context
stringlengths 155
3.71k
| questions
stringlengths 20
1.74k
|
|---|---|
gq: Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman’s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman’s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: | Question: Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station? Question: Where was the first solar thermal power plant built? Question: What was used to power the plants engine? Question: How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres? Question: From what river did the engine pump water? Question: What slowed down the growth of solar energy? Question: In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived? Question: When was the interest in solar energy restored? |
gq: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. | Question: What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water? Question: How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes? Question: According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be provided by solar heating systems? Question: What is a common type of solar water heater? Question: What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools? |
gq: As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005. | Question: What is the capacity of a solar hot water system? Question: What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts? Question: What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems? Question: Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries? Question: What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus? Question: In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools? |
gq: In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy. | Question: How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations? Question: What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems? Question: How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations? Question: What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems? |
gq: Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. | Question: Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass? Question: What is thermal mass? Question: What are typical thermal mass material? Question: What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass? Question: How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool? Question: What does thermal mass reduce the need for? |
gq: A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses. | Question: What is a solar chimney? Question: What kind of system is a solar chimney? Question: What is a solar chimney made of? Question: How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved? |
gq: Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. | Question: What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling? Question: The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season? Question: How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees? Question: Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator? Question: What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter? |
gq: Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90–150 °C (194–302 °F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C (599 °F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun. | Question: What are solar cookers used for? Question: What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers? Question: Who created the box cooker? Question: Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year? Question: What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker? Question: Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what? Question: What do reflector cookers require to function? |
gq: Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the "right to dry" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C (40 °F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C (113–140 °F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds. | Question: What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies? Question: What was the first commercial solar concentrating system? Question: The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes? Question: What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy? Question: What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity? Question: What are Unglazed transpired collectors? Question: Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems? |
gq: Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications. | Question: What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable? Question: By who was the first record of solar distillation done by? Question: In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas? Question: When was the first large solar distillation plant created? Question: How much water was produced by the plant? Question: What is an example of a solar distillation design? |
gq: Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. | Question: How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection? Question: Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization? Question: What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection? Question: How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water? |
gq: Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. | Question: For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond? Question: What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable? Question: What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds? |
gq: Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively. | Question: By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity? Question: When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity? |
gq: Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world’s largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity. | Question: What is the largest solar power plant in the world? Question: The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert? Question: Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located? Question: What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants? Question: Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year? |
gq: In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%. | Question: What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years? Question: What is a solar cell? Question: In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell? Question: Who created the first solar cell? Question: Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide? Question: Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell? Question: In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed? |
gq: Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. | Question: What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use? Question: What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for? Question: What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies? Question: In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what? Question: What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common? |
gq: The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. | Question: What is a common feature of passive solar architecture? Question: What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment? Question: What is an example of passive solar design? Question: Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design? Question: What kind of equipment can improve system performance? |
gq: Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical "cool communities" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings. | Question: UHI is an abbreviation of what? Question: What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called? Question: What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials? Question: What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands? Question: A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius? |
gq: Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses. | Question: Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured? Question: What are some techniques used to improve crop production? Question: What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy? Question: During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy? Question: What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers? Question: Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what? |
gq: Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers. | Question: What do greenhouses do with solar energy? Question: What is one purpose of a greenhouse? Question: When were the first greenhouses used? Question: What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse? Question: Where were the first modern greenhouses built? Question: In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed? |
gq: Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles. | Question: What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years? Question: What is The World Solar Challenge? Question: When was The World Solar Challenge started? Question: What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987? Question: What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h? Question: What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007? Question: What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles? |
gq: In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006–2007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010. | Question: The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year? Question: When was the first solar powered boat made? Question: Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat? Question: What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean? |
gq: In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours. | Question: When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made? Question: When was the first solar powered manned flight made? Question: What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet? Question: When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel? Question: Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990? Question: What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power? Question: How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air? |
gq: Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 – the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants. | Question: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels? Question: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels? Question: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide? |
gq: Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300–2,600 °C or 4,200–4,700 °F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen. | Question: What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s? Question: What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis? Question: What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute? Question: What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute? Question: The Solznic process produces what? |
gq: Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. | Question: What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat? Question: In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy? Question: What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems? Question: What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system? |
gq: Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%. | Question: What are some examples of phase change materials? Question: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media? Question: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials? Question: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where? Question: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt? Question: Why are salts good for thermal storage? Question: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts? |
gq: Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary. | Question: Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity? Question: What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity? Question: What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called? Question: How is the credit to households accomplished? Question: Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use? |
gq: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. | Question: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form? Question: How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered? Question: When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat? |
gq: The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). | Question: What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s? Question: The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies? Question: What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology? Question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US? Question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan? Question: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany? |
gq: Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. | Question: When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin? Question: The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period? Question: Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s? Question: Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at? Question: Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999 Question: What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007? |
gq: The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | Question: Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues? Question: Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world? |
gq: The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | Question: What is the name of the standard related to glass in building? Question: ISO 9050 relates to standards for what? Question: What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters? Question: ISO 10217 relates to standards for what? |
gq: It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. | Question: What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as? Question: What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy? Question: What is an example of a passive solar technique? |
gq: The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012. | Question: What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity> Question: Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000? Question: What is solar energy's yearly potential? Question: What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012? |
gq: In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared". | Question: How will solar energy increase energy security? Question: What costs will solar energy lower? Question: What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels? Question: What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered? |
gq: The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. | Question: Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface? |
gq: Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells. | Question: Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available? Question: What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator? Question: Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy? Question: What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available? |
gq: In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established. | Question: Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy? Question: Why are roofs a good place for solar panels? |
gq: In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575–49,837 EJ per year (see table below). | Question: What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy? Question: What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate? |
gq: Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. | Question: What is solar power? Question: How is sunlight converted into electricity? Question: What does a concentrated solar power system use? Question: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system? Question: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity? |
gq: Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. | Question: What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history? Question: Who first utilized solar architecture? Question: In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing? |
gq: A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. | Question: What is a solar balloon? Question: What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon? Question: What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to? Question: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market? |
gq: Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum. | Question: Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s? Question: What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century? |
gq: In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale". | Question: According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy? Question: What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change? |
gq: The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. | Question: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age? Question: What other culutres has ruled the area? Question: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home? Question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane? Question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land? Question: When did Tajikistan become an independent nation? Question: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation? Question: What years did the civil war take place? Question: What years did the war last through? |
gq: Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence. | Question: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army? Question: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII? Question: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war? Question: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics? |
gq: The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers. | Question: How were the different factions distinguished from eachother? Question: Why did more than half a million people flee? Question: Who came into power in 1992? Question: What did the ceasefire guaranteed? |
gq: Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe. | Question: Who was stationed along the boarder? Question: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001? Question: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often? Question: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force? |
gq: In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online) | Question: Why was there concerns in 2010? Question: How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped? Question: When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley? Question: When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan? |
gq: Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova. | Question: What type of government does Tajikistan have? Question: What kind of system is a dominant-party system? Question: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president? Question: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan? Question: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers? |
gq: Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media. | Question: Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it? Question: What access is blocked? Question: What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media? Question: What is not covered by local media? |
gq: Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley. | Question: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area? Question: Where exactly is Tajikistan? Question: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan? Question: What area is under sea level? Question: Where is Dushanbe located? |
gq: Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia." | Question: What does Tajikistan mean? Question: What does the suffix -stan mean? Question: Where did the word Tajik come from? Question: Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik? |
gq: It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region. | Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese? Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese? Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese? Question: When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese? Question: Who took control of the regin in 710? Question: Who took control of the regin in 710? Question: Who took control of the regin in 710? Question: When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl? Question: Who restored Persian control of the region? Question: Who restored Persian control of the region? Question: Who restored Persian control of the region? Question: When did the Samanid Empire rule the land? Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran? Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran? Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran? Question: Who conquered Tansaxania? |
gq: Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed] | Question: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia? Question: What did Russia do between 1864-1885? Question: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan? Question: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for? Question: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area? |
gq: During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed] | Question: What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century? Question: Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists? Question: When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand? Question: Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand? |
gq: After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives. | Question: Who went to war against Bolshevick armies? Question: What did they go to war against Bolshevick? Question: Who won the war? Question: What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed? |
gq: In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure. | Question: In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan? Question: What happeded between 1927-1934? Question: Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly? Question: What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan? |
gq: Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992). | Question: Who directed the purges of Soviets? Question: How many people were expelled?? Question: Who were sent to replace the expelled positions? Question: What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced? Question: What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959? |
gq: The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people. | Question: Why were parties upset in the 2005 election? Question: What happened in the Feb 2010 election? Question: What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did? Question: What was the Tajikistan governments response? |
gq: Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. | Question: Where is Tajikistan located? Question: How many people are living in Tajikistan? Question: How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan? Question: What is the area of Tajikistan? Question: What is the area of Tajikistan? Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the south? Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the west? Question: What country lies to Tajikistans east? Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the east? Question: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan? |
gq: The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers. | Question: What was the first recorded history of this region? Question: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE? Question: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire? |
gq: The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. | Question: What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE? Question: What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE? Question: What empire brought Islam practices with them? Question: When was Islam brought to the region? |
gq: Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world. | Question: What was the rate that the GDP expanded? Question: What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan? Question: What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output? Question: What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium? |
gq: Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum. | Question: What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for? Question: Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan? Question: What is the highest dam in the world? Question: What will the project named CASA 1000 do? |
gq: According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty. | Question: What is the average amount lived on per day? Question: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans? Question: How did Tajikistan change their economy? Question: What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth? |
gq: Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency. | Question: What is raised locally for the domestic market? Question: What all has helped with the fight against drugs? Question: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations? Question: What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs? |
gq: As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries. | Question: What are the majority of transportation options? Question: What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports? Question: What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way? Question: What year was the agreement signed? |
gq: In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and Ürümqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country. | Question: How many airports does Tajikistan have? Question: What is the country's main airport? Question: Where are the international flights maining going to? Question: What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country? |
gq: Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis. | Question: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009? Question: What percent of the population is under 30 years old? Question: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old? Question: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak? Question: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called? |
gq: The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country. | Question: What people live in the southeast area of the country? Question: How are they different than most Tajiks? Question: What mountians do the Pamiri people call home? |
gq: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions. | Question: What school has been recognized by the government? Question: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as? Question: What are the two national Islamic holidays? Question: What percent of the population is muslim? |
gq: Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory. | Question: What type of religions concerns are there? Question: What concerns for the religions institutions are there? Question: What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan? Question: What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for? |
gq: By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice. | Question: What do religions communities have to register with? Question: What does the SCRA require? Question: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer? Question: What can happen if you do not register? |
gq: Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004. | Question: What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan? Question: How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan? Question: What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with? Question: What percent of the GDP was spent on health? |
gq: Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills. | Question: How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system? Question: What do they want to impliment in 2016? Question: What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions? Question: What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment? |
gq: Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history. | Question: What is anthropology a study of? Question: What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world? Question: What investigates the influence of language in social life? Question: What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism? Question: Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology? |
gq: Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation. | Question: When was the American Anthropological Association founded? Question: When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society? Question: Vienna created it's society in what year? Question: When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow? Question: What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked? |
gq: During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology. | Question: What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century? Question: What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be? Question: Who belonged to these proliferating organizations? Question: How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898? Question: How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in? |
gq: Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork. | Question: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work? Question: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing? Question: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized? Question: What did Boas' argue against? Question: What did Margaret Mead advocate for? |
gq: Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. | Question: What type of discipline is anthropology? Question: What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology? Question: What builds upon natural and social sciences? Question: Where did early anthropology originate? Question: What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of? |
gq: Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | Question: What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by? Question: When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology? Question: What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology? Question: What two fields remained largely positivist? Question: What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades? |
gq: Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | Question: What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology? Question: What studies the way people make sense of the world around them? Question: Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups? Question: What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of? Question: What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology? |
gq: Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | Question: What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms? Question: What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate? Question: What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research? Question: What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology? Question: What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"? |
gq: The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | Question: What is a human universal? Question: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of? Question: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in? Question: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about? Question: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology? |
gq: Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | Question: What field studies human's past through material remains? Question: What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of? Question: What can archaeologists deduce from material remains? Question: What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups? Question: How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations? |
gq: Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | Question: What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications? Question: What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on? Question: What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to? Question: What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on? |
gq: One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | Question: What is a cultural phenomenon? Question: What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts? Question: What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on? Question: When was Art as Cultural System penned? Question: What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of? |
gq: Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned. | Question: Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man? Question: When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy? Question: When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History? Question: Where is the National Museum of Natural History located? Question: What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery? |
gq: Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. | Question: What is anthropology the intellectual results of? Question: What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages? Question: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of? Question: What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists? Question: How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions? |
gq: Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became "the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature". | Question: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution? Question: What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution? Question: Where did Paul Broca reside? Question: What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from? Question: What did the French call evolutionism? |
gq: Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as "The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples". The last two volumes were published posthumously. | Question: If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be? Question: What particularly interested Broca? Question: What did Broca discover in the human brain? Question: What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in? Question: How many volumes was Waitz work? |
gq: Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men". | Question: How did Waitz define anthropology? Question: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold? Question: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him? Question: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be? Question: What history was to be brought into the comparison? |
gq: Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist. | Question: Who was Waitz influential among? Question: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London? Question: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow? Question: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London? Question: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review? |
gq: This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), "a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology", currently contains members from about three dozen nations. | Question: What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into? Question: What was anthropology diversified into dozens of? Question: What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems? Question: What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims? Question: From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from? |
gq: Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | Question: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media? Question: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context? Question: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context? Question: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search? Question: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years? |
gq: Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | Question: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film? Question: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with? Question: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under? Question: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology? |
gq: Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | Question: Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior? Question: Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior? Question: What is economic anthropology highly critical of? Question: Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology? Question: What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon? |
gq: Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | Question: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to? Question: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture? Question: Who were the original affluent society? Question: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world? Question: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of? |