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group_id
int64
0
6.04M
headline
stringlengths
6
1.72k
state
stringclasses
50 values
date
stringlengths
11
11
0
MEXIGAN NEWSFAPERMAN - BOESAS SPECIAL ENVOY
indiana
Jul-01-1920
0
Mexican Envoy on Way to Englanc
california
Jul-01-1920
1
Mob at Seymour Takes Negro from County Jail
indiana
Nov-27-1920
1
NEGRO GIVEN A-BEATING MOR TABES HIM FROM SEYMOUR JAIL WHERE. HE WAS BEING “HELD. FOR ASSAULT. -
indiana
Nov-27-1920
2
BEVERIDGE MAY BE SELECTED AS A ‘DARK HORSE REPUBLICAN LEADERS SER. IOUSLY WEIGH STRENGTH OF FORMER SENATOR. MAY BE CHAIRMAN OF NATIONAL CONVENTION
indiana
May-21-1920
2
BEVERIDGE MAY BE NOMINEE Former Indiana Senator Ik “Dark Horse” Possibility COULD BREAK. DEADLOCK G .O. P. Leaders Are Seriously Weighing His Strength x., FF AT fo hn :
iowa
May-21-1920
3
TX UM SCUSSED. BY DR, Mi SULLOUGH ‘DEMOCRATIC. CANDIDATE ADDRESSES LABGE AUDIENCE AT SOUTH BEND ©
indiana
Sep-25-1920
3
TAX LAW DISCUSSED BY DR. MeCULLOGH Democratic Candidate Addresses Large Audience at Sullivan and Pledged Support to Fair Labor Laws — “HOME RULE” BILL “FRAUD”
indiana
Sep-24-1920
4
MRS. STOKES TO STAND TRIAL
pennsylvania
Feb-12-1920
4
Millionaire Socialist, to Illinois by New York Governor She Advocated “Overthrow of the Gov: ernment By Force.”’.
indiana
Feb-12-1920
5
Mia Roat Salntinon.
new-mexico
Jul-21-1920
5
Tha Real Solution.
new-mexico
Jul-12-1920
6
IN COTTON CROP
south-carolina
Jun-24-1920
6
Cotton Outlook Is Considered Better SOUTH CAROLINA CROPS SHOW DECIDED IMPROVEMENT
south-carolina
Jun-17-1920
6
COTTON GROP IMPROVED PAST WEEK ACCORDING TO GOVERNMENT OAT!
texas
Jun-17-1920
6
GOTTON PROGRESS NOTED OVER BELT! DURING PAST WEEK‘ WEATHER CONDITIONS FAVOR. ABLF TO CROP IN MOST SECTIONS, Recent Warm Weather Has Hastenedc Maturity of Grain Report Says But Harvest Well Under Way
texas
Jun-17-1920
6
COTTON PROGRESS IN ENTIRE BELT 1S GOOD GOVERNMENT WEEELY CROP BUL- LETIN SAYS WARM AND DRY WEATHER BEWEFICIAL
texas
Jun-17-1920
7
MINERS DISSATISFIED.
texas
Aug-19-1920
7
Indfana Men Quit.
iowa
Aug-19-1920
7
INDIANA COAL MINERS OUI
iowa
Aug-19-1920
7
1500 INDIANA COAL MINERS GO ON STRIKE Walked Out Recause of Dissati tion With Offer of Wage Commniittec, face
missouri
Aug-19-1920
7
Coal Miners Strike
iowa
Aug-19-1920
7
TNO Iran Tools.
ohio
Aug-19-1920
7
(500 MINERS OUT IN INDIANA MINE
california
Aug-19-1920
7
1500 Miners Walk Out in Indiana
minnesota
Aug-19-1920
8
Alan TDrane TDaad
kansas
Dec-09-1920
8
Mian Viennc MPaad
kansas
Dec-10-1920
8
Man Drons Dead.
kansas
Dec-10-1920
9
TROOPS RUSHED I) WATCH HIM; REFUSES TO. BE PUT IN DISCARD
texas
May-21-1920
9
TROOPS AUSHED TQ. WATCH HM REFUOtD TO Be PUT IN DISCARD
texas
May-21-1920
10
WOMEN'S PARTY To CALL ON HARDING
new-mexico
Jul-19-1920
10
SUFFS GOING TO MARION ‘Représentatives of: Women’s Party Wilt Be At Hardin: Notification.
pennsylvania
Jul-19-1920
10
REPRESENTATIVES OF WOMEN’S PARTY WILL CALL ON SEN. HARDING
wisconsin
Jul-19-1920
10
Waoamen to See Hardine.
indiana
Jul-20-1920
10
WOMEN MARCH ON SEN. HARDING NATIONAL WOMEN'S PARTY WANTS SENATOR'S AID IN TENNESSEE SUFF FIGHT
south-dakota
Jul-20-1920
10
WOMEN T0 MARCH ON SEN. HARDING
wisconsin
Jul-19-1920
11
HOLDEN RETIRES AS RECIONAL DIRECTOR
illinois
Feb-17-1920
11
SERVICE DEPARTMENT WITHOUT ASSISTANT!
ohio
Apr-01-1920
12
10 BEGIN FIGHT UN PROPITEERS IN SHORT TIME Department Of Justice Will Launch Nation-Wide Cam -paign It Is Announced USE ENTIRE PERSONNEL IN NEW ProoD FIGHT Release Of Men Rounding Up Reds Will Be Signal For New Campaign
ohio
Jan-06-1920
12
Prices Of Other Lines Of Necessities Will Follow, Is Promise WARNING IS GIVEN Consumers Who Pay More Than 19 Cents Urged To Report Transaction
ohio
Jan-06-1920
12
FEDERAL AGENTS WILL ARREST ' DEALERS WHO CHARGE TOO MUCH, SAYS DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
oklahoma
Jan-08-1920
12
ROUND-UP OF GOUGERS BEGINS >” THIS WEEK Responsibles for High Cost of Living to Be Arrested and Prosecuted, According ‘to An. nouncement ‘Today. PLANS OUTLINED
pennsylvania
Jan-06-1920
12
FEDERAL AGENTS HOT AFTER PROFITEERS HIK NG H. CI Dealers Charging Excessive Price: Will be Rounded up In Nation Wide Campaien.
missouri
Jan-06-1920
12
CAMPAIGN AGAINS ~ PROFITEERS
california
Jan-06-1920
12
POVERAMENT WILL BEGIN IM MEDIATE WAR ON PROFITEERS . Three Days Department of Justice Is to Open vive on High Price Pirates and Promises Early Drop in Cost of Necessities
ohio
Jan-06-1920
12
Responsible for High Cost of Livin; to Be Launched In Three Days Immediate Reduction In Sugar Prices and Other Commodities Expected.
indiana
Jan-08-1920
13
DECIDE AGAINST STRIKE
california
Mar-11-1920
13
General Strike is Defeated on Vote
california
Mar-11-1920
13
UNIONISTS REJECT DIRECT ACTION
indiana
Mar-11-1920
13
TRAGE CONGRESS IS AGAINST STRIKE BY BRITISH MINERS Large Majority Vote in Opposition to Walkout to Bring About Nationalization -
texas
Mar-11-1920
13
VOTE AGAINST DIREGT ACTION British Trade Union Congress Decides to Bring Pressure Upon Parliament. NATIONALIZATION OF COAL MINES SOUGHT Decision for ‘Direct Action” Would Have Precipitated a General Strike.
ohio
Mar-11-1920
13
Direct Action Plan Rejected Trade Union Congress Votes To Reject General Strike Program ‘MAJORITY IS OVERWHELMING BY FLOYD MacGRIFF International News Service Staff Correaenoandent.
pennsylvania
Mar-11-1920
14
UKRAINE COMMANDER JOINS THE BOLSREVIKI TO FIGHT WRANGEI
iowa
Oct-06-1920
14
MAKNO GOES TO BOLSHEVIK SIDE
iowa
Oct-06-1920
14
DESERTS WRANGEL Gen. Makno ‘Given a Bolshewk Cammand
massachusetts
Oct-06-1920
14
General Makno Joins Bolshevist: Has Been Leadiys Ukrainian Moree: Against Russians, But Now Join: Soviet Arniy,
mississippi
Oct-06-1920
14
GENERAL MAKNO HAS JOINED BOLSHEVIK
texas
Oct-06-1920
14
Makno Joins Reds.
indiana
Oct-06-1920
14
Meknan Turns Lolenevict
kansas
Oct-06-1920
14
UKBRAINIAN COMMANDER TOING REDS. MOSCOW DECLARES
idaho
Oct-06-1920
14
Wranzel Leses Offtee.
kansas
Oct-06-1920
14
Maknoa Dasorte Weencel.
indiana
Oct-06-1920
14
Says Jap Problem in United States Becoming Worse
nebraska
Oct-06-1920
14
JOINS BOLSHEVIK
wisconsin
Oct-06-1920
14
WRANGEL AID DESERTS TO BOLSHEVIK
iowa
Oct-06-1920
14
UKRAINIAN COMMANDER JOINS UP WITH REDS
missouri
Oct-06-1920
14
KAANIAN COMMANDER JOINS BOLSHEVIK) AND IS GIVEN BIG POSITION DIRECTS THE SOVIET CAMPAIGN AGAINST GENEKAL WRANGEL'S RUSSIAN FORCES,
texas
Oct-06-1920
14
GENERAL MAKNO SAID TO HAVE DESERTED TO REDS
texas
Oct-06-1920
14
HAS JOINED THE ROLSHEVIKI
minnesota
Oct-06-1920
14
Mekna Turne Rol&hevict
kansas
Oct-06-1920
14
ANTL-RED GENERAL ~ JOINS: BOLSHEVIKI Malmo’ Deserts. Gen. Wrangell: For ' Soviet “Command; Wevkand et Weneal’.
massachusetts
Oct-06-1920
15
OWA LABOR MEN ROK. EXTENSION U5, RAIL RULE
iowa
Jan-13-1920
15
IOWA MEN GO TO WASHINGTON TO FIGHT RAIL BILL Opponents of Cummin: Measure Leave for Capital Tomorrow.
iowa
Jan-13-1920
15
CUMMINS BILL 10 BE OPPOSE Committee of Ten Iowa Men to Go to Washington to Fight the Measure.
iowa
Jan-13-1920
15
TOWANS WITLI, OPPOSE CIIMWINS RITTT,.
iowa
Jan-13-1920
16
ROYAL TITLES ARE AROLIGEHIE
illinois
Jul-04-1920
16
Titles Discontinued.
texas
Jun-24-1920
17
CARNIVAL OF KILLING : IN MEXICAN CAPITAL Wholesale Slaughter of Political Prisoners Held In Mil-. itary Prison.
indiana
May-11-1920
17
CARR ANZA OFFICER KITTS 1% CRENERAIS
mississippi
May-10-1920
17
FIFTEEN GENERALS WERE KILLED BY GANNANZISTAS “Rebel Leaders in Prison at Mexice City Were Put to Death by De. parting Federals.
virginia
May-10-1920
17
ALL POLITICAL PRISONERS IN CAPITAL SHOT BY HIS SOLDIER! FIFTEEN GENERALS ARE AMONG THE i VICTIMS OF RUTHLESSNESS VILLA HAS COME IN AND TURNED HIS MEN OVER TO REBELS AND HE IS TO BE ELIMINATED 1 AS FACTOR IN FUTURE OF REPUBLIC
montana
May-10-1920
17
Massacre \llegwed
pennsylvania
May-10-1920
17
Carranza Military Come mander at Mexico City Is Said to Have Carried Qut a Wholesale Slaughter, 15 MEXICAN GENERALS MURDERED. IS CLAIN
new-mexico
May-10-1920
18
PLEADS NOT GUILTY. "TOT LARCENY: CHARGES
massachusetts
May-25-1920
18
HELD FOR LARCENY.
maine
May-25-1920
18
HELD FOR LARCENY. w, F. Stone Charged with Pecula tions of $127,000.
maine
May-25-1920
19
MANIAC RUNS AWAY: SUICIDE
iowa
Mar-05-1920
19
THE FLU DROVE PETER INSANE
iowa
Mar-06-1920
19
Demented Sioux City Man Found Dear
iowa
Mar-05-1920
20
OWLY ONE BID FILED CONTRACTORS AFRATD OF THE DUNHAM DITCH JO. Williain Tiobbs Proposes to do the Work for 820,000.
indiana
Nov-27-1920
20
ONLY ONE BID FILED v ‘ CONTRACTORS AFRAID, OF THE DUNHAM BITCH JON, William Hébbs° Proposes to de the Werk for $20,000,
indiana
Nov-27-1920
21
Cit+ Farmoaliv CDrecanted,
pennsylvania
Dec-11-1920
21
PEACE PRYES TO WIISHA. RAIREENIS
illinois
Dec-10-1920
22
SETS $100 A WEEK AT STOCK YARDS, MAN SAYS HE OUGHT TO GET RAISE
south-dakota
Sep-18-1920
22
GETS $106 WEEK, ASKS RAISE Chicago Stock Yards Worker Dign’t Know How Much He Was Making.
iowa
Sep-08-1920
23
CL EMENCEAU GOES SOUTH
california
Jan-01-1920
23
CLEMENCEAL Peete
nevada
Jan-01-1920
24
Bet Bannw far Sane at Vaetaranan
ohio
Sep-27-1920
24
Gat Baneiee Sine af Veterana
iowa
Sep-27-1920
24
Sons of Veterans... Adont Red: Poni
wisconsin
Sep-25-1920

Dataset Card for HEADLINES

Dataset Summary

HEADLINES is a massive English-language semantic similarity dataset, containing 396,001,930 pairs of different headlines for the same newspaper article, taken from historical U.S. newspapers, covering the period 1920-1989.

Languages

The text in the dataset is in English.

Dataset Structure

Each year in the dataset is divided into a distinct file (eg. 1952_headlines.json), giving a total of 70 files.

The data is presented in the form of clusters, rather than pairs to eliminate duplication of text data and minimise the storage size of the datasets. Below we give an example of how to convert the dataset into pairs.

Dataset Instances

An example from the HEADLINES dataset looks like:

{
    "headline": "FRENCH AND BRITISH BATTLESHIPS IN MEXICAN WATERS",
    "group_id": 4
    "date": "May-14-1920",
    "state": "kansas",
}

Dataset Fields

  • headline: headline text.
  • date: the date of publication of the newspaper article, as a string in the form mmm-DD-YYYY.
  • state: state of the newspaper that published the headline.
  • group_id: a number that is shared with all other headlines for the same article. This number is unique across all year files.

Usage

The whole dataset can be easily downloaded using the datasets library.

from datasets import load_dataset
dataset_dict = load_dataset('dell-research-harvard/headlines-semantic-similarity')

If you just want to load specific files, you can specify these in the command.

from datasets import load_dataset
load_dataset(
    'dell-research-harvard/headlines-semantic-similarity', 
    data_files=["1929_headlines.json", "1989_headlines.json"]
)

Dataset Creation

Source Data

The dataset was constructed using a large corpus of newly digitized articles from off-copyright, local U.S. newspapers. Many of these newspapers reprint articles from newswires, such as the Associated Press, but the headlines are written locally. The dataset comprises different headlines for the same article.

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

To construct HEADLINES, we digitize front pages of off-copyright newspaper page scans, localizing and OCRing individual content regions like headlines and articles. The headlines, bylines, and article texts that form full articles span multiple bounding boxes - often arranged with complex layouts - and we associate them using a model that combines layout information and language understanding. Then, we use neural methods to accurately predict which articles come from the same underlying source, in the presence of noise and abridgement.

We remove all headline pairs that are below a Levenshtein edit distance, divided by the min length in the pair, of 0.1 from each other, with the aim of removing pairs that are exact duplicates up to OCR noise.

Who are the source language producers?

The text data was originally produced by journalists of local U.S. newspapers.

Annotations

The dataset does not contain any additional annotations.

Personal and Sensitive Information

The dataset may contain information about individuals, to the extent that this is covered in the headlines of news stories. However we make no additional information about individuals publicly available.

Data Description

The dataset contains 396,001,930 positive semantic similarity pairs, from 1920 to 1989.

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

The purpose of this dataset is to widen the range of language and topics for training semantic similarity models.

This will facilitate the study of semantic change across space and time.

Specific biases in the dataset are considered in the next section.

Discussion of Biases

The headlines in the dataset may reflect attitudes and values from the period in which they were written, 1920-1989. This may include instances of racism, sexism and homophobia.

We also note that given that all the newspapers considered are from the U.S., the data is likely to present a Western perspective on the news stories of the day.

Other Known Limitations

As the dataset is sourced from digitalised text, it contains some OCR errors.

Additional information

Licensing Information

HEADLINES is released under the Creative Commons CC-BY 2.0 license.

Dataset curators

This dataset was created by Emily Silcock, Abhishek Arora and Melissa Dell. For more information, see Dell Research Harvard.

Citation information

You can cite this dataset using

@article{silcock2023massive,
  title={A Massive Scale Semantic Similarity Dataset of Historical English},
  author={Silcock, Emily and Arora, Abhishek and Dell, Melissa},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information and Processing Systems, Datasets and Benchmarks},
  year={2023}
}
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