970
+nouns. You are right. Several homework. Okay. Now
+
+110
+00:09:42,970 --> 00:09:44,250
+what about the others?
+
+111
+00:09:47,150 --> 00:09:47,630
+Sorry?
+
+112
+00:09:50,170 --> 00:09:54,950
+Hardly any. Sorry, I can't get you. Hardly any?
+
+113
+00:09:55,070 --> 00:09:58,470
+Yes. Can be used. Which one? I know it can be used
+
+114
+00:09:58,470 --> 00:10:01,310
+for nine count, but I mean here. It can be used.
+
+115
+00:10:01,530 --> 00:10:03,550
+You said that any of them negative and positive,
+
+116
+00:10:03,770 --> 00:10:07,360
+right? No, no, no, hardly any. Even if it is
+
+117
+00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:12,960
+negative or positive, it can be used. Okay? Huda
+
+118
+00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:17,400
+has, okay, grammatically it is accepted. Yeah?
+
+119
+00:10:17,560 --> 00:10:23,340
+Huda has no homework. Accepted? Yeah, has no
+
+120
+00:10:23,340 --> 00:10:29,000
+homework. Can be used for plural count and for a
+
+121
+00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:33,440
+non-count. What about the others? What about the
+
+122
+00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:41,540
+others? Yes, please. Too much. Too much. Okay.
+
+123
+00:10:41,820 --> 00:10:47,660
+Should be deleted. Cannot be used. Good. Too much.
+
+124
+00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:55,760
+A little. Okay. What else? A great deal of. Okay.
+
+125
+00:10:55,820 --> 00:11:01,360
+A great deal of. Thank you. And some. Some.
+
+126
+00:11:09,430 --> 00:11:10,550
+Check your answers.
+
+127
+00:11:20,830 --> 00:11:24,740
+Now look at the other exercise. Complete The
+
+128
+00:11:24,740 --> 00:11:29,320
+sentences with much or many. Look, much or many.
+
+129
+00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:33,780
+What shall we use? Look, two words only. Also
+
+130
+00:11:33,780 --> 00:11:36,760
+write the plural form of the nouns as necessary.
+
+131
+00:11:37,420 --> 00:11:39,620
+In some sentences, you will need to choose the
+
+132
+00:11:39,620 --> 00:11:43,820
+correct verb. Sometimes we need to change the
+
+133
+00:11:43,820 --> 00:11:46,840
+verb. Number one.
+
+134
+00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:54,960
+Yes, number three here. I haven't. Go on. Much
+
+135
+00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:58,340
+mail lately. Much mail. Thank you. Good.
+
+136
+00:12:02,960 --> 00:12:09,260
+Number four. Go on. I don't get many letters. I
+
+137
+00:12:09,260 --> 00:12:14,300
+don't get many letters. Thank you. So I don't
+
+138
+00:12:14,300 --> 00:12:18,240
+get... Yes,
+
+139
+00:12:19,780 --> 00:12:24,380
+please. There is too much furniture. In Anna's
+
+140
+00:12:24,380 --> 00:12:28,820
+living room. There is too much.
+
+141
+00:12:31,820 --> 00:12:42,260
+Okay. There is too much. Good. Thank you. This is
+
+142
+00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:46,560
+what? This is number five. Okay.
+
+143
+00:12:49,190 --> 00:12:51,490
+Who's the speaker? Who's the speaker? What's on?
+
+144
+00:12:54,450 --> 00:12:55,270
+Delete what?
+
+145
+00:13:00,090 --> 00:13:09,010
+This one? Okay. There? Like that? There is too
+
+146
+00:13:09,010 --> 00:13:15,730
+much? Okay. Next one. Yes.
+
+147
+00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:26,200
+You want to ask? Answer, go on. Because it is
+
+148
+00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:30,120
+used. We used it here. It is used. You can delete
+
+149
+00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:35,000
+or you can keep. Did he ask us to delete it? No,
+
+150
+00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:39,640
+just use, okay? Use much or many? Since you write
+
+151
+00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:43,780
+it, this is the answer. And this expression is the
+
+152
+00:13:43,780 --> 00:13:47,020
+one which is considered, okay? So whether you
+
+153
+00:13:47,020 --> 00:13:52,910
+delete or you keep, There is two, okay. There is
+
+154
+00:13:52,910 --> 00:13:55,450
+two. You are right. It should be deleted because
+
+155
+00:13:55,450 --> 00:13:58,890
+it will be a repetition. Okay? It will be
+
+156
+00:13:58,890 --> 00:14:04,170
+repeated. Now, any question? I want to clean. No,
+
+157
+00:14:04,170 --> 00:14:04,730
+no.
+
+158
+00:14:10,810 --> 00:14:17,770
+Go on. This is yours. I can't. No, I can do it. I
+
+159
+00:14:17,770 --> 00:14:20,630
+can't go with you because I have too much work to
+
+160
+00:14:20,630 --> 00:14:27,390
+do. I can't go with you because I have too much.
+
+161
+00:14:27,730 --> 00:14:37,150
+Okay, thank you. Good. I have too much. Okay, yes,
+
+162
+00:14:37,210 --> 00:14:42,210
+please. Come, please, and write it. It is easier
+
+163
+00:14:42,210 --> 00:14:45,510
+for you to write. Come, please, and write it.
+
+164
+00:14:48,640 --> 00:14:57,560
+So this is number what? Number seven. How many
+
+165
+00:14:57,560 --> 00:14:59,940
+sides? Right sides. Okay.
+
+166
+00:15:04,100 --> 00:15:08,520
+Thank you. Next one. Yes, please.
+
+167
+00:15:15,060 --> 00:15:16,500
+Thank you. Good.
+
+168
+00:15:20,820 --> 00:15:26,260
+Okay. Next group, please. Come. I haven't met many
+
+169
+00:15:26,260 --> 00:15:30,720
+people since I came here. Come, please. Clean and
+
+170
+00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:40,120
+write. I haven't...
+
+171
+00:15:40,120 --> 00:15:42,620
+Okay, you cannot get it. Okay. Tell me, what shall
+
+172
+00:15:42,620 --> 00:15:47,580
+I write? Many. I haven't get... I haven't met...
+
+173
+00:15:47,580 --> 00:15:52,230
+Many people. Many people. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+174
+00:16:02,010 --> 00:16:06,670
+How much? How much? Thank you. Number eleven. Yes,
+
+175
+00:16:06,750 --> 00:16:14,210
+please. I think there is too much violence. Yes, I
+
+176
+00:16:14,210 --> 00:16:17,210
+think there is too much violence.
+
+177
+00:16:22,580 --> 00:16:30,000
+Mm-hmm. Yes, please Could
+
+178
+00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:36,140
+you repeat it again, please you are right come
+
+179
+00:16:36,140 --> 00:16:44,620
+please come Next
+
+180
+00:16:44,620 --> 00:16:46,100
+one. Yes. Come please
+
+181
+00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:07,720
+Yes, come. The doctor, what did you write? Has so
+
+182
+00:17:07,720 --> 00:17:11,080
+many patients. You are right. Thank you. Next one.
+
+183
+00:17:17,380 --> 00:17:18,760
+How many teeth?
+
+184
+00:17:27,650 --> 00:17:31,590
+You are right, thank you. And finally, yes please.
+
+185
+00:17:33,210 --> 00:17:37,370
+You are right, come.
+
+186
+00:17:51,310 --> 00:17:52,150
+Thank you.
+
+187
+00:18:06,060 --> 00:18:10,080
+Now look at this exercise. If the given noun can
+
+188
+00:18:10,080 --> 00:18:14,060
+be used to complete the sentence, write it in its
+
+189
+00:18:14,060 --> 00:18:18,240
+correct form, singular or plural. If the given
+
+190
+00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:20,740
+noun cannot be used to complete the sentence,
+
+191
+00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:22,960
+write zero articles.
+
+192
+00:18:25,980 --> 00:18:29,700
+For example, look at the example in your book. Who
+
+193
+00:18:29,700 --> 00:18:32,160
+can read the example in the book? Yes, please.
+
+194
+00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:41,780
+Mm-hmm. Can I say several lamps? Yeah. Can I say
+
+195
+00:18:41,780 --> 00:18:46,600
+several furniture? No, zero article. Can I, yes?
+
+196
+00:18:49,540 --> 00:18:54,100
+Okay, that's right. So the first and the last are
+
+197
+00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:57,260
+plural count nouns, can be used with several.
+
+198
+00:18:58,140 --> 00:19:01,900
+Number two, number two, do number two, please. You
+
+199
+00:19:01,900 --> 00:19:05,080
+have 30 seconds, do it in your book, in your book.
+
+200
+00:19:24,360 --> 00:19:25,760
+Thank you.
+
+201
+00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:48,460
+Okay, move to number three.
+
+202
+00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:52,420
+Just a minute.
+
+203
+00:20:03,650 --> 00:20:06,810
+Okay, take two minutes and complete the exercise,
+
+204
+00:20:06,990 --> 00:20:11,230
+all of it until twelve. This is enough. Okay,
+
+205
+00:20:11,310 --> 00:20:14,970
+let's do the exercise number two. Yes please, come
+
+206
+00:20:14,970 --> 00:20:15,530
+Najwa.
+
+207
+00:20:19,310 --> 00:20:23,730
+Number two, okay, do all of it. You have the pen.
+
+208
+00:20:28,770 --> 00:20:29,630
+Stamps, good.
+
+209
+00:20:41,620 --> 00:20:44,820
+Why did you write you can use you write it you
+
+210
+00:20:44,820 --> 00:20:48,000
+know if the given noun can be used to complete
+
+211
+00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:50,640
+write it in the correct place so can we reuse
+
+212
+00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:57,310
+rice? Yes, we can say a lot of is used with what?
+
+213
+00:20:57,870 --> 00:21:01,470
+Count and non-count. Okay. Can be used with count
+
+214
+00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:05,810
+and non-count. So write it here, please. Yes.
+
+215
+00:21:06,670 --> 00:21:12,030
+Right. Rice. And also the other one. You are
+
+216
+00:21:12,030 --> 00:21:13,550
+right. Yes.
+
+217
+00:21:22,590 --> 00:21:28,190
+Rice. With C, with C, rice with C.
+
+218
+00:21:37,190 --> 00:21:41,590
+Thank you, good, thanks. Next one.
+
+219
+00:21:50,130 --> 00:21:55,170
+Salt. Yes, number four. Come, please.
+
+220
+00:21:58,850 --> 00:22:00,070
+Equipment, thank you.
+
+221
+00:22:06,570 --> 00:22:11,410
+Equipment, it is non-count. It is non-count. Yes.
+
+222
+00:22:12,210 --> 00:22:15,930
+We cannot say. We use it like that.
+
+223
+00:22:21,460 --> 00:22:22,820
+Number four.
+
+224
+00:22:38,820 --> 00:22:43,260
+Now listen. Now bread. Is it count or non-count
+
+225
+00:22:43,260 --> 00:22:48,960
+noun? It is non-count. Bread. Okay, it is month
+
+226
+00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,660
+count, but when we sell a loaf of bread, this is
+
+227
+00:22:52,660 --> 00:22:57,660
+count. So this is month count. And okay, also
+
+228
+00:22:57,660 --> 00:23:02,260
+honey. Thank you. Yes, please come.
+
+229
+00:23:31,470 --> 00:23:34,050
+Thank you. Good. Next one, come please.
+
+230
+00:23:43,310 --> 00:23:44,530
+Clean, then write.
+
+231
+00:23:55,070 --> 00:23:57,270
+Yes, read your answers. Talk while you are
+
+232
+00:23:57,270 --> 00:23:57,690
+writing.
+
+233
+00:24:00,860 --> 00:24:01,620
+Okay.
+
+234
+00:24:09,980 --> 00:24:14,620
+I bought some light bulbs. Bulbs. Okay, good.
+
+235
+00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:25,640
+I bought some hardware. Hardware, good.
+
+236
+00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:35,020
+And I bought some computer software. Software.
+
+237
+00:24:35,260 --> 00:24:37,200
+Thank you. Next one. Yes, please. Come.
+
+238
+00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:07,120
+Yes, plenty of is used with count and non-count.
+
+239
+00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:08,800
+Okay, sleep.
+
+240
+00:25:14,940 --> 00:25:22,540
+Good. Facts and help. Next one, come please. Thank
+
+241
+00:25:22,540 --> 00:25:22,800
+you.
+
+242
+00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:34,240
+Yes, both is used with Count. Gone. So.
+
+243
+00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:40,600
+Women.
+
+244
+00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:55,880
+Movies. Okay. Scenes. Zero article. Look, there is
+
+245
+00:25:55,880 --> 00:25:59,120
+a printing mistake here, right? This should be A.
+
+246
+00:26:00,350 --> 00:26:06,130
+Okay, next one. Next one. Yes, please. Come. Come.
+
+247
+00:26:07,250 --> 00:26:07,950
+Yes.
+
+248
+00:26:22,790 --> 00:26:24,470
+Read while writing.
+
+249
+00:26:31,940 --> 00:26:36,000
+Shirt. Shirt somewhere. Pens and chalk. Okay,
+
+250
+00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:37,900
+thank you. Yes, please.
+
+251
+00:26:44,580 --> 00:26:51,280
+Yeah. Okay. Number ten. Okay. This is number ten.
+
+252
+00:26:51,620 --> 00:26:59,300
+Clean and right. A great deal of used word. Okay,
+
+253
+00:26:59,440 --> 00:26:59,800
+go on.
+
+254
+00:27:12,540 --> 00:27:17,660
+Well, thank you. Yes, Eleven, come here please.
+
+255
+00:27:22,540 --> 00:27:26,980
+A little is used with? Non-count. Non-count, good.
+
+256
+00:27:41,130 --> 00:27:47,730
+Money. Advice, good. Time.
+
+257
+00:27:51,420 --> 00:27:54,080
+This cannot be used with minutes. You are right.
+
+258
+00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:58,760
+Thank you. Next one. Come, please. Okay, you next.
+
+259
+00:27:59,060 --> 00:28:04,040
+Yasmeen, after her. Get ready. Is it the last?
+
+260
+00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,840
+Okay. So, next exercise.
+
+261
+00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:20,580
+Many. With count nouns. So, we say many. Ideas,
+
+262
+00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:20,800
+yeah?
+
+263
+00:28:30,610 --> 00:28:36,110
+With E, there is, look at the,
+
+264
+00:28:39,190 --> 00:28:44,350
+there is no I, look at the spelling. Just change
+
+265
+00:28:44,350 --> 00:28:48,610
+the I into E. Clean it, clean it, all of it.
+
+266
+00:28:59,740 --> 00:29:01,940
+Thank you. And finally, knowledge.
+
+267
+00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:07,480
+Check your answers please.
+
+268
+00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:37,600
+Now, a few and a few are used with count nouns. A
+
+269
+00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:41,560
+little and little are used with non-count nouns.
+
+270
+00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:45,020
+What's the difference between few and a few?
+
+271
+00:29:45,950 --> 00:29:49,910
+Little and a little. Now we know that few and a
+
+272
+00:29:49,910 --> 00:29:53,610
+few used for count. Little and a little are used
+
+273
+00:29:53,610 --> 00:29:58,710
+for non-count. Now, as you see, we sang a few
+
+274
+00:29:58,710 --> 00:30:03,980
+songs. We listened to a little music. So a few and
+
+275
+00:30:03,980 --> 00:30:06,700
+a few are used with a plural count. A little and
+
+276
+00:30:06,700 --> 00:30:09,780
+little are used with non count. Now what's the
+
+277
+00:30:09,780 --> 00:30:12,720
+difference between a few and a few? Look at this
+
+278
+00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:15,900
+example. She has been here only for two weeks, but
+
+279
+00:30:15,900 --> 00:30:22,020
+she has already made what? A few friends. Okay. A
+
+280
+00:30:22,020 --> 00:30:28,120
+few friends. And she has made some friends. Read
+
+281
+00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:31,850
+the other example. Yes. I'm very pleased. I have
+
+282
+00:30:31,850 --> 00:30:35,010
+been able to save a little money this month. Okay,
+
+283
+00:30:35,150 --> 00:30:39,350
+good. Go on. A positive idea. I have saved some
+
+284
+00:30:39,350 --> 00:30:43,590
+money instead of spending all of it. A few and a
+
+285
+00:30:43,590 --> 00:30:47,530
+little give a positive idea. They indicate that
+
+286
+00:30:47,530 --> 00:30:50,530
+something excites it and represents it. Thank you.
+
+287
+00:30:50,590 --> 00:30:56,050
+Now listen. I have a little money. I can buy a
+
+288
+00:30:56,050 --> 00:30:59,930
+sandwich and I can take a taxi for my house. Okay?
+
+289
+00:31:00,750 --> 00:31:06,310
+I have little money. I cannot buy a sandwich and
+
+290
+00:31:06,310 --> 00:31:10,950
+just I can take a taxi. They will be enough for my
+
+291
+00:31:10,950 --> 00:31:16,760
+house, for the taxi to my house. Again, I have a
+
+292
+00:31:16,760 --> 00:31:20,480
+little, I can buy a sandwich and I can take a
+
+293
+00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:26,740
+taxi. I have little, I cannot do both of that. I
+
+294
+00:31:26,740 --> 00:31:31,320
+can only buy a sandwich or take a taxi. So, a
+
+295
+00:31:31,320 --> 00:31:34,500
+little is used to express what? Positive
+
+296
+00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:41,300
+situation, okay? And a few is also positive
+
+297
+00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:45,690
+situation. Considering that this is used with
+
+298
+00:31:45,690 --> 00:31:49,250
+count and this is used with non-count. Now if I
+
+299
+00:31:49,250 --> 00:31:55,410
+say, I have little petrol in my car. Can I go home
+
+300
+00:31:55,410 --> 00:31:59,490
+with this petrol? No, I'm afraid the car will stop
+
+301
+00:31:59,490 --> 00:32:02,090
+in the way, in the road, in the way to my house,
+
+302
+00:32:02,130 --> 00:32:06,810
+right? So, but if I have a few, if I have a
+
+303
+00:32:06,810 --> 00:32:10,570
+little, sorry, I can go to my house. It can take
+
+304
+00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:13,470
+me to my house. Can you give me some other
+
+305
+00:32:13,470 --> 00:32:19,430
+examples like that? Now listen, it is still
+
+306
+00:32:19,430 --> 00:32:24,200
+morning. And a few students only came to the
+
+307
+00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:32,560
+lecture. Can we start? No, we cannot start. A few
+
+308
+00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:36,790
+students came to the lecture. Can we start? A few
+
+309
+00:32:36,790 --> 00:32:41,630
+students, yes. Okay. A few students, we can start,
+
+310
+00:32:42,110 --> 00:32:46,730
+but few students, we cannot start. Okay. Give me
+
+311
+00:32:46,730 --> 00:32:50,210
+other examples. Yes, Yasmin. I have little sugar.
+
+312
+00:32:50,490 --> 00:32:54,530
+It's not enough to make tea. Okay. It is not
+
+313
+00:32:54,530 --> 00:32:58,210
+enough to make tea. Little sugar. I can't drink
+
+314
+00:32:58,210 --> 00:33:02,990
+this tea. It is not enough. Good. We have little
+
+315
+00:33:02,990 --> 00:33:07,500
+water. We cannot We cannot wash all the dishes.
+
+316
+00:33:07,660 --> 00:33:09,720
+Thank you very much. Good. A little water.
+
+317
+00:33:13,540 --> 00:33:17,320
+Now, look at this example, read please. I feel
+
+318
+00:33:17,320 --> 00:33:21,140
+sorry for her, she has very few friends. Okay, she
+
+319
+00:33:21,140 --> 00:33:25,320
+has very few friends. Look at this sentence. She
+
+320
+00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:30,420
+has been here only two weeks, but she has already
+
+321
+00:33:30,420 --> 00:33:34,680
+made what? A few friends. Okay, this is good. She
+
+322
+00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:38,180
+has some friends, okay? She has some friends, but
+
+323
+00:33:38,180 --> 00:33:43,200
+now this one, I feel sorry. Most of the time she
+
+324
+00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:47,740
+is alone. She has only few friends. Expresses
+
+325
+00:33:47,740 --> 00:33:52,180
+what? Negative. Expresses a negative situation.
+
+326
+00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:55,940
+Okay, the other one. Yes, please. I have very
+
+327
+00:33:55,940 --> 00:33:58,400
+little money. I don't even have enough money to
+
+328
+00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,240
+buy food for dinner. That's right. I have a
+
+329
+00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:05,720
+little, I can buy. I have a little, I can buy. I
+
+330
+00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:06,320
+have little,
+
+331
+00:34:09,590 --> 00:34:15,570
+I can't buy. Now, few and little without a give a
+
+332
+00:34:15,570 --> 00:34:17,730
+negative idea, negative situation.
+
+333
+00:34:19,980 --> 00:34:23,440
+They indicate that something is largely absent.
+
+334
+00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:28,640
+Largely absent. I say there are only few students.
+
+335
+00:34:28,760 --> 00:34:32,340
+I cannot start the lecture. Okay? Because a great
+
+336
+00:34:32,340 --> 00:34:36,660
+number of students are absent. Now, when I say
+
+337
+00:34:36,660 --> 00:34:40,880
+very few and very little, this makes the negative
+
+338
+00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:46,800
+stronger. Emphasizes the meaning. Yeah. Emphasizes
+
+339
+00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:51,880
+the amount or the number or whatsoever. Okay. Now
+
+340
+00:34:51,880 --> 00:34:55,500
+again, who can tell us what's the main difference
+
+341
+00:34:55,500 --> 00:34:59,260
+between a few and a few, little and a little? Yes,
+
+342
+00:34:59,360 --> 00:34:59,620
+please.
+
+343
+00:35:21,310 --> 00:35:24,190
+Thank you very much. Now look at this exercise in
+
+344
+00:35:24,190 --> 00:35:28,010
+your book. Okay? Without changing the meaning of
+
+345
+00:35:28,010 --> 00:35:30,590
+the sentence. This is very important. Don't change
+
+346
+00:35:30,590 --> 00:35:35,410
+the meaning. Replace the Italy-sized words with a
+
+347
+00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:39,770
+few, very few, a little, or very little. Okay?
+
+348
+00:35:40,190 --> 00:35:43,530
+Now, these words are the Italy-sized ones. They
+
+349
+00:35:43,530 --> 00:35:48,430
+are written here in blue. Yes, your book, they are
+
+350
+00:35:48,430 --> 00:35:52,250
+Italy-sized. You know Italy-sized? Yes. Okay.
+
+351
+00:35:57,450 --> 00:36:04,590
+Number one. Read it, Yasmin. Okay, a little
+
+352
+00:36:04,590 --> 00:36:08,390
+sunshine
+
+353
+00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:10,730
+is better than none. Do you agree with the answer?
+
+354
+00:36:11,210 --> 00:36:15,470
+Okay, good. Next one. Do number four and five. Do
+
+355
+00:36:15,470 --> 00:36:16,650
+number four and five.
+
+356
+00:36:35,690 --> 00:36:41,490
+Okay, number four, Suha. January is a cold and
+
+357
+00:36:41,490 --> 00:36:45,090
+dreary month in the northern states. There is
+
+358
+00:36:45,090 --> 00:36:51,370
+little sunshine during that month. There is little
+
+359
+00:36:51,370 --> 00:36:55,830
+sunshine. Or there is very little. Okay. Or there
+
+360
+00:36:55,830 --> 00:36:58,590
+is very little. Good. Thank you very much. Next
+
+361
+00:36:58,590 --> 00:37:03,750
+one. Yes, please. My parents like to watch TV
+
+362
+00:37:03,750 --> 00:37:07,630
+every evening. They watch a few programs on TV
+
+363
+00:37:07,630 --> 00:37:10,950
+before they go to bed. Thank you. They watch a
+
+364
+00:37:10,950 --> 00:37:18,110
+few. Good. Now, do number six, seven, eight, and
+
+365
+00:37:18,110 --> 00:37:18,470
+nine.
+
+366
+00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:22,300
+Good luck.
+
+367
+00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:26,360
+Watch out.
+
+368
+00:38:02,340 --> 00:38:05,340
+Okay, number six. Yes, please.
+
+369
+00:38:08,720 --> 00:38:11,980
+There are
+
+370
+00:38:11,980 --> 00:38:16,240
+few television programs. Thank you. Number seven.
+
+371
+00:38:16,900 --> 00:38:17,500
+Yes, please.
+
+372
+00:38:24,780 --> 00:38:31,400
+Okay, thank you. Good. Next one. Yes, please. If
+
+373
+00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:35,840
+your door squeaks, put a little oil on the hinges.
+
+374
+00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:38,060
+Okay,
+
+375
+00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:47,400
+thank you. Good. Yeah, number six. What about
+
+376
+00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:52,780
+number six? Yeah, what did she say? Repeat your
+
+377
+00:38:52,780 --> 00:38:59,220
+answer. You did number eight. Okay, repeat it
+
+378
+00:38:59,220 --> 00:38:59,960
+again, please.
+
+379
+00:39:02,890 --> 00:39:07,610
+Okay, thank you. And number seven.
+
+380
+00:39:10,970 --> 00:39:19,850
+Okay, a few drops. Thank you. Sorry? Now, she did
+
+381
+00:39:19,850 --> 00:39:24,010
+it. She did it. Number nine. Finally, number nine.
+
+382
+00:39:25,820 --> 00:39:28,760
+Mr. Adams doesn't like to wear prints on his
+
+383
+00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:32,900
+fingers. He wears very little shoes. Thank you.
+
+384
+00:39:33,120 --> 00:39:35,060
+Check the answers. You have the answers.
+
+385
+00:39:50,540 --> 00:39:53,700
+Okay, this exercise, do at home, please.
+
+386
+00:39:56,500 --> 00:40:02,000
+This exercise at home. Thank you very much.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/6xMcxqJDHg8_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1920 @@
+1
+00:00:21,310 --> 00:00:24,550
+Okay, good morning to you all. How are you?
+
+2
+00:00:27,810 --> 00:00:33,710
+What's your name? Maryam. Can you give me another
+
+3
+00:00:33,710 --> 00:00:40,450
+name? Maryam is a girl's name, is a lady's name.
+
+4
+00:00:40,710 --> 00:00:47,270
+Okay? It is a noun, right? It is a noun. So,
+
+5
+00:00:48,510 --> 00:00:52,710
+Again, can you give me another similar noun? Yeah,
+
+6
+00:00:53,570 --> 00:00:57,990
+dua, good. So Mariam, dua, they are nouns. Lama is
+
+7
+00:00:57,990 --> 00:01:06,690
+also a noun. Okay. So what is this? A table. A
+
+8
+00:01:06,690 --> 00:01:12,250
+table. So we call you dua. We call you lama. And
+
+9
+00:01:12,250 --> 00:01:16,270
+we call this what? Table. This is again another
+
+10
+00:01:16,270 --> 00:01:23,600
+noun. So, a noun is a word given to people or
+
+11
+00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:27,980
+things. This is a car, this is a pen, this is a
+
+12
+00:01:27,980 --> 00:01:37,260
+book, and so on. Now, a name, as we said, okay, is
+
+13
+00:01:37,260 --> 00:01:40,640
+what? A word given to a person, place. Where do
+
+14
+00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:46,230
+you live? In Gaza. Gaza is a noun. Okay, thank
+
+15
+00:01:46,230 --> 00:01:50,790
+you. Now, when I say Salahuddin was a wise king.
+
+16
+00:01:51,890 --> 00:01:55,770
+Salahuddin was a wise king. How many nouns are
+
+17
+00:01:55,770 --> 00:02:00,270
+there in the sentence? How many nouns? Yeah, two.
+
+18
+00:02:01,210 --> 00:02:08,030
+Good. Where are they? Yes, please. King. Thank you
+
+19
+00:02:08,030 --> 00:02:13,010
+very much. Now, Salahuddin is given to a
+
+20
+00:02:13,010 --> 00:02:17,110
+particular person, right? Like when I say Marwa,
+
+21
+00:02:17,310 --> 00:02:20,450
+this is Marwa, this is Nada, this is Noor, this is
+
+22
+00:02:20,450 --> 00:02:23,890
+Fatima, this is and so on. This is given to a
+
+23
+00:02:23,890 --> 00:02:27,470
+particular person. Salahuddin is given what? To a
+
+24
+00:02:27,470 --> 00:02:31,010
+particular person. Now, when I say you are a
+
+25
+00:02:31,010 --> 00:02:35,670
+student, A student. You are all what? Students.
+
+26
+00:02:36,090 --> 00:02:39,670
+You are a student, a student, a student. So a
+
+27
+00:02:39,670 --> 00:02:45,530
+student is common, okay? It is shared by more than
+
+28
+00:02:45,530 --> 00:02:49,210
+one, by a lot of people. But when I say Marwa, for
+
+29
+00:02:49,210 --> 00:02:53,370
+example, dua, this is what? Particular. The same
+
+30
+00:02:53,370 --> 00:02:57,270
+as when I say Salahuddin and king. Is Salahuddin
+
+31
+00:02:57,270 --> 00:03:01,580
+the only king? No, there are so many kings, okay?
+
+32
+00:03:02,140 --> 00:03:07,060
+So now I have two types of nouns. Salahuddin is a
+
+33
+00:03:07,060 --> 00:03:12,180
+noun and king is another noun. The noun Salahuddin
+
+34
+00:03:12,180 --> 00:03:15,300
+refers to a particular king, okay? But the noun
+
+35
+00:03:15,300 --> 00:03:18,420
+king can be applied to any other king as well as
+
+36
+00:03:18,420 --> 00:03:22,320
+to Salahuddin, right? You are a student. Your name
+
+37
+00:03:22,320 --> 00:03:26,330
+is Maryam. Okay, I can call any one of you
+
+38
+00:03:26,330 --> 00:03:29,990
+student, but I cannot call any one of you Maryam.
+
+39
+00:03:30,290 --> 00:03:37,450
+So, we call Maryam a proper noun. A proper noun.
+
+40
+00:03:37,750 --> 00:03:41,470
+Dua is a proper noun. Lama is a proper noun.
+
+41
+00:03:41,970 --> 00:03:47,920
+Salahuddin is what? A proper noun. King is what? A
+
+42
+00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:51,980
+common noun. King is a common noun. Student is
+
+43
+00:03:51,980 --> 00:03:56,020
+what? A common noun. Because it is shared by what?
+
+44
+00:03:56,580 --> 00:04:00,580
+By a lot of people, by more than one. Mona is a
+
+45
+00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:04,120
+proper noun, while girl is a common noun. Okay,
+
+46
+00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:09,960
+now I have two types of nouns. Yes, proper and?
+
+47
+00:04:10,790 --> 00:04:16,790
+Common. Now, Ali is a proper noun. While boy is a
+
+48
+00:04:16,790 --> 00:04:22,670
+common noun. Ali and boy. Cairo, this is a place.
+
+49
+00:04:24,910 --> 00:04:29,990
+Cairo is a proper noun. While town is what? A
+
+50
+00:04:29,990 --> 00:04:34,990
+common noun. Good. Egypt, a proper noun. While
+
+51
+00:04:34,990 --> 00:04:40,090
+country is what? Okay, thank you. Now, the word
+
+52
+00:04:40,090 --> 00:04:43,370
+girl is a common noun because it is a name common
+
+53
+00:04:43,370 --> 00:04:47,990
+to all girls. When I say this is a girl, this is a
+
+54
+00:04:47,990 --> 00:04:50,650
+lady, this is a woman, this is a student, this is
+
+55
+00:04:50,650 --> 00:04:53,610
+common. But when I say Maryam, Fatima, Dua,
+
+56
+00:04:53,790 --> 00:04:57,550
+Khadija, okay, this is particular. It is given to
+
+57
+00:04:57,550 --> 00:05:00,970
+a particular person. Mona is a proper noun because
+
+58
+00:05:00,970 --> 00:05:04,250
+it is the name of a particular girl. Can you give
+
+59
+00:05:04,250 --> 00:05:10,130
+me some proper nouns? for people, places or
+
+60
+00:05:10,130 --> 00:05:13,270
+things. Go on, proper nouns. Give me examples.
+
+61
+00:05:14,570 --> 00:05:18,810
+Thank you very much. Good. So Saudi Arabia is a
+
+62
+00:05:18,810 --> 00:05:21,290
+proper noun. What is the common noun? Country.
+
+63
+00:05:21,470 --> 00:05:26,370
+Country. Very good. Thank you. Yeah. Apple. Apple.
+
+64
+00:05:26,690 --> 00:05:33,270
+Good. Is a proper noun. Okay. What's the common
+
+65
+00:05:33,270 --> 00:05:38,380
+noun? Fruit. Okay. Thank you very much. Good. Now,
+
+66
+00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:43,300
+a common noun, could you read please, Lama? Common
+
+67
+00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:47,720
+here
+
+68
+00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:51,380
+means shared by all. Okay, shared by all. What are
+
+69
+00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:54,580
+you? A student, a student, a student, a student,
+
+70
+00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:59,040
+okay? This is a girl, this is a lady, this is a
+
+71
+00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:03,160
+man. It is shared by a lot of people, all people.
+
+72
+00:06:03,820 --> 00:06:08,480
+Now, a proper noun, Sahar, Proper noun is the name
+
+73
+00:06:08,480 --> 00:06:12,580
+of some particular person or place. Proper noun
+
+74
+00:06:12,580 --> 00:06:19,420
+means one's own. Yeah, one's own. Your own name is
+
+75
+00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:25,280
+Marwa. Okay, go on. Hence, a proper noun is a
+
+76
+00:06:25,280 --> 00:06:29,000
+person's own name. Okay, it is your own name.
+
+77
+00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:35,260
+Note, proper nouns are always written with what?
+
+78
+00:06:38,110 --> 00:06:41,730
+Can I write it starting with a small letter? No.
+
+79
+00:06:42,190 --> 00:06:44,950
+Whether you begin a sentence or in the middle of
+
+80
+00:06:44,950 --> 00:06:48,910
+the sentence. Now proper nouns are sometimes used
+
+81
+00:06:48,910 --> 00:06:54,150
+as common nouns. A proper noun. Now when I say for
+
+82
+00:06:54,150 --> 00:06:57,910
+example Ahmed Shawqi. Ahmed Shawqi this is what?
+
+83
+00:06:59,710 --> 00:07:01,950
+Appropriate noun. When I say Shakespeare.
+
+84
+00:07:03,010 --> 00:07:05,850
+Appropriate noun. Look at this sentence. Who can
+
+85
+00:07:05,850 --> 00:07:09,190
+read the sentence? Yes, read. He's Shakespeare,
+
+86
+00:07:10,090 --> 00:07:15,710
+the greatest dramatist of his time. Okay, thank
+
+87
+00:07:15,710 --> 00:07:18,910
+you. He's the Shakespeare of his time. He's the
+
+88
+00:07:18,910 --> 00:07:22,090
+Shakespeare of his time. Now Shakespeare here,
+
+89
+00:07:22,750 --> 00:07:26,190
+okay, in this sentence, does it refer to that
+
+90
+00:07:26,190 --> 00:07:32,930
+great dramatist? No, it refers to, it means what?
+
+91
+00:07:33,390 --> 00:07:38,990
+It means the greatest dramatist in his time. Okay.
+
+92
+00:07:39,350 --> 00:07:43,410
+So in this sentence, I use the proper noun as
+
+93
+00:07:43,410 --> 00:07:48,270
+what? As a common noun. Is that clear? Yes. Good.
+
+94
+00:07:49,510 --> 00:07:53,570
+Now, common nouns include what are called
+
+95
+00:07:53,570 --> 00:07:57,690
+collective nouns. Now we talk about common nouns.
+
+96
+00:07:58,570 --> 00:08:03,910
+They include collective nouns and abstract nouns.
+
+97
+00:08:04,090 --> 00:08:07,190
+They are divided into two groups, collective and
+
+98
+00:08:07,190 --> 00:08:11,210
+abstract. A collective noun is a name of a number
+
+99
+00:08:11,210 --> 00:08:14,230
+or collection of persons or things taken together
+
+100
+00:08:14,230 --> 00:08:19,650
+and spoken as one whole. When I say crowd, crowd,
+
+101
+00:08:20,870 --> 00:08:26,900
+family, team, Okay, how many people? Can I call
+
+102
+00:08:26,900 --> 00:08:31,380
+one person a family, one person a team, a crowd?
+
+103
+00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:35,620
+No. It should be a group of people. Okay, a group
+
+104
+00:08:35,620 --> 00:08:38,860
+of people because it is made up of a group of
+
+105
+00:08:38,860 --> 00:08:43,760
+people. We call it what? Collective. Army, when I
+
+106
+00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:48,360
+say army. Army, a group of soldiers. So again,
+
+107
+00:08:48,700 --> 00:08:54,880
+these words reflect or show up collective nouns.
+
+108
+00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:01,820
+Other examples, a fleet. What is a fleet? Yes?
+
+109
+00:09:03,020 --> 00:09:07,680
+Yes, Noor? Fleet is a collection of ships. Okay.
+
+110
+00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:14,130
+Collection of ships. Thank you. And army? A
+
+111
+00:09:14,130 --> 00:09:19,190
+collection of soldiers. Yes, please. Thank you
+
+112
+00:09:19,190 --> 00:09:21,950
+very much. Yes, read this sentence, please. Yes,
+
+113
+00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:23,830
+read.
+
+114
+00:09:26,830 --> 00:09:34,630
+The crowd. Okay. Now, the French army. Now, the
+
+115
+00:09:34,630 --> 00:09:38,830
+crowd. Army. Go on. Yes, the head,
+
+116
+00:09:41,890 --> 00:09:47,010
+the group of. Okay. Look, they are what? They are
+
+117
+00:09:47,010 --> 00:09:51,990
+collective nouns.
+
+118
+00:09:52,430 --> 00:09:58,350
+Okay. Now abstract nouns. The other divided. So we
+
+119
+00:09:58,350 --> 00:10:00,830
+said a proper noun is divided into what?
+
+120
+00:10:01,510 --> 00:10:06,130
+Collective noun and abstract noun. It's usually
+
+121
+00:10:06,130 --> 00:10:12,030
+the name of a quality. A quality. Okay? Action or
+
+122
+00:10:12,030 --> 00:10:16,770
+state. Considered apart from the object which
+
+123
+00:10:16,770 --> 00:10:20,510
+belongs to. As. How? What does that mean? When I
+
+124
+00:10:20,510 --> 00:10:26,450
+say quality, look. When I say darkness. Darkness.
+
+125
+00:10:27,410 --> 00:10:31,210
+Kindness. Hardness. Brightness. Okay? This
+
+126
+00:10:31,210 --> 00:10:34,850
+expresses what? Quality. This is okay. Great
+
+127
+00:10:34,850 --> 00:10:42,460
+darkness. Lightness. They express equalities. And
+
+128
+00:10:42,460 --> 00:10:47,800
+again, when I say darkness, can you touch it? No.
+
+129
+00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:54,060
+Can you carry it? No. Now, kindness. Can you see
+
+130
+00:10:54,060 --> 00:10:58,820
+it by your naked eye? No. So these are equality
+
+131
+00:10:58,820 --> 00:11:03,960
+things, abstract nouns. Action. Yes, read please.
+
+132
+00:11:05,550 --> 00:11:07,390
+Laughter. What is laughter?
+
+133
+00:11:10,210 --> 00:11:12,030
+That's right. Yeah, theft.
+
+134
+00:11:15,550 --> 00:11:19,430
+Hatred. When I say hatred, okay? This is an
+
+135
+00:11:19,430 --> 00:11:23,550
+action. I have or they have a great hatred too.
+
+136
+00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:28,870
+Hatred. Again, this is an abstract noun. Cannot be
+
+137
+00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:33,110
+seen. cannot be touched okay cannot be carried
+
+138
+00:11:33,110 --> 00:11:44,950
+okay state yes please read yeah child yeah okay
+
+139
+00:11:44,950 --> 00:11:50,950
+thank you so these are three types of Abstract
+
+140
+00:11:50,950 --> 00:11:56,950
+nouns. The names of arts and science also.
+
+141
+00:11:57,990 --> 00:12:02,470
+Grammar, for example, music, chemistry are also
+
+142
+00:12:02,470 --> 00:12:05,230
+what? Abstract nouns. Any questions?
+
+143
+00:12:10,940 --> 00:12:14,460
+Abstract nouns are formed. How can we form
+
+144
+00:12:14,460 --> 00:12:18,160
+abstract nouns? From adjectives, as kindness,
+
+145
+00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:22,820
+okay? From what? Kind, okay? Kind is an adjective.
+
+146
+00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:29,860
+Kindness? Noun. And then from? Verse. As
+
+147
+00:12:29,860 --> 00:12:35,030
+obedience. Obedience. This is a noun. it is from
+
+148
+00:12:35,030 --> 00:12:41,570
+what obey that's right uh this is from a verb obey
+
+149
+00:12:41,570 --> 00:12:45,210
+this is another source so it can be formed from an
+
+150
+00:12:45,210 --> 00:12:49,630
+adjective or from what a verb from common nouns
+
+151
+00:12:49,630 --> 00:12:53,630
+also as childhood from child this is a child this
+
+152
+00:12:53,630 --> 00:12:57,150
+is a man this is a boy they are common nouns okay
+
+153
+00:12:57,150 --> 00:13:04,210
+i can form abstract nouns from these words. Now
+
+154
+00:13:04,210 --> 00:13:05,530
+let's have an exercise.
+
+155
+00:13:09,550 --> 00:13:13,270
+Point out the nouns in the following sentences and
+
+156
+00:13:13,270 --> 00:13:16,770
+say whether they are common, proper, collective,
+
+157
+00:13:17,030 --> 00:13:21,390
+abstract. Number one. Number one. Yes, please.
+
+158
+00:13:21,790 --> 00:13:25,950
+Nada. The crowd was very big and it's a collective
+
+159
+00:13:25,950 --> 00:13:29,660
+thing. The crowd, where is the collective noun?
+
+160
+00:13:30,560 --> 00:13:33,680
+Okay, now let's give them names, for example,
+
+161
+00:13:34,420 --> 00:13:37,080
+whether they are common. Common, this is number
+
+162
+00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:45,040
+one, two, three, and four, okay? So crowd is what?
+
+163
+00:13:46,560 --> 00:13:49,120
+Okay, collective, number three. Thank you. Yes,
+
+164
+00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:52,500
+Marwa. I will say the truth. Truth is an abstract
+
+165
+00:13:52,500 --> 00:13:54,800
+noun. Abstract noun. Thank you. This is number
+
+166
+00:13:54,800 --> 00:13:59,020
+what? Four. Okay, good. Next one. Next one. What
+
+167
+00:13:59,020 --> 00:14:03,580
+about the others? Yes, please. We all love
+
+168
+00:14:03,580 --> 00:14:04,060
+honesty.
+
+169
+00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:11,780
+Where is the noun? Where is it? Okay, thank you.
+
+170
+00:14:12,120 --> 00:14:15,520
+This is the noun. This is number what? Four,
+
+171
+00:14:15,620 --> 00:14:16,440
+again, good.
+
+172
+00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:22,720
+Again, yes please. Our class consists of 20
+
+173
+00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:26,380
+pupils, pupils is a collective noun. Now pupils,
+
+174
+00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:30,640
+just a minute, pupils, okay common, good, you are
+
+175
+00:14:30,640 --> 00:14:33,700
+right. And what about, there is another noun.
+
+176
+00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:39,500
+Class. This is what? Collective. Okay. Class.
+
+177
+00:14:39,740 --> 00:14:43,400
+Collective. It is yeah. Collective. You are right.
+
+178
+00:14:43,580 --> 00:14:47,240
+Number three. Class. This is collective. Okay.
+
+179
+00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:49,340
+Yes, please.
+
+180
+00:14:52,740 --> 00:14:57,800
+Elephant. Okay. Elephant. This is what? Again.
+
+181
+00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:00,380
+Elephant. This is?
+
+182
+00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,540
+Proper. Proper now. That's right. Proper. And what
+
+183
+00:15:06,540 --> 00:15:12,180
+is the common? Animal. Animal. Okay. The grey is
+
+184
+00:15:12,180 --> 00:15:14,680
+strength. What about strength? Abstract. Yes.
+
+185
+00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:22,560
+Abstract. Okay. Let's complete the exercise.
+
+186
+00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:38,500
+Yeah, read please. Yes, Nada. Solomon was famous
+
+187
+00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:41,860
+for his wisdom. Solomon is a proper noun. Okay,
+
+188
+00:15:41,980 --> 00:15:45,860
+Solomon is a proper noun. Wisdom is an abstract
+
+189
+00:15:45,860 --> 00:15:47,960
+noun. Abstract noun. Thank you very much. Good.
+
+190
+00:15:48,080 --> 00:15:50,660
+Yes, please. Next one. Venus is wonderful. Venus
+
+191
+00:15:50,660 --> 00:15:54,200
+is abstract noun. Okay, abstract noun. Good. Thank
+
+192
+00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:58,790
+you. Number eight. Number eight. Yes, please. We
+
+193
+00:15:58,790 --> 00:16:02,590
+saw a fleet of ships in the harbor. Fleet is a
+
+194
+00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:10,090
+collective now. Fleet is a collective and Harbor
+
+195
+00:16:10,090 --> 00:16:14,670
+is a proper now. Proper or common place. Common,
+
+196
+00:16:14,830 --> 00:16:18,870
+thank you. The class is studying grammar plus
+
+197
+00:16:18,870 --> 00:16:23,520
+collective. Abstract, thank you very much. And
+
+198
+00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:27,700
+finally, the last one. Yes, please. Ah, you
+
+199
+00:16:27,700 --> 00:16:30,020
+answered now, thank you. I want another student.
+
+200
+00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:37,780
+Yes, Salwa. Okay, proper, alright. Bank?
+
+201
+00:16:40,460 --> 00:16:48,500
+Okay, common. And what about year? Year. Common.
+
+202
+00:16:50,810 --> 00:16:58,010
+Okay, common. Yes. Where is it? In which sentence?
+
+203
+00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:01,410
+Yeah, a fleet of ships. You are right.
+
+204
+00:17:07,910 --> 00:17:15,540
+Now, regular and irregular plural nouns. Okay? One
+
+205
+00:17:15,540 --> 00:17:20,740
+pen, two pens. One student, two students. One
+
+206
+00:17:20,740 --> 00:17:28,340
+child, two children. Okay? One man, two men. So,
+
+207
+00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:33,200
+we have as in verbs. In verbs, we have regular and
+
+208
+00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:37,000
+irregular. And in nouns, we also have what?
+
+209
+00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:42,900
+Regular and irregular. Now, look, song. This is
+
+210
+00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:47,720
+what? A noun. Right? What's the plural? Nouns. So
+
+211
+00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:52,740
+simply, for most nouns, we add what? Pen, pens.
+
+212
+00:17:52,920 --> 00:18:00,080
+Car, cars. Okay? Day, days. Box. Okay. When do we,
+
+213
+00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:04,220
+when do we add es? Yes, please.
+
+214
+00:18:09,360 --> 00:18:12,760
+Thank you very much. So now we have two ways to
+
+215
+00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:16,060
+make the regular plural. What are they? What are
+
+216
+00:18:16,060 --> 00:18:23,160
+they? Yes, please. Thank you. Generally, for most
+
+217
+00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:27,960
+nouns, we add S. When do we add S? When do we add
+
+218
+00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:28,520
+S? Yeah?
+
+219
+00:18:35,370 --> 00:18:40,730
+Thank you. Now, what about baby and babies? What
+
+220
+00:18:40,730 --> 00:18:43,950
+is special about this word, this noun? What is
+
+221
+00:18:43,950 --> 00:18:47,970
+special about this noun? Return Y to I and add VS.
+
+222
+00:18:48,150 --> 00:18:50,630
+Why? Good, you are right. Just a minute. She can.
+
+223
+00:18:50,850 --> 00:18:54,450
+Why did we change it into Y? Why didn't we keep
+
+224
+00:18:54,450 --> 00:18:58,010
+it? We talked about that in verbs. It's the same
+
+225
+00:18:58,010 --> 00:19:01,510
+rule as in verbs. Verbs and nouns. Thank you. Yes,
+
+226
+00:19:01,570 --> 00:19:05,090
+please. Because it's preceded by a constant sound.
+
+227
+00:19:05,710 --> 00:19:09,770
+Very good. It is preceded by a consonant, okay? So
+
+228
+00:19:09,770 --> 00:19:15,450
+if it is preceded by a consonant, okay? Yeah. We
+
+229
+00:19:15,450 --> 00:19:22,190
+turn it, we change it. Now, look at these nouns.
+
+230
+00:19:23,070 --> 00:19:29,470
+Man, men. Can we add S? No. Read. One, one. I want
+
+231
+00:19:29,470 --> 00:19:33,230
+one to read it. Yes, please. Man, man. Woman,
+
+232
+00:19:33,730 --> 00:19:39,470
+woman. Again. Women. Women. Women. Okay. Yes, go
+
+233
+00:19:39,470 --> 00:19:42,570
+on. Children. Thank you very much. Yes, read
+
+234
+00:19:42,570 --> 00:19:47,030
+please. Yeah, read. Ox. Oxen. Good. Food feed.
+
+235
+00:19:47,230 --> 00:19:50,590
+Good. Goose. Goose. Thank you very much. Yes, read
+
+236
+00:19:50,590 --> 00:19:54,750
+please. Toothless. Mouse. Mice. Elephants. Okay,
+
+237
+00:19:54,830 --> 00:19:57,410
+thank you very much. They are what? Irregular.
+
+238
+00:19:57,930 --> 00:20:01,670
+Irregular plurals without S. We cannot add S to
+
+239
+00:20:01,670 --> 00:20:07,940
+these nouns. Okay. Now, Look at these words. They
+
+240
+00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:14,040
+end with what? With O. Okay. Equals. Equals. What
+
+241
+00:20:14,040 --> 00:20:19,060
+did we add? Okay. And what did we add? Yes. Read
+
+242
+00:20:19,060 --> 00:20:25,980
+the other words, please. Yes. What did
+
+243
+00:20:25,980 --> 00:20:32,220
+we add? Yes. Thank you very much. Okay. Look at
+
+244
+00:20:32,220 --> 00:20:36,850
+these words. Read. Auto, auto. What did we add? S.
+
+245
+00:20:37,150 --> 00:20:40,230
+For the previous group of words, we added what?
+
+246
+00:20:40,350 --> 00:20:45,370
+ES. ES. And now we add what? S. Only S. Yes, go
+
+247
+00:20:45,370 --> 00:20:51,710
+on. Ghetto, ghettos. Kangaroo. Kangaroo. Kangaroo.
+
+248
+00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:55,970
+Yes. Kilo, kilos. Nemo, nemo. Thank you very much.
+
+249
+00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:58,990
+Go on please, complete. Yes.
+
+250
+00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:14,100
+Okay. Thank you. Now again, how did we form the
+
+251
+00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:18,900
+plural for this group of words? By adding only S.
+
+252
+00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:23,040
+By adding only S. Okay. Now look at the other
+
+253
+00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:25,620
+group. Yes, please read.
+
+254
+00:21:30,490 --> 00:21:35,530
+Stereos, yeah. What did we add? Only S after the
+
+255
+00:21:35,530 --> 00:21:35,830
+O, yeah?
+
+256
+00:21:40,470 --> 00:21:47,090
+Okay, thank you. Now? We have two groups of words
+
+257
+00:21:47,090 --> 00:21:50,770
+that end with O. For the first group, we added
+
+258
+00:21:50,770 --> 00:21:54,770
+what? Yes. And for the other group, we added what?
+
+259
+00:21:55,150 --> 00:21:59,970
+Only S. And each group ends with what? With O.
+
+260
+00:22:00,470 --> 00:22:05,590
+Yes, please read. Some nouns that end in O added
+
+261
+00:22:05,590 --> 00:22:13,350
+only to form the group. Yes. Not when in doubt.
+
+262
+00:22:13,650 --> 00:22:16,810
+When in doubt? I'm not sure. Oh, shall I add S,
+
+263
+00:22:16,970 --> 00:22:23,730
+ES? Okay, I'm not sure. What shall I do? Yeah, ask
+
+264
+00:22:23,730 --> 00:22:28,660
+your friend. Okay, you know your friend. You know
+
+265
+00:22:28,660 --> 00:22:31,740
+your friend? The dictionary. Okay. It's a good
+
+266
+00:22:31,740 --> 00:22:34,960
+friend. It is a good friend. Consult your
+
+267
+00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:38,980
+dictionary. Okay. If you are in doubt and when you
+
+268
+00:22:38,980 --> 00:22:43,600
+check it, start it in your mind. Okay. Check then
+
+269
+00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:44,020
+start.
+
+270
+00:22:47,060 --> 00:22:51,500
+Yes, Niveen, could you please read? Mintos.
+
+271
+00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:56,700
+Mintos. Look, how did we write it? It ends with
+
+272
+00:22:56,700 --> 00:23:04,080
+what? We can write it in two ways. You can add ES
+
+273
+00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,000
+or... Thank you very much. Good. Yes, please read
+
+274
+00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:12,640
+the other one. Mosquito. You know a mosquito? Have
+
+275
+00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:16,420
+you ever seen a mosquito? No? Lucky you are. Where
+
+276
+00:23:16,420 --> 00:23:22,260
+are you living? What is a mosquito? Yes, that's
+
+277
+00:23:22,260 --> 00:23:29,260
+right. Okay. So read mosquito. Good. Thank you.
+
+278
+00:23:29,360 --> 00:23:34,380
+How do we make the plural? By adding E-S or S.
+
+279
+00:23:34,460 --> 00:23:42,540
+Next one, please. Thank you. By adding what? Thank
+
+280
+00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:50,460
+you. Thank you. Yes, please. Thank you. So again,
+
+281
+00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:56,260
+yes, read. Yes please, yeah? Some nouns that end
+
+282
+00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:03,000
+in either ES or S plural with
+
+283
+00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:08,120
+ES being the more usual plural Okay, with ES it is
+
+284
+00:24:08,120 --> 00:24:11,520
+more usual, but it is also accepted with S only,
+
+285
+00:24:11,620 --> 00:24:16,080
+okay? Can you read these words? Is the color clean
+
+286
+00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:22,100
+from there? Is it a clear color? Not clear? Okay
+
+287
+00:24:25,140 --> 00:24:29,000
+Now look at these words, these nouns, they end
+
+288
+00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:35,120
+with what? F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+
+289
+00:24:35,460 --> 00:24:35,680
+F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+
+290
+00:24:35,680 --> 00:24:35,860
+F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+
+291
+00:24:35,860 --> 00:24:36,040
+F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+
+292
+00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:36,040
+F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+
+293
+00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:36,040
+F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F,
+
+294
+00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:38,360
+F, F, F, F, F, F,
+
+295
+00:24:42,360 --> 00:24:46,820
+F,
+
+296
+00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,440
+Loose their selves and so on. So we don't we don't
+
+297
+00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:03,700
+keep the F in these words Okay, we change it Now
+
+298
+00:25:03,700 --> 00:25:09,920
+other words like that. Yes thief. Yeah Okay
+
+299
+00:25:12,620 --> 00:25:17,780
+Okay scars can be written in two ways You can okay
+
+300
+00:25:17,780 --> 00:25:21,920
+change the F or you can keep it and add S. Okay
+
+301
+00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:33,220
+and add this Yeah read please. Yes Thank
+
+302
+00:25:33,220 --> 00:25:39,590
+you some not all okay some not all again When in
+
+303
+00:25:39,590 --> 00:25:42,970
+doubt, check your dictionary. How shall I? Shall I
+
+304
+00:25:42,970 --> 00:25:46,850
+keep the F or shall I change it? Okay, what is the
+
+305
+00:25:46,850 --> 00:25:49,810
+right spelling? Consult your dictionary.
+
+306
+00:25:52,650 --> 00:26:00,070
+Yes, please. Look. Now, what can you notice? This
+
+307
+00:26:00,070 --> 00:26:07,030
+ends with? How did we make the plural? Okay. It is
+
+308
+00:26:07,030 --> 00:26:11,070
+treated as regular nouns. Just adding what is. Go
+
+309
+00:26:11,070 --> 00:26:17,730
+on. Thank you very much. Good. Yes, read please.
+
+310
+00:26:21,750 --> 00:26:22,430
+Okay,
+
+311
+00:26:25,730 --> 00:26:30,350
+thank you. To form the plural. So, can we apply a
+
+312
+00:26:30,350 --> 00:26:34,550
+general rule for all regular or irregular nouns?
+
+313
+00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:41,610
+Okay, we cannot apply Okay, so you have no Check
+
+314
+00:26:41,610 --> 00:26:44,730
+the dictionary for the first time then start in
+
+315
+00:26:44,730 --> 00:26:49,590
+your mind Okay, and use it use it now check it
+
+316
+00:26:49,590 --> 00:26:53,450
+write it and use it if you use it Okay, it will go
+
+317
+00:26:53,450 --> 00:26:57,110
+to the long-lasting memory in your mind and it
+
+318
+00:26:57,110 --> 00:27:04,530
+will stay forever Now look at these words Yes,
+
+319
+00:27:04,570 --> 00:27:05,310
+please read
+
+320
+00:27:11,190 --> 00:27:16,690
+It is the same word with singular and plural.
+
+321
+00:27:16,910 --> 00:27:22,670
+Thank you. Next one please. one fish two fish it
+
+322
+00:27:22,670 --> 00:27:25,930
+is also possible fishes okay when you have
+
+323
+00:27:25,930 --> 00:27:29,470
+different types of fish but not common okay but
+
+324
+00:27:29,470 --> 00:27:33,650
+not common thank you so we use one but we don't
+
+325
+00:27:33,650 --> 00:27:38,010
+add you can use the same word without adding s yes
+
+326
+00:27:38,010 --> 00:27:40,770
+thank you next yes
+
+327
+00:27:44,870 --> 00:27:49,510
+Okay. Means and means. One, two. The same word.
+
+328
+00:27:49,910 --> 00:27:53,990
+Can be used as singular and as plural. Thank you
+
+329
+00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:59,090
+very much. Yes, please. Next one. Two offspring.
+
+330
+00:27:59,450 --> 00:28:05,310
+No S. Okay. Yeah. Next one, please. Yeah. Read.
+
+331
+00:28:05,410 --> 00:28:05,630
+One.
+
+332
+00:28:08,630 --> 00:28:14,090
+Series. Yeah. Two. Okay. So again, the same word,
+
+333
+00:28:14,210 --> 00:28:21,150
+the same word, one shrimp. Okay. And one species
+
+334
+00:28:21,150 --> 00:28:26,450
+or species. Okay. The same word can be used in
+
+335
+00:28:26,450 --> 00:28:32,210
+singular and plural. You should know these words.
+
+336
+00:28:32,270 --> 00:28:37,110
+Okay. Some nouns have the same singular and plural
+
+337
+00:28:37,110 --> 00:28:42,750
+as the previous group. We say what? One and two.
+
+338
+00:28:43,650 --> 00:28:50,330
+Okay. Now, look at these words.
+
+339
+00:28:53,870 --> 00:29:03,030
+Yes. Who can read? Marwa. Criterion. One. Two.
+
+340
+00:29:03,530 --> 00:29:08,870
+Okay. Thank you. Next one, please. Bacteria.
+
+341
+00:29:11,130 --> 00:29:13,730
+Bacteria. Thank you. Next one. Curriculum.
+
+342
+00:29:14,010 --> 00:29:17,030
+Curriculum. Okay. Thank you. Curriculum.
+
+343
+00:29:17,170 --> 00:29:21,850
+Curriculum. Next one, please. Thank you. Next one.
+
+344
+00:29:22,370 --> 00:29:28,110
+Thank you. The other one. Memorandum. And?
+
+345
+00:29:28,730 --> 00:29:33,330
+Memorandum. Yeah. Yes, please read this word. This
+
+346
+00:29:33,330 --> 00:29:38,350
+is an important word Okay,
+
+347
+00:29:40,310 --> 00:29:44,650
+one two okay group singular and plural. Yes,
+
+348
+00:29:44,690 --> 00:29:51,830
+please the other one Thank
+
+349
+00:29:51,830 --> 00:29:57,270
+you look just you change the I into E next one,
+
+350
+00:29:57,550 --> 00:29:57,730
+please
+
+351
+00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:06,980
+Basis. Basis. Again, I into E. Yeah? Yes, please.
+
+352
+00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:10,140
+Good. Now, next one.
+
+353
+00:30:13,540 --> 00:30:16,820
+Okay, look at all the group of words, just you
+
+354
+00:30:16,820 --> 00:30:21,020
+change the I into what? Into E. Okay, now some
+
+355
+00:30:21,020 --> 00:30:23,380
+nouns that English has borrowed from other
+
+356
+00:30:23,380 --> 00:30:27,680
+languages, okay? They are borrowed from other
+
+357
+00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:32,220
+languages. Their origin is not English, okay? have
+
+358
+00:30:32,220 --> 00:30:35,360
+foreign plurals. So why did we make it this way?
+
+359
+00:30:35,780 --> 00:30:39,940
+This is a foreign plural. It depends on the
+
+360
+00:30:39,940 --> 00:30:43,960
+language where it came from. Okay? But you should
+
+361
+00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:47,820
+learn them and you should know them. Exercise.
+
+362
+00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:53,680
+Write the plural form of each word in the correct
+
+363
+00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:57,980
+column. Some forms have two possible spellings.
+
+364
+00:30:58,060 --> 00:31:00,000
+You have that exercise in your book, right?
+
+365
+00:31:02,890 --> 00:31:03,690
+Okay.
+
+366
+00:31:06,730 --> 00:31:12,430
+Finished? Yes. Okay. Now check your answers. Check
+
+367
+00:31:12,430 --> 00:31:13,090
+your answers.
+
+368
+00:31:32,730 --> 00:31:41,770
+Who got a full mark? They are
+
+369
+00:31:41,770 --> 00:31:43,530
+there. Which one?
+
+370
+00:31:48,350 --> 00:31:51,550
+Refer to your book. You can check the other
+
+371
+00:31:51,550 --> 00:31:56,590
+answers later. Now, exercise five. Please do it at
+
+372
+00:31:56,590 --> 00:32:03,280
+home. Okay, this is homework. Now exercise six,
+
+373
+00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:08,500
+page 104. Now let's do this exercise together.
+
+374
+00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:11,860
+Let's do the exercise together. Number one.
+
+375
+00:32:14,640 --> 00:32:19,160
+Thank you. Yeah, what do you think of this
+
+376
+00:32:19,160 --> 00:32:19,640
+sentence?
+
+377
+00:32:23,820 --> 00:32:30,870
+Yeah. Yes, read it. Yes, please. Bacteria are the
+
+378
+00:32:30,870 --> 00:32:32,710
+smallest, the main thing. They are simple
+
+379
+00:32:32,710 --> 00:32:35,690
+organisms that consist of one cell. Okay, what do
+
+380
+00:32:35,690 --> 00:32:40,930
+you think? Bacteria are? No, bacteria. Yes, come
+
+381
+00:32:40,930 --> 00:32:46,350
+please. Correct it. Yeah. Bacteria, this is what?
+
+382
+00:32:47,330 --> 00:32:52,430
+Singular. Okay, so it needs, we should change it.
+
+383
+00:32:52,690 --> 00:32:53,250
+Bacteria.
+
+384
+00:33:07,580 --> 00:33:11,660
+Okay, thank you. What other errors can you find in
+
+385
+00:33:11,660 --> 00:33:12,960
+the sentence? Yes, Lama.
+
+386
+00:33:15,960 --> 00:33:22,300
+Look, they are... Yes, Najwa. The smallest living
+
+387
+00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:28,920
+things. The smallest living
+
+388
+00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:31,320
+things.
+
+389
+00:33:33,710 --> 00:33:35,670
+The smallest living things.
+
+390
+00:33:40,870 --> 00:33:44,090
+Okay, thank you. Come and correct it.
+
+391
+00:33:49,630 --> 00:33:52,230
+Living thing. But look at this word. What do you
+
+392
+00:33:52,230 --> 00:33:57,470
+think of this word? Okay. Just a minute. Organism.
+
+393
+00:33:57,550 --> 00:34:01,530
+What do you think of this word? They are simple.
+
+394
+00:34:04,940 --> 00:34:09,320
+Do this word. Organism. This should be what?
+
+395
+00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:13,820
+Plural. It should be plural.
+
+396
+00:34:16,620 --> 00:34:21,180
+Organisms. Thank you. Organism. No, just add this.
+
+397
+00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,880
+Add this. Don't clean by hand. Add this.
+
+398
+00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:35,460
+This is enough. Thank you. Now, Look at the other
+
+399
+00:34:35,460 --> 00:34:38,560
+one, number two. What do you think of number two?
+
+400
+00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:49,240
+Yes, Marwa. Bacteria exist almost everywhere. They
+
+401
+00:34:49,240 --> 00:34:52,660
+are in the air and soil as well as in the body of
+
+402
+00:34:52,660 --> 00:34:55,160
+all living creatures. Okay, thank you. Come,
+
+403
+00:34:55,280 --> 00:34:56,000
+please, and do it.
+
+404
+00:35:18,530 --> 00:35:25,590
+Okay, thank you. They are, it is. Which one? Which
+
+405
+00:35:25,590 --> 00:35:29,990
+one, yes? I think we should make it like exists.
+
+406
+00:35:30,520 --> 00:35:33,600
+Why? Bacteria. Is it singular or plural? No,
+
+407
+00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:37,720
+bacteria is singular. Exists. Yeah, bacteria. This
+
+408
+00:35:37,720 --> 00:35:40,740
+is plural. A plural noun needs a plural verb.
+
+409
+00:35:40,900 --> 00:35:47,340
+Exists. I say bacteria is singular. You want to
+
+410
+00:35:47,340 --> 00:35:53,810
+change the verb. Okay, you can, you can, but look,
+
+411
+00:35:53,990 --> 00:35:56,150
+you want to change, you want to make more changes,
+
+412
+00:35:56,290 --> 00:35:59,750
+they are, they refer to a plural noun, so keep it
+
+413
+00:35:59,750 --> 00:36:03,190
+and it's easier to change the noun, okay? It's
+
+414
+00:36:03,190 --> 00:36:07,690
+easier to change the noun. Now, what about this
+
+415
+00:36:07,690 --> 00:36:14,370
+word? Yes, in the body of all, body of all,
+
+416
+00:36:15,950 --> 00:36:18,130
+bodies, okay, bodies, can you write bodies?
+
+417
+00:36:29,010 --> 00:36:35,170
+Thank you. Yes, did you see the sentence? Number
+
+418
+00:36:35,170 --> 00:36:35,550
+three.
+
+419
+00:37:15,420 --> 00:37:17,340
+Okay. Bacteria, good.
+
+420
+00:37:24,340 --> 00:37:34,460
+No, no, no, it's okay. Humans are beings. Human
+
+421
+00:37:34,460 --> 00:37:36,580
+beings, okay? Okay.
+
+422
+00:37:41,500 --> 00:37:45,680
+Thank you. Is that okay? Now, what about... Yes,
+
+423
+00:37:45,780 --> 00:37:53,380
+please. Some... Where is it? Some... Some...
+
+424
+00:37:53,380 --> 00:37:57,260
+Cause. Cause. This is a plural verb. Now, what
+
+425
+00:37:57,260 --> 00:38:04,240
+about the word thousand? Hundred? Million? When I
+
+426
+00:38:04,240 --> 00:38:10,170
+say two hundred, Shall I add a S? No, two
+
+427
+00:38:10,170 --> 00:38:14,550
+thousand, three million. Okay. So when you use
+
+428
+00:38:14,550 --> 00:38:20,690
+numbers, don't add the S. But now, now you can say
+
+429
+00:38:20,690 --> 00:38:28,050
+thousands of, to show that, sorry. Okay. No, with
+
+430
+00:38:28,050 --> 00:38:31,410
+numbers, no. You cannot say two thousands, for
+
+431
+00:38:31,410 --> 00:38:36,830
+example, two thousand without S. Okay. Use
+
+432
+00:38:36,830 --> 00:38:40,030
+English, your English is okay. Good.
+
+433
+00:38:42,830 --> 00:38:45,830
+Okay, there are, no, you should add the S. There
+
+434
+00:38:45,830 --> 00:38:49,250
+are thousands. You should use the plural. Don't
+
+435
+00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:52,990
+keep it like that, without S. Okay? Don't keep it
+
+436
+00:38:52,990 --> 00:38:53,710
+without S.
+
+437
+00:38:57,530 --> 00:39:01,910
+Now number four. Who wants to do number four? Read
+
+438
+00:39:01,910 --> 00:39:03,610
+it. Read it. Look at it.
+
+439
+00:39:14,290 --> 00:39:15,770
+Okay, let's do it together.
+
+440
+00:39:21,370 --> 00:39:26,810
+Now... Yeah, you want? Come. Come, please.
+
+441
+00:39:41,260 --> 00:39:46,880
+What did you do? Okay, viruses. Okay, thank you.
+
+442
+00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:51,820
+We say viruses are small microscopic. Okay, good.
+
+443
+00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:57,000
+Okay. Okay. Live in the cell of others.
+
+444
+00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:07,280
+Okay. Yes, go on. They are lifeless? Particle
+
+445
+00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:11,240
+that? What do you think of particle? Okay. Cannot
+
+446
+00:40:11,240 --> 00:40:17,140
+produce part? Reproduce part? Inside? What do you
+
+447
+00:40:17,140 --> 00:40:21,820
+think? Does it need a cell? Why not? Just a
+
+448
+00:40:21,820 --> 00:40:28,640
+minute. This is singular. Okay, go on. They become
+
+449
+00:40:28,640 --> 00:40:36,480
+active? Multiply? Hundred or hundreds? Okay, do
+
+450
+00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:36,740
+it.
+
+451
+00:40:39,640 --> 00:40:43,220
+Check your answers, please. Hundreds of times.
+
+452
+00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:46,080
+Check your answers. Thank you.
+
+453
+00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:52,600
+What are you asking about?
+
+454
+00:41:24,230 --> 00:41:26,130
+Another sentence
+
+455
+00:41:29,790 --> 00:41:33,410
+Okay, you can check at home, complete checking at
+
+456
+00:41:33,410 --> 00:41:36,610
+home. You have, I'm using the web page. It is
+
+457
+00:41:36,610 --> 00:41:44,010
+there, you can see it. Number five. Okay, come
+
+458
+00:41:44,010 --> 00:41:50,870
+please. You want to come? Get ready for the next
+
+459
+00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:53,990
+one. Get ready, clean it.
+
+460
+00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:09,100
+Yeah? Okay.
+
+461
+00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:17,540
+Okay good.
+
+462
+00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:27,080
+What do you think of illness? Illness with such?
+
+463
+00:42:27,940 --> 00:42:30,100
+Yes, illnesses. How do we write it?
+
+464
+00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:43,320
+Okay, you add yes. Thank you. Good. Is that all?
+
+465
+00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:49,430
+Yes. Okay, thank you. Now, check your answers.
+
+466
+00:42:53,030 --> 00:42:57,310
+Yeah? Now, let's see. Look at number six.
+
+467
+00:43:01,390 --> 00:43:04,890
+Yeah, who wants to come? Come, please.
+
+468
+00:43:34,250 --> 00:43:40,910
+Just a minute. Okay. Just a minute. Look, just
+
+469
+00:43:40,910 --> 00:43:45,710
+wait, please wait. We have what type of verb? Is
+
+470
+00:43:45,710 --> 00:43:49,510
+it plural or singular? So it is singular. It needs
+
+471
+00:43:49,510 --> 00:43:54,070
+a singular noun. Is it singular? Yes, virus is
+
+472
+00:43:54,070 --> 00:43:56,370
+singular, keep it. No, no, no, this is okay.
+
+473
+00:43:56,910 --> 00:44:01,530
+Viruses are plural and plural. Okay, go on please,
+
+474
+00:44:01,630 --> 00:44:01,970
+go on.
+
+475
+00:44:05,950 --> 00:44:11,150
+What do you think? Shall I add S here? Shall I
+
+476
+00:44:11,150 --> 00:44:17,790
+change it into R? No. Okay. What about S? Does it
+
+477
+00:44:17,790 --> 00:44:23,920
+need S? Million. Yes or no? You are right.
+
+478
+00:44:24,060 --> 00:44:26,400
+Preceded by a number. Yes, very good. This is
+
+479
+00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:27,860
+another error.
+
+480
+00:44:38,280 --> 00:44:40,300
+Okay, thank you very much for today.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/EPvVKEUooIk.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2034 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:25,000
+Okay. Good morning to you all. How are you?
+
+2
+00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,520
+Dua. How are you? And what about you? And again,
+
+3
+00:00:32,580 --> 00:00:38,040
+another dua. MashaAllah. This is nice. Okay. Every
+
+4
+00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:44,040
+day I have breakfast at six. What do you do every
+
+5
+00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:44,280
+day?
+
+6
+00:00:48,180 --> 00:00:49,800
+What do you do every day? Yeah.
+
+7
+00:00:52,940 --> 00:00:56,780
+Thank you very much. Now, if you look at this
+
+8
+00:00:56,780 --> 00:01:00,580
+sentence, animals give us milk and meat. Okay,
+
+9
+00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:07,960
+give. Computers save us a lot of time. Now, give. 
+
+10
+00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:14,600
+Is it connected to a certain tense? I mean, is it 
+
+11
+00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:17,480
+related only to the past, only to the present, 
+
+12
+00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:23,080
+only to the future? No. So this verb is what? It
+
+13
+00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:24,460
+is always true.
+
+14
+00:01:26,780 --> 00:01:31,020
+It is true in the past, true now, and true in the
+
+15
+00:01:31,020 --> 00:01:36,170
+future. So we call it what? An all-time tense or 
+
+16
+00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:41,130
+it is timeless. Okay. It is timeless. Computers 
+
+17
+00:01:41,130 --> 00:01:45,490
+save. Save. This is a fact, right? They save us a 
+
+18
+00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:52,290
+lot of time and effort. This tense is called The 
+
+19
+00:01:52,290 --> 00:01:56,150
+prison symbol. So what do we use the prison symbol 
+
+20
+00:01:56,150 --> 00:01:59,150
+for? To express? Yes, please.
+
+21
+00:02:01,890 --> 00:02:05,390
+Facts and habits. Facts and habits. Thank you very 
+
+22
+00:02:05,390 --> 00:02:11,730
+much. Can you give me an example? Yes, please. I 
+
+23
+00:02:11,730 --> 00:02:14,790
+often play at home. Okay, thank you very much.
+
+24
+00:02:14,830 --> 00:02:18,350
+Yasmin, can you give me another example like that?
+
+25
+00:02:22,140 --> 00:02:24,960
+Look, listen and we will come back again to you.
+
+26
+00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,340
+Yes. Every day I read some Quran. Thank you very
+
+27
+00:02:28,340 --> 00:02:30,140
+much. Yes, Randa.
+
+28
+00:02:34,940 --> 00:02:39,740
+I help mom 
+
+29
+00:02:39,740 --> 00:02:43,800
+in the kitchen. Okay, thank you very much. Yes, 
+
+30
+00:02:43,860 --> 00:02:48,100
+please. We go to the university every day. Very
+
+31
+00:02:48,100 --> 00:02:52,350
+good. Thank you very much. Okay, now I take a
+
+32
+00:02:52,350 --> 00:02:55,870
+shower every morning. I take a shower every 
+
+33
+00:02:55,870 --> 00:03:00,090
+morning. It means on Saturday I do it. I repeat it 
+
+34
+00:03:00,090 --> 00:03:03,510
+on Sunday. I repeat on Monday. I repeat. This is
+
+35
+00:03:03,510 --> 00:03:07,550
+what? This is a habit or a repeated action. 
+
+36
+00:03:07,910 --> 00:03:12,390
+Something you do what? Every day. I get up early.
+
+37
+00:03:12,750 --> 00:03:16,950
+This means what? Every day, all the time. This is 
+
+38
+00:03:16,950 --> 00:03:21,850
+always true. My watch keeps good time. I watch
+
+39
+00:03:21,850 --> 00:03:25,390
+television most weekends. At the weekend, I don't 
+
+40
+00:03:25,390 --> 00:03:29,330
+like going out. I stay at home and watch 
+
+41
+00:03:29,330 --> 00:03:34,010
+television. So again, we use the present simple to
+
+42
+00:03:34,010 --> 00:03:37,990
+express what? Habits or repeated actions.
+
+43
+00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:41,290
+Examples. Who can give me an example? A habit?
+
+44
+00:03:41,490 --> 00:03:47,780
+Yes, dua. Very good. Thank you. Yes, Murida. Every
+
+45
+00:03:47,780 --> 00:03:52,020
+day I drink water. Thank you very much. Lama. I
+
+46
+00:03:52,020 --> 00:03:54,460
+brush my teeth every day. Wonderful. Thank you 
+
+47
+00:03:54,460 --> 00:03:55,680
+very much. Okay.
+
+48
+00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:04,600
+Can you give me this book? Let me have a look at 
+
+49
+00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:07,620
+your book, please. Just give me this book. Okay.
+
+50
+00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:18,810
+Look, this is a book. It gives us the meanings. It 
+
+51
+00:04:18,810 --> 00:04:22,210
+is a dictionary in fact. It also gives us the
+
+52
+00:04:22,210 --> 00:04:27,930
+parts of speech. It explains the derivations of
+
+53
+00:04:27,930 --> 00:04:33,450
+the words. It helps us to increase our vocabulary.
+
+54
+00:04:34,110 --> 00:04:40,790
+So it helps, it gives, it increases, it shows, it
+
+55
+00:04:40,790 --> 00:04:45,010
+makes studying English easy. Now I'm talking, I'm
+
+56
+00:04:45,010 --> 00:04:48,750
+describing a book. Describing the book, 
+
+57
+00:04:48,930 --> 00:04:52,130
+summarizing a book is called what? Book review.
+
+58
+00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:56,930
+Book review. When you want to make a book review, 
+
+59
+00:04:57,190 --> 00:05:02,670
+usually you use what? The present simple. Also, 
+
+60
+00:05:02,770 --> 00:05:08,410
+last time I watched a film. It was about sea 
+
+61
+00:05:08,410 --> 00:05:13,930
+animals. The film shows how animals live together.
+
+62
+00:05:15,220 --> 00:05:22,640
+It also focuses on the struggle in the sea. It 
+
+63
+00:05:22,640 --> 00:05:27,500
+expresses the way and so on. So when I say shows, 
+
+64
+00:05:27,700 --> 00:05:33,520
+expresses, focuses, concentrates, explains, which 
+
+65
+00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:38,640
+tense did I use? Okay, again, we use the present 
+
+66
+00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:43,780
+simple to make summaries, book reviews, and film
+
+67
+00:05:43,780 --> 00:05:47,080
+reviews. For example, can you tell me about the 
+
+68
+00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:51,560
+last book you read? The last book you read. Tell
+
+69
+00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:53,960
+me about the book you read, about the film you
+
+70
+00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:59,220
+saw. Yeah, what did you see? A film you saw. Tell 
+
+71
+00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:02,340
+me about the film. What was the last film you saw?
+
+72
+00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:16,000
+Okay, yes please again. Last time I saw a film
+
+73
+00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:20,260
+called Thank You For Smoking. It shows that the 
+
+74
+00:06:20,260 --> 00:06:25,700
+company that produces smokes and It shows the 
+
+75
+00:06:25,700 --> 00:06:31,720
+company. It focuses. It aims at fighting, smoking
+
+76
+00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:35,120
+for example. Okay, thank you very much. So this is 
+
+77
+00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:39,140
+the film. Okay, now if you want to talk about a
+
+78
+00:06:39,140 --> 00:06:42,600
+film, to make a summary, you use again what? The 
+
+79
+00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:45,220
+prison symbol. I want some more examples. Go on. 
+
+80
+00:06:45,540 --> 00:06:47,980
+Yes, please. Marwa.
+
+81
+00:06:58,260 --> 00:07:05,400
+Okay, it talks about a girl okay it shows the girl 
+
+82
+00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:09,740
+for example Okay, 
+
+83
+00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:13,240
+thank you it talks it shows it explains it tells
+
+84
+00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:18,940
+and so on okay now I work at a sports shop. 
+
+85
+00:07:23,460 --> 00:07:28,480
+Now, if I want to ask you, where does your father 
+
+86
+00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:35,340
+work? You say he works in that hospital or he's
+
+87
+00:07:35,340 --> 00:07:41,700
+working in that hospital. Which is right? Which is 
+
+88
+00:07:41,700 --> 00:07:46,050
+right? He works. Good, you are right. But why? Can 
+
+89
+00:07:46,050 --> 00:07:49,770
+you tell me why? Why is he not working? 
+
+90
+00:07:55,920 --> 00:08:01,400
+Okay, very good. It is a permanent job. She wants 
+
+91
+00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:04,640
+to say that this is a permanent job. This is an
+
+92
+00:08:04,640 --> 00:08:09,300
+all-time verb. It's okay in the past, now, and in 
+
+93
+00:08:09,300 --> 00:08:13,240
+the future. Okay, so this is his job. This is his 
+
+94
+00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:17,340
+job and he works in this hospital. Okay, he works 
+
+95
+00:08:17,340 --> 00:08:22,690
+in this hospital. It is Again, I work at a sports 
+
+96
+00:08:22,690 --> 00:08:26,670
+shop. It's a permanent job. His job is to work 
+
+97
+00:08:26,670 --> 00:08:30,090
+there. The doctor says, for example, I work in 
+
+98
+00:08:30,090 --> 00:08:35,610
+this clinic. I work in this clinic. The driver 
+
+99
+00:08:35,610 --> 00:08:41,810
+says I drive a big lorry and so on. They live in a 
+
+100
+00:08:41,810 --> 00:08:47,940
+very nice flat. They live. They live. It is an all 
+
+101
+00:08:47,940 --> 00:08:53,580
+-time action or a temporary action? All-time
+
+102
+00:08:53,580 --> 00:08:58,000
+action. All-time action. Very good. Okay. Now, if
+
+103
+00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,860
+I want to ask you, shall I say, where are you
+
+104
+00:09:00,860 --> 00:09:05,620
+living or where do you live? Where are you living
+
+105
+00:09:05,620 --> 00:09:09,730
+or where do you live? Okay, thank you. But I'm 
+
+106
+00:09:09,730 --> 00:09:12,410
+asking which question is right? Shall I ask you 
+
+107
+00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:17,310
+where are you living or where do you live? Where 
+
+108
+00:09:17,310 --> 00:09:21,470
+do you live? Okay. Where do you live? You usually
+
+109
+00:09:21,470 --> 00:09:24,150
+say, I live in Gaza. You don't say, I'm living in 
+
+110
+00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:27,590
+Gaza. Okay. If you want to visit your sister in
+
+111
+00:09:27,590 --> 00:09:31,830
+Rafah, for example. Okay. For some days, you say,
+
+112
+00:09:31,890 --> 00:09:35,330
+I'm staying with my sister. This is a temporary 
+
+113
+00:09:35,330 --> 00:09:39,090
+action. Temporary action. So with permanent 
+
+114
+00:09:39,090 --> 00:09:42,670
+actions, we use what? The present simple. Very 
+
+115
+00:09:42,670 --> 00:09:47,230
+good. And with temporary actions, we use? Present
+
+116
+00:09:47,230 --> 00:09:49,390
+progressive. Thank you very much. Can you give me
+
+117
+00:09:49,390 --> 00:09:54,190
+other examples like that? Other examples. Go on. 
+
+118
+00:09:54,890 --> 00:10:01,090
+Give me other examples. Yes, please. Suha. I live 
+
+119
+00:10:01,090 --> 00:10:04,450
+in Anasari street. Very good. Thank you. Yes,
+
+120
+00:10:04,530 --> 00:10:10,070
+please. Asma. I study in the Islamic university.
+
+121
+00:10:10,230 --> 00:10:13,190
+Very good. Thank you again. Go on. Yes, please.
+
+122
+00:10:13,710 --> 00:10:15,810
+Asma. Basma. Okay.
+
+123
+00:10:18,710 --> 00:10:26,870
+Again, please. My dad works
+
+124
+00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:29,510
+in the Islamic university. Very good. Thank you 
+
+125
+00:10:29,510 --> 00:10:33,070
+very much. This is an all-time job. Thank you.
+
+126
+00:10:33,150 --> 00:10:40,950
+Yes, Lama. Thank you very much. Okay. Now, what do 
+
+127
+00:10:40,950 --> 00:10:46,050
+you think of the weather today? What do you think 
+
+128
+00:10:46,050 --> 00:10:46,930
+of the weather today?
+
+129
+00:10:52,660 --> 00:10:57,320
+I think it's very hot. Very good. What do you
+
+130
+00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:02,660
+think of the weather today? I think it's very
+
+131
+00:11:02,660 --> 00:11:05,820
+sunny. Thank you. Thank you very much. What do you
+
+132
+00:11:05,820 --> 00:11:11,380
+think of chocolates? I like it. Thank you. What do
+
+133
+00:11:11,380 --> 00:11:13,440
+you think of fish?
+
+134
+00:11:16,010 --> 00:11:20,190
+I don't like it. Okay. What do you think of
+
+135
+00:11:20,190 --> 00:11:26,110
+chicken, Suzanne? I love it. Okay. I love it. Now,
+
+136
+00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:30,470
+I think I'm expressing what? This is a thought.
+
+137
+00:11:31,250 --> 00:11:35,810
+I'm expressing my thought about some things. Okay. 
+
+138
+00:11:36,190 --> 00:11:41,750
+My feeling, I like, I love, I dislike, or I don't 
+
+139
+00:11:41,750 --> 00:11:44,490
+like. Okay. This is you are expressing your
+
+140
+00:11:44,490 --> 00:11:48,540
+feeling. Next week, we are having a holiday. 
+
+141
+00:11:49,260 --> 00:11:53,640
+Somebody says what? Why? Why don't we go out? This 
+
+142
+00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:57,620
+is a negative question. To make what? Okay, we use
+
+143
+00:11:57,620 --> 00:12:02,920
+the present symbol. So again, we use the present 
+
+144
+00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:08,080
+symbol in what? Expressing thoughts and feelings
+
+145
+00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:11,940
+with negative questions. Thank you. Good. 
+
+146
+00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:20,760
+You didn't do the homework. I promise I will 
+
+147
+00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:26,180
+do. Very good. I promise I will do. Okay. You
+
+148
+00:12:26,180 --> 00:12:29,980
+didn't come to my office yesterday. I promise I 
+
+149
+00:12:29,980 --> 00:12:34,280
+will come. Thank you very much. Okay. You didn't
+
+150
+00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:41,180
+explain this point. Yes, Kariman. I promise I will 
+
+151
+00:12:41,180 --> 00:12:45,200
+do. Okay. I promise I will do. So look, this is 
+
+152
+00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,600
+another phrase where we use the present simple. 
+
+153
+00:12:48,760 --> 00:12:57,340
+Okay. Now, if I say Palestine is our great love.
+
+154
+00:12:58,060 --> 00:13:02,720
+Huh? Yes. Israel. What do you say? 
+
+155
+00:13:05,580 --> 00:13:07,900
+Okay. Yes. 
+
+156
+00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:13,750
+I totally agree with you. Thank you very much.
+
+157
+00:13:14,330 --> 00:13:18,590
+It's nice to study English. Again, Israa. I
+
+158
+00:13:18,590 --> 00:13:23,150
+totally agree with you. Thank you very much. Okay.
+
+159
+00:13:23,330 --> 00:13:30,450
+The weather is hot today. Yasmin. I totally agree 
+
+160
+00:13:30,450 --> 00:13:40,730
+with you. Okay. Again, when I say for example, I 
+
+161
+00:13:40,730 --> 00:13:43,230
+didn't say okay. Thank you very much. I want to 
+
+162
+00:13:43,230 --> 00:13:47,610
+say something. I want to say dictionaries are very 
+
+163
+00:13:47,610 --> 00:13:54,070
+helpful to the students. I totally 
+
+164
+00:13:54,070 --> 00:13:57,830
+agree with you. Thank you very much. Now, some
+
+165
+00:13:57,830 --> 00:13:59,110
+elephants can fly.
+
+166
+00:14:04,070 --> 00:14:08,180
+What do you think Dua? I totally disagree with 
+
+167
+00:14:08,180 --> 00:14:11,880
+you. Okay. So I totally agree. I totally disagree. 
+
+168
+00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:17,780
+So with phrases like I promise I agree. Okay. The 
+
+169
+00:14:17,780 --> 00:14:21,620
+new term starts next week. This expresses what?
+
+170
+00:14:22,260 --> 00:14:26,940
+Future. Okay. So again, we can use the symbol to
+
+171
+00:14:26,940 --> 00:14:32,950
+express what? Future. Okay. Now listen. In the
+
+172
+00:14:32,950 --> 00:14:36,070
+present simple, we use the verb without an ending.
+
+173
+00:14:36,430 --> 00:14:39,710
+Without an ending, go, come, play, write, sleep,
+
+174
+00:14:39,870 --> 00:14:44,290
+clean, and so on. Okay. You know the answer most 
+
+175
+00:14:44,290 --> 00:14:47,290
+children like ice cream. Do you like ice cream? 
+
+176
+00:14:47,870 --> 00:14:52,030
+Okay. But with the third person singular after he,
+
+177
+00:14:52,170 --> 00:14:58,130
+she, it, the verb ends in what? S or ES. Okay. It 
+
+178
+00:14:58,130 --> 00:15:04,920
+gets cold in winter. Okay. Mona catches the early
+
+179
+00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:11,420
+train. Catches. Okay. After S, S H, C H and X, we 
+
+180
+00:15:11,420 --> 00:15:16,640
+add what? Okay. Read the examples, please. Murida.
+
+181
+00:15:16,980 --> 00:15:21,460
+Passes, watches, catches, watches, catches, mixes.
+
+182
+00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:27,740
+Passes, watches, catches, mixes. Again, please.
+
+183
+00:15:28,180 --> 00:15:32,490
+Passes, watches, catches, mixes. Thank you. Now
+
+184
+00:15:32,490 --> 00:15:36,790
+let's come to the other tense. The present
+
+185
+00:15:36,790 --> 00:15:41,630
+progressive or the present continuous. The present
+
+186
+00:15:41,630 --> 00:15:46,730
+progressive or continuous. Okay, now you are
+
+187
+00:15:46,730 --> 00:15:52,070
+giving me a book to read. I say, sorry, I'm 
+
+188
+00:15:52,070 --> 00:15:56,8
+
+223
+00:18:33,220 --> 00:18:36,640
+teaching grammar only this semester. Last 
+
+224
+00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:40,040
+semester, I did not teach grammar. Next semester,
+
+225
+00:18:40,380 --> 00:18:43,660
+I don't know whether I'm going to teach it or not.
+
+226
+00:18:44,060 --> 00:18:47,520
+Okay. So teaching grammar for me is what?
+
+227
+00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:51,980
+Temporary job. Okay. Something you do temporarily.
+
+228
+00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:57,300
+Now again, So if you want to differentiate between 
+
+229
+00:18:57,300 --> 00:19:00,280
+the present simple and the progressive, think
+
+230
+00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:04,020
+whether the action is permanent or temporary.
+
+231
+00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:10,800
+Whether it is permanent or temporary. Now, Naveen 
+
+232
+00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:16,140
+makes good cakes. Right, Naveen? Okay, Naveen
+
+233
+00:19:16,140 --> 00:19:21,950
+makes good cakes. Is she making cakes now? Is she
+
+234
+00:19:21,950 --> 00:19:26,530
+in the kitchen now? No. Okay. She's a good cake 
+
+235
+00:19:26,530 --> 00:19:30,090
+maker, right? But it is not her. This is all time 
+
+236
+00:19:30,090 --> 00:19:33,830
+when she was a child. She learned how to make 
+
+237
+00:19:33,830 --> 00:19:38,790
+cakes and she's still. But if you ask me, where is 
+
+238
+00:19:38,790 --> 00:19:44,130
+Naveen? She's making a cake. She must be in the 
+
+239
+00:19:44,130 --> 00:19:47,710
+kitchen. Okay. She must be in the kitchen. Okay. 
+
+240
+00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:51,770
+Can you give me other examples like that? Think of 
+
+241
+00:19:51,770 --> 00:19:52,910
+similar examples.
+
+242
+00:19:57,450 --> 00:20:02,930
+Yes, Murida. My brother is a football player. If 
+
+243
+00:20:02,930 --> 00:20:06,690
+you ask me, where is my brother? I told you he's
+
+244
+00:20:06,690 --> 00:20:11,150
+playing right now. Okay, he's playing in that. 
+
+245
+00:20:11,650 --> 00:20:14,690
+Okay, he's playing right now at this moment. Thank
+
+246
+00:20:14,690 --> 00:20:19,630
+you very much. Okay, now when I say, yes, please. 
+
+247
+00:20:25,250 --> 00:20:29,010
+My sister is teaching English right now. It means 
+
+248
+00:20:29,010 --> 00:20:32,970
+she's a teacher of English. Okay. And she's at 
+
+249
+00:20:32,970 --> 00:20:36,270
+this moment, she's in the class. Okay. At this
+
+250
+00:20:36,270 --> 00:20:42,550
+moment, she's in the class. Okay. Now Nada is a
+
+251
+00:20:42,550 --> 00:20:48,290
+good short story writer. Okay. Is a good short 
+
+252
+00:20:48,290 --> 00:20:52,010
+story writer. Shall I say she writes short stories 
+
+253
+00:20:52,010 --> 00:20:57,310
+or she's writing? She writes or she's writing?
+
+254
+00:20:58,490 --> 00:20:59,710
+Yes, please.
+
+255
+00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:07,520
+She writes. Very good. She writes short stories.
+
+256
+00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:11,220
+It is not necessary. Okay. Maybe she's sleeping
+
+257
+00:21:11,220 --> 00:21:14,480
+now. Okay. She's sleeping and you want to talk 
+
+258
+00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:19,720
+about her. Oh, where is Wafa? Where is Nada? Okay. 
+
+259
+00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:24,100
+She's sleeping. What about her? She writes good 
+
+260
+00:21:24,100 --> 00:21:27,680
+short stories. She writes nice short stories. 
+
+261
+00:21:27,820 --> 00:21:31,140
+Okay. But now she's not doing, she's not writing 
+
+262
+00:21:31,140 --> 00:21:36,870
+at this time. Now at the moment, they are living 
+
+263
+00:21:36,870 --> 00:21:41,230
+in a very small flat. You remember the previous
+
+264
+00:21:41,230 --> 00:21:49,650
+example? They live in a nice house, in a large 
+
+265
+00:21:49,650 --> 00:21:55,030
+house, but they are living. It means temporary 
+
+266
+00:21:55,030 --> 00:21:59,050
+action. It is a temporary action. Thank you.
+
+267
+00:22:06,270 --> 00:22:10,430
+Would you read the example, please? Yes, read. I'm 
+
+268
+00:22:10,430 --> 00:22:14,030
+always making silly mistakes. Okay. Thank you. I'm 
+
+269
+00:22:14,030 --> 00:22:17,210
+always making silly mistakes in the exam. Okay.
+
+270
+00:22:17,970 --> 00:22:23,450
+I'm always making. I'm always making silly
+
+271
+00:22:23,450 --> 00:22:28,990
+mistakes. You remember? Okay. Okay. I'm always
+
+272
+00:22:28,990 --> 00:22:30,390
+making. What does it mean? 
+
+273
+00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:43,740
+we very very often very often okay or too often
+
+274
+00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:50,140
+too often now when I say I always make silly
+
+275
+00:22:50,140 --> 00:22:54,740
+mistakes in the exam it means what every time it 
+
+276
+00:22:54,740 --> 00:23:01,050
+means every time I'm always making It means very 
+
+277
+00:23:01,050 --> 00:23:05,850
+often or too often, but not every time. So always
+
+278
+00:23:05,850 --> 00:23:12,990
+with the present symbol means every time. I always 
+
+279
+00:23:12,990 --> 00:23:16,330
+come early to the university. It means every day I
+
+280
+00:23:16,330 --> 00:23:21,470
+come early. I'm always coming. It means most of 
+
+281
+00:23:21,470 --> 00:23:27,170
+the times I do, but sometimes I don't. So again, 
+
+282
+00:23:27,270 --> 00:23:31,550
+who can repeat this point? Always, when used with 
+
+283
+00:23:31,550 --> 00:23:33,850
+the present simple, what does it mean? And when 
+
+284
+00:23:33,850 --> 00:23:39,070
+used with the progressive, what does it mean? In
+
+285
+00:23:39,070 --> 00:23:43,790
+present simple, we use it all the time. To mean 
+
+286
+00:23:43,790 --> 00:23:49,690
+every time. And present progressive, we use very 
+
+287
+00:23:49,690 --> 00:23:52,870
+often. Okay, thank you. To mean very often. Can
+
+288
+00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:56,350
+you give me examples like that? Can you give me 
+
+289
+00:23:56,350 --> 00:23:59,670
+examples? Think of a similar example. Yes, Prem.
+
+290
+00:24:01,510 --> 00:24:04,890
+I'm always listening to music. Okay. I'm always 
+
+291
+00:24:04,890 --> 00:24:09,330
+means every day, every time. Okay. Thank you. Yes,
+
+292
+00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,050
+Asma. I'm always getting up early. I'm always 
+
+293
+00:24:13,050 --> 00:24:16,510
+getting up early. Okay. It means sometimes she 
+
+294
+00:24:16,510 --> 00:24:20,710
+doesn't. Sometimes she doesn't. Yes, Yasmin. I'm
+
+295
+00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:24,200
+always helping my friend. I'm always helping my
+
+296
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,100
+friends. Thank you very much. Yeah. I'm always
+
+297
+00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:33,220
+catching the bus or I always catch the bus. I 
+
+298
+00:24:33,220 --> 00:24:36,180
+always catch. So every time you come with, okay,
+
+299
+00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,440
+bye bus. Thank you very much. Yes, please. I
+
+300
+00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:44,440
+always tidy up. Okay. It means nobody does that
+
+301
+00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:47,880
+for her every time she does. Okay. Thank you very 
+
+302
+00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:52,700
+much. Now, Always also can be used with the 
+
+303
+00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:55,960
+present progressive to express what? Look at this
+
+304
+00:24:55,960 --> 00:25:01,200
+example. How is your little sister Lama? Lama has
+
+305
+00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:07,400
+a very little sister, a very nice baby. But she's 
+
+306
+00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:13,470
+always crying. She's always crying. Okay? She's
+
+307
+00:25:13,470 --> 00:25:18,290
+always crying. This expresses what? A negative 
+
+308
+00:25:18,290 --> 00:25:22,210
+situation. Okay, I'm making a complaint. She's 
+
+309
+00:25:22,210 --> 00:25:27,470
+always crying. Okay, you know why the door is
+
+310
+00:25:27,470 --> 00:25:31,900
+closed? Because the students outside are always 
+
+311
+00:25:31,900 --> 00:25:35,840
+making noise. They are always making noise. This
+
+312
+00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:40,480
+is a negative situation. When I ask you, why did
+
+313
+00:25:40,480 --> 00:25:44,280
+you stop talking to her? She's always nagging.
+
+314
+00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:49,980
+Okay? She's always nagging. Okay? Nagging. You
+
+315
+00:25:49,980 --> 00:25:57,000
+know nagging? Okay. Okay. She's always nagging. A 
+
+316
+00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,740
+negative quality. That's why I stopped talking to 
+
+317
+00:26:00,740 --> 00:26:04,760
+her. Again, give me other similar examples with 
+
+318
+00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:09,480
+always. Yeah. My brother is always bothering me.
+
+319
+00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:12,740
+Very good. My brother is always bothering me. 
+
+320
+00:26:13,180 --> 00:26:18,400
+Okay. Thank you. Yeah. I'm always revising my
+
+321
+00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:23,190
+lectures. I'm always watching, okay, revising my 
+
+322
+00:26:23,190 --> 00:26:25,730
+lectures. Okay, thank you very much. This is a 
+
+323
+00:26:25,730 --> 00:26:27,910
+good sentence, but does it express a negative 
+
+324
+00:26:27,910 --> 00:26:31,170
+situation? Negative situation?
+
+325
+00:26:34,530 --> 00:26:40,010
+In this sense, thank you very much. Thank you very 
+
+326
+00:26:40,010 --> 00:26:43,390
+much. Thank you. Okay, now he's complaining about 
+
+327
+00:26:43,390 --> 00:26:47,010
+his son, his son in Tawjihi. He's always watching 
+
+328
+00:26:47,010 --> 00:26:53,270
+TV. He's always watching TV. Okay. He's very fat.
+
+329
+00:26:53,810 --> 00:26:59,090
+Oh, he's always eating He's always sleeping and so 
+
+330
+00:26:59,090 --> 00:27:02,590
+on Now
+
+331
+00:27:02,590 --> 00:27:07,330
+let's come to state verbs and action verbs Okay
+
+332
+00:27:07,330 --> 00:27:12,010
+state verbs and action verbs states 
+
+333
+00:27:14,290 --> 00:27:19,170
+We can say stative verbs or non-action verbs. The 
+
+334
+00:27:19,170 --> 00:27:23,110
+same thing. Okay? What is a state? A state means 
+
+335
+00:27:23,110 --> 00:27:27,370
+something is staying the same. Okay? Staying the 
+
+336
+00:27:27,370 --> 00:27:33,770
+same. The flat is clean. The farmer owns. The box
+
+337
+00:27:33,770 --> 00:27:39,090
+contained. Okay? State verbs cannot usually be any 
+
+338
+00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:41,130
+progressive. What do you think of this sentence?
+
+339
+00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,010
+Suzanne, would you read it? 
+
+340
+00:27:47,590 --> 00:27:48,210
+Read it. 
+
+341
+00:27:51,050 --> 00:27:54,310
+Okay. Thank you. Is owning the land. What do you 
+
+342
+00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:57,330
+think of this sentence? What do you think of this
+
+343
+00:27:57,330 --> 00:28:03,310
+sentence? Okay. Yes, Shayma. What do you think of 
+
+344
+00:28:03,310 --> 00:28:08,590
+this sentence? The farmer is owning the land. 
+
+345
+00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:13,690
+False. Very good. Thank you very much. Can you 
+
+346
+00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:20,810
+tell me why it is false? Yes, please. State Fair. 
+
+347
+00:28:20,990 --> 00:28:25,350
+Thank you. It means it doesn't accept ING. Okay. 
+
+348
+00:28:25,470 --> 00:28:30,730
+It doesn't accept the ING. Thank you. An action
+
+349
+00:28:30,730 --> 00:28:34,750
+means something happening, eating, writing,
+
+350
+00:28:35,010 --> 00:28:39,910
+playing, going, coming, jumping, taking and so on. 
+
+351
+00:28:41,370 --> 00:28:46,550
+Now read the first example, please. I'm cleaning 
+
+352
+00:28:46,550 --> 00:28:50,590
+the flat. This is an action verb. We use the 
+
+353
+00:28:50,590 --> 00:28:54,270
+progressive. Again. Yes, please read the other
+
+354
+00:28:54,270 --> 00:29:01,510
+example. Yes. The farmer is buying the land. Thank 
+
+355
+00:29:01,510 --> 00:29:06,050
+you very much. The farmer is buying the land.
+
+356
+00:29:06,530 --> 00:29:11,670
+Okay. Ghadeer. Yes, please read this example. Your
+
+357
+00:29:11,670 --> 00:29:15,370
+name is Ghada. Okay. Yes, Ghada. 
+
+358
+00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:21,990
+Thank you very much. He put the box in the box. 
+
+359
+00:29:22,450 --> 00:29:23,470
+What's the tense here? 
+
+360
+00:29:26,390 --> 00:29:30,370
+What's the tense here? Yeah, she says it is 
+
+361
+00:29:30,370 --> 00:29:37,850
+possible. Do you agree with dua? Why not? I think 
+
+362
+00:29:37,850 --> 00:29:39,190
+it's present. Yeah. 
+
+363
+00:29:41,870 --> 00:29:45,770
+Passed. Because if it is present, you should use
+
+364
+00:29:45,770 --> 00:29:50,590
+what? Yes, he pots. Okay, this is present, right?
+
+365
+00:29:50,810 --> 00:29:54,290
+She pots. This is a present, but he pots. This is
+
+366
+00:29:54,290 --> 00:29:58,630
+what? Passed. Okay, read the other example, Randa.
+
+367
+00:30:01,460 --> 00:30:05,280
+Thank you very much. Now he put, okay, this is a 
+
+368
+00:30:05,280 --> 00:30:08,300
+symbol and this is a progressive. So the action 
+
+369
+00:30:08,300 --> 00:30:11,540
+verbs can be used in the symbol or in the 
+
+370
+00:30:11,540 --> 00:30:16,420
+progressive. You can use them, but state verbs are
+
+371
+00:30:16,420 --> 00:30:21,920
+usually used in the present tense. Okay. Salwa,
+
+372
+00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:24,520
+would you read? Can you see the examples, the 
+
+373
+00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:31,140
+words? Yeah, yes. Sun, what? What are these? State 
+
+374
+00:30:31,140 --> 00:30:36,840
+verbs. Yes, read them please. Go on. Yes, read. 
+
+375
+00:30:56,130 --> 00:31:02,630
+Okay, thank you very much. Thank you. They these 
+
+376
+00:31:02,630 --> 00:31:09,910
+are some some means we have Okay, thank you State
+
+377
+00:31:09,910 --> 00:31:17,090
+or action Sometimes we can use a verb either for 
+
+378
+00:31:17,090 --> 00:31:21,630
+state or for an action. It means the same verb.
+
+379
+00:31:22,010 --> 00:31:25,950
+Can be used what? To express a state or to express 
+
+380
+00:31:25,950 --> 00:31:34,110
+an action. Okay, now when I say I think English is
+
+381
+00:31:34,110 --> 00:31:39,730
+a good field or a good language to study. I think
+
+382
+00:31:39,730 --> 00:31:45,470
+I believe. I think Islam is the best religion. I 
+
+383
+00:31:45,470 --> 00:31:51,150
+believe. I think the weather is hot today. I
+
+384
+00:31:51,150 --> 00:31:56,930
+believe. Okay. I believe. But look at Rwanda.
+
+385
+00:31:57,870 --> 00:32:01,290
+Rwanda saw an accident in the morning. What are 
+
+386
+00:32:01,290 --> 00:32:07,140
+you thinking of? I'm thinking of The accident.
+
+387
+00:32:07,720 --> 00:32:14,420
+Okay, I'm thinking of the accident. Yasmin is 
+
+388
+00:32:14,420 --> 00:32:17,220
+having an exam tomorrow. What are you thinking of 
+
+389
+00:32:17,220 --> 00:32:24,360
+Yasmin? I'm thinking of the exam. Suha did not 
+
+390
+00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:27,020
+have breakfast today. What are you thinking of 
+
+391
+00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:34,150
+Suha? I'm thinking of having breakfast okay so 
+
+392
+00:32:34,150 --> 00:32:39,710
+again I'm thinking of I'm thinking of this is a 
+
+393
+00:32:39,710 --> 00:32:44,730
+mental process a mental process okay I'm thinking 
+
+394
+00:32:44,730 --> 00:32:47,950
+I'm thinking of the exam I'm thinking of my
+
+395
+00:32:47,950 --> 00:32:51,410
+children I'm thinking of this problem I'm thinking
+
+396
+00:32:51,410 --> 00:32:56,570
+of a mental process but I think I believe means 
+
+397
+00:32:57,830 --> 00:33:00,930
+Okay, we don't use ing. We don't use the 
+
+398
+00:33:00,930 --> 00:33:06,410
+progressive. Okay, now we have three cars. We
+
+399
+00:33:06,410 --> 00:33:13,080
+have, we own, right? I have a red pen. Can I use 
+
+400
+00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:17,360
+the ing with it? No, but can I say I'm having a 
+
+401
+00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:21,640
+sandwich? We are having grammar now. We are having 
+
+402
+00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:24,820
+grammar. We are studying grammar. I'm having a
+
+403
+00:33:24,820 --> 00:33:28,480
+sandwich. I'm eating. I'm having tea. I'm drinking
+
+404
+00:33:28,480 --> 00:33:34,980
+and so on. Okay. So again, I come from Palestine. 
+
+405
+00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:40,720
+I come from Palestine. Yeah. That's right. Thank 
+
+406
+00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:43,760
+you very much. Now, when I ask you, where do you 
+
+407
+00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:
+
+445
+00:37:14,660 --> 00:37:19,820
+good teacher. She's a kind person. This is what 
+
+446
+00:37:19,820 --> 00:37:24,240
+expresses a permanent or a temporary thing. 
+
+447
+00:37:24,620 --> 00:37:27,660
+Permanent. It means when I say your father is so 
+
+448
+00:37:27,660 --> 00:37:32,540
+generous, is so kind. He's always so. He's always 
+
+449
+00:37:32,540 --> 00:37:36,720
+so. Okay. When I say she's very clever, she's very 
+
+450
+00:37:36,720 --> 00:37:43,230
+intelligent. She's always so. Okay. Now, But that 
+
+451
+00:37:43,230 --> 00:37:50,450
+man is an idiot. Okay? That man is always silly. 
+
+452
+00:37:50,750 --> 00:37:57,330
+He's not wise. Okay? When I say Mona is being very 
+
+453
+00:37:57,330 --> 00:38:04,330
+sociable today, it means she is not always her. 
+
+454
+00:38:04,630 --> 00:38:11,070
+Okay? When I tell you some students that you are 
+
+455
+00:38:11,070 --> 00:38:16,630
+being so active today, it means she's only today. 
+
+456
+00:38:16,930 --> 00:38:21,490
+This is not the case with her. Okay? But you are 
+
+457
+00:38:21,490 --> 00:38:27,060
+very active. You are very active. It means Okay, 
+
+458
+00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:30,320
+now when your friend invites you to a sandwich, 
+
+459
+00:38:31,060 --> 00:38:34,740
+come and have a sandwich with me. What shall you 
+
+460
+00:38:34,740 --> 00:38:37,400
+say? You are being so generous today or you are 
+
+461
+00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:41,540
+generous? You are being so generous, why do you 
+
+462
+00:38:41,540 --> 00:38:42,560
+say that and when? 
+
+463
+00:38:46,140 --> 00:38:50,100
+Okay, not always and maybe if you know that she is 
+
+464
+00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:54,760
+generous, okay? She's generous. You say, you are 
+
+465
+00:38:54,760 --> 00:38:57,720
+very kind, you are very generous. But if you know 
+
+466
+00:38:57,720 --> 00:39:01,220
+that she doesn't, she can hardly do that. You say 
+
+467
+00:39:01,220 --> 00:39:07,900
+you are being what? Generous. Thank you. Now when 
+
+468
+00:39:07,900 --> 00:39:14,380
+I say you are being an idiot today, it means you 
+
+469
+00:39:14,380 --> 00:39:19,100
+are not so. But why are you behaving so today? We 
+
+470
+00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:23,440
+use am and are as being only to talk about 
+
+471
+00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:26,800
+behavior, not about other things. Could you read 
+
+472
+00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:28,200
+please, I am? 
+
+473
+00:39:32,060 --> 00:39:39,620
+Thank you.
+
+474
+00:39:41,020 --> 00:39:46,350
+Like and liking. Love? loving, enjoy, enjoying. 
+
+475
+00:39:46,750 --> 00:39:50,430
+What's the difference? Okay. What's the 
+
+476
+00:39:50,430 --> 00:39:55,110
+difference? Again, do you remember what's the 
+
+477
+00:39:55,110 --> 00:39:58,130
+difference between the simple and the progressive? 
+
+478
+00:39:58,570 --> 00:40:02,610
+One of the differences is that we use the simple 
+
+479
+00:40:02,610 --> 00:40:07,650
+to talk about permanent situations. Okay. And we 
+
+480
+00:40:07,650 --> 00:40:12,960
+talk about the simple. Progressive. Progressives 
+
+481
+00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:17,120
+have to talk about temporary situations. Okay, now 
+
+482
+00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:21,880
+when I say I love, I enjoy parties. Whenever 
+
+483
+00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:26,240
+somebody invites me, I quickly go and attend the 
+
+484
+00:40:26,240 --> 00:40:31,700
+party. Is that okay? I like school. Okay, holidays 
+
+485
+00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:34,680
+cost a lot of money. This is in general and this 
+
+486
+00:40:34,680 --> 00:40:38,700
+is always the case. But I'm loving enjoying this 
+
+487
+00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,340
+party. You know, I don't like parties, but because 
+
+488
+00:40:42,340 --> 00:40:46,420
+this is your party and you are my friend. I'm 
+
+489
+00:40:46,420 --> 00:40:50,400
+loving this party. Okay. I'm enjoying this class. 
+
+490
+00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:54,700
+I don't like classes. Okay. I don't like grammar 
+
+491
+00:40:54,700 --> 00:40:58,360
+classes, but I'm enjoying only this grammar class. 
+
+492
+00:40:58,580 --> 00:41:02,320
+I'm liking school better much. The trip is costing 
+
+493
+00:41:02,320 --> 00:41:07,820
+and so on. Now, if you look, you look well, or you 
+
+494
+00:41:07,820 --> 00:41:11,500
+are looking well. Do you think there is any 
+
+495
+00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:18,250
+difference between them? No. So sometimes they are 
+
+496
+00:41:18,250 --> 00:41:21,390
+used in the same meaning with the progressive and 
+
+497
+00:41:21,390 --> 00:41:25,730
+in the simple. We feel a bit sad or we are feeling 
+
+498
+00:41:25,730 --> 00:41:27,250
+a bit sad. 
+
+499
+00:41:31,070 --> 00:41:35,990
+Now we want to make a summary of what we studied 
+
+500
+00:41:35,990 --> 00:41:41,520
+today. Okay. Can you help me please to summarize 
+
+501
+00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:44,880
+the main points? What did we talk about today? 
+
+502
+00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:51,780
+What did we talk about today? Yes, please. Yes, 
+
+503
+00:41:52,540 --> 00:41:59,100
+the present simple. Good. And the present 
+
+504
+00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:02,230
+progressive. Thank you very much. Thank you. Now 
+
+505
+00:42:02,230 --> 00:42:06,550
+think of one point, each of you, I'd like you all 
+
+506
+00:42:06,550 --> 00:42:09,630
+to take part in discussion, okay? Just think of 
+
+507
+00:42:09,630 --> 00:42:13,110
+one point and give me, we said so much, so we 
+
+508
+00:42:13,110 --> 00:42:16,530
+talked about so many points, okay? So give me a 
+
+509
+00:42:16,530 --> 00:42:26,250
+point about what we said today. Thank you 
+
+510
+00:42:26,250 --> 00:42:27,430
+very much, good.
+
+511
+00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:38,380
+Very good. Thank you very much. Okay. 
+
+512
+00:42:42,160 --> 00:42:45,680
+What did we say? What did we say about action 
+
+513
+00:42:45,680 --> 00:42:46,060
+verbs? 
+
+514
+00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:56,200
+Okay. Thank you very much. Good. What else? Yes, 
+
+515
+00:42:56,280 --> 00:43:00,780
+please. Present simple takes a permanent tense, 
+
+516
+00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:06,560
+but progressive, present progressive, not a 
+
+517
+00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:09,620
+permanent tense. Temporary. Okay, thank you very 
+
+518
+00:43:09,620 --> 00:43:12,680
+much. Yes, please. You can use always with the 
+
+519
+00:43:12,680 --> 00:43:18,480
+present present. It means to or very often or 
+
+520
+00:43:18,480 --> 00:43:19,800
+negative situation.
+
+521
+00:43:25,140 --> 00:43:27,640
+Every time. Thank you very much. Very good. Yes, 
+
+522
+00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:32,260
+please. Yes, you wanted to say something. Okay. 
+
+523
+00:43:33,420 --> 00:43:33,660
+Yeah. 
+
+524
+00:43:38,020 --> 00:43:41,920
+Thank you 
+
+525
+00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:43,900
+very much. Good. Yes, please. 
+
+526
+00:43:49,220 --> 00:43:53,300
+With the 
+
+527
+00:43:53,300 --> 00:43:58,100
+same meaning. With different meanings? Just a 
+
+528
+00:43:58,100 --> 00:43:59,720
+minute. Just a minute, please. Again, could you 
+
+529
+00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:03,240
+please repeat? What did you say? Sometimes we can 
+
+530
+00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:11,520
+use either the present simple and progressive with 
+
+531
+00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:14,780
+no difference in meaning. With no difference in 
+
+532
+00:44:14,780 --> 00:44:16,880
+meaning. Thank you. Can you give me an example? 
+
+533
+00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:21,440
+The progressive and the simple with no difference 
+
+534
+00:44:21,440 --> 00:44:23,280
+in meaning. Can you give me an example? Yes, 
+
+535
+00:44:23,360 --> 00:44:23,640
+please.
+
+536
+00:44:27,920 --> 00:44:30,800
+We are feeling. Thank you very much. Good. We feel 
+
+537
+00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:33,740
+and we are feeling. Thank you very much. Now, 
+
+538
+00:44:33,820 --> 00:44:36,960
+which is better to ask you? How are you feeling 
+
+539
+00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:41,140
+today? Or how do you feel today? Raise your hands, 
+
+540
+00:44:41,260 --> 00:44:45,340
+please. Which is better? How are you feeling 
+
+541
+00:44:45,340 --> 00:44:49,680
+today? Or how do you feel today? Yes, please. How 
+
+542
+00:44:49,680 --> 00:44:55,160
+do you feel? Thank you. How do you feel? Thank 
+
+543
+00:44:55,160 --> 00:45:00,600
+you. How are you feeling today? Thank you. So we 
+
+544
+00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,640
+have two answers. Which one is right? How are you 
+
+545
+00:45:03,640 --> 00:45:11,240
+feeling? How do you feel? Who can explain? How are 
+
+546
+00:45:11,240 --> 00:45:17,880
+you feeling? Because your feeling is temporary, 
+
+547
+00:45:18,660 --> 00:45:21,800
+not permanent. Okay, I'm asking about your 
+
+548
+00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:27,590
+feeling. Today, but how do you feel about the 
+
+549
+00:45:27,590 --> 00:45:31,790
+problem in Egypt? Okay, how do you feel about 
+
+550
+00:45:31,790 --> 00:45:35,390
+these people, for example, though it can also be 
+
+551
+00:45:35,390 --> 00:45:38,110
+temporary, the problem in Egypt, but it takes 
+
+552
+00:45:38,110 --> 00:45:42,210
+longer action. Okay, so how are you feeling today? 
+
+553
+00:45:42,570 --> 00:45:45,790
+Feeling is changeable. Okay, go on. Let's back 
+
+554
+00:45:45,790 --> 00:45:52,190
+again. Give me more about what we said today. Yes, 
+
+555
+00:45:52,250 --> 00:45:52,510
+please. 
+
+556
+00:46:00,190 --> 00:46:03,790
+Okay, thank you very much. Good. Thank you. Yes, 
+
+557
+00:46:03,870 --> 00:46:04,190
+please.
+
+558
+00:46:08,910 --> 00:46:09,330
+Okay, 
+
+559
+00:46:15,290 --> 00:46:17,350
+thank you very much. Thank you. Yes, please. 
+
+560
+00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:24,560
+Okay, 
+
+561
+00:46:33,020 --> 00:46:35,860
+so general facts, for example, general things, 
+
+562
+00:46:35,960 --> 00:46:38,500
+things in general, we use the present simple. 
+
+563
+00:46:38,620 --> 00:46:41,260
+Thank you very much, good. Yes, please, Lama. We 
+
+564
+00:46:41,260 --> 00:46:44,800
+can use some, the state, the state pairs when we 
+
+565
+00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:46,520
+talk about short periods.
+
+566
+00:46:49,980 --> 00:46:54,700
+Okay. Thank you 
+
+567
+00:46:54,700 --> 00:46:57,620
+very much. About a short period. This means again, 
+
+568
+00:46:57,720 --> 00:47:03,660
+we refer to what? To temporary actions. Thank you 
+
+569
+00:47:03,660 --> 00:47:04,720
+very much. Yes, please.
+
+570
+00:47:09,140 --> 00:47:12,020
+Very good. This you did not mention. When we make 
+
+571
+00:47:12,020 --> 00:47:15,140
+summaries, book reviews and film reviews. Thank 
+
+572
+00:47:15,140 --> 00:47:16,740
+you. Good. Yes, please. Suzanne.
+
+573
+00:47:22,940 --> 00:47:25,440
+Very good. Thank you very much. Yeah.
+
+574
+00:47:29,080 --> 00:47:31,920
+Okay. Habits. Thank you very much. Good. Yes. 
+
+575
+00:47:35,660 --> 00:47:39,070
+Sometimes they do. Thank you very much. They have 
+
+576
+00:47:39,070 --> 00:47:41,130
+other meanings. Thank you. That's wonderful. Yes, 
+
+577
+00:47:41,230 --> 00:47:41,550
+please. 
+
+578
+00:47:52,250 --> 00:47:52,630
+Okay,
+
+579
+00:47:56,050 --> 00:47:58,150
+thank you very much. That's wonderful. Okay, thank 
+
+580
+00:47:58,150 --> 00:47:58,730
+you very much. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/EPvVKEUooIk_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2320 @@
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:25,000
+Okay. Good morning to you all. How are you?
+
+2
+00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,520
+Dua. How are you? And what about you? And again,
+
+3
+00:00:32,580 --> 00:00:38,040
+another dua. MashaAllah. This is nice. Okay. Every
+
+4
+00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:44,040
+day I have breakfast at six. What do you do every
+
+5
+00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:44,280
+day?
+
+6
+00:00:48,180 --> 00:00:49,800
+What do you do every day? Yeah.
+
+7
+00:00:52,940 --> 00:00:56,780
+Thank you very much. Now, if you look at this
+
+8
+00:00:56,780 --> 00:01:00,580
+sentence, animals give us milk and meat. Okay,
+
+9
+00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:07,960
+give. Computers save us a lot of time. Now, give.
+
+10
+00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:14,600
+Is it connected to a certain tense? I mean, is it
+
+11
+00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:17,480
+related only to the past, only to the present,
+
+12
+00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:23,080
+only to the future? No. So this verb is what? It
+
+13
+00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:24,460
+is always true.
+
+14
+00:01:26,780 --> 00:01:31,020
+It is true in the past, true now, and true in the
+
+15
+00:01:31,020 --> 00:01:36,170
+future. So we call it what? An all-time tense or
+
+16
+00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:41,130
+it is timeless. Okay. It is timeless. Computers
+
+17
+00:01:41,130 --> 00:01:45,490
+save. Save. This is a fact, right? They save us a
+
+18
+00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:52,290
+lot of time and effort. This tense is called The
+
+19
+00:01:52,290 --> 00:01:56,150
+prison symbol. So what do we use the prison symbol
+
+20
+00:01:56,150 --> 00:01:59,150
+for? To express? Yes, please.
+
+21
+00:02:01,890 --> 00:02:05,390
+Facts and habits. Facts and habits. Thank you very
+
+22
+00:02:05,390 --> 00:02:11,730
+much. Can you give me an example? Yes, please. I
+
+23
+00:02:11,730 --> 00:02:14,790
+often play at home. Okay, thank you very much.
+
+24
+00:02:14,830 --> 00:02:18,350
+Yasmin, can you give me another example like that?
+
+25
+00:02:22,140 --> 00:02:24,960
+Look, listen and we will come back again to you.
+
+26
+00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,340
+Yes. Every day I read some Quran. Thank you very
+
+27
+00:02:28,340 --> 00:02:30,140
+much. Yes, Randa.
+
+28
+00:02:34,940 --> 00:02:39,740
+I help mom
+
+29
+00:02:39,740 --> 00:02:43,800
+in the kitchen. Okay, thank you very much. Yes,
+
+30
+00:02:43,860 --> 00:02:48,100
+please. We go to the university every day. Very
+
+31
+00:02:48,100 --> 00:02:52,350
+good. Thank you very much. Okay, now I take a
+
+32
+00:02:52,350 --> 00:02:55,870
+shower every morning. I take a shower every
+
+33
+00:02:55,870 --> 00:03:00,090
+morning. It means on Saturday I do it. I repeat it
+
+34
+00:03:00,090 --> 00:03:03,510
+on Sunday. I repeat on Monday. I repeat. This is
+
+35
+00:03:03,510 --> 00:03:07,550
+what? This is a habit or a repeated action.
+
+36
+00:03:07,910 --> 00:03:12,390
+Something you do what? Every day. I get up early.
+
+37
+00:03:12,750 --> 00:03:16,950
+This means what? Every day, all the time. This is
+
+38
+00:03:16,950 --> 00:03:21,850
+always true. My watch keeps good time. I watch
+
+39
+00:03:21,850 --> 00:03:25,390
+television most weekends. At the weekend, I don't
+
+40
+00:03:25,390 --> 00:03:29,330
+like going out. I stay at home and watch
+
+41
+00:03:29,330 --> 00:03:34,010
+television. So again, we use the present simple to
+
+42
+00:03:34,010 --> 00:03:37,990
+express what? Habits or repeated actions.
+
+43
+00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:41,290
+Examples. Who can give me an example? A habit?
+
+44
+00:03:41,490 --> 00:03:47,780
+Yes, dua. Very good. Thank you. Yes, Murida. Every
+
+45
+00:03:47,780 --> 00:03:52,020
+day I drink water. Thank you very much. Lama. I
+
+46
+00:03:52,020 --> 00:03:54,460
+brush my teeth every day. Wonderful. Thank you
+
+47
+00:03:54,460 --> 00:03:55,680
+very much. Okay.
+
+48
+00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:04,600
+Can you give me this book? Let me have a look at
+
+49
+00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:07,620
+your book, please. Just give me this book. Okay.
+
+50
+00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:18,810
+Look, this is a book. It gives us the meanings. It
+
+51
+00:04:18,810 --> 00:04:22,210
+is a dictionary in fact. It also gives us the
+
+52
+00:04:22,210 --> 00:04:27,930
+parts of speech. It explains the derivations of
+
+53
+00:04:27,930 --> 00:04:33,450
+the words. It helps us to increase our vocabulary.
+
+54
+00:04:34,110 --> 00:04:40,790
+So it helps, it gives, it increases, it shows, it
+
+55
+00:04:40,790 --> 00:04:45,010
+makes studying English easy. Now I'm talking, I'm
+
+56
+00:04:45,010 --> 00:04:48,750
+describing a book. Describing the book,
+
+57
+00:04:48,930 --> 00:04:52,130
+summarizing a book is called what? Book review.
+
+58
+00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:56,930
+Book review. When you want to make a book review,
+
+59
+00:04:57,190 --> 00:05:02,670
+usually you use what? The present simple. Also,
+
+60
+00:05:02,770 --> 00:05:08,410
+last time I watched a film. It was about sea
+
+61
+00:05:08,410 --> 00:05:13,930
+animals. The film shows how animals live together.
+
+62
+00:05:15,220 --> 00:05:22,640
+It also focuses on the struggle in the sea. It
+
+63
+00:05:22,640 --> 00:05:27,500
+expresses the way and so on. So when I say shows,
+
+64
+00:05:27,700 --> 00:05:33,520
+expresses, focuses, concentrates, explains, which
+
+65
+00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:38,640
+tense did I use? Okay, again, we use the present
+
+66
+00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:43,780
+simple to make summaries, book reviews, and film
+
+67
+00:05:43,780 --> 00:05:47,080
+reviews. For example, can you tell me about the
+
+68
+00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:51,560
+last book you read? The last book you read. Tell
+
+69
+00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:53,960
+me about the book you read, about the film you
+
+70
+00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:59,220
+saw. Yeah, what did you see? A film you saw. Tell
+
+71
+00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:02,340
+me about the film. What was the last film you saw?
+
+72
+00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:16,000
+Okay, yes please again. Last time I saw a film
+
+73
+00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:20,260
+called Thank You For Smoking. It shows that the
+
+74
+00:06:20,260 --> 00:06:25,700
+company that produces smokes and It shows the
+
+75
+00:06:25,700 --> 00:06:31,720
+company. It focuses. It aims at fighting, smoking
+
+76
+00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:35,120
+for example. Okay, thank you very much. So this is
+
+77
+00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:39,140
+the film. Okay, now if you want to talk about a
+
+78
+00:06:39,140 --> 00:06:42,600
+film, to make a summary, you use again what? The
+
+79
+00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:45,220
+prison symbol. I want some more examples. Go on.
+
+80
+00:06:45,540 --> 00:06:47,980
+Yes, please. Marwa.
+
+81
+00:06:58,260 --> 00:07:05,400
+Okay, it talks about a girl okay it shows the girl
+
+82
+00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:09,740
+for example Okay,
+
+83
+00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:13,240
+thank you it talks it shows it explains it tells
+
+84
+00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:18,940
+and so on okay now I work at a sports shop.
+
+85
+00:07:23,460 --> 00:07:28,480
+Now, if I want to ask you, where does your father
+
+86
+00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:35,340
+work? You say he works in that hospital or he's
+
+87
+00:07:35,340 --> 00:07:41,700
+working in that hospital. Which is right? Which is
+
+88
+00:07:41,700 --> 00:07:46,050
+right? He works. Good, you are right. But why? Can
+
+89
+00:07:46,050 --> 00:07:49,770
+you tell me why? Why is he not working?
+
+90
+00:07:55,920 --> 00:08:01,400
+Okay, very good. It is a permanent job. She wants
+
+91
+00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:04,640
+to say that this is a permanent job. This is an
+
+92
+00:08:04,640 --> 00:08:09,300
+all-time verb. It's okay in the past, now, and in
+
+93
+00:08:09,300 --> 00:08:13,240
+the future. Okay, so this is his job. This is his
+
+94
+00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:17,340
+job and he works in this hospital. Okay, he works
+
+95
+00:08:17,340 --> 00:08:22,690
+in this hospital. It is Again, I work at a sports
+
+96
+00:08:22,690 --> 00:08:26,670
+shop. It's a permanent job. His job is to work
+
+97
+00:08:26,670 --> 00:08:30,090
+there. The doctor says, for example, I work in
+
+98
+00:08:30,090 --> 00:08:35,610
+this clinic. I work in this clinic. The driver
+
+99
+00:08:35,610 --> 00:08:41,810
+says I drive a big lorry and so on. They live in a
+
+100
+00:08:41,810 --> 00:08:47,940
+very nice flat. They live. They live. It is an all
+
+101
+00:08:47,940 --> 00:08:53,580
+-time action or a temporary action? All-time
+
+102
+00:08:53,580 --> 00:08:58,000
+action. All-time action. Very good. Okay. Now, if
+
+103
+00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,860
+I want to ask you, shall I say, where are you
+
+104
+00:09:00,860 --> 00:09:05,620
+living or where do you live? Where are you living
+
+105
+00:09:05,620 --> 00:09:09,730
+or where do you live? Okay, thank you. But I'm
+
+106
+00:09:09,730 --> 00:09:12,410
+asking which question is right? Shall I ask you
+
+107
+00:09:12,410 --> 00:09:17,310
+where are you living or where do you live? Where
+
+108
+00:09:17,310 --> 00:09:21,470
+do you live? Okay. Where do you live? You usually
+
+109
+00:09:21,470 --> 00:09:24,150
+say, I live in Gaza. You don't say, I'm living in
+
+110
+00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:27,590
+Gaza. Okay. If you want to visit your sister in
+
+111
+00:09:27,590 --> 00:09:31,830
+Rafah, for example. Okay. For some days, you say,
+
+112
+00:09:31,890 --> 00:09:35,330
+I'm staying with my sister. This is a temporary
+
+113
+00:09:35,330 --> 00:09:39,090
+action. Temporary action. So with permanent
+
+114
+00:09:39,090 --> 00:09:42,670
+actions, we use what? The present simple. Very
+
+115
+00:09:42,670 --> 00:09:47,230
+good. And with temporary actions, we use? Present
+
+116
+00:09:47,230 --> 00:09:49,390
+progressive. Thank you very much. Can you give me
+
+117
+00:09:49,390 --> 00:09:54,190
+other examples like that? Other examples. Go on.
+
+118
+00:09:54,890 --> 00:10:01,090
+Give me other examples. Yes, please. Suha. I live
+
+119
+00:10:01,090 --> 00:10:04,450
+in Anasari street. Very good. Thank you. Yes,
+
+120
+00:10:04,530 --> 00:10:10,070
+please. Asma. I study in the Islamic university.
+
+121
+00:10:10,230 --> 00:10:13,190
+Very good. Thank you again. Go on. Yes, please.
+
+122
+00:10:13,710 --> 00:10:15,810
+Asma. Basma. Okay.
+
+123
+00:10:18,710 --> 00:10:26,870
+Again, please. My dad works
+
+124
+00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:29,510
+in the Islamic university. Very good. Thank you
+
+125
+00:10:29,510 --> 00:10:33,070
+very much. This is an all-time job. Thank you.
+
+126
+00:10:33,150 --> 00:10:40,950
+Yes, Lama. Thank you very much. Okay. Now, what do
+
+127
+00:10:40,950 --> 00:10:46,050
+you think of the weather today? What do you think
+
+128
+00:10:46,050 --> 00:10:46,930
+of the weather today?
+
+129
+00:10:52,660 --> 00:10:57,320
+I think it's very hot. Very good. What do you
+
+130
+00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:02,660
+think of the weather today? I think it's very
+
+131
+00:11:02,660 --> 00:11:05,820
+sunny. Thank you. Thank you very much. What do you
+
+132
+00:11:05,820 --> 00:11:11,380
+think of chocolates? I like it. Thank you. What do
+
+133
+00:11:11,380 --> 00:11:13,440
+you think of fish?
+
+134
+00:11:16,010 --> 00:11:20,190
+I don't like it. Okay. What do you think of
+
+135
+00:11:20,190 --> 00:11:26,110
+chicken, Suzanne? I love it. Okay. I love it. Now,
+
+136
+00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:30,470
+I think I'm expressing what? This is a thought.
+
+137
+00:11:31,250 --> 00:11:35,810
+I'm expressing my thought about some things. Okay.
+
+138
+00:11:36,190 --> 00:11:41,750
+My feeling, I like, I love, I dislike, or I don't
+
+139
+00:11:41,750 --> 00:11:44,490
+like. Okay. This is you are expressing your
+
+140
+00:11:44,490 --> 00:11:48,540
+feeling. Next week, we are having a holiday.
+
+141
+00:11:49,260 --> 00:11:53,640
+Somebody says what? Why? Why don't we go out? This
+
+142
+00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:57,620
+is a negative question. To make what? Okay, we use
+
+143
+00:11:57,620 --> 00:12:02,920
+the present symbol. So again, we use the present
+
+144
+00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:08,080
+symbol in what? Expressing thoughts and feelings
+
+145
+00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:11,940
+with negative questions. Thank you. Good.
+
+146
+00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:20,760
+You didn't do the homeware cream. I promise I will
+
+147
+00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:26,180
+do. Very good. I promise I will do. Okay. You
+
+148
+00:12:26,180 --> 00:12:29,980
+didn't come to my office yesterday. I promise I
+
+149
+00:12:29,980 --> 00:12:34,280
+will come. Thank you very much. Okay. You didn't
+
+150
+00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:41,180
+explain this point. Yes, Kariman. I promise I will
+
+151
+00:12:41,180 --> 00:12:45,200
+do. Okay. I promise I will do. So look, this is
+
+152
+00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,600
+another phrase where we use the present simple.
+
+153
+00:12:48,760 --> 00:12:57,340
+Okay. Now, if I say Palestine is our great love.
+
+154
+00:12:58,060 --> 00:13:02,720
+Huh? Yes. Israel. What do you say?
+
+155
+00:13:05,580 --> 00:13:07,900
+Okay. Yes.
+
+156
+00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:13,750
+I totally agree with you. Thank you very much.
+
+157
+00:13:14,330 --> 00:13:18,590
+It's nice to study English. Again, Israa. I
+
+158
+00:13:18,590 --> 00:13:23,150
+totally agree with you. Thank you very much. Okay.
+
+159
+00:13:23,330 --> 00:13:30,450
+The weather is hot today. Yasmin. I totally agree
+
+160
+00:13:30,450 --> 00:13:40,730
+with you. Okay. Again, when I say for example, I
+
+161
+00:13:40,730 --> 00:13:43,230
+didn't say okay. Thank you very much. I want to
+
+162
+00:13:43,230 --> 00:13:47,610
+say something. I want to say dictionaries are very
+
+163
+00:13:47,610 --> 00:13:54,070
+helpful to the students. I totally
+
+164
+00:13:54,070 --> 00:13:57,830
+agree with you. Thank you very much. Now, some
+
+165
+00:13:57,830 --> 00:13:59,110
+elephants can fly.
+
+166
+00:14:04,070 --> 00:14:08,180
+What do you think Dua? I totally disagree with
+
+167
+00:14:08,180 --> 00:14:11,880
+you. Okay. So I totally agree. I totally disagree.
+
+168
+00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:17,780
+So with phrases like I promise I agree. Okay. The
+
+169
+00:14:17,780 --> 00:14:21,620
+new term starts next week. This expresses what?
+
+170
+00:14:22,260 --> 00:14:26,940
+Future. Okay. So again, we can use the symbol to
+
+171
+00:14:26,940 --> 00:14:32,950
+express what? Future. Okay. Now listen. In the
+
+172
+00:14:32,950 --> 00:14:36,070
+present simple, we use the verb without an ending.
+
+173
+00:14:36,430 --> 00:14:39,710
+Without an ending, go, come, play, write, sleep,
+
+174
+00:14:39,870 --> 00:14:44,290
+clean, and so on. Okay. You know the answer most
+
+175
+00:14:44,290 --> 00:14:47,290
+children like ice cream. Do you like ice cream?
+
+176
+00:14:47,870 --> 00:14:52,030
+Okay. But with the third person singular after he,
+
+177
+00:14:52,170 --> 00:14:58,130
+she, it, the verb ends in what? S or ES. Okay. It
+
+178
+00:14:58,130 --> 00:15:04,920
+gets cold in winter. Okay. Mona catches the early
+
+179
+00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:11,420
+train. Catches. Okay. After S, S H, C H and X, we
+
+180
+00:15:11,420 --> 00:15:16,640
+add what? Okay. Read the examples, please. Murida.
+
+181
+00:15:16,980 --> 00:15:21,460
+Passes, watches, catches, watches, catches, mixes.
+
+182
+00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:27,740
+Passes, watches, catches, mixes. Again, please.
+
+183
+00:15:28,180 --> 00:15:32,490
+Passes, watches, catches, mixes. Thank you. Now
+
+184
+00:15:32,490 --> 00:15:36,790
+let's come to the other tense. The present
+
+185
+00:15:36,790 --> 00:15:41,630
+progressive or the present continuous. The present
+
+186
+00:15:41,630 --> 00:15:46,730
+progressive or continuous. Okay, now you are
+
+187
+00:15:46,730 --> 00:15:52,070
+giving me a book to read. I say, sorry, I'm
+
+188
+00:15:52,070 --> 00:15:56,810
+reading a book about wild animals. I'm reading a
+
+189
+00:15:56,810 --> 00:16:00,070
+book about wild animals. What do you understand?
+
+190
+00:16:01,110 --> 00:16:05,150
+Am I reading the book this moment? Just a minute.
+
+191
+00:16:05,250 --> 00:16:08,070
+Please raise your hands. Am I reading the book
+
+192
+00:16:08,070 --> 00:16:08,590
+this moment?
+
+193
+00:16:13,050 --> 00:16:16,590
+Okay. During this time, whenever I have a free
+
+194
+00:16:16,590 --> 00:16:20,010
+time, for example, I read some pages in the book.
+
+195
+00:16:20,290 --> 00:16:24,630
+It means this is what? Something happening in the
+
+196
+00:16:24,630 --> 00:16:27,990
+extended present. It is not necessary now at this
+
+197
+00:16:27,990 --> 00:16:31,830
+point. And again, it can be at the time of
+
+198
+00:16:31,830 --> 00:16:34,990
+speaking. Okay. What are you doing Najwa?
+
+199
+00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:45,040
+I am writing some notes. Okay. I'm studying
+
+200
+00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:47,460
+grammar. Thank you very much. What are you doing
+
+201
+00:16:47,460 --> 00:16:50,900
+Yasmin? I'm listening to you. Thank you. What are
+
+202
+00:16:50,900 --> 00:16:55,800
+you doing Salwa? I'm studying English. When? Now.
+
+203
+00:16:55,940 --> 00:16:59,320
+This is at the time of speaking. Okay. This is at
+
+204
+00:16:59,320 --> 00:17:02,900
+the time of speaking. So the progressive, the
+
+205
+00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:07,560
+present progressive, Okay, expresses an action
+
+206
+00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:11,520
+which is happening now at the time of speaking,
+
+207
+00:17:11,660 --> 00:17:14,660
+I'm talking, I'm writing, I'm playing, I'm eating,
+
+208
+00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:19,460
+I'm watching. Or it can also express something or
+
+209
+00:17:19,460 --> 00:17:23,280
+an example, an action in the extended present,
+
+210
+00:17:23,460 --> 00:17:26,880
+something you are not doing now at this moment,
+
+211
+00:17:27,460 --> 00:17:35,640
+but these days. Now, she says her brother is
+
+212
+00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:39,420
+getting married next week. She says, we are
+
+213
+00:17:39,420 --> 00:17:43,540
+preparing for the party. We are preparing for the
+
+214
+00:17:43,540 --> 00:17:46,540
+party. Is she preparing now at this time? No.
+
+215
+00:17:47,080 --> 00:17:54,940
+Okay. Now, do you remember that example? I work at
+
+216
+00:17:54,940 --> 00:18:02,410
+a sports shop. Okay, it was what? Permanent. Job.
+
+217
+00:18:02,730 --> 00:18:05,990
+Thank you. Now, when I say I'm working at this
+
+218
+00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:13,150
+sports shop for six weeks. Temporary. Temporary
+
+219
+00:18:13,150 --> 00:18:19,490
+job. Now, if I want to talk about myself, shall I
+
+220
+00:18:19,490 --> 00:18:23,090
+say I'm teaching grammar or I teach grammar?
+
+221
+00:18:23,990 --> 00:18:29,560
+Please. Please. Okay. Yeah. I'm teaching grammar.
+
+222
+00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:33,220
+Very good. I'm teaching grammar because I'm
+
+223
+00:18:33,220 --> 00:18:36,640
+teaching grammar only this semester. Last
+
+224
+00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:40,040
+semester, I did not teach grammar. Next semester,
+
+225
+00:18:40,380 --> 00:18:43,660
+I don't know whether I'm going to teach it or not.
+
+226
+00:18:44,060 --> 00:18:47,520
+Okay. So teaching grammar for me is what?
+
+227
+00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:51,980
+Temporary job. Okay. Something you do temporarily.
+
+228
+00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:57,300
+Now again, So if you want to differentiate between
+
+229
+00:18:57,300 --> 00:19:00,280
+the present simple and the progressive, think
+
+230
+00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:04,020
+whether the action is permanent or temporary.
+
+231
+00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:10,800
+Whether it is permanent or temporary. Now, Naveen
+
+232
+00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:16,140
+makes good cakes. Right, Naveen? Okay, Naveen
+
+233
+00:19:16,140 --> 00:19:21,950
+makes good cakes. Is she making cakes now? Is she
+
+234
+00:19:21,950 --> 00:19:26,530
+in the kitchen now? No. Okay. She's a good cake
+
+235
+00:19:26,530 --> 00:19:30,090
+maker, right? But it is not her. This is all time
+
+236
+00:19:30,090 --> 00:19:33,830
+when she was a child. She learned how to make
+
+237
+00:19:33,830 --> 00:19:38,790
+cakes and she's still. But if you ask me, where is
+
+238
+00:19:38,790 --> 00:19:44,130
+Naveen? She's making a cake. She must be in the
+
+239
+00:19:44,130 --> 00:19:47,710
+kitchen. Okay. She must be in the kitchen. Okay.
+
+240
+00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:51,770
+Can you give me other examples like that? Think of
+
+241
+00:19:51,770 --> 00:19:52,910
+similar examples.
+
+242
+00:19:57,450 --> 00:20:02,930
+Yes, Murida. My brother is a football player. If
+
+243
+00:20:02,930 --> 00:20:06,690
+you ask me, where is my brother? I told you he's
+
+244
+00:20:06,690 --> 00:20:11,150
+playing right now. Okay, he's playing in that.
+
+245
+00:20:11,650 --> 00:20:14,690
+Okay, he's playing right now at this moment. Thank
+
+246
+00:20:14,690 --> 00:20:19,630
+you very much. Okay, now when I say, yes, please.
+
+247
+00:20:25,250 --> 00:20:29,010
+My sister is teaching English right now. It means
+
+248
+00:20:29,010 --> 00:20:32,970
+she's a teacher of English. Okay. And she's at
+
+249
+00:20:32,970 --> 00:20:36,270
+this moment, she's in the class. Okay. At this
+
+250
+00:20:36,270 --> 00:20:42,550
+moment, she's in the class. Okay. Now Nada is a
+
+251
+00:20:42,550 --> 00:20:48,290
+good short story writer. Okay. Is a good short
+
+252
+00:20:48,290 --> 00:20:52,010
+story writer. Shall I say she writes short stories
+
+253
+00:20:52,010 --> 00:20:57,310
+or she's writing? She writes or she's writing?
+
+254
+00:20:58,490 --> 00:20:59,710
+Yes, please.
+
+255
+00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:07,520
+She writes. Very good. She writes short stories.
+
+256
+00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:11,220
+It is not necessary. Okay. Maybe she's sleeping
+
+257
+00:21:11,220 --> 00:21:14,480
+now. Okay. She's sleeping and you want to talk
+
+258
+00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:19,720
+about her. Oh, where is Wafa? Where is Nada? Okay.
+
+259
+00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:24,100
+She's sleeping. What about her? She writes good
+
+260
+00:21:24,100 --> 00:21:27,680
+short stories. She writes nice short stories.
+
+261
+00:21:27,820 --> 00:21:31,140
+Okay. But now she's not doing, she's not writing
+
+262
+00:21:31,140 --> 00:21:36,870
+at this time. Now at the moment, they are living
+
+263
+00:21:36,870 --> 00:21:41,230
+in a very small flat. You remember the previous
+
+264
+00:21:41,230 --> 00:21:49,650
+example? They live in a nice house, in a large
+
+265
+00:21:49,650 --> 00:21:55,030
+house, but they are living. It means temporary
+
+266
+00:21:55,030 --> 00:21:59,050
+action. It is a temporary action. Thank you.
+
+267
+00:22:06,270 --> 00:22:10,430
+Would you read the example, please? Yes, read. I'm
+
+268
+00:22:10,430 --> 00:22:14,030
+always making silly mistakes. Okay. Thank you. I'm
+
+269
+00:22:14,030 --> 00:22:17,210
+always making silly mistakes in the exam. Okay.
+
+270
+00:22:17,970 --> 00:22:23,450
+I'm always making. I'm always making silly
+
+271
+00:22:23,450 --> 00:22:28,990
+mistakes. You remember? Okay. Okay. I'm always
+
+272
+00:22:28,990 --> 00:22:30,390
+making. What does it mean?
+
+273
+00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:43,740
+we very very often very often okay or too often
+
+274
+00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:50,140
+too often now when i say i always make silly
+
+275
+00:22:50,140 --> 00:22:54,740
+mistakes in the exam it means what every time it
+
+276
+00:22:54,740 --> 00:23:01,050
+means every time i'm always making It means very
+
+277
+00:23:01,050 --> 00:23:05,850
+often or too often, but not every time. So always
+
+278
+00:23:05,850 --> 00:23:12,990
+with the present symbol means every time. I always
+
+279
+00:23:12,990 --> 00:23:16,330
+come early to the university. It means every day I
+
+280
+00:23:16,330 --> 00:23:21,470
+come early. I'm always coming. It means most of
+
+281
+00:23:21,470 --> 00:23:27,170
+the times I do, but sometimes I don't. So again,
+
+282
+00:23:27,270 --> 00:23:31,550
+who can repeat this point? Always, when used with
+
+283
+00:23:31,550 --> 00:23:33,850
+the present simple, what does it mean? And when
+
+284
+00:23:33,850 --> 00:23:39,070
+used with the progressive, what does it mean? In
+
+285
+00:23:39,070 --> 00:23:43,790
+present simple, we use it all the time. To mean
+
+286
+00:23:43,790 --> 00:23:49,690
+every time. And present progressive, we use very
+
+287
+00:23:49,690 --> 00:23:52,870
+often. Okay, thank you. To mean very often. Can
+
+288
+00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:56,350
+you give me examples like that? Can you give me
+
+289
+00:23:56,350 --> 00:23:59,670
+examples? Think of a similar example. Yes, Prem.
+
+290
+00:24:01,510 --> 00:24:04,890
+I'm always listening to music. Okay. I'm always
+
+291
+00:24:04,890 --> 00:24:09,330
+means every day, every time. Okay. Thank you. Yes,
+
+292
+00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,050
+Asma. I'm always getting up early. I'm always
+
+293
+00:24:13,050 --> 00:24:16,510
+getting up early. Okay. It means sometimes she
+
+294
+00:24:16,510 --> 00:24:20,710
+doesn't. Sometimes she doesn't. Yes, Yasmin. I'm
+
+295
+00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:24,200
+always helping my friend. I'm always helping my
+
+296
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,100
+friends. Thank you very much. Yeah. I'm always
+
+297
+00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:33,220
+catching the bus or I always catch the bus. I
+
+298
+00:24:33,220 --> 00:24:36,180
+always catch. So every time you come with, okay,
+
+299
+00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,440
+bye bus. Thank you very much. Yes, please. I
+
+300
+00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:44,440
+always tidy up. Okay. It means nobody does that
+
+301
+00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:47,880
+for her every time she does. Okay. Thank you very
+
+302
+00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:52,700
+much. Now, Always also can be used with the
+
+303
+00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:55,960
+present progressive to express what? Look at this
+
+304
+00:24:55,960 --> 00:25:01,200
+example. How is your little sister Lama? Lama has
+
+305
+00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:07,400
+a very little sister, a very nice baby. But she's
+
+306
+00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:13,470
+always crying. She's always crying. Okay? She's
+
+307
+00:25:13,470 --> 00:25:18,290
+always crying. This expresses what? A negative
+
+308
+00:25:18,290 --> 00:25:22,210
+situation. Okay, I'm making a complaint. She's
+
+309
+00:25:22,210 --> 00:25:27,470
+always crying. Okay, you know why the door is
+
+310
+00:25:27,470 --> 00:25:31,900
+closed? Because the students outside are always
+
+311
+00:25:31,900 --> 00:25:35,840
+making noise. They are always making noise. This
+
+312
+00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:40,480
+is a negative situation. When I ask you, why did
+
+313
+00:25:40,480 --> 00:25:44,280
+you stop talking to her? She's always nagging.
+
+314
+00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:49,980
+Okay? She's always nagging. Okay? Nagging. You
+
+315
+00:25:49,980 --> 00:25:57,000
+know nagging? Okay. Okay. She's always nagging. A
+
+316
+00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,740
+negative quality. That's why I stopped talking to
+
+317
+00:26:00,740 --> 00:26:04,760
+her. Again, give me other similar examples with
+
+318
+00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:09,480
+always. Yeah. My brother is always bothering me.
+
+319
+00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:12,740
+Very good. My brother is always bothering me.
+
+320
+00:26:13,180 --> 00:26:18,400
+Okay. Thank you. Yeah. I'm always revising my
+
+321
+00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:23,190
+lectures. I'm always watching, okay, revising my
+
+322
+00:26:23,190 --> 00:26:25,730
+lectures. Okay, thank you very much. This is a
+
+323
+00:26:25,730 --> 00:26:27,910
+good sentence, but does it express a negative
+
+324
+00:26:27,910 --> 00:26:31,170
+situation? Negative situation?
+
+325
+00:26:34,530 --> 00:26:40,010
+In this sense, thank you very much. Thank you very
+
+326
+00:26:40,010 --> 00:26:43,390
+much. Thank you. Okay, now he's complaining about
+
+327
+00:26:43,390 --> 00:26:47,010
+his son, his son in Tawjihi. He's always watching
+
+328
+00:26:47,010 --> 00:26:53,270
+TV. He's always watching TV. Okay. He's very fat.
+
+329
+00:26:53,810 --> 00:26:59,090
+Oh, he's always eating He's always sleeping and so
+
+330
+00:26:59,090 --> 00:27:02,590
+on Now
+
+331
+00:27:02,590 --> 00:27:07,330
+let's come to state verbs and action verbs Okay
+
+332
+00:27:07,330 --> 00:27:12,010
+state verbs and action verbs states
+
+333
+00:27:14,290 --> 00:27:19,170
+We can say stative verbs or non-action verbs. The
+
+334
+00:27:19,170 --> 00:27:23,110
+same thing. Okay? What is a state? A state means
+
+335
+00:27:23,110 --> 00:27:27,370
+something is staying the same. Okay? Staying the
+
+336
+00:27:27,370 --> 00:27:33,770
+same. The flat is clean. The farmer owns. The box
+
+337
+00:27:33,770 --> 00:27:39,090
+contained. Okay? State verbs cannot usually be any
+
+338
+00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:41,130
+progressive. What do you think of this sentence?
+
+339
+00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,010
+Suzanne, would you read it?
+
+340
+00:27:47,590 --> 00:27:48,210
+Read it.
+
+341
+00:27:51,050 --> 00:27:54,310
+Okay. Thank you. Is owning the land. What do you
+
+342
+00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:57,330
+think of this sentence? What do you think of this
+
+343
+00:27:57,330 --> 00:28:03,310
+sentence? Okay. Yes, Shayma. What do you think of
+
+344
+00:28:03,310 --> 00:28:08,590
+this sentence? The farmer is owning the land.
+
+345
+00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:13,690
+False. Very good. Thank you very much. Can you
+
+346
+00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:20,810
+tell me why it is false? Yes, please. State Fair.
+
+347
+00:28:20,990 --> 00:28:25,350
+Thank you. It means it doesn't accept ING. Okay.
+
+348
+00:28:25,470 --> 00:28:30,730
+It doesn't accept the ING. Thank you. An action
+
+349
+00:28:30,730 --> 00:28:34,750
+means something happening, eating, writing,
+
+350
+00:28:35,010 --> 00:28:39,910
+playing, going, coming, jumping, taking and so on.
+
+351
+00:28:41,370 --> 00:28:46,550
+Now read the first example, please. I'm cleaning
+
+352
+00:28:46,550 --> 00:28:50,590
+the flat. This is an action verb. We use the
+
+353
+00:28:50,590 --> 00:28:54,270
+progressive. Again. Yes, please read the other
+
+354
+00:28:54,270 --> 00:29:01,510
+example. Yes. The farmer is buying the land. Thank
+
+355
+00:29:01,510 --> 00:29:06,050
+you very much. The farmer is buying the land.
+
+356
+00:29:06,530 --> 00:29:11,670
+Okay. Ghadeer. Yes, please read this example. Your
+
+357
+00:29:11,670 --> 00:29:15,370
+name is Ghada. Okay. Yes, Ghada.
+
+358
+00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:21,990
+Thank you very much. He put the box in the box.
+
+359
+00:29:22,450 --> 00:29:23,470
+What's the tense here?
+
+360
+00:29:26,390 --> 00:29:30,370
+What's the tense here? Yeah, she says it is
+
+361
+00:29:30,370 --> 00:29:37,850
+possible. Do you agree with dua? Why not? I think
+
+362
+00:29:37,850 --> 00:29:39,190
+it's present. Yeah.
+
+363
+00:29:41,870 --> 00:29:45,770
+Passed. Because if it is present, you should use
+
+364
+00:29:45,770 --> 00:29:50,590
+what? Yes, he pots. Okay, this is present, right?
+
+365
+00:29:50,810 --> 00:29:54,290
+She pots. This is a present, but he pots. This is
+
+366
+00:29:54,290 --> 00:29:58,630
+what? Passed. Okay, read the other example, Randa.
+
+367
+00:30:01,460 --> 00:30:05,280
+Thank you very much. Now he put, okay, this is a
+
+368
+00:30:05,280 --> 00:30:08,300
+symbol and this is a progressive. So the action
+
+369
+00:30:08,300 --> 00:30:11,540
+verbs can be used in the symbol or in the
+
+370
+00:30:11,540 --> 00:30:16,420
+progressive. You can use them, but state verbs are
+
+371
+00:30:16,420 --> 00:30:21,920
+usually used in the present tense. Okay. Salwa,
+
+372
+00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:24,520
+would you read? Can you see the examples, the
+
+373
+00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:31,140
+words? Yeah, yes. Sun, what? What are these? State
+
+374
+00:30:31,140 --> 00:30:36,840
+verbs. Yes, read them please. Go on. Yes, read.
+
+375
+00:30:56,130 --> 00:31:02,630
+Okay, thank you very much. Thank you. They these
+
+376
+00:31:02,630 --> 00:31:09,910
+are some some means we have Okay, thank you State
+
+377
+00:31:09,910 --> 00:31:17,090
+or action Sometimes we can use a verb either for
+
+378
+00:31:17,090 --> 00:31:21,630
+state or for an action. It means the same verb.
+
+379
+00:31:22,010 --> 00:31:25,950
+Can be used what? To express a state or to express
+
+380
+00:31:25,950 --> 00:31:34,110
+an action. Okay, now when I say I think English is
+
+381
+00:31:34,110 --> 00:31:39,730
+a good field or a good language to study. I think
+
+382
+00:31:39,730 --> 00:31:45,470
+I believe. I think Islam is the best religion. I
+
+383
+00:31:45,470 --> 00:31:51,150
+believe. I think the weather is hot today. I
+
+384
+00:31:51,150 --> 00:31:56,930
+believe. Okay. I believe. But look at Rwanda.
+
+385
+00:31:57,870 --> 00:32:01,290
+Rwanda saw an accident in the morning. What are
+
+386
+00:32:01,290 --> 00:32:07,140
+you thinking of? I'm thinking of The accident.
+
+387
+00:32:07,720 --> 00:32:14,420
+Okay, I'm thinking of the accident. Yasmin is
+
+388
+00:32:14,420 --> 00:32:17,220
+having an exam tomorrow. What are you thinking of
+
+389
+00:32:17,220 --> 00:32:24,360
+Yasmin? I'm thinking of the exam. Suha did not
+
+390
+00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:27,020
+have breakfast today. What are you thinking of
+
+391
+00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:34,150
+Suha? I'm thinking of having breakfast okay so
+
+392
+00:32:34,150 --> 00:32:39,710
+again i'm thinking of i'm thinking of this is a
+
+393
+00:32:39,710 --> 00:32:44,730
+mental process a mental process okay i'm thinking
+
+394
+00:32:44,730 --> 00:32:47,950
+i'm thinking of the exam i'm thinking of my
+
+395
+00:32:47,950 --> 00:32:51,410
+children i'm thinking of this problem i'm thinking
+
+396
+00:32:51,410 --> 00:32:56,570
+of a mental process but i think i believe means
+
+397
+00:32:57,830 --> 00:33:00,930
+Okay, we don't use ing. We don't use the
+
+398
+00:33:00,930 --> 00:33:06,410
+progressive. Okay, now we have three cars. We
+
+399
+00:33:06,410 --> 00:33:13,080
+have, we own, right? I have a red pen. Can I use
+
+400
+00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:17,360
+the ing with it? No, but can I say I'm having a
+
+401
+00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:21,640
+sandwich? We are having grammar now. We are having
+
+402
+00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:24,820
+grammar. We are studying grammar. I'm having a
+
+403
+00:33:24,820 --> 00:33:28,480
+sandwich. I'm eating. I'm having tea. I'm drinking
+
+404
+00:33:28,480 --> 00:33:34,980
+and so on. Okay. So again, I come from Palestine.
+
+405
+00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:40,720
+I come from Palestine. Yeah. That's right. Thank
+
+406
+00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:43,760
+you very much. Now, when I ask you, where do you
+
+407
+00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:50,520
+come from? I come from Palestine. Okay. Morsi
+
+408
+00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:56,340
+comes from Egypt. Sisi also comes from Egypt. And
+
+409
+00:33:56,340 --> 00:34:02,820
+Yasser Arafat comes from Palestine. Where do you
+
+410
+00:34:02,820 --> 00:34:08,000
+come from? I come from Palestine. Okay, but where
+
+411
+00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,200
+are you coming from?
+
+412
+00:34:12,030 --> 00:34:16,650
+Where are you coming from? I'm coming from my
+
+413
+00:34:16,650 --> 00:34:20,530
+house. Very good. I'm coming from the library. I'm
+
+414
+00:34:20,530 --> 00:34:26,210
+coming from the kitchen, right? Okay. So you can
+
+415
+00:34:26,210 --> 00:34:29,050
+say I'm coming from Palestine. I'm traveling, for
+
+416
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:33,810
+example. I see your problem. I understand your
+
+417
+00:34:33,810 --> 00:34:39,770
+problem. Okay. Can you see That door, that door.
+
+418
+00:34:40,270 --> 00:34:44,510
+Can you what? See her have insight. We are talking
+
+419
+00:34:44,510 --> 00:34:50,070
+about the sight. Okay. But when I say she's seeing
+
+420
+00:34:50,070 --> 00:34:54,270
+the doctor today, she's meeting. Okay. She's
+
+421
+00:34:54,270 --> 00:34:59,330
+meeting. This picture. Yes. Would you read the
+
+422
+00:34:59,330 --> 00:35:04,370
+other examples? Thank you.
+
+423
+00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:16,100
+Okay, thank you. Yes, please go on Appears
+
+424
+00:35:16,100 --> 00:35:23,600
+means seems thank you next one. Okay, she Appeared
+
+425
+00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:27,420
+Okay,
+
+426
+00:35:27,460 --> 00:35:30,520
+thank you very much okay again, please read this
+
+427
+00:35:30,520 --> 00:35:33,340
+one Wait
+
+428
+00:35:35,550 --> 00:35:37,790
+Thank you very much. Next one, please read.
+
+429
+00:35:42,130 --> 00:35:48,130
+Thank you very much. And finally, the coat. Okay,
+
+430
+00:35:48,270 --> 00:35:52,210
+the coat fits. Yeah, thank you. The coat fits
+
+431
+00:35:52,210 --> 00:35:57,690
+means the right size. And I am fitting.
+
+432
+00:36:01,990 --> 00:36:06,830
+A lock to the window I'm fixing. Okay, now who can
+
+433
+00:36:06,830 --> 00:36:11,510
+summarize the idea? Who can give me the main idea
+
+434
+00:36:11,510 --> 00:36:16,810
+of what we said? Yes, who can make a summary? Yes,
+
+435
+00:36:16,910 --> 00:36:23,290
+please. The states doesn't take ING. Okay. In a
+
+436
+00:36:23,290 --> 00:36:25,410
+simple present or simple case.
+
+437
+00:36:33,780 --> 00:36:40,060
+Okay thank you very much good okay so stative
+
+438
+00:36:40,060 --> 00:36:45,200
+verbs don't accept ing okay are not used in the
+
+439
+00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:51,970
+progressive Okay. If sometimes they have other
+
+440
+00:36:51,970 --> 00:36:55,090
+meanings and when they have the other meanings,
+
+441
+00:36:55,250 --> 00:36:59,350
+they can be used in the progressive. Okay. Now,
+
+442
+00:36:59,830 --> 00:37:04,130
+what about the verbi? When I say he's a very
+
+443
+00:37:04,130 --> 00:37:10,030
+sociable person. Okay. Your father is very
+
+444
+00:37:10,030 --> 00:37:14,660
+generous. Your father is very generous. He's a
+
+445
+00:37:14,660 --> 00:37:19,820
+good teacher. She's a kind person. This is what
+
+446
+00:37:19,820 --> 00:37:24,240
+expresses a permanent or a temporary thing.
+
+447
+00:37:24,620 --> 00:37:27,660
+Permanent. It means when I say your father is so
+
+448
+00:37:27,660 --> 00:37:32,540
+generous, is so kind. He's always so. He's always
+
+449
+00:37:32,540 --> 00:37:36,720
+so. Okay. When I say she's very clever, she's very
+
+450
+00:37:36,720 --> 00:37:43,230
+intelligent. She's always so. Okay. Now, But that
+
+451
+00:37:43,230 --> 00:37:50,450
+man is an idiot. Okay? That man is always silly.
+
+452
+00:37:50,750 --> 00:37:57,330
+He's not wise. Okay? When I say Mona is being very
+
+453
+00:37:57,330 --> 00:38:04,330
+sociable today, it means she is not always her.
+
+454
+00:38:04,630 --> 00:38:11,070
+Okay? When I tell you some students that you are
+
+455
+00:38:11,070 --> 00:38:16,630
+being so active today, it means she's only today.
+
+456
+00:38:16,930 --> 00:38:21,490
+This is not the case with her. Okay? But you are
+
+457
+00:38:21,490 --> 00:38:27,060
+very active. You are very active. It means Okay,
+
+458
+00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:30,320
+now when your friend invites you to a sandwich,
+
+459
+00:38:31,060 --> 00:38:34,740
+come and have a sandwich with me. What shall you
+
+460
+00:38:34,740 --> 00:38:37,400
+say? You are being so generous today or you are
+
+461
+00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:41,540
+generous? You are being so generous, why do you
+
+462
+00:38:41,540 --> 00:38:42,560
+say that and when?
+
+463
+00:38:46,140 --> 00:38:50,100
+Okay, not always and maybe if you know that she is
+
+464
+00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:54,760
+generous, okay? She's generous. You say, you are
+
+465
+00:38:54,760 --> 00:38:57,720
+very kind, you are very generous. But if you know
+
+466
+00:38:57,720 --> 00:39:01,220
+that she doesn't, she can hardly do that. You say
+
+467
+00:39:01,220 --> 00:39:07,900
+you are being what? Generous. Thank you. Now when
+
+468
+00:39:07,900 --> 00:39:14,380
+I say you are being an idiot today, it means you
+
+469
+00:39:14,380 --> 00:39:19,100
+are not so. But why are you behaving so today? We
+
+470
+00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:23,440
+use am and are as being only to talk about
+
+471
+00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:26,800
+behavior, not about other things. Could you read
+
+472
+00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:28,200
+please, I am?
+
+473
+00:39:32,060 --> 00:39:39,620
+Thank you.
+
+474
+00:39:41,020 --> 00:39:46,350
+Like and liking. Love? loving, enjoy, enjoying.
+
+475
+00:39:46,750 --> 00:39:50,430
+What's the difference? Okay. What's the
+
+476
+00:39:50,430 --> 00:39:55,110
+difference? Again, do you remember what's the
+
+477
+00:39:55,110 --> 00:39:58,130
+difference between the simple and the progressive?
+
+478
+00:39:58,570 --> 00:40:02,610
+One of the differences is that we use the simple
+
+479
+00:40:02,610 --> 00:40:07,650
+to talk about permanent situations. Okay. And we
+
+480
+00:40:07,650 --> 00:40:12,960
+talk about the simple. Progressive. Progressives
+
+481
+00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:17,120
+have to talk about temporary situations. Okay, now
+
+482
+00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:21,880
+when I say I love, I enjoy parties. Whenever
+
+483
+00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:26,240
+somebody invites me, I quickly go and attend the
+
+484
+00:40:26,240 --> 00:40:31,700
+party. Is that okay? I like school. Okay, holidays
+
+485
+00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:34,680
+cost a lot of money. This is in general and this
+
+486
+00:40:34,680 --> 00:40:38,700
+is always the case. But I'm loving enjoying this
+
+487
+00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,340
+party. You know, I don't like parties, but because
+
+488
+00:40:42,340 --> 00:40:46,420
+this is your party and you are my friend. I'm
+
+489
+00:40:46,420 --> 00:40:50,400
+loving this party. Okay. I'm enjoying this class.
+
+490
+00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:54,700
+I don't like classes. Okay. I don't like grammar
+
+491
+00:40:54,700 --> 00:40:58,360
+classes, but I'm enjoying only this grammar class.
+
+492
+00:40:58,580 --> 00:41:02,320
+I'm liking school better much. The trip is costing
+
+493
+00:41:02,320 --> 00:41:07,820
+and so on. Now, if you look, you look well, or you
+
+494
+00:41:07,820 --> 00:41:11,500
+are looking well. Do you think there is any
+
+495
+00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:18,250
+difference between them? No. So sometimes they are
+
+496
+00:41:18,250 --> 00:41:21,390
+used in the same meaning with the progressive and
+
+497
+00:41:21,390 --> 00:41:25,730
+in the simple. We feel a bit sad or we are feeling
+
+498
+00:41:25,730 --> 00:41:27,250
+a bit sad.
+
+499
+00:41:31,070 --> 00:41:35,990
+Now we want to make a summary of what we studied
+
+500
+00:41:35,990 --> 00:41:41,520
+today. Okay. Can you help me please to summarize
+
+501
+00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:44,880
+the main points? What did we talk about today?
+
+502
+00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:51,780
+What did we talk about today? Yes, please. Yes,
+
+503
+00:41:52,540 --> 00:41:59,100
+the present simple. Good. And the present
+
+504
+00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:02,230
+progressive. Thank you very much. Thank you. Now
+
+505
+00:42:02,230 --> 00:42:06,550
+think of one point, each of you, I'd like you all
+
+506
+00:42:06,550 --> 00:42:09,630
+to take part in discussion, okay? Just think of
+
+507
+00:42:09,630 --> 00:42:13,110
+one point and give me, we said so much, so we
+
+508
+00:42:13,110 --> 00:42:16,530
+talked about so many points, okay? So give me a
+
+509
+00:42:16,530 --> 00:42:26,250
+point about what we said today. Thank you
+
+510
+00:42:26,250 --> 00:42:27,430
+very much, good.
+
+511
+00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:38,380
+Very good. Thank you very much. Okay.
+
+512
+00:42:42,160 --> 00:42:45,680
+What did we say? What did we say about action
+
+513
+00:42:45,680 --> 00:42:46,060
+verbs?
+
+514
+00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:56,200
+Okay. Thank you very much. Good. What else? Yes,
+
+515
+00:42:56,280 --> 00:43:00,780
+please. Present simple takes a permanent tense,
+
+516
+00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:06,560
+but progressive, present progressive, not a
+
+517
+00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:09,620
+permanent tense. Temporary. Okay, thank you very
+
+518
+00:43:09,620 --> 00:43:12,680
+much. Yes, please. You can use always with the
+
+519
+00:43:12,680 --> 00:43:18,480
+present present. It means to or very often or
+
+520
+00:43:18,480 --> 00:43:19,800
+negative situation.
+
+521
+00:43:25,140 --> 00:43:27,640
+Every time. Thank you very much. Very good. Yes,
+
+522
+00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:32,260
+please. Yes, you wanted to say something. Okay.
+
+523
+00:43:33,420 --> 00:43:33,660
+Yeah.
+
+524
+00:43:38,020 --> 00:43:41,920
+Thank you
+
+525
+00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:43,900
+very much. Good. Yes, please.
+
+526
+00:43:49,220 --> 00:43:53,300
+With the
+
+527
+00:43:53,300 --> 00:43:58,100
+same meaning. With different meanings? Just a
+
+528
+00:43:58,100 --> 00:43:59,720
+minute. Just a minute, please. Again, could you
+
+529
+00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:03,240
+please repeat? What did you say? Sometimes we can
+
+530
+00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:11,520
+use either the present simple and progressive with
+
+531
+00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:14,780
+no difference in meaning. With no difference in
+
+532
+00:44:14,780 --> 00:44:16,880
+meaning. Thank you. Can you give me an example?
+
+533
+00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:21,440
+The progressive and the simple with no difference
+
+534
+00:44:21,440 --> 00:44:23,280
+in meaning. Can you give me an example? Yes,
+
+535
+00:44:23,360 --> 00:44:23,640
+please.
+
+536
+00:44:27,920 --> 00:44:30,800
+We are feeling. Thank you very much. Good. We feel
+
+537
+00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:33,740
+and we are feeling. Thank you very much. Now,
+
+538
+00:44:33,820 --> 00:44:36,960
+which is better to ask you? How are you feeling
+
+539
+00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:41,140
+today? Or how do you feel today? Raise your hands,
+
+540
+00:44:41,260 --> 00:44:45,340
+please. Which is better? How are you feeling
+
+541
+00:44:45,340 --> 00:44:49,680
+today? Or how do you feel today? Yes, please. How
+
+542
+00:44:49,680 --> 00:44:55,160
+do you feel? Thank you. How do you feel? Thank
+
+543
+00:44:55,160 --> 00:45:00,600
+you. How are you feeling today? Thank you. So we
+
+544
+00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,640
+have two answers. Which one is right? How are you
+
+545
+00:45:03,640 --> 00:45:11,240
+feeling? How do you feel? Who can explain? How are
+
+546
+00:45:11,240 --> 00:45:17,880
+you feeling? Because your feeling is temporary,
+
+547
+00:45:18,660 --> 00:45:21,800
+not permanent. Okay, I'm asking about your
+
+548
+00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:27,590
+feeling. Today, but how do you feel about the
+
+549
+00:45:27,590 --> 00:45:31,790
+problem in Egypt? Okay, how do you feel about
+
+550
+00:45:31,790 --> 00:45:35,390
+these people, for example, though it can also be
+
+551
+00:45:35,390 --> 00:45:38,110
+temporary, the problem in Egypt, but it takes
+
+552
+00:45:38,110 --> 00:45:42,210
+longer action. Okay, so how are you feeling today?
+
+553
+00:45:42,570 --> 00:45:45,790
+Feeling is changeable. Okay, go on. Let's back
+
+554
+00:45:45,790 --> 00:45:52,190
+again. Give me more about what we said today. Yes,
+
+555
+00:45:52,250 --> 00:45:52,510
+please.
+
+556
+00:46:00,190 --> 00:46:03,790
+Okay, thank you very much. Good. Thank you. Yes,
+
+557
+00:46:03,870 --> 00:46:04,190
+please.
+
+558
+00:46:08,910 --> 00:46:09,330
+Okay,
+
+559
+00:46:15,290 --> 00:46:17,350
+thank you very much. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+560
+00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:24,560
+Okay,
+
+561
+00:46:33,020 --> 00:46:35,860
+so general facts, for example, general things,
+
+562
+00:46:35,960 --> 00:46:38,500
+things in general, we use the present simple.
+
+563
+00:46:38,620 --> 00:46:41,260
+Thank you very much, good. Yes, please, Lama. We
+
+564
+00:46:41,260 --> 00:46:44,800
+can use some, the state, the state pairs when we
+
+565
+00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:46,520
+talk about short periods.
+
+566
+00:46:49,980 --> 00:46:54,700
+Okay. Thank you
+
+567
+00:46:54,700 --> 00:46:57,620
+very much. About a short period. This means again,
+
+568
+00:46:57,720 --> 00:47:03,660
+we refer to what? To temporary actions. Thank you
+
+569
+00:47:03,660 --> 00:47:04,720
+very much. Yes, please.
+
+570
+00:47:09,140 --> 00:47:12,020
+Very good. This you did not mention. When we make
+
+571
+00:47:12,020 --> 00:47:15,140
+summaries, book reviews and film reviews. Thank
+
+572
+00:47:15,140 --> 00:47:16,740
+you. Good. Yes, please. Suzanne.
+
+573
+00:47:22,940 --> 00:47:25,440
+Very good. Thank you very much. Yeah.
+
+574
+00:47:29,080 --> 00:47:31,920
+Okay. Habits. Thank you very much. Good. Yes.
+
+575
+00:47:35,660 --> 00:47:39,070
+Sometimes they do. Thank you very much. They have
+
+576
+00:47:39,070 --> 00:47:41,130
+other meanings. Thank you. That's wonderful. Yes,
+
+577
+00:47:41,230 --> 00:47:41,550
+please.
+
+578
+00:47:52,250 --> 00:47:52,630
+Okay,
+
+579
+00:47:56,050 --> 00:47:58,150
+thank you very much. That's wonderful. Okay, thank
+
+580
+00:47:58,150 --> 00:47:58,730
+you very much.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/F1TSPatwy-0.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1203 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,100 --> 00:00:25,880
+Assalamualaikum. Good morning to you all. How are
+
+2
+00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:33,160
+you? What did you do yesterday Khadija? I studied 
+
+3
+00:00:33,160 --> 00:00:37,380
+for the Quran exam. Okay, good. She studied for the 
+
+4
+00:00:37,380 --> 00:00:41,420
+exam. She studied for the exam. And what about
+
+5
+00:00:41,420 --> 00:00:48,460
+your dua? So you also studied for the exam. Okay.
+
+6
+00:00:48,780 --> 00:00:52,200
+And did you talk about the exam? So they studied 
+
+7
+00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:57,700
+for the exam and they talked about the exam. They 
+
+8
+00:00:57,700 --> 00:01:02,240
+talked to each other about the exam. They talked
+
+9
+00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:06,980
+to each other about the exam. They talked to each 
+
+10
+00:01:06,980 --> 00:01:11,680
+other means what? Dua talked to Khadija, and 
+
+11
+00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:16,880
+Khadija talked to Dua. So, they talked to one
+
+12
+00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:21,260
+another. They talked to one another. Now, these
+
+13
+00:01:21,260 --> 00:01:25,340
+two expressions, yes, to each other and to one 
+
+14
+00:01:25,340 --> 00:01:30,520
+another, it means that she did and she did, right?
+
+15
+00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:37,990
+When you say, we visit, I visit my friend and he
+
+16
+00:01:37,990 --> 00:01:43,330
+visits me so we visit each other or we visit what
+
+17
+00:01:43,330 --> 00:01:48,830
+one another okay we visit each other or we visit
+
+18
+00:01:48,830 --> 00:01:53,290
+one another now who does the work of the kitchen 
+
+19
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:02:01,100
+in your house only mom And you, right? Tell me
+
+20
+00:02:01,100 --> 00:02:03,500
+about that. Use one of these expressions to
+
+21
+00:02:03,500 --> 00:02:04,700
+express the situation.
+
+22
+00:02:07,140 --> 00:02:10,500
+You help your mother and your mother helps you. 
+
+23
+00:02:11,220 --> 00:02:15,960
+Yeah, we help
+
+24
+00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:18,760
+each other. Thank you very much. We help each
+
+25
+00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:23,000
+other or we help one another. Okay, we help each
+
+26
+00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:28,450
+other or we help one another. Now, these are two
+
+27
+00:02:28,450 --> 00:02:32,550
+expressions, almost they have what? The same
+
+28
+00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:36,330
+meaning. Almost they have the same meaning. But,
+
+29
+00:02:36,650 --> 00:02:38,190
+read this note please. Yeah.
+
+30
+00:02:43,370 --> 00:02:46,090
+Interchangeable. You can change this with that and
+
+31
+00:02:46,090 --> 00:02:48,520
+that with this. Okay. There is no difference
+
+32
+00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:51,700
+between them. Some native speakers however use
+
+33
+00:02:51,700 --> 00:02:55,420
+each other when they are talking about only one 
+
+34
+00:02:55,420 --> 00:02:58,620
+person or thing, and one another when they are 
+
+35
+00:02:58,620 --> 00:03:01,440
+more than two. Okay, thank you. This happens in
+
+36
+00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:05,020
+everyday language. If they are talking about more
+
+37
+00:03:05,020 --> 00:03:08,760
+than two, they say what? One another. For example,
+
+38
+00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:11,700
+people should help one another. It means the 
+
+39
+00:03:11,700 --> 00:03:14,580
+society, all the people. But if they are talking 
+
+40
+00:03:14,580 --> 00:03:19,260
+about two people, they say what? Each other. Good. 
+
+41
+00:03:20,680 --> 00:03:29,720
+Now, if I give you, if you remember, when you were
+
+42
+00:03:29,720 --> 00:03:34,460
+children at school, okay, they used to ask you, 
+
+43
+00:03:35,140 --> 00:03:40,420
+Not to write on every line. Write on the first 
+
+44
+00:03:40,420 --> 00:03:45,740
+line and leave the second. Write on the third and 
+
+45
+00:03:45,740 --> 00:03:49,880
+leave the fourth. We can express that by saying
+
+46
+00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:54,920
+what? Every other line. Write on every other line.
+
+47
+00:03:55,540 --> 00:03:59,040
+Write on every other line. It means write on the
+
+48
+00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:04,230
+first, leave the second. Write on the third, Okay, 
+
+49
+00:04:04,350 --> 00:04:08,610
+thank you. Now, how often do you visit your
+
+50
+00:04:08,610 --> 00:04:12,930
+grandmom? How often do you visit your grandmom? 
+
+51
+00:04:14,670 --> 00:04:19,730
+Yes? Every week. You have time to visit her every 
+
+52
+00:04:19,730 --> 00:04:22,970
+week? Okay, thank you. Now, because I don't have 
+
+53
+00:04:22,970 --> 00:04:28,500
+time, I visit them every other week. I visit them 
+
+54
+00:04:28,500 --> 00:04:34,000
+every other week. This week, yes. The other week, 
+
+55
+00:04:34,060 --> 00:04:39,060
+no. And so on, okay? Every this week. Now, again, 
+
+56
+00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:44,300
+how often do you go shopping? How often does your
+
+57
+00:04:44,300 --> 00:04:47,220
+father go shopping or you go shopping? Yeah?
+
+58
+00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:54,260
+Very good. Every other month. It means one month 
+
+59
+00:04:54,260 --> 00:04:59,140
+yes and one month no. Okay, good. How often do you 
+
+60
+00:04:59,140 --> 00:05:07,270
+make cakes, Morida? I make cake every two. Every 
+
+61
+00:05:07,270 --> 00:05:11,050
+other month. Every other month. Okay. Now, when 
+
+62
+00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:13,590
+she says every other month, it means how many 
+
+63
+00:05:13,590 --> 00:05:17,350
+cakes does she make in a year? Six. Six. Very 
+
+64
+00:05:17,350 --> 00:05:21,810
+good. Thank you. That's right. Okay. Now, today is 
+
+65
+00:05:21,810 --> 00:05:25,850
+what? Wednesday. Wednesday. Yesterday was? 
+
+66
+00:05:26,090 --> 00:05:30,070
+Tuesday. Tuesday. The other day, I gave you the 
+
+67
+00:05:30,070 --> 00:05:35,120
+exams. The other day I gave you the exams, right? 
+
+68
+00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:38,440
+The other day doesn't mean yesterday. It means
+
+69
+00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:43,000
+what? The day before or the one before, okay? For 
+
+70
+00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:45,140
+example, today is what? Today is Wednesday. 
+
+71
+00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:48,880
+Yesterday was Tuesday. If I want to talk about
+
+72
+00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:53,020
+Monday or Sunday, I say what? The other day. The 
+
+73
+00:05:53,020 --> 00:05:56,140
+other day means what? The recent past. It refers 
+
+74
+00:05:56,140 --> 00:05:59,100
+to the recent past. It can be, if it is Wednesday
+
+75
+00:05:59,100 --> 00:06:03,710
+today, it can be what? Monday or Sunday, for 
+
+76
+00:06:03,710 --> 00:06:04,170
+example.
+
+77
+00:06:08,330 --> 00:06:10,790
+When did you see your friend last time?
+
+78
+00:06:15,250 --> 00:06:19,070
+I saw him the other day. Very good. I saw her the
+
+79
+00:06:19,070 --> 00:06:23,150
+other day. I saw her the other day. When did you
+
+80
+00:06:23,150 --> 00:06:28,820
+go shopping last time? The other morning. The 
+
+81
+00:06:28,820 --> 00:06:33,820
+other morning. Thank you very much. Good. Now,
+
+82
+00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:36,780
+look at this sentence. You have a nice picture in
+
+83
+00:06:36,780 --> 00:06:42,860
+your book if you look at the book. Okay? Now, how
+
+84
+00:06:42,860 --> 00:06:45,240
+do you leave this class? You are sitting together. 
+
+85
+00:06:45,840 --> 00:06:50,580
+Do you all leave the class together? In a group?
+
+86
+00:06:51,040 --> 00:06:56,280
+No. How can you? You leave one after another. One 
+
+87
+00:06:56,280 --> 00:07:01,580
+by one. Okay? So, we say, you leave one after the
+
+88
+00:07:01,580 --> 00:07:06,020
+other. Or one after another. Okay? One after the
+
+89
+00:07:06,020 --> 00:07:09,830
+other. Or one after another. So how it means that 
+
+90
+00:07:09,830 --> 00:07:13,150
+one leaves, the other does, the other does, and so
+
+91
+00:07:13,150 --> 00:07:16,830
+on, right? Now look at this sentence. Look at this
+
+92
+00:07:16,830 --> 00:07:20,450
+story of the ducklings in your book. Yes, read it 
+
+93
+00:07:20,450 --> 00:07:24,550
+please. The ducklings walked in a line behind 
+
+94
+00:07:24,550 --> 00:07:29,650
+another duck. Then another duck slipped into the 
+
+95
+00:07:29,650 --> 00:07:33,900
+pond. The ducklings followed him. They slipped 
+
+96
+00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:38,080
+into the water one after the other. One after the
+
+97
+00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:43,380
+other. It means what? Okay, there is time. Good, 
+
+98
+00:07:43,460 --> 00:07:46,000
+thank you very much. Even it is a very short time. 
+
+99
+00:07:46,300 --> 00:07:49,720
+Go on, please. One after the other expresses the 
+
+100
+00:07:49,720 --> 00:07:53,620
+idea that separate action occurred very close in
+
+101
+00:07:53,620 --> 00:07:56,400
+time. Thank you very much. Now, some students were
+
+102
+00:07:56,400 --> 00:08:00,580
+late when we started, right? They came one after 
+
+103
+00:08:00,580 --> 00:08:04,890
+the other. They came one after the other. A group 
+
+104
+00:08:04,890 --> 00:08:08,750
+of students came one after the other. Or we can
+
+105
+00:08:08,750 --> 00:08:13,430
+say also one after what? One after another. Okay.
+
+106
+00:08:14,710 --> 00:08:24,530
+Now, there is a secret. Nobody of you knows that
+
+107
+00:08:24,530 --> 00:08:30,710
+secret except Fatima. Just one. Okay, now in other
+
+108
+00:08:30,710 --> 00:08:36,170
+words, I can explain that nobody knows rather than 
+
+109
+00:08:36,170 --> 00:08:41,490
+Fatima. Okay? Nobody knows rather than Fatima. Now
+
+110
+00:08:41,490 --> 00:08:45,110
+I used what? Nobody knows rather than. Rather 
+
+111
+00:08:45,110 --> 00:08:50,580
+than. Who can speak French? Okay, Fatima can speak
+
+112
+00:08:50,580 --> 00:08:56,800
+French. So, no one can speak French other than
+
+113
+00:08:56,800 --> 00:09:01,020
+Fatima. Other than Fatima. We said nobody. We used
+
+114
+00:09:01,020 --> 00:09:04,040
+the negative. And after the negative, we used what 
+
+115
+00:09:04,040 --> 00:09:08,460
+other than to mean what? To mean except. Okay? To
+
+116
+00:09:08,460 --> 00:09:16,300
+mean except. Now, who does the shopping at home? 
+
+117
+00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:22,780
+No one does the shopping other than my father.
+
+118
+00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:27,380
+Other than my father. Who does the cooking? Who 
+
+119
+00:09:27,380 --> 00:09:31,780
+cooks your food? Give me a good sentence. Yes,
+
+120
+00:09:31,860 --> 00:09:40,740
+please. No one cooks other than mom. Very good. No
+
+121
+00:09:40,740 --> 00:09:44,300
+one cooks other than mom. Okay. Now, 
+
+122
+00:09:47,150 --> 00:09:53,770
+There is another expression. When I tell you, you
+
+123
+00:09:53,770 --> 00:10:01,910
+should study harder these days because the course
+
+124
+00:10:01,910 --> 00:10:08,610
+is about to finish. In other words, your exams are
+
+125
+00:10:08,610 --> 00:10:09,050
+coming.
+
+126
+00:10:11,770 --> 00:10:15,750
+Why did I use these words in other words? What
+
+127
+00:10:15,750 --> 00:10:18,830
+does that mean? Yes? To explain what was said
+
+128
+00:10:18,830 --> 00:10:22,130
+before. Sometimes you say something and you want
+
+129
+00:10:22,130 --> 00:10:26,370
+to simplify it, to make it clear to the reader or
+
+130
+00:10:26,370 --> 00:10:30,010
+to the listener. You use what or you say some
+
+131
+00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:32,430
+other words. Could you read the example, please? 
+
+132
+00:10:33,310 --> 00:10:37,050
+Fruits and vegetables are full of vitamins and
+
+133
+00:10:37,050 --> 00:10:41,410
+minerals. Minerals. In other words, they are good.
+
+134
+00:10:42,110 --> 00:10:45,150
+Good. Thank you very much. So now in other words,
+
+135
+00:10:45,290 --> 00:10:47,750
+they explain what they are good for you. This is
+
+136
+00:10:47,750 --> 00:10:54,110
+an explanation for what was mentioned before. Now 
+
+137
+00:10:54,110 --> 00:10:59,850
+we want to answer the questions. Exercise one.
+
+138
+00:11:00,810 --> 00:11:05,250
+Complete the sentences with what? A form of other.
+
+139
+00:11:05,770 --> 00:11:08,230
+Number one. Yes, please. Come.
+
+140
+00:11:18,680 --> 00:11:21,420
+One of the countries I would like to visit and 
+
+141
+00:11:21,420 --> 00:11:25,760
+travel is Malaysia. Thank you.
+
+142
+00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:37,220
+Of course, Saudi is too confused. There are many 
+
+143
+00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:40,800
+other places I would like to see. Thank you very 
+
+144
+00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:42,460
+much. Good. Next one. Yeah.
+
+145
+00:11:49,580 --> 00:11:52,080
+Lewis and I have been friends for a long time. 
+
+146
+00:11:52,220 --> 00:11:54,040
+We've known each other since we were children.
+
+147
+00:11:54,100 --> 00:11:56,120
+Good. Thank you. Yes, please. Come.
+
+148
+00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:07,300
+I talked to Sam the other day. Oh, how was he? I
+
+149
+00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:09,780
+didn't see him. Thank you. The other day. Good. 
+
+150
+00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:10,420
+Yes, please.
+
+151
+00:12:17,710 --> 00:12:18,170
+Other than.
+
+152
+00:12:29,890 --> 00:12:31,410
+Okay, good, thank you.
+
+153
+00:12:34,890 --> 00:12:36,770
+Okay, thank you. Yes, please. 
+
+154
+00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,600
+Thank you for inviting me to the picnic. I'd like
+
+155
+00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,820
+to go with you, but I have already made other
+
+156
+00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:55,460
+plans. Other plans. Thank you. Good. Yes, please. 
+
+157
+00:13:01,580 --> 00:13:04,760
+Clean, clean, clean, then write. 
+
+158
+00:13:24,460 --> 00:13:25,500
+Okay, good.
+
+159
+00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:38,980
+Other people, not others, good. Okay, thank you.
+
+160
+00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:40,400
+Yes please. 
+
+161
+00:13:56,030 --> 00:13:59,970
+They support each other. 
+
+162
+00:14:05,830 --> 00:14:09,110
+They like each other. 
+
+163
+00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:16,760
+Sorry? Okay, okay, good, good. Each other, each
+
+164
+00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:19,800
+other, it's okay. Don't clean by hand, okay? Each 
+
+165
+00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:21,620
+other,
+
+166
+00:14:22,820 --> 00:14:29,420
+okay? In other words, in other words. Thank you. 
+
+167
+00:14:30,500 --> 00:14:31,180
+Yes, please. 
+
+168
+00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:40,640
+How often do you travel to Portland? Every other 
+
+169
+00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:43,400
+month I go there to visit my grandmother in
+
+170
+00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:49,660
+nursing home. Thank you. Yes please, come. Every 
+
+171
+00:14:49,660 --> 00:14:50,440
+other month.
+
+172
+00:14:56,580 --> 00:14:57,660
+Number ten. 
+
+173
+00:15:07,430 --> 00:15:11,790
+Thank you very much. Good. Yes, please. 
+
+174
+00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:33,850
+Another. Okay. One cookie after another. Or the 
+
+175
+00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:35,090
+other? Okay, good. 
+
+176
+00:15:47,110 --> 00:15:48,210
+Correct the errors.
+
+177
+00:15:51,270 --> 00:15:54,470
+You want to come? Fadhal you come. Start. 
+
+178
+00:16:00,350 --> 00:16:01,410
+Clean please. 
+
+179
+00:16:08,270 --> 00:16:13,670
+Use the red pen and clean also. Underline the 
+
+180
+00:16:13,670 --> 00:16:16,130
+error, then correct it. Where is the error? 
+
+181
+00:16:20,590 --> 00:16:21,110
+Okay, 
+
+182
+00:16:23,710 --> 00:16:27,590
+so we say what? Another, you are right. Another. 
+
+183
+00:16:28,470 --> 00:16:31,310
+Just a minute, just a minute. She did not finish.
+
+184
+00:16:32,130 --> 00:16:35,690
+What do you think? Do you have something else? 
+
+185
+00:16:36,180 --> 00:16:41,440
+Yeah, we say what? Cold weather. Okay, just drop 
+
+186
+00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:49,000
+it. Okay, thank you. Good. Yes, please. I like 
+
+187
+00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,320
+to travel because I like to learn about other
+
+188
+00:16:52,320 --> 00:16:56,260
+countries and customs. You are right. Good.
+
+189
+00:17:04,430 --> 00:17:07,530
+Other countries. Okay, good. And customs. Yes, 
+
+190
+00:17:07,670 --> 00:17:08,850
+please come. The new.
+
+191
+00:17:22,670 --> 00:17:28,510
+Collecting stamps is one of my hobbies. Collecting
+
+192
+00:17:28,510 --> 00:17:32,890
+stamps is one of my hobbies. Good. Thank you. 
+
+193
+00:17:35,530
+
+223
+00:20:38,980 --> 00:20:44,200
+Yes, I gave you the numbers. You know why? To come
+
+224
+00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:50,860
+one after the other. Okay, or one after another.
+
+225
+00:20:51,140 --> 00:20:52,120
+Okay, go on.
+
+226
+00:21:03,680 --> 00:21:04,360
+Okay,
+
+227
+00:21:10,020 --> 00:21:12,360
+thank you. Good. From other languages.
+
+228
+00:21:34,570 --> 00:21:38,010
+Okay, so you said there are many students from
+
+229
+00:21:38,010 --> 00:21:39,970
+different countries. Good, thank you, in this
+
+230
+00:21:39,970 --> 00:21:41,570
+class. Next one.
+
+231
+00:21:44,610 --> 00:21:48,330
+Where is
+
+232
+00:21:48,330 --> 00:21:53,560
+number ten? Okay, let me write it for you. Clean 
+
+233
+00:21:53,560 --> 00:22:04,440
+the board please. Thousands of athletes take 
+
+234
+00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:11,300
+part in the Olympics. Take part in the Olympics.
+
+235
+00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:11,860
+Okay.
+
+236
+00:22:21,860 --> 00:22:26,080
+With S or without S? With S. Yeah, go on please
+
+237
+00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:29,000
+now. We must just add S.
+
+238
+00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:39,720
+Thousand. Okay, what about thousand? It is
+
+239
+00:22:39,720 --> 00:22:43,800
+thousands. Okay, now when do we usually use S with
+
+240
+00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:48,540
+thousand, hundred, million? When do we usually use 
+
+241
+00:22:48,540 --> 00:22:53,010
+S? Yeah? Yes, we're not preceded by numbers, okay?
+
+242
+00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:57,970
+But if they are preceded by numbers, we should not
+
+243
+00:22:57,970 --> 00:22:58,650
+use this.
+
+244
+00:23:07,290 --> 00:23:09,170
+Next one, eleven.
+
+245
+00:23:20,810 --> 00:23:21,590
+Yeah, eleven.
+
+246
+00:23:28,290 --> 00:23:29,930
+Yeah, come please.
+
+247
+00:23:36,710 --> 00:23:40,030
+Education is one of the most important aspects of
+
+248
+00:23:40,030 --> 00:23:45,710
+life. Knowledge is knowledge. Okay, doesn't accept
+
+249
+00:23:45,710 --> 00:23:51,740
+the S. Doesn't accept the S, eleven. Knowledge. Uh 
+
+250
+00:23:51,740 --> 00:23:56,340
+-huh. What about aspect? Yes,
+
+251
+00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:07,140
+knowledge allows. You are right. Good. Knowledge 
+
+252
+00:24:07,140 --> 00:24:12,320
+allows. Now, what do you think of important? Good.
+
+253
+00:24:12,460 --> 00:24:12,940
+Thank you.
+
+254
+00:24:15,980 --> 00:24:16,660
+Twelve.
+
+255
+00:24:21,450 --> 00:24:21,970
+Where?
+
+256
+00:24:26,830 --> 00:24:30,210
+Okay. All of the students' names. Good, thank you.
+
+257
+00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:33,670
+Before or after the S? After the S. Good, because
+
+258
+00:24:33,670 --> 00:24:36,470
+it is? Plural. Plural. Thank you very much. Number
+
+259
+00:24:36,470 --> 00:24:44,230
+13. Okay, come. I live in a two-room apartment.
+
+260
+00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:01,220
+Okay, thank you. Now, I live in a two-room 
+
+261
+00:25:01,220 --> 00:25:06,840
+apartment. What do you think of the S? Drop the S.
+
+262
+00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:12,300
+Okay. Now, this is a noun, a compound, noun 
+
+263
+00:25:12,300 --> 00:25:18,810
+modifier. Okay? When we use numbers. In a noun, in
+
+264
+00:25:18,810 --> 00:25:22,830
+a compound noun modifier, it should be hyphenated. 
+
+265
+00:25:23,370 --> 00:25:28,890
+It should be hyphenated. This is a hyphen. And we 
+
+266
+00:25:28,890 --> 00:25:33,190
+don't use what? Plural. We say a two-room 
+
+267
+00:25:33,190 --> 00:25:36,790
+apartment. Next one.
+
+268
+00:25:44,110 --> 00:25:45,110
+Many people.
+
+269
+00:25:55,420 --> 00:26:02,860
+Prevents them. So many people, good, to their
+
+270
+00:26:02,860 --> 00:26:05,580
+communities prevents them. You are right. Thank 
+
+271
+00:26:05,580 --> 00:26:11,080
+you. Works. Sorry? Yes, what do you think in
+
+272
+00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:14,000
+search of work? What do you think of works? What
+
+273
+00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,380
+do you think of this word? Work. Why work, not 
+
+274
+00:26:17,380 --> 00:26:18,880
+works? Okay, good.
+
+275
+00:26:25,360 --> 00:26:29,540
+Today's news is just as bad as yesterday's news.
+
+276
+00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:34,800
+Okay, good. Thank you.
+
+277
+00:26:53,020 --> 00:26:56,140
+Almost all of the students speak. Thank you. Good.
+
+278
+00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:59,340
+We can delete half. Just a minute. Yes. We can 
+
+279
+00:26:59,340 --> 00:27:04,460
+delete half. Almost the students. Almost all the
+
+280
+00:27:04,460 --> 00:27:08,900
+students. Yeah. Good. But it is not an error. He 
+
+281
+00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:12,160
+says correct error. It is a good sentence. Yeah.
+
+282
+00:27:12,420 --> 00:27:17,400
+Most of the students in our class speak. Most of
+
+283
+00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:23,080
+the students, it's also okay. Yeah, your turn. Is 
+
+284
+00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,220
+it for you? Seventeen, four, come.
+
+285
+00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:35,280
+Okay,
+
+286
+00:27:44,260 --> 00:27:44,960
+what did you do?
+
+287
+00:27:50,530 --> 00:27:53,550
+Several, a lot of homework. Good. It's a good 
+
+288
+00:27:53,550 --> 00:27:56,870
+answer. You know, a lot of is used with count and 
+
+289
+00:27:56,870 --> 00:28:03,810
+non-count. Good. Or several assignments. Please,
+
+290
+00:28:03,990 --> 00:28:07,110
+one speaker, one speaker. Who's the speaker? Yeah.
+
+291
+00:28:10,150 --> 00:28:12,490
+We can say some homework. Very good. You are
+
+292
+00:28:12,490 --> 00:28:17,250
+right. And now we want to keep several, several 
+
+293
+00:28:17,250 --> 00:28:22,910
+homework, several homework assignments. Very good.
+
+294
+00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:26,510
+Several homework assignments. Thank you. Good. So 
+
+295
+00:28:26,510 --> 00:28:29,670
+you can say some homework also and you can say
+
+296
+00:28:29,670 --> 00:28:34,650
+several homework assignments. Very good. Next one.
+
+297
+00:28:42,950 --> 00:28:43,930
+Clean and right.
+
+298
+00:28:57,670 --> 00:29:03,810
+Just a minute. Okay, go on, go on. As what? Uh 
+
+299
+00:29:03,810 --> 00:29:07,470
+-huh. Pilots. Pilots. Archeologists.
+
+300
+00:29:07,690 --> 00:29:09,650
+Archeologists. Okay.
+
+301
+00:29:16,670 --> 00:29:19,430
+Without apostrophe. Now, refer to the first word.
+
+302
+00:29:19,490 --> 00:29:20,870
+What do you think of this word, woman?
+
+303
+00:29:24,490 --> 00:29:29,350
+Without S and read it. Is it singular or plural 
+
+304
+00:29:29,350 --> 00:29:33,830
+now? Okay, and you use the plural. You use the
+
+305
+00:29:33,830 --> 00:29:38,070
+plural. So it should be what? Women. Women. No, Ki 
+
+306
+00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:40,930
+without S. You are right. We don't need the S on
+
+307
+00:29:40,930 --> 00:29:44,030
+all cases. So we say women, right? Write it.
+
+308
+00:29:44,070 --> 00:29:50,310
+Women. Women. Regular. Regular. Women. 
+
+309
+00:29:52,830 --> 00:29:53,290
+Women.
+
+310
+00:30:01,730 --> 00:30:06,630
+Women, okay, thank you. And next one.
+
+311
+00:30:21,850 --> 00:30:27,630
+Respects, good, thank you. And finally, respects.
+
+312
+00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:54,060
+Yeah, what are you doing? Read aloud, read aloud.
+
+313
+00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:16,380
+Now why 
+
+314
+00:31:16,380 --> 00:31:24,300
+did you add S? How to? How to spend? Okay. How to 
+
+315
+00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:32,860
+spend? His or her? Okay. Himself or herself? How
+
+316
+00:31:32,860 --> 00:31:37,660
+does it depend? On himself or herself? Yeah, you 
+
+317
+00:31:37,660 --> 00:31:41,320
+say what. Just let's finish. Change that. Him or
+
+318
+00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:46,380
+her? Himself or herself? Yeah.
+
+319
+00:31:49,970 --> 00:31:55,090
+Him? Self? Yeah, who wanted to say something? Who 
+
+320
+00:31:55,090 --> 00:32:00,130
+was, yeah? Okay, good, good. Come, come, come. 
+
+321
+00:32:00,330 --> 00:32:05,990
+Complete it. Children? Okay, children need?
+
+322
+00:32:11,020 --> 00:32:16,100
+Okay, write it, write it. No, no, no. Keep the 
+
+323
+00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:19,760
+first answer. Okay, just a minute. Did you finish? 
+
+324
+00:32:20,080 --> 00:32:24,420
+Did you correct it as done before? So clean it 
+
+325
+00:32:24,420 --> 00:32:28,520
+all, the last one, and do it again. So we can say 
+
+326
+00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:32,820
+children need. Children need, good.
+
+327
+00:32:39,490 --> 00:32:40,830
+Okay, other people?
+
+328
+00:32:44,210 --> 00:32:48,370
+Very good.
+
+329
+00:32:49,170 --> 00:32:50,790
+This is also a good answer. 
+
+330
+00:32:54,070 --> 00:32:55,250
+Thank you very much.

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/Gx_fPJt0mzM_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1940 @@
+1
+00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:23,680
+Good morning to you all. Good morning. How are
+
+2
+00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:27,760
+you? Fine, fine. Thank you. I'm fine.
+
+3
+00:00:31,460 --> 00:00:35,780
+Khadija, how are you? Fine. When did you come to
+
+4
+00:00:35,780 --> 00:00:40,440
+the university today? At seven forty-five. At
+
+5
+00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:47,040
+seven forty-five. Good. When are you leaving? At
+
+6
+00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:52,680
+seven. I? I left. When are you leaving the
+
+7
+00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:58,040
+university today? I'm leaving. Good. At seven.
+
+8
+00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,520
+Okay. I'm leaving. You are leaving at twelve, at
+
+9
+00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:05,340
+one and so on. Good. Thank you very much. I'm
+
+10
+00:01:05,340 --> 00:01:08,300
+leaving at one. When are you leaving the
+
+11
+00:01:08,300 --> 00:01:09,360
+university today?
+
+12
+00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:18,940
+At twelve. Thank you. I'm leaving at twelve. Now,
+
+13
+00:01:19,770 --> 00:01:24,370
+We are talking about what? At one. She's leaving
+
+14
+00:01:24,370 --> 00:01:28,790
+at one. You are leaving in the future. Okay? Which
+
+15
+00:01:28,790 --> 00:01:32,430
+tense did we use to express the future? The
+
+16
+00:01:32,430 --> 00:01:35,210
+present progressive. Thank you. The present
+
+17
+00:01:35,210 --> 00:01:39,870
+progressive. Now, when we talk about our coming or
+
+18
+00:01:39,870 --> 00:01:44,570
+our leaving to the university, We are connected to
+
+19
+00:01:44,570 --> 00:01:49,350
+certain events, okay? You come according to your
+
+20
+00:01:49,350 --> 00:01:52,930
+timetable. You have some lectures. Your lectures
+
+21
+00:01:52,930 --> 00:01:56,290
+start at a certain time and finish at a certain
+
+22
+00:01:56,290 --> 00:02:00,950
+time. So your lectures are arranged in a certain
+
+23
+00:02:00,950 --> 00:02:04,510
+way that makes you come at a certain time and
+
+24
+00:02:04,510 --> 00:02:09,770
+leave at a certain time. Tell me, what are you
+
+25
+00:02:09,770 --> 00:02:14,440
+going to do today? What are you going to do today?
+
+26
+00:02:15,700 --> 00:02:22,600
+Yes, please. Okay. I'm going to go shopping. Thank
+
+27
+00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:26,100
+you. I'm going to go shopping. I'm visiting my
+
+28
+00:02:26,100 --> 00:02:30,560
+sister tonight. I'm visiting my sister tonight.
+
+29
+00:02:30,680 --> 00:02:35,420
+What are you doing tonight? What are you doing?
+
+30
+00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:43,740
+I'm watching TV. Thank you. I'm watching TV. Now,
+
+31
+00:02:44,580 --> 00:02:46,620
+can you read the example, please?
+
+32
+00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:55,300
+My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She's
+
+33
+00:02:55,300 --> 00:02:58,500
+seeing a doctor next Tuesday. Thank you. She's
+
+34
+00:02:58,500 --> 00:03:03,400
+seeing the doctor next Tuesday. Next Tuesday, this
+
+35
+00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:08,220
+refers to what? Come here. You have a seat. Come,
+
+36
+00:03:08,340 --> 00:03:12,660
+please. Yeah. It refers to what? to the future. It
+
+37
+00:03:12,660 --> 00:03:18,760
+refers to the future. Now, how did we express the
+
+38
+00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:24,640
+future? By the present? Okay, progressive. Now,
+
+39
+00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:30,020
+when I say, is seeing, is meeting, are visiting,
+
+40
+00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:34,240
+this is a present progressive. But can I
+
+41
+00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:37,360
+understand? How can I understand its indication?
+
+42
+00:03:38,220 --> 00:03:41,500
+It's reference. Does it refer to the future or to
+
+43
+00:03:41,500 --> 00:03:48,440
+the present? How did I know? By next Tuesday. I
+
+44
+00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:52,260
+have some words that refer to the time and they
+
+45
+00:03:52,260 --> 00:03:57,360
+help me to know whether it talks about the present
+
+46
+00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:01,400
+or the future. Read the other one please. The
+
+47
+00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:02,220
+other sentence.
+
+48
+00:04:07,250 --> 00:04:10,830
+Thank you. He's leaving at noon. He's leaving at
+
+49
+00:04:10,830 --> 00:04:12,890
+noon. Tomorrow. Tomorrow. This is the future
+
+50
+00:04:12,890 --> 00:04:18,450
+again. It is used to express what? Okay. Present
+
+51
+00:04:18,450 --> 00:04:21,950
+progressive expressed by the future. Thank you.
+
+52
+00:04:22,010 --> 00:04:23,450
+Read the other example, please.
+
+53
+00:04:26,570 --> 00:04:30,590
+Okay. After lunch. After lunch, I am meeting a
+
+54
+00:04:30,590 --> 00:04:33,690
+friend of mine. We are going shopping. Would you
+
+55
+00:04:33,690 --> 00:04:38,290
+like to Thank you. We are going shopping. I'm
+
+56
+00:04:38,290 --> 00:04:43,330
+visiting my sister. Okay? So again, give me other
+
+57
+00:04:43,330 --> 00:04:46,350
+situations. Use the present progressive to express
+
+58
+00:04:46,350 --> 00:04:50,990
+the future. Go on. Talk about yourself. Yeah.
+
+59
+00:04:53,170 --> 00:04:54,790
+Thank you. Good.
+
+60
+00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:02,340
+Okay, this is right, but we want the present
+
+61
+00:05:02,340 --> 00:05:04,880
+progressive. This is good. It expresses the
+
+62
+00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:09,580
+future. I'm writing my assignment at twelve. Thank
+
+63
+00:05:09,580 --> 00:05:12,240
+you very much. Good. When are you having lunch
+
+64
+00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:20,000
+today? When are you having lunch today? At one.
+
+65
+00:05:20,060 --> 00:05:23,660
+I'm having lunch at one. Okay. I'm going shopping
+
+66
+00:05:23,660 --> 00:05:28,220
+at three. I'm visiting my sister at four and so
+
+67
+00:05:28,220 --> 00:05:28,420
+on.
+
+68
+00:05:32,050 --> 00:05:36,850
+Now, as we said, the present progressive can be
+
+69
+00:05:36,850 --> 00:05:41,390
+used to express the future if we talk about a
+
+70
+00:05:41,390 --> 00:05:46,230
+planned event or definite intention. Definite
+
+71
+00:05:46,230 --> 00:05:50,850
+intention, special intention. I'm visiting my
+
+72
+00:05:50,850 --> 00:05:56,350
+sister tonight. I'm having lunch at one. And so
+
+73
+00:05:56,350 --> 00:05:56,510
+on.
+
+74
+00:06:05,190 --> 00:06:09,290
+Now, again, if you look at this verb,
+
+75
+00:06:12,850 --> 00:06:13,910
+rain.
+
+76
+00:06:18,430 --> 00:06:24,790
+Can we use rain in the progressive to express the
+
+77
+00:06:24,790 --> 00:06:29,910
+future? Now listen, I say I'm having lunch, you
+
+78
+00:06:29,910 --> 00:06:33,890
+can arrange lunch, right? I'm visiting, you can
+
+79
+00:06:33,890 --> 00:06:36,950
+make the arrangement, okay? You can plan the
+
+80
+00:06:36,950 --> 00:06:41,370
+event, okay? I'm studying, I'm staying at home
+
+81
+00:06:41,370 --> 00:06:46,280
+tonight, but what about rain? Do we have anything
+
+82
+00:06:46,280 --> 00:06:49,360
+to do with arranging the rain or planning the
+
+83
+00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:53,780
+rain? No. So can we use it in the progressive to
+
+84
+00:06:53,780 --> 00:06:57,620
+express the future? No. With some verbs, with
+
+85
+00:06:57,620 --> 00:07:01,500
+rain, we cannot use this verb. We cannot use it to
+
+86
+00:07:01,500 --> 00:07:04,780
+express. So if somebody says it's raining, it
+
+87
+00:07:04,780 --> 00:07:08,660
+should be when? Now, at this time. At this time
+
+88
+00:07:08,660 --> 00:07:11,460
+should be raining, at the present time.
+
+89
+00:07:16,790 --> 00:07:19,210
+Yeah, look at this sentence, read it please.
+
+90
+00:07:28,590 --> 00:07:32,570
+Okay, thank you. It is not a planned event, okay?
+
+91
+00:07:32,930 --> 00:07:36,070
+We cannot plan it. We cannot plan it. Yes, go on,
+
+92
+00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:36,570
+complete.
+
+93
+00:07:45,410 --> 00:07:56,230
+Okay, thank you. Now, when I say, I'm visiting my
+
+94
+00:07:56,230 --> 00:08:01,730
+sister tomorrow.
+
+95
+00:08:03,950 --> 00:08:10,150
+Now, I'm visiting. How did we know that this
+
+96
+00:08:10,150 --> 00:08:14,850
+tense, the progressive expresses the future? Yeah.
+
+97
+00:08:16,390 --> 00:08:19,390
+Tomorrow. This word indicates what tomorrow
+
+98
+00:08:19,390 --> 00:08:24,690
+indicates the future. Okay. So now when I tell
+
+99
+00:08:24,690 --> 00:08:29,450
+you, look, they are playing football. Look, they
+
+100
+00:08:29,450 --> 00:08:35,790
+are playing football. When? Now. Now at the time
+
+101
+00:08:35,790 --> 00:08:38,730
+of speaking. So as you know, the present
+
+102
+00:08:38,730 --> 00:08:44,030
+progressive can express an action happening now or
+
+103
+00:08:45,060 --> 00:08:46,920
+In the future. Okay.
+
+104
+00:08:56,260 --> 00:09:02,100
+If you go to the library, sometimes imagine that
+
+105
+00:09:02,100 --> 00:09:05,320
+you arrived late to the library at seven, and you
+
+106
+00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:11,560
+tell them, I want to stay until 10. They say, we
+
+107
+00:09:11,560 --> 00:09:18,720
+close at eight. We close at eight. She comes from
+
+108
+00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:27,700
+Rafah. The bus from Rafah to Gaza leaves
+
+109
+00:09:27,700 --> 00:09:36,060
+at seven. You want to Receive your brother in the
+
+110
+00:09:36,060 --> 00:09:40,520
+airport. You are waiting. You knew that the plane
+
+111
+00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:44,940
+from Dubai, for example, arrives at 10 tonight.
+
+112
+00:09:45,560 --> 00:09:54,570
+Arrives at 10. Okay, now arrives, leaves. This is
+
+113
+00:09:54,570 --> 00:09:58,890
+what? Present symbol. But it is used to express
+
+114
+00:09:58,890 --> 00:10:02,570
+what? The future. It is used to express the
+
+115
+00:10:02,570 --> 00:10:06,670
+future. Sometimes if we want to talk about planes,
+
+116
+00:10:06,830 --> 00:10:10,750
+about trains, about things like that, about
+
+117
+00:10:10,750 --> 00:10:15,550
+museums, okay, a museum, a library open in a
+
+118
+00:10:15,550 --> 00:10:18,550
+certain time and close in a certain time, right?
+
+119
+00:10:18,890 --> 00:10:21,590
+So when we talk about them, things which are
+
+120
+00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:26,570
+planned like that, In the future, we use the
+
+121
+00:10:26,570 --> 00:10:30,650
+present simple to express the future. Read please
+
+122
+00:10:30,650 --> 00:10:33,630
+this example. Yes, read.
+
+123
+00:10:37,790 --> 00:10:45,030
+The bus opens at 10 o'clock tomorrow. Okay, opens.
+
+124
+00:10:46,020 --> 00:10:49,220
+At 10 o'clock tomorrow morning, lock opens, this
+
+125
+00:10:49,220 --> 00:10:53,320
+is present, symbol. And we are talking about the
+
+126
+00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:58,740
+future. Go on, please. Classes. Classes begin next
+
+127
+00:10:58,740 --> 00:11:01,420
+week. Now you are in the summer holiday. It's the
+
+128
+00:11:01,420 --> 00:11:05,980
+end of the holiday. Okay? You say what? Classes
+
+129
+00:11:05,980 --> 00:11:12,520
+begin. This is a future intention. They begin next
+
+130
+00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:15,620
+week. We use the present simple again to express
+
+131
+00:11:15,620 --> 00:11:19,160
+what? The future. Let's read the other one.
+
+132
+00:11:23,050 --> 00:11:27,870
+Thank you. Plane arrives. The plane leaves. The
+
+133
+00:11:27,870 --> 00:11:32,710
+planes, trains, as we said, leave and arrive
+
+134
+00:11:32,710 --> 00:11:37,630
+according to what? Yeah, that's right. Or a
+
+135
+00:11:37,630 --> 00:11:41,110
+timetable. They leave in certain times, indefinite
+
+136
+00:11:41,110 --> 00:11:44,710
+times, and they arrive in certain times. So
+
+137
+00:11:44,710 --> 00:11:46,790
+everything is planned there.
+
+138
+00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:52,700
+The simple present can also be used to express
+
+139
+00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:56,260
+future time in a sentence concerning even our own
+
+140
+00:11:56,260 --> 00:11:57,900
+definite schedule or timetable.
+
+141
+00:12:01,580 --> 00:12:07,100
+These sentences usually contain future-time words.
+
+142
+00:12:07,630 --> 00:12:13,730
+When I say it opens tomorrow morning, it arrives
+
+143
+00:12:13,730 --> 00:12:19,930
+tonight. You should use words like that to help
+
+144
+00:12:19,930 --> 00:12:22,790
+the reader understand that you are talking about
+
+145
+00:12:22,790 --> 00:12:26,870
+the future. Okay, go on. Only few words are used
+
+146
+00:12:26,870 --> 00:12:31,250
+in this way. For example, open, close, begin, end,
+
+147
+00:12:31,390 --> 00:12:34,370
+start, finish, arrive, leave, come, return. Thank
+
+148
+00:12:34,370 --> 00:12:38,550
+you. So we cannot use all the verbs in the present
+
+149
+00:12:38,550 --> 00:12:43,370
+symbol to express the future. Now,
+
+150
+00:12:46,770 --> 00:12:52,130
+when are you leaving the university today?
+
+151
+00:12:56,010 --> 00:13:01,230
+Again, tell me. When are you leaving? At what
+
+152
+00:13:01,230 --> 00:13:10,230
+time? Yeah. Two. Okay. Now we
+
+153
+00:13:10,230 --> 00:13:15,670
+say, she is leaving at what? At one. Okay. She's
+
+154
+00:13:15,670 --> 00:13:18,270
+leaving at one. At two,
+
+155
+00:13:21,810 --> 00:13:29,250
+she will be having lunch.
+
+156
+00:13:30,590 --> 00:13:35,790
+Okay. At two, she will be having lunch. What will
+
+157
+00:13:35,790 --> 00:13:39,650
+you be doing at two thirty? At two thirty, what
+
+158
+00:13:39,650 --> 00:13:40,490
+will you be doing?
+
+159
+00:13:43,210 --> 00:13:48,850
+Yes, she will be sleeping.
+
+160
+00:13:55,210 --> 00:14:05,080
+She will be sleeping. Okay. At four, She will be
+
+161
+00:14:05,080 --> 00:14:06,500
+studying.
+
+162
+00:14:08,540 --> 00:14:13,060
+She will be studying. What will you be doing at 10
+
+163
+00:14:13,060 --> 00:14:19,560
+tonight? I will be watching TV. Good. What will
+
+164
+00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:27,800
+you be doing tomorrow at this time? I I will be
+
+165
+00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:31,120
+studying. Good. What will you be doing tomorrow
+
+166
+00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:38,160
+evening? Yes. I will be sleeping. Good. Thank you.
+
+167
+00:14:38,780 --> 00:14:41,060
+What will you be doing at 10?
+
+168
+00:14:45,820 --> 00:14:47,540
+Today at 10 in the morning.
+
+169
+00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:56,160
+I will be studying. Good, thank you. And what
+
+170
+00:14:56,160 --> 00:15:01,960
+about you? What will you be doing at 10? I will be
+
+171
+00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:05,480
+having breakfast. Okay, I will be having
+
+172
+00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:11,560
+breakfast. Now, a friend of mine wanted to visit
+
+173
+00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:16,380
+me at 10 tonight. I told him, sorry, don't come at
+
+174
+00:15:16,380 --> 00:15:22,100
+10. Because I will be sleeping at 10. Okay, I will
+
+175
+00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:27,080
+be sleeping. Look, at 2.30, she will be sleeping.
+
+176
+00:15:28,100 --> 00:15:34,760
+She will be sleeping. Now, this is what? This is
+
+177
+00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:41,580
+10 in the evening. Okay, will be sleeping. When
+
+178
+00:15:41,580 --> 00:15:46,510
+will the action start? Before 10. Very good. The
+
+179
+00:15:46,510 --> 00:15:50,330
+action will start before 10. Will the action
+
+180
+00:15:50,330 --> 00:15:55,550
+continue after 10? Yes. Okay. So, we'll be
+
+181
+00:15:55,550 --> 00:16:00,730
+sleeping. This action or this time will be in the
+
+182
+00:16:00,730 --> 00:16:04,740
+middle of the action. Okay? It will be in the
+
+183
+00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:08,100
+middle of the action. It means that the action
+
+184
+00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:14,180
+starts before and continues after. What do we call
+
+185
+00:16:14,180 --> 00:16:16,940
+this tense? We'll be studying. We'll be sleeping.
+
+186
+00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:21,860
+Future progressive. Thank you. Future progressive.
+
+187
+00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:29,940
+I will be driving home at one. What about you,
+
+188
+00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:33,790
+Yasmeen? What will you be doing at one? I will be
+
+189
+00:16:33,790 --> 00:16:40,190
+walking to my home. Good, thank you. Yes, tell me
+
+190
+00:16:40,190 --> 00:16:44,370
+more about yourself. What will you be doing in the
+
+191
+00:16:44,370 --> 00:16:47,530
+future? Yes, what will you be doing on a Friday
+
+192
+00:16:47,530 --> 00:16:53,630
+morning? I will be visiting my uncle. Thank you.
+
+193
+00:16:53,910 --> 00:16:56,350
+What will you be doing on a Friday morning?
+
+194
+00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:02,000
+I will be sitting with my sister. Good. Thank you.
+
+195
+00:17:02,260 --> 00:17:04,700
+And what about you? What will you be doing Friday
+
+196
+00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:09,320
+morning? I will be studying English. Thank you.
+
+197
+00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:14,780
+Yeah. I will be cleaning my house. Thank you very
+
+198
+00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:18,680
+much. I will be cleaning my house. Okay. Would you
+
+199
+00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:23,520
+please read the example? I will begin to study at
+
+200
+00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:28,700
+seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying
+
+201
+00:17:28,700 --> 00:17:34,520
+when you come. Okay, thank you. Look, I begin
+
+202
+00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:38,760
+study, I will begin at seven. You will come at
+
+203
+00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:43,680
+eight. I will be studying when you come. When will
+
+204
+00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:48,970
+you start studying? Before. Okay. And will you
+
+205
+00:17:48,970 --> 00:17:52,670
+continue after that time? Yes, of course. Yes,
+
+206
+00:17:52,770 --> 00:17:53,590
+complete please.
+
+207
+00:17:59,930 --> 00:18:03,010
+Thank you. It will be in progress. When I say at
+
+208
+00:18:03,010 --> 00:18:06,210
+10, I will be sleeping. The action will be going
+
+209
+00:18:06,210 --> 00:18:12,150
+on. The action will be in progress. Go on, please
+
+210
+00:18:12,150 --> 00:18:13,190
+read the other example.
+
+211
+00:18:23,250 --> 00:18:27,110
+Thank you. We can express the future by using
+
+212
+00:18:27,110 --> 00:18:31,470
+what? Going to, I'm going to write well. Okay. And
+
+213
+00:18:31,470 --> 00:18:34,630
+you know the difference between well and going to.
+
+214
+00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:42,790
+Now, look
+
+215
+00:18:42,790 --> 00:18:46,720
+at this sentence. When I say, don't worry, she
+
+216
+00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:52,760
+will be coming soon. She will come soon. She will
+
+217
+00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:58,160
+be coming soon. We are talking about the future.
+
+218
+00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:02,360
+Is there any definite time mentioned in the
+
+219
+00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:09,860
+future? Look at the sentence. Soon. Okay, soon. It
+
+220
+00:19:09,860 --> 00:19:14,450
+can be a minute and it can be An hour can be one
+
+221
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:17,350
+day and so on. It is not different. It is unlike
+
+222
+00:19:17,350 --> 00:19:20,030
+saying at seven o'clock for example. At seven,
+
+223
+00:19:20,130 --> 00:19:24,390
+this is a definite time, an exact time. Okay, now
+
+224
+00:19:24,390 --> 00:19:28,860
+when you talk about the future about indefinite
+
+225
+00:19:28,860 --> 00:19:32,860
+time in the future. You can use the symbol future
+
+226
+00:19:32,860 --> 00:19:37,260
+or the future progressive. They are the same. But
+
+227
+00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:42,720
+if you are talking about a definite time in the
+
+228
+00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:49,620
+future, you can use what? The symbol future. Read
+
+229
+00:19:49,620 --> 00:19:51,400
+please. Will you read the first example?
+
+230
+00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:58,150
+Go on. Thank you very much. Complete please.
+
+231
+00:20:04,250 --> 00:20:13,030
+Thank you
+
+232
+00:20:13,030 --> 00:20:19,210
+very much. Okay. So, In this case, no definite
+
+233
+00:20:19,210 --> 00:20:23,270
+time. We can use the simple present, the simple
+
+234
+00:20:23,270 --> 00:20:27,470
+future or the future progressive. Okay.
+
+235
+00:20:32,790 --> 00:20:40,890
+Now let's talk about dua again. You remember Okay,
+
+236
+00:20:41,130 --> 00:20:46,730
+she's arriving at one. She's having lunch at one
+
+237
+00:20:46,730 --> 00:20:51,950
+thirty. She's sleeping at two. Okay, she's
+
+238
+00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:55,330
+watching TV at four. She's cleaning the house at
+
+239
+00:20:55,330 --> 00:21:00,690
+seven. She's doing a lot of things. Okay, now
+
+240
+00:21:00,690 --> 00:21:08,250
+usually dua goes to bed at eleven. Okay? When she
+
+241
+00:21:08,250 --> 00:21:11,610
+goes to bed, she should have completed, she should
+
+242
+00:21:11,610 --> 00:21:16,630
+have done all her duties. All her duties, okay?
+
+243
+00:21:17,370 --> 00:21:25,510
+She should have, okay? She will
+
+244
+00:21:25,510 --> 00:21:36,050
+have written her homework. She will have written
+
+245
+00:21:36,050 --> 00:21:41,390
+her homework. She will have cleaned the house. She
+
+246
+00:21:41,390 --> 00:21:48,090
+will have watched TV. Tell me about yourself. When
+
+247
+00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,590
+you go to bed, what will you have done? What will
+
+248
+00:21:52,590 --> 00:21:54,170
+you have done when you go to bed?
+
+249
+00:21:57,360 --> 00:22:02,160
+I will have recited some verses of the Holy Quran.
+
+250
+00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:04,680
+Very good. Thank you. Yes, what will you have
+
+251
+00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:04,920
+done?
+
+252
+00:22:11,470 --> 00:22:13,910
+I will have done my homework. Very good. Thank
+
+253
+00:22:13,910 --> 00:22:18,750
+you. Yes, I will have brushed my teeth. Very good.
+
+254
+00:22:19,130 --> 00:22:22,170
+Now next week we are having there is Eid, right?
+
+255
+00:22:22,510 --> 00:22:26,830
+Okay. And you know, people, especially ladies are
+
+256
+00:22:26,830 --> 00:22:32,270
+so busy at homes. Okay. Now the first day, imagine
+
+257
+00:22:32,270 --> 00:22:39,110
+it is Tuesday. What will you have done? Okay. On
+
+258
+00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:42,330
+Tuesday morning. The things that should be
+
+259
+00:22:42,330 --> 00:22:47,630
+completed before. Yeah. We will have cleaned the
+
+260
+00:22:47,630 --> 00:22:51,890
+house. Very good. Thank you. Yeah. Go on. Only
+
+261
+00:22:51,890 --> 00:23:00,410
+that. Yeah. I will have bought
+
+262
+00:23:00,410 --> 00:23:06,340
+a new dress. I will have Okay. Bought a new dress.
+
+263
+00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,840
+Again, what will you have done? Say it again.
+
+264
+00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:13,540
+Good. I will have bought a new dress. Thank you.
+
+265
+00:23:13,620 --> 00:23:18,320
+And what about you, Noor? Okay. Will have bought
+
+266
+00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:20,540
+some chocolates and sweets. Good. Thank you. And
+
+267
+00:23:20,540 --> 00:23:24,780
+what about you? Good. Thank you very much. Yeah,
+
+268
+00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:30,620
+go on. Yes, please. I will have called my friends.
+
+269
+00:23:30,780 --> 00:23:33,320
+Good. Yes, please. Go on. What will you have done?
+
+270
+00:23:34,140 --> 00:23:35,000
+Yes you.
+
+271
+00:23:41,820 --> 00:23:45,760
+Okay, I will have eaten some chocolates. Okay,
+
+272
+00:23:45,820 --> 00:23:48,820
+thank you very much. Okay, now when I say I will
+
+273
+00:23:48,820 --> 00:23:51,820
+have eaten, I will have cleaned, I will have
+
+274
+00:23:51,820 --> 00:23:55,540
+bought, I will have visited. Okay, now we are
+
+275
+00:23:55,540 --> 00:24:00,440
+talking about a certain time in the future. She
+
+276
+00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,980
+will have written her homework. Can you tell me
+
+277
+00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:07,980
+when do we usually or before when? What do we call
+
+278
+00:24:07,980 --> 00:24:12,590
+this tense? have, will have written. What do we
+
+279
+00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:16,170
+call it? Future perfect. Future perfect, thank
+
+280
+00:24:16,170 --> 00:24:20,650
+you. When do we use it? In the future. Okay, in
+
+281
+00:24:20,650 --> 00:24:22,470
+the future, you are right. This is a clever
+
+282
+00:24:22,470 --> 00:24:26,930
+answer. But when exactly in the future, yeah? An
+
+283
+00:24:26,930 --> 00:24:31,270
+activity that will be completed at some point in
+
+284
+00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:35,610
+the future. Thank you. Good. Now, when I say at
+
+285
+00:24:35,610 --> 00:24:43,070
+eleven, she will have written. It means that this
+
+286
+00:24:43,070 --> 00:24:47,330
+activity, writing for example, will be completed
+
+287
+00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:51,210
+before this time. And this is a future time. Okay?
+
+288
+00:24:52,050 --> 00:24:55,270
+The activity will be completed before this time in
+
+289
+00:24:55,270 --> 00:24:55,790
+the future.
+
+290
+00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:06,130
+Yeah. Would you read please?
+
+291
+00:25:10,010 --> 00:25:13,570
+Very good.
+
+292
+00:25:13,770 --> 00:25:18,110
+I will have graduated. It means the action will
+
+293
+00:25:18,110 --> 00:25:21,890
+happen before this time. Thank you. Go on please.
+
+294
+00:25:22,710 --> 00:25:22,810
+Yeah.
+
+295
+00:25:29,010 --> 00:25:33,210
+Thank you. Before another time or activity in the
+
+296
+00:25:33,210 --> 00:25:37,850
+future, would you please write one sentence about
+
+297
+00:25:37,850 --> 00:25:42,030
+yourself using the future perfect? Okay, I'll give
+
+298
+00:25:42,030 --> 00:25:45,350
+you 30 seconds only. A very simple sentence. Write
+
+299
+00:25:45,350 --> 00:25:48,370
+it. Think of a sentence. I'll take it from you.
+
+300
+00:25:48,810 --> 00:25:52,250
+I'll ask five students. Go on. Write one sentence
+
+301
+00:25:52,250 --> 00:25:53,110
+about yourself.
+
+302
+00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:32,320
+Okay,
+
+303
+00:26:39,620 --> 00:26:43,240
+who can give me? Yeah, Marwa. By the time I come
+
+304
+00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:45,540
+home today, I will have finished my lecture. Very
+
+305
+00:26:45,540 --> 00:26:48,940
+good. I will have. By the time she returns home,
+
+306
+00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,020
+she will have finished her lectures. No more
+
+307
+00:26:52,020 --> 00:26:53,840
+lectures. This is a good sentence. Yeah.
+
+308
+00:26:58,630 --> 00:27:07,470
+Thank you. Okay, so you say in 2017, for example,
+
+309
+00:27:08,550 --> 00:27:12,370
+I will have graduated. I will have graduated. Or
+
+310
+00:27:12,370 --> 00:27:15,150
+when I get a job, I will have graduated. Thank
+
+311
+00:27:15,150 --> 00:27:16,290
+you. Good. Yes, please.
+
+312
+00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:23,580
+Very good. Before I go to bed, I will have done
+
+313
+00:27:23,580 --> 00:27:25,940
+all my duties. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+314
+00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:34,220
+Okay. When I leave, I will have left, I will have
+
+315
+00:27:34,220 --> 00:27:36,680
+helped my mother. Thank you very much. Good.
+
+316
+00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:52,150
+Yeah. We have a future test. Simple and
+
+317
+00:27:52,150 --> 00:27:58,310
+progressive and perfect. So why use the present
+
+318
+00:27:58,310 --> 00:28:02,160
+progressive to express about the future? Why? To
+
+319
+00:28:02,160 --> 00:28:04,760
+use the present progressive to express the future.
+
+320
+00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:10,280
+You know, we have different tenses. Each tense has
+
+321
+00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:13,380
+a certain function, let's say, has a certain
+
+322
+00:28:13,380 --> 00:28:16,900
+meaning. Now, I want to talk about a definite time
+
+323
+00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:21,270
+in the future. A definite time, for example. Or I
+
+324
+00:28:21,270 --> 00:28:25,290
+want to talk about prediction in the future. I use
+
+325
+00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:30,810
+what? I use will. I use going to. I want now to
+
+326
+00:28:30,810 --> 00:28:34,850
+show that I have just decided. I will open. I will
+
+327
+00:28:34,850 --> 00:28:39,450
+close. Or I decided before. I'm going to buy. I'm
+
+328
+00:28:39,450 --> 00:28:47,130
+going to close. This concerns the future symbol.
+
+329
+00:28:48,030 --> 00:28:54,830
+And if I want to use the future progressive, it
+
+330
+00:28:54,830 --> 00:28:58,210
+has another meaning. The action or this point
+
+331
+00:28:58,210 --> 00:29:01,370
+which I'm talking about in the future will be in
+
+332
+00:29:01,370 --> 00:29:04,170
+the middle of the action. What about the present
+
+333
+00:29:04,170 --> 00:29:07,810
+progressive? The present progressive has a
+
+334
+00:29:07,810 --> 00:29:12,790
+different use. There are some arrangements. As I
+
+335
+00:29:12,790 --> 00:29:17,040
+told you, when you are leaving the university, You
+
+336
+00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:20,600
+don't leave the university unless you have
+
+337
+00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:23,400
+finished your lectures. Okay, you have some
+
+338
+00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:27,700
+lectures, things are arranged together, so you use
+
+339
+00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:31,400
+the perfect, you use the progressive to express
+
+340
+00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:37,660
+this one. It has especially when we are talking
+
+341
+00:29:37,660 --> 00:29:40,540
+about a future event and there are arrangements,
+
+342
+00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:45,220
+we use this tense. So again, each tense expresses
+
+343
+00:29:45,220 --> 00:29:49,100
+a certain meaning, conveys a certain message to
+
+344
+00:29:49,100 --> 00:29:53,760
+the reader or to the listener. Sometimes they meet
+
+345
+00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:58,900
+in certain points, sometimes, but usually it's
+
+346
+00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:02,560
+clear that each one has its own meaning.
+
+347
+00:30:08,270 --> 00:30:16,330
+Now, Noor has a little sister. Okay? Noor has a
+
+348
+00:30:16,330 --> 00:30:22,490
+little sister. When she studies at home, her
+
+349
+00:30:22,490 --> 00:30:32,950
+sister makes some noise. So, her mother will help
+
+350
+00:30:32,950 --> 00:30:39,250
+her. How? by putting her sister to sleep. The
+
+351
+00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:46,250
+little sister. The little sister will
+
+352
+00:30:46,250 --> 00:30:49,630
+go to bed at seven.
+
+353
+00:30:51,370 --> 00:31:00,270
+The little baby will go to bed at seven. And from
+
+354
+00:31:00,270 --> 00:31:04,930
+seven to nine. from seven to nine. If we say that,
+
+355
+00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:09,610
+the baby will go at seven and starts until nine.
+
+356
+00:31:10,610 --> 00:31:15,170
+The baby will
+
+357
+00:31:15,170 --> 00:31:25,030
+have been sleeping for
+
+358
+00:31:25,030 --> 00:31:33,210
+two hours. Now listen, When I talk about this time
+
+359
+00:31:33,210 --> 00:31:39,770
+in the future, we'll go to bed at seven. At nine,
+
+360
+00:31:40,470 --> 00:31:46,090
+the baby will still be sleeping. If you talk about
+
+361
+00:31:46,090 --> 00:31:51,430
+another time, when we go to bed at ten, the baby
+
+362
+00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:57,040
+will have been sleeping for two hours. The baby
+
+363
+00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:02,940
+will have been sleeping for two hours. When did
+
+364
+00:32:02,940 --> 00:32:07,880
+you join the university? You joined the university
+
+365
+00:32:07,880 --> 00:32:12,380
+in September, right? You joined the university in
+
+366
+00:32:12,380 --> 00:32:21,660
+September. By the first of November, you will have
+
+367
+00:32:21,660 --> 00:32:27,260
+been Okay, studying or coming to the university
+
+368
+00:32:27,260 --> 00:32:36,880
+for two months. Okay. Will have. Will have been
+
+369
+00:32:36,880 --> 00:32:40,620
+studying. Will have been coming to the university.
+
+370
+00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:47,620
+Okay. Yeah. I have an example. Yes, go on. Before
+
+371
+00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:51,720
+I graduated from the university, I would have been
+
+372
+00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:55,820
+studying for four years. Thank you very much.
+
+373
+00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:59,960
+Good. I will have been studying. I will have been
+
+374
+00:32:59,960 --> 00:33:02,860
+studying. When did you come to the class Najwa
+
+375
+00:33:02,860 --> 00:33:06,020
+today? When did you come to the class?
+
+376
+00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:14,400
+She came at eight. Okay. She came at eight. What
+
+377
+00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:16,020
+time is it now?
+
+378
+00:33:18,020 --> 00:33:25,390
+Eight. Thirty. Okay. Eight thirty. So at eight
+
+379
+00:33:25,390 --> 00:33:38,350
+forty, she will have been sitting in the class for
+
+380
+00:33:38,350 --> 00:33:42,230
+forty minutes. She will have been sitting in the
+
+381
+00:33:42,230 --> 00:33:46,370
+class for forty minutes. Will have been sitting.
+
+382
+00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:55,050
+Now, When we talked about the future perfect, when
+
+383
+00:33:55,050 --> 00:34:00,950
+she goes to bed, she will have completed, she will
+
+384
+00:34:00,950 --> 00:34:04,530
+have done, she will have eaten, she will have
+
+385
+00:34:04,530 --> 00:34:08,540
+written, okay? Are we interested in the duration
+
+386
+00:34:08,540 --> 00:34:13,560
+of the activity? No. Now, when I say for example,
+
+387
+00:34:14,140 --> 00:34:17,840
+we'll have been sitting, we'll have been studying,
+
+388
+00:34:18,580 --> 00:34:21,600
+we'll have been sleeping, what do you understand?
+
+389
+00:34:22,980 --> 00:34:28,240
+What do you understand? Yes, please. The duration.
+
+390
+00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:33,180
+Okay. The activity will have a duration. And this
+
+391
+00:34:33,180 --> 00:34:36,440
+duration, this progress, we are talking about the
+
+392
+00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:41,660
+future again. Okay. So the duration, the activity
+
+393
+00:34:41,660 --> 00:34:46,800
+has a duration and it will continue in the future.
+
+394
+00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:53,120
+Before what? Look. When we said 8.40, still it is
+
+395
+00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:58,300
+not 4.30, not 8.40, right? Still this time, this
+
+396
+00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:01,740
+is a future time. When we talk about November,
+
+397
+00:35:02,060 --> 00:35:05,680
+November is also a future time. So the activity
+
+398
+00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:11,380
+will be what? In a progress or in duration before
+
+399
+00:35:11,380 --> 00:35:16,980
+this point in time. Can you think of other similar
+
+400
+00:35:16,980 --> 00:35:17,700
+examples?
+
+401
+00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:33,460
+Now. Yeah. Yes, please. You want to correct it.
+
+402
+00:35:33,660 --> 00:35:34,300
+Okay. Go on.
+
+403
+00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:44,040
+Just a
+
+404
+00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,160
+minute. Let's, let's write it in. This is, let's
+
+405
+00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:56,100
+say in 2017. Okay. Yeah. I will have
+
+406
+00:36:01,010 --> 00:36:04,990
+For four years. I will have been studying for four
+
+407
+00:36:04,990 --> 00:36:06,670
+years. Thank you. Yes.
+
+408
+00:36:10,090 --> 00:36:17,250
+Very good. I will have been taking. I will have
+
+409
+00:36:17,250 --> 00:36:18,750
+been taking. Thank you.
+
+410
+00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:27,290
+Okay. Could you please read the example?
+
+411
+00:36:38,750 --> 00:36:39,430
+Okay.
+
+412
+00:36:41,850 --> 00:36:45,670
+You know, we are talking about a future time. So
+
+413
+00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:50,990
+the action will be what? In progress. Read Basma.
+
+414
+00:37:01,890 --> 00:37:08,000
+Thank you. When I go to bed. When I graduate. I
+
+415
+00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,040
+will have been studying for four years when I
+
+416
+00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:15,620
+graduate. Graduate, this is a future event, right?
+
+417
+00:37:15,940 --> 00:37:21,560
+I will have been studying for four years. Now, if
+
+418
+00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:23,400
+I want to talk about myself,
+
+419
+00:37:25,820 --> 00:37:29,580
+you remember when we talked about the present
+
+420
+00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:33,360
+perfect and the present perfect progressive. You
+
+421
+00:37:33,360 --> 00:37:37,660
+can say, I have lived in Gaza for 10 years or I
+
+422
+00:37:37,660 --> 00:37:43,080
+have been living in Gaza for 10 years. Okay. So
+
+423
+00:37:43,080 --> 00:37:47,780
+with some verbs like live, work, study, you can
+
+424
+00:37:47,780 --> 00:37:50,980
+use the perfect and the progressive to give the
+
+425
+00:37:50,980 --> 00:37:54,680
+same meaning. Now, if I want to talk about myself,
+
+426
+00:37:54,780 --> 00:38:04,360
+I started teaching in 1984. Okay. Now, Next, by
+
+427
+00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:10,660
+2014
+
+428
+00:38:10,660 --> 00:38:15,180
+or 2015,
+
+429
+00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:28,620
+I will have taught English for 30 years or I will
+
+430
+00:38:28,620 --> 00:38:30,140
+have
+
+431
+00:38:33,490 --> 00:38:39,410
+Being, teaching. Which one is right? I will have
+
+432
+00:38:39,410 --> 00:38:42,970
+taught or I will have been teaching? Which one is
+
+433
+00:38:42,970 --> 00:38:45,790
+right? Yasmin. I think that the sentence have the
+
+434
+00:38:45,790 --> 00:38:48,250
+same meaning. I think you are right. Thank you.
+
+435
+00:38:48,470 --> 00:38:53,870
+Good. Okay. But what? You want to add something?
+
+436
+00:38:54,250 --> 00:38:57,010
+Maybe will have been teaching besides the
+
+437
+00:38:57,010 --> 00:39:00,860
+duration. Okay, this is, you know, the nature of
+
+438
+00:39:00,860 --> 00:39:04,080
+the progressive, the perfect progressive and the
+
+439
+00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:08,540
+perfect itself. One emphasizes the action and the
+
+440
+00:39:08,540 --> 00:39:11,160
+other emphasizes the result. You are right. This
+
+441
+00:39:11,160 --> 00:39:13,220
+is in general. You are right. Thank you.
+
+442
+00:39:25,570 --> 00:39:28,470
+Yeah. Could you read please? Read the example.
+
+443
+00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:43,010
+Thank you. When he retires. When he retires. Okay.
+
+444
+00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:48,570
+When he retires, he will have taught. We are
+
+445
+00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:54,080
+talking about what? A future time. We are talking
+
+446
+00:39:54,080 --> 00:40:00,220
+about a future time. He will have taught or he
+
+447
+00:40:00,220 --> 00:40:04,940
+will have been teaching. Now, the question is that
+
+448
+00:40:04,940 --> 00:40:09,240
+when Professor Jones retires, this is a present
+
+449
+00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:16,320
+symbol, expresses what? The future. Can I use will
+
+450
+00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:19,420
+here, will retire, because this expresses the
+
+451
+00:40:19,420 --> 00:40:26,780
+future? No. Yes or no? Can I say when he will
+
+452
+00:40:26,780 --> 00:40:30,700
+retire? Next month. Can I use the future? Will.
+
+453
+00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:31,860
+Yeah.
+
+454
+00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:37,440
+Very good. Thank you very much. This is a time
+
+455
+00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:41,740
+clause. Okay. And we use the symbol to express
+
+456
+00:40:41,740 --> 00:40:46,140
+what? To express the future. Good. Would you read
+
+457
+00:40:46,140 --> 00:40:47,380
+the last point, please?
+
+458
+00:40:51,980 --> 00:40:52,580
+Okay,
+
+459
+00:41:03,380 --> 00:41:08,500
+thank you. May begin in the past. How? May begin
+
+460
+00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:13,740
+in the past. I will have been teaching. When did I
+
+461
+00:41:13,740 --> 00:41:18,830
+start teaching? In the past. Now tell me, what did
+
+462
+00:41:18,830 --> 00:41:23,330
+we talk about today? Let's sum up the main points
+
+463
+00:41:23,330 --> 00:41:27,650
+of the lecture.
+
+464
+00:41:28,730 --> 00:41:32,250
+Yes, please, go on, go on. Fadhali.
+
+465
+00:41:41,620 --> 00:41:47,340
+Thank you. Good. I will be studying at nine. I
+
+466
+00:41:47,340 --> 00:41:50,520
+will be sleeping at nine. The activity will be in
+
+467
+00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:53,920
+progress at this time in the future. Good. Go on.
+
+468
+00:41:54,020 --> 00:42:01,560
+Another point. Yes, you. Raise your voice.
+
+469
+00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:17,640
+Thank you. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+470
+00:42:20,560 --> 00:42:25,180
+Okay. The duration of the activity. I will have
+
+471
+00:42:25,180 --> 00:42:29,300
+been living. She will have been sleeping. Thank
+
+472
+00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:34,580
+you. Yeah. Sometimes it means the present future
+
+473
+00:42:34,580 --> 00:42:38,700
+perfect and all the future perfect.
+
+474
+00:42:41,540 --> 00:42:44,520
+with some verbs this is not always okay with some
+
+475
+00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:53,380
+verbs good you are right thank you yes please good
+
+476
+00:42:53,380 --> 00:42:56,840
+so
+
+477
+00:42:56,840 --> 00:43:01,740
+when the future when we talk about okay indefinite
+
+478
+00:43:01,740 --> 00:43:06,860
+future we can use the simple future or the future
+
+479
+00:43:06,860 --> 00:43:08,200
+progressive thank you yeah
+
+480
+00:43:13,860 --> 00:43:16,420
+Thank you very much, good, yeah.
+
+481
+00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:24,500
+Thank you,
+
+482
+00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:28,040
+good, yes please. The present and the future we
+
+483
+00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:34,940
+use to express a future when we talk about a
+
+484
+00:43:34,940 --> 00:43:39,840
+planned event or a different event. thank you very
+
+485
+00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:41,940
+much thank you very much okay
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/Gx_fPJt0mzM_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1940 @@
+1
+00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:23,680
+Good morning to you all. Good morning. How are
+
+2
+00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:27,760
+you? Fine, fine. Thank you. I'm fine.
+
+3
+00:00:31,460 --> 00:00:35,780
+Khadija, how are you? Fine. When did you come to
+
+4
+00:00:35,780 --> 00:00:40,440
+the university today? At seven forty-five. At
+
+5
+00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:47,040
+seven forty-five. Good. When are you leaving? At
+
+6
+00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:52,680
+seven. I? I left. When are you leaving the
+
+7
+00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:58,040
+university today? I'm leaving. Good. At seven.
+
+8
+00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,520
+Okay. I'm leaving. You are leaving at twelve, at
+
+9
+00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:05,340
+one and so on. Good. Thank you very much. I'm
+
+10
+00:01:05,340 --> 00:01:08,300
+leaving at one. When are you leaving the
+
+11
+00:01:08,300 --> 00:01:09,360
+university today?
+
+12
+00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:18,940
+At twelve. Thank you. I'm leaving at twelve. Now,
+
+13
+00:01:19,770 --> 00:01:24,370
+We are talking about what? At one. She's leaving
+
+14
+00:01:24,370 --> 00:01:28,790
+at one. You are leaving in the future. Okay? Which
+
+15
+00:01:28,790 --> 00:01:32,430
+tense did we use to express the future? The
+
+16
+00:01:32,430 --> 00:01:35,210
+present progressive. Thank you. The present
+
+17
+00:01:35,210 --> 00:01:39,870
+progressive. Now, when we talk about our coming or
+
+18
+00:01:39,870 --> 00:01:44,570
+our leaving to the university, We are connected to
+
+19
+00:01:44,570 --> 00:01:49,350
+certain events, okay? You come according to your
+
+20
+00:01:49,350 --> 00:01:52,930
+timetable. You have some lectures. Your lectures
+
+21
+00:01:52,930 --> 00:01:56,290
+start at a certain time and finish at a certain
+
+22
+00:01:56,290 --> 00:02:00,950
+time. So your lectures are arranged in a certain
+
+23
+00:02:00,950 --> 00:02:04,510
+way that makes you come at a certain time and
+
+24
+00:02:04,510 --> 00:02:09,770
+leave at a certain time. Tell me, what are you
+
+25
+00:02:09,770 --> 00:02:14,440
+going to do today? What are you going to do today?
+
+26
+00:02:15,700 --> 00:02:22,600
+Yes, please. Okay. I'm going to go shopping. Thank
+
+27
+00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:26,100
+you. I'm going to go shopping. I'm visiting my
+
+28
+00:02:26,100 --> 00:02:30,560
+sister tonight. I'm visiting my sister tonight.
+
+29
+00:02:30,680 --> 00:02:35,420
+What are you doing tonight? What are you doing?
+
+30
+00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:43,740
+I'm watching TV. Thank you. I'm watching TV. Now,
+
+31
+00:02:44,580 --> 00:02:46,620
+can you read the example, please?
+
+32
+00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:55,300
+My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She's
+
+33
+00:02:55,300 --> 00:02:58,500
+seeing a doctor next Tuesday. Thank you. She's
+
+34
+00:02:58,500 --> 00:03:03,400
+seeing the doctor next Tuesday. Next Tuesday, this
+
+35
+00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:08,220
+refers to what? Come here. You have a seat. Come,
+
+36
+00:03:08,340 --> 00:03:12,660
+please. Yeah. It refers to what? to the future. It
+
+37
+00:03:12,660 --> 00:03:18,760
+refers to the future. Now, how did we express the
+
+38
+00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:24,640
+future? By the present? Okay, progressive. Now,
+
+39
+00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:30,020
+when I say, is seeing, is meeting, are visiting,
+
+40
+00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:34,240
+this is a present progressive. But can I
+
+41
+00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:37,360
+understand? How can I understand its indication?
+
+42
+00:03:38,220 --> 00:03:41,500
+It's reference. Does it refer to the future or to
+
+43
+00:03:41,500 --> 00:03:48,440
+the present? How did I know? By next Tuesday. I
+
+44
+00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:52,260
+have some words that refer to the time and they
+
+45
+00:03:52,260 --> 00:03:57,360
+help me to know whether it talks about the present
+
+46
+00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:01,400
+or the future. Read the other one please. The
+
+47
+00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:02,220
+other sentence.
+
+48
+00:04:07,250 --> 00:04:10,830
+Thank you. He's leaving at noon. He's leaving at
+
+49
+00:04:10,830 --> 00:04:12,890
+noon. Tomorrow. Tomorrow. This is the future
+
+50
+00:04:12,890 --> 00:04:18,450
+again. It is used to express what? Okay. Present
+
+51
+00:04:18,450 --> 00:04:21,950
+progressive expressed by the future. Thank you.
+
+52
+00:04:22,010 --> 00:04:23,450
+Read the other example, please.
+
+53
+00:04:26,570 --> 00:04:30,590
+Okay. After lunch. After lunch, I am meeting a
+
+54
+00:04:30,590 --> 00:04:33,690
+friend of mine. We are going shopping. Would you
+
+55
+00:04:33,690 --> 00:04:38,290
+like to Thank you. We are going shopping. I'm
+
+56
+00:04:38,290 --> 00:04:43,330
+visiting my sister. Okay? So again, give me other
+
+57
+00:04:43,330 --> 00:04:46,350
+situations. Use the present progressive to express
+
+58
+00:04:46,350 --> 00:04:50,990
+the future. Go on. Talk about yourself. Yeah.
+
+59
+00:04:53,170 --> 00:04:54,790
+Thank you. Good.
+
+60
+00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:02,340
+Okay, this is right, but we want the present
+
+61
+00:05:02,340 --> 00:05:04,880
+progressive. This is good. It expresses the
+
+62
+00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:09,580
+future. I'm writing my assignment at twelve. Thank
+
+63
+00:05:09,580 --> 00:05:12,240
+you very much. Good. When are you having lunch
+
+64
+00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:20,000
+today? When are you having lunch today? At one.
+
+65
+00:05:20,060 --> 00:05:23,660
+I'm having lunch at one. Okay. I'm going shopping
+
+66
+00:05:23,660 --> 00:05:28,220
+at three. I'm visiting my sister at four and so
+
+67
+00:05:28,220 --> 00:05:28,420
+on.
+
+68
+00:05:32,050 --> 00:05:36,850
+Now, as we said, the present progressive can be
+
+69
+00:05:36,850 --> 00:05:41,390
+used to express the future if we talk about a
+
+70
+00:05:41,390 --> 00:05:46,230
+planned event or definite intention. Definite
+
+71
+00:05:46,230 --> 00:05:50,850
+intention, special intention. I'm visiting my
+
+72
+00:05:50,850 --> 00:05:56,350
+sister tonight. I'm having lunch at one. And so
+
+73
+00:05:56,350 --> 00:05:56,510
+on.
+
+74
+00:06:05,190 --> 00:06:09,290
+Now, again, if you look at this verb,
+
+75
+00:06:12,850 --> 00:06:13,910
+rain.
+
+76
+00:06:18,430 --> 00:06:24,790
+Can we use rain in the progressive to express the
+
+77
+00:06:24,790 --> 00:06:29,910
+future? Now listen, I say I'm having lunch, you
+
+78
+00:06:29,910 --> 00:06:33,890
+can arrange lunch, right? I'm visiting, you can
+
+79
+00:06:33,890 --> 00:06:36,950
+make the arrangement, okay? You can plan the
+
+80
+00:06:36,950 --> 00:06:41,370
+event, okay? I'm studying, I'm staying at home
+
+81
+00:06:41,370 --> 00:06:46,280
+tonight, but what about rain? Do we have anything
+
+82
+00:06:46,280 --> 00:06:49,360
+to do with arranging the rain or planning the
+
+83
+00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:53,780
+rain? No. So can we use it in the progressive to
+
+84
+00:06:53,780 --> 00:06:57,620
+express the future? No. With some verbs, with
+
+85
+00:06:57,620 --> 00:07:01,500
+rain, we cannot use this verb. We cannot use it to
+
+86
+00:07:01,500 --> 00:07:04,780
+express. So if somebody says it's raining, it
+
+87
+00:07:04,780 --> 00:07:08,660
+should be when? Now, at this time. At this time
+
+88
+00:07:08,660 --> 00:07:11,460
+should be raining, at the present time.
+
+89
+00:07:16,790 --> 00:07:19,210
+Yeah, look at this sentence, read it please.
+
+90
+00:07:28,590 --> 00:07:32,570
+Okay, thank you. It is not a planned event, okay?
+
+91
+00:07:32,930 --> 00:07:36,070
+We cannot plan it. We cannot plan it. Yes, go on,
+
+92
+00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:36,570
+complete.
+
+93
+00:07:45,410 --> 00:07:56,230
+Okay, thank you. Now, when I say, I'm visiting my
+
+94
+00:07:56,230 --> 00:08:01,730
+sister tomorrow.
+
+95
+00:08:03,950 --> 00:08:10,150
+Now, I'm visiting. How did we know that this
+
+96
+00:08:10,150 --> 00:08:14,850
+tense, the progressive expresses the future? Yeah.
+
+97
+00:08:16,390 --> 00:08:19,390
+Tomorrow. This word indicates what tomorrow
+
+98
+00:08:19,390 --> 00:08:24,690
+indicates the future. Okay. So now when I tell
+
+99
+00:08:24,690 --> 00:08:29,450
+you, look, they are playing football. Look, they
+
+100
+00:08:29,450 --> 00:08:35,790
+are playing football. When? Now. Now at the time
+
+101
+00:08:35,790 --> 00:08:38,730
+of speaking. So as you know, the present
+
+102
+00:08:38,730 --> 00:08:44,030
+progressive can express an action happening now or
+
+103
+00:08:45,060 --> 00:08:46,920
+In the future. Okay.
+
+104
+00:08:56,260 --> 00:09:02,100
+If you go to the library, sometimes imagine that
+
+105
+00:09:02,100 --> 00:09:05,320
+you arrived late to the library at seven, and you
+
+106
+00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:11,560
+tell them, I want to stay until 10. They say, we
+
+107
+00:09:11,560 --> 00:09:18,720
+close at eight. We close at eight. She comes from
+
+108
+00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:27,700
+Rafah. The bus from Rafah to Gaza leaves
+
+109
+00:09:27,700 --> 00:09:36,060
+at seven. You want to Receive your brother in the
+
+110
+00:09:36,060 --> 00:09:40,520
+airport. You are waiting. You knew that the plane
+
+111
+00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:44,940
+from Dubai, for example, arrives at 10 tonight.
+
+112
+00:09:45,560 --> 00:09:54,570
+Arrives at 10. Okay, now arrives, leaves. This is
+
+113
+00:09:54,570 --> 00:09:58,890
+what? Present symbol. But it is used to express
+
+114
+00:09:58,890 --> 00:10:02,570
+what? The future. It is used to express the
+
+115
+00:10:02,570 --> 00:10:06,670
+future. Sometimes if we want to talk about planes,
+
+116
+00:10:06,830 --> 00:10:10,750
+about trains, about things like that, about
+
+117
+00:10:10,750 --> 00:10:15,550
+museums, okay, a museum, a library open in a
+
+118
+00:10:15,550 --> 00:10:18,550
+certain time and close in a certain time, right?
+
+119
+00:10:18,890 --> 00:10:21,590
+So when we talk about them, things which are
+
+120
+00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:26,570
+planned like that, In the future, we use the
+
+121
+00:10:26,570 --> 00:10:30,650
+present simple to express the future. Read please
+
+122
+00:10:30,650 --> 00:10:33,630
+this example. Yes, read.
+
+123
+00:10:37,790 --> 00:10:45,030
+The bus opens at 10 o'clock tomorrow. Okay, opens.
+
+124
+00:10:46,020 --> 00:10:49,220
+At 10 o'clock tomorrow morning, lock opens, this
+
+125
+00:10:49,220 --> 00:10:53,320
+is present, symbol. And we are talking about the
+
+126
+00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:58,740
+future. Go on, please. Classes. Classes begin next
+
+127
+00:10:58,740 --> 00:11:01,420
+week. Now you are in the summer holiday. It's the
+
+128
+00:11:01,420 --> 00:11:05,980
+end of the holiday. Okay? You say what? Classes
+
+129
+00:11:05,980 --> 00:11:12,520
+begin. This is a future intention. They begin next
+
+130
+00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:15,620
+week. We use the present simple again to express
+
+131
+00:11:15,620 --> 00:11:19,160
+what? The future. Let's read the other one.
+
+132
+00:11:23,050 --> 00:11:27,870
+Thank you. Plane arrives. The plane leaves. The
+
+133
+00:11:27,870 --> 00:11:32,710
+planes, trains, as we said, leave and arrive
+
+134
+00:11:32,710 --> 00:11:37,630
+according to what? Yeah, that's right. Or a
+
+135
+00:11:37,630 --> 00:11:41,110
+timetable. They leave in certain times, indefinite
+
+136
+00:11:41,110 --> 00:11:44,710
+times, and they arrive in certain times. So
+
+137
+00:11:44,710 --> 00:11:46,790
+everything is planned there.
+
+138
+00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:52,700
+The simple present can also be used to express
+
+139
+00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:56,260
+future time in a sentence concerning even our own
+
+140
+00:11:56,260 --> 00:11:57,900
+definite schedule or timetable.
+
+141
+00:12:01,580 --> 00:12:07,100
+These sentences usually contain future-time words.
+
+142
+00:12:07,630 --> 00:12:13,730
+When I say it opens tomorrow morning, it arrives
+
+143
+00:12:13,730 --> 00:12:19,930
+tonight. You should use words like that to help
+
+144
+00:12:19,930 --> 00:12:22,790
+the reader understand that you are talking about
+
+145
+00:12:22,790 --> 00:12:26,870
+the future. Okay, go on. Only few words are used
+
+146
+00:12:26,870 --> 00:12:31,250
+in this way. For example, open, close, begin, end,
+
+147
+00:12:31,390 --> 00:12:34,370
+start, finish, arrive, leave, come, return. Thank
+
+148
+00:12:34,370 --> 00:12:38,550
+you. So we cannot use all the verbs in the present
+
+149
+00:12:38,550 --> 00:12:43,370
+symbol to express the future. Now,
+
+150
+00:12:46,770 --> 00:12:52,130
+when are you leaving the university today?
+
+151
+00:12:56,010 --> 00:13:01,230
+Again, tell me. When are you leaving? At what
+
+152
+00:13:01,230 --> 00:13:10,230
+time? Yeah. Two. Okay. Now we
+
+153
+00:13:10,230 --> 00:13:15,670
+say, she is leaving at what? At one. Okay. She's
+
+154
+00:13:15,670 --> 00:13:18,270
+leaving at one. At two,
+
+155
+00:13:21,810 --> 00:13:29,250
+she will be having lunch.
+
+156
+00:13:30,590 --> 00:13:35,790
+Okay. At two, she will be having lunch. What will
+
+157
+00:13:35,790 --> 00:13:39,650
+you be doing at two thirty? At two thirty, what
+
+158
+00:13:39,650 --> 00:13:40,490
+will you be doing?
+
+159
+00:13:43,210 --> 00:13:48,850
+Yes, she will be sleeping.
+
+160
+00:13:55,210 --> 00:14:05,080
+She will be sleeping. Okay. At four, She will be
+
+161
+00:14:05,080 --> 00:14:06,500
+studying.
+
+162
+00:14:08,540 --> 00:14:13,060
+She will be studying. What will you be doing at 10
+
+163
+00:14:13,060 --> 00:14:19,560
+tonight? I will be watching TV. Good. What will
+
+164
+00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:27,800
+you be doing tomorrow at this time? I I will be
+
+165
+00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:31,120
+studying. Good. What will you be doing tomorrow
+
+166
+00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:38,160
+evening? Yes. I will be sleeping. Good. Thank you.
+
+167
+00:14:38,780 --> 00:14:41,060
+What will you be doing at 10?
+
+168
+00:14:45,820 --> 00:14:47,540
+Today at 10 in the morning.
+
+169
+00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:56,160
+I will be studying. Good, thank you. And what
+
+170
+00:14:56,160 --> 00:15:01,960
+about you? What will you be doing at 10? I will be
+
+171
+00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:05,480
+having breakfast. Okay, I will be having
+
+172
+00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:11,560
+breakfast. Now, a friend of mine wanted to visit
+
+173
+00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:16,380
+me at 10 tonight. I told him, sorry, don't come at
+
+174
+00:15:16,380 --> 00:15:22,100
+10. Because I will be sleeping at 10. Okay, I will
+
+175
+00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:27,080
+be sleeping. Look, at 2.30, she will be sleeping.
+
+176
+00:15:28,100 --> 00:15:34,760
+She will be sleeping. Now, this is what? This is
+
+177
+00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:41,580
+10 in the evening. Okay, will be sleeping. When
+
+178
+00:15:41,580 --> 00:15:46,510
+will the action start? Before 10. Very good. The
+
+179
+00:15:46,510 --> 00:15:50,330
+action will start before 10. Will the action
+
+180
+00:15:50,330 --> 00:15:55,550
+continue after 10? Yes. Okay. So, we'll be
+
+181
+00:15:55,550 --> 00:16:00,730
+sleeping. This action or this time will be in the
+
+182
+00:16:00,730 --> 00:16:04,740
+middle of the action. Okay? It will be in the
+
+183
+00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:08,100
+middle of the action. It means that the action
+
+184
+00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:14,180
+starts before and continues after. What do we call
+
+185
+00:16:14,180 --> 00:16:16,940
+this tense? We'll be studying. We'll be sleeping.
+
+186
+00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:21,860
+Future progressive. Thank you. Future progressive.
+
+187
+00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:29,940
+I will be driving home at one. What about you,
+
+188
+00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:33,790
+Yasmeen? What will you be doing at one? I will be
+
+189
+00:16:33,790 --> 00:16:40,190
+walking to my home. Good, thank you. Yes, tell me
+
+190
+00:16:40,190 --> 00:16:44,370
+more about yourself. What will you be doing in the
+
+191
+00:16:44,370 --> 00:16:47,530
+future? Yes, what will you be doing on a Friday
+
+192
+00:16:47,530 --> 00:16:53,630
+morning? I will be visiting my uncle. Thank you.
+
+193
+00:16:53,910 --> 00:16:56,350
+What will you be doing on a Friday morning?
+
+194
+00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:02,000
+I will be sitting with my sister. Good. Thank you.
+
+195
+00:17:02,260 --> 00:17:04,700
+And what about you? What will you be doing Friday
+
+196
+00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:09,320
+morning? I will be studying English. Thank you.
+
+197
+00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:14,780
+Yeah. I will be cleaning my house. Thank you very
+
+198
+00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:18,680
+much. I will be cleaning my house. Okay. Would you
+
+199
+00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:23,520
+please read the example? I will begin to study at
+
+200
+00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:28,700
+seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying
+
+201
+00:17:28,700 --> 00:17:34,520
+when you come. Okay, thank you. Look, I begin
+
+202
+00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:38,760
+study, I will begin at seven. You will come at
+
+203
+00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:43,680
+eight. I will be studying when you come. When will
+
+204
+00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:48,970
+you start studying? Before. Okay. And will you
+
+205
+00:17:48,970 --> 00:17:52,670
+continue after that time? Yes, of course. Yes,
+
+206
+00:17:52,770 --> 00:17:53,590
+complete please.
+
+207
+00:17:59,930 --> 00:18:03,010
+Thank you. It will be in progress. When I say at
+
+208
+00:18:03,010 --> 00:18:06,210
+10, I will be sleeping. The action will be going
+
+209
+00:18:06,210 --> 00:18:12,150
+on. The action will be in progress. Go on, please
+
+210
+00:18:12,150 --> 00:18:13,190
+read the other example.
+
+211
+00:18:23,250 --> 00:18:27,110
+Thank you. We can express the future by using
+
+212
+00:18:27,110 --> 00:18:31,470
+what? Going to, I'm going to write well. Okay. And
+
+213
+00:18:31,470 --> 00:18:34,630
+you know the difference between well and going to.
+
+214
+00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:42,790
+Now, look
+
+215
+00:18:42,790 --> 00:18:46,720
+at this sentence. When I say, don't worry, she
+
+216
+00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:52,760
+will be coming soon. She will come soon. She will
+
+217
+00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:58,160
+be coming soon. We are talking about the future.
+
+218
+00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:02,360
+Is there any definite time mentioned in the
+
+219
+00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:09,860
+future? Look at the sentence. Soon. Okay, soon. It
+
+220
+00:19:09,860 --> 00:19:14,450
+can be a minute and it can be An hour can be one
+
+221
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:17,350
+day and so on. It is not different. It is unlike
+
+222
+00:19:17,350 --> 00:19:20,030
+saying at seven o'clock for example. At seven,
+
+223
+00:19:20,130 --> 00:19:24,390
+this is a definite time, an exact time. Okay, now
+
+224
+00:19:24,390 --> 00:19:28,860
+when you talk about the future about indefinite
+
+225
+00:19:28,860 --> 00:19:32,860
+time in the future. You can use the symbol future
+
+226
+00:19:32,860 --> 00:19:37,260
+or the future progressive. They are the same. But
+
+227
+00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:42,720
+if you are talking about a definite time in the
+
+228
+00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:49,620
+future, you can use what? The symbol future. Read
+
+229
+00:19:49,620 --> 00:19:51,400
+please. Will you read the first example?
+
+230
+00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:58,150
+Go on. Thank you very much. Complete please.
+
+231
+00:20:04,250 --> 00:20:13,030
+Thank you
+
+232
+00:20:13,030 --> 00:20:19,210
+very much. Okay. So, In this case, no definite
+
+233
+00:20:19,210 --> 00:20:23,270
+time. We can use the simple present, the simple
+
+234
+00:20:23,270 --> 00:20:27,470
+future or the future progressive. Okay.
+
+235
+00:20:32,790 --> 00:20:40,890
+Now let's talk about dua again. You remember Okay,
+
+236
+00:20:41,130 --> 00:20:46,730
+she's arriving at one. She's having lunch at one
+
+237
+00:20:46,730 --> 00:20:51,950
+thirty. She's sleeping at two. Okay, she's
+
+238
+00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:55,330
+watching TV at four. She's cleaning the house at
+
+239
+00:20:55,330 --> 00:21:00,690
+seven. She's doing a lot of things. Okay, now
+
+240
+00:21:00,690 --> 00:21:08,250
+usually dua goes to bed at eleven. Okay? When she
+
+241
+00:21:08,250 --> 00:21:11,610
+goes to bed, she should have completed, she should
+
+242
+00:21:11,610 --> 00:21:16,630
+have done all her duties. All her duties, okay?
+
+243
+00:21:17,370 --> 00:21:25,510
+She should have, okay? She will
+
+244
+00:21:25,510 --> 00:21:36,050
+have written her homework. She will have written
+
+245
+00:21:36,050 --> 00:21:41,390
+her homework. She will have cleaned the house. She
+
+246
+00:21:41,390 --> 00:21:48,090
+will have watched TV. Tell me about yourself. When
+
+247
+00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,590
+you go to bed, what will you have done? What will
+
+248
+00:21:52,590 --> 00:21:54,170
+you have done when you go to bed?
+
+249
+00:21:57,360 --> 00:22:02,160
+I will have recited some verses of the Holy Quran.
+
+250
+00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:04,680
+Very good. Thank you. Yes, what will you have
+
+251
+00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:04,920
+done?
+
+252
+00:22:11,470 --> 00:22:13,910
+I will have done my homework. Very good. Thank
+
+253
+00:22:13,910 --> 00:22:18,750
+you. Yes, I will have brushed my teeth. Very good.
+
+254
+00:22:19,130 --> 00:22:22,170
+Now next week we are having there is Eid, right?
+
+255
+00:22:22,510 --> 00:22:26,830
+Okay. And you know, people, especially ladies are
+
+256
+00:22:26,830 --> 00:22:32,270
+so busy at homes. Okay. Now the first day, imagine
+
+257
+00:22:32,270 --> 00:22:39,110
+it is Tuesday. What will you have done? Okay. On
+
+258
+00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:42,330
+Tuesday morning. The things that should be
+
+259
+00:22:42,330 --> 00:22:47,630
+completed before. Yeah. We will have cleaned the
+
+260
+00:22:47,630 --> 00:22:51,890
+house. Very good. Thank you. Yeah. Go on. Only
+
+261
+00:22:51,890 --> 00:23:00,410
+that. Yeah. I will have bought
+
+262
+00:23:00,410 --> 00:23:06,340
+a new dress. I will have Okay. Bought a new dress.
+
+263
+00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,840
+Again, what will you have done? Say it again.
+
+264
+00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:13,540
+Good. I will have bought a new dress. Thank you.
+
+265
+00:23:13,620 --> 00:23:18,320
+And what about you, Noor? Okay. Will have bought
+
+266
+00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:20,540
+some chocolates and sweets. Good. Thank you. And
+
+267
+00:23:20,540 --> 00:23:24,780
+what about you? Good. Thank you very much. Yeah,
+
+268
+00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:30,620
+go on. Yes, please. I will have called my friends.
+
+269
+00:23:30,780 --> 00:23:33,320
+Good. Yes, please. Go on. What will you have done?
+
+270
+00:23:34,140 --> 00:23:35,000
+Yes you.
+
+271
+00:23:41,820 --> 00:23:45,760
+Okay, I will have eaten some chocolates. Okay,
+
+272
+00:23:45,820 --> 00:23:48,820
+thank you very much. Okay, now when I say I will
+
+273
+00:23:48,820 --> 00:23:51,820
+have eaten, I will have cleaned, I will have
+
+274
+00:23:51,820 --> 00:23:55,540
+bought, I will have visited. Okay, now we are
+
+275
+00:23:55,540 --> 00:24:00,440
+talking about a certain time in the future. She
+
+276
+00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,980
+will have written her homework. Can you tell me
+
+277
+00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:07,980
+when do we usually or before when? What do we call
+
+278
+00:24:07,980 --> 00:24:12,590
+this tense? have, will have written. What do we
+
+279
+00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:16,170
+call it? Future perfect. Future perfect, thank
+
+280
+00:24:16,170 --> 00:24:20,650
+you. When do we use it? In the future. Okay, in
+
+281
+00:24:20,650 --> 00:24:22,470
+the future, you are right. This is a clever
+
+282
+00:24:22,470 --> 00:24:26,930
+answer. But when exactly in the future, yeah? An
+
+283
+00:24:26,930 --> 00:24:31,270
+activity that will be completed at some point in
+
+284
+00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:35,610
+the future. Thank you. Good. Now, when I say at
+
+285
+00:24:35,610 --> 00:24:43,070
+eleven, she will have written. It means that this
+
+286
+00:24:43,070 --> 00:24:47,330
+activity, writing for example, will be completed
+
+287
+00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:51,210
+before this time. And this is a future time. Okay?
+
+288
+00:24:52,050 --> 00:24:55,270
+The activity will be completed before this time in
+
+289
+00:24:55,270 --> 00:24:55,790
+the future.
+
+290
+00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:06,130
+Yeah. Would you read please?
+
+291
+00:25:10,010 --> 00:25:13,570
+Very good.
+
+292
+00:25:13,770 --> 00:25:18,110
+I will have graduated. It means the action will
+
+293
+00:25:18,110 --> 00:25:21,890
+happen before this time. Thank you. Go on please.
+
+294
+00:25:22,710 --> 00:25:22,810
+Yeah.
+
+295
+00:25:29,010 --> 00:25:33,210
+Thank you. Before another time or activity in the
+
+296
+00:25:33,210 --> 00:25:37,850
+future, would you please write one sentence about
+
+297
+00:25:37,850 --> 00:25:42,030
+yourself using the future perfect? Okay, I'll give
+
+298
+00:25:42,030 --> 00:25:45,350
+you 30 seconds only. A very simple sentence. Write
+
+299
+00:25:45,350 --> 00:25:48,370
+it. Think of a sentence. I'll take it from you.
+
+300
+00:25:48,810 --> 00:25:52,250
+I'll ask five students. Go on. Write one sentence
+
+301
+00:25:52,250 --> 00:25:53,110
+about yourself.
+
+302
+00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:32,320
+Okay,
+
+303
+00:26:39,620 --> 00:26:43,240
+who can give me? Yeah, Marwa. By the time I come
+
+304
+00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:45,540
+home today, I will have finished my lecture. Very
+
+305
+00:26:45,540 --> 00:26:48,940
+good. I will have. By the time she returns home,
+
+306
+00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,020
+she will have finished her lectures. No more
+
+307
+00:26:52,020 --> 00:26:53,840
+lectures. This is a good sentence. Yeah.
+
+308
+00:26:58,630 --> 00:27:07,470
+Thank you. Okay, so you say in 2017, for example,
+
+309
+00:27:08,550 --> 00:27:12,370
+I will have graduated. I will have graduated. Or
+
+310
+00:27:12,370 --> 00:27:15,150
+when I get a job, I will have graduated. Thank
+
+311
+00:27:15,150 --> 00:27:16,290
+you. Good. Yes, please.
+
+312
+00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:23,580
+Very good. Before I go to bed, I will have done
+
+313
+00:27:23,580 --> 00:27:25,940
+all my duties. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+314
+00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:34,220
+Okay. When I leave, I will have left, I will have
+
+315
+00:27:34,220 --> 00:27:36,680
+helped my mother. Thank you very much. Good.
+
+316
+00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:52,150
+Yeah. We have a future test. Simple and
+
+317
+00:27:52,150 --> 00:27:58,310
+progressive and perfect. So why use the present
+
+318
+00:27:58,310 --> 00:28:02,160
+progressive to express about the future? Why? To
+
+319
+00:28:02,160 --> 00:28:04,760
+use the present progressive to express the future.
+
+320
+00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:10,280
+You know, we have different tenses. Each tense has
+
+321
+00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:13,380
+a certain function, let's say, has a certain
+
+322
+00:28:13,380 --> 00:28:16,900
+meaning. Now, I want to talk about a definite time
+
+323
+00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:21,270
+in the future. A definite time, for example. Or I
+
+324
+00:28:21,270 --> 00:28:25,290
+want to talk about prediction in the future. I use
+
+325
+00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:30,810
+what? I use will. I use going to. I want now to
+
+326
+00:28:30,810 --> 00:28:34,850
+show that I have just decided. I will open. I will
+
+327
+00:28:34,850 --> 00:28:39,450
+close. Or I decided before. I'm going to buy. I'm
+
+328
+00:28:39,450 --> 00:28:47,130
+going to close. This concerns the future symbol.
+
+329
+00:28:48,030 --> 00:28:54,830
+And if I want to use the future progressive, it
+
+330
+00:28:54,830 --> 00:28:58,210
+has another meaning. The action or this point
+
+331
+00:28:58,210 --> 00:29:01,370
+which I'm talking about in the future will be in
+
+332
+00:29:01,370 --> 00:29:04,170
+the middle of the action. What about the present
+
+333
+00:29:04,170 --> 00:29:07,810
+progressive? The present progressive has a
+
+334
+00:29:07,810 --> 00:29:12,790
+different use. There are some arrangements. As I
+
+335
+00:29:12,790 --> 00:29:17,040
+told you, when you are leaving the university, You
+
+336
+00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:20,600
+don't leave the university unless you have
+
+337
+00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:23,400
+finished your lectures. Okay, you have some
+
+338
+00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:27,700
+lectures, things are arranged together, so you use
+
+339
+00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:31,400
+the perfect, you use the progressive to express
+
+340
+00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:37,660
+this one. It has especially when we are talking
+
+341
+00:29:37,660 --> 00:29:40,540
+about a future event and there are arrangements,
+
+342
+00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:45,220
+we use this tense. So again, each tense expresses
+
+343
+00:29:45,220 --> 00:29:49,100
+a certain meaning, conveys a certain message to
+
+344
+00:29:49,100 --> 00:29:53,760
+the reader or to the listener. Sometimes they meet
+
+345
+00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:58,900
+in certain points, sometimes, but usually it's
+
+346
+00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:02,560
+clear that each one has its own meaning.
+
+347
+00:30:08,270 --> 00:30:16,330
+Now, Noor has a little sister. Okay? Noor has a
+
+348
+00:30:16,330 --> 00:30:22,490
+little sister. When she studies at home, her
+
+349
+00:30:22,490 --> 00:30:32,950
+sister makes some noise. So, her mother will help
+
+350
+00:30:32,950 --> 00:30:39,250
+her. How? by putting her sister to sleep. The
+
+351
+00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:46,250
+little sister. The little sister will
+
+352
+00:30:46,250 --> 00:30:49,630
+go to bed at seven.
+
+353
+00:30:51,370 --> 00:31:00,270
+The little baby will go to bed at seven. And from
+
+354
+00:31:00,270 --> 00:31:04,930
+seven to nine. from seven to nine. If we say that,
+
+355
+00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:09,610
+the baby will go at seven and starts until nine.
+
+356
+00:31:10,610 --> 00:31:15,170
+The baby will
+
+357
+00:31:15,170 --> 00:31:25,030
+have been sleeping for
+
+358
+00:31:25,030 --> 00:31:33,210
+two hours. Now listen, When I talk about this time
+
+359
+00:31:33,210 --> 00:31:39,770
+in the future, we'll go to bed at seven. At nine,
+
+360
+00:31:40,470 --> 00:31:46,090
+the baby will still be sleeping. If you talk about
+
+361
+00:31:46,090 --> 00:31:51,430
+another time, when we go to bed at ten, the baby
+
+362
+00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:57,040
+will have been sleeping for two hours. The baby
+
+363
+00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:02,940
+will have been sleeping for two hours. When did
+
+364
+00:32:02,940 --> 00:32:07,880
+you join the university? You joined the university
+
+365
+00:32:07,880 --> 00:32:12,380
+in September, right? You joined the university in
+
+366
+00:32:12,380 --> 00:32:21,660
+September. By the first of November, you will have
+
+367
+00:32:21,660 --> 00:32:27,260
+been Okay, studying or coming to the university
+
+368
+00:32:27,260 --> 00:32:36,880
+for two months. Okay. Will have. Will have been
+
+369
+00:32:36,880 --> 00:32:40,620
+studying. Will have been coming to the university.
+
+370
+00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:47,620
+Okay. Yeah. I have an example. Yes, go on. Before
+
+371
+00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:51,720
+I graduated from the university, I would have been
+
+372
+00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:55,820
+studying for four years. Thank you very much.
+
+373
+00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:59,960
+Good. I will have been studying. I will have been
+
+374
+00:32:59,960 --> 00:33:02,860
+studying. When did you come to the class Najwa
+
+375
+00:33:02,860 --> 00:33:06,020
+today? When did you come to the class?
+
+376
+00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:14,400
+She came at eight. Okay. She came at eight. What
+
+377
+00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:16,020
+time is it now?
+
+378
+00:33:18,020 --> 00:33:25,390
+Eight. Thirty. Okay. Eight thirty. So at eight
+
+379
+00:33:25,390 --> 00:33:38,350
+forty, she will have been sitting in the class for
+
+380
+00:33:38,350 --> 00:33:42,230
+forty minutes. She will have been sitting in the
+
+381
+00:33:42,230 --> 00:33:46,370
+class for forty minutes. Will have been sitting.
+
+382
+00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:55,050
+Now, When we talked about the future perfect, when
+
+383
+00:33:55,050 --> 00:34:00,950
+she goes to bed, she will have completed, she will
+
+384
+00:34:00,950 --> 00:34:04,530
+have done, she will have eaten, she will have
+
+385
+00:34:04,530 --> 00:34:08,540
+written, okay? Are we interested in the duration
+
+386
+00:34:08,540 --> 00:34:13,560
+of the activity? No. Now, when I say for example,
+
+387
+00:34:14,140 --> 00:34:17,840
+we'll have been sitting, we'll have been studying,
+
+388
+00:34:18,580 --> 00:34:21,600
+we'll have been sleeping, what do you understand?
+
+389
+00:34:22,980 --> 00:34:28,240
+What do you understand? Yes, please. The duration.
+
+390
+00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:33,180
+Okay. The activity will have a duration. And this
+
+391
+00:34:33,180 --> 00:34:36,440
+duration, this progress, we are talking about the
+
+392
+00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:41,660
+future again. Okay. So the duration, the activity
+
+393
+00:34:41,660 --> 00:34:46,800
+has a duration and it will continue in the future.
+
+394
+00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:53,120
+Before what? Look. When we said 8.40, still it is
+
+395
+00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:58,300
+not 4.30, not 8.40, right? Still this time, this
+
+396
+00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:01,740
+is a future time. When we talk about November,
+
+397
+00:35:02,060 --> 00:35:05,680
+November is also a future time. So the activity
+
+398
+00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:11,380
+will be what? In a progress or in duration before
+
+399
+00:35:11,380 --> 00:35:16,980
+this point in time. Can you think of other similar
+
+400
+00:35:16,980 --> 00:35:17,700
+examples?
+
+401
+00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:33,460
+Now. Yeah. Yes, please. You want to correct it.
+
+402
+00:35:33,660 --> 00:35:34,300
+Okay. Go on.
+
+403
+00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:44,040
+Just a
+
+404
+00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,160
+minute. Let's, let's write it in. This is, let's
+
+405
+00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:56,100
+say in 2017. Okay. Yeah. I will have
+
+406
+00:36:01,010 --> 00:36:04,990
+For four years. I will have been studying for four
+
+407
+00:36:04,990 --> 00:36:06,670
+years. Thank you. Yes.
+
+408
+00:36:10,090 --> 00:36:17,250
+Very good. I will have been taking. I will have
+
+409
+00:36:17,250 --> 00:36:18,750
+been taking. Thank you.
+
+410
+00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:27,290
+Okay. Could you please read the example?
+
+411
+00:36:38,750 --> 00:36:39,430
+Okay.
+
+412
+00:36:41,850 --> 00:36:45,670
+You know, we are talking about a future time. So
+
+413
+00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:50,990
+the action will be what? In progress. Read Basma.
+
+414
+00:37:01,890 --> 00:37:08,000
+Thank you. When I go to bed. When I graduate. I
+
+415
+00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,040
+will have been studying for four years when I
+
+416
+00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:15,620
+graduate. Graduate, this is a future event, right?
+
+417
+00:37:15,940 --> 00:37:21,560
+I will have been studying for four years. Now, if
+
+418
+00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:23,400
+I want to talk about myself,
+
+419
+00:37:25,820 --> 00:37:29,580
+you remember when we talked about the present
+
+420
+00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:33,360
+perfect and the present perfect progressive. You
+
+421
+00:37:33,360 --> 00:37:37,660
+can say, I have lived in Gaza for 10 years or I
+
+422
+00:37:37,660 --> 00:37:43,080
+have been living in Gaza for 10 years. Okay. So
+
+423
+00:37:43,080 --> 00:37:47,780
+with some verbs like live, work, study, you can
+
+424
+00:37:47,780 --> 00:37:50,980
+use the perfect and the progressive to give the
+
+425
+00:37:50,980 --> 00:37:54,680
+same meaning. Now, if I want to talk about myself,
+
+426
+00:37:54,780 --> 00:38:04,360
+I started teaching in 1984. Okay. Now, Next, by
+
+427
+00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:10,660
+2014
+
+428
+00:38:10,660 --> 00:38:15,180
+or 2015,
+
+429
+00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:28,620
+I will have taught English for 30 years or I will
+
+430
+00:38:28,620 --> 00:38:30,140
+have
+
+431
+00:38:33,490 --> 00:38:39,410
+Being, teaching. Which one is right? I will have
+
+432
+00:38:39,410 --> 00:38:42,970
+taught or I will have been teaching? Which one is
+
+433
+00:38:42,970 --> 00:38:45,790
+right? Yasmin. I think that the sentence have the
+
+434
+00:38:45,790 --> 00:38:48,250
+same meaning. I think you are right. Thank you.
+
+435
+00:38:48,470 --> 00:38:53,870
+Good. Okay. But what? You want to add something?
+
+436
+00:38:54,250 --> 00:38:57,010
+Maybe will have been teaching besides the
+
+437
+00:38:57,010 --> 00:39:00,860
+duration. Okay, this is, you know, the nature of
+
+438
+00:39:00,860 --> 00:39:04,080
+the progressive, the perfect progressive and the
+
+439
+00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:08,540
+perfect itself. One emphasizes the action and the
+
+440
+00:39:08,540 --> 00:39:11,160
+other emphasizes the result. You are right. This
+
+441
+00:39:11,160 --> 00:39:13,220
+is in general. You are right. Thank you.
+
+442
+00:39:25,570 --> 00:39:28,470
+Yeah. Could you read please? Read the example.
+
+443
+00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:43,010
+Thank you. When he retires. When he retires. Okay.
+
+444
+00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:48,570
+When he retires, he will have taught. We are
+
+445
+00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:54,080
+talking about what? A future time. We are talking
+
+446
+00:39:54,080 --> 00:40:00,220
+about a future time. He will have taught or he
+
+447
+00:40:00,220 --> 00:40:04,940
+will have been teaching. Now, the question is that
+
+448
+00:40:04,940 --> 00:40:09,240
+when Professor Jones retires, this is a present
+
+449
+00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:16,320
+symbol, expresses what? The future. Can I use will
+
+450
+00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:19,420
+here, will retire, because this expresses the
+
+451
+00:40:19,420 --> 00:40:26,780
+future? No. Yes or no? Can I say when he will
+
+452
+00:40:26,780 --> 00:40:30,700
+retire? Next month. Can I use the future? Will.
+
+453
+00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:31,860
+Yeah.
+
+454
+00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:37,440
+Very good. Thank you very much. This is a time
+
+455
+00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:41,740
+clause. Okay. And we use the symbol to express
+
+456
+00:40:41,740 --> 00:40:46,140
+what? To express the future. Good. Would you read
+
+457
+00:40:46,140 --> 00:40:47,380
+the last point, please?
+
+458
+00:40:51,980 --> 00:40:52,580
+Okay,
+
+459
+00:41:03,380 --> 00:41:08,500
+thank you. May begin in the past. How? May begin
+
+460
+00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:13,740
+in the past. I will have been teaching. When did I
+
+461
+00:41:13,740 --> 00:41:18,830
+start teaching? In the past. Now tell me, what did
+
+462
+00:41:18,830 --> 00:41:23,330
+we talk about today? Let's sum up the main points
+
+463
+00:41:23,330 --> 00:41:27,650
+of the lecture.
+
+464
+00:41:28,730 --> 00:41:32,250
+Yes, please, go on, go on. Fadhali.
+
+465
+00:41:41,620 --> 00:41:47,340
+Thank you. Good. I will be studying at nine. I
+
+466
+00:41:47,340 --> 00:41:50,520
+will be sleeping at nine. The activity will be in
+
+467
+00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:53,920
+progress at this time in the future. Good. Go on.
+
+468
+00:41:54,020 --> 00:42:01,560
+Another point. Yes, you. Raise your voice.
+
+469
+00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:17,640
+Thank you. Thank you. Yes, please.
+
+470
+00:42:20,560 --> 00:42:25,180
+Okay. The duration of the activity. I will have
+
+471
+00:42:25,180 --> 00:42:29,300
+been living. She will have been sleeping. Thank
+
+472
+00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:34,580
+you. Yeah. Sometimes it means the present future
+
+473
+00:42:34,580 --> 00:42:38,700
+perfect and all the future perfect.
+
+474
+00:42:41,540 --> 00:42:44,520
+with some verbs this is not always okay with some
+
+475
+00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:53,380
+verbs good you are right thank you yes please good
+
+476
+00:42:53,380 --> 00:42:56,840
+so
+
+477
+00:42:56,840 --> 00:43:01,740
+when the future when we talk about okay indefinite
+
+478
+00:43:01,740 --> 00:43:06,860
+future we can use the simple future or the future
+
+479
+00:43:06,860 --> 00:43:08,200
+progressive thank you yeah
+
+480
+00:43:13,860 --> 00:43:16,420
+Thank you very much, good, yeah.
+
+481
+00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:24,500
+Thank you,
+
+482
+00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:28,040
+good, yes please. The present and the future we
+
+483
+00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:34,940
+use to express a future when we talk about a
+
+484
+00:43:34,940 --> 00:43:39,840
+planned event or a different event. thank you very
+
+485
+00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:41,940
+much thank you very much okay
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/L0A1ZAn1Sro.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1538 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:26,560
+Good morning to you all. How are you again? I'm 
+
+2
+00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:29,600
+fine, thank you. But I'm not having an exam today. 
+
+3
+00:00:29,940 --> 00:00:33,200
+You are having exams. Don't worry about the exams.
+
+4
+00:00:33,740 --> 00:00:36,940
+Think nothing of that. Okay? Be with the grammar 
+
+5
+00:00:36,940 --> 00:00:39,840
+now. Can you give me a sentence in English? Any
+
+6
+00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:48,990
+sentence? Think of a sentence. Yeah? I am? An Arab
+
+7
+00:00:48,990 --> 00:00:53,330
+girl. Thank you very much. I am. The sentence 
+
+8
+00:00:53,330 --> 00:01:01,170
+included I am, okay, Arab girl. She started with 
+
+9
+00:01:01,170 --> 00:01:06,650
+I. She started with I. What part of speech is I? 
+
+10
+00:01:07,850 --> 00:01:12,110
+Pronoun. Okay. It is a pronoun. It is a subject.
+
+11
+00:01:12,310 --> 00:01:15,760
+Good. It is a subject. It is a pronoun. Now, 
+
+12
+00:01:16,420 --> 00:01:21,600
+pronouns are used greatly in making the English
+
+13
+00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,420
+sentence. They are highly needed in forming the
+
+14
+00:01:25,420 --> 00:01:29,440
+sentence. What are the pronouns? What are the
+
+15
+00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:32,600
+types of the pronouns? How do we use the pronouns?
+
+16
+00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:37,460
+This is what we are going to talk about. But 
+
+17
+00:01:37,460 --> 00:01:39,780
+first, we begin 
+
+18
+00:01:55,510 --> 00:01:59,650
+Let's begin by this exercise. Read the first 
+
+19
+00:01:59,650 --> 00:02:05,830
+sentence, please. I ate 
+
+20
+00:02:05,830 --> 00:02:09,290
+most 
+
+21
+00:02:09,290 --> 00:02:17,090
+of them. We ordered what? Food. Okay. And I wasn't 
+
+22
+00:02:17,090 --> 00:02:19,910
+very hungry, but I ate most of them. What do you 
+
+23
+00:02:19,910 --> 00:02:24,170
+think of the sentence? Most of it. Good. Why it's 
+
+24
+00:02:24,170 --> 00:02:24,590
+not them? 
+
+25
+00:02:27,470 --> 00:02:32,550
+Because it is a non-count noun. For the non-count
+
+26
+00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:37,210
+nouns, we use what? Singular verb. Very good. We
+
+27
+00:02:37,210 --> 00:02:41,950
+say food is, right? News is. Okay, thank you. So
+
+28
+00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:45,950
+this should be what? This should be instead of it,
+
+29
+00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:49,570
+of them we say it. Good. Will you read the other 
+
+30
+00:02:49,570 --> 00:02:52,950
+sentence, please? Yeah. When we were in school, my 
+
+31
+00:02:52,950 --> 00:02:55,370
+sister and me used to play tennis.
+
+32
+00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:07,140
+My sister and I. Thank you. My sister and I. Good.
+
+33
+00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:13,460
+Read the other sentence. Yes, please. If you want 
+
+34
+00:03:13,460 --> 00:03:17,680
+to pass your exams, you had better study very hard
+
+35
+00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:24,180
+for it. Okay. So exams.
+
+36
+00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:31,020
+Exams. Where is that? Ah, this sentence. For it.
+
+37
+00:03:31,100 --> 00:03:36,020
+Instead of it, it refers to what? Exams. So we
+
+38
+00:03:36,020 --> 00:03:41,440
+have to say what? For? Them. They or them? Them.
+
+39
+00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:46,440
+Them. Why them, not they? It is object. Object. 
+
+40
+00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:49,820
+What type of object? Look, after the preposition, 
+
+41
+00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:54,620
+it is the object of the preposition. It is the
+
+42
+00:03:54,620 --> 00:03:57,660
+object of the preposition. Thank you for them.
+
+43
+00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:06,340
+Your, yeah. What's that? Okay, very good. Your 
+
+44
+00:04:06,340 --> 00:04:11,340
+exam. Your exam. What type of pronoun is your?
+
+45
+00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:17,700
+What do we call it? My pen, your pen, his pen, her
+
+46
+00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:22,020
+pen? Possessive pronoun. Thank you very much. Now 
+
+47
+00:04:22,020 --> 00:04:26,120
+look at the possessive pronoun. It is followed by
+
+48
+00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:37,660
+what? By a noun, okay? By a noun. Now, again, go 
+
+49
+00:04:37,660 --> 00:04:43,600
+on. Yes, please. I thought bottoms spends most of 
+
+50
+00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:48,340
+his time, most of its time in the water, rivers
+
+51
+00:04:48,340 --> 00:04:51,820
+and lakes. It's without apostrophe, it's. Okay,
+
+52
+00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:57,150
+this is what? Without apostrophe. Like that? It's. 
+
+53
+00:04:57,590 --> 00:05:02,530
+So what's the difference between this word and
+
+54
+00:05:02,530 --> 00:05:07,290
+this word? I have, look, it's and it's the same
+
+55
+00:05:07,290 --> 00:05:10,290
+pronunciation. What's the difference between them? 
+
+56
+00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:17,550
+Yeah. It is
+
+57
+00:05:17,550 --> 00:05:22,410
+or good. It has. It is or it has. Good. And
+
+58
+00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:23,530
+without apostrophe, 
+
+59
+00:05:25,850 --> 00:05:30,690
+Okay. Thank you. Good. Next one, please. Next one.
+
+60
+00:05:30,770 --> 00:05:35,590
+Yeah. After Mr. Gray asked to speak to Mona and me
+
+61
+00:05:35,590 --> 00:05:42,090
+about the company's new policies, he expressed it
+
+62
+00:05:42,090 --> 00:05:48,330
+to us and asked for our mobile. Okay. Now, again. 
+
+63
+00:05:49,070 --> 00:05:53,870
+So where are the errors? Asked to Mona and me. And 
+
+64
+00:05:53,870 --> 00:05:58,600
+me. Good. Me. Now, why me, not I?
+
+65
+00:06:01,380 --> 00:06:06,680
+Speak to Mona, object of the preposition. Now, so
+
+66
+00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:11,560
+if this is an object, okay, Mona, this should also
+
+67
+00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:15,860
+be what? Object. I is a subject pronoun, right?
+
+68
+00:06:16,300 --> 00:06:22,860
+It's used as a subject. Yes, please. Who's the
+
+69
+00:06:22,860 --> 00:06:29,020
+speaker? Okay, for? Our. Okay, our. Opinions. So
+
+70
+00:06:29,020 --> 00:06:33,860
+we don't need opinions, right? We say for ours. Or
+
+71
+00:06:33,860 --> 00:06:38,080
+for our opinions. Good. This is ours, this is
+
+72
+00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:41,680
+yours, this is his, this is theirs and so on.
+
+73
+00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:47,160
+Thank you. And finally, number six. Yes? My
+
+74
+00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:51,200
+parents asked to borrow my car because there was 
+
+75
+00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:04,620
+Because just why? But we are not talking about the
+
+76
+00:07:04,620 --> 00:07:07,200
+cars. The pronoun refers to what? What does the
+
+77
+00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:13,640
+pronoun refer to again? Okay. Now they're what?
+
+78
+00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:19,560
+Okay. My friends. Okay. My friends. So 
+
+79
+00:07:23,070 --> 00:07:29,210
+One speaker. Who's the speaker? Yeah. Yeah. Okay.
+
+80
+00:07:29,690 --> 00:07:32,470
+Their car. 
+
+81
+00:07:33,790 --> 00:07:36,750
+That's right. Without apostrophe. Without
+
+82
+00:07:36,750 --> 00:07:38,970
+apostrophe. Is that okay?
+
+83
+00:07:42,010 --> 00:07:46,010
+She couldn't get it. Now we are talking, look, the
+
+84
+00:07:46,010 --> 00:07:49,570
+pronoun, this is called, it refers to the noun, 
+
+85
+00:07:49,730 --> 00:07:52,490
+this noun. This is called the antecedent. 
+
+86
+00:07:53,870 --> 00:07:57,510
+Antecedent. Now it refers to what? Does it refer
+
+87
+00:07:57,510 --> 00:08:02,470
+to the car or to my friend? Because they're what?
+
+88
+00:08:03,030 --> 00:08:10,410
+My friends. If you want to write a word instead of 
+
+89
+00:08:10,410 --> 00:08:14,470
+the pronoun, what shall you write? My friends.
+
+90
+00:08:14,690 --> 00:08:20,310
+Okay. So, my friends. Because my friends ask,
+
+91
+00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:24,760
+Okay, to borrow my car because there's was. So
+
+92
+00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:28,700
+there refers to my friends. Now there's, who can 
+
+93
+00:08:28,700 --> 00:08:31,160
+use this word in a sentence? Look.
+
+94
+00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:38,000
+Who can use it with apostrophe in a sentence?
+
+95
+00:08:38,180 --> 00:08:42,280
+Yeah. Very good. There is a laptop on the table. 
+
+96
+00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,600
+There is a laptop on the table. Now let's start 
+
+97
+00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,180
+talking about pronouns.
+
+98
+00:09:11,630 --> 00:09:17,190
+Personal pronouns. They are divided into what?
+
+99
+00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:22,710
+Subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive
+
+100
+00:09:22,710 --> 00:09:26,930
+pronouns, possessive adjective pronouns. Now let's
+
+101
+00:09:26,930 --> 00:09:32,470
+start by the first group. I live in Gaza. Where is 
+
+102
+00:09:32,470 --> 00:09:36,490
+the subject? I. Good. Use you in a similar 
+
+103
+00:09:36,490 --> 00:09:40,570
+sentence. Yeah. You are a teacher. Where is the 
+
+104
+00:09:40,570 --> 00:09:45,430
+subject? You. Good. Use she in a sentence. Yeah.
+
+105
+00:09:45,670 --> 00:09:48,810
+She's a good girl. Thank you. Where is the 
+
+106
+00:09:48,810 --> 00:09:54,070
+subject? She. He. Yeah. He's a student. Good. 
+
+107
+00:09:54,210 --> 00:09:57,730
+Where is the subject? He. Use it in a sentence. 
+
+108
+00:10:00,630 --> 00:10:04,610
+It is a nice cat. Where is the subject? Okay,
+
+109
+00:10:04,750 --> 00:10:10,010
+thank you. Now, they are called what? Subject
+
+110
+00:10:10,010 --> 00:10:14,150
+pronouns because they are used as the subject of 
+
+111
+00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,360
+the sentence or they refer to the subject. They
+
+112
+00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:23,020
+refer to the subject. Fatima is a good student. 
+
+113
+00:10:23,680 --> 00:10:28,860
+She is my sister. She is my sister. She refers to
+
+114
+00:10:28,860 --> 00:10:32,980
+what? To Fatima. So they can be used as a subject 
+
+115
+00:10:32,980 --> 00:10:36,760
+or they can refer to the subject. Now what about 
+
+116
+00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:44,040
+the other group? Me. My little sister received me.
+
+117
+00:10:44,270 --> 00:10:48,710
+Okay. My little sister respects me. Very good. Now 
+
+118
+00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:52,630
+she respects
+
+119
+00:10:52,630 --> 00:10:58,910
+me. Good. This is the object. Thank you. Yeah. 
+
+120
+00:11:00,970 --> 00:11:05,970
+I'll give you. I'll give you. Good. That's right.
+
+121
+00:11:06,110 --> 00:11:09,470
+Thank you. Yeah. Again. 
+
+122
+00:11:13,090 --> 00:11:18,330
+Okay. This is a good example. Okay. Exams make me
+
+123
+00:11:18,330 --> 00:11:22,590
+okay. Make me nervous. Good. Thank you. Now you,
+
+124
+00:11:22,850 --> 00:11:25,450
+what about you? Can you use it as a sentence as an 
+
+125
+00:11:25,450 --> 00:11:32,470
+object? Makes me. She said me. We want you. A 
+
+126
+00:11:32,470 --> 00:11:40,550
+present. You are right. That's right. All the 
+
+127
+00:11:40,550 --> 00:11:44,060
+audience looking at her. At her. Now looking at 
+
+128
+00:11:44,060 --> 00:11:48,640
+her. Look at her. Her is preceded by what? At.
+
+129
+00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:54,560
+Okay. So we call it object of the preposition. We 
+
+130
+00:11:54,560 --> 00:11:58,240
+have two types of object. This is an object. Okay. 
+
+131
+00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:03,280
+But if I say, for me, for example, it will be the 
+
+132
+00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:07,220
+object of the preposition. Okay? Now, if you say,
+
+133
+00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:14,540
+I saw her yesterday. I saw her yesterday. I saw
+
+134
+00:12:14,540 --> 00:12:20,560
+you. I saw her. I saw him. Okay? Yesterday. 
+
+135
+00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:29,040
+Where is the object? Okay, thank you. Now, what
+
+136
+00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:31,540
+about the other group? Possessive pronouns.
+
+137
+00:12:35,420 --> 00:12:49,760
+Yes, please. Again. Thank you. This book is
+
+138
+00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:55,980
+mine. Very good. This book is mine. Look.
+
+139
+00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,640
+Can I or shall I use a noun or a word after this
+
+140
+00:13:02,640 --> 00:13:07,280
+pronoun? No, I cannot use. Okay, it's mine. Yeah,
+
+141
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,720
+use yours in a sentence. Yeah. This wallet is
+
+142
+00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,060
+yours. Yeah, this wallet is yours. Good. Where is 
+
+143
+00:13:13,060 --> 00:13:17,320
+it? Give it to me. Okay, this wallet is yours. 
+
+144
+00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:26,360
+Thank you. The other one, hairs. Yes, please. Use. 
+
+145
+00:13:26,860 --> 00:13:28,660
+Okay. Now we want this one.
+
+146
+00:13:31,700 --> 00:13:38,300
+Yeah. This laptop is hers. Okay. Fatima is my
+
+147
+00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:42,040
+sister. This laptop is hers. Okay. It's hers. It's 
+
+148
+00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:46,060
+for her. It's his. And so on. And the last group 
+
+149
+00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:50,180
+again, possessive adjective. Now, so we have 
+
+150
+00:13:50,180 --> 00:13:52,720
+possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives. 
+
+151
+00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:58,170
+Okay. Yes, please. This is my book. Look, good.
+
+152
+00:13:58,790 --> 00:14:02,830
+This is my 
+
+153
+00:14:02,830 --> 00:14:07,570
+book. Now, what's the difference between the first 
+
+154
+00:14:07,570 --> 00:14:12,030
+group and the second group? Look, it's mine and my
+
+155
+00:14:12,030 --> 00:14:17,630
+book. Who can give me the difference? This is my
+
+156
+00:14:17,630 --> 00:14:23,460
+book followed by a noun. Cannot be followed by a 
+
+157
+00:14:23,460 --> 00:14:26,620
+noun. So a positive adjective should always be
+
+158
+00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:30,420
+followed by what? A noun. Adjectives like that. 
+
+159
+00:14:30,980 --> 00:14:35,380
+Can I say this is a red? This is a beautiful, for
+
+160
+00:14:35,380 --> 00:14:40,600
+example? No. This is a beautiful flower. Okay. It 
+
+161
+00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:45,730
+is a cold has no meaning, right? It is a cold
+
+162
+00:14:45,730 --> 00:14:51,430
+weather. It is a nice story and so on. It is an 
+
+163
+00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:56,610
+easy, easy what? Easy exam and so on, you know. So
+
+164
+00:14:56,610 --> 00:15:00,050
+again, adjectives should be followed by nouns and 
+
+165
+00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:04,010
+these also pronouns should be followed by nouns.
+
+166
+00:15:04,110 --> 00:15:07,230
+So we say this is my book, your book, his book, 
+
+167
+00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:12,210
+her book and so on. Now this group, we used what?
+
+168
+00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:17,120
+Yeah. The pronouns are all in the singular form. 
+
+169
+00:15:17,760 --> 00:15:21,500
+Let's come to the plural. Okay. The same thing. 
+
+170
+00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:29,140
+Instead of saying I. Yeah. We are studying English 
+
+171
+00:15:29,140 --> 00:15:32,700
+grammar now. Very good. We are studying English 
+
+172
+00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:38,340
+grammar. You. Yeah. You should take care of 
+
+173
+00:15:38,340 --> 00:15:43,370
+yourself. Thank you. I'll do. Good. Yeah. They are
+
+174
+00:15:43,370 --> 00:15:46,890
+playing football. They are playing football. Good, 
+
+175
+00:15:46,970 --> 00:15:55,710
+thank you very much. Okay, now us. Us. Yeah? The
+
+176
+00:15:55,710 --> 00:15:59,870
+teacher told us a story. Okay, the teacher told us
+
+177
+00:15:59,870 --> 00:16:05,310
+a story about, okay. Now, you.
+
+178
+00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:18,060
+They visited us. They visited us. We are visiting. 
+
+179
+00:16:19,860 --> 00:16:25,820
+I will visit you tomorrow. Good. Now, them. I'll
+
+180
+00:16:25,820 --> 00:16:30,720
+give them some
+
+181
+00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:36,400
+advice. Thank you. Now, this car is... Hours. 
+
+182
+00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:42,840
+Okay. This villa is yours. Okay. This laptop is
+
+183
+00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:48,620
+theirs. Okay. And we say this is our house. This 
+
+184
+00:16:48,620 --> 00:16:54,520
+is our university. This is your book. And this is 
+
+185
+00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:59,220
+their, their house, their book and so on.
+
+186
+00:17:05,690 --> 00:17:09,930
+So, what do we come out from these pronouns? Yes,
+
+187
+00:17:10,030 --> 00:17:12,8
+
+223
+00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:19,260
+mentioned her name. Okay? So you can understand 
+
+224
+00:20:19,260 --> 00:20:24,380
+what does she refer to. But when I begin with the
+
+225
+00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:30,760
+pronoun, I like tea. You like tea. I like tea, you 
+
+226
+00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:37,320
+like tea. Now is the antecedent. Now I refers to 
+
+227
+00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:42,500
+what? The speaker, very good, thank you very much. 
+
+228
+00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:50,170
+And you refers to what? The person you are talking 
+
+229
+00:20:50,170 --> 00:20:56,590
+to. Now, in the previous sentences, when I say, 
+
+230
+00:20:57,270 --> 00:21:02,430
+this is a book, okay? It is easy. For example, it 
+
+231
+00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:06,310
+refers to the book. It refers to the antecedent.
+
+232
+00:21:06,750 --> 00:21:10,590
+The antecedent is what? Clear. Yes, it is 
+
+233
+00:21:10,590 --> 00:21:14,930
+mentioned clearly. You can understand it. from the
+
+234
+00:21:14,930 --> 00:21:18,350
+sentence. You can read it in the sentence. But now 
+
+235
+00:21:18,350 --> 00:21:24,630
+I refers to where is the antecedent? It is not
+
+236
+00:21:24,630 --> 00:21:28,650
+mentioned, but can be understood. You know, I am 
+
+237
+00:21:28,650 --> 00:21:31,990
+talking about myself. Okay, you I'm addressing
+
+238
+00:21:31,990 --> 00:21:35,230
+some people I'm speaking to. So the antecedent
+
+239
+00:21:35,230 --> 00:21:40,230
+here is can be understood. It's not mentioned
+
+240
+00:21:40,230 --> 00:21:47,490
+clearly. Okay, so I The speaker, do you like tea
+
+241
+00:21:47,490 --> 00:21:52,370
+to that one? I'm speaking too. Okay.
+
+242
+00:21:55,730 --> 00:22:00,570
+Now look at the sentence. Yes, read please. Read 
+
+243
+00:22:00,570 --> 00:22:07,940
+the sentence. Okay. He drives to work. Now, Jihad
+
+244
+00:22:07,940 --> 00:22:11,620
+has a car. He drives to work. Where is the subject
+
+245
+00:22:11,620 --> 00:22:15,940
+in this sentence? Jihad. Where is the object? A 
+
+246
+00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:20,160
+car. Now, he drives to work. What does he refer?
+
+247
+00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:24,370
+Where is the antecedent? Jihad. Now this is what? 
+
+248
+00:22:24,770 --> 00:22:29,090
+A subject. This is a subject. Okay. Now in the 
+
+249
+00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:32,650
+other sentence, this is a subject. So this 
+
+250
+00:22:32,650 --> 00:22:37,250
+pronoun, a subject pronoun is used as a subject, 
+
+251
+00:22:37,470 --> 00:22:42,010
+right? It also refers to a subject. Can you give 
+
+252
+00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:45,650
+me an example like that? Give me an example. 
+
+253
+00:22:50,210 --> 00:22:53,450
+Marwa is absent. She has a wedding. Very good. 
+
+254
+00:22:53,590 --> 00:22:58,810
+Thank you. Marwa is. She has. And also she refers
+
+255
+00:22:58,810 --> 00:23:02,210
+to Marwa. That's nice. Now look at the other 
+
+256
+00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:08,190
+sentence. Jihad works in my office. Jihad. Where
+
+257
+00:23:08,190 --> 00:23:14,070
+is the object? My home. There is no home. Jihad 
+
+258
+00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:20,190
+works in my office. I know him. Him refers to
+
+259
+00:23:20,190 --> 00:23:25,090
+what? To Jihad. Him refers to this is the object 
+
+260
+00:23:25,090 --> 00:23:29,310
+of what? Of the verb. This is the object of the 
+
+261
+00:23:29,310 --> 00:23:34,950
+verb. I know him. But in this sentence, I talk to
+
+262
+00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:40,660
+him every day. I talked to him. Him is an object 
+
+263
+00:23:40,660 --> 00:23:44,520
+pronoun. In this sentence, after the preposition,
+
+264
+00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:48,580
+it is called what? Object of the preposition. So, 
+
+265
+00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,400
+we have two types of objects. Object of the verb
+
+266
+00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:57,000
+and object of the preposition. The object of the 
+
+267
+00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,680
+verb is mentioned, as you see, after the verb. And
+
+268
+00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:03,160
+the object of the preposition is mentioned after
+
+269
+00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:04,900
+the preposition.
+
+270
+00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:11,290
+Look at this sentence. Will you read please? Read
+
+271
+00:24:11,290 --> 00:24:11,850
+the sentence.
+
+272
+00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:18,790
+Okay, that book is hers. Okay, good. Go on.
+
+273
+00:24:22,150 --> 00:24:26,870
+Okay, yours is over there. Thank you. Now, hers 
+
+274
+00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,610
+and yours. We call them what? Or they are called
+
+275
+00:24:30,610 --> 00:24:35,580
+what? Possessive pronouns. Thank you. Yeah. Are
+
+276
+00:24:35,580 --> 00:24:39,040
+not followed by what? A noun. They should not be
+
+277
+00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,500
+followed by a noun. If you look at this sentence, 
+
+278
+00:24:41,580 --> 00:24:45,200
+shall I use a noun after this one? No. Shall I use 
+
+279
+00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:49,420
+a noun here? No, it is not used. So again, these
+
+280
+00:24:49,420 --> 00:24:52,740
+pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun.
+
+281
+00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:57,740
+They stand alone. Don't say, that book is hers.
+
+282
+00:24:59,020 --> 00:25:04,800
+Okay? Don't say. This is hers. That book is hers.
+
+283
+00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:09,300
+Yours is over there. Hers should be written like 
+
+284
+00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:14,000
+that. Okay, without apostrophe. Very good. Some 
+
+285
+00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,840
+students are fond of writing the apostrophe. They
+
+286
+00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:21,540
+write apostrophe here and apostrophe there. You 
+
+287
+00:25:21,540 --> 00:25:25,060
+know, apostrophe is good when needed. If you need 
+
+288
+00:25:25,060 --> 00:25:28,880
+it, write it. If it is not needed, you should
+
+289
+00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,780
+avoid it. Okay? So in this case, it is not needed
+
+290
+00:25:32,780 --> 00:25:35,980
+in these pronouns. We say hers without apostrophe
+
+291
+00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:38,520
+and yours without apostrophe. 
+
+292
+00:25:42,340 --> 00:25:49,540
+Now, Look, her book, your book. What type of 
+
+293
+00:25:49,540 --> 00:25:54,440
+pronouns are these? Her and your? Possessive
+
+294
+00:25:54,440 --> 00:26:01,280
+adjectives. Okay. Can they stand alone? No. They
+
+295
+00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:04,420
+are like the adjectives. They cannot stand alone. 
+
+296
+00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:08,160
+They should be followed by what? By nouns. Good.
+
+297
+00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:14,720
+Now, read the sentence please.
+
+298
+00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:23,700
+Yeah, a bird uses its wings to fly. Its wings. 
+
+299
+00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:30,140
+What type of pronoun is its? Now, shall we use an 
+
+300
+00:26:30,140 --> 00:26:34,040
+apostrophe here? No. It is not accepted to write 
+
+301
+00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:39,260
+it with apostrophe. This is Incorrect, okay? With
+
+302
+00:26:39,260 --> 00:26:43,160
+apostrophe, it is not accepted. Now, look at this
+
+303
+00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:50,440
+sentence. It's been in business since 1933. It's
+
+304
+00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:57,600
+been. It has been. It has been. So again, it has
+
+305
+00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:03,180
+an apostrophe. Or you know, So again, as we said,
+
+306
+00:27:03,380 --> 00:27:08,520
+look, it's called today. The apostrophe is used
+
+307
+00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:10,640
+with it in two cases. 
+
+308
+00:27:13,180 --> 00:27:19,020
+In abbreviations, right? Now, it is abbreviated
+
+309
+00:27:19,020 --> 00:27:23,800
+there. Instead of writing it is, we say it's to 
+
+310
+00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,440
+show that something is omitted. We don't write a 
+
+311
+00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,980
+full is, a complete is. So instead of writing it 
+
+312
+00:27:30,980 --> 00:27:35,440
+is, okay, we omit a part of the verb is and write
+
+313
+00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:38,040
+apostrophe to show that there is omission.
+
+314
+00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:43,810
+Something is deleted. And the other one, instead
+
+315
+00:27:43,810 --> 00:27:47,690
+of writing, it has... Okay, we write the
+
+316
+00:27:47,690 --> 00:27:53,670
+apostrophe, that's right. Okay. And you know, this 
+
+317
+00:27:53,670 --> 00:27:56,570
+is an area of error. Even the native speakers make 
+
+318
+00:27:56,570 --> 00:28:00,010
+some errors in this area. Look at this exercise.
+
+319
+00:28:00,650 --> 00:28:01,690
+The first sentence.
+
+320
+00:28:04,570 --> 00:28:07,030
+Identify the personally pronounced and their 
+
+321
+00:28:07,030 --> 00:28:12,480
+antecedents. Who wants to come to the board? Come,
+
+322
+00:28:12,620 --> 00:28:12,900
+please.
+
+323
+00:28:20,120 --> 00:28:23,300
+Most monkeys don't like water, but they can swim
+
+324
+00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:32,320
+when they have to. They monkeys think they have...
+
+325
+00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:36,180
+They. Okay, now where is the pronoun and where is
+
+326
+00:28:36,180 --> 00:28:44,080
+the antecedent? No, no, no. Just draw a circle 
+
+327
+00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:47,740
+around the antecedent. Draw a circle and underline 
+
+328
+00:28:47,740 --> 00:28:51,160
+the pronoun. Okay? This is the antecedent. Good. 
+
+329
+00:28:51,860 --> 00:28:54,640
+And the pronouns. Thank you. Next one. Come,
+
+330
+00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:59,660
+Yasmin. The teacher graded the students' papers
+
+331
+00:28:59,660 --> 00:29:03,300
+last night. She returned them during class today.
+
+332
+00:29:03,780 --> 00:29:10,940
+The teacher's antecedent was... Thank you. Number 
+
+333
+00:29:10,940 --> 00:29:13,020
+four. Yes, come please. 
+
+334
+00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:22,480
+Nancy took an apple with her to work. She ate it 
+
+335
+00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:28,980
+at lunchtime. Nancy is antecedent. Okay. And she 
+
+336
+00:29:28,980 --> 00:29:34,420
+is a pronoun teacher. Just a minute. Look at the 
+
+337
+00:29:34,420 --> 00:29:37,420
+first sentence. Nancy took an apple with her. Look
+
+338
+00:29:37,420 --> 00:29:40,680
+at the first sentence. Okay. This is the pronoun,
+
+339
+00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:47,040
+right? It refers to Nancy. And she? Is it a
+
+340
+00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:51,400
+pronoun or antecedent? A pronoun. So underline it. 
+
+341
+00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:56,420
+We circle the antecedent. Thank you. Just a
+
+342
+00:29:56,420 --> 00:30:00,420
+minute. Just a minute. She did not finish. Okay.
+
+343
+00:30:02,420 --> 00:30:07,160
+Yeah. She ate it. Yeah. It refers to Apple. Good. 
+
+344
+00:30:07,380 --> 00:30:11,340
+So underline it and circle. Okay. Yes. What did 
+
+345
+00:30:11,340 --> 00:30:12,060
+you want to say?
+
+346
+00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,420
+She returned
+
+347
+00:30:20,420 --> 00:30:23,800
+them. The teacher regretted the student's papers. 
+
+348
+00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,440
+You are right. Thank you. Okay. Them refers to
+
+349
+00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:31,240
+student's papers. This is another one. Okay, good.
+
+350
+00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:37,220
+Thank you. Next one. Yes, come please.
+
+351
+00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:53,880
+Thank you. 
+
+352
+00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:55,820
+Number six. 
+
+353
+00:30:58,440 --> 00:30:59,540
+Come please.
+
+354
+00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:12,370
+Yuri's cat is named, is named My Billy Alice. She 
+
+355
+00:31:12,370 --> 00:31:16,470
+is very independent. She never obeys Yuri. His
+
+356
+00:31:16,470 --> 00:31:21,610
+dogs, on the other hand, treat him gladly. They
+
+357
+00:31:21,610 --> 00:31:25,050
+like to eat him. First, Yuri's cat is named,
+
+358
+00:31:25,870 --> 00:31:30,900
+there's, okay, now we got Yuri. Yuri's cat, this 
+
+359
+00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:33,780
+is the antecedent. Okay, good. Where is the
+
+360
+00:31:33,780 --> 00:31:38,120
+pronoun which refers to it? She. Now you look with 
+
+361
+00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:42,320
+the cat. If the gender, if the sex of the animal, 
+
+362
+00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,780
+male or female, is known and is given a name, they
+
+363
+00:31:45,780 --> 00:31:51,120
+say he or she, okay? This is something normal. Go 
+
+364
+00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:56,020
+on. She never offends Yuri. She also, for Yuri's
+
+365
+00:31:56,020 --> 00:31:56,300
+cat. 
+
+366
+00:32:00,710 --> 00:32:05,210
+His dogs, yeah, refers to? 
+
+367
+00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:12,870
+Yuri's cat. No, no, to Yuri, okay? To Yuri, not to 
+
+368
+00:32:12,870 --> 00:32:17,490
+cat. His dogs, Yuri's dogs, okay? His dogs. They.
+
+369
+00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:22,750
+On the other hand, obey him. On the other hand, 
+
+370
+00:32:22,830 --> 00:32:28,730
+obey him. Him. To Yuri, yeah? They like to please
+
+371
+00:32:28,730 --> 00:32:37,040
+him. They dogs. And him? Him? Yuri. Him, Yuri. 
+
+372
+00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:40,040
+Good. Thank you very much. 
+
+373
+00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:52,400
+Check your answers. Make sure that you got the
+
+374
+00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:55,080
+right answers. You have the right answers.
+
+375
+00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:30,120
+let's move to the other exercise yeah 
+
+376
+00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:36,400
+read what does he want yeah 
+
+377
+00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:40,320
+he's giving us yeah two options gone 
+
+378
+00:33:52,170 --> 00:33:55,650
+Thank you. Now, what does that mean? What do we 
+
+379
+00:33:55,650 --> 00:34:00,010
+understand? Okay. What do we understand? In the 
+
+380
+00:34:00,010 --> 00:34:04,850
+first sentence, a number, he says, A number of 
+
+381
+00:34:04,850 --> 00:34:08,530
+native speakers commonly use subject pronouns
+
+382
+00:34:08,530 --> 00:34:12,870
+after and. Even when the grammatically correct
+
+383
+00:34:12,870 --> 00:34:16,630
+choice is an object pronoun. Yeah, yeah. What does 
+
+384
+00:34:16,630 --> 00:34:19,870
+that mean? Like in the first sentence, the correct 
+
+385
+00:34:19,870 --> 00:34:22,990
+answer is an object pronoun me, but they may use
+
+386
+00:34:22,990 --> 00:34:26,470
+and I. That's right. Yeah, they use I, but we 
+
+387
+00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:30,290
+should say what? Me. Me. Now, my parents always
+
+388
+00:34:30,290 --> 00:34:35,710
+read, okay, big-time stories to my sister and. And 
+
+389
+00:34:35,710 --> 00:34:42,010
+I or and me? And why? Why me, not I? Okay, it is
+
+390
+00:34:42,010 --> 00:34:45,170
+object of the proposition, that's right. So, but 
+
+391
+00:34:45,170 --> 00:34:50,570
+native speakers usually use what? Okay, good. So, 
+
+392
+00:34:51,370 --> 00:34:54,990
+number two, who wants to make number two?
+
+393
+00:34:57,860 --> 00:35:01,020
+Yeah, who wants to write to answer number two?
+
+394
+00:35:02,220 --> 00:35:05,180
+Yeah, come. Come, Yasmin. 
+
+395
+00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:15,600
+Do it. Just between you and me, I think Mr. Lucas 
+
+396
+00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:19,160
+is going to lose his job. Good, thank you. Between 
+
+397
+00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:21,740
+you and me. Yeah, come. 
+
+398
+00:35:28,850 --> 00:35:32,050
+Let's go to talk to him. I need to tell you and 
+
+399
+00:35:32,050 --> 00:35:37,790
+him. To him, good. Thank you. I need to tell you
+
+400
+00:35:37,790 --> 00:35:38,230
+and?
+
+401
+00:35:41,570 --> 00:35:51,110
+Thank you, good. Yes, please, 
+
+402
+00:35:51,430 --> 00:35:51,610
+come.
+
+403
+00:35:59,790 --> 00:36:00,470
+Okay, 
+
+404
+00:36:12,830 --> 00:36:18,510
+what did you do? Okay I'm going to tell Sheng and 
+
+405
+00:36:18,510 --> 00:36:22,730
+here okay. Thank you and finally Yeah, come
+
+406
+00:36:43,780 --> 00:36:47,040
+Check your answers again, make sure that you have 
+
+407
+00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:47,940
+the right answer.
+
+408
+00:37:12,220 --> 00:37:16,840
+Now, look at the new exercise. Complete the 
+
+409
+00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:21,320
+sentences in each situation with pronoun for the
+
+410
+00:3
+
+445
+00:40:46,090 --> 00:40:50,770
+friend will have to go without me. Thank you. Do 
+
+446
+00:40:50,770 --> 00:40:54,830
+the other 111. Read it. I'd better... I'd better
+
+447
+00:40:54,830 --> 00:41:02,200
+call... Thank you good and finally the last one
+
+448
+00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:08,120
+for today,  You
+
+449
+00:41:08,120 --> 00:41:16,300
+did enough today, thank you very much. You I
+
+450
+00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:20,540
+Don't
+
+451
+00:41:20,540 --> 00:41:25,090
+have Mine with me. Okay. I don't have my phone or
+
+452
+00:41:25,090 --> 00:41:31,510
+my mine. I don't have mine With me. Thank you
+
+453
+00:41:31,510 --> 00:41:37,450
+Thank 
+
+454
+00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:38,110
+you very much

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/L0A1ZAn1Sro_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1816 @@
+1
+00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:26,560
+Good morning to you all. How are you again? I'm
+
+2
+00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:29,600
+fine, thank you. But I'm not having an exam today.
+
+3
+00:00:29,940 --> 00:00:33,200
+You are having exams. Don't worry about the exams.
+
+4
+00:00:33,740 --> 00:00:36,940
+Think nothing of that. Okay? Be with the grammar
+
+5
+00:00:36,940 --> 00:00:39,840
+now. Can you give me a sentence in English? Any
+
+6
+00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:48,990
+sentence? Think of a sentence. Yeah? I am? An Arab
+
+7
+00:00:48,990 --> 00:00:53,330
+girl. Thank you very much. I am. The sentence
+
+8
+00:00:53,330 --> 00:01:01,170
+included I am, okay, Arab girl. She started with
+
+9
+00:01:01,170 --> 00:01:06,650
+I. She started with I. What part of speech is I?
+
+10
+00:01:07,850 --> 00:01:12,110
+Pronoun. Okay. It is a pronoun. It is a subject.
+
+11
+00:01:12,310 --> 00:01:15,760
+Good. It is a subject. It is a pronoun. Now,
+
+12
+00:01:16,420 --> 00:01:21,600
+pronouns are used greatly in making the English
+
+13
+00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,420
+sentence. They are highly needed in forming the
+
+14
+00:01:25,420 --> 00:01:29,440
+sentence. What are the pronouns? What are the
+
+15
+00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:32,600
+types of the pronouns? How do we use the pronouns?
+
+16
+00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:37,460
+This is what we are going to talk about. But
+
+17
+00:01:37,460 --> 00:01:39,780
+first, we begin
+
+18
+00:01:55,510 --> 00:01:59,650
+Let's begin by this exercise. Read the first
+
+19
+00:01:59,650 --> 00:02:05,830
+sentence, please. I ate
+
+20
+00:02:05,830 --> 00:02:09,290
+most
+
+21
+00:02:09,290 --> 00:02:17,090
+of them. We ordered what? Food. Okay. And I wasn't
+
+22
+00:02:17,090 --> 00:02:19,910
+very hungry, but I ate most of them. What do you
+
+23
+00:02:19,910 --> 00:02:24,170
+think of the sentence? Most of it. Good. Why it's
+
+24
+00:02:24,170 --> 00:02:24,590
+not them?
+
+25
+00:02:27,470 --> 00:02:32,550
+Because it is a non-count noun. For the non-count
+
+26
+00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:37,210
+nouns, we use what? Singular verb. Very good. We
+
+27
+00:02:37,210 --> 00:02:41,950
+say food is, right? News is. Okay, thank you. So
+
+28
+00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:45,950
+this should be what? This should be instead of it,
+
+29
+00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:49,570
+of them we say it. Good. Will you read the other
+
+30
+00:02:49,570 --> 00:02:52,950
+sentence, please? Yeah. When we were in school, my
+
+31
+00:02:52,950 --> 00:02:55,370
+sister and me used to play tennis.
+
+32
+00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:07,140
+My sister and I. Thank you. My sister and I. Good.
+
+33
+00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:13,460
+Read the other sentence. Yes, please. If you want
+
+34
+00:03:13,460 --> 00:03:17,680
+to pass your exams, you had better study very hard
+
+35
+00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:24,180
+for it. Okay. So exams.
+
+36
+00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:31,020
+Exams. Where is that? Ah, this sentence. For it.
+
+37
+00:03:31,100 --> 00:03:36,020
+Instead of it, it refers to what? Exams. So we
+
+38
+00:03:36,020 --> 00:03:41,440
+have to say what? For? Them. They or them? Them.
+
+39
+00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:46,440
+Them. Why them, not they? It is object. Object.
+
+40
+00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:49,820
+What type of object? Look, after the preposition,
+
+41
+00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:54,620
+it is the object of the preposition. It is the
+
+42
+00:03:54,620 --> 00:03:57,660
+object of the preposition. Thank you for them.
+
+43
+00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:06,340
+Your, yeah. What's that? Okay, very good. Your
+
+44
+00:04:06,340 --> 00:04:11,340
+exam. Your exam. What type of pronoun is your?
+
+45
+00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:17,700
+What do we call it? My pen, your pen, his pen, her
+
+46
+00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:22,020
+pen? Possessive pronoun. Thank you very much. Now
+
+47
+00:04:22,020 --> 00:04:26,120
+look at the possessive pronoun. It is followed by
+
+48
+00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:37,660
+what? By a noun, okay? By a noun. Now, again, go
+
+49
+00:04:37,660 --> 00:04:43,600
+on. Yes, please. I thought bottoms spends most of
+
+50
+00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:48,340
+his time, most of its time in the water, rivers
+
+51
+00:04:48,340 --> 00:04:51,820
+and lakes. It's without apostrophe, it's. Okay,
+
+52
+00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:57,150
+this is what? Without apostrophe. Like that? It's.
+
+53
+00:04:57,590 --> 00:05:02,530
+So what's the difference between this word and
+
+54
+00:05:02,530 --> 00:05:07,290
+this word? I have, look, it's and it's the same
+
+55
+00:05:07,290 --> 00:05:10,290
+pronunciation. What's the difference between them?
+
+56
+00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:17,550
+Yeah. It is
+
+57
+00:05:17,550 --> 00:05:22,410
+or good. It has. It is or it has. Good. And
+
+58
+00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:23,530
+without apostrophe,
+
+59
+00:05:25,850 --> 00:05:30,690
+Okay. Thank you. Good. Next one, please. Next one.
+
+60
+00:05:30,770 --> 00:05:35,590
+Yeah. After Mr. Gray asked to speak to Mona and me
+
+61
+00:05:35,590 --> 00:05:42,090
+about the company's new policies, he expressed it
+
+62
+00:05:42,090 --> 00:05:48,330
+to us and asked for our mobile. Okay. Now, again.
+
+63
+00:05:49,070 --> 00:05:53,870
+So where are the errors? Asked to Mona and me. And
+
+64
+00:05:53,870 --> 00:05:58,600
+me. Good. Me. Now, why me, not I?
+
+65
+00:06:01,380 --> 00:06:06,680
+Speak to Mona, object of the preposition. Now, so
+
+66
+00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:11,560
+if this is an object, okay, Mona, this should also
+
+67
+00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:15,860
+be what? Object. I is a subject pronoun, right?
+
+68
+00:06:16,300 --> 00:06:22,860
+It's used as a subject. Yes, please. Who's the
+
+69
+00:06:22,860 --> 00:06:29,020
+speaker? Okay, for? Our. Okay, our. Opinions. So
+
+70
+00:06:29,020 --> 00:06:33,860
+we don't need opinions, right? We say for ours. Or
+
+71
+00:06:33,860 --> 00:06:38,080
+for our opinions. Good. This is ours, this is
+
+72
+00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:41,680
+yours, this is his, this is theirs and so on.
+
+73
+00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:47,160
+Thank you. And finally, number six. Yes? My
+
+74
+00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:51,200
+parents asked to borrow my car because there was
+
+75
+00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:04,620
+Because just why? But we are not talking about the
+
+76
+00:07:04,620 --> 00:07:07,200
+cars. The pronoun refers to what? What does the
+
+77
+00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:13,640
+pronoun refer to again? Okay. Now they're what?
+
+78
+00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:19,560
+Okay. My friends. Okay. My friends. So
+
+79
+00:07:23,070 --> 00:07:29,210
+One speaker. Who's the speaker? Yeah. Yeah. Okay.
+
+80
+00:07:29,690 --> 00:07:32,470
+Their car.
+
+81
+00:07:33,790 --> 00:07:36,750
+That's right. Without apostrophe. Without
+
+82
+00:07:36,750 --> 00:07:38,970
+apostrophe. Is that okay?
+
+83
+00:07:42,010 --> 00:07:46,010
+She couldn't get it. Now we are talking, look, the
+
+84
+00:07:46,010 --> 00:07:49,570
+pronoun, this is called, it refers to the noun,
+
+85
+00:07:49,730 --> 00:07:52,490
+this noun. This is called the antecedent.
+
+86
+00:07:53,870 --> 00:07:57,510
+Antecedent. Now it refers to what? Does it refer
+
+87
+00:07:57,510 --> 00:08:02,470
+to the car or to my friend? Because they're what?
+
+88
+00:08:03,030 --> 00:08:10,410
+My friends. If you want to write a word instead of
+
+89
+00:08:10,410 --> 00:08:14,470
+the pronoun, what shall you write? My friends.
+
+90
+00:08:14,690 --> 00:08:20,310
+Okay. So, my friends. Because my friends ask,
+
+91
+00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:24,760
+Okay, to borrow my car because there's was. So
+
+92
+00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:28,700
+there refers to my friends. Now there's, who can
+
+93
+00:08:28,700 --> 00:08:31,160
+use this word in a sentence? Look.
+
+94
+00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:38,000
+Who can use it with apostrophe in a sentence?
+
+95
+00:08:38,180 --> 00:08:42,280
+Yeah. Very good. There is a laptop on the table.
+
+96
+00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,600
+There is a laptop on the table. Now let's start
+
+97
+00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,180
+talking about pronouns.
+
+98
+00:09:11,630 --> 00:09:17,190
+Personal pronouns. They are divided into what?
+
+99
+00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:22,710
+Subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive
+
+100
+00:09:22,710 --> 00:09:26,930
+pronouns, possessive adjective pronouns. Now let's
+
+101
+00:09:26,930 --> 00:09:32,470
+start by the first group. I live in Gaza. Where is
+
+102
+00:09:32,470 --> 00:09:36,490
+the subject? I. Good. Use you in a similar
+
+103
+00:09:36,490 --> 00:09:40,570
+sentence. Yeah. You are a teacher. Where is the
+
+104
+00:09:40,570 --> 00:09:45,430
+subject? You. Good. Use she in a sentence. Yeah.
+
+105
+00:09:45,670 --> 00:09:48,810
+She's a good girl. Thank you. Where is the
+
+106
+00:09:48,810 --> 00:09:54,070
+subject? She. He. Yeah. He's a student. Good.
+
+107
+00:09:54,210 --> 00:09:57,730
+Where is the subject? He. Use it in a sentence.
+
+108
+00:10:00,630 --> 00:10:04,610
+It is a nice cat. Where is the subject? Okay,
+
+109
+00:10:04,750 --> 00:10:10,010
+thank you. Now, they are called what? Subject
+
+110
+00:10:10,010 --> 00:10:14,150
+pronouns because they are used as the subject of
+
+111
+00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,360
+the sentence or they refer to the subject. They
+
+112
+00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:23,020
+refer to the subject. Fatima is a good student.
+
+113
+00:10:23,680 --> 00:10:28,860
+She is my sister. She is my sister. She refers to
+
+114
+00:10:28,860 --> 00:10:32,980
+what? To Fatima. So they can be used as a subject
+
+115
+00:10:32,980 --> 00:10:36,760
+or they can refer to the subject. Now what about
+
+116
+00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:44,040
+the other group? Me. My little sister received me.
+
+117
+00:10:44,270 --> 00:10:48,710
+Okay. My little sister respects me. Very good. Now
+
+118
+00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:52,630
+she respects
+
+119
+00:10:52,630 --> 00:10:58,910
+me. Good. This is the object. Thank you. Yeah.
+
+120
+00:11:00,970 --> 00:11:05,970
+I'll give you. I'll give you. Good. That's right.
+
+121
+00:11:06,110 --> 00:11:09,470
+Thank you. Yeah. Again.
+
+122
+00:11:13,090 --> 00:11:18,330
+Okay. This is a good example. Okay. Exams make me
+
+123
+00:11:18,330 --> 00:11:22,590
+okay. Make me nervous. Good. Thank you. Now you,
+
+124
+00:11:22,850 --> 00:11:25,450
+what about you? Can you use it as a sentence as an
+
+125
+00:11:25,450 --> 00:11:32,470
+object? Makes me. She said me. We want you. A
+
+126
+00:11:32,470 --> 00:11:40,550
+present. You are right. That's right. All the
+
+127
+00:11:40,550 --> 00:11:44,060
+audience looking at her. At her. Now looking at
+
+128
+00:11:44,060 --> 00:11:48,640
+her. Look at her. Her is preceded by what? At.
+
+129
+00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:54,560
+Okay. So we call it object of the preposition. We
+
+130
+00:11:54,560 --> 00:11:58,240
+have two types of object. This is an object. Okay.
+
+131
+00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:03,280
+But if I say, for me, for example, it will be the
+
+132
+00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:07,220
+object of the preposition. Okay? Now, if you say,
+
+133
+00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:14,540
+I saw her yesterday. I saw her yesterday. I saw
+
+134
+00:12:14,540 --> 00:12:20,560
+you. I saw her. I saw him. Okay? Yesterday.
+
+135
+00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:29,040
+Where is the object? Okay, thank you. Now, what
+
+136
+00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:31,540
+about the other group? Possessive pronouns.
+
+137
+00:12:35,420 --> 00:12:49,760
+Yes, please. Again. Thank you. This book is
+
+138
+00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:55,980
+mine. Very good. This book is mine. Look.
+
+139
+00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,640
+Can I or shall I use a noun or a word after this
+
+140
+00:13:02,640 --> 00:13:07,280
+pronoun? No, I cannot use. Okay, it's mine. Yeah,
+
+141
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,720
+use yours in a sentence. Yeah. This wallet is
+
+142
+00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,060
+yours. Yeah, this wallet is yours. Good. Where is
+
+143
+00:13:13,060 --> 00:13:17,320
+it? Give it to me. Okay, this wallet is yours.
+
+144
+00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:26,360
+Thank you. The other one, hairs. Yes, please. Use.
+
+145
+00:13:26,860 --> 00:13:28,660
+Okay. Now we want this one.
+
+146
+00:13:31,700 --> 00:13:38,300
+Yeah. This laptop is hers. Okay. Fatima is my
+
+147
+00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:42,040
+sister. This laptop is hers. Okay. It's hers. It's
+
+148
+00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:46,060
+for her. It's his. And so on. And the last group
+
+149
+00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:50,180
+again, possessive adjective. Now, so we have
+
+150
+00:13:50,180 --> 00:13:52,720
+possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives.
+
+151
+00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:58,170
+Okay. Yes, please. This is my book. Look, good.
+
+152
+00:13:58,790 --> 00:14:02,830
+This is my
+
+153
+00:14:02,830 --> 00:14:07,570
+book. Now, what's the difference between the first
+
+154
+00:14:07,570 --> 00:14:12,030
+group and the second group? Look, it's mine and my
+
+155
+00:14:12,030 --> 00:14:17,630
+book. Who can give me the difference? This is my
+
+156
+00:14:17,630 --> 00:14:23,460
+book followed by a noun. Cannot be followed by a
+
+157
+00:14:23,460 --> 00:14:26,620
+noun. So a positive adjective should always be
+
+158
+00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:30,420
+followed by what? A noun. Adjectives like that.
+
+159
+00:14:30,980 --> 00:14:35,380
+Can I say this is a red? This is a beautiful, for
+
+160
+00:14:35,380 --> 00:14:40,600
+example? No. This is a beautiful flower. Okay. It
+
+161
+00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:45,730
+is a cold has no meaning, right? It is a cold
+
+162
+00:14:45,730 --> 00:14:51,430
+weather. It is a nice story and so on. It is an
+
+163
+00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:56,610
+easy, easy what? Easy exam and so on, you know. So
+
+164
+00:14:56,610 --> 00:15:00,050
+again, adjectives should be followed by nouns and
+
+165
+00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:04,010
+these also pronouns should be followed by nouns.
+
+166
+00:15:04,110 --> 00:15:07,230
+So we say this is my book, your book, his book,
+
+167
+00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:12,210
+her book and so on. Now this group, we used what?
+
+168
+00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:17,120
+Yeah. The pronouns are all in the singular form.
+
+169
+00:15:17,760 --> 00:15:21,500
+Let's come to the plural. Okay. The same thing.
+
+170
+00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:29,140
+Instead of saying I. Yeah. We are studying English
+
+171
+00:15:29,140 --> 00:15:32,700
+grammar now. Very good. We are studying English
+
+172
+00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:38,340
+grammar. You. Yeah. You should take care of
+
+173
+00:15:38,340 --> 00:15:43,370
+yourself. Thank you. I'll do. Good. Yeah. They are
+
+174
+00:15:43,370 --> 00:15:46,890
+playing football. They are playing football. Good,
+
+175
+00:15:46,970 --> 00:15:55,710
+thank you very much. Okay, now us. Us. Yeah? The
+
+176
+00:15:55,710 --> 00:15:59,870
+teacher told us a story. Okay, the teacher told us
+
+177
+00:15:59,870 --> 00:16:05,310
+a story about, okay. Now, you.
+
+178
+00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:18,060
+They visited us. They visited us. We are visiting.
+
+179
+00:16:19,860 --> 00:16:25,820
+I will visit you tomorrow. Good. Now, them. I'll
+
+180
+00:16:25,820 --> 00:16:30,720
+give them some
+
+181
+00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:36,400
+advice. Thank you. Now, this car is... Hours.
+
+182
+00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:42,840
+Okay. This villa is yours. Okay. This laptop is
+
+183
+00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:48,620
+theirs. Okay. And we say this is our house. This
+
+184
+00:16:48,620 --> 00:16:54,520
+is our university. This is your book. And this is
+
+185
+00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:59,220
+their, their house, their book and so on.
+
+186
+00:17:05,690 --> 00:17:09,930
+So, what do we come out from these pronouns? Yes,
+
+187
+00:17:10,030 --> 00:17:12,870
+can you talk, can you say something about these
+
+188
+00:17:12,870 --> 00:17:17,450
+pronouns? Yeah? Personal pronouns, we have four
+
+189
+00:17:17,450 --> 00:17:20,370
+groups, subject, object, possessive, and
+
+190
+00:17:20,370 --> 00:17:23,650
+possessive pronoun and possessive adjectives. We
+
+191
+00:17:23,650 --> 00:17:27,850
+use it even singular or plural. Good, thank you.
+
+192
+00:17:28,410 --> 00:17:31,350
+Now, possessive pronouns and adjectives, what's
+
+193
+00:17:31,350 --> 00:17:34,370
+the main difference between them? What's the main
+
+194
+00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:35,430
+difference here Khadija?
+
+195
+00:17:38,250 --> 00:17:41,790
+Our followed should be followed by a noun.
+
+196
+00:17:45,890 --> 00:17:51,530
+Okay, good. Now look at this sentence. I read a
+
+197
+00:17:51,530 --> 00:17:58,920
+book. It was good. I read a book. It was good. It
+
+198
+00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,880
+refers to what? The book. Book is called
+
+199
+00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:10,040
+antecedent. Book is called antecedent. Now, what
+
+200
+00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:16,980
+type of pronoun is it? Singular. Subject. Okay. It
+
+201
+00:18:16,980 --> 00:18:20,460
+refers to the subject. Look, I read some books.
+
+202
+00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:28,540
+They were good. Now a pronoun is used instead of
+
+203
+00:18:28,540 --> 00:18:33,220
+what? Instead of repeating. I read some books. The
+
+204
+00:18:33,220 --> 00:18:36,600
+books were. So I don't repeat. Repetition should
+
+205
+00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:41,530
+be avoided in writing. You know? Now, I use a
+
+206
+00:18:41,530 --> 00:18:44,830
+pronoun instead of the noun. It can be singular,
+
+207
+00:18:45,150 --> 00:18:50,190
+it can be plural, and it has different types as we
+
+208
+00:18:50,190 --> 00:18:54,410
+saw before some minutes. Now, in the first
+
+209
+00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:58,290
+sentence, we use a singular pronoun to refer to
+
+210
+00:18:58,290 --> 00:19:02,950
+the singular noun. And in the second sentence,
+
+211
+00:19:05,250 --> 00:19:09,110
+Plural to refer to the plural. Okay, thank you.
+
+212
+00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:14,950
+Now, book and books. Yeah, book and books. They
+
+213
+00:19:14,950 --> 00:19:18,650
+are called antecedents.
+
+214
+00:19:19,250 --> 00:19:23,230
+Antecedents. This is Fatima. She's my sister.
+
+215
+00:19:24,270 --> 00:19:31,530
+Fatima is what? Antecedent. Now, read this point,
+
+216
+00:19:31,950 --> 00:19:31,950
+please.
+
+217
+00:19:39,630 --> 00:19:44,130
+Thank you. Singular to singular. Plural to plural.
+
+218
+00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:48,090
+I think this is clear, right? No questions? Good.
+
+219
+00:19:49,530 --> 00:19:56,630
+Now look, I like tea. Now when I say Fatima is my
+
+220
+00:19:56,630 --> 00:20:05,080
+sister, Huda is my sister. I stated the subject
+
+221
+00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:09,640
+clearly. Okay? When I say, Huda is my sister.
+
+222
+00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:14,320
+She's living there. She refers to Huda. So I
+
+223
+00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:19,260
+mentioned her name. Okay? So you can understand
+
+224
+00:20:19,260 --> 00:20:24,380
+what does she refer to. But when I begin with the
+
+225
+00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:30,760
+pronoun, I like tea. You like tea. I like tea, you
+
+226
+00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:37,320
+like tea. Now is the antecedent. Now I refers to
+
+227
+00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:42,500
+what? The speaker, very good, thank you very much.
+
+228
+00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:50,170
+And you refers to what? The person you are talking
+
+229
+00:20:50,170 --> 00:20:56,590
+to. Now, in the previous sentences, when I say,
+
+230
+00:20:57,270 --> 00:21:02,430
+this is a book, okay? It is easy. For example, it
+
+231
+00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:06,310
+refers to the book. It refers to the antecedent.
+
+232
+00:21:06,750 --> 00:21:10,590
+The antecedent is what? Clear. Yes, it is
+
+233
+00:21:10,590 --> 00:21:14,930
+mentioned clearly. You can understand it. from the
+
+234
+00:21:14,930 --> 00:21:18,350
+sentence. You can read it in the sentence. But now
+
+235
+00:21:18,350 --> 00:21:24,630
+I refers to where is the antecedent? It is not
+
+236
+00:21:24,630 --> 00:21:28,650
+mentioned, but can be understood. You know, I am
+
+237
+00:21:28,650 --> 00:21:31,990
+talking about myself. Okay, you I'm addressing
+
+238
+00:21:31,990 --> 00:21:35,230
+some people I'm speaking to. So the antecedent
+
+239
+00:21:35,230 --> 00:21:40,230
+here is can be understood. It's not mentioned
+
+240
+00:21:40,230 --> 00:21:47,490
+clearly. Okay, so I The speaker, do you like tea
+
+241
+00:21:47,490 --> 00:21:52,370
+to that one? I'm speaking too. Okay.
+
+242
+00:21:55,730 --> 00:22:00,570
+Now look at the sentence. Yes, read please. Read
+
+243
+00:22:00,570 --> 00:22:07,940
+the sentence. Okay. He drives to work. Now, Jihad
+
+244
+00:22:07,940 --> 00:22:11,620
+has a car. He drives to work. Where is the subject
+
+245
+00:22:11,620 --> 00:22:15,940
+in this sentence? Jihad. Where is the object? A
+
+246
+00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:20,160
+car. Now, he drives to work. What does he refer?
+
+247
+00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:24,370
+Where is the antecedent? Jihad. Now this is what?
+
+248
+00:22:24,770 --> 00:22:29,090
+A subject. This is a subject. Okay. Now in the
+
+249
+00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:32,650
+other sentence, this is a subject. So this
+
+250
+00:22:32,650 --> 00:22:37,250
+pronoun, a subject pronoun is used as a subject,
+
+251
+00:22:37,470 --> 00:22:42,010
+right? It also refers to a subject. Can you give
+
+252
+00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:45,650
+me an example like that? Give me an example.
+
+253
+00:22:50,210 --> 00:22:53,450
+Marwa is absent. She has a wedding. Very good.
+
+254
+00:22:53,590 --> 00:22:58,810
+Thank you. Marwa is. She has. And also she refers
+
+255
+00:22:58,810 --> 00:23:02,210
+to Marwa. That's nice. Now look at the other
+
+256
+00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:08,190
+sentence. Jihad works in my office. Jihad. Where
+
+257
+00:23:08,190 --> 00:23:14,070
+is the object? My home. There is no home. Jihad
+
+258
+00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:20,190
+works in my office. I know him. Him refers to
+
+259
+00:23:20,190 --> 00:23:25,090
+what? To Jihad. Him refers to this is the object
+
+260
+00:23:25,090 --> 00:23:29,310
+of what? Of the verb. This is the object of the
+
+261
+00:23:29,310 --> 00:23:34,950
+verb. I know him. But in this sentence, I talk to
+
+262
+00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:40,660
+him every day. I talked to him. Him is an object
+
+263
+00:23:40,660 --> 00:23:44,520
+pronoun. In this sentence, after the preposition,
+
+264
+00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:48,580
+it is called what? Object of the preposition. So,
+
+265
+00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,400
+we have two types of objects. Object of the verb
+
+266
+00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:57,000
+and object of the preposition. The object of the
+
+267
+00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,680
+verb is mentioned, as you see, after the verb. And
+
+268
+00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:03,160
+the object of the preposition is mentioned after
+
+269
+00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:04,900
+the preposition.
+
+270
+00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:11,290
+Look at this sentence. Will you read please? Read
+
+271
+00:24:11,290 --> 00:24:11,850
+the sentence.
+
+272
+00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:18,790
+Okay, that book is hairs. Okay, good. Go on.
+
+273
+00:24:22,150 --> 00:24:26,870
+Okay, yours is over there. Thank you. Now, hairs
+
+274
+00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,610
+and yours. We call them what? Or they are called
+
+275
+00:24:30,610 --> 00:24:35,580
+what? Possessive pronouns. Thank you. Yeah. Are
+
+276
+00:24:35,580 --> 00:24:39,040
+not followed by what? A noun. They should not be
+
+277
+00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,500
+followed by a noun. If you look at this sentence,
+
+278
+00:24:41,580 --> 00:24:45,200
+shall I use a noun after this one? No. Shall I use
+
+279
+00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:49,420
+a noun here? No, it is not used. So again, these
+
+280
+00:24:49,420 --> 00:24:52,740
+pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun.
+
+281
+00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:57,740
+They stand alone. Don't say, that book is hers.
+
+282
+00:24:59,020 --> 00:25:04,800
+Okay? Don't say. This is hers. That book is hers.
+
+283
+00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:09,300
+Yours is over there. Hers should be written like
+
+284
+00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:14,000
+that. Okay, without apostrophe. Very good. Some
+
+285
+00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,840
+students are fond of writing the apostrophe. They
+
+286
+00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:21,540
+write apostrophe here and apostrophe there. You
+
+287
+00:25:21,540 --> 00:25:25,060
+know, apostrophe is good when needed. If you need
+
+288
+00:25:25,060 --> 00:25:28,880
+it, write it. If it is not needed, you should
+
+289
+00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,780
+avoid it. Okay? So in this case, it is not needed
+
+290
+00:25:32,780 --> 00:25:35,980
+in these pronouns. We say hers without apostrophe
+
+291
+00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:38,520
+and yours without apostrophe.
+
+292
+00:25:42,340 --> 00:25:49,540
+Now, Look, hair book, your book. What type of
+
+293
+00:25:49,540 --> 00:25:54,440
+pronouns are these? Hair and your? Possessive
+
+294
+00:25:54,440 --> 00:26:01,280
+adjectives. Okay. Can they stand alone? No. They
+
+295
+00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:04,420
+are like the adjectives. They cannot stand alone.
+
+296
+00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:08,160
+They should be followed by what? By nouns. Good.
+
+297
+00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:14,720
+Now, read the sentence please.
+
+298
+00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:23,700
+Yeah, a bird uses its wings to fly. Its wings.
+
+299
+00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:30,140
+What type of pronoun is its? Now, shall we use an
+
+300
+00:26:30,140 --> 00:26:34,040
+apostrophe here? No. It is not accepted to write
+
+301
+00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:39,260
+it with apostrophe. This is Incorrect, okay? With
+
+302
+00:26:39,260 --> 00:26:43,160
+apostrophe, it is not accepted. Now, look at this
+
+303
+00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:50,440
+sentence. It's been in business since 1933. It's
+
+304
+00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:57,600
+been. It has been. It has been. So again, it has
+
+305
+00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:03,180
+an apostrophe. Or you know, So again, as we said,
+
+306
+00:27:03,380 --> 00:27:08,520
+look, it's called today. The apostrophe is used
+
+307
+00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:10,640
+with it in two cases.
+
+308
+00:27:13,180 --> 00:27:19,020
+In abbreviations, right? Now, it is abbreviated
+
+309
+00:27:19,020 --> 00:27:23,800
+there. Instead of writing it is, we say it's to
+
+310
+00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,440
+show that something is omitted. We don't write a
+
+311
+00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,980
+full is, a complete is. So instead of writing it
+
+312
+00:27:30,980 --> 00:27:35,440
+is, okay, we omit a part of the verb is and write
+
+313
+00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:38,040
+apostrophe to show that there is omission.
+
+314
+00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:43,810
+Something is deleted. And the other one, instead
+
+315
+00:27:43,810 --> 00:27:47,690
+of writing, it has... Okay, we write the
+
+316
+00:27:47,690 --> 00:27:53,670
+apostrophe, that's right. Okay. And you know, this
+
+317
+00:27:53,670 --> 00:27:56,570
+is an area of error. Even the native speakers make
+
+318
+00:27:56,570 --> 00:28:00,010
+some errors in this area. Look at this exercise.
+
+319
+00:28:00,650 --> 00:28:01,690
+The first sentence.
+
+320
+00:28:04,570 --> 00:28:07,030
+Identify the personally pronounced and their
+
+321
+00:28:07,030 --> 00:28:12,480
+antecedents. Who wants to come to the board? Come,
+
+322
+00:28:12,620 --> 00:28:12,900
+please.
+
+323
+00:28:20,120 --> 00:28:23,300
+Most monkeys don't like water, but they can swim
+
+324
+00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:32,320
+when they have to. They monkeys think they have...
+
+325
+00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:36,180
+They. Okay, now where is the pronoun and where is
+
+326
+00:28:36,180 --> 00:28:44,080
+the antecedent? No, no, no. Just draw a circle
+
+327
+00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:47,740
+around the antecedent. Draw a circle and underline
+
+328
+00:28:47,740 --> 00:28:51,160
+the pronoun. Okay? This is the antecedent. Good.
+
+329
+00:28:51,860 --> 00:28:54,640
+And the pronouns. Thank you. Next one. Come,
+
+330
+00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:59,660
+Yasmin. The teacher graded the students' papers
+
+331
+00:28:59,660 --> 00:29:03,300
+last night. She returned them during class today.
+
+332
+00:29:03,780 --> 00:29:10,940
+The teacher's antecedent was... Thank you. Number
+
+333
+00:29:10,940 --> 00:29:13,020
+four. Yes, come please.
+
+334
+00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:22,480
+Nancy took an apple with her to work. She ate it
+
+335
+00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:28,980
+at lunchtime. Nancy is antecedent. Okay. And she
+
+336
+00:29:28,980 --> 00:29:34,420
+is a pronoun teacher. Just a minute. Look at the
+
+337
+00:29:34,420 --> 00:29:37,420
+first sentence. Nancy took an apple with her. Look
+
+338
+00:29:37,420 --> 00:29:40,680
+at the first sentence. Okay. This is the pronoun,
+
+339
+00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:47,040
+right? It refers to Nancy. And she? Is it a
+
+340
+00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:51,400
+pronoun or antecedent? A pronoun. So underline it.
+
+341
+00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:56,420
+We circle the antecedent. Thank you. Just a
+
+342
+00:29:56,420 --> 00:30:00,420
+minute. Just a minute. She did not finish. Okay.
+
+343
+00:30:02,420 --> 00:30:07,160
+Yeah. She ate it. Yeah. It refers to Apple. Good.
+
+344
+00:30:07,380 --> 00:30:11,340
+So underline it and circle. Okay. Yes. What did
+
+345
+00:30:11,340 --> 00:30:12,060
+you want to say?
+
+346
+00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,420
+She returned
+
+347
+00:30:20,420 --> 00:30:23,800
+them. The teacher regretted the student's papers.
+
+348
+00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,440
+You are right. Thank you. Okay. Them refers to
+
+349
+00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:31,240
+student's papers. This is another one. Okay, good.
+
+350
+00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:37,220
+Thank you. Next one. Yes, come please.
+
+351
+00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:53,880
+Thank you.
+
+352
+00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:55,820
+Number six.
+
+353
+00:30:58,440 --> 00:30:59,540
+Come please.
+
+354
+00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:12,370
+Yuri's cat is named, is named My Billy Alice. She
+
+355
+00:31:12,370 --> 00:31:16,470
+is very independent. She never obeys Yuri. His
+
+356
+00:31:16,470 --> 00:31:21,610
+dogs, on the other hand, treat him gladly. They
+
+357
+00:31:21,610 --> 00:31:25,050
+like to eat him. First, Yuri's cat is named,
+
+358
+00:31:25,870 --> 00:31:30,900
+there's, okay, now we got Yuri. Yuri's cat, this
+
+359
+00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:33,780
+is the antecedent. Okay, good. Where is the
+
+360
+00:31:33,780 --> 00:31:38,120
+pronoun which refers to it? She. Now you look with
+
+361
+00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:42,320
+the cat. If the gender, if the sex of the animal,
+
+362
+00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,780
+male or female, is known and is given a name, they
+
+363
+00:31:45,780 --> 00:31:51,120
+say he or she, okay? This is something normal. Go
+
+364
+00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:56,020
+on. She never offends Yuri. She also, for Yuri's
+
+365
+00:31:56,020 --> 00:31:56,300
+cat.
+
+366
+00:32:00,710 --> 00:32:05,210
+His dogs, yeah, refers to?
+
+367
+00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:12,870
+Yuri's cat. No, no, to Yuri, okay? To Yuri, not to
+
+368
+00:32:12,870 --> 00:32:17,490
+cat. His dogs, Yuri's dogs, okay? His dogs. They.
+
+369
+00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:22,750
+On the other hand, obey him. On the other hand,
+
+370
+00:32:22,830 --> 00:32:28,730
+obey him. Him. To Yuri, yeah? They like to please
+
+371
+00:32:28,730 --> 00:32:37,040
+him. They dogs. And him? Him? Yuri. Him, Yuri.
+
+372
+00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:40,040
+Good. Thank you very much.
+
+373
+00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:52,400
+Check your answers. Make sure that you got the
+
+374
+00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:55,080
+right answers. You have the right answers.
+
+375
+00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:30,120
+let's move to the other exercise yeah
+
+376
+00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:36,400
+read what does he want yeah
+
+377
+00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:40,320
+he's giving us yeah two options gone
+
+378
+00:33:52,170 --> 00:33:55,650
+Thank you. Now, what does that mean? What do we
+
+379
+00:33:55,650 --> 00:34:00,010
+understand? Okay. What do we understand? In the
+
+380
+00:34:00,010 --> 00:34:04,850
+first sentence, a number, he says, A number of
+
+381
+00:34:04,850 --> 00:34:08,530
+native speakers commonly use subject pronouns
+
+382
+00:34:08,530 --> 00:34:12,870
+after and. Even when the grammatically correct
+
+383
+00:34:12,870 --> 00:34:16,630
+choice is an object pronoun. Yeah, yeah. What does
+
+384
+00:34:16,630 --> 00:34:19,870
+that mean? Like in the first sentence, the correct
+
+385
+00:34:19,870 --> 00:34:22,990
+answer is an object pronoun me, but they may use
+
+386
+00:34:22,990 --> 00:34:26,470
+and I. That's right. Yeah, they use I, but we
+
+387
+00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:30,290
+should say what? Me. Me. Now, my parents always
+
+388
+00:34:30,290 --> 00:34:35,710
+read, okay, big-time stories to my sister and. And
+
+389
+00:34:35,710 --> 00:34:42,010
+I or and me? And why? Why me, not I? Okay, it is
+
+390
+00:34:42,010 --> 00:34:45,170
+object of the proposition, that's right. So, but
+
+391
+00:34:45,170 --> 00:34:50,570
+native speakers usually use what? Okay, good. So,
+
+392
+00:34:51,370 --> 00:34:54,990
+number two, who wants to make number two?
+
+393
+00:34:57,860 --> 00:35:01,020
+Yeah, who wants to write to answer number two?
+
+394
+00:35:02,220 --> 00:35:05,180
+Yeah, come. Come, Yasmin.
+
+395
+00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:15,600
+Do it. Just between you and me, I think Mr. Lucas
+
+396
+00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:19,160
+is going to lose his job. Good, thank you. Between
+
+397
+00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:21,740
+you and me. Yeah, come.
+
+398
+00:35:28,850 --> 00:35:32,050
+Let's go to talk to him. I need to tell you and
+
+399
+00:35:32,050 --> 00:35:37,790
+him. To him, good. Thank you. I need to tell you
+
+400
+00:35:37,790 --> 00:35:38,230
+and?
+
+401
+00:35:41,570 --> 00:35:51,110
+Thank you, good. Yes, please,
+
+402
+00:35:51,430 --> 00:35:51,610
+come.
+
+403
+00:35:59,790 --> 00:36:00,470
+Okay,
+
+404
+00:36:12,830 --> 00:36:18,510
+what did you do? Okay I'm going to tell Sheng and
+
+405
+00:36:18,510 --> 00:36:22,730
+here okay. Thank you and finally Yeah, come
+
+406
+00:36:43,780 --> 00:36:47,040
+Check your answers again, make sure that you have
+
+407
+00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:47,940
+the right answer.
+
+408
+00:37:12,220 --> 00:37:16,840
+Now, look at the new exercise. Complete the
+
+409
+00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:21,320
+sentences in each situation with pronoun for the
+
+410
+00:37:21,320 --> 00:37:24,260
+word in Italic. Situation, for example, situation
+
+411
+00:37:24,260 --> 00:37:29,340
+one. There is Sarah. I need to go to talk to her.
+
+412
+00:37:29,720 --> 00:37:30,360
+Yeah.
+
+413
+00:37:35,330 --> 00:37:39,830
+I need to go talk to her, she and I. Good, she and
+
+414
+00:37:39,830 --> 00:37:43,070
+I. Thank you. Number three. Quickly, this is an
+
+415
+00:37:43,070 --> 00:37:46,550
+easy exercise. Yeah, come please. I went to
+
+416
+00:37:46,550 --> 00:37:54,230
+elementary school
+
+417
+00:37:54,230 --> 00:37:59,650
+with her brother and I. And her. And her, yes.
+
+418
+00:38:00,210 --> 00:38:02,590
+Together, it means that we went together, to her
+
+419
+00:38:02,590 --> 00:38:06,230
+brother and her. I went with her, okay? I went
+
+420
+00:38:06,230 --> 00:38:11,350
+with her brother and her, okay? Yeah, come please.
+
+421
+00:38:11,470 --> 00:38:14,290
+Next one. Number four.
+
+422
+00:38:20,150 --> 00:38:20,630
+Good,
+
+423
+00:38:23,390 --> 00:38:25,470
+thank you. Go ahead.
+
+424
+00:38:32,510 --> 00:38:35,350
+She's getting married next month.
+
+425
+00:38:39,870 --> 00:38:45,070
+Hair marriage,
+
+426
+00:38:45,110 --> 00:38:53,090
+okay. Okay, good. Hair marriage. New ones, what
+
+427
+00:38:53,090 --> 00:38:57,470
+about others? We want new ones.
+
+428
+00:39:04,390 --> 00:39:09,370
+Come again. Come again, please. Being with her is
+
+429
+00:39:09,370 --> 00:39:15,230
+a lot of fun. We laugh a lot. Thank you. Thank
+
+430
+00:39:15,230 --> 00:39:17,950
+you, yeah? Come, please.
+
+431
+00:39:27,190 --> 00:39:31,990
+She has a good time with her friends. Very good.
+
+432
+00:39:36,010 --> 00:39:40,150
+She always has a good time with her friends.
+
+433
+00:39:41,950 --> 00:39:45,590
+Situation two. I'm not feeling well. I think I'd
+
+434
+00:39:45,590 --> 00:39:53,010
+better stay at home today. Okay? My friends and...
+
+435
+00:39:53,010 --> 00:39:54,810
+Come.
+
+436
+00:39:56,630 --> 00:40:01,590
+Yes, come. Let she come. My friends and I...
+
+437
+00:40:05,580 --> 00:40:07,600
+Our local bank today.
+
+438
+00:40:10,240 --> 00:40:14,460
+Clean the other words, clean them please. Okay,
+
+439
+00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:17,520
+can you do the other one, number nine? Read it and
+
+440
+00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:19,740
+do it, try it. Try number nine.
+
+441
+00:40:22,620 --> 00:40:23,200
+Okay,
+
+442
+00:40:28,340 --> 00:40:33,590
+thank you, good. My friends and me. Thank you.
+
+443
+00:40:33,770 --> 00:40:35,330
+Number 10. Come.
+
+444
+00:40:41,830 --> 00:40:46,090
+But my
+
+445
+00:40:46,090 --> 00:40:50,770
+friend will have to go without me. Thank you. Do
+
+446
+00:40:50,770 --> 00:40:54,830
+the other 111. Read it. I'd better... I'd better
+
+447
+00:40:54,830 --> 00:41:02,200
+call... Thank you good and finally the last one
+
+448
+00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:08,120
+for today nor You
+
+449
+00:41:08,120 --> 00:41:16,300
+did enough today, thank you very much you I
+
+450
+00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:20,540
+Don't
+
+451
+00:41:20,540 --> 00:41:25,090
+have Mine with me. Okay. I don't have my phone or
+
+452
+00:41:25,090 --> 00:41:31,510
+my mine. I don't have mine With me. Thank you
+
+453
+00:41:31,510 --> 00:41:37,450
+Thank
+
+454
+00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:38,110
+you very much
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/L0A1ZAn1Sro_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1816 @@
+1
+00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:26,560
+Good morning to you all. How are you again? I'm
+
+2
+00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:29,600
+fine, thank you. But I'm not having an exam today.
+
+3
+00:00:29,940 --> 00:00:33,200
+You are having exams. Don't worry about the exams.
+
+4
+00:00:33,740 --> 00:00:36,940
+Think nothing of that. Okay? Be with the grammar
+
+5
+00:00:36,940 --> 00:00:39,840
+now. Can you give me a sentence in English? Any
+
+6
+00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:48,990
+sentence? Think of a sentence. Yeah? I am? An Arab
+
+7
+00:00:48,990 --> 00:00:53,330
+girl. Thank you very much. I am. The sentence
+
+8
+00:00:53,330 --> 00:01:01,170
+included I am, okay, Arab girl. She started with
+
+9
+00:01:01,170 --> 00:01:06,650
+I. She started with I. What part of speech is I?
+
+10
+00:01:07,850 --> 00:01:12,110
+Pronoun. Okay. It is a pronoun. It is a subject.
+
+11
+00:01:12,310 --> 00:01:15,760
+Good. It is a subject. It is a pronoun. Now,
+
+12
+00:01:16,420 --> 00:01:21,600
+pronouns are used greatly in making the English
+
+13
+00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,420
+sentence. They are highly needed in forming the
+
+14
+00:01:25,420 --> 00:01:29,440
+sentence. What are the pronouns? What are the
+
+15
+00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:32,600
+types of the pronouns? How do we use the pronouns?
+
+16
+00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:37,460
+This is what we are going to talk about. But
+
+17
+00:01:37,460 --> 00:01:39,780
+first, we begin
+
+18
+00:01:55,510 --> 00:01:59,650
+Let's begin by this exercise. Read the first
+
+19
+00:01:59,650 --> 00:02:05,830
+sentence, please. I ate
+
+20
+00:02:05,830 --> 00:02:09,290
+most
+
+21
+00:02:09,290 --> 00:02:17,090
+of them. We ordered what? Food. Okay. And I wasn't
+
+22
+00:02:17,090 --> 00:02:19,910
+very hungry, but I ate most of them. What do you
+
+23
+00:02:19,910 --> 00:02:24,170
+think of the sentence? Most of it. Good. Why it's
+
+24
+00:02:24,170 --> 00:02:24,590
+not them?
+
+25
+00:02:27,470 --> 00:02:32,550
+Because it is a non-count noun. For the non-count
+
+26
+00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:37,210
+nouns, we use what? Singular verb. Very good. We
+
+27
+00:02:37,210 --> 00:02:41,950
+say food is, right? News is. Okay, thank you. So
+
+28
+00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:45,950
+this should be what? This should be instead of it,
+
+29
+00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:49,570
+of them we say it. Good. Will you read the other
+
+30
+00:02:49,570 --> 00:02:52,950
+sentence, please? Yeah. When we were in school, my
+
+31
+00:02:52,950 --> 00:02:55,370
+sister and me used to play tennis.
+
+32
+00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:07,140
+My sister and I. Thank you. My sister and I. Good.
+
+33
+00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:13,460
+Read the other sentence. Yes, please. If you want
+
+34
+00:03:13,460 --> 00:03:17,680
+to pass your exams, you had better study very hard
+
+35
+00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:24,180
+for it. Okay. So exams.
+
+36
+00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:31,020
+Exams. Where is that? Ah, this sentence. For it.
+
+37
+00:03:31,100 --> 00:03:36,020
+Instead of it, it refers to what? Exams. So we
+
+38
+00:03:36,020 --> 00:03:41,440
+have to say what? For? Them. They or them? Them.
+
+39
+00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:46,440
+Them. Why them, not they? It is object. Object.
+
+40
+00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:49,820
+What type of object? Look, after the preposition,
+
+41
+00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:54,620
+it is the object of the preposition. It is the
+
+42
+00:03:54,620 --> 00:03:57,660
+object of the preposition. Thank you for them.
+
+43
+00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:06,340
+Your, yeah. What's that? Okay, very good. Your
+
+44
+00:04:06,340 --> 00:04:11,340
+exam. Your exam. What type of pronoun is your?
+
+45
+00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:17,700
+What do we call it? My pen, your pen, his pen, her
+
+46
+00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:22,020
+pen? Possessive pronoun. Thank you very much. Now
+
+47
+00:04:22,020 --> 00:04:26,120
+look at the possessive pronoun. It is followed by
+
+48
+00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:37,660
+what? By a noun, okay? By a noun. Now, again, go
+
+49
+00:04:37,660 --> 00:04:43,600
+on. Yes, please. I thought bottoms spends most of
+
+50
+00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:48,340
+his time, most of its time in the water, rivers
+
+51
+00:04:48,340 --> 00:04:51,820
+and lakes. It's without apostrophe, it's. Okay,
+
+52
+00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:57,150
+this is what? Without apostrophe. Like that? It's.
+
+53
+00:04:57,590 --> 00:05:02,530
+So what's the difference between this word and
+
+54
+00:05:02,530 --> 00:05:07,290
+this word? I have, look, it's and it's the same
+
+55
+00:05:07,290 --> 00:05:10,290
+pronunciation. What's the difference between them?
+
+56
+00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:17,550
+Yeah. It is
+
+57
+00:05:17,550 --> 00:05:22,410
+or good. It has. It is or it has. Good. And
+
+58
+00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:23,530
+without apostrophe,
+
+59
+00:05:25,850 --> 00:05:30,690
+Okay. Thank you. Good. Next one, please. Next one.
+
+60
+00:05:30,770 --> 00:05:35,590
+Yeah. After Mr. Gray asked to speak to Mona and me
+
+61
+00:05:35,590 --> 00:05:42,090
+about the company's new policies, he expressed it
+
+62
+00:05:42,090 --> 00:05:48,330
+to us and asked for our mobile. Okay. Now, again.
+
+63
+00:05:49,070 --> 00:05:53,870
+So where are the errors? Asked to Mona and me. And
+
+64
+00:05:53,870 --> 00:05:58,600
+me. Good. Me. Now, why me, not I?
+
+65
+00:06:01,380 --> 00:06:06,680
+Speak to Mona, object of the preposition. Now, so
+
+66
+00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:11,560
+if this is an object, okay, Mona, this should also
+
+67
+00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:15,860
+be what? Object. I is a subject pronoun, right?
+
+68
+00:06:16,300 --> 00:06:22,860
+It's used as a subject. Yes, please. Who's the
+
+69
+00:06:22,860 --> 00:06:29,020
+speaker? Okay, for? Our. Okay, our. Opinions. So
+
+70
+00:06:29,020 --> 00:06:33,860
+we don't need opinions, right? We say for ours. Or
+
+71
+00:06:33,860 --> 00:06:38,080
+for our opinions. Good. This is ours, this is
+
+72
+00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:41,680
+yours, this is his, this is theirs and so on.
+
+73
+00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:47,160
+Thank you. And finally, number six. Yes? My
+
+74
+00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:51,200
+parents asked to borrow my car because there was
+
+75
+00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:04,620
+Because just why? But we are not talking about the
+
+76
+00:07:04,620 --> 00:07:07,200
+cars. The pronoun refers to what? What does the
+
+77
+00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:13,640
+pronoun refer to again? Okay. Now they're what?
+
+78
+00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:19,560
+Okay. My friends. Okay. My friends. So
+
+79
+00:07:23,070 --> 00:07:29,210
+One speaker. Who's the speaker? Yeah. Yeah. Okay.
+
+80
+00:07:29,690 --> 00:07:32,470
+Their car.
+
+81
+00:07:33,790 --> 00:07:36,750
+That's right. Without apostrophe. Without
+
+82
+00:07:36,750 --> 00:07:38,970
+apostrophe. Is that okay?
+
+83
+00:07:42,010 --> 00:07:46,010
+She couldn't get it. Now we are talking, look, the
+
+84
+00:07:46,010 --> 00:07:49,570
+pronoun, this is called, it refers to the noun,
+
+85
+00:07:49,730 --> 00:07:52,490
+this noun. This is called the antecedent.
+
+86
+00:07:53,870 --> 00:07:57,510
+Antecedent. Now it refers to what? Does it refer
+
+87
+00:07:57,510 --> 00:08:02,470
+to the car or to my friend? Because they're what?
+
+88
+00:08:03,030 --> 00:08:10,410
+My friends. If you want to write a word instead of
+
+89
+00:08:10,410 --> 00:08:14,470
+the pronoun, what shall you write? My friends.
+
+90
+00:08:14,690 --> 00:08:20,310
+Okay. So, my friends. Because my friends ask,
+
+91
+00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:24,760
+Okay, to borrow my car because there's was. So
+
+92
+00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:28,700
+there refers to my friends. Now there's, who can
+
+93
+00:08:28,700 --> 00:08:31,160
+use this word in a sentence? Look.
+
+94
+00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:38,000
+Who can use it with apostrophe in a sentence?
+
+95
+00:08:38,180 --> 00:08:42,280
+Yeah. Very good. There is a laptop on the table.
+
+96
+00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,600
+There is a laptop on the table. Now let's start
+
+97
+00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,180
+talking about pronouns.
+
+98
+00:09:11,630 --> 00:09:17,190
+Personal pronouns. They are divided into what?
+
+99
+00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:22,710
+Subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive
+
+100
+00:09:22,710 --> 00:09:26,930
+pronouns, possessive adjective pronouns. Now let's
+
+101
+00:09:26,930 --> 00:09:32,470
+start by the first group. I live in Gaza. Where is
+
+102
+00:09:32,470 --> 00:09:36,490
+the subject? I. Good. Use you in a similar
+
+103
+00:09:36,490 --> 00:09:40,570
+sentence. Yeah. You are a teacher. Where is the
+
+104
+00:09:40,570 --> 00:09:45,430
+subject? You. Good. Use she in a sentence. Yeah.
+
+105
+00:09:45,670 --> 00:09:48,810
+She's a good girl. Thank you. Where is the
+
+106
+00:09:48,810 --> 00:09:54,070
+subject? She. He. Yeah. He's a student. Good.
+
+107
+00:09:54,210 --> 00:09:57,730
+Where is the subject? He. Use it in a sentence.
+
+108
+00:10:00,630 --> 00:10:04,610
+It is a nice cat. Where is the subject? Okay,
+
+109
+00:10:04,750 --> 00:10:10,010
+thank you. Now, they are called what? Subject
+
+110
+00:10:10,010 --> 00:10:14,150
+pronouns because they are used as the subject of
+
+111
+00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,360
+the sentence or they refer to the subject. They
+
+112
+00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:23,020
+refer to the subject. Fatima is a good student.
+
+113
+00:10:23,680 --> 00:10:28,860
+She is my sister. She is my sister. She refers to
+
+114
+00:10:28,860 --> 00:10:32,980
+what? To Fatima. So they can be used as a subject
+
+115
+00:10:32,980 --> 00:10:36,760
+or they can refer to the subject. Now what about
+
+116
+00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:44,040
+the other group? Me. My little sister received me.
+
+117
+00:10:44,270 --> 00:10:48,710
+Okay. My little sister respects me. Very good. Now
+
+118
+00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:52,630
+she respects
+
+119
+00:10:52,630 --> 00:10:58,910
+me. Good. This is the object. Thank you. Yeah.
+
+120
+00:11:00,970 --> 00:11:05,970
+I'll give you. I'll give you. Good. That's right.
+
+121
+00:11:06,110 --> 00:11:09,470
+Thank you. Yeah. Again.
+
+122
+00:11:13,090 --> 00:11:18,330
+Okay. This is a good example. Okay. Exams make me
+
+123
+00:11:18,330 --> 00:11:22,590
+okay. Make me nervous. Good. Thank you. Now you,
+
+124
+00:11:22,850 --> 00:11:25,450
+what about you? Can you use it as a sentence as an
+
+125
+00:11:25,450 --> 00:11:32,470
+object? Makes me. She said me. We want you. A
+
+126
+00:11:32,470 --> 00:11:40,550
+present. You are right. That's right. All the
+
+127
+00:11:40,550 --> 00:11:44,060
+audience looking at her. At her. Now looking at
+
+128
+00:11:44,060 --> 00:11:48,640
+her. Look at her. Her is preceded by what? At.
+
+129
+00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:54,560
+Okay. So we call it object of the preposition. We
+
+130
+00:11:54,560 --> 00:11:58,240
+have two types of object. This is an object. Okay.
+
+131
+00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:03,280
+But if I say, for me, for example, it will be the
+
+132
+00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:07,220
+object of the preposition. Okay? Now, if you say,
+
+133
+00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:14,540
+I saw her yesterday. I saw her yesterday. I saw
+
+134
+00:12:14,540 --> 00:12:20,560
+you. I saw her. I saw him. Okay? Yesterday.
+
+135
+00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:29,040
+Where is the object? Okay, thank you. Now, what
+
+136
+00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:31,540
+about the other group? Possessive pronouns.
+
+137
+00:12:35,420 --> 00:12:49,760
+Yes, please. Again. Thank you. This book is
+
+138
+00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:55,980
+mine. Very good. This book is mine. Look.
+
+139
+00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,640
+Can I or shall I use a noun or a word after this
+
+140
+00:13:02,640 --> 00:13:07,280
+pronoun? No, I cannot use. Okay, it's mine. Yeah,
+
+141
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,720
+use yours in a sentence. Yeah. This wallet is
+
+142
+00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,060
+yours. Yeah, this wallet is yours. Good. Where is
+
+143
+00:13:13,060 --> 00:13:17,320
+it? Give it to me. Okay, this wallet is yours.
+
+144
+00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:26,360
+Thank you. The other one, hairs. Yes, please. Use.
+
+145
+00:13:26,860 --> 00:13:28,660
+Okay. Now we want this one.
+
+146
+00:13:31,700 --> 00:13:38,300
+Yeah. This laptop is hers. Okay. Fatima is my
+
+147
+00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:42,040
+sister. This laptop is hers. Okay. It's hers. It's
+
+148
+00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:46,060
+for her. It's his. And so on. And the last group
+
+149
+00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:50,180
+again, possessive adjective. Now, so we have
+
+150
+00:13:50,180 --> 00:13:52,720
+possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives.
+
+151
+00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:58,170
+Okay. Yes, please. This is my book. Look, good.
+
+152
+00:13:58,790 --> 00:14:02,830
+This is my
+
+153
+00:14:02,830 --> 00:14:07,570
+book. Now, what's the difference between the first
+
+154
+00:14:07,570 --> 00:14:12,030
+group and the second group? Look, it's mine and my
+
+155
+00:14:12,030 --> 00:14:17,630
+book. Who can give me the difference? This is my
+
+156
+00:14:17,630 --> 00:14:23,460
+book followed by a noun. Cannot be followed by a
+
+157
+00:14:23,460 --> 00:14:26,620
+noun. So a positive adjective should always be
+
+158
+00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:30,420
+followed by what? A noun. Adjectives like that.
+
+159
+00:14:30,980 --> 00:14:35,380
+Can I say this is a red? This is a beautiful, for
+
+160
+00:14:35,380 --> 00:14:40,600
+example? No. This is a beautiful flower. Okay. It
+
+161
+00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:45,730
+is a cold has no meaning, right? It is a cold
+
+162
+00:14:45,730 --> 00:14:51,430
+weather. It is a nice story and so on. It is an
+
+163
+00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:56,610
+easy, easy what? Easy exam and so on, you know. So
+
+164
+00:14:56,610 --> 00:15:00,050
+again, adjectives should be followed by nouns and
+
+165
+00:15:00,050 --> 00:15:04,010
+these also pronouns should be followed by nouns.
+
+166
+00:15:04,110 --> 00:15:07,230
+So we say this is my book, your book, his book,
+
+167
+00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:12,210
+her book and so on. Now this group, we used what?
+
+168
+00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:17,120
+Yeah. The pronouns are all in the singular form.
+
+169
+00:15:17,760 --> 00:15:21,500
+Let's come to the plural. Okay. The same thing.
+
+170
+00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:29,140
+Instead of saying I. Yeah. We are studying English
+
+171
+00:15:29,140 --> 00:15:32,700
+grammar now. Very good. We are studying English
+
+172
+00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:38,340
+grammar. You. Yeah. You should take care of
+
+173
+00:15:38,340 --> 00:15:43,370
+yourself. Thank you. I'll do. Good. Yeah. They are
+
+174
+00:15:43,370 --> 00:15:46,890
+playing football. They are playing football. Good,
+
+175
+00:15:46,970 --> 00:15:55,710
+thank you very much. Okay, now us. Us. Yeah? The
+
+176
+00:15:55,710 --> 00:15:59,870
+teacher told us a story. Okay, the teacher told us
+
+177
+00:15:59,870 --> 00:16:05,310
+a story about, okay. Now, you.
+
+178
+00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:18,060
+They visited us. They visited us. We are visiting.
+
+179
+00:16:19,860 --> 00:16:25,820
+I will visit you tomorrow. Good. Now, them. I'll
+
+180
+00:16:25,820 --> 00:16:30,720
+give them some
+
+181
+00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:36,400
+advice. Thank you. Now, this car is... Hours.
+
+182
+00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:42,840
+Okay. This villa is yours. Okay. This laptop is
+
+183
+00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:48,620
+theirs. Okay. And we say this is our house. This
+
+184
+00:16:48,620 --> 00:16:54,520
+is our university. This is your book. And this is
+
+185
+00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:59,220
+their, their house, their book and so on.
+
+186
+00:17:05,690 --> 00:17:09,930
+So, what do we come out from these pronouns? Yes,
+
+187
+00:17:10,030 --> 00:17:12,870
+can you talk, can you say something about these
+
+188
+00:17:12,870 --> 00:17:17,450
+pronouns? Yeah? Personal pronouns, we have four
+
+189
+00:17:17,450 --> 00:17:20,370
+groups, subject, object, possessive, and
+
+190
+00:17:20,370 --> 00:17:23,650
+possessive pronoun and possessive adjectives. We
+
+191
+00:17:23,650 --> 00:17:27,850
+use it even singular or plural. Good, thank you.
+
+192
+00:17:28,410 --> 00:17:31,350
+Now, possessive pronouns and adjectives, what's
+
+193
+00:17:31,350 --> 00:17:34,370
+the main difference between them? What's the main
+
+194
+00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:35,430
+difference here Khadija?
+
+195
+00:17:38,250 --> 00:17:41,790
+Our followed should be followed by a noun.
+
+196
+00:17:45,890 --> 00:17:51,530
+Okay, good. Now look at this sentence. I read a
+
+197
+00:17:51,530 --> 00:17:58,920
+book. It was good. I read a book. It was good. It
+
+198
+00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,880
+refers to what? The book. Book is called
+
+199
+00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:10,040
+antecedent. Book is called antecedent. Now, what
+
+200
+00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:16,980
+type of pronoun is it? Singular. Subject. Okay. It
+
+201
+00:18:16,980 --> 00:18:20,460
+refers to the subject. Look, I read some books.
+
+202
+00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:28,540
+They were good. Now a pronoun is used instead of
+
+203
+00:18:28,540 --> 00:18:33,220
+what? Instead of repeating. I read some books. The
+
+204
+00:18:33,220 --> 00:18:36,600
+books were. So I don't repeat. Repetition should
+
+205
+00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:41,530
+be avoided in writing. You know? Now, I use a
+
+206
+00:18:41,530 --> 00:18:44,830
+pronoun instead of the noun. It can be singular,
+
+207
+00:18:45,150 --> 00:18:50,190
+it can be plural, and it has different types as we
+
+208
+00:18:50,190 --> 00:18:54,410
+saw before some minutes. Now, in the first
+
+209
+00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:58,290
+sentence, we use a singular pronoun to refer to
+
+210
+00:18:58,290 --> 00:19:02,950
+the singular noun. And in the second sentence,
+
+211
+00:19:05,250 --> 00:19:09,110
+Plural to refer to the plural. Okay, thank you.
+
+212
+00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:14,950
+Now, book and books. Yeah, book and books. They
+
+213
+00:19:14,950 --> 00:19:18,650
+are called antecedents.
+
+214
+00:19:19,250 --> 00:19:23,230
+Antecedents. This is Fatima. She's my sister.
+
+215
+00:19:24,270 --> 00:19:31,530
+Fatima is what? Antecedent. Now, read this point,
+
+216
+00:19:31,950 --> 00:19:31,950
+please.
+
+217
+00:19:39,630 --> 00:19:44,130
+Thank you. Singular to singular. Plural to plural.
+
+218
+00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:48,090
+I think this is clear, right? No questions? Good.
+
+219
+00:19:49,530 --> 00:19:56,630
+Now look, I like tea. Now when I say Fatima is my
+
+220
+00:19:56,630 --> 00:20:05,080
+sister, Huda is my sister. I stated the subject
+
+221
+00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:09,640
+clearly. Okay? When I say, Huda is my sister.
+
+222
+00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:14,320
+She's living there. She refers to Huda. So I
+
+223
+00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:19,260
+mentioned her name. Okay? So you can understand
+
+224
+00:20:19,260 --> 00:20:24,380
+what does she refer to. But when I begin with the
+
+225
+00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:30,760
+pronoun, I like tea. You like tea. I like tea, you
+
+226
+00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:37,320
+like tea. Now is the antecedent. Now I refers to
+
+227
+00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:42,500
+what? The speaker, very good, thank you very much.
+
+228
+00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:50,170
+And you refers to what? The person you are talking
+
+229
+00:20:50,170 --> 00:20:56,590
+to. Now, in the previous sentences, when I say,
+
+230
+00:20:57,270 --> 00:21:02,430
+this is a book, okay? It is easy. For example, it
+
+231
+00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:06,310
+refers to the book. It refers to the antecedent.
+
+232
+00:21:06,750 --> 00:21:10,590
+The antecedent is what? Clear. Yes, it is
+
+233
+00:21:10,590 --> 00:21:14,930
+mentioned clearly. You can understand it. from the
+
+234
+00:21:14,930 --> 00:21:18,350
+sentence. You can read it in the sentence. But now
+
+235
+00:21:18,350 --> 00:21:24,630
+I refers to where is the antecedent? It is not
+
+236
+00:21:24,630 --> 00:21:28,650
+mentioned, but can be understood. You know, I am
+
+237
+00:21:28,650 --> 00:21:31,990
+talking about myself. Okay, you I'm addressing
+
+238
+00:21:31,990 --> 00:21:35,230
+some people I'm speaking to. So the antecedent
+
+239
+00:21:35,230 --> 00:21:40,230
+here is can be understood. It's not mentioned
+
+240
+00:21:40,230 --> 00:21:47,490
+clearly. Okay, so I The speaker, do you like tea
+
+241
+00:21:47,490 --> 00:21:52,370
+to that one? I'm speaking too. Okay.
+
+242
+00:21:55,730 --> 00:22:00,570
+Now look at the sentence. Yes, read please. Read
+
+243
+00:22:00,570 --> 00:22:07,940
+the sentence. Okay. He drives to work. Now, Jihad
+
+244
+00:22:07,940 --> 00:22:11,620
+has a car. He drives to work. Where is the subject
+
+245
+00:22:11,620 --> 00:22:15,940
+in this sentence? Jihad. Where is the object? A
+
+246
+00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:20,160
+car. Now, he drives to work. What does he refer?
+
+247
+00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:24,370
+Where is the antecedent? Jihad. Now this is what?
+
+248
+00:22:24,770 --> 00:22:29,090
+A subject. This is a subject. Okay. Now in the
+
+249
+00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:32,650
+other sentence, this is a subject. So this
+
+250
+00:22:32,650 --> 00:22:37,250
+pronoun, a subject pronoun is used as a subject,
+
+251
+00:22:37,470 --> 00:22:42,010
+right? It also refers to a subject. Can you give
+
+252
+00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:45,650
+me an example like that? Give me an example.
+
+253
+00:22:50,210 --> 00:22:53,450
+Marwa is absent. She has a wedding. Very good.
+
+254
+00:22:53,590 --> 00:22:58,810
+Thank you. Marwa is. She has. And also she refers
+
+255
+00:22:58,810 --> 00:23:02,210
+to Marwa. That's nice. Now look at the other
+
+256
+00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:08,190
+sentence. Jihad works in my office. Jihad. Where
+
+257
+00:23:08,190 --> 00:23:14,070
+is the object? My home. There is no home. Jihad
+
+258
+00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:20,190
+works in my office. I know him. Him refers to
+
+259
+00:23:20,190 --> 00:23:25,090
+what? To Jihad. Him refers to this is the object
+
+260
+00:23:25,090 --> 00:23:29,310
+of what? Of the verb. This is the object of the
+
+261
+00:23:29,310 --> 00:23:34,950
+verb. I know him. But in this sentence, I talk to
+
+262
+00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:40,660
+him every day. I talked to him. Him is an object
+
+263
+00:23:40,660 --> 00:23:44,520
+pronoun. In this sentence, after the preposition,
+
+264
+00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:48,580
+it is called what? Object of the preposition. So,
+
+265
+00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,400
+we have two types of objects. Object of the verb
+
+266
+00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:57,000
+and object of the preposition. The object of the
+
+267
+00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,680
+verb is mentioned, as you see, after the verb. And
+
+268
+00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:03,160
+the object of the preposition is mentioned after
+
+269
+00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:04,900
+the preposition.
+
+270
+00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:11,290
+Look at this sentence. Will you read please? Read
+
+271
+00:24:11,290 --> 00:24:11,850
+the sentence.
+
+272
+00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:18,790
+Okay, that book is hairs. Okay, good. Go on.
+
+273
+00:24:22,150 --> 00:24:26,870
+Okay, yours is over there. Thank you. Now, hairs
+
+274
+00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,610
+and yours. We call them what? Or they are called
+
+275
+00:24:30,610 --> 00:24:35,580
+what? Possessive pronouns. Thank you. Yeah. Are
+
+276
+00:24:35,580 --> 00:24:39,040
+not followed by what? A noun. They should not be
+
+277
+00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,500
+followed by a noun. If you look at this sentence,
+
+278
+00:24:41,580 --> 00:24:45,200
+shall I use a noun after this one? No. Shall I use
+
+279
+00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:49,420
+a noun here? No, it is not used. So again, these
+
+280
+00:24:49,420 --> 00:24:52,740
+pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun.
+
+281
+00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:57,740
+They stand alone. Don't say, that book is hers.
+
+282
+00:24:59,020 --> 00:25:04,800
+Okay? Don't say. This is hers. That book is hers.
+
+283
+00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:09,300
+Yours is over there. Hers should be written like
+
+284
+00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:14,000
+that. Okay, without apostrophe. Very good. Some
+
+285
+00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,840
+students are fond of writing the apostrophe. They
+
+286
+00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:21,540
+write apostrophe here and apostrophe there. You
+
+287
+00:25:21,540 --> 00:25:25,060
+know, apostrophe is good when needed. If you need
+
+288
+00:25:25,060 --> 00:25:28,880
+it, write it. If it is not needed, you should
+
+289
+00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,780
+avoid it. Okay? So in this case, it is not needed
+
+290
+00:25:32,780 --> 00:25:35,980
+in these pronouns. We say hers without apostrophe
+
+291
+00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:38,520
+and yours without apostrophe.
+
+292
+00:25:42,340 --> 00:25:49,540
+Now, Look, hair book, your book. What type of
+
+293
+00:25:49,540 --> 00:25:54,440
+pronouns are these? Hair and your? Possessive
+
+294
+00:25:54,440 --> 00:26:01,280
+adjectives. Okay. Can they stand alone? No. They
+
+295
+00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:04,420
+are like the adjectives. They cannot stand alone.
+
+296
+00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:08,160
+They should be followed by what? By nouns. Good.
+
+297
+00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:14,720
+Now, read the sentence please.
+
+298
+00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:23,700
+Yeah, a bird uses its wings to fly. Its wings.
+
+299
+00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:30,140
+What type of pronoun is its? Now, shall we use an
+
+300
+00:26:30,140 --> 00:26:34,040
+apostrophe here? No. It is not accepted to write
+
+301
+00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:39,260
+it with apostrophe. This is Incorrect, okay? With
+
+302
+00:26:39,260 --> 00:26:43,160
+apostrophe, it is not accepted. Now, look at this
+
+303
+00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:50,440
+sentence. It's been in business since 1933. It's
+
+304
+00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:57,600
+been. It has been. It has been. So again, it has
+
+305
+00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:03,180
+an apostrophe. Or you know, So again, as we said,
+
+306
+00:27:03,380 --> 00:27:08,520
+look, it's called today. The apostrophe is used
+
+307
+00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:10,640
+with it in two cases.
+
+308
+00:27:13,180 --> 00:27:19,020
+In abbreviations, right? Now, it is abbreviated
+
+309
+00:27:19,020 --> 00:27:23,800
+there. Instead of writing it is, we say it's to
+
+310
+00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,440
+show that something is omitted. We don't write a
+
+311
+00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,980
+full is, a complete is. So instead of writing it
+
+312
+00:27:30,980 --> 00:27:35,440
+is, okay, we omit a part of the verb is and write
+
+313
+00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:38,040
+apostrophe to show that there is omission.
+
+314
+00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:43,810
+Something is deleted. And the other one, instead
+
+315
+00:27:43,810 --> 00:27:47,690
+of writing, it has... Okay, we write the
+
+316
+00:27:47,690 --> 00:27:53,670
+apostrophe, that's right. Okay. And you know, this
+
+317
+00:27:53,670 --> 00:27:56,570
+is an area of error. Even the native speakers make
+
+318
+00:27:56,570 --> 00:28:00,010
+some errors in this area. Look at this exercise.
+
+319
+00:28:00,650 --> 00:28:01,690
+The first sentence.
+
+320
+00:28:04,570 --> 00:28:07,030
+Identify the personally pronounced and their
+
+321
+00:28:07,030 --> 00:28:12,480
+antecedents. Who wants to come to the board? Come,
+
+322
+00:28:12,620 --> 00:28:12,900
+please.
+
+323
+00:28:20,120 --> 00:28:23,300
+Most monkeys don't like water, but they can swim
+
+324
+00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:32,320
+when they have to. They monkeys think they have...
+
+325
+00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:36,180
+They. Okay, now where is the pronoun and where is
+
+326
+00:28:36,180 --> 00:28:44,080
+the antecedent? No, no, no. Just draw a circle
+
+327
+00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:47,740
+around the antecedent. Draw a circle and underline
+
+328
+00:28:47,740 --> 00:28:51,160
+the pronoun. Okay? This is the antecedent. Good.
+
+329
+00:28:51,860 --> 00:28:54,640
+And the pronouns. Thank you. Next one. Come,
+
+330
+00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:59,660
+Yasmin. The teacher graded the students' papers
+
+331
+00:28:59,660 --> 00:29:03,300
+last night. She returned them during class today.
+
+332
+00:29:03,780 --> 00:29:10,940
+The teacher's antecedent was... Thank you. Number
+
+333
+00:29:10,940 --> 00:29:13,020
+four. Yes, come please.
+
+334
+00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:22,480
+Nancy took an apple with her to work. She ate it
+
+335
+00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:28,980
+at lunchtime. Nancy is antecedent. Okay. And she
+
+336
+00:29:28,980 --> 00:29:34,420
+is a pronoun teacher. Just a minute. Look at the
+
+337
+00:29:34,420 --> 00:29:37,420
+first sentence. Nancy took an apple with her. Look
+
+338
+00:29:37,420 --> 00:29:40,680
+at the first sentence. Okay. This is the pronoun,
+
+339
+00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:47,040
+right? It refers to Nancy. And she? Is it a
+
+340
+00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:51,400
+pronoun or antecedent? A pronoun. So underline it.
+
+341
+00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:56,420
+We circle the antecedent. Thank you. Just a
+
+342
+00:29:56,420 --> 00:30:00,420
+minute. Just a minute. She did not finish. Okay.
+
+343
+00:30:02,420 --> 00:30:07,160
+Yeah. She ate it. Yeah. It refers to Apple. Good.
+
+344
+00:30:07,380 --> 00:30:11,340
+So underline it and circle. Okay. Yes. What did
+
+345
+00:30:11,340 --> 00:30:12,060
+you want to say?
+
+346
+00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,420
+She returned
+
+347
+00:30:20,420 --> 00:30:23,800
+them. The teacher regretted the student's papers.
+
+348
+00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,440
+You are right. Thank you. Okay. Them refers to
+
+349
+00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:31,240
+student's papers. This is another one. Okay, good.
+
+350
+00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:37,220
+Thank you. Next one. Yes, come please.
+
+351
+00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:53,880
+Thank you.
+
+352
+00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:55,820
+Number six.
+
+353
+00:30:58,440 --> 00:30:59,540
+Come please.
+
+354
+00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:12,370
+Yuri's cat is named, is named My Billy Alice. She
+
+355
+00:31:12,370 --> 00:31:16,470
+is very independent. She never obeys Yuri. His
+
+356
+00:31:16,470 --> 00:31:21,610
+dogs, on the other hand, treat him gladly. They
+
+357
+00:31:21,610 --> 00:31:25,050
+like to eat him. First, Yuri's cat is named,
+
+358
+00:31:25,870 --> 00:31:30,900
+there's, okay, now we got Yuri. Yuri's cat, this
+
+359
+00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:33,780
+is the antecedent. Okay, good. Where is the
+
+360
+00:31:33,780 --> 00:31:38,120
+pronoun which refers to it? She. Now you look with
+
+361
+00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:42,320
+the cat. If the gender, if the sex of the animal,
+
+362
+00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,780
+male or female, is known and is given a name, they
+
+363
+00:31:45,780 --> 00:31:51,120
+say he or she, okay? This is something normal. Go
+
+364
+00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:56,020
+on. She never offends Yuri. She also, for Yuri's
+
+365
+00:31:56,020 --> 00:31:56,300
+cat.
+
+366
+00:32:00,710 --> 00:32:05,210
+His dogs, yeah, refers to?
+
+367
+00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:12,870
+Yuri's cat. No, no, to Yuri, okay? To Yuri, not to
+
+368
+00:32:12,870 --> 00:32:17,490
+cat. His dogs, Yuri's dogs, okay? His dogs. They.
+
+369
+00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:22,750
+On the other hand, obey him. On the other hand,
+
+370
+00:32:22,830 --> 00:32:28,730
+obey him. Him. To Yuri, yeah? They like to please
+
+371
+00:32:28,730 --> 00:32:37,040
+him. They dogs. And him? Him? Yuri. Him, Yuri.
+
+372
+00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:40,040
+Good. Thank you very much.
+
+373
+00:32:47,900 --> 00:32:52,400
+Check your answers. Make sure that you got the
+
+374
+00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:55,080
+right answers. You have the right answers.
+
+375
+00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:30,120
+let's move to the other exercise yeah
+
+376
+00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:36,400
+read what does he want yeah
+
+377
+00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:40,320
+he's giving us yeah two options gone
+
+378
+00:33:52,170 --> 00:33:55,650
+Thank you. Now, what does that mean? What do we
+
+379
+00:33:55,650 --> 00:34:00,010
+understand? Okay. What do we understand? In the
+
+380
+00:34:00,010 --> 00:34:04,850
+first sentence, a number, he says, A number of
+
+381
+00:34:04,850 --> 00:34:08,530
+native speakers commonly use subject pronouns
+
+382
+00:34:08,530 --> 00:34:12,870
+after and. Even when the grammatically correct
+
+383
+00:34:12,870 --> 00:34:16,630
+choice is an object pronoun. Yeah, yeah. What does
+
+384
+00:34:16,630 --> 00:34:19,870
+that mean? Like in the first sentence, the correct
+
+385
+00:34:19,870 --> 00:34:22,990
+answer is an object pronoun me, but they may use
+
+386
+00:34:22,990 --> 00:34:26,470
+and I. That's right. Yeah, they use I, but we
+
+387
+00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:30,290
+should say what? Me. Me. Now, my parents always
+
+388
+00:34:30,290 --> 00:34:35,710
+read, okay, big-time stories to my sister and. And
+
+389
+00:34:35,710 --> 00:34:42,010
+I or and me? And why? Why me, not I? Okay, it is
+
+390
+00:34:42,010 --> 00:34:45,170
+object of the proposition, that's right. So, but
+
+391
+00:34:45,170 --> 00:34:50,570
+native speakers usually use what? Okay, good. So,
+
+392
+00:34:51,370 --> 00:34:54,990
+number two, who wants to make number two?
+
+393
+00:34:57,860 --> 00:35:01,020
+Yeah, who wants to write to answer number two?
+
+394
+00:35:02,220 --> 00:35:05,180
+Yeah, come. Come, Yasmin.
+
+395
+00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:15,600
+Do it. Just between you and me, I think Mr. Lucas
+
+396
+00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:19,160
+is going to lose his job. Good, thank you. Between
+
+397
+00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:21,740
+you and me. Yeah, come.
+
+398
+00:35:28,850 --> 00:35:32,050
+Let's go to talk to him. I need to tell you and
+
+399
+00:35:32,050 --> 00:35:37,790
+him. To him, good. Thank you. I need to tell you
+
+400
+00:35:37,790 --> 00:35:38,230
+and?
+
+401
+00:35:41,570 --> 00:35:51,110
+Thank you, good. Yes, please,
+
+402
+00:35:51,430 --> 00:35:51,610
+come.
+
+403
+00:35:59,790 --> 00:36:00,470
+Okay,
+
+404
+00:36:12,830 --> 00:36:18,510
+what did you do? Okay I'm going to tell Sheng and
+
+405
+00:36:18,510 --> 00:36:22,730
+here okay. Thank you and finally Yeah, come
+
+406
+00:36:43,780 --> 00:36:47,040
+Check your answers again, make sure that you have
+
+407
+00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:47,940
+the right answer.
+
+408
+00:37:12,220 --> 00:37:16,840
+Now, look at the new exercise. Complete the
+
+409
+00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:21,320
+sentences in each situation with pronoun for the
+
+410
+00:37:21,320 --> 00:37:24,260
+word in Italic. Situation, for example, situation
+
+411
+00:37:24,260 --> 00:37:29,340
+one. There is Sarah. I need to go to talk to her.
+
+412
+00:37:29,720 --> 00:37:30,360
+Yeah.
+
+413
+00:37:35,330 --> 00:37:39,830
+I need to go talk to her, she and I. Good, she and
+
+414
+00:37:39,830 --> 00:37:43,070
+I. Thank you. Number three. Quickly, this is an
+
+415
+00:37:43,070 --> 00:37:46,550
+easy exercise. Yeah, come please. I went to
+
+416
+00:37:46,550 --> 00:37:54,230
+elementary school
+
+417
+00:37:54,230 --> 00:37:59,650
+with her brother and I. And her. And her, yes.
+
+418
+00:38:00,210 --> 00:38:02,590
+Together, it means that we went together, to her
+
+419
+00:38:02,590 --> 00:38:06,230
+brother and her. I went with her, okay? I went
+
+420
+00:38:06,230 --> 00:38:11,350
+with her brother and her, okay? Yeah, come please.
+
+421
+00:38:11,470 --> 00:38:14,290
+Next one. Number four.
+
+422
+00:38:20,150 --> 00:38:20,630
+Good,
+
+423
+00:38:23,390 --> 00:38:25,470
+thank you. Go ahead.
+
+424
+00:38:32,510 --> 00:38:35,350
+She's getting married next month.
+
+425
+00:38:39,870 --> 00:38:45,070
+Hair marriage,
+
+426
+00:38:45,110 --> 00:38:53,090
+okay. Okay, good. Hair marriage. New ones, what
+
+427
+00:38:53,090 --> 00:38:57,470
+about others? We want new ones.
+
+428
+00:39:04,390 --> 00:39:09,370
+Come again. Come again, please. Being with her is
+
+429
+00:39:09,370 --> 00:39:15,230
+a lot of fun. We laugh a lot. Thank you. Thank
+
+430
+00:39:15,230 --> 00:39:17,950
+you, yeah? Come, please.
+
+431
+00:39:27,190 --> 00:39:31,990
+She has a good time with her friends. Very good.
+
+432
+00:39:36,010 --> 00:39:40,150
+She always has a good time with her friends.
+
+433
+00:39:41,950 --> 00:39:45,590
+Situation two. I'm not feeling well. I think I'd
+
+434
+00:39:45,590 --> 00:39:53,010
+better stay at home today. Okay? My friends and...
+
+435
+00:39:53,010 --> 00:39:54,810
+Come.
+
+436
+00:39:56,630 --> 00:40:01,590
+Yes, come. Let she come. My friends and I...
+
+437
+00:40:05,580 --> 00:40:07,600
+Our local bank today.
+
+438
+00:40:10,240 --> 00:40:14,460
+Clean the other words, clean them please. Okay,
+
+439
+00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:17,520
+can you do the other one, number nine? Read it and
+
+440
+00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:19,740
+do it, try it. Try number nine.
+
+441
+00:40:22,620 --> 00:40:23,200
+Okay,
+
+442
+00:40:28,340 --> 00:40:33,590
+thank you, good. My friends and me. Thank you.
+
+443
+00:40:33,770 --> 00:40:35,330
+Number 10. Come.
+
+444
+00:40:41,830 --> 00:40:46,090
+But my
+
+445
+00:40:46,090 --> 00:40:50,770
+friend will have to go without me. Thank you. Do
+
+446
+00:40:50,770 --> 00:40:54,830
+the other 111. Read it. I'd better... I'd better
+
+447
+00:40:54,830 --> 00:41:02,200
+call... Thank you good and finally the last one
+
+448
+00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:08,120
+for today nor You
+
+449
+00:41:08,120 --> 00:41:16,300
+did enough today, thank you very much you I
+
+450
+00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:20,540
+Don't
+
+451
+00:41:20,540 --> 00:41:25,090
+have Mine with me. Okay. I don't have my phone or
+
+452
+00:41:25,090 --> 00:41:31,510
+my mine. I don't have mine With me. Thank you
+
+453
+00:41:31,510 --> 00:41:37,450
+Thank
+
+454
+00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:38,110
+you very much
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/RMnY5pPpBHo.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1820 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,590 --> 00:00:23,830
+Okay. Now let's start. Good morning to you all.
+
+2
+00:00:25,090 --> 00:00:30,350
+How are you? Okay. Feeling well today? Good. How
+
+3
+00:00:30,350 --> 00:00:34,750
+is the weather today? One speaker, please. One
+
+4
+00:00:34,750 --> 00:00:39,090
+speaker. Yeah. It's cold. Good. The weather is
+
+5
+00:00:39,090 --> 00:00:45,370
+cold. Uh, you know, because yes, yes mean you want
+
+6
+00:00:45,370 --> 00:00:51,360
+to say something. Okay, thank you. So because the
+
+7
+00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:56,660
+weather is cold, Nada is going to buy a new coat.
+
+8
+00:00:57,580 --> 00:01:06,920
+Nada is going to buy a new coat. She is going to
+
+9
+00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:15,240
+buy a new coat. Okay? Who can express the same
+
+10
+00:01:15,240 --> 00:01:21,670
+meaning in other words? Yes, Marwa. She will buy a
+
+11
+00:01:21,670 --> 00:01:29,230
+new coat. Very good. She will buy a new coat. She
+
+12
+00:01:29,230 --> 00:01:33,290
+will buy a new coat. She's going to buy. She will
+
+13
+00:01:33,290 --> 00:01:36,630
+buy a new coat. Now which tense is used here?
+
+14
+00:01:37,190 --> 00:01:40,790
+Which tense? Yeah. It is the simple future. Very
+
+15
+00:01:40,790 --> 00:01:45,350
+good. It is the simple future. Now we talk and
+
+16
+00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:52,450
+what do we want to say now? about a specific event
+
+17
+00:01:52,450 --> 00:01:58,830
+or we talk about the future in general. Can you
+
+18
+00:01:58,830 --> 00:02:02,530
+express the future? Can you talk about yourself?
+
+19
+00:02:02,670 --> 00:02:06,330
+Tell me about other things, other situations in
+
+20
+00:02:06,330 --> 00:02:12,810
+which you use going to or by. Going to or will,
+
+21
+00:02:12,910 --> 00:02:18,650
+sorry. Yeah. Yes, please. Morida.
+
+22
+00:02:21,850 --> 00:02:25,850
+I'm thirsty.
+
+23
+00:02:26,010 --> 00:02:29,630
+I will drink water. Thank you. Good. Yes, Nada. I
+
+24
+00:02:29,630 --> 00:02:33,710
+will graduate in 2016. Thank you very much. Okay.
+
+25
+00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:54,380
+Read the example, Shaymaa. Yeah.
+
+26
+00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:00,400
+Thank you.
+
+27
+00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:05,280
+Will finish is going to finish. What is the time
+
+28
+00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:09,440
+here? What's the tense expressed Naveen? It is
+
+29
+00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:13,020
+future. Thank you. It is future. We express the
+
+30
+00:03:13,020 --> 00:03:15,820
+future time. It is the symbol future.
+
+31
+00:03:19,260 --> 00:03:27,940
+Okay. Now, so, we use will, okay, will do, is
+
+32
+00:03:27,940 --> 00:03:33,020
+going to do to express what? The future, okay? And
+
+33
+00:03:33,020 --> 00:03:40,700
+generally, we don't, going to and will sometimes
+
+34
+00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:43,700
+have the same meaning. In this situation, when we
+
+35
+00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:47,640
+talk about the future in general, they almost have
+
+36
+00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:51,810
+the same meaning. What do you think of this
+
+37
+00:03:51,810 --> 00:03:57,770
+sentence? If I say she will,
+
+38
+00:03:59,850 --> 00:04:04,870
+what do you think of this sentence? Yes, please,
+
+39
+00:04:05,010 --> 00:04:06,450
+Yasmin. It's wrong, why?
+
+40
+00:04:11,150 --> 00:04:17,820
+Okay, so we say what? She will buy. She buys. She
+
+41
+00:04:17,820 --> 00:04:23,460
+will buy. She eats. She can eat. Right? She goes.
+
+42
+00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:37,400
+She would go and so on. Now, she What
+
+43
+00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,180
+do you think of this sentence? What do you think
+
+44
+00:04:40,180 --> 00:04:41,580
+of this sentence? Yes, again.
+
+45
+00:04:47,300 --> 00:04:55,120
+Okay, Will does not accept the S, right? What do
+
+46
+00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:59,500
+you
+
+47
+00:04:59,500 --> 00:05:04,700
+think of this sentence again? Yes, please. Read
+
+48
+00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:05,440
+it, read it.
+
+49
+00:05:09,790 --> 00:05:14,550
+Okay. Two should be what? Deleted. Should be
+
+50
+00:05:14,550 --> 00:05:19,630
+removed. So two is not used with well. Good.
+
+51
+00:05:30,330 --> 00:05:32,490
+Read the first example, please.
+
+52
+00:05:35,690 --> 00:05:38,910
+Okay, thank you. Anna will come. This is not
+
+53
+00:05:38,910 --> 00:05:42,490
+accepted. This is not accepted. This is also what?
+
+54
+00:05:42,570 --> 00:05:44,770
+Not accepted. Okay, this is also not accepted.
+
+55
+00:05:44,910 --> 00:05:49,990
+Good. Now, read this please Najwa. Will typically
+
+56
+00:05:49,990 --> 00:05:53,150
+express prediction about the future. Okay,
+
+57
+00:05:53,330 --> 00:05:55,990
+prediction. We expect something to happen. Will
+
+58
+00:05:55,990 --> 00:06:00,250
+come, will buy, will go, will arrive. Okay, go on.
+
+59
+00:06:00,730 --> 00:06:04,910
+Will does not take a final test. Will is full.
+
+60
+00:06:07,610 --> 00:06:11,430
+Okay. Thank you. A simple form of the verb. Can
+
+61
+00:06:11,430 --> 00:06:14,510
+you give me an example? Simple form of a verb.
+
+62
+00:06:15,150 --> 00:06:20,250
+Yeah. Simple form of a verb. Just one verb in the
+
+63
+00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:24,830
+simple form. Right. Good. Okay. Eat. Thank you
+
+64
+00:06:24,830 --> 00:06:29,050
+very much. That's right. Now, if I want to make
+
+65
+00:06:29,050 --> 00:06:34,100
+this sentence negative, I say, She will buy.
+
+66
+00:06:34,940 --> 00:06:41,580
+Fatima will buy. But Alia will not buy. Alia will
+
+67
+00:06:41,580 --> 00:06:45,580
+not buy. Also, we can write it in the short form,
+
+68
+00:06:45,700 --> 00:06:49,280
+contracted form, by writing what? Want. She won't
+
+69
+00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:59,000
+buy. She won't buy. Yeah. Now, will you come to
+
+70
+00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:03,690
+this room tomorrow? Will you come to this room
+
+71
+00:07:03,690 --> 00:07:10,330
+tomorrow? Oh, okay. Who's speaking here? No, I
+
+72
+00:07:10,330 --> 00:07:15,470
+will not. Will you come? Will you come? Will you
+
+73
+00:07:15,470 --> 00:07:21,530
+visit your sister tonight? No, I won't. Okay. Or I
+
+74
+00:07:21,530 --> 00:07:27,550
+will. Now we use will. Why did we use will here?
+
+75
+00:07:28,370 --> 00:07:30,350
+To ask for what?
+
+76
+00:07:33,630 --> 00:07:37,390
+Okay, it is a future right that is in the future,
+
+77
+00:07:37,570 --> 00:07:42,490
+but we ask for what? Okay, that's right good
+
+78
+00:07:42,490 --> 00:07:47,970
+Information thank you very much information about
+
+79
+00:07:47,970 --> 00:07:52,910
+something Okay about a future event about a future
+
+80
+00:07:52,910 --> 00:08:00,770
+event, okay? Now Will you come here, please? Will
+
+81
+00:08:00,770 --> 00:08:01,910
+you come here, please?
+
+82
+00:08:05,950 --> 00:08:11,130
+Look, I can't tell her, come here, please. Or I
+
+83
+00:08:11,130 --> 00:08:14,610
+can't tell her, come here, right? Come here. Is it
+
+84
+00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:17,970
+a good way of speaking to people like that? No,
+
+85
+00:08:18,150 --> 00:08:21,230
+which is better to say, come here or will you come
+
+86
+00:08:21,230 --> 00:08:24,570
+here, please? Okay, will you come here? Which is
+
+87
+00:08:24,570 --> 00:08:29,410
+more polite or which is polite? Will. So now we
+
+88
+00:08:29,410 --> 00:08:34,130
+use will for asking about information for a future
+
+89
+00:08:34,130 --> 00:08:38,950
+event and to give what? A polite request. Now you
+
+90
+00:08:38,950 --> 00:08:42,490
+are in the cafeteria and you want some tea. What
+
+91
+00:08:42,490 --> 00:08:45,930
+would you say to the waitress? Who's the speaker?
+
+92
+00:08:46,090 --> 00:08:50,570
+Who's the speaker? Yeah. Very good. Please. Will
+
+93
+00:08:50,570 --> 00:08:53,850
+you give me some tea, please? Okay. Will you? You
+
+94
+00:08:53,850 --> 00:08:56,130
+want your sister to open the window.
+
+95
+00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:03,020
+Will you open the window please? Thank you. Good.
+
+96
+00:09:03,620 --> 00:09:08,500
+We use it for polite request. Now, in spoken
+
+97
+00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:13,500
+English, people in speaking usually make
+
+98
+00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:16,780
+contractions. They want to be fast, okay? And they
+
+99
+00:09:16,780 --> 00:09:21,480
+don't say well, they don't give the long form. It
+
+100
+00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:24,980
+is contracted in speech, as you see, and usually
+
+101
+00:09:24,980 --> 00:09:29,060
+with pronouns, usually with pronouns, but can be
+
+102
+00:09:29,060 --> 00:09:33,560
+also contracted with nouns and other words. But
+
+103
+00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:38,120
+this is not formal. this is informal so usually
+
+104
+00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:42,280
+look this is informal writing informal writing you
+
+105
+00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:44,900
+write to your friend for example you write a
+
+106
+00:09:44,900 --> 00:09:49,280
+message to your friend you are sending here some
+
+107
+00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:53,140
+words you use the informal style of writing you
+
+108
+00:09:53,140 --> 00:09:56,100
+can make contraction but informal writing when you
+
+109
+00:09:56,100 --> 00:09:59,500
+are writing a report for example making a research
+
+110
+00:10:00,190 --> 00:10:04,270
+Okay, write it in the full form, I will, they
+
+111
+00:10:04,270 --> 00:10:06,690
+will, you will, and so on.
+
+112
+00:10:10,390 --> 00:10:18,010
+Look, when I say Tom, I make contraction, Tom will
+
+113
+00:10:18,010 --> 00:10:22,270
+be there. Okay, Tom will be there. Look, fast
+
+114
+00:10:22,270 --> 00:10:26,880
+speech. Okay, we make contractions, but this is
+
+115
+00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:31,880
+again. What this is informal This is informal if
+
+116
+00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:35,480
+you write you should okay in writing You should
+
+117
+00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:39,320
+write the normal form right will don't make
+
+118
+00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:49,140
+contraction Don't make contraction in writing Also
+
+119
+00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:54,980
+Well, it can be contracted with other words. Look,
+
+120
+00:10:55,100 --> 00:10:58,920
+it can be contracted with pronouns. It can be
+
+121
+00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,760
+contracted with there. It can be contracted with
+
+122
+00:11:01,760 --> 00:11:05,340
+nobody. It can be contracted with that. But this
+
+123
+00:11:05,340 --> 00:11:09,840
+is again what? This is informal. This is informal.
+
+124
+00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:20,680
+Can you read the example, please? Anna is going to
+
+125
+00:11:20,680 --> 00:11:24,920
+come tomorrow around five o'clock. Okay.
+
+126
+00:11:28,620 --> 00:11:31,660
+That's right. This is informally, especially
+
+127
+00:11:31,660 --> 00:11:35,720
+American, especially American English. They don't
+
+128
+00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:39,820
+say going to. Going to this is formal. You use in
+
+129
+00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:42,540
+writing. But if you are talking to people there,
+
+130
+00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:48,650
+they say what? Who can read it? Amnesia? That's
+
+131
+00:11:48,650 --> 00:11:52,990
+right, Anna's gonna, okay, come tomorrow. So this
+
+132
+00:11:52,990 --> 00:11:56,810
+is going to, this is the way we read this
+
+133
+00:11:56,810 --> 00:12:03,230
+construction. Okay, so again, going to, how do we
+
+134
+00:12:03,230 --> 00:12:07,690
+pronounce it? Read it again, please. Huh? Anna's
+
+135
+00:12:07,690 --> 00:12:11,190
+gonna come tomorrow around five. Thank you, thank
+
+136
+00:12:11,190 --> 00:12:13,810
+you again, please. Anna's gonna come tomorrow
+
+137
+00:12:13,810 --> 00:12:15,050
+around five. Thank you.
+
+138
+00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:23,680
+Now, when I say, Ali isn't going to come. Okay?
+
+139
+00:12:24,620 --> 00:12:28,420
+Ali isn't going to come. This is what? Negative.
+
+140
+00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:35,180
+Okay. If I want to make a question, is Ali going
+
+141
+00:12:35,180 --> 00:12:39,060
+to come? Okay? Are you going to come to this room
+
+142
+00:12:39,060 --> 00:12:42,580
+tomorrow? Are you going to come to this room
+
+143
+00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:47,100
+tomorrow? No. Okay. So, going to can also be used
+
+144
+00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:50,300
+to make what? Questions and can be used to make
+
+145
+00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:58,460
+what? The negative form. Good. Now, will and going
+
+146
+00:12:58,460 --> 00:13:01,860
+to. What's the difference between them? In the
+
+147
+00:13:01,860 --> 00:13:05,440
+previous part, we said that both of them are used
+
+148
+00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:08,580
+to talk about what? General. General, yeah.
+
+149
+00:13:09,530 --> 00:13:14,450
+Future, about prediction, okay? In the future, if
+
+150
+00:13:14,450 --> 00:13:16,830
+you want to predict an event, what's happening,
+
+151
+00:13:17,710 --> 00:13:22,830
+okay? We can express this future event using will
+
+152
+00:13:22,830 --> 00:13:25,770
+or going to. She will buy, she's going to buy,
+
+153
+00:13:25,850 --> 00:13:30,950
+okay? Now, what's the difference between will and
+
+154
+00:13:30,950 --> 00:13:33,950
+going to? Is there any difference between them?
+
+155
+00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:38,600
+Yes, of course. We want to play a game. We want to
+
+156
+00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:42,140
+play a game. Who wants to play? Come please.
+
+157
+00:13:48,740 --> 00:13:53,100
+Would you please wait outside just for minutes and
+
+158
+00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:53,940
+we'll call you.
+
+159
+00:14:02,460 --> 00:14:06,850
+Listen, we want to make a party. What do you think
+
+160
+00:14:06,850 --> 00:14:10,770
+of the idea? We want to have a party. What do you
+
+161
+00:14:10,770 --> 00:14:14,010
+think of the idea? Good idea. Okay, who wants to
+
+162
+00:14:14,010 --> 00:14:17,050
+be with us? Do you want to come? Okay, so what do
+
+163
+00:14:17,050 --> 00:14:20,090
+we need for the party? What do we need? Cakes,
+
+164
+00:14:20,210 --> 00:14:29,440
+good. And? Okay, drinks. Okay. Flowers. Very good.
+
+165
+00:14:29,540 --> 00:14:31,840
+That's right. Thank you very much. This is enough.
+
+166
+00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:34,680
+We want a simple party and not a very big one.
+
+167
+00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:40,480
+Okay. Now we want somebody to bring cakes. We want
+
+168
+00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:43,980
+somebody to bring cakes. Yeah. Your name is?
+
+169
+00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:47,640
+Keriman. Yes. Keriman.
+
+170
+00:14:51,620 --> 00:14:54,700
+Yeah. Keriman. Listen to Keriman. I
+
+171
+00:14:57,430 --> 00:15:03,710
+I will. I will. Very good. I will bring. Thank
+
+172
+00:15:03,710 --> 00:15:07,350
+you. I will bring. Thank you very much. Now we
+
+173
+00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:12,530
+want somebody to bring drinks. Drinks. Yeah. Nada
+
+174
+00:15:12,530 --> 00:15:15,570
+says
+
+175
+00:15:15,570 --> 00:15:20,390
+I will bring drinks. Thank you. We want somebody
+
+176
+00:15:20,390 --> 00:15:21,390
+to bring flowers.
+
+177
+00:15:26,150 --> 00:15:33,670
+Thank you. Wala. Wala says I will bring flowers.
+
+178
+00:15:35,310 --> 00:15:39,970
+Okay. Call Morida please. Call. Call here.
+
+179
+00:15:52,140 --> 00:15:55,500
+Okay, Murida, we plan to make a party. We want to
+
+180
+00:15:55,500 --> 00:15:58,900
+have a party in the class and it will be great if
+
+181
+00:15:58,900 --> 00:16:01,960
+you join us. Would you like to come with us? Yes,
+
+182
+00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:04,980
+I will come. Good. Now for the party, we need
+
+183
+00:16:04,980 --> 00:16:09,520
+cakes, drinks and flowers. Okay. Are you ready to
+
+184
+00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:14,940
+bring something? Listen, please. Listen. Are you
+
+185
+00:16:14,940 --> 00:16:18,960
+ready to bring something? Yes. I'm ready. I'm
+
+186
+00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:23,470
+going to make a cake. I'm going to make a cake.
+
+187
+00:16:23,570 --> 00:16:29,690
+Shall she say I'm going to? Yes or no? No. Why
+
+188
+00:16:29,690 --> 00:16:34,270
+not? Because you're asking her now. Now I'm asking
+
+189
+00:16:34,270 --> 00:16:37,930
+her. So now what did Kariman say for the first
+
+190
+00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:43,210
+time? I will. I will. Now it's new for her. So
+
+191
+00
+
+223
+00:19:25,290 --> 00:19:28,530
+window. Very good. I will open the window. I'm 
+
+224
+00:19:28,530 --> 00:19:34,130
+thirsty. I need some water. I will bring water. 
+
+225
+00:19:34,650 --> 00:19:39,770
+I'm very hungry. I didn't have breakfast. I will 
+
+226
+00:19:39,770 --> 00:19:44,430
+bring. I will bring you. Okay? I will bring. Now, 
+
+227
+00:19:45,130 --> 00:19:48,150
+you wanted to leave the house. Suddenly, you 
+
+228
+00:19:48,150 --> 00:19:53,150
+discover that it is raining. You say, I will take 
+
+229
+00:19:53,150 --> 00:19:56,590
+my umbrella. Okay. But you listen to the news 
+
+230
+00:19:56,590 --> 00:20:00,290
+before you go to bed. You knew that it will be 
+
+231
+00:20:00,290 --> 00:20:05,530
+raining and cold. You prepared your coat and your 
+
+232
+00:20:05,530 --> 00:20:10,470
+umbrella. You say what? I'm going to. Good. Thank 
+
+233
+00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:10,770
+you. 
+
+234
+00:20:26,270 --> 00:20:32,990
+Would you please read Suha? Okay. It is not there. 
+
+235
+00:20:34,970 --> 00:20:35,610
+Okay. 
+
+236
+00:20:38,030 --> 00:20:41,310
+Prediction according to the weather report, it's 
+
+237
+00:20:41,310 --> 00:20:43,630
+going to be cloudy tonight. 
+
+238
+00:20:47,770 --> 00:20:51,290
+Thank you. It's going to be cloudy. It will be 
+
+239
+00:20:51,290 --> 00:20:55,350
+cloudy. This is what? Prediction. Okay. They 
+
+240
+00:20:55,350 --> 00:20:59,110
+predict, they expect something to happen. Okay. So 
+
+241
+00:20:59,110 --> 00:21:01,930
+when we talk about predictions, you can use what? 
+
+242
+00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:07,850
+Okay, well are going to can you give me an 
+
+243
+00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:12,670
+example? Can you talk about yourself? Uh-huh Can 
+
+244
+00:21:12,670 --> 00:21:18,630
+you talk about yourself? Yes, please Thank 
+
+245
+00:21:18,630 --> 00:21:24,570
+you very much, uh-huh I'm going to eat some cakes 
+
+246
+00:21:24,570 --> 00:21:31,250
+good. I'm going to eat some cakes. Yeah Thank 
+
+247
+00:21:31,250 --> 00:21:36,780
+you very much So when you, generally, we don't 
+
+248
+00:21:36,780 --> 00:21:39,880
+talk about special events, okay? Generally, 
+
+249
+00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:45,740
+something we predict to happen, okay? It will 
+
+250
+00:21:45,740 --> 00:21:48,940
+rain, it's going to rain. General prediction. We 
+
+251
+00:21:48,940 --> 00:21:54,700
+expect something to happen. We use going to our 
+
+252
+00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:55,520
+will. 
+
+253
+00:21:57,850 --> 00:21:59,550
+Now, yeah, read please. 
+
+254
+00:22:02,190 --> 00:22:14,830
+Thank you 
+
+255
+00:22:14,830 --> 00:22:19,190
+very much. The weather will be nice next week. The 
+
+256
+00:22:19,190 --> 00:22:23,530
+weather is going to be nice next week, okay? We 
+
+257
+00:22:23,530 --> 00:22:26,870
+are expecting something to happen, okay? 
+
+258
+00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,480
+Now, Du'a is having a lot of books in her bag. 
+
+259
+00:22:39,780 --> 00:22:45,220
+Look, she's having a fat bag full of books. Why 
+
+260
+00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:47,300
+did you bring all those books, Du'a? 
+
+261
+00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:54,040
+She wants to go to the library and study. Yeah. 
+
+262
+00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:55,600
+What do you say? 
+
+263
+00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:01,380
+I'm going to stay in the library. Thank you very 
+
+264
+00:23:01,380 --> 00:23:05,380
+much. I'm going to stay, okay, in the library. 
+
+265
+00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:10,000
+Have you heard Randa? Your friend is tired. She 
+
+266
+00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,280
+was admitted to the hospital in the morning. 
+
+267
+00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:22,670
+Again, I. I will. I will visit here. Thank you 
+
+268
+00:23:22,670 --> 00:23:25,650
+very much. Naveen, would you read please? Why did 
+
+269
+00:23:25,650 --> 00:23:28,950
+you buy this paint? I'm going to paint my bedroom 
+
+270
+00:23:28,950 --> 00:23:31,390
+tomorrow. Thank you very much. Why did you buy 
+
+271
+00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:35,690
+this paint? Holding a paint. Okay. There is what? 
+
+272
+00:23:35,810 --> 00:23:40,870
+A plan to paint the house tomorrow. Okay. Go on, 
+
+273
+00:23:40,970 --> 00:23:45,510
+please read. Yeah. Complete. 
+
+274
+00:23:53,590 --> 00:23:58,950
+A prior, a pre, before, okay, plan, yeah? 
+
+275
+00:24:02,570 --> 00:24:06,150
+Okay, what is the plan? Painting what? The 
+
+276
+00:24:06,150 --> 00:24:12,610
+bedroom. Painting the bedroom. Now, Ahlam is 
+
+277
+00:24:12,610 --> 00:24:15,870
+having a lot of money today. She wants to go 
+
+278
+00:24:15,870 --> 00:24:20,390
+shopping. Okay. Can she say, I will go shopping 
+
+279
+00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:21,350
+after the lecture? 
+
+280
+00:24:24,810 --> 00:24:29,970
+So did she plan the event? Yes. She brought some 
+
+281
+00:24:29,970 --> 00:24:33,390
+money. She brought a lot of money. Okay. So she's 
+
+282
+00:24:33,390 --> 00:24:37,790
+going to. She's going to, right? Okay, good. 
+
+283
+00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:51,220
+I need somebody to help me carry this table. I 
+
+284
+00:24:51,220 --> 00:24:55,240
+need somebody to help me. I need your help. Okay, 
+
+285
+00:24:55,380 --> 00:24:59,980
+I will. Good, thank you. I will. Okay, who can 
+
+286
+00:24:59,980 --> 00:25:06,070
+bring me some tea? I will. I will means what? I am 
+
+287
+00:25:06,070 --> 00:25:11,170
+ready. I am willing. I'm ready. Okay? So you are 
+
+288
+00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,990
+ready to do something. This is called what? 
+
+289
+00:25:14,670 --> 00:25:19,750
+Willingness. Willingness. Now, this is another use 
+
+290
+00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:24,150
+for will. We use will to express what? Prediction. 
+
+291
+00:25:24,690 --> 00:25:33,150
+Prediction. Yeah. Okay. Okay, good. That's right. 
+
+292
+00:25:33,430 --> 00:25:39,590
+Thank you. Okay, thank you. Request you mean? 
+
+293
+00:25:39,790 --> 00:25:45,150
+Okay, polite request and asking for? Information 
+
+294
+00:25:45,150 --> 00:25:50,370
+and what? Willingness. Okay. Willingness. I'm 
+
+295
+00:25:50,370 --> 00:25:53,910
+willing. I will. It means I'm ready to do. Okay. 
+
+296
+00:25:54,690 --> 00:25:58,990
+The phone is ringing. The phone is ringing. I'll 
+
+297
+00:25:58,990 --> 00:26:02,650
+get it. I'll get it. Okay. Now, when did the 
+
+298
+00:26:02,650 --> 00:26:08,070
+speaker decide? Now, just at the immediate 
+
+299
+00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:12,550
+presence. Very good. Just now. They did not decide 
+
+300
+00:26:12,550 --> 00:26:17,210
+before. There is no pre-planning. Okay? Not now. 
+
+301
+00:26:18,350 --> 00:26:23,230
+Not before. Sorry. Now they just did. So again, 
+
+302
+00:26:23,850 --> 00:26:26,890
+when I say I need somebody to help me, you say I 
+
+303
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:31,170
+will. I will help you. I'm ready to help you. 
+
+304
+00:26:31,510 --> 00:26:35,790
+Okay? Don't say I'm going to. Okay? Don't say I'm 
+
+305
+00:26:35,790 --> 00:26:36,390
+going to. 
+
+306
+00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:52,920
+Now, Naveen, will you invite the class, all the 
+
+307
+00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:58,320
+class for breakfast after this lecture? Really? 
+
+308
+00:26:59,580 --> 00:27:05,880
+You will do that? You have much money? Good. Okay. 
+
+309
+00:27:05,980 --> 00:27:09,200
+Yes, I will. She's ready. This is willingness. 
+
+310
+00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:13,180
+Good. Thank you very much. So if you can invite 
+
+311
+00:27:13,180 --> 00:27:16,840
+them to breakfast, You should invite them to lunch 
+
+312
+00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:21,300
+also. Really? You will. So we will look for 
+
+313
+00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,560
+another student. Thank you very much. Okay. Nada 
+
+314
+00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:28,720
+has no money. Okay. She doesn't have, she has only 
+
+315
+00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:32,180
+very few money. Uh, she has very little money. 
+
+316
+00:27:32,620 --> 00:27:36,220
+Now, Nada, would you invite your, your class, the 
+
+317
+00:27:36,220 --> 00:27:42,020
+students for lunch today? No, I want. Okay? Did 
+
+318
+00:27:42,020 --> 00:27:46,980
+she accept? No, she refused. 
+
+319
+00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:51,400
+Would you go running in the street? 
+
+320
+00:27:56,460 --> 00:28:03,500
+No, I want. Would you jump from the window? No, I 
+
+321
+00:28:03,500 --> 00:28:03,940
+want. 
+
+322
+00:28:07,090 --> 00:28:10,250
+No, I want. Would you come to the university on a 
+
+323
+00:28:10,250 --> 00:28:15,590
+Friday? No, I want. Okay. So again, we use will to 
+
+324
+00:28:15,590 --> 00:28:20,170
+express what? We use want, the negative form to 
+
+325
+00:28:20,170 --> 00:28:24,490
+express what? Refusal. Okay. To express refusal. 
+
+326
+00:28:24,910 --> 00:28:27,750
+You are not ready. So it is used to express 
+
+327
+00:28:27,750 --> 00:28:31,530
+willingness, positive will, but want is used to 
+
+328
+00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:37,990
+express what? The opposite refusal. Okay. Now, I 
+
+329
+00:28:37,990 --> 00:28:47,450
+say she want, I want. We use it for humans. Can we 
+
+330
+00:28:47,450 --> 00:28:52,630
+use want for things? For non-humans? Yes. Okay, we 
+
+331
+00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:55,610
+can use it for non-humans. Read please, Rhonda. 
+
+332
+00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:04,600
+Okay, thank you. So, want is also used for what? 
+
+333
+00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:09,480
+Things, for non-human, not only for people. Okay, 
+
+334
+00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:17,620
+now read this point please. Yes, you there. Read 
+
+335
+00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:19,360
+it. Willingness. 
+
+336
+00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:33,200
+Okay, 
+
+337
+00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:38,740
+thank you. Who can explain this point? What does 
+
+338
+00:29:38,740 --> 00:29:41,660
+that mean? We talked about this just minutes 
+
+339
+00:29:41,660 --> 00:29:46,640
+before. Who can explain this point? Yes, please 
+
+340
+00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:52,300
+Nada. If we plan for the event, we use going to, 
+
+341
+00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,660
+but if we do not plan and make a decision right 
+
+342
+00:29:55,660 --> 00:29:58,400
+now, we use when. You are right, but here he wants 
+
+343
+00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,180
+something else. Now listen, I want somebody to 
+
+344
+00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:07,600
+help me. I will. Don't say I'm going to. Okay? So 
+
+345
+00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:11,680
+again, because there is no pre-planning. You 
+
+346
+00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:15,720
+decided when. You decided now. Okay? You decided 
+
+347
+00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:17,840
+just now to do that. 
+
+348
+00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:28,120
+Now look at these sentences. 
+
+349
+00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:38,960
+Yeah, who wants to read? Yes, please read it. 
+
+350
+00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:41,020
+Linda is going to read something. 
+
+351
+00:30:44,020 --> 00:30:48,080
+Before she leaves, she is going to finish her 
+
+352
+00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:52,880
+work. Thank you. Look, before she leaves, okay? 
+
+353
+00:30:53,460 --> 00:30:59,140
+She is going to finish her work. Look, this is one 
+
+354
+00:30:59,140 --> 00:31:03,240
+clause and this is another clause. This is the 
+
+355
+00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:08,420
+main clause, she is going, okay? And before she 
+
+356
+00:31:08,420 --> 00:31:12,960
+leaves is a time clause. This time a clause begins 
+
+357
+00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:17,060
+with what? Before, a word which expresses time. 
+
+358
+00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:19,080
+Read the other sentence please. 
+
+359
+00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:29,480
+Thank you. 
+
+360
+00:31:30,020 --> 00:31:33,740
+Now what's the tense in general? What's the tense? 
+
+361
+00:31:34,120 --> 00:31:38,020
+Future. Future. Very good. Look again, I have two 
+
+362
+00:31:38,020 --> 00:31:42,130
+clauses, okay? This is the main clause and this is 
+
+363
+00:31:42,130 --> 00:31:46,230
+the time clause. Okay? It expresses what? The 
+
+364
+00:31:46,230 --> 00:31:51,430
+future. And this expresses what? The future. And 
+
+365
+00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:58,970
+this one. Yes, please read. Yeah. The taxi. Look, 
+
+366
+00:31:59,130 --> 00:32:03,290
+we are talking about the future. We are talking 
+
+367
+00:32:03,290 --> 00:32:07,850
+about the future. Go on. Okay, 
+
+368
+00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:16,570
+okay, go on. Thank you. We have a tiny clause and 
+
+369
+00:32:16,570 --> 00:32:20,270
+we have a many clause. Tiny clause and many 
+
+370
+00:32:20,270 --> 00:32:23,670
+clause. And finally, the last one, yeah? 
+
+371
+00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:31,960
+Thank you. Until they come, I'll wait. We have two 
+
+372
+00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:35,920
+clauses. Now, generally, the time expressed in 
+
+373
+00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:40,120
+these clauses is in the future. Good. Thank you. 
+
+374
+00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:45,060
+We have, look, a time clause. Beginning with 
+
+375
+00:32:45,060 --> 00:32:48,480
+until, a timing clause beginning with as soon as, 
+
+376
+00:32:48,580 --> 00:32:52,860
+after and before. After and before. Where is the 
+
+377
+00:32:52,860 --> 00:32:57,220
+verb in this timing clause? For example, arrives. 
+
+378
+00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:03,720
+It is a simple present. But what does it express? 
+
+379
+00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:09,620
+Expresses the future. Expresses the future. If you 
+
+380
+00:33:09,620 --> 00:33:14,580
+go to Egypt, you will see the Nile. If you go to 
+
+381
+00:33:14,580 --> 00:33:19,240
+Egypt, this is the future. You will see the Nile. 
+
+382
+00:33:22,620 --> 00:33:24,720
+Can we use the future here? 
+
+383
+00:33:27,460 --> 00:33:31,560
+Can we use the future in the time clause? No. So 
+
+384
+00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:36,960
+the future is 
+
+385
+00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:39,840
+not used in the time clause. We use the present 
+
+386
+00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:41,360
+simple to express what? 
+
+387
+00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:50,240
+When you invite me, I will come. When you ask me, 
+
+388
+00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:51,580
+I will answer. 
+
+389
+00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:59,560
+What will you do when you go to the kitchen? When 
+
+390
+00:33:59,560 --> 00:34:06,920
+I go to the kitchen, I will eat. What will you do 
+
+391
+00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:08,000
+when you go to the library? 
+
+392
+00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,460
+Good. What will you do when you go to the 
+
+393
+00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:14,000
+supermarket? 
+
+394
+00:34:17,260 --> 00:34:23,080
+Again, when? When I go to the supermarket. 
+
+395
+00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:38,060
+Okay, good. I will buy, I will bring. Okay. What 
+
+396
+00:34:38,060 --> 00:34:42,160
+will you do when you save money? When I save 
+
+397
+00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:45,600
+money, I will buy a car. 
+
+398
+00:34:48,860 --> 00:34:52,360
+I will buy a laptop. I will buy a new mobile. 
+
+399
+00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:59,920
+Okay, good. Now, in these sentences, you see we 
+
+400
+00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:07,460
+have a time clause and another main clause. In the 
+
+401
+00:35:07,460 --> 00:35:12,880
+time clause, we use The present symbol to express 
+
+402
+00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:17,320
+what? To express the future. We don't use the 
+
+403
+00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:20,880
+future in the time clause here to express the 
+
+404
+00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:25,580
+future. We use the present symbol. Now look again 
+
+405
+00:35:25,580 --> 00:35:28,960
+at the previous page. Okay, would you please read? 
+
+406
+00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,860
+Yes, read. Expressing the future in time clause. 
+
+407
+00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:37,500
+Yeah. Pop will come soon when Ali comes. No, Pop 
+
+
+445
+00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:20,690
+Okay, the timing clause can be used at the
+
+446
+00:39:20,690 --> 00:39:25,870
+beginning of the sentence. Okay? Or at the second
+
+447
+00:39:25,870 --> 00:39:29,910
+part of the sentence. As we said, if you begin
+
+448
+00:39:29,910 --> 00:39:33,910
+with the time clause, use what? A comma. And if
+
+449
+00:39:33,910 --> 00:39:36,530
+you begin with the main clause, the other clause,
+
+450
+00:39:37,150 --> 00:39:41,390
+okay? Don't use a comma. Don't use a comma. Okay.
+
+451
+00:39:48,350 --> 00:39:56,690
+Now, when I say, while I'm driving home, I'm going
+
+452
+00:39:56,690 --> 00:40:02,330
+to listen to the news. While I'm driving home, I'm
+
+453
+00:40:02,330 --> 00:40:07,210
+going to listen to the news. While I'm driving.
+
+454
+00:40:10,370 --> 00:40:15,070
+Which tense is used? Present progressive. Good.
+
+455
+00:40:15,190 --> 00:40:21,170
+What does it indicate? What does it show? Which
+
+456
+00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:25,730
+tense I mean? Future. Okay, thank you very much.
+
+457
+00:40:26,290 --> 00:40:31,190
+Now, when I use the progressive in the time
+
+458
+00:40:31,190 --> 00:40:32,970
+clause, what do you understand?
+
+459
+00:40:36,530 --> 00:40:39,950
+It shows a progressive event for future. Okay,
+
+460
+00:40:40,350 --> 00:40:43,090
+thank you. The action will be what? In progress.
+
+461
+00:40:43,650 --> 00:40:47,650
+The action will be in progress. While I'm watching
+
+462
+00:40:47,650 --> 00:40:53,730
+TV this evening, okay, I'm going to call my
+
+463
+00:40:53,730 --> 00:40:58,910
+friend, I'm going to have some tea, okay? So you
+
+464
+00:40:58,910 --> 00:41:01,530
+can use the progressive to indicate that the
+
+465
+00:41:01,530 --> 00:41:06,070
+action is what will be going on, will be in
+
+466
+00:41:06,070 --> 00:41:09,490
+progress in a certain time in the future.
+
+467
+00:41:12,620 --> 00:41:15,980
+Now look at the other sentences. I will go to bed
+
+468
+00:41:15,980 --> 00:41:18,340
+after I finish my work.
+
+469
+00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:30,660
+You can use the simple and you can use the
+
+470
+00:41:30,660 --> 00:41:34,220
+perfect. But what do you think? What indication?
+
+471
+00:41:35,060 --> 00:41:37,560
+What is the message you want to convey to the
+
+472
+00:41:37,560 --> 00:41:41,540
+reader or to the listener when you say after I
+
+473
+00:41:41,540 --> 00:41:48,120
+have finished? The action is finished and
+
+474
+00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:50,320
+completed. Very good. Thank you very much.
+
+475
+00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,020
+Your mother asked you to do something. What do you
+
+476
+00:42:00,020 --> 00:42:05,840
+say? I will do it. I will clean the house after I
+
+477
+00:42:05,840 --> 00:42:12,000
+finish my homework or after I have finished. If
+
+478
+00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:17,980
+you want to assure her, to emphasize that you will
+
+479
+00:42:17,980 --> 00:42:25,090
+do it after I have finished. So we can use the
+
+480
+00:42:25,090 --> 00:42:34,110
+perfect to emphasize that the action is
+
+481
+00:42:34,110 --> 00:42:42,110
+completed. Use the simple or use the perfect.
+
+482
+00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:50,240
+Let's stop and make a summary of what we had
+
+483
+00:42:50,240 --> 00:42:53,220
+today. What did we? Could you please close your
+
+484
+00:42:53,220 --> 00:42:56,580
+box? Could you please close your box? Open your
+
+485
+00:42:56,580 --> 00:42:59,200
+minds and tell me what did we talk about today?
+
+486
+00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:02,140
+Yes, make a brief summary. What did you understand
+
+487
+00:43:02,140 --> 00:43:03,780
+from this lecture? Suha?
+
+488
+00:43:07,520 --> 00:43:10,720
+Good, thank you. We used will to make a polite
+
+489
+00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:11,160
+request.
+
+490
+00:43:15,490 --> 00:43:18,630
+Okay, if there is no pre-planning, you decide now,
+
+491
+00:43:18,730 --> 00:43:21,130
+you use well. Thank you very much. Good. Yes,
+
+492
+00:43:21,210 --> 00:43:21,490
+please.
+
+493
+00:43:25,810 --> 00:43:29,190
+Very good.
+
+494
+00:43:29,710 --> 00:43:33,610
+So, they are used for prediction, express future
+
+495
+00:43:33,610 --> 00:43:35,190
+time. Thank you. Ahlam.
+
+496
+00:43:38,590 --> 00:43:44,790
+We use again? Thank you very much. We use want to
+
+497
+00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:48,050
+express what? Refusal. Okay, you are not
+
+498
+00:43:48,050 --> 00:43:49,270
+accepting. Yes, please.
+
+499
+00:43:55,450 --> 00:44:00,470
+For pre-planning, okay? For pre-planning. She's
+
+500
+00:44:00,470 --> 00:44:07,110
+going to buy a cake. You know why? Her friends are
+
+501
+00:44:07,110 --> 00:44:10,430
+visiting her tonight. Yes, thank you. Yes, please.
+
+502
+00:44:14,350 --> 00:44:14,830
+Okay,
+
+503
+00:44:18,870 --> 00:44:21,450
+so we can abbreviate it. We can make the
+
+504
+00:44:21,450 --> 00:44:25,550
+contraction in speech. Okay, good. Thank you. Yes,
+
+505
+00:44:25,630 --> 00:44:25,950
+please.
+
+506
+00:44:33,440 --> 00:44:37,380
+Very good. Thank you. A good point. Yes. Your
+
+507
+00:44:37,380 --> 00:44:38,900
+point. Good. Yeah.
+
+508
+00:44:44,700 --> 00:44:48,440
+Thank you.
+
+509
+00:44:48,580 --> 00:44:52,240
+Good. So if you start with the time clause, okay,
+
+510
+00:44:52,460 --> 00:44:55,420
+it should be followed with a comma. But if you
+
+511
+00:44:55,420 --> 00:44:59,920
+begin with the main clause, okay, don't write a
+
+512
+00:44:59,920 --> 00:45:01,620
+comma after it. Yes, please.
+
+513
+00:45:06,870 --> 00:45:09,410
+Thank you. Good. Yes, please.
+
+514
+00:45:14,270 --> 00:45:18,110
+Very good.
+
+515
+00:45:18,250 --> 00:45:20,730
+An activity will be in progress in the future.
+
+516
+00:45:21,190 --> 00:45:22,110
+Yes, please. Yasmin.
+
+517
+00:45:26,810 --> 00:45:32,290
+Very good. We use the present symbol to express
+
+518
+00:45:32,290 --> 00:45:33,670
+the future. Yes, please.
+
+519
+00:45:37,310 --> 00:45:39,710
+Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Yes,
+
+520
+00:45:39,830 --> 00:45:40,110
+please.
+
+521
+00:45:44,110 --> 00:45:50,650
+Good. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you very much. Do you
+
+522
+00:45:50,650 --> 00:45:53,170
+want to ask me about any point in today's lecture?
+
+523
+00:45:53,530 --> 00:45:56,310
+Any question? Okay. Thank you very much. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/RMnY5pPpBHo_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2092 @@
+1
+00:00:20,590 --> 00:00:23,830
+Okay. Now let's start. Good morning to you all.
+
+2
+00:00:25,090 --> 00:00:30,350
+How are you? Okay. Feeling well today? Good. How
+
+3
+00:00:30,350 --> 00:00:34,750
+is the weather today? One speaker, please. One
+
+4
+00:00:34,750 --> 00:00:39,090
+speaker. Yeah. It's cold. Good. The weather is
+
+5
+00:00:39,090 --> 00:00:45,370
+cold. Uh, you know, because yes, yes mean you want
+
+6
+00:00:45,370 --> 00:00:51,360
+to say something. Okay, thank you. So because the
+
+7
+00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:56,660
+weather is cold, Nada is going to buy a new coat.
+
+8
+00:00:57,580 --> 00:01:06,920
+Nada is going to buy a new coat. She is going to
+
+9
+00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:15,240
+buy a new coat. Okay? Who can express the same
+
+10
+00:01:15,240 --> 00:01:21,670
+meaning in other words? Yes, Marwa. She will buy a
+
+11
+00:01:21,670 --> 00:01:29,230
+new coat. Very good. She will buy a new coat. She
+
+12
+00:01:29,230 --> 00:01:33,290
+will buy a new coat. She's going to buy. She will
+
+13
+00:01:33,290 --> 00:01:36,630
+buy a new coat. Now which tense is used here?
+
+14
+00:01:37,190 --> 00:01:40,790
+Which tense? Yeah. It is the simple future. Very
+
+15
+00:01:40,790 --> 00:01:45,350
+good. It is the simple future. Now we talk and
+
+16
+00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:52,450
+what do we want to say now? about a specific event
+
+17
+00:01:52,450 --> 00:01:58,830
+or we talk about the future in general. Can you
+
+18
+00:01:58,830 --> 00:02:02,530
+express the future? Can you talk about yourself?
+
+19
+00:02:02,670 --> 00:02:06,330
+Tell me about other things, other situations in
+
+20
+00:02:06,330 --> 00:02:12,810
+which you use going to or by. Going to or will,
+
+21
+00:02:12,910 --> 00:02:18,650
+sorry. Yeah. Yes, please. Morida.
+
+22
+00:02:21,850 --> 00:02:25,850
+I'm thirsty.
+
+23
+00:02:26,010 --> 00:02:29,630
+I will drink water. Thank you. Good. Yes, Nada. I
+
+24
+00:02:29,630 --> 00:02:33,710
+will graduate in 2016. Thank you very much. Okay.
+
+25
+00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:54,380
+Read the example, Shaymaa. Yeah.
+
+26
+00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:00,400
+Thank you.
+
+27
+00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:05,280
+Will finish is going to finish. What is the time
+
+28
+00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:09,440
+here? What's the tense expressed Naveen? It is
+
+29
+00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:13,020
+future. Thank you. It is future. We express the
+
+30
+00:03:13,020 --> 00:03:15,820
+future time. It is the symbol future.
+
+31
+00:03:19,260 --> 00:03:27,940
+Okay. Now, so, we use will, okay, will do, is
+
+32
+00:03:27,940 --> 00:03:33,020
+going to do to express what? The future, okay? And
+
+33
+00:03:33,020 --> 00:03:40,700
+generally, we don't, going to and will sometimes
+
+34
+00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:43,700
+have the same meaning. In this situation, when we
+
+35
+00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:47,640
+talk about the future in general, they almost have
+
+36
+00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:51,810
+the same meaning. What do you think of this
+
+37
+00:03:51,810 --> 00:03:57,770
+sentence? If I say she will,
+
+38
+00:03:59,850 --> 00:04:04,870
+what do you think of this sentence? Yes, please,
+
+39
+00:04:05,010 --> 00:04:06,450
+Yasmin. It's wrong, why?
+
+40
+00:04:11,150 --> 00:04:17,820
+Okay, so we say what? She will buy. She buys. She
+
+41
+00:04:17,820 --> 00:04:23,460
+will buy. She eats. She can eat. Right? She goes.
+
+42
+00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:37,400
+She would go and so on. Now, she What
+
+43
+00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,180
+do you think of this sentence? What do you think
+
+44
+00:04:40,180 --> 00:04:41,580
+of this sentence? Yes, again.
+
+45
+00:04:47,300 --> 00:04:55,120
+Okay, Will does not accept the S, right? What do
+
+46
+00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:59,500
+you
+
+47
+00:04:59,500 --> 00:05:04,700
+think of this sentence again? Yes, please. Read
+
+48
+00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:05,440
+it, read it.
+
+49
+00:05:09,790 --> 00:05:14,550
+Okay. Two should be what? Deleted. Should be
+
+50
+00:05:14,550 --> 00:05:19,630
+removed. So two is not used with well. Good.
+
+51
+00:05:30,330 --> 00:05:32,490
+Read the first example, please.
+
+52
+00:05:35,690 --> 00:05:38,910
+Okay, thank you. Anna will come. This is not
+
+53
+00:05:38,910 --> 00:05:42,490
+accepted. This is not accepted. This is also what?
+
+54
+00:05:42,570 --> 00:05:44,770
+Not accepted. Okay, this is also not accepted.
+
+55
+00:05:44,910 --> 00:05:49,990
+Good. Now, read this please Najwa. Will typically
+
+56
+00:05:49,990 --> 00:05:53,150
+express prediction about the future. Okay,
+
+57
+00:05:53,330 --> 00:05:55,990
+prediction. We expect something to happen. Will
+
+58
+00:05:55,990 --> 00:06:00,250
+come, will buy, will go, will arrive. Okay, go on.
+
+59
+00:06:00,730 --> 00:06:04,910
+Will does not take a final test. Will is full.
+
+60
+00:06:07,610 --> 00:06:11,430
+Okay. Thank you. A simple form of the verb. Can
+
+61
+00:06:11,430 --> 00:06:14,510
+you give me an example? Simple form of a verb.
+
+62
+00:06:15,150 --> 00:06:20,250
+Yeah. Simple form of a verb. Just one verb in the
+
+63
+00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:24,830
+simple form. Right. Good. Okay. Eat. Thank you
+
+64
+00:06:24,830 --> 00:06:29,050
+very much. That's right. Now, if I want to make
+
+65
+00:06:29,050 --> 00:06:34,100
+this sentence negative, I say, She will buy.
+
+66
+00:06:34,940 --> 00:06:41,580
+Fatima will buy. But Alia will not buy. Alia will
+
+67
+00:06:41,580 --> 00:06:45,580
+not buy. Also, we can write it in the short form,
+
+68
+00:06:45,700 --> 00:06:49,280
+contracted form, by writing what? Want. She won't
+
+69
+00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:59,000
+buy. She won't buy. Yeah. Now, will you come to
+
+70
+00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:03,690
+this room tomorrow? Will you come to this room
+
+71
+00:07:03,690 --> 00:07:10,330
+tomorrow? Oh, okay. Who's speaking here? No, I
+
+72
+00:07:10,330 --> 00:07:15,470
+will not. Will you come? Will you come? Will you
+
+73
+00:07:15,470 --> 00:07:21,530
+visit your sister tonight? No, I won't. Okay. Or I
+
+74
+00:07:21,530 --> 00:07:27,550
+will. Now we use will. Why did we use will here?
+
+75
+00:07:28,370 --> 00:07:30,350
+To ask for what?
+
+76
+00:07:33,630 --> 00:07:37,390
+Okay, it is a future right that is in the future,
+
+77
+00:07:37,570 --> 00:07:42,490
+but we ask for what? Okay, that's right good
+
+78
+00:07:42,490 --> 00:07:47,970
+Information thank you very much information about
+
+79
+00:07:47,970 --> 00:07:52,910
+something Okay about a future event about a future
+
+80
+00:07:52,910 --> 00:08:00,770
+event, okay? Now Will you come here, please? Will
+
+81
+00:08:00,770 --> 00:08:01,910
+you come here, please?
+
+82
+00:08:05,950 --> 00:08:11,130
+Look, I can't tell her, come here, please. Or I
+
+83
+00:08:11,130 --> 00:08:14,610
+can't tell her, come here, right? Come here. Is it
+
+84
+00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:17,970
+a good way of speaking to people like that? No,
+
+85
+00:08:18,150 --> 00:08:21,230
+which is better to say, come here or will you come
+
+86
+00:08:21,230 --> 00:08:24,570
+here, please? Okay, will you come here? Which is
+
+87
+00:08:24,570 --> 00:08:29,410
+more polite or which is polite? Will. So now we
+
+88
+00:08:29,410 --> 00:08:34,130
+use will for asking about information for a future
+
+89
+00:08:34,130 --> 00:08:38,950
+event and to give what? A polite request. Now you
+
+90
+00:08:38,950 --> 00:08:42,490
+are in the cafeteria and you want some tea. What
+
+91
+00:08:42,490 --> 00:08:45,930
+would you say to the waitress? Who's the speaker?
+
+92
+00:08:46,090 --> 00:08:50,570
+Who's the speaker? Yeah. Very good. Please. Will
+
+93
+00:08:50,570 --> 00:08:53,850
+you give me some tea, please? Okay. Will you? You
+
+94
+00:08:53,850 --> 00:08:56,130
+want your sister to open the window.
+
+95
+00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:03,020
+Will you open the window please? Thank you. Good.
+
+96
+00:09:03,620 --> 00:09:08,500
+We use it for polite request. Now, in spoken
+
+97
+00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:13,500
+English, people in speaking usually make
+
+98
+00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:16,780
+contractions. They want to be fast, okay? And they
+
+99
+00:09:16,780 --> 00:09:21,480
+don't say well, they don't give the long form. It
+
+100
+00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:24,980
+is contracted in speech, as you see, and usually
+
+101
+00:09:24,980 --> 00:09:29,060
+with pronouns, usually with pronouns, but can be
+
+102
+00:09:29,060 --> 00:09:33,560
+also contracted with nouns and other words. But
+
+103
+00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:38,120
+this is not formal. this is informal so usually
+
+104
+00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:42,280
+look this is informal writing informal writing you
+
+105
+00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:44,900
+write to your friend for example you write a
+
+106
+00:09:44,900 --> 00:09:49,280
+message to your friend you are sending here some
+
+107
+00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:53,140
+words you use the informal style of writing you
+
+108
+00:09:53,140 --> 00:09:56,100
+can make contraction but informal writing when you
+
+109
+00:09:56,100 --> 00:09:59,500
+are writing a report for example making a research
+
+110
+00:10:00,190 --> 00:10:04,270
+Okay, write it in the full form, I will, they
+
+111
+00:10:04,270 --> 00:10:06,690
+will, you will, and so on.
+
+112
+00:10:10,390 --> 00:10:18,010
+Look, when I say Tom, I make contraction, Tom will
+
+113
+00:10:18,010 --> 00:10:22,270
+be there. Okay, Tom will be there. Look, fast
+
+114
+00:10:22,270 --> 00:10:26,880
+speech. Okay, we make contractions, but this is
+
+115
+00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:31,880
+again. What this is informal This is informal if
+
+116
+00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:35,480
+you write you should okay in writing You should
+
+117
+00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:39,320
+write the normal form right will don't make
+
+118
+00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:49,140
+contraction Don't make contraction in writing Also
+
+119
+00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:54,980
+Well, it can be contracted with other words. Look,
+
+120
+00:10:55,100 --> 00:10:58,920
+it can be contracted with pronouns. It can be
+
+121
+00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,760
+contracted with there. It can be contracted with
+
+122
+00:11:01,760 --> 00:11:05,340
+nobody. It can be contracted with that. But this
+
+123
+00:11:05,340 --> 00:11:09,840
+is again what? This is informal. This is informal.
+
+124
+00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:20,680
+Can you read the example, please? Anna is going to
+
+125
+00:11:20,680 --> 00:11:24,920
+come tomorrow around five o'clock. Okay.
+
+126
+00:11:28,620 --> 00:11:31,660
+That's right. This is informally, especially
+
+127
+00:11:31,660 --> 00:11:35,720
+American, especially American English. They don't
+
+128
+00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:39,820
+say going to. Going to this is formal. You use in
+
+129
+00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:42,540
+writing. But if you are talking to people there,
+
+130
+00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:48,650
+they say what? Who can read it? Amnesia? That's
+
+131
+00:11:48,650 --> 00:11:52,990
+right, Anna's gonna, okay, come tomorrow. So this
+
+132
+00:11:52,990 --> 00:11:56,810
+is going to, this is the way we read this
+
+133
+00:11:56,810 --> 00:12:03,230
+construction. Okay, so again, going to, how do we
+
+134
+00:12:03,230 --> 00:12:07,690
+pronounce it? Read it again, please. Huh? Anna's
+
+135
+00:12:07,690 --> 00:12:11,190
+gonna come tomorrow around five. Thank you, thank
+
+136
+00:12:11,190 --> 00:12:13,810
+you again, please. Anna's gonna come tomorrow
+
+137
+00:12:13,810 --> 00:12:15,050
+around five. Thank you.
+
+138
+00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:23,680
+Now, when I say, Ali isn't going to come. Okay?
+
+139
+00:12:24,620 --> 00:12:28,420
+Ali isn't going to come. This is what? Negative.
+
+140
+00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:35,180
+Okay. If I want to make a question, is Ali going
+
+141
+00:12:35,180 --> 00:12:39,060
+to come? Okay? Are you going to come to this room
+
+142
+00:12:39,060 --> 00:12:42,580
+tomorrow? Are you going to come to this room
+
+143
+00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:47,100
+tomorrow? No. Okay. So, going to can also be used
+
+144
+00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:50,300
+to make what? Questions and can be used to make
+
+145
+00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:58,460
+what? The negative form. Good. Now, will and going
+
+146
+00:12:58,460 --> 00:13:01,860
+to. What's the difference between them? In the
+
+147
+00:13:01,860 --> 00:13:05,440
+previous part, we said that both of them are used
+
+148
+00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:08,580
+to talk about what? General. General, yeah.
+
+149
+00:13:09,530 --> 00:13:14,450
+Future, about prediction, okay? In the future, if
+
+150
+00:13:14,450 --> 00:13:16,830
+you want to predict an event, what's happening,
+
+151
+00:13:17,710 --> 00:13:22,830
+okay? We can express this future event using will
+
+152
+00:13:22,830 --> 00:13:25,770
+or going to. She will buy, she's going to buy,
+
+153
+00:13:25,850 --> 00:13:30,950
+okay? Now, what's the difference between will and
+
+154
+00:13:30,950 --> 00:13:33,950
+going to? Is there any difference between them?
+
+155
+00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:38,600
+Yes, of course. We want to play a game. We want to
+
+156
+00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:42,140
+play a game. Who wants to play? Come please.
+
+157
+00:13:48,740 --> 00:13:53,100
+Would you please wait outside just for minutes and
+
+158
+00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:53,940
+we'll call you.
+
+159
+00:14:02,460 --> 00:14:06,850
+Listen, we want to make a party. What do you think
+
+160
+00:14:06,850 --> 00:14:10,770
+of the idea? We want to have a party. What do you
+
+161
+00:14:10,770 --> 00:14:14,010
+think of the idea? Good idea. Okay, who wants to
+
+162
+00:14:14,010 --> 00:14:17,050
+be with us? Do you want to come? Okay, so what do
+
+163
+00:14:17,050 --> 00:14:20,090
+we need for the party? What do we need? Cakes,
+
+164
+00:14:20,210 --> 00:14:29,440
+good. And? Okay, drinks. Okay. Flowers. Very good.
+
+165
+00:14:29,540 --> 00:14:31,840
+That's right. Thank you very much. This is enough.
+
+166
+00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:34,680
+We want a simple party and not a very big one.
+
+167
+00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:40,480
+Okay. Now we want somebody to bring cakes. We want
+
+168
+00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:43,980
+somebody to bring cakes. Yeah. Your name is?
+
+169
+00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:47,640
+Keriman. Yes. Keriman.
+
+170
+00:14:51,620 --> 00:14:54,700
+Yeah. Keriman. Listen to Keriman. I
+
+171
+00:14:57,430 --> 00:15:03,710
+I will. I will. Very good. I will bring. Thank
+
+172
+00:15:03,710 --> 00:15:07,350
+you. I will bring. Thank you very much. Now we
+
+173
+00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:12,530
+want somebody to bring drinks. Drinks. Yeah. Nada
+
+174
+00:15:12,530 --> 00:15:15,570
+says
+
+175
+00:15:15,570 --> 00:15:20,390
+I will bring drinks. Thank you. We want somebody
+
+176
+00:15:20,390 --> 00:15:21,390
+to bring flowers.
+
+177
+00:15:26,150 --> 00:15:33,670
+Thank you. Wala. Wala says I will bring flowers.
+
+178
+00:15:35,310 --> 00:15:39,970
+Okay. Call Morida please. Call. Call here.
+
+179
+00:15:52,140 --> 00:15:55,500
+Okay, Murida, we plan to make a party. We want to
+
+180
+00:15:55,500 --> 00:15:58,900
+have a party in the class and it will be great if
+
+181
+00:15:58,900 --> 00:16:01,960
+you join us. Would you like to come with us? Yes,
+
+182
+00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:04,980
+I will come. Good. Now for the party, we need
+
+183
+00:16:04,980 --> 00:16:09,520
+cakes, drinks and flowers. Okay. Are you ready to
+
+184
+00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:14,940
+bring something? Listen, please. Listen. Are you
+
+185
+00:16:14,940 --> 00:16:18,960
+ready to bring something? Yes. I'm ready. I'm
+
+186
+00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:23,470
+going to make a cake. I'm going to make a cake.
+
+187
+00:16:23,570 --> 00:16:29,690
+Shall she say I'm going to? Yes or no? No. Why
+
+188
+00:16:29,690 --> 00:16:34,270
+not? Because you're asking her now. Now I'm asking
+
+189
+00:16:34,270 --> 00:16:37,930
+her. So now what did Kariman say for the first
+
+190
+00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:43,210
+time? I will. I will. Now it's new for her. So
+
+191
+00:16:43,210 --> 00:16:48,650
+she's deciding now. So what shall she say? I will.
+
+192
+00:16:49,460 --> 00:16:54,440
+Okay, Morida says, I will bring cakes. Keriman.
+
+193
+00:16:55,380 --> 00:17:00,760
+Keriman, what do you say now? Just a minute. The
+
+194
+00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:05,500
+first time you said, I will bring. Okay. And now,
+
+195
+00:17:05,620 --> 00:17:09,440
+now we planned the event. We agreed. Okay. We made
+
+196
+00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:13,000
+a plan. Now listen again. Listen again. Yes. Say
+
+197
+00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:16,960
+it again. Very good. Thank you very much. So the
+
+198
+00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:24,560
+first time there was what? No pre planning. No pre
+
+199
+00:17:24,560 --> 00:17:27,300
+-planning. What did we use? What? What did we use?
+
+200
+00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:32,140
+Well, but now that there is pre-planning.
+
+201
+00:17:34,620 --> 00:17:37,400
+Okay, there is pre-planning. The action is
+
+202
+00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:41,700
+planned. In the other time, she said what? I'm
+
+203
+00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:47,600
+going to. Good, thank you. Murida, we want some
+
+204
+00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:53,060
+drinks. I'll bring cola. Okay, good. Nada, what do
+
+205
+00:17:53,060 --> 00:17:56,140
+you say? Where is Nada? Listen, listen to Nada.
+
+206
+00:17:57,360 --> 00:18:01,160
+Okay, now Nada is going to bring. We want flowers,
+
+207
+00:18:01,260 --> 00:18:05,680
+Murida. I will bring some.
+
+208
+00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:13,800
+No. Yes. Yes. No. Wala is going to bring. Okay.
+
+209
+00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:18,260
+Now Murida, thank you very much. Kariman is going
+
+210
+00:18:18,260 --> 00:18:22,080
+to bring cakes. Nada is going to bring drinks and
+
+211
+00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:26,780
+Wala is going to flowers. We need some food. We
+
+212
+00:18:26,780 --> 00:18:32,200
+need some food. I will bring. I will bring. Okay.
+
+213
+00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:37,280
+Thank you very much. Sit down. So What's the
+
+214
+00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:41,100
+difference between will and going to? When do we
+
+215
+00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:43,080
+use this and when do we use that? Yeah.
+
+216
+00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:51,160
+Pre-planning, okay. Pre-planning, good.
+
+217
+00:18:54,590 --> 00:18:58,430
+Okay, if there is pre-planning, we use what? Going
+
+218
+00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:03,150
+to. No pre-planning. You decide just now. We use
+
+219
+00:19:03,150 --> 00:19:10,410
+what? The weather is hot. It's hot. It's hot. The
+
+220
+00:19:10,410 --> 00:19:13,510
+weather is hot. Look, it's a very hot room. What
+
+221
+00:19:13,510 --> 00:19:18,730
+do you say? I will. Yeah, who's the speaker? Who's
+
+222
+00:19:18,730 --> 00:19:25,290
+the speaker? Yeah. It's I will. I will open the
+
+223
+00:19:25,290 --> 00:19:28,530
+window. Very good. I will open the window. I'm
+
+224
+00:19:28,530 --> 00:19:34,130
+thirsty. I need some water. I will bring water.
+
+225
+00:19:34,650 --> 00:19:39,770
+I'm very hungry. I didn't have breakfast. I will
+
+226
+00:19:39,770 --> 00:19:44,430
+bring. I will bring you. Okay? I will bring. Now,
+
+227
+00:19:45,130 --> 00:19:48,150
+you wanted to leave the house. Suddenly, you
+
+228
+00:19:48,150 --> 00:19:53,150
+discover that it is raining. You say, I will take
+
+229
+00:19:53,150 --> 00:19:56,590
+my umbrella. Okay. But you listen to the news
+
+230
+00:19:56,590 --> 00:20:00,290
+before you go to bed. You knew that it will be
+
+231
+00:20:00,290 --> 00:20:05,530
+raining and cold. You prepared your coat and your
+
+232
+00:20:05,530 --> 00:20:10,470
+umbrella. You say what? I'm going to. Good. Thank
+
+233
+00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:10,770
+you.
+
+234
+00:20:26,270 --> 00:20:32,990
+Would you please read Suha? Okay. It is not there.
+
+235
+00:20:34,970 --> 00:20:35,610
+Okay.
+
+236
+00:20:38,030 --> 00:20:41,310
+Prediction according to the weather report, it's
+
+237
+00:20:41,310 --> 00:20:43,630
+going to be cloudy tonight.
+
+238
+00:20:47,770 --> 00:20:51,290
+Thank you. It's going to be cloudy. It will be
+
+239
+00:20:51,290 --> 00:20:55,350
+cloudy. This is what? Prediction. Okay. They
+
+240
+00:20:55,350 --> 00:20:59,110
+predict, they expect something to happen. Okay. So
+
+241
+00:20:59,110 --> 00:21:01,930
+when we talk about predictions, you can use what?
+
+242
+00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:07,850
+Okay, well are going to can you give me an
+
+243
+00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:12,670
+example? Can you talk about yourself? Uh-huh Can
+
+244
+00:21:12,670 --> 00:21:18,630
+you talk about yourself? Yes, please Thank
+
+245
+00:21:18,630 --> 00:21:24,570
+you very much, uh-huh I'm going to eat some cakes
+
+246
+00:21:24,570 --> 00:21:31,250
+good. I'm going to eat some cakes. Yeah Thank
+
+247
+00:21:31,250 --> 00:21:36,780
+you very much So when you, generally, we don't
+
+248
+00:21:36,780 --> 00:21:39,880
+talk about special events, okay? Generally,
+
+249
+00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:45,740
+something we predict to happen, okay? It will
+
+250
+00:21:45,740 --> 00:21:48,940
+rain, it's going to rain. General prediction. We
+
+251
+00:21:48,940 --> 00:21:54,700
+expect something to happen. We use going to our
+
+252
+00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:55,520
+will.
+
+253
+00:21:57,850 --> 00:21:59,550
+Now, yeah, read please.
+
+254
+00:22:02,190 --> 00:22:14,830
+Thank you
+
+255
+00:22:14,830 --> 00:22:19,190
+very much. The weather will be nice next week. The
+
+256
+00:22:19,190 --> 00:22:23,530
+weather is going to be nice next week, okay? We
+
+257
+00:22:23,530 --> 00:22:26,870
+are expecting something to happen, okay?
+
+258
+00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,480
+Now, Du'a is having a lot of books in her bag.
+
+259
+00:22:39,780 --> 00:22:45,220
+Look, she's having a fat bag full of books. Why
+
+260
+00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:47,300
+did you bring all those books, Du'a?
+
+261
+00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:54,040
+She wants to go to the library and study. Yeah.
+
+262
+00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:55,600
+What do you say?
+
+263
+00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:01,380
+I'm going to stay in the library. Thank you very
+
+264
+00:23:01,380 --> 00:23:05,380
+much. I'm going to stay, okay, in the library.
+
+265
+00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:10,000
+Have you heard Randa? Your friend is tired. She
+
+266
+00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,280
+was admitted to the hospital in the morning.
+
+267
+00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:22,670
+Again, I. I will. I will visit here. Thank you
+
+268
+00:23:22,670 --> 00:23:25,650
+very much. Naveen, would you read please? Why did
+
+269
+00:23:25,650 --> 00:23:28,950
+you buy this paint? I'm going to paint my bedroom
+
+270
+00:23:28,950 --> 00:23:31,390
+tomorrow. Thank you very much. Why did you buy
+
+271
+00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:35,690
+this paint? Holding a paint. Okay. There is what?
+
+272
+00:23:35,810 --> 00:23:40,870
+A plan to paint the house tomorrow. Okay. Go on,
+
+273
+00:23:40,970 --> 00:23:45,510
+please read. Yeah. Complete.
+
+274
+00:23:53,590 --> 00:23:58,950
+A prior, a pre, before, okay, plan, yeah?
+
+275
+00:24:02,570 --> 00:24:06,150
+Okay, what is the plan? Painting what? The
+
+276
+00:24:06,150 --> 00:24:12,610
+bedroom. Painting the bedroom. Now, Ahlam is
+
+277
+00:24:12,610 --> 00:24:15,870
+having a lot of money today. She wants to go
+
+278
+00:24:15,870 --> 00:24:20,390
+shopping. Okay. Can she say, I will go shopping
+
+279
+00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:21,350
+after the lecture?
+
+280
+00:24:24,810 --> 00:24:29,970
+So did she plan the event? Yes. She brought some
+
+281
+00:24:29,970 --> 00:24:33,390
+money. She brought a lot of money. Okay. So she's
+
+282
+00:24:33,390 --> 00:24:37,790
+going to. She's going to, right? Okay, good.
+
+283
+00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:51,220
+I need somebody to help me carry this table. I
+
+284
+00:24:51,220 --> 00:24:55,240
+need somebody to help me. I need your help. Okay,
+
+285
+00:24:55,380 --> 00:24:59,980
+I will. Good, thank you. I will. Okay, who can
+
+286
+00:24:59,980 --> 00:25:06,070
+bring me some tea? I will. I will means what? I am
+
+287
+00:25:06,070 --> 00:25:11,170
+ready. I am willing. I'm ready. Okay? So you are
+
+288
+00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,990
+ready to do something. This is called what?
+
+289
+00:25:14,670 --> 00:25:19,750
+Willingness. Willingness. Now, this is another use
+
+290
+00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:24,150
+for will. We use will to express what? Prediction.
+
+291
+00:25:24,690 --> 00:25:33,150
+Prediction. Yeah. Okay. Okay, good. That's right.
+
+292
+00:25:33,430 --> 00:25:39,590
+Thank you. Okay, thank you. Request you mean?
+
+293
+00:25:39,790 --> 00:25:45,150
+Okay, polite request and asking for? Information
+
+294
+00:25:45,150 --> 00:25:50,370
+and what? Willingness. Okay. Willingness. I'm
+
+295
+00:25:50,370 --> 00:25:53,910
+willing. I will. It means I'm ready to do. Okay.
+
+296
+00:25:54,690 --> 00:25:58,990
+The phone is ringing. The phone is ringing. I'll
+
+297
+00:25:58,990 --> 00:26:02,650
+get it. I'll get it. Okay. Now, when did the
+
+298
+00:26:02,650 --> 00:26:08,070
+speaker decide? Now, just at the immediate
+
+299
+00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:12,550
+presence. Very good. Just now. They did not decide
+
+300
+00:26:12,550 --> 00:26:17,210
+before. There is no pre-planning. Okay? Not now.
+
+301
+00:26:18,350 --> 00:26:23,230
+Not before. Sorry. Now they just did. So again,
+
+302
+00:26:23,850 --> 00:26:26,890
+when I say I need somebody to help me, you say I
+
+303
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:31,170
+will. I will help you. I'm ready to help you.
+
+304
+00:26:31,510 --> 00:26:35,790
+Okay? Don't say I'm going to. Okay? Don't say I'm
+
+305
+00:26:35,790 --> 00:26:36,390
+going to.
+
+306
+00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:52,920
+Now, Naveen, will you invite the class, all the
+
+307
+00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:58,320
+class for breakfast after this lecture? Really?
+
+308
+00:26:59,580 --> 00:27:05,880
+You will do that? You have much money? Good. Okay.
+
+309
+00:27:05,980 --> 00:27:09,200
+Yes, I will. She's ready. This is willingness.
+
+310
+00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:13,180
+Good. Thank you very much. So if you can invite
+
+311
+00:27:13,180 --> 00:27:16,840
+them to breakfast, You should invite them to lunch
+
+312
+00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:21,300
+also. Really? You will. So we will look for
+
+313
+00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,560
+another student. Thank you very much. Okay. Nada
+
+314
+00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:28,720
+has no money. Okay. She doesn't have, she has only
+
+315
+00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:32,180
+very few money. Uh, she has very little money.
+
+316
+00:27:32,620 --> 00:27:36,220
+Now, Nada, would you invite your, your class, the
+
+317
+00:27:36,220 --> 00:27:42,020
+students for lunch today? No, I want. Okay? Did
+
+318
+00:27:42,020 --> 00:27:46,980
+she accept? No, she refused.
+
+319
+00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:51,400
+Would you go running in the street?
+
+320
+00:27:56,460 --> 00:28:03,500
+No, I want. Would you jump from the window? No, I
+
+321
+00:28:03,500 --> 00:28:03,940
+want.
+
+322
+00:28:07,090 --> 00:28:10,250
+No, I want. Would you come to the university on a
+
+323
+00:28:10,250 --> 00:28:15,590
+Friday? No, I want. Okay. So again, we use will to
+
+324
+00:28:15,590 --> 00:28:20,170
+express what? We use want, the negative form to
+
+325
+00:28:20,170 --> 00:28:24,490
+express what? Refusal. Okay. To express refusal.
+
+326
+00:28:24,910 --> 00:28:27,750
+You are not ready. So it is used to express
+
+327
+00:28:27,750 --> 00:28:31,530
+willingness, positive will, but want is used to
+
+328
+00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:37,990
+express what? The opposite refusal. Okay. Now, I
+
+329
+00:28:37,990 --> 00:28:47,450
+say she want, I want. We use it for humans. Can we
+
+330
+00:28:47,450 --> 00:28:52,630
+use want for things? For non-humans? Yes. Okay, we
+
+331
+00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:55,610
+can use it for non-humans. Read please, Rhonda.
+
+332
+00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:04,600
+Okay, thank you. So, want is also used for what?
+
+333
+00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:09,480
+Things, for non-human, not only for people. Okay,
+
+334
+00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:17,620
+now read this point please. Yes, you there. Read
+
+335
+00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:19,360
+it. Willingness.
+
+336
+00:29:32,640 --> 00:29:33,200
+Okay,
+
+337
+00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:38,740
+thank you. Who can explain this point? What does
+
+338
+00:29:38,740 --> 00:29:41,660
+that mean? We talked about this just minutes
+
+339
+00:29:41,660 --> 00:29:46,640
+before. Who can explain this point? Yes, please
+
+340
+00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:52,300
+Nada. If we plan for the event, we use going to,
+
+341
+00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,660
+but if we do not plan and make a decision right
+
+342
+00:29:55,660 --> 00:29:58,400
+now, we use when. You are right, but here he wants
+
+343
+00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,180
+something else. Now listen, I want somebody to
+
+344
+00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:07,600
+help me. I will. Don't say I'm going to. Okay? So
+
+345
+00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:11,680
+again, because there is no pre-planning. You
+
+346
+00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:15,720
+decided when. You decided now. Okay? You decided
+
+347
+00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:17,840
+just now to do that.
+
+348
+00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:28,120
+Now look at these sentences.
+
+349
+00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:38,960
+Yeah, who wants to read? Yes, please read it.
+
+350
+00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:41,020
+Linda is going to read something.
+
+351
+00:30:44,020 --> 00:30:48,080
+Before she leaves, she is going to finish her
+
+352
+00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:52,880
+work. Thank you. Look, before she leaves, okay?
+
+353
+00:30:53,460 --> 00:30:59,140
+She is going to finish her work. Look, this is one
+
+354
+00:30:59,140 --> 00:31:03,240
+clause and this is another clause. This is the
+
+355
+00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:08,420
+main clause, she is going, okay? And before she
+
+356
+00:31:08,420 --> 00:31:12,960
+leaves is a time clause. This time a clause begins
+
+357
+00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:17,060
+with what? Before, a word which expresses time.
+
+358
+00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:19,080
+Read the other sentence please.
+
+359
+00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:29,480
+Thank you.
+
+360
+00:31:30,020 --> 00:31:33,740
+Now what's the tense in general? What's the tense?
+
+361
+00:31:34,120 --> 00:31:38,020
+Future. Future. Very good. Look again, I have two
+
+362
+00:31:38,020 --> 00:31:42,130
+clauses, okay? This is the main clause and this is
+
+363
+00:31:42,130 --> 00:31:46,230
+the time clause. Okay? It expresses what? The
+
+364
+00:31:46,230 --> 00:31:51,430
+future. And this expresses what? The future. And
+
+365
+00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:58,970
+this one. Yes, please read. Yeah. The taxi. Look,
+
+366
+00:31:59,130 --> 00:32:03,290
+we are talking about the future. We are talking
+
+367
+00:32:03,290 --> 00:32:07,850
+about the future. Go on. Okay,
+
+368
+00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:16,570
+okay, go on. Thank you. We have a tiny clause and
+
+369
+00:32:16,570 --> 00:32:20,270
+we have a many clause. Tiny clause and many
+
+370
+00:32:20,270 --> 00:32:23,670
+clause. And finally, the last one, yeah?
+
+371
+00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:31,960
+Thank you. Until they come, I'll wait. We have two
+
+372
+00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:35,920
+clauses. Now, generally, the time expressed in
+
+373
+00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:40,120
+these clauses is in the future. Good. Thank you.
+
+374
+00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:45,060
+We have, look, a time clause. Beginning with
+
+375
+00:32:45,060 --> 00:32:48,480
+until, a timing clause beginning with as soon as,
+
+376
+00:32:48,580 --> 00:32:52,860
+after and before. After and before. Where is the
+
+377
+00:32:52,860 --> 00:32:57,220
+verb in this timing clause? For example, arrives.
+
+378
+00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:03,720
+It is a simple present. But what does it express?
+
+379
+00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:09,620
+Expresses the future. Expresses the future. If you
+
+380
+00:33:09,620 --> 00:33:14,580
+go to Egypt, you will see the Nile. If you go to
+
+381
+00:33:14,580 --> 00:33:19,240
+Egypt, this is the future. You will see the Nile.
+
+382
+00:33:22,620 --> 00:33:24,720
+Can we use the future here?
+
+383
+00:33:27,460 --> 00:33:31,560
+Can we use the future in the time clause? No. So
+
+384
+00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:36,960
+the future is
+
+385
+00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:39,840
+not used in the time clause. We use the present
+
+386
+00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:41,360
+simple to express what?
+
+387
+00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:50,240
+When you invite me, I will come. When you ask me,
+
+388
+00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:51,580
+I will answer.
+
+389
+00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:59,560
+What will you do when you go to the kitchen? When
+
+390
+00:33:59,560 --> 00:34:06,920
+I go to the kitchen, I will eat. What will you do
+
+391
+00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:08,000
+when you go to the library?
+
+392
+00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,460
+Good. What will you do when you go to the
+
+393
+00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:14,000
+supermarket?
+
+394
+00:34:17,260 --> 00:34:23,080
+Again, when? When I go to the supermarket.
+
+395
+00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:38,060
+Okay, good. I will buy, I will bring. Okay. What
+
+396
+00:34:38,060 --> 00:34:42,160
+will you do when you save money? When I save
+
+397
+00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:45,600
+money, I will buy a car.
+
+398
+00:34:48,860 --> 00:34:52,360
+I will buy a laptop. I will buy a new mobile.
+
+399
+00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:59,920
+Okay, good. Now, in these sentences, you see we
+
+400
+00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:07,460
+have a time clause and another main clause. In the
+
+401
+00:35:07,460 --> 00:35:12,880
+time clause, we use The present symbol to express
+
+402
+00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:17,320
+what? To express the future. We don't use the
+
+403
+00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:20,880
+future in the time clause here to express the
+
+404
+00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:25,580
+future. We use the present symbol. Now look again
+
+405
+00:35:25,580 --> 00:35:28,960
+at the previous page. Okay, would you please read?
+
+406
+00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,860
+Yes, read. Expressing the future in time clause.
+
+407
+00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:37,500
+Yeah. Pop will come soon when Ali comes. No, Pop
+
+408
+00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:42,540
+will come soon when Ali comes, yeah? When Ali
+
+409
+00:35:42,540 --> 00:35:46,300
+comes. This is what? Present symbol. Where is the
+
+410
+00:35:46,300 --> 00:35:51,220
+time clause? When Ali comes. Okay. It is made of a
+
+411
+00:35:51,220 --> 00:35:55,620
+time expressing word and this is what? A subject.
+
+412
+00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:59,800
+Okay. And this is what? A verb. And this is a
+
+413
+00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:04,910
+verb. Okay. Now, can you think of similar
+
+414
+00:36:04,910 --> 00:36:09,330
+examples? Use a time clause with when, after,
+
+415
+00:36:09,510 --> 00:36:14,030
+before, as soon as to express what? To express the
+
+416
+00:36:14,030 --> 00:36:18,170
+future. And I want to see the verb you use. Go on,
+
+417
+00:36:18,330 --> 00:36:21,470
+think of one example. Think of one example from
+
+418
+00:36:21,470 --> 00:36:21,930
+your own.
+
+419
+00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:39,700
+Uh-huh. Yes, please Thank
+
+420
+00:36:39,700 --> 00:36:44,740
+you very much. Thank you very much good as soon as
+
+421
+00:36:44,740 --> 00:36:54,200
+he comes they will go out. Yeah Okay
+
+422
+00:36:54,200 --> 00:37:02,140
+after I finish this lecture
+
+423
+00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:11,080
+Okay, I will leave. Okay, I will leave this room,
+
+424
+00:37:11,160 --> 00:37:18,580
+right? Okay, now we have two clauses. Where is the
+
+425
+00:37:18,580 --> 00:37:24,580
+time clause? Yeah? After I finish and I will
+
+426
+00:37:24,580 --> 00:37:27,920
+leave. This is the main clause. I want somebody to
+
+427
+00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:30,900
+come here and to write, to complete this sentence.
+
+428
+00:37:31,540 --> 00:37:35,760
+I will. Okay, who can come and complete? Yes,
+
+429
+00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:39,300
+please. Come. No, no. I want you to write it.
+
+430
+00:37:57,850 --> 00:38:09,830
+go on go on leave here okay
+
+431
+00:38:09,830 --> 00:38:13,070
+thank you very much thank you now what do you
+
+432
+00:38:13,070 --> 00:38:14,890
+think of this sentence yeah
+
+433
+00:38:18,200 --> 00:38:22,760
+Okay, simply, we don't use a comma. We don't use a
+
+434
+00:38:22,760 --> 00:38:28,120
+comma when we start with the main clause. You use
+
+435
+00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:31,900
+a comma only if you begin with the time clause.
+
+436
+00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:35,180
+After the time clause, there is a comma. But if
+
+437
+00:38:35,180 --> 00:38:38,100
+you begin with the other clause, the main clause,
+
+438
+00:38:38,260 --> 00:38:40,800
+don't use a comma. Now it is a good sentence,
+
+439
+00:38:40,960 --> 00:38:43,680
+okay? Thank you very much. It is a good sentence.
+
+440
+00:38:44,460 --> 00:38:47,260
+Don't use a comma if you start with the main
+
+441
+00:38:47,260 --> 00:38:47,700
+clause.
+
+442
+00:39:03,350 --> 00:39:07,970
+Now, as we said, a timing clause begins with or
+
+443
+00:39:07,970 --> 00:39:12,510
+begins with such words as when, before, after, and
+
+444
+00:39:12,510 --> 00:39:16,170
+you know, they indicate time or they show time.
+
+445
+00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:20,690
+Okay, the timing clause can be used at the
+
+446
+00:39:20,690 --> 00:39:25,870
+beginning of the sentence. Okay? Or at the second
+
+447
+00:39:25,870 --> 00:39:29,910
+part of the sentence. As we said, if you begin
+
+448
+00:39:29,910 --> 00:39:33,910
+with the time clause, use what? A comma. And if
+
+449
+00:39:33,910 --> 00:39:36,530
+you begin with the main clause, the other clause,
+
+450
+00:39:37,150 --> 00:39:41,390
+okay? Don't use a comma. Don't use a comma. Okay.
+
+451
+00:39:48,350 --> 00:39:56,690
+Now, when I say, while I'm driving home, I'm going
+
+452
+00:39:56,690 --> 00:40:02,330
+to listen to the news. While I'm driving home, I'm
+
+453
+00:40:02,330 --> 00:40:07,210
+going to listen to the news. While I'm driving.
+
+454
+00:40:10,370 --> 00:40:15,070
+Which tense is used? Present progressive. Good.
+
+455
+00:40:15,190 --> 00:40:21,170
+What does it indicate? What does it show? Which
+
+456
+00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:25,730
+tense I mean? Future. Okay, thank you very much.
+
+457
+00:40:26,290 --> 00:40:31,190
+Now, when I use the progressive in the time
+
+458
+00:40:31,190 --> 00:40:32,970
+clause, what do you understand?
+
+459
+00:40:36,530 --> 00:40:39,950
+It shows a progressive event for future. Okay,
+
+460
+00:40:40,350 --> 00:40:43,090
+thank you. The action will be what? In progress.
+
+461
+00:40:43,650 --> 00:40:47,650
+The action will be in progress. While I'm watching
+
+462
+00:40:47,650 --> 00:40:53,730
+TV this evening, okay, I'm going to to call my
+
+463
+00:40:53,730 --> 00:40:58,910
+friend, I'm going to have some tea, okay? So you
+
+464
+00:40:58,910 --> 00:41:01,530
+can use the progressive to indicate that the
+
+465
+00:41:01,530 --> 00:41:06,070
+action is what will be going on, will be in
+
+466
+00:41:06,070 --> 00:41:09,490
+progress in a certain time in the future.
+
+467
+00:41:12,620 --> 00:41:15,980
+Now look at the other sentences. I will go to bed
+
+468
+00:41:15,980 --> 00:41:18,340
+after I finish my work.
+
+469
+00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:30,660
+You can use the simple and you can use the
+
+470
+00:41:30,660 --> 00:41:34,220
+perfect. But what do you think? What indication?
+
+471
+00:41:35,060 --> 00:41:37,560
+What is the message you want to convey to the
+
+472
+00:41:37,560 --> 00:41:41,540
+reader or to the listener when you say after I
+
+473
+00:41:41,540 --> 00:41:48,120
+have finished? The action is finished and
+
+474
+00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:50,320
+completed. Very good. Thank you very much.
+
+475
+00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,020
+Your mother asked you to do something. What do you
+
+476
+00:42:00,020 --> 00:42:05,840
+say? I will do it. I will clean the house after I
+
+477
+00:42:05,840 --> 00:42:12,000
+finish my homework or after I have finished. If
+
+478
+00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:17,980
+you want to assure her, to emphasize that you will
+
+479
+00:42:17,980 --> 00:42:25,090
+do it after I have finished. So we can use the
+
+480
+00:42:25,090 --> 00:42:34,110
+perfect to emphasize that the action is
+
+481
+00:42:34,110 --> 00:42:42,110
+completed. Use the simple or use the perfect.
+
+482
+00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:50,240
+Let's stop and make a summary of what we had
+
+483
+00:42:50,240 --> 00:42:53,220
+today. What did we? Could you please close your
+
+484
+00:42:53,220 --> 00:42:56,580
+box? Could you please close your box? Open your
+
+485
+00:42:56,580 --> 00:42:59,200
+minds and tell me what did we talk about today?
+
+486
+00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:02,140
+Yes, make a brief summary. What did you understand
+
+487
+00:43:02,140 --> 00:43:03,780
+from this lecture? Suha?
+
+488
+00:43:07,520 --> 00:43:10,720
+Good, thank you. We used will to make a polite
+
+489
+00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:11,160
+request.
+
+490
+00:43:15,490 --> 00:43:18,630
+Okay, if there is no pre-planning, you decide now,
+
+491
+00:43:18,730 --> 00:43:21,130
+you use well. Thank you very much. Good. Yes,
+
+492
+00:43:21,210 --> 00:43:21,490
+please.
+
+493
+00:43:25,810 --> 00:43:29,190
+Very good.
+
+494
+00:43:29,710 --> 00:43:33,610
+So, they are used for prediction, express future
+
+495
+00:43:33,610 --> 00:43:35,190
+time. Thank you. Ahlam.
+
+496
+00:43:38,590 --> 00:43:44,790
+We use again? Thank you very much. We use want to
+
+497
+00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:48,050
+express what? Refusal. Okay, you are not
+
+498
+00:43:48,050 --> 00:43:49,270
+accepting. Yes, please.
+
+499
+00:43:55,450 --> 00:44:00,470
+For pre-planning, okay? For pre-planning. She's
+
+500
+00:44:00,470 --> 00:44:07,110
+going to buy a cake. You know why? Her friends are
+
+501
+00:44:07,110 --> 00:44:10,430
+visiting her tonight. Yes, thank you. Yes, please.
+
+502
+00:44:14,350 --> 00:44:14,830
+Okay,
+
+503
+00:44:18,870 --> 00:44:21,450
+so we can abbreviate it. We can make the
+
+504
+00:44:21,450 --> 00:44:25,550
+contraction in speech. Okay, good. Thank you. Yes,
+
+505
+00:44:25,630 --> 00:44:25,950
+please.
+
+506
+00:44:33,440 --> 00:44:37,380
+Very good. Thank you. A good point. Yes. Your
+
+507
+00:44:37,380 --> 00:44:38,900
+point. Good. Yeah.
+
+508
+00:44:44,700 --> 00:44:48,440
+Thank you.
+
+509
+00:44:48,580 --> 00:44:52,240
+Good. So if you start with the time clause, okay,
+
+510
+00:44:52,460 --> 00:44:55,420
+it should be followed with a comma. But if you
+
+511
+00:44:55,420 --> 00:44:59,920
+begin with the main clause, okay, don't write a
+
+512
+00:44:59,920 --> 00:45:01,620
+comma after it. Yes, please.
+
+513
+00:45:06,870 --> 00:45:09,410
+Thank you. Good. Yes, please.
+
+514
+00:45:14,270 --> 00:45:18,110
+Very good.
+
+515
+00:45:18,250 --> 00:45:20,730
+An activity will be in progress in the future.
+
+516
+00:45:21,190 --> 00:45:22,110
+Yes, please. Yasmin.
+
+517
+00:45:26,810 --> 00:45:32,290
+Very good. We use the present symbol to express
+
+518
+00:45:32,290 --> 00:45:33,670
+the future. Yes, please.
+
+519
+00:45:37,310 --> 00:45:39,710
+Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Yes,
+
+520
+00:45:39,830 --> 00:45:40,110
+please.
+
+521
+00:45:44,110 --> 00:45:50,650
+Good. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you very much. Do you
+
+522
+00:45:50,650 --> 00:45:53,170
+want to ask me about any point in today's lecture?
+
+523
+00:45:53,530 --> 00:45:56,310
+Any question? Okay. Thank you very much.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/V2qljKhRolo_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1656 @@
+1
+00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:25,380
+Good morning to you all. Assalamualaikum. How are
+
+2
+00:00:25,380 --> 00:00:31,640
+you today? Feeling well today? Good. No more
+
+3
+00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:35,580
+exams? Good, that's nice.
+
+4
+00:00:39,220 --> 00:00:43,380
+Now, if
+
+5
+00:00:43,380 --> 00:00:49,800
+we look at this word, my family, It is a noun.
+
+6
+00:00:50,340 --> 00:00:54,300
+What type of noun? What did we call it? Yeah, very
+
+7
+00:00:54,300 --> 00:00:56,900
+good. It is a collective noun. Thank you. Can you
+
+8
+00:00:56,900 --> 00:01:00,610
+give me another collective noun? Team. Team. Very
+
+9
+00:01:00,610 --> 00:01:02,790
+good. That's right. Another collective noun.
+
+10
+00:01:02,890 --> 00:01:05,370
+Group. Thank you very much. That's right. So, they
+
+11
+00:01:05,370 --> 00:01:08,690
+are collective nouns. You know, a collective noun,
+
+12
+00:01:09,030 --> 00:01:13,390
+it is one word, but includes a lot of persons.
+
+13
+00:01:13,890 --> 00:01:18,450
+Yeah, members. How shall we use it grammatically?
+
+14
+00:01:18,770 --> 00:01:24,500
+Shall I say it? They, singular, plural, okay? If
+
+15
+00:01:24,500 --> 00:01:26,680
+you look at the first sentence, would you read the
+
+16
+00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:29,820
+first sentence, please? My family is large. It's
+
+17
+00:01:29,820 --> 00:01:35,180
+composed of nine members. My family is large. It
+
+18
+00:01:35,180 --> 00:01:38,940
+is composed of, it is, the family is composed.
+
+19
+00:01:39,560 --> 00:01:45,080
+Now, I'm talking about the family as one unit,
+
+20
+00:01:45,420 --> 00:01:49,420
+okay? As one unit. Now, what's your family name?
+
+21
+00:01:51,060 --> 00:01:54,340
+Aburyala. Good. What's your family name? Shahada.
+
+22
+00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:57,920
+You know, Shahada and Aburyala are two different
+
+23
+00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:02,760
+families. Now I mean the family as one unit. I'm
+
+24
+00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:05,260
+not talking about the members of the family as
+
+25
+00:02:05,260 --> 00:02:09,880
+members, okay? In this case, when it is a unit,
+
+26
+00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,200
+when I'm talking about the collective noun as a
+
+27
+00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:17,720
+unit, I say it is composed of. Okay? It is
+
+28
+00:02:17,720 --> 00:02:21,820
+composed of. But look at the other sentence. My
+
+29
+00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:26,540
+family is loving and supportive. My family is
+
+30
+00:02:26,540 --> 00:02:30,380
+loving and supportive. When I talk about love in
+
+31
+00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:34,020
+the family, for example, my father loves my
+
+32
+00:02:34,020 --> 00:02:37,840
+mother. She loves him. They love us. We love them.
+
+33
+00:02:38,060 --> 00:02:42,060
+I love my sisters. My sisters love me. My brothers
+
+34
+00:02:42,060 --> 00:02:45,580
+love each other and so on. So I'm talking about
+
+35
+00:02:47,740 --> 00:02:50,900
+That's right. It refers to the members of the
+
+36
+00:02:50,900 --> 00:02:54,840
+family. Okay, I'm talking about the member. So in
+
+37
+00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:59,640
+the first example, I talked about the family as an
+
+38
+00:02:59,640 --> 00:03:04,080
+impersonal unit. I did not mean the persons, the
+
+39
+00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:07,940
+people in the family. So I say it. But when I mean
+
+40
+00:03:07,940 --> 00:03:11,340
+the members, the persons, the individuals of the
+
+41
+00:03:12,170 --> 00:03:15,650
+Now, the family for example, I should use what?
+
+42
+00:03:16,330 --> 00:03:25,470
+They. Now, look at this example. My family is, are
+
+43
+00:03:25,470 --> 00:03:32,630
+loving and supportive. Is or are? Is and are.
+
+44
+00:03:32,810 --> 00:03:39,850
+Good. Is and are. Now, In general, in general,
+
+45
+00:03:40,430 --> 00:03:44,510
+when I mean the family as one unit, I say the
+
+46
+00:03:44,510 --> 00:03:48,970
+family is. Okay? It. But when I mean the members,
+
+47
+00:03:49,210 --> 00:03:53,730
+I mean what? Are. But there is a slight difference
+
+48
+00:03:53,730 --> 00:03:56,390
+in British English between British English and
+
+49
+00:03:56,390 --> 00:03:58,090
+American English. Okay?
+
+50
+00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:04,920
+In American English, they say what? The government
+
+51
+00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:08,300
+is. The government is a collective noun, right?
+
+52
+00:04:08,820 --> 00:04:12,800
+But in Britain, they say the government are. The
+
+53
+00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:18,160
+government are, okay? In some countries, they say,
+
+54
+00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:18,580
+yeah?
+
+55
+00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:26,680
+Yeah, in some countries, things are different, so
+
+56
+00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:29,900
+it depends on the country. Now here in this,
+
+57
+00:04:30,360 --> 00:04:35,560
+generally speaking, the Americans say the family
+
+58
+00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:39,700
+it, always, the government it. But in British
+
+59
+00:04:39,700 --> 00:04:43,220
+English, the government are and the family are.
+
+60
+00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:47,680
+Now look, these are examples of collective nouns.
+
+61
+00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:52,720
+Would you read please? Class, crowd Audience
+
+62
+00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:10,560
+Now look at this exercise. Read the introduction
+
+63
+00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:11,120
+Khadija.
+
+64
+00:05:15,280 --> 00:05:15,840
+Look,
+
+65
+00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:23,120
+this is very important. In some of the sentences,
+
+66
+00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:27,840
+there is more than one possibility. Okay? It means
+
+67
+00:05:27,840 --> 00:05:30,940
+you can use the singular and you can use what? The
+
+68
+00:05:30,940 --> 00:05:33,880
+plural. This is right and this is right. Go on.
+
+69
+00:05:34,390 --> 00:05:37,350
+Choose the correct singular or plural verb in both
+
+70
+00:05:37,350 --> 00:05:40,130
+cases as necessary. Thank you. Now let's start.
+
+71
+00:05:40,230 --> 00:05:43,850
+Number one. I looked up some information about the
+
+72
+00:05:43,850 --> 00:05:47,370
+average American families. I found out that it
+
+73
+00:05:47,370 --> 00:05:51,110
+consists of two points each other. Okay, so what
+
+74
+00:05:51,110 --> 00:05:54,370
+shall I write? It consists. It consists. Thank
+
+75
+00:05:54,370 --> 00:06:00,190
+you. Good. It consists. Thank you. Next one. Yes,
+
+76
+00:06:00,270 --> 00:06:04,820
+please. The audience clap enthusiastically,
+
+77
+00:06:05,820 --> 00:06:10,540
+obviously they have enjoyed the concert. What do
+
+78
+00:06:10,540 --> 00:06:13,560
+you think? Because we are talking about they are
+
+79
+00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:18,360
+as individuals. Now, when they are clapping, can
+
+80
+00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:21,880
+you distinguish who is doing the action? Can I say
+
+81
+00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:24,840
+Huda is clapping, Maha is clapping, Fatima is
+
+82
+00:06:24,840 --> 00:06:29,160
+clapping? Or they are clapping as one unit? I mean
+
+83
+00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:33,000
+they have enjoyed. Okay, they have enjoyed also
+
+84
+00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:36,080
+and they are they are clapping. Okay, they
+
+85
+00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:36,680
+clapped.
+
+86
+00:06:41,280 --> 00:06:44,840
+All of them because you all of them clapped and
+
+87
+00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:53,000
+all of them enjoyed. So yes, they had it as one.
+
+88
+00:06:53,180 --> 00:06:59,480
+Yes. Now. Now listen. Yes. When I mean the
+
+89
+00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:05,400
+members, I say they. Now, when the audience is
+
+90
+00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:09,260
+clapping between two brackets, it or they, are
+
+91
+00:07:09,260 --> 00:07:14,300
+they clapping as one group or as different people?
+
+92
+00:07:14,340 --> 00:07:18,580
+One group. Okay. Now, they are clapping together.
+
+93
+00:07:18,740 --> 00:07:21,520
+I cannot distinguish who's doing the action. Is
+
+94
+00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,130
+this one or that one? I cannot. Okay, distinguish.
+
+95
+00:07:25,610 --> 00:07:28,510
+So, they are clubbing as if they are one body.
+
+96
+00:07:28,950 --> 00:07:39,730
+Okay? As one unit. So, we say it. It had number
+
+97
+00:07:39,730 --> 00:07:44,590
+four. Yes, please. The crowds at the soccer game
+
+98
+00:07:44,590 --> 00:07:50,770
+was huge. It exceeded 100,000 people. Now, why it?
+
+99
+00:07:52,350 --> 00:07:57,990
+Now, the crowd were one hundred thousand people.
+
+100
+00:07:58,390 --> 00:08:04,110
+One hundred thousand people, the crowd, okay? So,
+
+101
+00:08:04,410 --> 00:08:08,970
+one hundred thousand people. We say is or are?
+
+102
+00:08:09,450 --> 00:08:18,610
+Are. Okay, so we say they. Doctor. Yes. Here, when
+
+103
+00:08:18,610 --> 00:08:23,370
+we say my family is large, it is composed of nine
+
+104
+00:08:23,370 --> 00:08:32,130
+members. Okay. It is the same. Now, you could be
+
+105
+00:08:32,130 --> 00:08:37,570
+right, but here, you know, because, you know, this
+
+106
+00:08:37,570 --> 00:08:42,180
+is clear, one hundred thousand people. It is a
+
+107
+00:08:42,180 --> 00:08:45,220
+unit. How it is a unit? Okay, it is a unit, but
+
+108
+00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:49,620
+okay, now the crowd equals one hundred people.
+
+109
+00:08:52,940 --> 00:08:58,820
+It is what? Anyhow, we said, we said again, okay,
+
+110
+00:08:59,020 --> 00:09:03,040
+now this is the crowd equals one hundred people,
+
+111
+00:09:03,180 --> 00:09:08,160
+so one hundred people are. One hundred people are,
+
+112
+00:09:08,220 --> 00:09:13,550
+not is. So I think much better to use they. Next
+
+113
+00:09:13,550 --> 00:09:18,230
+one. Nine members also are, but we say it is
+
+114
+00:09:18,230 --> 00:09:23,110
+composed. Nine, which one? This example, my family
+
+115
+00:09:23,110 --> 00:09:29,030
+is large. This sentence and this are the same. In
+
+116
+00:09:29,030 --> 00:09:33,770
+the previous example. In the previous example. So
+
+117
+00:09:33,770 --> 00:09:40,090
+it is possible that you use it. Okay. Yeah. Next
+
+118
+00:09:40,090 --> 00:09:40,750
+one.
+
+119
+00:09:43,170 --> 00:09:51,730
+I think
+
+120
+00:09:51,730 --> 00:09:57,030
+there is a full stop here. Okay? I think there is
+
+121
+00:09:57,030 --> 00:10:02,410
+a full stop. So, we say what? They. Thank you.
+
+122
+00:10:03,630 --> 00:10:03,870
+They.
+
+123
+00:10:12,290 --> 00:10:14,930
+Next one. Yes, please.
+
+124
+00:10:18,210 --> 00:10:22,630
+It was
+
+125
+00:10:22,630 --> 00:10:24,850
+larger than. Thank you.
+
+126
+00:10:30,790 --> 00:10:38,330
+Next one. Next one. Yes, please. The class is
+
+127
+00:10:38,330 --> 00:10:42,130
+planning a party for the last day of school. They
+
+128
+00:10:42,130 --> 00:10:44,370
+are going to bring many different kinds of food
+
+129
+00:10:44,370 --> 00:10:48,410
+and invite some of their friends to celebrate with
+
+130
+00:10:48,410 --> 00:10:52,890
+the class. So they are, good, they are, yeah?
+
+131
+00:10:54,010 --> 00:11:00,670
+Invite some of their friends to invite with them.
+
+132
+00:11:01,010 --> 00:11:06,640
+Thank you. And finally, finally, yes? The class is
+
+133
+00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:09,740
+too small. It is going to be cancelled. It is
+
+134
+00:11:09,740 --> 00:11:14,240
+going. Thank you. It is going to be cancelled.
+
+135
+00:11:22,860 --> 00:11:24,580
+Check your answers again.
+
+136
+00:11:40,310 --> 00:11:45,430
+Reflexive pronouns. Would you read please the
+
+137
+00:11:45,430 --> 00:11:46,470
+reflexive pronouns?
+
+138
+00:11:54,490 --> 00:11:59,810
+Thank you.
+
+139
+00:12:00,250 --> 00:12:04,890
+Good. Before starting talking about reflexive
+
+140
+00:12:04,890 --> 00:12:11,250
+pronouns, There is a very big mistake most of the
+
+141
+00:12:11,250 --> 00:12:19,490
+students commit. You know, we say our selves. Some
+
+142
+00:12:19,490 --> 00:12:24,270
+people write our self. Be careful, this is not
+
+143
+00:12:24,270 --> 00:12:29,050
+English. Okay? And themselves.
+
+144
+00:12:31,410 --> 00:12:36,790
+Also, this is not used. Please be careful. If you
+
+145
+00:12:36,790 --> 00:12:40,450
+want to use self, this is singular, use it with a
+
+146
+00:12:40,450 --> 00:12:46,250
+singular pronoun. My, your, him, it, one. Okay? If
+
+147
+00:12:46,250 --> 00:12:49,850
+you want to use selves, use it with plural
+
+148
+00:12:49,850 --> 00:12:56,210
+pronouns. Your, our, your and themselves.
+
+149
+00:13:03,690 --> 00:13:06,090
+Look at the first sentence. Would you read the
+
+150
+00:13:06,090 --> 00:13:10,130
+sentence? Larry was in the theater. I saw him. I
+
+151
+00:13:10,130 --> 00:13:15,250
+talked to him. Thank you. Now, I saw him. What
+
+152
+00:13:15,250 --> 00:13:20,730
+type of pronoun is him? It is an object pronoun.
+
+153
+00:13:20,930 --> 00:13:23,650
+Very good. It is an object pronoun. If you look at
+
+154
+00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:27,990
+this sentence. Larry was in the theater. I saw
+
+155
+00:13:27,990 --> 00:13:33,780
+him. Him, this is what? Object of the? Them. This
+
+156
+00:13:33,780 --> 00:13:37,260
+is object of the verb. Now, what about the other
+
+157
+00:13:37,260 --> 00:13:42,120
+one, him? It is object of the preposition. Thank
+
+158
+00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:48,120
+you. Now, the object, a pronoun is usually used as
+
+159
+00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:54,920
+what? As the object of the verb or the object of
+
+160
+00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:57,740
+the preposition. Thank you. Look at this sentence,
+
+161
+00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:02,550
+I saw myself in the mirror. Where is the subject?
+
+162
+00:14:03,390 --> 00:14:08,930
+I. Good. Where is the object? Myself. Good. By the
+
+163
+00:14:08,930 --> 00:14:13,850
+way, the object is usually an answer to what? An
+
+164
+00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:18,110
+answer to what? Now, I read a story. What did I
+
+165
+00:14:18,110 --> 00:14:23,110
+read? A story. I saw the object. What did I see?
+
+166
+00:14:23,850 --> 00:14:27,910
+The object. Yes. I saw my friend. What did I see?
+
+167
+00:14:28,530 --> 00:14:33,070
+I ate an apple. What did I eat? And so on. Again,
+
+168
+00:14:33,250 --> 00:14:37,330
+usually the object is an answer to what? I saw
+
+169
+00:14:37,330 --> 00:14:42,670
+what? Myself. I saw myself. Now, myself is what?
+
+170
+00:14:43,170 --> 00:14:46,910
+The object of the verb. Very good. It is the
+
+171
+00:14:46,910 --> 00:14:55,060
+object of the verb. Right? Now, I and myself. Are
+
+172
+00:14:55,060 --> 00:14:59,100
+they the same person? Yes. Now when I say for
+
+173
+00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:07,540
+example, Hoda saw herself in the mirror. Hoda and
+
+174
+00:15:07,540 --> 00:15:11,620
+herself are the same person. Now look at the other
+
+175
+00:15:11,620 --> 00:15:16,220
+sentence, I looked at myself for a long time.I,
+
+176
+00:15:16,340 --> 00:15:20,720
+where is the subject? The object? Okay, now this
+
+177
+00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:24,240
+is an object of the verb. What type of object is
+
+178
+00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:28,060
+this? Object of the preposition.
+
+179
+00:15:33,570 --> 00:15:36,610
+The subject and the object of the preposition are
+
+180
+00:15:36,610 --> 00:15:40,350
+what? The same. They are the same person. I'm
+
+181
+00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:45,190
+talking about the same person. She looked at
+
+182
+00:15:45,190 --> 00:15:50,790
+herself in the mirror. Now, in this sentence, I
+
+183
+00:15:50,790 --> 00:15:54,790
+saw myself in the mirror. Can I say I saw me in
+
+184
+00:15:54,790 --> 00:16:01,170
+the mirror? No. So I have to use a reflexive
+
+185
+00:16:01,170 --> 00:16:05,960
+pronoun. If the object of the verb and the subject
+
+186
+00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:10,000
+are the same, we have to use what? A reflexive
+
+187
+00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:13,960
+pronoun. I saw myself, she saw herself, you saw
+
+188
+00:16:13,960 --> 00:16:17,420
+yourself, and so on. Now, look at this sentence.
+
+189
+00:16:18,180 --> 00:16:29,420
+If I say, I took my son with me. I took my son
+
+190
+00:16:29,420 --> 00:16:38,730
+with me. Now, me.is what? It is the object of the
+
+191
+00:16:38,730 --> 00:16:43,510
+preposition. Okay? Where is the subject? Are they
+
+192
+00:16:43,510 --> 00:16:49,430
+the same person? Yes, they are the same person.
+
+193
+00:16:49,770 --> 00:16:54,230
+Okay? Now we say Huda took her son with her. Okay?
+
+194
+00:16:56,030 --> 00:16:59,190
+So now the subject and the object of the
+
+195
+00:16:59,190 --> 00:17:03,250
+preposition are the same person. In the first
+
+196
+00:17:03,250 --> 00:17:05,810
+sentence, you know, this is the object of the
+
+197
+00:17:05,810 --> 00:17:09,650
+preposition. When the subject and the object of
+
+198
+00:17:09,650 --> 00:17:13,530
+the preposition are the same person, we use a
+
+199
+00:17:13,530 --> 00:17:17,190
+reflexive pronoun. In the other sentence, we use
+
+200
+00:17:17,190 --> 00:17:21,710
+what? An object pronoun. So, what do you
+
+201
+00:17:21,710 --> 00:17:22,270
+understand?
+
+202
+00:17:27,140 --> 00:17:31,500
+If the object of the verb and the subject are the
+
+203
+00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:35,900
+same person, we should
+
+204
+00:17:35,900 --> 00:17:39,060
+use
+
+205
+00:17:39,060 --> 00:17:43,460
+a reflexive pronoun. But if the object of the
+
+206
+00:17:43,460 --> 00:17:46,680
+preposition and the subject are the same person,
+
+207
+00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:53,760
+we can use a reflexive pronoun or an object
+
+208
+00:17:53,760 --> 00:18:00,800
+pronoun. Is that clear? Okay? Object of the verb,
+
+209
+00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:05,800
+you must use. Object of the preposition, you can
+
+210
+00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:10,240
+use. Okay? You can use an object pronoun or you
+
+211
+00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:12,880
+can use a subject pronoun. Any question on this
+
+212
+00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:13,260
+point?
+
+213
+00:18:23,390 --> 00:18:27,070
+Now look at this page. Read this example.
+
+214
+00:18:29,850 --> 00:18:35,430
+With me. This is what? Object of the preposition.
+
+215
+00:18:36,050 --> 00:18:38,630
+You know, we did not use a reflexive pronoun.
+
+216
+00:18:39,090 --> 00:18:44,010
+Good, thank you. The other one, read it. With him.
+
+217
+00:18:44,330 --> 00:18:49,890
+Again, object of the preposition. Sorry, we did
+
+218
+00:18:49,890 --> 00:18:53,530
+not use a reflexive pronoun. Again, please. Yeah,
+
+219
+00:18:53,790 --> 00:18:59,830
+read the other one. I looked around me. Thank you.
+
+220
+00:19:00,070 --> 00:19:03,590
+Again, object of the preposition. Next one.
+
+221
+00:19:06,350 --> 00:19:09,650
+Thank you very much. She kept her son close to her
+
+222
+00:19:09,650 --> 00:19:17,230
+object of the preposition. Okay. Now, look at
+
+223
+00:19:17,230 --> 00:19:17,590
+this.
+
+224
+00:19:20,570 --> 00:19:28,650
+Look at this example. Now, let me give you an
+
+225
+00:19:28,650 --> 00:19:32,430
+example. Who put this paper here?
+
+226
+00:19:35,060 --> 00:19:39,900
+I myself put it. Very good. I myself put it. Okay?
+
+227
+00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:50,300
+I myself put
+
+228
+00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:58,760
+it. Good. I myself put it. I myself. You didn't
+
+229
+00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:06,280
+put it here Nada. No. I myself put it. It is used
+
+230
+00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:10,740
+for what? Emphasize or emphatic. Very good. She
+
+231
+00:20:10,740 --> 00:20:14,660
+wants to emphasize. Okay? She wants to emphasize.
+
+232
+00:20:15,420 --> 00:20:19,720
+Now, also, can I say I put it myself?
+
+233
+00:20:23,390 --> 00:20:28,310
+Okay, so we can use to emphasize the action. You
+
+234
+00:20:28,310 --> 00:20:31,410
+can use the reflexive pronoun immediately after
+
+235
+00:20:31,410 --> 00:20:35,150
+the subject or at the end of the sentence.
+
+236
+00:20:39,490 --> 00:20:43,770
+Khadija is living with her family. You are living
+
+237
+00:20:43,770 --> 00:20:47,330
+with the family, right? Now, she is not living by
+
+238
+00:20:47,330 --> 00:20:52,670
+herself, okay? She is not living
+
+239
+00:20:56,230 --> 00:20:57,350
+By herself.
+
+240
+00:21:01,390 --> 00:21:04,950
+What do you understand? By herself. Yeah. Alone.
+
+241
+00:21:05,670 --> 00:21:09,350
+Very good. She's not living alone. Okay. Are you
+
+242
+00:21:09,350 --> 00:21:13,570
+living by yourself? Yes, I'm living with my
+
+243
+00:21:13,570 --> 00:21:18,450
+family. Are you living by yourself? Very good. So
+
+244
+00:21:18,450 --> 00:21:21,830
+I'm also not living by myself. I'm living with my
+
+245
+00:21:21,830 --> 00:21:23,910
+family. Now,
+
+246
+00:21:32,490 --> 00:21:35,410
+look at the examples yeah who wants to read the
+
+247
+00:21:35,410 --> 00:21:40,830
+dialogue i want two students did someone email the
+
+248
+00:21:40,830 --> 00:21:45,550
+report to mr lee yes are you sure yes i myself
+
+249
+00:21:45,550 --> 00:21:48,450
+emailed the report to him i emailed the report
+
+250
+00:21:50,060 --> 00:21:55,240
+Thank you. You know, I myself emailed. Okay, to
+
+251
+00:21:55,240 --> 00:22:00,320
+emphasize the action. Or I emailed myself. I
+
+252
+00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:03,560
+emailed myself. This sentence, when I say Anna
+
+253
+00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:07,020
+lives by herself, it means that she's living.
+
+254
+00:22:07,620 --> 00:22:11,960
+Okay, thank you. She's living alone. Look at the
+
+255
+00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:19,380
+examples. Number one. Number one. Yeah. I'd like
+
+256
+00:22:19,380 --> 00:22:22,960
+you to come here to do the exercise. Go on. Yes,
+
+257
+00:22:23,060 --> 00:22:23,700
+please. Come.
+
+258
+00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:32,680
+Number two. Come, please. Yes, come. You, too.
+
+259
+00:22:32,740 --> 00:22:33,460
+You, too. Come.
+
+260
+00:22:38,220 --> 00:22:41,400
+Okay, speak while you are writing. Talk aloud,
+
+261
+00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:44,980
+please. What did you write? What did you write?
+
+262
+00:22:48,470 --> 00:22:53,330
+Very good. Of herself. Thank you. Go on. Speak
+
+263
+00:22:53,330 --> 00:22:59,690
+while writing. Of himself. Thank you. Next one.
+
+264
+00:22:59,850 --> 00:23:02,210
+Yeah, come please. Come and come.
+
+265
+00:23:05,130 --> 00:23:07,670
+Thank you.
+
+266
+00:23:17,380 --> 00:23:22,360
+We drew a picture of ourselves. Good, thank you.
+
+267
+00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:28,100
+Okay, you drew a picture of yourself. Of yourself,
+
+268
+00:23:28,340 --> 00:23:28,900
+thank you.
+
+269
+00:23:31,820 --> 00:23:32,460
+Yes, come.
+
+270
+00:23:36,860 --> 00:23:40,860
+I drew a picture of myself. Pictures of
+
+271
+00:23:40,860 --> 00:23:42,680
+yourselves, thank you, good.
+
+272
+00:23:51,290 --> 00:23:54,890
+When one draws a picture of oneself, it is called
+
+273
+00:23:54,890 --> 00:24:03,530
+a self of pain. Of what? One self. Just a minute.
+
+274
+00:24:03,650 --> 00:24:06,750
+One self, this is a good answer. Wait. But this is
+
+275
+00:24:06,750 --> 00:24:11,270
+general. One self can be any person, right? Can be
+
+276
+00:24:11,270 --> 00:24:15,070
+Fatima. So when I'm talking about Fatima, I say
+
+277
+00:24:15,070 --> 00:24:20,380
+what? Herself. Good. Or maybe himself. Yeah, and
+
+278
+00:24:20,380 --> 00:24:23,080
+maybe himself. Good. When I'm talking about Ali,
+
+279
+00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:26,840
+for example, himself. Thank you. Yeah?
+
+280
+00:24:32,620 --> 00:24:34,840
+Next exercise, come please.
+
+281
+00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:42,760
+Clean, clean, then write.
+
+282
+00:24:59,540 --> 00:25:03,260
+Thank you. Come.
+
+283
+00:25:10,500 --> 00:25:11,900
+Good.
+
+284
+00:25:30,040 --> 00:25:31,320
+Thank you.
+
+285
+00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:39,660
+Yes. Now that there are children growing, Mr and
+
+286
+00:25:39,660 --> 00:25:41,340
+Mrs Bryson live by
+
+287
+00:25:51,220 --> 00:25:57,120
+Should I make 10 or 1? I can make it. But it's
+
+288
+00:25:57,120 --> 00:25:58,420
+very hard for me.
+
+289
+00:26:09,360 --> 00:26:12,760
+Okay, just a minute. You are addressing Anne.
+
+290
+00:26:13,940 --> 00:26:19,540
+Anne, you are addressing her. You are talking to
+
+291
+00:26:19,540 --> 00:26:24,000
+her. So, what do you think? Yourself. Good. You
+
+292
+00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:24,500
+yourself.
+
+293
+00:26:31,140 --> 00:26:32,480
+Yes, come please.
+
+294
+00:26:43,260 --> 00:26:45,020
+Clean, clean and right.
+
+295
+00:26:55,100 --> 00:27:03,180
+You are
+
+296
+00:27:03,180 --> 00:27:06,280
+talking to two people. Yes, you are going to
+
+297
+00:27:07,430 --> 00:27:11,310
+Yourselves. Good. Yourselves. Next one.
+
+298
+00:27:15,470 --> 00:27:20,050
+Teacher? You want to ask? No, nine. Nine. Okay,
+
+299
+00:27:20,170 --> 00:27:22,510
+nine for you. Just wait. Let she do it.
+
+300
+00:27:26,170 --> 00:27:29,810
+I hate my job and me too. I'm very jealous of
+
+301
+00:27:29,810 --> 00:27:33,290
+myself. Yeah, I'd like to work for myself too.
+
+302
+00:27:33,530 --> 00:27:38,290
+Okay. Thank you. Work for myself too. Good. Now,
+
+303
+00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:42,630
+what does it mean work for myself? My own
+
+304
+00:27:42,630 --> 00:27:50,610
+business. Okay. Good. You want to ask? Okay. What
+
+305
+00:27:50,610 --> 00:27:54,390
+did she write? Myself, your... No? What about
+
+306
+00:27:54,390 --> 00:27:57,510
+number seven? Yourselves. Yourselves. Okay.
+
+307
+00:27:57,750 --> 00:28:01,570
+Selves. You are talking to two people. Yourselves.
+
+308
+00:28:14,970 --> 00:28:18,350
+Go on, go on. Don't worry. Just when you need to
+
+309
+00:28:18,350 --> 00:28:21,130
+eat better and get more exercise, you should take
+
+310
+00:28:21,130 --> 00:28:22,590
+better care of yourself.
+
+311
+00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:33,140
+Your father takes care of himself. Good. I take
+
+312
+00:28:33,140 --> 00:28:37,020
+care of myself.
+
+313
+00:28:40,560 --> 00:28:44,060
+Okay. My father and I are healthy because we take
+
+314
+00:28:44,060 --> 00:28:47,080
+good care of ourselves. Of ourselves, good.
+
+315
+00:28:50,540 --> 00:28:52,480
+People who take care of themselves.
+
+316
+00:28:59,060 --> 00:29:26,850
+Thank you. Check your answers Exercise
+
+317
+00:29:26,850 --> 00:29:30,830
+19 Homework Do it at home
+
+318
+00:29:34,610 --> 00:29:36,810
+Now, let's come to this exercise.
+
+319
+00:29:41,090 --> 00:29:46,330
+Choose the correct words in italics. Number one.
+
+320
+00:29:47,950 --> 00:29:50,950
+Number one. Yes, come please. Come here.
+
+321
+00:29:59,330 --> 00:30:06,540
+Penguins or penguin? Penguins. Ah, okay. A plural
+
+322
+00:30:06,540 --> 00:30:11,740
+verb needs what? A plural noun. Go on. They are
+
+323
+00:30:11,740 --> 00:30:16,200
+existing. They are existing creatures. Creature or
+
+324
+00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:20,220
+creatures? Creatures. Creature with S or without
+
+325
+00:30:20,220 --> 00:30:25,620
+S? With S. With S. Good. You are right. They are,
+
+326
+00:30:25,660 --> 00:30:27,320
+they are big.
+
+327
+00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:36,300
+They are birds, but they can fly. Good. Thank you.
+
+328
+00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:40,560
+Thank you very much. Next one. Next one. New ones.
+
+329
+00:30:40,740 --> 00:30:45,340
+Yes, please. Come. Next you. Yeah, come.
+
+330
+00:30:53,740 --> 00:30:55,120
+Millions of years ago
+
+331
+00:31:00,460 --> 00:31:05,100
+Good. These wings changed and the birds adapted to
+
+332
+00:31:05,100 --> 00:31:06,920
+their environment. Read it again, please. How do
+
+333
+00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:11,520
+we read this word? These. These. Okay, yeah. These
+
+334
+00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:15,400
+wings changed and the birds adapted to their
+
+335
+00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:21,140
+environment. Plural, thank you. Next one.
+
+336
+00:31:37,420 --> 00:31:41,720
+Now, just a minute. Which one did you choose? Can
+
+337
+00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:43,600
+you tell me what's the difference between this
+
+338
+00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:47,100
+word and that word? No, no, no. She can. She can.
+
+339
+00:31:48,420 --> 00:31:52,060
+Yeah. This is apostrophe S and the other one is
+
+340
+00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:55,020
+apostrophe. What's the difference between them?
+
+341
+00:31:56,720 --> 00:31:59,180
+Okay. This is a plural. Very good. And this is
+
+342
+00:31:59,180 --> 00:32:01,400
+what? Singular. Thank you very much. You are
+
+343
+00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:07,020
+right. Go on. So, which one do we want? The
+
+344
+00:32:07,020 --> 00:32:14,920
+second, good. Yes, food, was. Food, fish, good.
+
+345
+00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:18,740
+Penguins needed to be able to swim to find their
+
+346
+00:32:18,740 --> 00:32:25,940
+food. So, if you want, eventually, their wings.
+
+347
+00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:27,220
+Their wings, good.
+
+348
+00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:40,280
+Evolved into suckers. Flippers, yeah. Enable them,
+
+349
+00:32:40,660 --> 00:32:41,360
+good.
+
+350
+00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:49,880
+Thank you very much, good. Yes, yes please.
+
+351
+00:32:58,340 --> 00:33:01,400
+Pigs would spend most of their lives in water. No
+
+352
+00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:08,000
+questions on the exercise. You should understand
+
+353
+00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,900
+before you write. If you don't understand, ask,
+
+354
+00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:16,460
+why this not that? Go on. Pigs would spend most of
+
+355
+00:33:16,460 --> 00:33:19,300
+their lives in water however they lay their eggs
+
+356
+00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:29,140
+on land. Thank you. In water. Eggs on land. Water,
+
+357
+00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:33,060
+eggs on land. Thank you. Next one. Yes, please.
+
+358
+00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:33,580
+Come.
+
+359
+00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:52,040
+Very good. Thank you. What about the others? New
+
+360
+00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:56,900
+ones. The same faces every time. What about the
+
+361
+00:33:56,900 --> 00:33:59,710
+others? Yes, come.
+
+362
+00:34:05,930 --> 00:34:13,630
+Sorry? Number five. Who can answer her question?
+
+363
+00:34:14,510 --> 00:34:18,430
+Why not habits? We say habits. Why do we use the
+
+364
+00:34:18,430 --> 00:34:18,730
+plural?
+
+365
+00:34:23,710 --> 00:34:27,310
+Now, habit, this is a singular count noun, okay?
+
+366
+00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:35,670
+Now, if I say, can I tell you, take red pen, take
+
+367
+00:34:35,670 --> 00:34:39,870
+red pen or this red pen. I cannot say this red pen
+
+368
+00:34:39,870 --> 00:34:45,230
+or black pen. I should say, this is a red pen or
+
+369
+00:34:45,230 --> 00:34:50,890
+this is the black pen. Take this black pen. So the
+
+370
+00:34:50,890 --> 00:34:54,310
+singular should be used with a pronoun, with an
+
+371
+00:34:54,310 --> 00:34:57,590
+article. Okay? Should be preceded by things like
+
+372
+00:34:57,590 --> 00:35:00,470
+that. I cannot say, you know, have interesting
+
+373
+00:35:00,470 --> 00:35:06,470
+what? So after that, we should use a plural noun.
+
+374
+00:35:07,370 --> 00:35:13,490
+Okay? Yeah, an interesting. Yeah, that's right. An
+
+375
+00:35:13,490 --> 00:35:19,660
+interesting. I cannot say I read Book on sea
+
+376
+00:35:19,660 --> 00:35:23,300
+animals, for example. I read a book. I read this
+
+377
+00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:28,700
+book. I read my book, your book, and so on. Go on,
+
+378
+00:35:28,780 --> 00:35:29,100
+please.
+
+379
+00:35:33,980 --> 00:35:35,240
+Clean, clean.
+
+380
+00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:47,310
+The female likes The female lays, good.
+
+381
+00:35:51,470 --> 00:35:55,290
+One egg. One egg, you are right. On the ice. On
+
+382
+00:35:55,290 --> 00:35:58,510
+the ice, yeah. In Atlantic regions, and then
+
+383
+00:35:58,510 --> 00:36:01,090
+immediately returns to the ocean. Returns to the
+
+384
+00:36:01,090 --> 00:36:03,810
+ocean, thank you. Good. Yes, please.
+
+385
+00:36:09,010 --> 00:36:12,660
+Lays, one egg. Okay, go on, go on. After the
+
+386
+00:36:12,660 --> 00:36:18,740
+female lays the egg, the male takes over. He
+
+387
+00:36:18,740 --> 00:36:29,800
+covers the egg with his body until she has it. Now
+
+388
+00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:32,860
+just a minute. Now she refers, what is the
+
+389
+00:36:32,860 --> 00:36:37,080
+antecedent of she? If you want to use she, she
+
+390
+00:36:37,080 --> 00:36:41,210
+refers to what? Okay, the egg, egg. Thank you.
+
+391
+00:36:41,610 --> 00:36:43,290
+That's right. Yes, come please.
+
+392
+00:37:00,810 --> 00:37:05,070
+Okay, during, huh? Now, why these? Why these?
+
+393
+00:37:05,570 --> 00:37:15,360
+This, okay? Takes. Takes. Just a minute. Takes.
+
+394
+00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:19,580
+Okay. Weeks during this doesn't eat. Thank you.
+
+395
+00:37:19,820 --> 00:37:22,020
+Yeah. Next one. Fadhli.
+
+396
+00:37:33,640 --> 00:37:35,640
+Hatches. The egg hatches. Yeah.
+
+397
+00:37:53,100 --> 00:37:59,200
+Is it offspring or offsprings and why? Who's the
+
+398
+00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:05,040
+speaker? Who's the speaker? Yes. The first without
+
+399
+00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,460
+S. You are right. Good. But why?
+
+400
+00:38:12,180 --> 00:38:19,900
+Now we said offspring, fish, deer. Okay. Meads.
+
+401
+00:38:21,060 --> 00:38:27,300
+They don't. Yes. Somewhere and offspring again.
+
+402
+00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:32,960
+Yeah, we say what offspring is and offspring are.
+
+403
+00:38:33,520 --> 00:38:39,740
+Fish is and fish are. Okay? Sheep is and sheep
+
+404
+00:38:39,740 --> 00:38:42,620
+are. You are right. So again, there is no S. You
+
+405
+00:38:42,620 --> 00:38:46,780
+are right. Thank you. Good. And the last one. The
+
+406
+00:38:46,780 --> 00:38:51,120
+last one. Tell me. Yes, what shall I write? Yeah,
+
+407
+00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:58,240
+penguin or penguins? Penguins. Thank you. Live in
+
+408
+00:38:58,240 --> 00:39:03,800
+a harsh environment Okay, environment Now, why the
+
+409
+00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:08,260
+singular, not the plural? No, no, no, she's
+
+410
+00:39:08,260 --> 00:39:15,420
+speaking Listen, listen, she can answer Now,
+
+411
+00:39:17,060 --> 00:39:23,420
+we use, look at the indefinite article A Okay, it
+
+412
+00:39:23,420 --> 00:39:32,900
+precedes what? Singular now, so Okay, go on They
+
+413
+00:39:32,900 --> 00:39:37,980
+need They need you are right. Thank you very much
+
+414
+00:39:37,980 --> 00:39:42,980
+Okay This is enough for today Thank you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbIzP2HcHyqZInR8Lh3hu8w/W_Qo-nUZcl8.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1530 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:23,180
+Good morning to you all. Good morning.
+
+2
+00:00:23,560 --> 00:00:25,560
+Assalamualaikum. Assalamualaikum. How are you?
+
+3
+00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:29,260
+Fine. Okay, let's start a new week with a smile.
+
+4
+00:00:30,220 --> 00:00:35,500
+Okay? Inshallah. Let's look at the exercise on the
+
+5
+00:00:35,500 --> 00:00:41,120
+blackboard. This is a dialogue between Mr. and
+
+6
+00:00:41,120 --> 00:00:44,340
+Mrs. Cox. Guess what you'd like to read, please.
+
+7
+00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:50,370
+Jacques bought a used car. Did you hear? Did
+
+8
+00:00:50,370 --> 00:00:56,790
+you hear? Did you hear? Go on. Yes, I heard all
+
+9
+00:00:56,790 --> 00:01:01,330
+about his car. He paid next to nothing for it.
+
+10
+00:01:01,450 --> 00:01:04,930
+Thank you very much. Now listen. Now Mrs. Cox is
+
+11
+00:01:04,930 --> 00:01:09,230
+addressing who? Mr. Cox when she says did you
+
+12
+00:01:09,230 --> 00:01:13,470
+hear. You is used as a personal pronoun when I say
+
+13
+00:01:13,470 --> 00:01:18,870
+Fatima, did you see, did you read? Okay? Do you want
+
+14
+00:01:18,870 --> 00:01:21,330
+This is a personal pronoun? You are talking to
+
+15
+00:01:21,330 --> 00:01:25,310
+Fatima, to Ali, to Abdullah and so on. Okay. Now, you
+
+16
+00:01:25,310 --> 00:01:32,980
+is a personal pronoun again. Yes, I, I. Ah, refers
+
+17
+00:01:32,980 --> 00:01:40,200
+to? Yeah, Mr. Cox. Again, a personal pronoun. I 
+
+18
+00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:44,100
+heard all about his car. He paid. He, who is he?
+
+19
+00:01:44,540 --> 00:01:49,180
+Jack. Okay, so it talks about a certain person. He
+
+20
+00:01:49,180 --> 00:01:53,740
+again is a personal pronoun. Yeah, nothing. He
+
+21
+00:01:53,740 --> 00:01:56,640
+paid next to nothing for it. What does it mean, he
+
+22
+00:01:56,640 --> 00:02:01,850
+paid next to nothing? He paid almost nothing. Very
+
+23
+00:02:01,850 --> 00:02:06,150
+good. Thank you. That's right. Now, he paid next
+
+24
+00:02:06,150 --> 00:02:09,630
+to nothing for it. It refers to what? To the car.
+
+25
+00:02:09,810 --> 00:02:13,650
+So, the pronouns, these pronouns, you, he, I, it,
+
+26
+00:02:13,790 --> 00:02:17,350
+they refer to what? They are personal pronouns.
+
+27
+00:02:17,670 --> 00:02:21,910
+They refer to specific things. Okay, specific
+
+28
+00:02:21,910 --> 00:02:27,530
+nouns. Now, look, and now it doesn't run. Now it
+
+29
+00:02:27,530 --> 00:02:35,080
+doesn't run. Well, as they say, you get what you
+
+30
+00:02:35,080 --> 00:02:40,220
+pay for. Thank you. As they say, you get what you
+
+31
+00:02:40,220 --> 00:02:46,840
+pay for. They say a sound mind is in a sound body.
+
+32
+00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:51,600
+Who are they? People in general. Very good. Thank
+
+33
+00:02:51,600 --> 00:02:56,120
+you very much. Now, when I say, when I, when she
+
+34
+00:02:56,120 --> 00:03:00,460
+says right and sorry, as they say, you get what
+
+35
+00:03:00,460 --> 00:03:04,240
+you pay for. You get what you pay for. What does
+
+36
+00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:08,800
+this pronoun you refer to? People in general. Any
+
+37
+00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:14,450
+person. Thank you. And what you pay for? Also
+
+38
+00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:16,990
+people in general. Thank you very much. Go on.
+
+39
+00:03:17,550 --> 00:03:21,270
+That's certainly true. One gets what one pays for.
+
+40
+00:03:21,350 --> 00:03:25,250
+Very good. One gets what one pays for. One means
+
+41
+00:03:25,250 --> 00:03:29,290
+what? Any person. Okay. It means also you. Okay.
+
+42
+00:03:29,610 --> 00:03:34,220
+Now. I have two groups of pronouns. What did you
+
+43
+00:03:34,220 --> 00:03:37,440
+understand from this exercise? Yes, what can you
+
+44
+00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:40,000
+say? Personal pronouns and impersonal pronouns.
+
+45
+00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:43,880
+Personal pronouns refer to specific nouns, but
+
+46
+00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:47,680
+impersonal pronouns refer to people in general or
+
+47
+00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:51,020
+any person. Very good. Thank you very much. So
+
+48
+00:03:51,020 --> 00:03:53,640
+sometimes we use the pronouns, the personal
+
+49
+00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:56,860
+pronouns to refer to certain persons, certain
+
+50
+00:03:56,860 --> 00:04:00,700
+nouns, okay? And sometimes they mean people in
+
+51
+00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:08,960
+general, people in general. Now look, one should
+
+52
+00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:14,570
+always be polite. What does it mean? I should
+
+53
+00:04:14,570 --> 00:04:17,770
+always be polite. You should always be polite. She
+
+54
+00:04:17,770 --> 00:04:21,410
+should always be polite. Okay, we should always be
+
+55
+00:04:21,410 --> 00:04:25,250
+polite, okay? So this is what? People in general,
+
+56
+00:04:25,390 --> 00:04:28,310
+right? Thank you. Read the other one, please. How
+
+57
+00:04:28,310 --> 00:04:31,410
+does one get to fifth advanced from here? Okay,
+
+58
+00:04:31,570 --> 00:04:35,610
+how does one? One refers to what? Anyone, very
+
+59
+00:04:35,610 --> 00:04:38,830
+good. How does a person, how can a person, okay?
+
+60
+00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:43,030
+Anyone, thank you. Now, one means in these
+
+61
+00:04:43,030 --> 00:04:47,310
+examples what? Any person, anyone, people in
+
+62
+00:04:47,310 --> 00:04:53,210
+general. So, you should always be polite. You
+
+63
+00:04:53,210 --> 00:04:56,790
+should always be polite. Now, does you mean one?
+
+64
+00:04:58,530 --> 00:05:02,170
+Why not? What's the difference? Yes, it means, it
+
+65
+00:05:02,170 --> 00:05:06,170
+does. Okay, when I say one should always be
+
+66
+00:05:06,170 --> 00:05:10,510
+polite, it means any, all people. Okay, people in
+
+67
+00:05:10,510 --> 00:05:13,730
+general. When I say you should always, it has also
+
+68
+00:05:13,730 --> 00:05:17,390
+the same meaning. But you know, one is much more
+
+69
+00:05:17,390 --> 00:05:23,320
+formal than you, okay? Now, they are used in
+
+70
+00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:28,100
+everyday English. Now, I have two pronouns, one
+
+71
+00:05:28,100 --> 00:05:34,220
+and you. They refer to what? To people in general.
+
+72
+00:05:34,740 --> 00:05:38,270
+What's the difference between you and one? This
+
+73
+00:05:38,270 --> 00:05:43,090
+one is more formal. You is used in everyday
+
+74
+00:05:43,090 --> 00:05:46,810
+English, in spoken English. But they have almost
+
+75
+00:05:46,810 --> 00:05:51,370
+the same meaning. Now, we have a mistake here.
+
+76
+00:05:54,690 --> 00:05:58,350
+This should be capital, right? Yes.
+
+77
+00:06:05,010 --> 00:06:10,990
+Keep the capital. Okay. Now, read the example,
+
+78
+00:06:11,290 --> 00:06:11,530
+please.
+
+79
+00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:18,390
+Thank you.
+
+80
+00:06:19,050 --> 00:06:23,730
+They grow a lot of corn. They refers to what in
+
+81
+00:06:23,730 --> 00:06:24,470
+this example?
+
+82
+00:06:27,210 --> 00:06:31,850
+Refers to what? Who grows? Who does? Farmers.
+
+83
+00:06:32,350 --> 00:06:36,210
+Okay, farmers. That's right. Now, is it? They
+
+84
+00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:43,630
+grow. Does it refer to a group of people? Just a
+
+85
+00:06:43,630 --> 00:06:49,370
+minute. When I say farmers, farmers in general, it
+
+86
+00:06:49,370 --> 00:06:52,330
+is right. Farmers are a group of people. But are
+
+87
+00:06:52,330 --> 00:06:56,930
+they a specific group of people? No. So again, is
+
+88
+00:06:56,930 --> 00:07:00,690
+it a personal pronoun or an impersonal pronoun?
+
+89
+00:07:03,010 --> 00:07:07,770
+Fatima, okay. When I say Dua and Khadijah are
+
+90
+00:07:07,770 --> 00:07:12,290
+sitting here, they are my students. They are, they
+
+91
+00:07:12,290 --> 00:07:17,190
+are is they, okay. I refer to two specific persons,
+
+92
+00:07:17,310 --> 00:07:20,990
+right? But when I say they grew a lot, they grew a
+
+93
+00:07:20,990 --> 00:07:24,490
+lot. This is in general, farmers in general, this
+
+94
+00:07:24,490 --> 00:07:29,250
+is impersonal pronoun. It means again what? It
+
+95
+00:07:29,250 --> 00:07:33,680
+means what? People in general. Thank you very
+
+96
+00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:39,700
+much. Again, it refers to an undefined group of
+
+97
+00:07:39,700 --> 00:07:43,000
+people, not specific. It doesn't refer to a
+
+98
+00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:46,160
+specific group of people. Now, they have not
+
+99
+00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:51,840
+stated antecedent. Often, the antecedent is
+
+100
+00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:56,370
+implied. You understand it from the context, okay?
+
+101
+00:07:56,710 --> 00:08:00,770
+When I say, they say, a sound mind, or they say,
+
+102
+00:08:00,850 --> 00:08:03,910
+an apple a day keeps the doctor away. Who says
+
+103
+00:08:03,910 --> 00:08:07,170
+that? Okay, the antecedent can be understood.
+
+104
+00:08:07,650 --> 00:08:09,050
+Doctors, for example. Good.
+
+105
+00:08:12,190 --> 00:08:16,790
+Now, look at this exercise. Discuss the meaning of
+
+106
+00:08:16,790 --> 00:08:20,150
+the pronouns in italics. Number one, who can read?
+
+107
+00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:26,050
+Murida. Wool requires special care. If you wash
+
+108
+00:08:26,050 --> 00:08:29,370
+wool in hot water, you will shrink it. You shouldn't
+
+109
+00:08:29,370 --> 00:08:32,910
+throw a wool sweater into a washing machine with
+
+110
+00:08:32,910 --> 00:08:36,850
+your cottons. This pronoun refers to people in
+
+111
+00:08:36,850 --> 00:08:39,750
+general. Very good. So, now if you wash, you
+
+112
+00:08:39,750 --> 00:08:43,690
+shouldn't, okay? With your cottons. They refer to
+
+113
+00:08:43,690 --> 00:08:46,670
+people in general. That's right. Thank you. Nada?
+
+114
+00:08:47,870 --> 00:08:50,850
+Alice, I told you not to wash your sweater in hot
+
+115
+00:08:50,850 --> 00:08:51,170
+water.
+
+116
+00:08:56,700 --> 00:09:01,800
+Very good. So you and you refer to what? To Alex.
+
+117
+00:09:01,900 --> 00:09:04,720
+So, they are personal pronouns. Thank you. Yes,
+
+118
+00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:09,060
+please. Next one. Generosity is its own reward.
+
+119
+00:09:09,380 --> 00:09:11,860
+You always get back more than you give. It's
+
+120
+00:09:11,860 --> 00:09:15,800
+impersonal. Impersonal. That's right. Good. Thank
+
+121
+00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:16,080
+you.
+
+122
+00:09:23,350 --> 00:09:28,770
+Okay, good. So, is it a personal or impersonal
+
+123
+00:09:28,770 --> 00:09:32,070
+pronoun? Personal pronoun. Thank you. Good. Yes,
+
+124
+00:09:32,170 --> 00:09:36,670
+please. Environmental problems are getting worse
+
+125
+00:09:36,670 --> 00:09:41,340
+all the time. They say that the ozone layer is being
+
+126
+00:09:41,340 --> 00:09:45,660
+depleted more and more
+
+127
+00:09:45,660 --> 00:09:52,160
+every day. Okay, thank you. Good. To people in
+
+128
+00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:57,340
+general, or to scientists. Thank you. Next one.
+
+129
+00:09:58,780 --> 00:10:03,570
+Yes, please. Memory is selective. Often you remember
+
+130
+00:10:03,570 --> 00:10:06,290
+only what you want to remember. If you ask two
+
+131
+00:10:06,290 --> 00:10:08,790
+people to tell you about an experience they
+
+132
+00:10:08,790 --> 00:10:12,690
+shared, they might tell you two different stories,
+
+133
+00:10:13,110 --> 00:10:17,150
+people in general. Very good. You refer to people
+
+134
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,130
+in general. Thank you. Next one. Yes, please. I
+
+135
+00:10:21,130 --> 00:10:24,530
+would have loved to have gone to the concert last
+
+136
+00:10:24,530 --> 00:10:31,150
+night. They played Beethoven's seventh symphony. I
+
+137
+00:10:31,150 --> 00:10:35,140
+heard it was a wonderful piece. The 
+
+138
+00:10:35,140 --> 00:10:39,080
+musicians, for example, the orchestra, people who
+
+139
+00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:42,080
+play the music. That's right. Thank you. Yes,
+
+140
+00:10:42,180 --> 00:10:45,580
+please. I've grown to dislike airplane travel.
+
+141
+00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:50,140
+They never give you enough room for your legs. And
+
+142
+00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:54,300
+if the person in front of you butts his seat back,
+
+143
+00:10:55,120 --> 00:10:59,200
+you can barely move. You can't even reach down
+
+144
+00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:03,120
+to pick up something from the floor. They're an
+
+145
+00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:06,260
+airline company. Airline company. So is it a
+
+146
+00:11:06,260 --> 00:11:09,580
+personal pronoun? Yes. Is it a personal or
+
+147
+00:11:09,580 --> 00:11:14,320
+impersonal? Impersonal. Now, again, they never give
+
+148
+00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:19,620
+you. It is understood from the context, okay? You
+
+149
+00:11:19,620 --> 00:11:22,560
+understand it from the context. Thank you very
+
+150
+00:11:22,560 --> 00:11:26,310
+much. Now, check your answers. Okay. Airline
+
+151
+00:11:26,310 --> 00:11:29,190
+company and the other one, people in general.
+
+152
+00:11:30,610 --> 00:11:35,410
+Again, look. Let's repeat it. They never give you
+
+153
+00:11:35,410 --> 00:11:38,650
+enough room for your legs. Your legs refers to
+
+154
+00:11:38,650 --> 00:11:43,170
+what? People in general. Okay. They refers to the
+
+155
+00:11:43,170 --> 00:11:49,050
+airline company. They never give you. And you can
+
+156
+00:11:49,050 --> 00:11:52,330
+barely move. You cannot even. This refers to what?
+
+157
+00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:56,420
+People in general. Check your answers.
+
+158
+00:12:22,900 --> 00:12:25,360
+Okay, you can complete that at home. You have the
+
+159
+00:12:25,360 --> 00:12:29,040
+answers on your webpage. Now look.
+
+160
+00:12:34,900 --> 00:12:42,220
+This is what? A pen. And this is another pen. This
+
+161
+00:12:42,220 --> 00:12:46,760
+is another pen. Okay? This is a pen and this is
+
+162
+00:12:46,760 --> 00:12:51,960
+another pen. Okay? I have a pen. And I have
+
+163
+00:12:52,300 --> 00:13:01,160
+another, okay. I have another. Now, look where is the
+
+164
+00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:06,400
+other pen. Where is the other pen. Do you have other
+
+165
+00:13:06,400 --> 00:13:11,480
+pens. Where are the others, other, others, the others. 
+
+166
+00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:17,800
+Another, okay. How can we use them? If you look, if
+
+167
+00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:23,130
+you, if you notice, we say, I have a pen. This is
+
+168
+00:13:23,130 --> 00:13:27,410
+another pen. Another pen. Another pen, look,
+
+169
+00:13:27,950 --> 00:13:33,090
+another is followed by what? Okay, good. By a
+
+170
+00:13:33,090 --> 00:13:35,650
+noun. Thank you very much. This is another noun.
+
+171
+00:13:36,390 --> 00:13:42,340
+So, I have two pens. I need another. I need
+
+172
+00:13:42,340 --> 00:13:46,720
+another. Another what? Another pen. Is it followed
+
+173
+00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:50,380
+by a noun? No. So sometimes it is followed by a
+
+174
+00:13:50,380 --> 00:13:54,060
+noun, sometimes it is not followed by a noun. When
+
+175
+00:13:54,060 --> 00:13:56,880
+it is followed by a noun, I say another book is,
+
+176
+00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:01,120
+for example, it is what? An adjective. Okay. But when
+
+177
+00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,560
+it is not followed, when it stands alone, it is
+
+178
+00:14:04,560 --> 00:14:10,120
+what? A pronoun. It is a pronoun. Now, look, I
+
+179
+00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:15,940
+have two forms: singular and plural. I say another
+
+180
+00:14:15,940 --> 00:14:21,880
+book, the other book. Okay. The other box, it can be
+
+181
+00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:25,020
+used, as you see, for singular and for plural of
+
+182
+00:14:25,020 --> 00:14:28,810
+course, you know. The plural here is used with what?
+
+183
+00:14:29,210 --> 00:14:33,650
+With the noun. Not with the adjective. But here it
+
+184
+00:14:33,650 --> 00:14:36,550
+is the pronoun. The pronoun accepts the S. I say
+
+185
+00:14:36,550 --> 00:14:41,010
+other, and I say what? The others. I say the
+
+186
+00:14:41,010 --> 00:14:47,740
+others. Now, forms of other are used as adjectives
+
+187
+00:14:47,740 --> 00:14:51,980
+or pronouns. Another is always singular. Look,
+
+188
+00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:57,880
+another is always singular. It means, I don't add
+
+189
+00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,920
+S to another. I want another pen.
+
+190
+00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:10,800
+Do you have another
+
+223
+00:17:39,970 --> 00:17:43,550
+addition to what was mentioned. Others means what?
+
+224
+00:17:44,210 --> 00:17:48,870
+Several more. Okay? One student is looking at the
+
+225
+00:17:48,870 --> 00:17:53,490
+book. Another student is writing. Others are
+
+226
+00:17:53,490 --> 00:18:00,160
+listening. The others are Okay, doing or writing
+
+227
+00:18:00,160 --> 00:18:04,480
+the exercise and so on. So now we use what?
+
+228
+00:18:04,820 --> 00:18:09,300
+Others, other, others and the others. They have
+
+229
+00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:13,420
+different meanings as you see. Now let's use them
+
+230
+00:18:13,420 --> 00:18:18,620
+together. Let's make examples using these pronouns
+
+231
+00:18:18,620 --> 00:18:23,620
+and adjectives. I have a pen. I want another. Can
+
+232
+00:18:23,620 --> 00:18:28,170
+you give me your pen? I have a pen. Give me your
+
+233
+00:18:28,170 --> 00:18:33,010
+pen. Not this, the other. Not this, the other. The
+
+234
+00:18:33,010 --> 00:18:37,590
+other. What does the other mean? The other means,
+
+235
+00:18:37,610 --> 00:18:40,330
+thank you very much. The other means the one
+
+236
+00:18:40,330 --> 00:18:45,430
+remained. The one remained. Okay? So, I have two
+
+237
+00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:50,350
+pens. I have two pens. I want another. I want
+
+238
+00:18:50,350 --> 00:18:53,910
+another. Okay? I want another. Can you give me
+
+239
+00:18:53,910 --> 00:18:58,650
+your pen? No, not this one, the other. The other
+
+240
+00:18:58,650 --> 00:19:05,410
+means? Okay, thank you. Now I have three pens. I
+
+241
+00:19:05,410 --> 00:19:08,830
+have three pens. Let's look at these pens, okay?
+
+242
+00:19:09,890 --> 00:19:13,250
+One, they are all having the same color, okay?
+
+243
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:22,710
+Anyhow, yeah. Give it to me, please. Yes, give me
+
+244
+00:19:22,710 --> 00:19:24,590
+the black one. Thank you.
+
+245
+00:19:29,980 --> 00:19:35,180
+Thank you. Now let's talk about these pencils. One
+
+246
+00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:42,600
+pencil is red. Another is black. 
+
+247
+00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:46,200
+Others are blue.
+
+248
+00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:56,980
+The other is dark blue. Let's repeat. One is red.
+
+249
+00:19:59,090 --> 00:20:04,490
+Another means one more. Very good. Is what? Black.
+
+250
+00:20:05,170 --> 00:20:11,530
+Others, several more. Others, several more. Are
+
+251
+00:20:11,530 --> 00:20:17,770
+blue. The other, the last one of the group is dark
+
+252
+00:20:17,770 --> 00:20:22,190
+blue. The other. Can you give me some examples
+
+253
+00:20:22,190 --> 00:20:24,570
+like that? Think of an example. Thank you. Take
+
+254
+00:20:24,570 --> 00:20:25,050
+your pens.
+
+255
+00:20:28,210 --> 00:20:32,970
+Yeah. Can you think of an example? Yeah. I have
+
+256
+00:20:32,970 --> 00:20:39,250
+two hands. Very good. Very good. This is my right
+
+257
+00:20:39,250 --> 00:20:42,550
+hand. The other is my left hand. Very good. Thank
+
+258
+00:20:42,550 --> 00:20:46,470
+you very much. This is my right hand. The other is
+
+259
+00:20:46,470 --> 00:20:49,970
+my left hand. Thank you. This is a good example.
+
+260
+00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:52,110
+Yeah. Can you give me another example?
+
+261
+00:21:00,120 --> 00:21:05,740
+How many brothers have you got? Three? Okay. One
+
+262
+00:21:05,740 --> 00:21:08,280
+goes to school. The other?
+
+263
+00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:16,780
+The other goes to the university. Okay. One goes
+
+264
+00:21:16,780 --> 00:21:21,040
+to school. Another goes to the university. The
+
+265
+00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:26,500
+other? Okay, goes to work. Very good. Again, I
+
+266
+00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:31,860
+have three brothers. One goes to school. Another
+
+267
+00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:38,080
+goes to the university. The other goes to work.
+
+268
+00:21:38,140 --> 00:21:45,200
+Thank you. Now look, I have three books. Two are
+
+269
+00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:52,710
+mine. The other book is yours okay or the other is
+
+270
+00:21:52,710 --> 00:21:56,470
+yours look i can say the other book the other book
+
+271
+00:21:56,470 --> 00:22:00,370
+this is an adjective followed by a noun or you can
+
+272
+00:22:00,370 --> 00:22:04,930
+say the other is yours okay i have three two are
+
+273
+00:22:04,930 --> 00:22:08,350
+mine the other is yours the other book is yours
+
+274
+00:22:08,350 --> 00:22:12,310
+okay i have three books one is mine the other
+
+275
+00:22:12,310 --> 00:22:17,110
+books are yours or the others are yours okay now i
+
+276
+00:22:17,110 --> 00:22:18,470
+have Three.
+
+277
+00:22:21,870 --> 00:22:26,110
+I have three pens. Give me your pen. Give me your
+
+278
+00:22:26,110 --> 00:22:33,270
+pen, please. Thank you. I have two pens. Okay? I
+
+279
+00:22:33,270 --> 00:22:38,670
+have two pens. Two are mine. Two are mine. The
+
+280
+00:22:38,670 --> 00:22:43,710
+other is yours. The other is yours. Or the other
+
+281
+00:22:43,710 --> 00:22:52,010
+pen is yours. Okay? Or, you know, give me another
+
+282
+00:22:52,010 --> 00:22:55,850
+pen for you. You have another pen? Yeah, I want
+
+283
+00:22:55,850 --> 00:22:56,530
+from here.
+
+284
+00:23:00,270 --> 00:23:05,690
+Thank you. Look, I have three pens. I have three
+
+285
+00:23:05,690 --> 00:23:11,010
+pens. One is mine. The others are yours. Or the
+
+286
+00:23:11,010 --> 00:23:15,450
+other pens are yours. Okay? The others or the
+
+287
+00:23:15,450 --> 00:23:18,690
+other pens are yours. Thank you. Now this is the
+
+288
+00:23:18,690 --> 00:23:22,490
+same example. The meaning of other or others, all
+
+289
+00:23:22,490 --> 00:23:27,730
+that remains. All that remains. Okay? Now I have
+
+290
+00:23:27,730 --> 00:23:34,600
+two pens. One is red, the other is black. The
+
+291
+00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:39,040
+other, what remains? This remains another one is
+
+292
+00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:43,960
+black. Or the rest of a specific group. That's
+
+293
+00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:51,040
+right. Now, read this example, please. I will be
+
+294
+00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:55,100
+here for another three days, three years. I need
+
+295
+00:23:55,100 --> 00:24:00,990
+another five dollars. We drop another 10 mils.
+
+296
+00:24:00,990 --> 00:24:04,370
+Okay, thank you very much. Go on. Another is used
+
+297
+00:24:04,370 --> 00:24:09,750
+as an adjective with the expression of time.
+
+298
+00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:12,990
+Expressions of time, three years, okay. Money.
+
+299
+00:24:13,450 --> 00:24:16,250
+Yeah, money, five dollars, yeah. And this
+
+300
+00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:31,300
+Thank you very much. Now when I say I will be
+
+301
+00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:36,450
+here.For another three years. Another three years.
+
+302
+00:24:36,770 --> 00:24:40,710
+It means what? Additional more three years, okay?
+
+303
+00:24:41,450 --> 00:24:44,510
+More three years. It is used with an expression of
+
+304
+00:24:44,510 --> 00:24:49,770
+time. It is used as an adjective, okay? Now, I
+
+305
+00:24:49,770 --> 00:24:54,410
+need another five, another, more. Okay, extra
+
+306
+00:24:54,410 --> 00:24:59,950
+more. It is used with what? Money, right? Now, we
+
+307
+00:24:59,950 --> 00:25:03,670
+drove another 10 miles. Another 10 miles. Used
+
+308
+00:25:03,670 --> 00:25:06,970
+again with expressions of distance. And they are
+
+309
+00:25:06,970 --> 00:25:10,530
+used as what? As adjectives. That's right. Thank
+
+310
+00:25:10,530 --> 00:25:16,290
+you. Look at this example. Look at this example.
+
+311
+00:25:17,720 --> 00:25:19,500
+Who wants to start? Yes, please.
+
+312
+00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:28,200
+Come here, please. Come, come, come.
+
+313
+00:25:43,910 --> 00:25:46,610
+Look at your hand. You have five fingers. One is
+
+314
+00:25:46,610 --> 00:25:52,730
+your thumb. Other is your index finger. Another is
+
+315
+00:25:52,730 --> 00:25:55,470
+your middle finger.
+
+316
+00:26:14,910 --> 00:26:19,970
+Another finger is your ring finger. Capital.
+
+317
+00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:24,930
+Capital. Capital.
+
+318
+00:26:28,350 --> 00:26:28,590
+Capital.
+
+319
+00:26:31,530 --> 00:26:31,890
+Capital.
+
+320
+00:26:34,750 --> 00:26:35,030
+Capital.
+
+321
+00:26:39,310 --> 00:26:40,930
+And the other finger.
+
+322
+00:26:44,230 --> 00:26:48,350
+Take just a minute.
+
+323
+00:26:54,540 --> 00:26:59,280
+What's that? Between A and it is one word. You are
+
+324
+00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:01,500
+right. This is one word. Don't keep space between
+
+325
+00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:04,880
+them. Now look. Look at your hand. All of you
+
+326
+00:27:04,880 --> 00:27:07,800
+please look at your hand. How many fingers do you
+
+327
+00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:14,220
+have? Five. One is your thumb. One is your thumb.
+
+328
+00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:20,040
+Another is your index. Okay. Another is your
+
+329
+00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:26,880
+middle finger. Another ring. The other. The other
+
+330
+00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:30,080
+means what? The last. Okay. The other means the
+
+331
+00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:32,680
+last. Thank you very much. Okay. Is that clear?
+
+332
+00:27:32,860 --> 00:27:36,120
+Yeah. Can you, yes, do number two. Yeah. Come
+
+333
+00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:43,170
+please. Number three. Number three. Yeah. That's
+
+334
+00:27:43,170 --> 00:27:46,630
+right. One is your right hand, the other is your
+
+335
+00:27:46,630 --> 00:27:49,690
+left hand. Good. Yes, come please.
+
+336
+00:28:01,310 --> 00:28:09,010
+Clean the answers. Read. I lost my dictionary, so
+
+337
+00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:12,150
+I bought another. So, I bought another. Thank you.
+
+338
+00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:13,820
+Good. Yeah.
+
+339
+00:28:18,700 --> 00:28:23,080
+Can you 
+
+340
+00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:27,060
+say, I bought one? Now you can say, I bought
+
+341
+00:28:27,060 --> 00:28:29,820
+another one. You can say, I bought another one.
+
+342
+00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:33,840
+Okay. But now what does he, what does he want?
+
+343
+00:28:34,360 --> 00:28:37,560
+Complete the sentences with a form of other. In 
+
+344
+00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,700
+this exercise, you should use other, but in
+
+345
+00:28:39,700 --> 00:28:43,390
+writing, you can say, I bought another one. Okay?
+
+346
+00:28:45,110 --> 00:28:48,510
+Yes, number five. Read it, please. Some people
+
+347
+00:28:48,510 --> 00:28:53,350
+have the hair. The others have the... Just a
+
+348
+00:28:53,350 --> 00:28:53,930
+minute, wait.
+
+349
+00:28:59,730 --> 00:29:00,250
+Now,
+
+350
+00:29:02,850 --> 00:29:08,110
+why others, not the others? Please, wait. Listen.
+
+351
+00:29:08,370 --> 00:29:10,830
+Why others, not the others? You said the others.
+
+352
+00:29:11,030 --> 00:29:12,330
+Why did you change your mind?
+
+353
+00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:21,440
+Now good, some people have red hair, others have
+
+354
+00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:26,300
+what? Brown hair. Now listen, if I have three
+
+355
+00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:31,000
+groups of people, okay? The first group has what?
+
+356
+00:29:31,860 --> 00:29:37,160
+Yes, they have red hair. The other group, their
+
+357
+00:29:37,160 --> 00:29:43,380
+hair is what? Brown. I say red, brown, the others.
+
+358
+00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,260
+The others, okay? The others means the last. But
+
+359
+00:29:47,260 --> 00:29:51,260
+when I say others have brown hair, others doesn't
+
+360
+00:29:51,260 --> 00:29:55,800
+mean the last, right? Because you have other types
+
+361
+00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:58,920
+of other colors of hair. Okay, I did not talk
+
+362
+00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:03,560
+about all the colors of hairs. Yeah, come. You
+
+363
+00:30:03,560 --> 00:30:07,580
+want to ask? Okay, so after here, get ready.
+
+364
+00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:22,620
+Okay, some people. Okay, other people. Good. Yes,
+
+365
+00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,640
+come please. After here, get ready.
+
+366
+00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:33,180
+The other.
+
+367
+00:30:38,460 --> 00:30:45,080
+Okay, I have four children. One of them has red
+
+368
+00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:51,020
+hair. The other children. It means what? The last
+
+369
+00:30:51,020 --> 00:30:53,740
+of the group. That's right. Thank you. The other
+
+370
+00:30:53,740 --> 00:30:57,820
+children. And finally, yes, come please.
+
+371
+00:31:27,570 --> 00:31:30,310
+Any question on the exercise?
+
+372
+00:31:38,010 --> 00:31:39,530
+This is another exercise.
+
+373
+00:31:42,210 --> 00:31:46,550
+Come. You did one, right? Okay, just wait. We want
+
+374
+00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:50,050
+to look for other students. Yeah? Again, the new
+
+375
+00:31:50,050 --> 00:31:52,710
+exercise. Who wants to start? Come.
+
+376
+00:31:57,690 --> 00:32:01,930
+They have three children. One has graduated from
+
+377
+00:32:01,930 --> 00:32:05,610
+college and has a job. Another is at Yale
+
+378
+00:32:05,610 --> 00:32:10,730
+University. The other is still at school. Very
+
+379
+00:32:10,730 --> 00:32:13,550
+good, thank you. Clean, clean and write. Clean the
+
+380
+00:32:13,550 --> 00:32:14,490
+previous answers.
+
+381
+00:32:23,530 --> 00:32:24,410
+How many prayers?
+
+382
+00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:41,720
+I would like some more books on this subject. Do
+
+383
+00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:45,040
+you have any others that you could definitely
+
+384
+00:32:45,040 --> 00:32:48,620
+read? Good, thank you. Any others? Next one. Come,
+
+385
+00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:50,460
+any others?
+
+386
+00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:02,680
+Number five for you, Murida. I would like to read
+
+387
+00:33:02,680 --> 00:33:05,540
+more books on this subject. Do you have any
+
+388
+00:33:05,540 --> 00:33:11,850
+others? Okay. Do you have any? Other. Any other.
+
+389
+00:33:11,990 --> 00:33:15,710
+Good. Any other box. Thank you. Any other box.
+
+390
+00:33:16,330 --> 00:33:22,730
+Yes. You two. Next two. Yes, you two. Come. Which
+
+391
+00:33:22,730 --> 00:33:28,410
+one? Which one you did? Number five? Yes, she
+
+392
+00:33:28,410 --> 00:33:30,870
+doesn't read any other. You are right. Thank you.
+
+393
+00:33:36,700 --> 00:33:38,460
+Okay, clean then write.
+
+394
+00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:51,260
+But what? Others prefer. Thank you. Others prefer.
+
+395
+00:33:52,220 --> 00:33:59,820
+Good. Yeah. Number seven,
+
+396
+00:33:59,980 --> 00:34:00,460
+almost.
+
+397
+00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:07,850
+Another five minutes. Good. Thank you. Yes,
+
+398
+00:34:07,930 --> 00:34:13,970
+please, come. Okay. Then you, then you, and then
+
+399
+00:34:13,970 --> 00:34:14,290
+you.
+
+400
+00:34:17,950 --> 00:34:23,850
+Yes, another.
+
+401
+00:34:25,170 --> 00:34:26,650
+What is the electric light?
+
+402
+00:34:32,470 --> 00:34:37,200
+Okay. What do you think? Is it others or the
+
+403
+00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:41,620
+others? Others. Why others, not the others? The
+
+404
+00:34:41,620 --> 00:34:45,060
+others, it means the last. You talked about all
+
+405
+00:34:45,060 --> 00:34:48,280
+the inventions and still you have some inventions
+
+406
+00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:53,560
+you didn't talk about. So the others are the last.
+
+407
+00:34:53,720 --> 00:34:56,980
+But others, it means there are a lot of 
+
+408
+00:34:56,980 --> 00:35:03,540
+inventions. Others, good. Thank you. Next one. In
+
+409
+00:35:03,540 --> 00:35:08,540
+talking as early as six months, others don't speak
+
+410
+00:35:08,540 --> 00:35:12,520
+until they are more than two years old. Others.
+
+411
+00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:16,300
+Okay, thank you. Others.
+
+412
+00:35:19,140 --> 00:35:30,400
+Good. Common one 
+
+413
+00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:32,780
+is in others are born
+
+414
+00:35:51,420 --> 00:35:53,600
+Other preposition, thank you, good.
+
+4