bigbio/hallmarks_of_cancer · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 1 5	document_id stringlengths 9 11	text stringlengths 6 739	labels list
301	22431001_9	This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA .	[ "none" ]
302	12665307_0	Neutrophils have become recognised as important contributors to the effectiveness of tumour eradication by photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) .	[ "none" ]
303	12665307_1	In this study , we have used the mouse SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma model to investigate the activity of neutrophils in tumours treated by PDT .	[ "none" ]
304	12665307_2	Tumour levels of neutrophilic myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) demonstrated not only a massive and sustained sequestration of these cells in PDT-treated tumours but also revealed their activated state evidenced by the presence of released MPO .	[ "none" ]
305	12665307_3	Among the adhesion molecules expressed on tumour vascular endothelium , ICAM-1 appears to be of primary importance in the invasion of neutrophils into PDT-treated tumours , because its functional blocking with monoclonal antibodies reduced the tumour cure rate .	[ "none" ]
306	12665307_4	A marked upregulation of its ligands CD11b/CD18 and CD11c/CD18 found on neutrophils associated with PDT-treated tumours supports this assumption .	[ "none" ]
307	12665307_5	To evaluate the role of inflammatory cytokines regulating neutrophil activity , neutralising antibodies were given to mice before PDT treatment .	[ "none" ]
308	12665307_6	The results suggest that IL-1beta activity is critical for the therapeutic outcome , since its neutralisation diminished the cure rates of PDT-treated tumours .	[ "none" ]
309	12665307_7	No significant effect was observed with anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-alpha treatment .	[ "none" ]
310	12665307_8	Further flow cytometry-based examination of neutrophils round in PDT-treated tumours revealed that these cells express MHC class II molecules , which suggests their engagement as antigen-presenting cells and involvement in the development of antitumour immune response .	[ "tumor promoting inflammation" ]
311	12831059_0	There is increasing evidence for the implication of tumor-derived angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in controlling tumor growth in vivo .	[ "none" ]
312	12831059_1	In this study , we documented the production of inhibitors of angiogenesis by pancreatic cancer cells and examined how changes in the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors regulate tumor growth in vivo .	[ "none" ]
313	12831059_2	The human pancreatic cancer cell line Hs-776T ( HS-W ) produces slow-growing tumors in SCID mice .	[ "none" ]
314	12831059_3	Cells of a variant form ( HS-R ) of Hs-776T produced faster-growing tumors compared to HS-W .	[ "none" ]
315	12831059_4	Characterization of HS-W and HS-R cells in vitro showed similar proliferation rates and production of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
316	12831059_5	Analyzes of anti-angiogenic factors showed comparable levels of angiostatin and thrombospondin 1 and 2 , but endostatin was only detected in conditioned media of HS-W cells and was absent in HS-R .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
317	12831059_6	Cell proliferation was similar in both tumor types in vivo , whereas HS-W tumors demonstrated increased apoptosis with a high percentage of apoptotic endothelial cells ( EC ) .	[ "resisting cell death", "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]
318	12831059_7	Subsequently , VEGF was over-expressed in Hs-776T cells ( HS-VF ) , resulting in rapidly growing tumors and lowering tumor and EC apoptosis .	[ "none" ]
319	12831059_8	Collectively , our study confirms that tumor growth is dependent on its ability to increase the angiogenic stimulus or to reduce the amounts of endogenous anti-angiogenic factors .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
320	20679748_0	AIM To compare the value of intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasonography ( US ) , intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography ( CT ) , and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas .	[ "none" ]
321	20679748_1	MATERIAL AND METHODS The study enrolled 48 patients , aged between 20 and 79 years ( 35 [ 72.9% ] women , 13 [ 27.1% ] men ; mean age , 53.5+/-12.855 years ) , who were examined and treated in the Departments of Gastroenterology , Surgery , and Oncology , Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine , in the year 2007 .	[ "none" ]
322	20679748_2	All patients underwent intravenous contrast-enhanced US , intravenous contrast-enhanced CT , and MRI and were diagnosed with hepatic hemangioma according to the findings of these examinations .	[ "none" ]
323	20679748_3	RESULTS The size of hemangiomas was < or =2.0 cm in 20 cases ( 41.7% ) and >2.0 cm in 28 ( 58.3% ) .	[ "none" ]
324	20679748_4	No association between hepatic hemangioma and patient's age was found ( chi(2)=0.547 , df=2 , P=0.761 ) .	[ "none" ]
325	20679748_5	Nearly one-third of hemangiomas were located in the segment IV of the left hepatic lobe .	[ "none" ]
326	20679748_6	There were a few complicated hemangiomas in the study sample : 2 with calcification and 1 with necrosis .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
327	20679748_7	The sensitivity of CT in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma was 76.92% ; specificity , 33.3% ; positive prognostic value , 83.3% ; and negative prognostic value , 25.0% .	[ "none" ]
328	20679748_8	The sensitivity of intravenous contrast-enhanced US in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma was 77.8% ; specificity , 100% ; positive prognostic value , 100% ; and negative prognostic value , 23.1% .	[ "none" ]
329	20679748_9	CONCLUSIONS Intravenous contrast-enhanced US is more specific than intravenous contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma ( P=0.0005 ) and has a higher positive prognostic value ( P=0.001 ) .	[ "none" ]
330	23024612_0	BACKGROUND Angiogenic factors following oncological surgery is important in tumor recurrence .	[ "none" ]
331	23024612_1	Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , angiopoietin 1 ( Ang-1 ) , Ang-2 , soluble VEGF-receptor 1 ( sVEGFR1 ) and sVEGFR2 may influence angiogenesis .	[ "none" ]
332	23024612_2	This prospective study examined the influence of open and video-assisted thoracic surgery ( VATS ) lung resections for early stage non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) on postoperative circulating angiogenic factors .	[ "none" ]
333	23024612_3	METHODS Forty-three consecutive patients underwent major lung resection through either VATS ( n = 23 ) or Open thoracotomy ( n = 20 ) over an 8-month period .	[ "none" ]
334	23024612_4	Blood samples were collected preoperatively and postoperatively on days ( POD ) 1 and 3 for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay determination of angiogenic factors .	[ "none" ]
335	23024612_5	RESULTS Patient demographics were comparable .	[ "none" ]
336	23024612_6	For all patients undergoing major lung resection , postoperative Ang-1 and sVEGFR2 levels were significantly decreased , while Ang-2 and sVEGFR1 levels markedly increased .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
337	23024612_7	No significant peri-operative changes in VEGF levels were observed .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
338	23024612_8	Compared with open group , VATS had significantly lower plasma levels of VEGF ( VATS 170 ± 93 pg/mL ; Open 486 ± 641 pg/mL ; P = 0.04 ) and Ang-2 ( VATS 2484 ± 1119 pg/mL ; Open 3379 ± 1287 pg/mL ; P = 0.026 ) on POD3 .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
339	23024612_9	CONCLUSIONS Major lung resection for early stage NSCLC leads to a pro-angiogenic status , with increased Ang-2 and decreased Ang-1 productions .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
340	23024612_10	VATS is associated with an attenuated angiogenic response with lower circulating VEGF and Ang-2 levels compared with open .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
341	23024612_11	Such differences in angiogenic factors may be important in lung cancer biology and recurrence following surgery .	[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]
342	21541970_0	BACKGROUND Prostate cancer ( PCa ) progression is often associated with transactivation of the androgen receptor ( AR ) by endogenous hormones/growth factors .	[ "none" ]
343	21541970_1	One such factor affecting growth , proliferation , and apoptostis ( pro-/anti- ) in various cancers is the adipokine leptin .	[ "none" ]
344	21541970_2	This research studied leptin-induced signaling and apoptosis in androgen sensitive ( LNCaP , PC3/AR ) and insensitive ( PC3 , DU145 ) PCa cell lines .	[ "none" ]
345	21541970_3	METHODS Signaling was studied by immunoblotting in cells overexpressing leptin receptors ( LRb ) , Janus kinase 2 ( JAK2 ) , and kinase negative-HER2-YFP cDNAs .	[ "none" ]
346	21541970_4	Apoptosis was measured by immunoblotting of apoptotic proteins and by Hoechst staining of condensed DNA .	[ "none" ]
347	21541970_5	RESULTS Leptin rapidly induced activation of JAK2 , STAT3 , and MAPK ( ERK1/2 ) signaling cascades ; it may also induce HER2 transactivation via leptin-induced phospho-JAK2 .	[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]
348	21541970_6	Leptin was then shown to exert clear pro-apoptotic effects , increasing levels of caspase 3 , cleavage of its substrate , poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase ( PARP ) to cleaved PARP(89) , levels of CK 18 , a cytoskeletal protein formed during apoptosis , and DNA condensation .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
349	21541970_7	Kinase inhibitors indicated that leptin-induced apoptosis is probably mediated by balanced activation of JAK2/STAT3 , p38 MAPK , and PKC pathways in PCa cells .	[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]
350	21541970_8	A human leptin mutein LRb antagonist , L39A/D40A/F41A , fully inhibited leptin-induced phosphorylation of JAK2 , ERK1/2 , and Akt/PKB , and partially abrogated effects on apoptotic proteins .	[ "resisting cell death", "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]
351	21541970_9	In LNCaP and PC3/AR cells , leptin increased AR protein levels in correlation with raised apoptotic markers .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
352	21541970_10	Thus , AR may mediate , at least partly , the leptin-induced apoptotic response .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
353	21541970_11	CONCLUSIONS Leptin can clearly induce apoptosis in human PCa cell lines .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
354	21541970_12	These findings could lead to development of new leptin agonists with enhanced pro-apoptotic effects and targeted for use in human PCa .	[ "none" ]
355	23300887_0	Novel strategies are necessary to improve chemotherapy response in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer .	[ "none" ]
356	23300887_1	Here , we demonstrate that terpenoids present in the Steam Distilled Extract of Ginger ( SDGE ) are potent inhibitors of proliferation of endometrial cancer cells .	[ "none" ]
357	23300887_2	SDGE , isolated from six different batches of ginger rhizomes , consistently inhibited proliferation of the endometrial cancer cell lines Ishikawa and ECC-1 at IC(50) of 1.25 �g/ml .	[ "none" ]
358	23300887_3	SDGE also enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of radiation and cisplatin .	[ "none" ]
359	23300887_4	Decreased proliferation of Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells was a direct result of SDGE-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by FITC-Annexin V staining and expression of cleaved caspase 3 .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
360	23300887_5	GC/MS analysis identified a total of 22 different terpenoid compounds in SDGE , with the isomers neral and geranial constituting 30-40% .	[ "none" ]
361	23300887_6	Citral , a mixture of neral and geranial inhibited the proliferation of Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells at an IC(50) 10 �M ( 2.3 �g/ml ) .	[ "none" ]
362	23300887_7	Phenolic compounds such as gingerol and shogaol were not detected in SDGE and 6-gingerol was a weaker inhibitor of the proliferation of the endometrial cancer cells .	[ "none" ]
363	23300887_8	SDGE was more effective in inducing cancer cell death than citral , suggesting that other terpenes present in SDGE were also contributing to endometrial cancer cell death .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
364	23300887_9	SDGE treatment resulted in a rapid and strong increase in intracellular calcium and a 20-40% decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential .	[ "none" ]
365	23300887_10	Ser-15 of p53 was phosphorylated after 15 min treatment of the cancer cells with SDGE .	[ "none" ]
366	23300887_11	This increase in p53 was associated with 90% decrease in Bcl2 whereas no effect was observed on Bax .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
367	23300887_12	Inhibitor of p53 , pifithrin-α , attenuated the anti-cancer effects of SDGE and apoptosis was also not observed in the p53(neg) SKOV-3 cells .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
368	23300887_13	Our studies demonstrate that terpenoids from SDGE mediate apoptosis by activating p53 and should be therefore be investigated as agents for the treatment of endometrial cancer .	[ "resisting cell death" ]
369	22019117_0	Inflammatory responses and associated products have been implicated in cancer metastasis .	[ "none" ]
370	22019117_1	However , the relationship between these two processes is uncertain due to the lack of a suitable model .	[ "none" ]
371	22019117_2	Taking advantage of localized and controllable inflammatory responses induced by biomaterial implantation and the capability of tissue scaffolds to release a wide variety of chemokines , we report a novel system for studying the molecular mechanisms of inflammation-mediated cancer metastasis .	[ "none" ]
372	22019117_3	The animal model is comprised of an initial subcutaneous implantation of biomaterial microspheres which prompt localized inflammatory responses , followed by the transplantation of metastatic cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity or blood circulation .	[ "none" ]
373	22019117_4	Histological results demonstrated that substantial numbers of B16F10 cells were recruited to the site nearby biomaterial implants .	[ "none" ]
374	22019117_5	There was a strong correlation between the degree of biomaterial-mediated inflammatory responses and number of recruited cancer cells .	[ "none" ]
375	22019117_6	Inflammation-mediated cancer cell migration was inhibited by small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4 but not by neutralizing antibody against CCL21 .	[ "none" ]
376	22019117_7	Using chemokine-releasing scaffolds , further studies were carried out to explore the possibility of enhancing cancer cell recruitment .	[ "none" ]
377	22019117_8	Interestingly , erythropoietin ( EPO ) releasing scaffolds , but not stromal cell-derived factor-1α-releasing scaffolds , were found to accumulate substantially more melanoma cells than controls .	[ "none" ]
378	22019117_9	Rather unexpectedly , perhaps by indirectly reducing circulating cancer cells , mice implanted with EPO-releasing scaffolds had longer life span than other groups .	[ "none" ]
379	22019117_10	These results suggest that chemokine-releasing scaffolds may potentially function as implantable cancer traps and serve as powerful tools for studying cancer distraction and even selective annihilation of circulating metastatic cancer cells .	[ "none" ]
380	11901535_0	It is well known that cell-mediated immunity is suppressed in patients with neoplastic diseases .	[ "none" ]
381	11901535_1	We have reported that soluble receptors for interleukin-2 ( sIL-2R ) and tumor necrosis factor ( sTNF-R1 ) are elevated in the serum of patients with advanced colorectal cancer .	[ "none" ]
382	11901535_2	The presence of these soluble receptors and immunosuppressive cytokines , including interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) , might be important in the mechanisms of immunosuppression. cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum ( cisplatin ) has been reported to immunomodulate , especially when used in low dose in combination with 5-Fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) .	[ "none" ]
383	11901535_3	In this study , cisplatin and UFT , a form of uracil and tegafur which is a prodrug of 5-FU , were administered with immunomodulator Polysaccharide K ( PSK ) to ten patients with colorectal cancer , who showed distant metastasis in the liver or lung , and the serum levels of sIL-2R and sTNF-R1 and the production of gamma-interferon ( gamma-INF ) and interleukin-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured .	[ "activating invasion and metastasis" ]
384	11901535_4	The serum concentrations of sIL-2R and the production of IL-10 were reduced ( p < 0.05 ) after 2 months of treatment .	[ "none" ]
385	11901535_5	Thus , this combination appeared to have immunomodulative potential in patients with advanced colorectal cancer .	[ "avoiding immune destruction" ]
386	22408395_0	MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are small non-coding RNAs of nucleotides that function as negative regulators of gene expression by either inhibiting translation or inducing deadenylation-dependent degradation of target transcripts .	[ "none" ]
387	22408395_1	Notably , deregulation of miRNAs expression is associated with the initiation and progression of human cancers where they act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors contributing to tumorigenesis .	[ "none" ]
388	22408395_2	Abnormal miRNA expression may provide potential diagnostic and prognostic tumor biomarkers and new therapeutic targets in cancer .	[ "none" ]
389	22408395_3	Recently , several miRNAs have been shown to initiate invasion and metastasis by targeting multiple proteins that are major players in these cellular events , thus they have been denominated as metastamiRs .	[ "none" ]
390	22408395_4	Here , we present a review of the current knowledge of miRNAs in cancer with a special focus on metastamiRs .	[ "none" ]
391	22408395_5	In addition we discuss their potential use as novel specific markers for cancer progression .	[ "none" ]
392	22366308_0	An acquired mutation ( T790M ) in the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) accounts for half of all relapses in non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) patients who initially respond to EGFR kinase inhibitors .	[ "none" ]
393	22366308_1	In this study , we demonstrated for the first time that EGFR-T790M interacts with the cytoskeletal components , myosin heavy chain 9 ( MYH9 ) and β-actin , in the nucleus of H1975 cells carrying the T790M-mutant EGFR .	[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]
394	22366308_2	The interactions of EGFR with MYH9 and β-actin were reduced in the presence of blebbistatin , a specific inhibitor for the MYH9-β-actin interaction , suggesting that the EGFR interaction with MYH9 and β-actin is affected by the integrity of the cytoskeleton .	[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]
395	22366308_3	These physical interactions among MYH9 , β-actin , and EGFR were also impaired by CL-387,785 , a kinase inhibitor for EGFR-T790M .	[ "none" ]
396	22366308_4	Furthermore , CL-387,785 and blebbistatin interacted in a synergistic fashion to suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in H1975 cells .	[ "resisting cell death", "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]
397	22366308_5	The combination of CL-387,785 and blebbistatin enhanced the down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) , a transcriptional target of nuclear EGFR .	[ "none" ]
398	22366308_6	Overall , our findings demonstrate that disrupting EGFR interactions with the cytoskeletal components enhanced the anti-cancer effects of CL-387,785 against H1975 cells , suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for NSCLC cells that express the drug-resistant EGFR-T790M .	[ "none" ]
399	22668016_0	The results of experimental studies have indicated the pleiotropic effects of statins in organism , e.g. the influence on cell cycle , apoptosis or angiogenesis .	[ "none" ]
400	22668016_1	In this study , the effects of simvastatin on selected parameters of apoptosis and proliferation in chemocarcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rats were determined .	[ "none" ]

301

22431001_9

This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA .

[ "none" ]

302

12665307_0

Neutrophils have become recognised as important contributors to the effectiveness of tumour eradication by photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) .

[ "none" ]

303

12665307_1

In this study , we have used the mouse SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma model to investigate the activity of neutrophils in tumours treated by PDT .

[ "none" ]

304

12665307_2

Tumour levels of neutrophilic myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) demonstrated not only a massive and sustained sequestration of these cells in PDT-treated tumours but also revealed their activated state evidenced by the presence of released MPO .

[ "none" ]

305

12665307_3

Among the adhesion molecules expressed on tumour vascular endothelium , ICAM-1 appears to be of primary importance in the invasion of neutrophils into PDT-treated tumours , because its functional blocking with monoclonal antibodies reduced the tumour cure rate .

[ "none" ]

306

12665307_4

A marked upregulation of its ligands CD11b/CD18 and CD11c/CD18 found on neutrophils associated with PDT-treated tumours supports this assumption .

[ "none" ]

307

12665307_5

To evaluate the role of inflammatory cytokines regulating neutrophil activity , neutralising antibodies were given to mice before PDT treatment .

[ "none" ]

308

12665307_6

The results suggest that IL-1beta activity is critical for the therapeutic outcome , since its neutralisation diminished the cure rates of PDT-treated tumours .

[ "none" ]

309

12665307_7

No significant effect was observed with anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-alpha treatment .

[ "none" ]

310

12665307_8

Further flow cytometry-based examination of neutrophils round in PDT-treated tumours revealed that these cells express MHC class II molecules , which suggests their engagement as antigen-presenting cells and involvement in the development of antitumour immune response .

[ "tumor promoting inflammation" ]

311

12831059_0

There is increasing evidence for the implication of tumor-derived angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in controlling tumor growth in vivo .

[ "none" ]

312

12831059_1

In this study , we documented the production of inhibitors of angiogenesis by pancreatic cancer cells and examined how changes in the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors regulate tumor growth in vivo .

[ "none" ]

313

12831059_2

The human pancreatic cancer cell line Hs-776T ( HS-W ) produces slow-growing tumors in SCID mice .

[ "none" ]

314

12831059_3

Cells of a variant form ( HS-R ) of Hs-776T produced faster-growing tumors compared to HS-W .

[ "none" ]

315

12831059_4

Characterization of HS-W and HS-R cells in vitro showed similar proliferation rates and production of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

316

12831059_5

Analyzes of anti-angiogenic factors showed comparable levels of angiostatin and thrombospondin 1 and 2 , but endostatin was only detected in conditioned media of HS-W cells and was absent in HS-R .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

317

12831059_6

Cell proliferation was similar in both tumor types in vivo , whereas HS-W tumors demonstrated increased apoptosis with a high percentage of apoptotic endothelial cells ( EC ) .

[ "resisting cell death", "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]

318

12831059_7

Subsequently , VEGF was over-expressed in Hs-776T cells ( HS-VF ) , resulting in rapidly growing tumors and lowering tumor and EC apoptosis .

[ "none" ]

319

12831059_8

Collectively , our study confirms that tumor growth is dependent on its ability to increase the angiogenic stimulus or to reduce the amounts of endogenous anti-angiogenic factors .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

320

20679748_0

AIM To compare the value of intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasonography ( US ) , intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography ( CT ) , and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas .

[ "none" ]

321

20679748_1

MATERIAL AND METHODS The study enrolled 48 patients , aged between 20 and 79 years ( 35 [ 72.9% ] women , 13 [ 27.1% ] men ; mean age , 53.5+/-12.855 years ) , who were examined and treated in the Departments of Gastroenterology , Surgery , and Oncology , Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine , in the year 2007 .

[ "none" ]

322

20679748_2

All patients underwent intravenous contrast-enhanced US , intravenous contrast-enhanced CT , and MRI and were diagnosed with hepatic hemangioma according to the findings of these examinations .

[ "none" ]

323

20679748_3

RESULTS The size of hemangiomas was < or =2.0 cm in 20 cases ( 41.7% ) and >2.0 cm in 28 ( 58.3% ) .

[ "none" ]

324

20679748_4

No association between hepatic hemangioma and patient's age was found ( chi(2)=0.547 , df=2 , P=0.761 ) .

[ "none" ]

325

20679748_5

Nearly one-third of hemangiomas were located in the segment IV of the left hepatic lobe .

[ "none" ]

326

20679748_6

There were a few complicated hemangiomas in the study sample : 2 with calcification and 1 with necrosis .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

327

20679748_7

The sensitivity of CT in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma was 76.92% ; specificity , 33.3% ; positive prognostic value , 83.3% ; and negative prognostic value , 25.0% .

[ "none" ]

328

20679748_8

The sensitivity of intravenous contrast-enhanced US in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma was 77.8% ; specificity , 100% ; positive prognostic value , 100% ; and negative prognostic value , 23.1% .

[ "none" ]

329

20679748_9

CONCLUSIONS Intravenous contrast-enhanced US is more specific than intravenous contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma ( P=0.0005 ) and has a higher positive prognostic value ( P=0.001 ) .

[ "none" ]

330

23024612_0

BACKGROUND Angiogenic factors following oncological surgery is important in tumor recurrence .

[ "none" ]

331

23024612_1

Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , angiopoietin 1 ( Ang-1 ) , Ang-2 , soluble VEGF-receptor 1 ( sVEGFR1 ) and sVEGFR2 may influence angiogenesis .

[ "none" ]

332

23024612_2

This prospective study examined the influence of open and video-assisted thoracic surgery ( VATS ) lung resections for early stage non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) on postoperative circulating angiogenic factors .

[ "none" ]

333

23024612_3

METHODS Forty-three consecutive patients underwent major lung resection through either VATS ( n = 23 ) or Open thoracotomy ( n = 20 ) over an 8-month period .

[ "none" ]

334

23024612_4

Blood samples were collected preoperatively and postoperatively on days ( POD ) 1 and 3 for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay determination of angiogenic factors .

[ "none" ]

335

23024612_5

RESULTS Patient demographics were comparable .

[ "none" ]

336

23024612_6

For all patients undergoing major lung resection , postoperative Ang-1 and sVEGFR2 levels were significantly decreased , while Ang-2 and sVEGFR1 levels markedly increased .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

337

23024612_7

No significant peri-operative changes in VEGF levels were observed .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

338

23024612_8

Compared with open group , VATS had significantly lower plasma levels of VEGF ( VATS 170 ± 93 pg/mL ; Open 486 ± 641 pg/mL ; P = 0.04 ) and Ang-2 ( VATS 2484 ± 1119 pg/mL ; Open 3379 ± 1287 pg/mL ; P = 0.026 ) on POD3 .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

339

23024612_9

CONCLUSIONS Major lung resection for early stage NSCLC leads to a pro-angiogenic status , with increased Ang-2 and decreased Ang-1 productions .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

340

23024612_10

VATS is associated with an attenuated angiogenic response with lower circulating VEGF and Ang-2 levels compared with open .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

341

23024612_11

Such differences in angiogenic factors may be important in lung cancer biology and recurrence following surgery .

[ "inducing angiogenesis" ]

342

21541970_0

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer ( PCa ) progression is often associated with transactivation of the androgen receptor ( AR ) by endogenous hormones/growth factors .

[ "none" ]

343

21541970_1

One such factor affecting growth , proliferation , and apoptostis ( pro-/anti- ) in various cancers is the adipokine leptin .

[ "none" ]

344

21541970_2

This research studied leptin-induced signaling and apoptosis in androgen sensitive ( LNCaP , PC3/AR ) and insensitive ( PC3 , DU145 ) PCa cell lines .

[ "none" ]

345

21541970_3

METHODS Signaling was studied by immunoblotting in cells overexpressing leptin receptors ( LRb ) , Janus kinase 2 ( JAK2 ) , and kinase negative-HER2-YFP cDNAs .

[ "none" ]

346

21541970_4

Apoptosis was measured by immunoblotting of apoptotic proteins and by Hoechst staining of condensed DNA .

[ "none" ]

347

21541970_5

RESULTS Leptin rapidly induced activation of JAK2 , STAT3 , and MAPK ( ERK1/2 ) signaling cascades ; it may also induce HER2 transactivation via leptin-induced phospho-JAK2 .

[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]

348

21541970_6

Leptin was then shown to exert clear pro-apoptotic effects , increasing levels of caspase 3 , cleavage of its substrate , poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase ( PARP ) to cleaved PARP(89) , levels of CK 18 , a cytoskeletal protein formed during apoptosis , and DNA condensation .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

349

21541970_7

Kinase inhibitors indicated that leptin-induced apoptosis is probably mediated by balanced activation of JAK2/STAT3 , p38 MAPK , and PKC pathways in PCa cells .

[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]

350

21541970_8

A human leptin mutein LRb antagonist , L39A/D40A/F41A , fully inhibited leptin-induced phosphorylation of JAK2 , ERK1/2 , and Akt/PKB , and partially abrogated effects on apoptotic proteins .

[ "resisting cell death", "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]

351

21541970_9

In LNCaP and PC3/AR cells , leptin increased AR protein levels in correlation with raised apoptotic markers .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

352

21541970_10

Thus , AR may mediate , at least partly , the leptin-induced apoptotic response .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

353

21541970_11

CONCLUSIONS Leptin can clearly induce apoptosis in human PCa cell lines .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

354

21541970_12

These findings could lead to development of new leptin agonists with enhanced pro-apoptotic effects and targeted for use in human PCa .

[ "none" ]

355

23300887_0

Novel strategies are necessary to improve chemotherapy response in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer .

[ "none" ]

356

23300887_1

Here , we demonstrate that terpenoids present in the Steam Distilled Extract of Ginger ( SDGE ) are potent inhibitors of proliferation of endometrial cancer cells .

[ "none" ]

357

23300887_2

SDGE , isolated from six different batches of ginger rhizomes , consistently inhibited proliferation of the endometrial cancer cell lines Ishikawa and ECC-1 at IC(50) of 1.25 �g/ml .

[ "none" ]

358

23300887_3

SDGE also enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of radiation and cisplatin .

[ "none" ]

359

23300887_4

Decreased proliferation of Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells was a direct result of SDGE-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by FITC-Annexin V staining and expression of cleaved caspase 3 .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

360

23300887_5

GC/MS analysis identified a total of 22 different terpenoid compounds in SDGE , with the isomers neral and geranial constituting 30-40% .

[ "none" ]

361

23300887_6

Citral , a mixture of neral and geranial inhibited the proliferation of Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells at an IC(50) 10 �M ( 2.3 �g/ml ) .

[ "none" ]

362

23300887_7

Phenolic compounds such as gingerol and shogaol were not detected in SDGE and 6-gingerol was a weaker inhibitor of the proliferation of the endometrial cancer cells .

[ "none" ]

363

23300887_8

SDGE was more effective in inducing cancer cell death than citral , suggesting that other terpenes present in SDGE were also contributing to endometrial cancer cell death .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

364

23300887_9

SDGE treatment resulted in a rapid and strong increase in intracellular calcium and a 20-40% decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential .

[ "none" ]

365

23300887_10

Ser-15 of p53 was phosphorylated after 15 min treatment of the cancer cells with SDGE .

[ "none" ]

366

23300887_11

This increase in p53 was associated with 90% decrease in Bcl2 whereas no effect was observed on Bax .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

367

23300887_12

Inhibitor of p53 , pifithrin-α , attenuated the anti-cancer effects of SDGE and apoptosis was also not observed in the p53(neg) SKOV-3 cells .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

368

23300887_13

Our studies demonstrate that terpenoids from SDGE mediate apoptosis by activating p53 and should be therefore be investigated as agents for the treatment of endometrial cancer .

[ "resisting cell death" ]

369

22019117_0

Inflammatory responses and associated products have been implicated in cancer metastasis .

[ "none" ]

370

22019117_1

However , the relationship between these two processes is uncertain due to the lack of a suitable model .

[ "none" ]

371

22019117_2

Taking advantage of localized and controllable inflammatory responses induced by biomaterial implantation and the capability of tissue scaffolds to release a wide variety of chemokines , we report a novel system for studying the molecular mechanisms of inflammation-mediated cancer metastasis .

[ "none" ]

372

22019117_3

The animal model is comprised of an initial subcutaneous implantation of biomaterial microspheres which prompt localized inflammatory responses , followed by the transplantation of metastatic cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity or blood circulation .

[ "none" ]

373

22019117_4

Histological results demonstrated that substantial numbers of B16F10 cells were recruited to the site nearby biomaterial implants .

[ "none" ]

374

22019117_5

There was a strong correlation between the degree of biomaterial-mediated inflammatory responses and number of recruited cancer cells .

[ "none" ]

375

22019117_6

Inflammation-mediated cancer cell migration was inhibited by small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4 but not by neutralizing antibody against CCL21 .

[ "none" ]

376

22019117_7

Using chemokine-releasing scaffolds , further studies were carried out to explore the possibility of enhancing cancer cell recruitment .

[ "none" ]

377

22019117_8

Interestingly , erythropoietin ( EPO ) releasing scaffolds , but not stromal cell-derived factor-1α-releasing scaffolds , were found to accumulate substantially more melanoma cells than controls .

[ "none" ]

378

22019117_9

Rather unexpectedly , perhaps by indirectly reducing circulating cancer cells , mice implanted with EPO-releasing scaffolds had longer life span than other groups .

[ "none" ]

379

22019117_10

These results suggest that chemokine-releasing scaffolds may potentially function as implantable cancer traps and serve as powerful tools for studying cancer distraction and even selective annihilation of circulating metastatic cancer cells .

[ "none" ]

380

11901535_0

It is well known that cell-mediated immunity is suppressed in patients with neoplastic diseases .

[ "none" ]

381

11901535_1

We have reported that soluble receptors for interleukin-2 ( sIL-2R ) and tumor necrosis factor ( sTNF-R1 ) are elevated in the serum of patients with advanced colorectal cancer .

[ "none" ]

382

11901535_2

The presence of these soluble receptors and immunosuppressive cytokines , including interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) , might be important in the mechanisms of immunosuppression. cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum ( cisplatin ) has been reported to immunomodulate , especially when used in low dose in combination with 5-Fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) .

[ "none" ]

383

11901535_3

In this study , cisplatin and UFT , a form of uracil and tegafur which is a prodrug of 5-FU , were administered with immunomodulator Polysaccharide K ( PSK ) to ten patients with colorectal cancer , who showed distant metastasis in the liver or lung , and the serum levels of sIL-2R and sTNF-R1 and the production of gamma-interferon ( gamma-INF ) and interleukin-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured .

[ "activating invasion and metastasis" ]

384

11901535_4

The serum concentrations of sIL-2R and the production of IL-10 were reduced ( p < 0.05 ) after 2 months of treatment .

[ "none" ]

385

11901535_5

Thus , this combination appeared to have immunomodulative potential in patients with advanced colorectal cancer .

[ "avoiding immune destruction" ]

386

22408395_0

MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are small non-coding RNAs of nucleotides that function as negative regulators of gene expression by either inhibiting translation or inducing deadenylation-dependent degradation of target transcripts .

[ "none" ]

387

22408395_1

Notably , deregulation of miRNAs expression is associated with the initiation and progression of human cancers where they act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors contributing to tumorigenesis .

[ "none" ]

388

22408395_2

Abnormal miRNA expression may provide potential diagnostic and prognostic tumor biomarkers and new therapeutic targets in cancer .

[ "none" ]

389

22408395_3

Recently , several miRNAs have been shown to initiate invasion and metastasis by targeting multiple proteins that are major players in these cellular events , thus they have been denominated as metastamiRs .

[ "none" ]

390

22408395_4

Here , we present a review of the current knowledge of miRNAs in cancer with a special focus on metastamiRs .

[ "none" ]

391

22408395_5

In addition we discuss their potential use as novel specific markers for cancer progression .

[ "none" ]

392

22366308_0

An acquired mutation ( T790M ) in the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) accounts for half of all relapses in non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) patients who initially respond to EGFR kinase inhibitors .

[ "none" ]

393

22366308_1

In this study , we demonstrated for the first time that EGFR-T790M interacts with the cytoskeletal components , myosin heavy chain 9 ( MYH9 ) and β-actin , in the nucleus of H1975 cells carrying the T790M-mutant EGFR .

[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]

394

22366308_2

The interactions of EGFR with MYH9 and β-actin were reduced in the presence of blebbistatin , a specific inhibitor for the MYH9-β-actin interaction , suggesting that the EGFR interaction with MYH9 and β-actin is affected by the integrity of the cytoskeleton .

[ "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]

395

22366308_3

These physical interactions among MYH9 , β-actin , and EGFR were also impaired by CL-387,785 , a kinase inhibitor for EGFR-T790M .

[ "none" ]

396

22366308_4

Furthermore , CL-387,785 and blebbistatin interacted in a synergistic fashion to suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in H1975 cells .

[ "resisting cell death", "sustaining proliferative signaling" ]

397

22366308_5

The combination of CL-387,785 and blebbistatin enhanced the down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) , a transcriptional target of nuclear EGFR .

[ "none" ]

398

22366308_6

Overall , our findings demonstrate that disrupting EGFR interactions with the cytoskeletal components enhanced the anti-cancer effects of CL-387,785 against H1975 cells , suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for NSCLC cells that express the drug-resistant EGFR-T790M .

[ "none" ]

399

22668016_0

The results of experimental studies have indicated the pleiotropic effects of statins in organism , e.g. the influence on cell cycle , apoptosis or angiogenesis .

[ "none" ]

400

22668016_1

In this study , the effects of simvastatin on selected parameters of apoptosis and proliferation in chemocarcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rats were determined .

[ "none" ]