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{
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    "# https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/published.html\n",
    "import requests\n",
    "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n",
    "import re"
   ]
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  {
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   "id": "af87017d-7e81-4b3c-b015-14d6035390a3",
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   "source": [
    "root_url = \"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/published.html\"\n",
    "\n",
    "def get_url(url):\n",
    "    response = requests.get(url)\n",
    "    soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text)\n",
    "    return soup\n",
    "\n",
    "soup = get_url(root_url)"
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   "source": [
    "#soup.find_all('a', {'href':\"*plato*\"})\n",
    "#soup.find_all('a')\n",
    "article_links = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(\"plato.*entries\"))\n",
    "recs = {article_link.text: {'title':article_link.text, 'url':article_link['href']} for article_link in article_links}"
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     "text": [
      "Modern Confucianism\n",
      "Henry Habberley Price\n",
      "Inner Speech\n",
      "Structural Rationality\n",
      "Agent-Based Modeling in the Philosophy of Science\n",
      "Methods in Comparative Cognition\n",
      "Deductivism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Philosophy of Biology in Latin America\n",
      "Meritocracy\n",
      "Mind (Heart-Mind) in Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Transformative Experience\n",
      "Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Religion\n",
      "Propositional Logic\n",
      "Atonement\n",
      "Solidarity in Social and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Causal Approaches to Scientific Explanation\n",
      "Gender in Confucian Philosophy\n",
      "Dignity\n",
      "Creativity\n",
      "Jaina Philosophy\n",
      "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi\n",
      "Ernst Bloch\n",
      "Aesthetic Experience\n",
      "Alexander von Humboldt\n",
      "Antonio Gramsci\n",
      "Many-Sorted Logic\n",
      "The Possibilism-Actualism Debate\n",
      "Self-Locating Beliefs\n",
      "Higher-Order Evidence\n",
      "Analytical Marxism\n",
      "Consequentializing\n",
      "Margarete Susman\n",
      "Natural Language Ontology\n",
      "Normativity in Metaethics\n",
      "Moral Theory\n",
      "The Moral/Conventional Distinction\n",
      "Theories of Biological Development\n",
      "Primary and Secondary Qualities in Early Modern Philosophy\n",
      "Normative Theories of Rational Choice: Rivals to Expected Utility\n",
      "Philosophy of International Law\n",
      "Gómez Pereira\n",
      "Rosa Luxemburg\n",
      "Rule-Following and Intentionality\n",
      "Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Aesthetics and Cognitive Science\n",
      "The Concept of Religion\n",
      "Iris Murdoch\n",
      "Metaepistemology\n",
      "Obligations to Oneself\n",
      "Hate Speech\n",
      "Cicero\n",
      "Korean Philosophy\n",
      "Philosophical Approaches to Work and Labor\n",
      "Economics in Early Modern Philosophy\n",
      "Spinoza’s Epistemology and Philosophy of Mind\n",
      "Philosophy in Han Dynasty China\n",
      "Personhood in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "God and Other Ultimates\n",
      "Kinds and Origins of Evil\n",
      "Phylogenetic Inference\n",
      "Moral Disagreement\n",
      "The Emotions in Early Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Aristotle’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Korean Confucianism\n",
      "Philosophy of Contract Law\n",
      "al-Farabi’s Metaphysics\n",
      "Ecological Genetics\n",
      "Jury Theorems\n",
      "Scientific Pluralism\n",
      "Natural Deduction Systems in Logic\n",
      "Alonzo Church\n",
      "Metaphysical Explanation\n",
      "Śaṅkara\n",
      "Critical Philosophy of Race\n",
      "Moral Phenomenology\n",
      "Contemporary Africana Philosophy\n",
      "Regularity and Inferential Theories of Causation\n",
      "Public Goods\n",
      "Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Classical Theories\n",
      "Argument and Argumentation\n",
      "History of Western Philosophy of Music: since 1800\n",
      "History of Western Philosophy of Music: Antiquity to 1800\n",
      "Legal Interpretation\n",
      "Self-Defense\n",
      "Ibn Rushd [Averroes]\n",
      "Neoliberalism\n",
      "Legal Probabilism\n",
      "Hegel’s Social and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Margaret Fuller\n",
      "Abu Bakr al-Razi\n",
      "Ralph Cudworth\n",
      "Understanding\n",
      "Infinity\n",
      "Francis Hutcheson\n",
      "Sin in Christian Thought\n",
      "Human Nature\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Argumentation\n",
      "Hyperintensionality\n",
      "Culture\n",
      "Ancient Theories of Freedom and Determinism\n",
      "Protagoras\n",
      "Boethius of Dacia\n",
      "The Psychology of Normative Cognition\n",
      "Causation in Physics\n",
      "Isaac Albalag\n",
      "Philosophy of Microbiology\n",
      "Luther’s Influence on Philosophy\n",
      "Martin Luther\n",
      "Divine Revelation\n",
      "Moral Responsibility and the Principle of Alternative Possibilities\n",
      "Evolution and Development\n",
      "Gaṅgeśa\n",
      "Climate Justice\n",
      "Simplicius\n",
      "Descartes’ Method\n",
      "Scientific Research and Big Data\n",
      "Kantian Conceptualism/Nonconceptualism\n",
      "Wilhelm Windelband\n",
      "Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics\n",
      "Imaginative Resistance\n",
      "Philosophy of Biomedicine\n",
      "Francisco Sanches\n",
      "Territorial Rights and Territorial Justice\n",
      "Song-Ming Confucianism\n",
      "Edith Stein\n",
      "Computational Philosophy\n",
      "Johann Sturm\n",
      "Rudolf Carnap\n",
      "Philosophy of Sport\n",
      "Hans Vaihinger\n",
      "Gustav Theodor Fechner\n",
      "Empirical Approaches to Altruism\n",
      "Richard Sylvan [Routley]\n",
      "Sophie de Grouchy\n",
      "Philosophy of Theater\n",
      "Jean-Baptiste Du Bos\n",
      "Structuralism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Huayan Buddhism\n",
      "Philosophy of Cell Biology\n",
      "Richard Price\n",
      "Critical Disability Theory\n",
      "Natural Properties\n",
      "Iamblichus\n",
      "John Niemeyer Findlay\n",
      "Frank Ramsey\n",
      "Genetics\n",
      "Socialism\n",
      "Category Mistakes\n",
      "Russellian Monism\n",
      "Denis Diderot\n",
      "Darwin: From Origin of Species to Descent of Man\n",
      "Evolutionary Thought Before Darwin\n",
      "Retrocausality in Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Philosophical Aspects of Multi-Modal Logic\n",
      "Philosophy of Macroevolution\n",
      "Ramsey and Intergenerational Welfare Economics\n",
      "Actualism and Possibilism in Ethics\n",
      "Cancer\n",
      "Freedom of Association\n",
      "al-Farabi’s Philosophy of Logic and Language\n",
      "Qing Philosophy\n",
      "Treating Persons as Means\n",
      "Needs in Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Japanese Philosophy\n",
      "Chinese Philosophy of Change (Yijing)\n",
      "School of Salamanca\n",
      "The Pragmatic Theory of Truth\n",
      "Frantz Fanon\n",
      "Hobbes’ Philosophy of Science\n",
      "Logics for Analyzing Games\n",
      "Mental Disorder (Illness)\n",
      "Locke on Personal Identity\n",
      "Counterfactuals\n",
      "Latinx Philosophy\n",
      "Latin American Feminism\n",
      "Reproducibility of Scientific Results\n",
      "Bounded Rationality\n",
      "The Emergence of First-Order Logic\n",
      "Domination\n",
      "Fictional Entities\n",
      "Philosophy of Money and Finance\n",
      "John Dewey\n",
      "Modesty and Humility\n",
      "The Neuroscience of Consciousness\n",
      "Analytic Philosophy in Latin America\n",
      "Jean François Lyotard\n",
      "Moral Vegetarianism\n",
      "The Epistemic Condition for Moral Responsibility\n",
      "Personal Relationship Goods\n",
      "Alienation\n",
      "Heinrich Scholz\n",
      "Basil [Cardinal] Bessarion\n",
      "Ibn Rushd’s Natural Philosophy\n",
      "Philippa Foot\n",
      "Ibn Sina’s Logic\n",
      "Proof Theory\n",
      "Causal Models\n",
      "Critical Thinking\n",
      "Fundamentality\n",
      "Infinite Regress Arguments\n",
      "Prediction versus Accommodation\n",
      "Wesley Salmon\n",
      "Artificial Intelligence\n",
      "The Ethics of Cultural Heritage\n",
      "Epistemology in Latin America\n",
      "Sex and Sexuality\n",
      "Feminist Philosophy\n",
      "Giordano Bruno\n",
      "Medieval Theories of the Emotions\n",
      "Neo-Kantianism\n",
      "Marin Mersenne\n",
      "Climate Science\n",
      "Realism and Theory Change in Science\n",
      "The Ethics of Manipulation\n",
      "Social Ontology\n",
      "Simone Weil\n",
      "Radulphus Brito\n",
      "The Common Good\n",
      "Disagreement\n",
      "Philo of Alexandria\n",
      "Levels of Organization in Biology\n",
      "Śrīharṣa\n",
      "Presentism\n",
      "Skepticism About Moral Responsibility\n",
      "Experimental Philosophy\n",
      "Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta]\n",
      "Bradley’s Regress\n",
      "Epistemic Self-Doubt\n",
      "Anarchism\n",
      "Ancient and Medieval Empiricism\n",
      "Descriptive Decision Theory\n",
      "Philosophy of Cosmology\n",
      "W.E.B. Du Bois\n",
      "Fine-Tuning\n",
      "Revolution\n",
      "Isaac Polqar\n",
      "Religious Language\n",
      "Self-Consciousness\n",
      "Justice\n",
      "The Donation and Sale of Human Eggs and Sperm\n",
      "Reasoning About Power in Games\n",
      "Depiction\n",
      "Philosophy of Systems and Synthetic Biology\n",
      "Equality of Educational Opportunity\n",
      "Mary Shepherd\n",
      "Susan Stebbing\n",
      "Friedrich Schiller\n",
      "Perceptual Learning\n",
      "Hope\n",
      "Dependence Logic\n",
      "Ramon Llull\n",
      "Games, Full Abstraction and Full Completeness\n",
      "Philosophy of Immunology\n",
      "The Normative Status of Logic\n",
      "Algebraic Propositional Logic\n",
      "Quantum-Bayesian and Pragmatist Views of Quantum Theory\n",
      "The Literal-Nonliteral Distinction in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "Moral Particularism and Moral Generalism\n",
      "Genomics and Postgenomics\n",
      "Scientific Representation\n",
      "Michel Henry\n",
      "Thick Ethical Concepts\n",
      "Śāntideva\n",
      "Ibn Sina [Avicenna]\n",
      "Genetic Drift\n",
      "Logic and Language in Early Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Nicolaus Taurellus\n",
      "Phenomenal Intentionality\n",
      "Altruism\n",
      "Religious Daoism\n",
      "Empirical Approaches to Moral Character\n",
      "Ibn Sina’s Natural Philosophy\n",
      "The Ethics and Rationality of Voting\n",
      "Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory\n",
      "Social and Political Thought in Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "al-Farabi\n",
      "A Priorism in Moral Epistemology\n",
      "Dynamic Epistemic Logic\n",
      "The Rule of Law\n",
      "al-Farabi’s Philosophy of Society and Religion\n",
      "19th Century Romantic Aesthetics\n",
      "Philosophy of Medicine\n",
      "Hegel’s Dialectics\n",
      "Theophrastus\n",
      "William of Sherwood\n",
      "Generic Generalizations\n",
      "Hiddenness of God\n",
      "Imre Lakatos\n",
      "Double Consciousness\n",
      "Methodological Holism in the Social Sciences\n",
      "Galen\n",
      "Conscience\n",
      "Michael Oakeshott\n",
      "Kant’s Transcendental Idealism\n",
      "Disability: Health, Well-Being, and Personal Relationships\n",
      "Intuitionistic Type Theory\n",
      "Skepticism in Latin America\n",
      "al-Farabi’s Psychology and Epistemology\n",
      "Neuroethics\n",
      "Relations\n",
      "Form vs. Matter\n",
      "Liberalism in Latin America\n",
      "Disability and Health Care Rationing\n",
      "Philosophy of Liberation\n",
      "Philosophy in Mexico\n",
      "Neoplatonism\n",
      "Distributive Justice and Empirical Moral Psychology\n",
      "Decision Theory\n",
      "Johann Friedrich Herbart\n",
      "Philosophy of Science in Latin America\n",
      "Ibn Sina’s Metaphysics\n",
      "Touch\n",
      "Mechanisms in Science\n",
      "Thomas Jefferson\n",
      "Locke On Freedom\n",
      "Scientific Method\n",
      "The Legal Concept of Evidence\n",
      "Translating and Interpreting Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Causation in Arabic and Islamic Thought\n",
      "Haecceitism\n",
      "Supervenience in Ethics\n",
      "The Epistemology of Visual Thinking in Mathematics\n",
      "Aesthetics of the Everyday\n",
      "Theories of Contracts\n",
      "‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi\n",
      "Philosophy of Architecture\n",
      "Zhu Xi\n",
      "Idealism\n",
      "Agency\n",
      "The Phenomenology of the Munich and Göttingen Circles\n",
      "Conservatism\n",
      "Computational Complexity Theory\n",
      "Action-based Theories of Perception\n",
      "Belief Merging and Judgment Aggregation\n",
      "Natural Theology and Natural Religion\n",
      "Perceptual Experience and Perceptual Justification\n",
      "Measurement in Science\n",
      "Word Meaning\n",
      "Fallacies\n",
      "Christian von Ehrenfels\n",
      "Giambattista della Porta\n",
      "Reconciliation\n",
      "Science and Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Chinese Philosophy and Chinese Medicine\n",
      "Natural Philosophy in the Renaissance\n",
      "Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples\n",
      "Dreams and Dreaming\n",
      "Human Enhancement\n",
      "Metaphysics in Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Philosophy in Chile\n",
      "Chan Buddhism\n",
      "Anna Julia Cooper\n",
      "Developmental Biology\n",
      "Gratitude\n",
      "Jeremy Bentham\n",
      "Associationist Theories of Thought\n",
      "Epistemic Foundations of Game Theory\n",
      "Global Justice\n",
      "The Structure of Scientific Theories\n",
      "Formal Epistemology\n",
      "Implicit Bias\n",
      "The Philosophy of Digital Art\n",
      "Global Democracy\n",
      "The Philosophy of Dance\n",
      "Negation\n",
      "Probability in Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy\n",
      "Imprecise Probabilities\n",
      "Intuitionism in Ethics\n",
      "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Metaphysical Grounding\n",
      "Nelson Goodman\n",
      "Privacy and Information Technology\n",
      "Tiantai Buddhism\n",
      "Ontological Commitment\n",
      "Arrow’s Theorem\n",
      "Epistemology in Chinese Philosophy\n",
      "Meaning Holism\n",
      "Authenticity\n",
      "Formal Approaches to Social Procedures\n",
      "Quantifiers and Quantification\n",
      "Feminist Environmental Philosophy\n",
      "Scientific Objectivity\n",
      "Erotic Art\n",
      "Philosophy of Statistics\n",
      "Normative Theories of Rational Choice: Expected Utility\n",
      "The Consistent Histories Approach to Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Port Royal Logic\n",
      "Francisco Suárez\n",
      "Wang Yangming\n",
      "Eugenics\n",
      "Robert Nozick’s Political Philosophy\n",
      "Retributive Justice\n",
      "Richard Mervyn Hare\n",
      "Samuel Alexander\n",
      "Jan Łukasiewicz\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Globalization\n",
      "Herbert Feigl\n",
      "Blame\n",
      "Scientific Reduction\n",
      "Animalism\n",
      "Thomas More\n",
      "Experimental Moral Philosophy\n",
      "Origen\n",
      "Scientific Discovery\n",
      "Questions\n",
      "Computational Linguistics\n",
      "Gelukpa [dge lugs pa]\n",
      "Logic and Information\n",
      "Moral Sentimentalism\n",
      "Skeptical Theism\n",
      "Sextus Empiricus\n",
      "Tense and Aspect\n",
      "Herbert Marcuse\n",
      "Social Choice Theory\n",
      "The Concept of Evil\n",
      "Transmission of Justification and Warrant\n",
      "Time Travel\n",
      "Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems\n",
      "Georg [György] Lukács\n",
      "Possible Worlds\n",
      "Epistemology of Geometry\n",
      "Perfect Goodness\n",
      "Nominalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Henri Poincaré\n",
      "Recognition\n",
      "Logicism and Neologicism\n",
      "Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia\n",
      "Latin American Philosophy\n",
      "Heinrich Rickert\n",
      "Kant’s Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Thomas Paine\n",
      "Richard FitzRalph\n",
      "Zermelo’s Axiomatization of Set Theory\n",
      "Latin American Philosophy: Metaphilosophical Foundations\n",
      "Analogy and Analogical Reasoning\n",
      "Leibniz’s Exoteric Philosophy\n",
      "Collective Intentionality\n",
      "Location and Mereology\n",
      "Confirmation\n",
      "Émilie du Châtelet\n",
      "Moritz Schlick\n",
      "Disability and Justice\n",
      "The Continuum Hypothesis\n",
      "Large Cardinals and Determinacy\n",
      "Public Reason\n",
      "Externalism and Self-Knowledge\n",
      "Computer Simulations in Science\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy\n",
      "Girolamo [Geronimo] Cardano\n",
      "Logical Pluralism\n",
      "Philodemus\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Transcendentals\n",
      "Jacques Lacan\n",
      "Markets\n",
      "François Poulain de la Barre\n",
      "The Grounds of Moral Status\n",
      "The Logic of Mass Expressions\n",
      "Logic and Probability\n",
      "Theoretical Terms in Science\n",
      "Truthmakers\n",
      "Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Instrumental Rationality\n",
      "Donald Cary Williams\n",
      "Locke on Real Essence\n",
      "The Lambda Calculus\n",
      "John Langshaw Austin\n",
      "Proof-Theoretic Semantics\n",
      "Knowledge How\n",
      "Intuition\n",
      "Varieties of Modality\n",
      "Philosophy of Humor\n",
      "Japanese Pure Land Philosophy\n",
      "The Metaphysics of Mass Expressions\n",
      "Lucrezia Marinella\n",
      "Information\n",
      "John Anderson\n",
      "Joseph Butler’s Moral Philosophy\n",
      "Innateness and Contemporary Theories of Cognition\n",
      "Friedrich Hayek\n",
      "Beauty\n",
      "Search Engines and Ethics\n",
      "Petitionary Prayer\n",
      "Social Networking and Ethics\n",
      "Abner of Burgos\n",
      "Cognitive Disability and Moral Status\n",
      "Arabic and Islamic Metaphysics\n",
      "Catharine Macaulay\n",
      "Nicolai Hartmann\n",
      "Internet Research Ethics\n",
      "Frederick Douglass\n",
      "Information Technology and Moral Values\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Consequence\n",
      "Schopenhauer’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Robert Kilwardby\n",
      "Cellular Automata\n",
      "Alain LeRoy Locke\n",
      "Adam de Wodeham\n",
      "Ludwik Fleck\n",
      "Count Paul Yorck von Wartenburg\n",
      "Pluralist Theories of Truth\n",
      "Naturalism in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "Experiment in Biology\n",
      "Margaret Fell\n",
      "Inheritance Systems\n",
      "Hasdai Crescas\n",
      "Disability: Definitions and Models\n",
      "Max Scheler\n",
      "Ordinary Objects\n",
      "Descartes’ Mathematics\n",
      "Louis de La Forge\n",
      "Religious Experience\n",
      "Montague Semantics\n",
      "Culture and Cognitive Science\n",
      "The Donation of Human Organs\n",
      "Albert Camus\n",
      "Locke’s Moral Philosophy\n",
      "The Sale of Human Organs\n",
      "Martin Heidegger\n",
      "The Sophists\n",
      "Constructivism in Metaethics\n",
      "Epistemic Utility Arguments for Epistemic Norms\n",
      "Philosophy of Linguistics\n",
      "Informed Consent\n",
      "Umar Khayyam\n",
      "History of the Ontology of Art\n",
      "Dharmakīrti\n",
      "Metaphor\n",
      "James of Viterbo\n",
      "Bodily Awareness\n",
      "Voting Methods\n",
      "Embodied Cognition\n",
      "Fiction\n",
      "Propositional Function\n",
      "Tsongkhapa\n",
      "Happiness\n",
      "Feminist Philosophy of Biology\n",
      "Justification Logic\n",
      "Dutch Book Arguments\n",
      "Future Contingents\n",
      "Marsilio Ficino\n",
      "José Ortega y Gasset\n",
      "Alexander Crummell\n",
      "Madeleine de Scudéry\n",
      "Psychoanalytic Feminism\n",
      "Ambiguity\n",
      "Gorampa [go rams pa]\n",
      "Johannes Kepler\n",
      "Vasubandhu\n",
      "Logic in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "Charles Leslie Stevenson\n",
      "The Capability Approach\n",
      "The Ergodic Hierarchy\n",
      "Logical Empiricism\n",
      "Presupposition\n",
      "Yeshayahu Leibowitz\n",
      "Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones\n",
      "Fitting Attitude Theories of Value\n",
      "Proclus\n",
      "Philosophy of Chemistry\n",
      "Ceteris Paribus Laws\n",
      "Imagination\n",
      "Abduction\n",
      "Intellectual Property\n",
      "Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "Social Norms\n",
      "The Concept of Emotion in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "Transcendental Arguments\n",
      "Buddha\n",
      "Progress\n",
      "Pregnancy, Birth, and Medicine\n",
      "The Theory of Two Truths in Tibet\n",
      "The Theory of Two Truths in India\n",
      "Tibetan Epistemology and Philosophy of Language\n",
      "Discrimination\n",
      "Liar Paradox\n",
      "Jayarāśi\n",
      "Walter Benjamin\n",
      "Formalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Francis Herbert Bradley’s Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Reid’s Ethics\n",
      "Black Reparations\n",
      "Shared Agency\n",
      "Two-Dimensional Semantics\n",
      "Perceptual Experience and Concepts in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "Leo Strauss\n",
      "Marcus Aurelius\n",
      "Modern Origins of Modal Logic\n",
      "Madhyamaka\n",
      "Bohr’s Correspondence Principle\n",
      "Africana Philosophy\n",
      "Jean Jacques Rousseau\n",
      "Multiculturalism\n",
      "Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Avicebron]\n",
      "Principle of Sufficient Reason\n",
      "Carl Hempel\n",
      "African Ethics\n",
      "Plutarch\n",
      "Typelogical Grammar\n",
      "Ancient Political Philosophy\n",
      "Charlie Dunbar Broad\n",
      "Pufendorf’s Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Dynamic Semantics\n",
      "Enlightenment\n",
      "Language and Testimony in Classical Indian Philosophy\n",
      "Chance versus Randomness\n",
      "Abhidharma\n",
      "Otto Neurath\n",
      "William David Ross\n",
      "Carl Schmitt\n",
      "Temporal Consciousness\n",
      "Seventeenth-Century Theories of Consciousness\n",
      "Philosophy of Psychiatry\n",
      "Political Realism in International Relations\n",
      "Adaptationism\n",
      "Computation in Physical Systems\n",
      "Hermann Cohen\n",
      "Kazimierz Twardowski\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on the Body\n",
      "Faith\n",
      "Ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism\n",
      "The Ethics of Belief\n",
      "Ayn Rand\n",
      "Négritude\n",
      "Immanuel Kant\n",
      "Theory and Bioethics\n",
      "Immigration\n",
      "Forgiveness\n",
      "Kumārila\n",
      "Sentence Connectives in Formal Logic\n",
      "Political Legitimacy\n",
      "George Boole\n",
      "Independence and Large Cardinals\n",
      "Public Health Ethics\n",
      "Willard Van Orman Quine\n",
      "Free Logic\n",
      "Truth Values\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Objectification\n",
      "Nāgārjuna\n",
      "Causal Theories of Mental Content\n",
      "Heidegger’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Introspection\n",
      "Omniscience\n",
      "Theories of Meaning\n",
      "Abilities\n",
      "August Wilhelm von Schlegel\n",
      "David Lewis’s Metaphysics\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Science\n",
      "John M. E. McTaggart\n",
      "Desire\n",
      "John Cook Wilson\n",
      "Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy\n",
      "Personalism\n",
      "Louis Althusser\n",
      "Margaret Lucas Cavendish\n",
      "Neo-Daoism\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues\n",
      "Impossible Worlds\n",
      "Delusion\n",
      "Peter Frederick Strawson\n",
      "Information Processing and Thermodynamic Entropy\n",
      "Kant’s Views on Space and Time\n",
      "The Concept of the Aesthetic\n",
      "Attention\n",
      "Leibniz’s Influence on 19th Century Logic\n",
      "Hermann Weyl\n",
      "Intention\n",
      "Voltaire\n",
      "Kant’s Transcendental Arguments\n",
      "Non-Deductive Methods in Mathematics\n",
      "Underdetermination of Scientific Theory\n",
      "Diodorus Cronus\n",
      "The Distinction Between Innate and Acquired Characteristics\n",
      "Locke’s Philosophy of Science\n",
      "Trinity\n",
      "Nicole Oresme\n",
      "David Lewis\n",
      "Plato’s Myths\n",
      "Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe\n",
      "The Nonidentity Problem\n",
      "Platonism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "James Ward\n",
      "Operationalism\n",
      "Marriage and Domestic Partnership\n",
      "The Disjunctive Theory of Perception\n",
      "Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa]\n",
      "Syrianus\n",
      "The Paradox of Suspense\n",
      "Mathematical Style\n",
      "Singularities and Black Holes\n",
      "Existentialist Aesthetics\n",
      "Max Horkheimer\n",
      "The Normativity of Meaning and Content\n",
      "Mulla Sadra\n",
      "Patriotism\n",
      "Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg [Novalis]\n",
      "Human/Non-Human Chimeras\n",
      "Feminist Philosophy of Law\n",
      "Auditory Perception\n",
      "Lorenzo Valla\n",
      "Privacy and Medicine\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Rape\n",
      "Numenius\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Disability\n",
      "The Problem of Dirty Hands\n",
      "Modularity of Mind\n",
      "The Logic of Action\n",
      "The History of Utilitarianism\n",
      "Advance Directives and Substitute Decision-Making\n",
      "Reid on Memory and Personal Identity\n",
      "Thomas Hobbes\n",
      "Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India\n",
      "The History of Feminism: Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet\n",
      "Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy\n",
      "Scientific Revolutions\n",
      "Dialogical Logic\n",
      "The Algebra of Logic Tradition\n",
      "Feminist Political Philosophy\n",
      "Franz Rosenzweig\n",
      "The Incommensurability of Scientific Theories\n",
      "Material Constitution\n",
      "Greek Sources in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy\n",
      "Set Theory: Constructive and Intuitionistic ZF\n",
      "Reasons for Action: Justification, Motivation, Explanation\n",
      "Philosophy of Technology\n",
      "Independence Friendly Logic\n",
      "Spinoza’s Theory of Attributes\n",
      "The Ethics of Clinical Research\n",
      "Feminist Moral Psychology\n",
      "Carl Stumpf\n",
      "Transitional Justice\n",
      "Harold Arthur Prichard\n",
      "Hegel’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Skolem’s Paradox\n",
      "Medieval Skepticism\n",
      "Juan Luis Vives [Joannes Ludovicus Vives]\n",
      "Theory and Observation in Science\n",
      "Epictetus\n",
      "Justice, Inequality, and Health\n",
      "Anton Marty\n",
      "Morality and Evolutionary Biology\n",
      "The Philosophy of Computer Science\n",
      "Alexius Meinong\n",
      "Roderick Chisholm\n",
      "Panentheism\n",
      "Śāntarakṣita\n",
      "René Descartes\n",
      "The Human Genome Project\n",
      "Combinatory Logic\n",
      "Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction\n",
      "Causal Decision Theory\n",
      "Formal Representations of Belief\n",
      "Occasionalism\n",
      "Promises\n",
      "Religion and Political Theory\n",
      "Phenomenology of Religion\n",
      "Auguste Comte\n",
      "Constructive Empiricism\n",
      "Justice and Access to Health Care\n",
      "Aristotle\n",
      "William of Auvergne\n",
      "Group Rights\n",
      "Concepts of Disease and Health\n",
      "Desiderius Erasmus\n",
      "Adolf Reinach\n",
      "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West\n",
      "Cloning\n",
      "Natural Kinds\n",
      "Names\n",
      "Kant’s Account of Reason\n",
      "Byzantine Philosophy\n",
      "Reasons for Action: Internal vs. External\n",
      "Intuitionism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Science and Pseudo-Science\n",
      "Naturalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Hans Reichenbach\n",
      "Pragmatism\n",
      "Henricus Regius\n",
      "Ibn ‘Arabî\n",
      "Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic\n",
      "Chaos\n",
      "Self-Reference\n",
      "The Development of Intuitionistic Logic\n",
      "Philosophy of Biology\n",
      "Plato’s Aesthetics\n",
      "The Historical Controversies Surrounding Innateness\n",
      "Natural Selection\n",
      "The Theology of Aristotle\n",
      "Kant and Hume on Causality\n",
      "Giovanni Pico della Mirandola\n",
      "Philosophy of Education\n",
      "Race\n",
      "Reductionism in Biology\n",
      "Leibniz’s Modal Metaphysics\n",
      "Gilles Deleuze\n",
      "Judah Halevi\n",
      "Ernst Mach\n",
      "Japanese Confucian Philosophy\n",
      "Weakness of Will\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender\n",
      "Sidney Hook\n",
      "Croce’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Essential vs. Accidental Properties\n",
      "Ethics of Stem Cell Research\n",
      "Fictionalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Ikhwân al-Safâ’\n",
      "Dedekind’s Contributions to the Foundations of Mathematics\n",
      "Reliabilist Epistemology\n",
      "Spinoza’s Political Philosophy\n",
      "Arabic and Islamic Psychology and Philosophy of Mind\n",
      "Mary Wollstonecraft\n",
      "The Development of Proof Theory\n",
      "Business Ethics\n",
      "Non-wellfounded Set Theory\n",
      "George Herbert Mead\n",
      "Gershom Scholem\n",
      "Definitions\n",
      "Mathematical Explanation\n",
      "Empathy\n",
      "Kant and Hume on Morality\n",
      "John Rawls\n",
      "Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy\n",
      "The Definition of Lying and Deception\n",
      "Hermann von Helmholtz\n",
      "Nominalism in Metaphysics\n",
      "Evolutionary Psychology\n",
      "Parmenides\n",
      "Value Theory\n",
      "Certainty\n",
      "Innateness and Language\n",
      "Wilhelm Dilthey\n",
      "Decision-Making Capacity\n",
      "Chinese Ethics\n",
      "Zeno of Elea\n",
      "The Axiom of Choice\n",
      "Animal Cognition\n",
      "The Principle of Beneficence in Applied Ethics\n",
      "Civic Education\n",
      "Suhrawardi\n",
      "Cultural Evolution\n",
      "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\n",
      "Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica\n",
      "Second-order and Higher-order Logic\n",
      "Henry of Ghent\n",
      "Isaac Newton\n",
      "Gilbert Ryle\n",
      "Ibn Kammūna\n",
      "Leibniz’s Philosophy of Physics\n",
      "Russell’s Moral Philosophy\n",
      "Hume on Free Will\n",
      "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic Thought\n",
      "A Priori Justification and Knowledge\n",
      "The Epistemology of Modality\n",
      "Stanisław Leśniewski\n",
      "Deontological Ethics\n",
      "Continental Rationalism\n",
      "Structural Realism\n",
      "Bernard Bolzano\n",
      "The Definition of Death\n",
      "The Definition of Art\n",
      "The Philosophy of Music\n",
      "Terrorism\n",
      "Liberal Feminism\n",
      "Seneca\n",
      "Paradoxes and Contemporary Logic\n",
      "Dynamic Choice\n",
      "Mill’s Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Biological Information\n",
      "Ibn Bâjja [Avempace]\n",
      "Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Clarence Irving Lewis\n",
      "Bolzano’s Logic\n",
      "The Frege-Hilbert Controversy\n",
      "Facts\n",
      "The Logic of Conditionals\n",
      "Combining Logics\n",
      "Isaac Israeli\n",
      "Metaphysics\n",
      "Aristotle’s Categories\n",
      "Epistemic Contextualism\n",
      "Convention\n",
      "Contractualism\n",
      "Max Weber\n",
      "Henry More\n",
      "Anaxagoras\n",
      "Collingwood’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Spinoza’s Modal Metaphysics\n",
      "Blaise Pascal\n",
      "The Value of Knowledge\n",
      "Loyalty\n",
      "Plato’s Parmenides\n",
      "al-Ghazali\n",
      "Biological Individuals\n",
      "The Unity of Science\n",
      "Moral Anti-Realism\n",
      "Kant’s Social and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Incommensurable Values\n",
      "Pierre Duhem\n",
      "Creation and Conservation\n",
      "Robert Grosseteste\n",
      "Speech Acts\n",
      "Shem Tov Ibn Falaquera\n",
      "Gadamer’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Olympiodorus\n",
      "Conceptual Art\n",
      "Algebra\n",
      "Discourse Representation Theory\n",
      "Jürgen Habermas\n",
      "The Meaning of Life\n",
      "Roger Bacon\n",
      "The Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School\n",
      "Political Obligation\n",
      "The Early Development of Set Theory\n",
      "Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim\n",
      "Fictionalism\n",
      "Psychologism\n",
      "Monism\n",
      "Friedrich Schlegel\n",
      "Descartes’ Theory of Ideas\n",
      "Risk\n",
      "Philosophy of Religion\n",
      "Presocratic Philosophy\n",
      "Molecular Genetics\n",
      "Feminist Metaphysics\n",
      "Wilhelm von Humboldt\n",
      "Toleration\n",
      "Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Naturalism\n",
      "Religion and Science\n",
      "Philosophy of History\n",
      "Perfectionism in Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Kurt Gödel\n",
      "Xunzi\n",
      "John Norris\n",
      "Situations in Natural Language Semantics\n",
      "Heraclitus\n",
      "Natural Law Theories\n",
      "Aristotle on Non-contradiction\n",
      "Propositional Dynamic Logic\n",
      "Environmental Aesthetics\n",
      "Antoine Arnauld\n",
      "Action at a Distance in Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Wittgenstein’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Metaethics\n",
      "William Stanley Jevons\n",
      "Assertion\n",
      "18th Century German Aesthetics\n",
      "August Wilhelm Rehberg\n",
      "Wisdom\n",
      "Hume’s Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism\n",
      "Social Institutions\n",
      "Civil Disobedience\n",
      "Akan Philosophy of the Person\n",
      "Concepts of God\n",
      "Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science\n",
      "Propositional Consequence Relations and Algebraic Logic\n",
      "Abraham Ibn Ezra\n",
      "Ancient Logic\n",
      "World Government\n",
      "Quantum Computing\n",
      "Optimality-Theoretic and Game-Theoretic Approaches to Implicature\n",
      "al-Kindi\n",
      "Pragmatics\n",
      "Jacques Derrida\n",
      "The Problem of Induction\n",
      "Feminist Social Epistemology\n",
      "Alfred Tarski\n",
      "Rigid Designators\n",
      "Moral Motivation\n",
      "Self-Deception\n",
      "Citizenship\n",
      "Newton’s Philosophy\n",
      "Peirce’s Theory of Signs\n",
      "Philo of Larissa\n",
      "Plato’s Cratylus\n",
      "Preferences\n",
      "Kūkai\n",
      "Dewey’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Religion and Morality\n",
      "Spinoza’s Physical Theory\n",
      "Population Genetics\n",
      "Linear Logic\n",
      "Joane Petrizi\n",
      "Abraham Ibn Daud\n",
      "Church’s Type Theory\n",
      "Nonexistent Objects\n",
      "Belief\n",
      "Evidence\n",
      "Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Post-Newtonian Theories\n",
      "Democracy\n",
      "Hannah Arendt\n",
      "Dispositions\n",
      "Transworld Identity\n",
      "Emmanuel Levinas\n",
      "Joseph Albo\n",
      "Medieval Political Philosophy\n",
      "18th Century British Aesthetics\n",
      "Intensional Logic\n",
      "Pacifism\n",
      "Christian Wolff\n",
      "Defaults in Semantics and Pragmatics\n",
      "Vienna Circle\n",
      "Japanese Zen Buddhist Philosophy\n",
      "Contradiction\n",
      "Quantum Field Theory\n",
      "Epistemic Paradoxes\n",
      "Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning\n",
      "Value Pluralism\n",
      "Walter Chatton\n",
      "Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Future Contingents\n",
      "Hybrid Logic\n",
      "Truth\n",
      "John Wyclif’s Political Philosophy\n",
      "Jane Addams\n",
      "Joseph Kaspi\n",
      "Karl Jaspers\n",
      "Moral Naturalism\n",
      "Logical Truth\n",
      "Alternative Axiomatic Set Theories\n",
      "Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy\n",
      "17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions\n",
      "Medieval Mereology\n",
      "Petrus Ramus\n",
      "Colonialism\n",
      "Types and Tokens\n",
      "Logic of Belief Revision\n",
      "Moral Psychology: Empirical Approaches\n",
      "Medieval Theories of the Categories\n",
      "Pythagoreanism\n",
      "Divine Simplicity\n",
      "Albert the Great\n",
      "The Limits of Law\n",
      "The Kyoto School\n",
      "Models in Science\n",
      "Trust\n",
      "The Repugnant Conclusion\n",
      "Aristotle’s Biology\n",
      "African Sage Philosophy\n",
      "Coercion\n",
      "Sortals\n",
      "Type Theory\n",
      "Deontic Logic\n",
      "Torture\n",
      "Samuel Ibn Tibbon\n",
      "Epistemological Problems of Testimony\n",
      "Bernard Williams\n",
      "Emotions in the Christian Tradition\n",
      "Maimonides\n",
      "Eternity in Christian Thought\n",
      "Robin George Collingwood\n",
      "Aristotle on Causality\n",
      "Connexive Logic\n",
      "Quine’s New Foundations\n",
      "Meister Eckhart\n",
      "Epistemic Logic\n",
      "Political Representation\n",
      "Quantum Gravity\n",
      "Afterlife\n",
      "Axiomatic Theories of Truth\n",
      "Elijah Delmedigo\n",
      "Ecology\n",
      "Personal Identity and Ethics\n",
      "Rights\n",
      "Propositions\n",
      "Hugo Grotius\n",
      "Epistemology\n",
      "Paul Grice\n",
      "Japanese Aesthetics\n",
      "Generalized Quantifiers\n",
      "Aquinas’ Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy\n",
      "Judah Abrabanel\n",
      "James Mill\n",
      "Pleasure\n",
      "Sociobiology\n",
      "Aristotelianism in the Renaissance\n",
      "Locke’s Political Philosophy\n",
      "Hermeneutics\n",
      "Anomalous Monism\n",
      "Concepts\n",
      "Monotheism\n",
      "Bonaventure\n",
      "Plato’s Timaeus\n",
      "School of Names\n",
      "Russell’s Logical Atomism\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Power\n",
      "Ammonius\n",
      "Ernst Mally\n",
      "Epigenesis and Preformationism\n",
      "Other Minds\n",
      "Method and Metaphysics in Plato’s Sophist and Statesman\n",
      "Semantic Conceptions of Information\n",
      "Hume on Religion\n",
      "Moral Realism\n",
      "William of Champeaux\n",
      "Postmodernism\n",
      "Pain\n",
      "Socrates\n",
      "Corruption\n",
      "Beardsley’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Niccolò Machiavelli\n",
      "Mohist Canons\n",
      "Tommaso Campanella\n",
      "Practical Reason and the Structure of Actions\n",
      "Ancient Atomism\n",
      "Units and Levels of Selection\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Demonstration\n",
      "William Crathorn\n",
      "Reasons for Action: Agent-Neutral vs. Agent-Relative\n",
      "Commentators on Aristotle\n",
      "Collective Responsibility\n",
      "Continental Feminism\n",
      "Descartes’ Physics\n",
      "Continuity and Infinitesimals\n",
      "Supervenience\n",
      "Quotation\n",
      "Omnipresence\n",
      "Sounds\n",
      "International Distributive Justice\n",
      "Plato’s Shorter Ethical Works\n",
      "John of Salisbury\n",
      "Kant’s Aesthetics and Teleology\n",
      "Mary Astell\n",
      "Henry David Thoreau\n",
      "Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century\n",
      "Molyneux’s Problem\n",
      "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides\n",
      "Justice and Bad Luck\n",
      "Teleological Arguments for God’s Existence\n",
      "Friedrich Albert Lange\n",
      "Pierre Gassendi\n",
      "The Concept of Evolution to 1872\n",
      "Friendship\n",
      "Giacomo Zabarella\n",
      "Logical Constants\n",
      "Ontological Dependence\n",
      "Goodman’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Alfred Jules Ayer\n",
      "Plato on Knowledge in the Theaetetus\n",
      "Fideism\n",
      "Implicature\n",
      "Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius\n",
      "God and Other Necessary Beings\n",
      "Descartes and the Pineal Gland\n",
      "Jean Baudrillard\n",
      "Possible Objects\n",
      "Love\n",
      "Jean Bodin\n",
      "Recursive Functions\n",
      "Identity Over Time\n",
      "The Contents of Perception\n",
      "Feminist Philosophy of Religion\n",
      "Critical Theory (Frankfurt School)\n",
      "The Problem of Perception\n",
      "Galileo Galilei\n",
      "Empedocles\n",
      "Antiochus of Ascalon\n",
      "Nishida Kitarō\n",
      "Pythagoras\n",
      "Dietrich of Freiberg\n",
      "Phenomenological Approaches to Self-Consciousness\n",
      "Molecular Biology\n",
      "Phenomenological Approaches to Ethics and Information Technology\n",
      "Prophecy\n",
      "Porphyry\n",
      "Leibniz on Causation\n",
      "Dewey’s Political Philosophy\n",
      "Methodological Individualism\n",
      "Neutral Monism\n",
      "Moore’s Moral Philosophy\n",
      "Internalist vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic Justification\n",
      "Defeasible Reasoning\n",
      "Dewey’s Moral Philosophy\n",
      "Evolutionary Genetics\n",
      "Arcesilaus\n",
      "Hermann Lotze\n",
      "Publicity\n",
      "Epicurus\n",
      "Catharine Trotter Cockburn\n",
      "Géraud de Cordemoy\n",
      "Logical Consequence\n",
      "Epistemological Problems of Memory\n",
      "Pietro Pomponazzi\n",
      "Identity\n",
      "Nicolaus Copernicus\n",
      "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness\n",
      "Time Machines\n",
      "Wittgenstein’s Logical Atomism\n",
      "Francesco Patrizi\n",
      "Boltzmann’s Work in Statistical Physics\n",
      "Social Minimum\n",
      "Gabriel (-Honoré) Marcel\n",
      "Idiolects\n",
      "Watsuji Tetsurō\n",
      "Mysticism\n",
      "Inverted Qualia\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Reproduction and the Family\n",
      "Intensional Transitive Verbs\n",
      "Skepticism and Content Externalism\n",
      "Hume’s Moral Philosophy\n",
      "Simplicity\n",
      "Plural Quantification\n",
      "Isaiah Berlin\n",
      "Gene\n",
      "Game Theory and Ethics\n",
      "Mencius\n",
      "Henry Sidgwick\n",
      "Logic and Ontology\n",
      "Substance\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work\n",
      "George Berkeley\n",
      "Inductive Logic\n",
      "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite\n",
      "Property and Ownership\n",
      "Feminist Philosophy of Language\n",
      "Bernardino Telesio\n",
      "Dialectical School\n",
      "Leibniz’s Ethics\n",
      "Nietzsche’s Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Functionalism\n",
      "Justus Lipsius\n",
      "Existentialism\n",
      "Pragmatist Feminism\n",
      "The Notation in Principia Mathematica\n",
      "Rationalism vs. Empiricism\n",
      "Michel de Montaigne\n",
      "Philosophy of Film\n",
      "Reism\n",
      "Simone de Beauvoir\n",
      "Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God\n",
      "Democritus\n",
      "Leucippus\n",
      "Darwinism\n",
      "Thomas Kuhn\n",
      "Newton’s Views on Space, Time, and Motion\n",
      "Carneades\n",
      "Callicles and Thrasymachus\n",
      "Computing and Moral Responsibility\n",
      "Lucretius\n",
      "Medieval Philosophy\n",
      "Peter Abelard\n",
      "Josiah Royce\n",
      "Ancient Ethical Theory\n",
      "Process Theism\n",
      "Doctrine of Double Effect\n",
      "Kant’s Theory of Judgment\n",
      "Quantum Theory and Mathematical Rigor\n",
      "Kant’s View of the Mind and Consciousness of Self\n",
      "Bell’s Theorem\n",
      "Feminist Bioethics\n",
      "Heritability\n",
      "Cosmological Argument\n",
      "Walter Burley\n",
      "Foreknowledge and Free Will\n",
      "Chauncey Wright\n",
      "Redistribution\n",
      "Authority\n",
      "Ernst Cassirer\n",
      "Computability and Complexity\n",
      "Kant’s Philosophy of Religion\n",
      "Teleological Theories of Mental Content\n",
      "Consciousness\n",
      "Maurice Merleau-Ponty\n",
      "Categories\n",
      "Schema\n",
      "Mental Representation in Medieval Philosophy\n",
      "Normative Economics and Economic Justice\n",
      "Religious Diversity (Pluralism)\n",
      "Moral Arguments for the Existence of God\n",
      "Sense Data\n",
      "Leibniz’s Influence on Kant\n",
      "Henri Bergson\n",
      "Suicide\n",
      "Platonism in Metaphysics\n",
      "The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory\n",
      "Feminist Aesthetics\n",
      "Pornography and Censorship\n",
      "Conservation Biology\n",
      "Analytic Feminism\n",
      "Compatibilism\n",
      "Jean-Paul Sartre\n",
      "Martin Buber\n",
      "Hedonism\n",
      "Compositionality\n",
      "Aristotle and Mathematics\n",
      "George Edward Moore\n",
      "Plato\n",
      "The Chinese Room Argument\n",
      "Doxography of Ancient Philosophy\n",
      "Atheism and Agnosticism\n",
      "Descriptions\n",
      "18th Century French Aesthetics\n",
      "Kant’s Critique of Metaphysics\n",
      "Anaphora\n",
      "The Frame Problem\n",
      "Edmund Burke\n",
      "Kant’s Moral Philosophy\n",
      "Plato on Friendship and Eros\n",
      "Moral Relativism\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets\n",
      "Einstein’s Philosophy of Science\n",
      "Boundary\n",
      "Simpson’s Paradox\n",
      "Medieval Theories of the Syllogism\n",
      "Temporal Parts\n",
      "Moral Luck\n",
      "Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism\n",
      "The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction\n",
      "Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description\n",
      "Rule Consequentialism\n",
      "Francis Bacon\n",
      "Legal Obligation and Authority\n",
      "Intersections Between Analytic and Continental Feminism\n",
      "Plato on Rhetoric and Poetry\n",
      "Medieval Semiotics\n",
      "Mental Causation\n",
      "Hume’s Aesthetics\n",
      "Simon of Faversham\n",
      "Phenomenology\n",
      "Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification\n",
      "Malebranche’s Theory of Ideas and Vision in God\n",
      "The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Kant’s Philosophical Development\n",
      "Ancient Theories of Soul\n",
      "Kant’s Philosophy of Science\n",
      "Legal Interpretivism\n",
      "Arguments for Incompatibilism\n",
      "Practical Reason\n",
      "Alexander of Aphrodisias\n",
      "Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach\n",
      "Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Singular Terms\n",
      "Intentionality in Ancient Philosophy\n",
      "Theories of the Common Law of Torts\n",
      "Plato’s Ethics: An Overview\n",
      "Philolaus\n",
      "Moral Reasoning\n",
      "Philosophy of Economics\n",
      "Respect\n",
      "David\n",
      "Zombies\n",
      "Creationism\n",
      "Nothingness\n",
      "John Scottus Eriugena\n",
      "Peter Damian\n",
      "Logic and Artificial Intelligence\n",
      "Karl Marx\n",
      "Anthony Collins\n",
      "Dualism\n",
      "Life\n",
      "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions\n",
      "The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction\n",
      "Paul Natorp\n",
      "Intentionality\n",
      "Descartes’ Ethics\n",
      "Hilbert’s Program\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Haecceity\n",
      "Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "Xenocrates\n",
      "Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking\n",
      "Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat\n",
      "Virtue Ethics\n",
      "States of Affairs\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Obligationes\n",
      "Binarium Famosissimum\n",
      "The Moral Status of Animals\n",
      "The Computational Theory of Mind\n",
      "Plotinus\n",
      "Bayes’ Theorem\n",
      "Archytas\n",
      "Punishment\n",
      "Roman Ingarden\n",
      "Biodiversity\n",
      "Giambattista Vico\n",
      "Plato’s Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology\n",
      "Biological Altruism\n",
      "Sovereignty\n",
      "Lvov-Warsaw School\n",
      "Speusippus\n",
      "The Free Rider Problem\n",
      "Consequentialism\n",
      "Mereology\n",
      "Arthur Schopenhauer\n",
      "Scientific Explanation\n",
      "Eliminative Materialism\n",
      "Saadya [Saadiah]\n",
      "Theodor W. Adorno\n",
      "Karl Leonhard Reinhold\n",
      "Laws of Nature\n",
      "Reflective Equilibrium\n",
      "Episteme and Techne\n",
      "Alcmaeon\n",
      "The Turing Test\n",
      "Analysis\n",
      "Samuel Clarke\n",
      "Intergenerational Justice\n",
      "Provability Logic\n",
      "Michel Foucault\n",
      "Divine Freedom\n",
      "Plato’s Ethics and Politics in The Republic\n",
      "Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer\n",
      "Memory\n",
      "John Philoponus\n",
      "Hans-Georg Gadamer\n",
      "Aesthetic Judgment\n",
      "Edmund Husserl\n",
      "Thomas Hill Green\n",
      "Positive and Negative Liberty\n",
      "Daoism\n",
      "Lady Anne Conway\n",
      "Elias\n",
      "Secession\n",
      "Human Rights\n",
      "Self-Knowledge\n",
      "Pierre Bayle\n",
      "Transcendentalism\n",
      "Moral Epistemology\n",
      "Civil Rights\n",
      "Emotion\n",
      "The Metaphysics of Causation\n",
      "Relativism\n",
      "Moral Non-Naturalism\n",
      "Condemnation of 1277\n",
      "Causal Determinism\n",
      "Nonconceptual Mental Content\n",
      "Reference\n",
      "Moral Character\n",
      "Lady Damaris Masham\n",
      "Republicanism\n",
      "The Problem of the Many\n",
      "William Heytesbury\n",
      "Federalism\n",
      "Legal Positivism\n",
      "Envy\n",
      "Change and Inconsistency\n",
      "Fatalism\n",
      "Herbert Spencer\n",
      "Fitness\n",
      "Intersections Between Pragmatist and Continental Feminism\n",
      "Plato on utopia\n",
      "Law and Language\n",
      "Franz Brentano\n",
      "Moses Mendelssohn\n",
      "Freedom of Speech\n",
      "Time\n",
      "David Hartley\n",
      "Structuralism in Physics\n",
      "Narrow Mental Content\n",
      "The Pure Theory of Law\n",
      "Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Paul Ricoeur\n",
      "Ludwig Wittgenstein\n",
      "Paternalism\n",
      "Peter Auriol\n",
      "Supererogation\n",
      "Egoism\n",
      "The Epistemic Basing Relation\n",
      "Alfred Schutz\n",
      "Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value\n",
      "Externalism About the Mind\n",
      "Xenophanes\n",
      "Mohism\n",
      "Interpretations of Probability\n",
      "Étienne Bonnot de Condillac\n",
      "Literary Forms of Medieval Philosophy\n",
      "Special Obligations\n",
      "Children’s Rights\n",
      "Theories of Criminal Law\n",
      "Equality of Opportunity\n",
      "Fitch’s Paradox of Knowability\n",
      "Parenthood and Procreation\n",
      "Scientific Progress\n",
      "Civic Humanism\n",
      "Object\n",
      "Emergent Properties\n",
      "The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics\n",
      "The Problem of Evil\n",
      "The Philosophy of Childhood\n",
      "Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’Holbach\n",
      "Libertarianism\n",
      "Fuzzy Logic\n",
      "Qualia: The Knowledge Argument\n",
      "Personal Identity\n",
      "Egalitarianism\n",
      "William of Ockham\n",
      "Timon of Phlius\n",
      "Homosexuality\n",
      "Pyrrho\n",
      "Identity Politics\n",
      "Naturalism in Legal Philosophy\n",
      "Set Theory\n",
      "Realism\n",
      "The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra\n",
      "Species\n",
      "Confucius\n",
      "Theological Voluntarism\n",
      "Immutability\n",
      "Johann Georg Hamann\n",
      "Max Stirner\n",
      "Consciousness and Intentionality\n",
      "Globalization\n",
      "Moral Skepticism\n",
      "Scientific Realism\n",
      "Environmental Ethics\n",
      "Alan Turing\n",
      "Personal Autonomy\n",
      "Nicolas Malebranche\n",
      "Death\n",
      "The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self\n",
      "Omnipotence\n",
      "Cosmology: Methodological Debates in the 1930s and 1940s\n",
      "Doing vs. Allowing Harm\n",
      "Desert\n",
      "Privacy\n",
      "Modal Fictionalism\n",
      "Philosophy and Christian Theology\n",
      "John Buridan\n",
      "The Correspondence Theory of Truth\n",
      "Thomas of Erfurt\n",
      "The Epsilon Calculus\n",
      "Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Aristotle’s Rhetoric\n",
      "Philosophy for Children\n",
      "Zeno’s Paradoxes\n",
      "Determinables and Determinates\n",
      "Events\n",
      "Relative Identity\n",
      "The Definition of Morality\n",
      "Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher\n",
      "Moral Dilemmas\n",
      "Descartes’ Modal Metaphysics\n",
      "The Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge\n",
      "Mally’s Deontic Logic\n",
      "Finitism in Geometry\n",
      "Process Philosophy\n",
      "Space and Time: Inertial Frames\n",
      "Impartiality\n",
      "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Action\n",
      "Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]\n",
      "Harriet Taylor Mill\n",
      "18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant\n",
      "Justice as a Virtue\n",
      "Bruno Bauer\n",
      "Collapse Theories\n",
      "Cosmopolitanism\n",
      "Hobbes’s Moral and Political Philosophy\n",
      "George Santayana\n",
      "Medieval Theories: Properties of Terms\n",
      "Relational Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Quantum Logic and Probability Theory\n",
      "Formal Learning Theory\n",
      "Scottish Philosophy in the 19th Century\n",
      "Salomon Maimon\n",
      "Robert Boyle\n",
      "Jonathan Edwards\n",
      "Evolutionary Game Theory\n",
      "Free Will\n",
      "Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties\n",
      "Ralph Waldo Emerson\n",
      "John Stuart Mill\n",
      "Epistemic Closure\n",
      "Antonio Rosmini\n",
      "Affirmative Action\n",
      "Giles of Rome\n",
      "Exploitation\n",
      "Legal Rights\n",
      "Laozi\n",
      "Non-monotonic Logic\n",
      "Skepticism\n",
      "Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi\n",
      "Replication and Reproduction\n",
      "Mental Illness\n",
      "Nationalism\n",
      "Early Philosophical Interpretations of General Relativity\n",
      "The Economic Analysis of Law\n",
      "Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time\n",
      "Zhuangzi\n",
      "Model Theory\n",
      "First-order Model Theory\n",
      "Tarski’s Truth Definitions\n",
      "Causation in the Law\n",
      "Well-Being\n",
      "Bohmian Mechanics\n",
      "Johann Gottfried von Herder\n",
      "Spinoza’s Psychological Theory\n",
      "Law and Ideology\n",
      "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling\n",
      "Nicholas of Autrecourt\n",
      "The Uncertainty Principle\n",
      "Communitarianism\n",
      "The Cambridge Platonists\n",
      "Sophismata\n",
      "Gregory of Rimini\n",
      "Johannes Sharpe\n",
      "John Wyclif\n",
      "Indexicals\n",
      "Antoine Le Grand\n",
      "The Equivalence of Mass and Energy\n",
      "John Locke\n",
      "Johann Gottlieb Fichte\n",
      "Diagrams\n",
      "Common Knowledge\n",
      "Insolubles\n",
      "Backward Causation\n",
      "Paul of Venice\n",
      "Godfrey of Fontaines\n",
      "Causation and Manipulability\n",
      "Gersonides\n",
      "Marsilius of Inghen\n",
      "Computer and Information Ethics\n",
      "Quantum Entanglement and Information\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Causation\n",
      "Indicative Conditionals\n",
      "Richard Kilvington\n",
      "Divine Providence\n",
      "Comparative Philosophy: Chinese and Western\n",
      "Logic and Games\n",
      "William Penbygull\n",
      "Robert Alyngton\n",
      "Robert Holkot\n",
      "Charles Hartshorne\n",
      "Abstract Objects\n",
      "Automated Reasoning\n",
      "Bayesian Epistemology\n",
      "Epistemological Problems of Perception\n",
      "Being and Becoming in Modern Physics\n",
      "Truthlikeness\n",
      "Naturalism in Epistemology\n",
      "Baruch Spinoza\n",
      "Scottish Philosophy in the 18th Century\n",
      "Charles Sanders Peirce\n",
      "Descartes’ Ontological Argument\n",
      "Moral Particularism\n",
      "John Duns Scotus\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Relations\n",
      "Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning\n",
      "The Nature of Law\n",
      "Panpsychism\n",
      "Aristotle’s Ethics\n",
      "The Logic of Peter of Spain\n",
      "Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics\n",
      "Descartes’ Life and Works\n",
      "Integrity\n",
      "Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness\n",
      "The Unity of Consciousness\n",
      "Equality\n",
      "Francis of Marchia\n",
      "Robert Desgabets\n",
      "Social Epistemology\n",
      "David Hume\n",
      "John Austin\n",
      "Physicalism\n",
      "The Analysis of Knowledge\n",
      "Richard Rorty\n",
      "Benjamin Peirce\n",
      "Albert of Saxony\n",
      "Dante Alighieri\n",
      "Challenges to Metaphysical Realism\n",
      "Evolutionary Epistemology\n",
      "Constitutionalism\n",
      "Counterfactual Theories of Causation\n",
      "Curry’s Paradox\n",
      "Moral Responsibility\n",
      "Disjunction\n",
      "Legal Punishment\n",
      "Intertheory Relations in Physics\n",
      "William Whewell\n",
      "The Modern History of Computing\n",
      "Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "Brentano’s Theory of Judgement\n",
      "Feminist History of Philosophy\n",
      "Aristotle’s Metaphysics\n",
      "Classical Logic\n",
      "The Kochen-Specker Theorem\n",
      "The Medieval Problem of Universals\n",
      "William James\n",
      "Thomas Reid\n",
      "The Experience and Perception of Time\n",
      "Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will\n",
      "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science\n",
      "Substructural Logics\n",
      "Contractarianism\n",
      "Actualism\n",
      "Behaviorism\n",
      "Representational Theories of Consciousness\n",
      "Anselm of Canterbury\n",
      "Many-Valued Logic\n",
      "Mental Representation\n",
      "Saint Augustine\n",
      "Aristotle’s Logic\n",
      "Modal Logic\n",
      "Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification\n",
      "Time Travel and Modern Physics\n",
      "Propositional Attitude Reports\n",
      "Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory\n",
      "War\n",
      "Infinitary Logic\n",
      "William Godwin\n",
      "The Mind/Brain Identity Theory\n",
      "Aristotle’s Psychology\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Analogy\n",
      "Temporal Logic\n",
      "Peter John Olivi\n",
      "Divine Illumination\n",
      "Logical Form\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Practical Reason\n",
      "Properties\n",
      "Reichenbach’s Common Cause Principle\n",
      "Intuitionistic Logic\n",
      "Richard the Sophister\n",
      "Nineteenth Century Geometry\n",
      "Holism and Nonseparability in Physics\n",
      "Thomas Aquinas\n",
      "Virtue Epistemology\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Modality\n",
      "Supertasks\n",
      "Feminist Perspectives on the Self\n",
      "The Philosophy of Neuroscience\n",
      "Philip the Chancellor\n",
      "The Hole Argument\n",
      "Epiphenomenalism\n",
      "Artifact\n",
      "Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics\n",
      "Dialetheism\n",
      "Medieval Theories of Conscience\n",
      "Multiple Realizability\n",
      "The St. Petersburg Paradox\n",
      "Experiment in Physics\n",
      "Conventionality of Simultaneity\n",
      "Cosmology and Theology\n",
      "Aristotle’s Political Theory\n",
      "Relevance Logic\n",
      "Frege’s Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic\n",
      "Everettian Quantum Mechanics\n",
      "The Language of Thought Hypothesis\n",
      "Feminist Ethics\n",
      "Pascal’s Wager\n",
      "Leibniz on the Problem of Evil\n",
      "Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation\n",
      "Jacques Maritain\n",
      "Descartes’ Epistemology\n",
      "Color\n",
      "Constructive Mathematics\n",
      "Mental Imagery\n",
      "Karl Popper\n",
      "Ancient Skepticism\n",
      "Structured Propositions\n",
      "Folk Psychology as a Theory\n",
      "Leibniz’s Philosophy of Mind\n",
      "Prisoner’s Dilemma\n",
      "Deflationism About Truth\n",
      "Paul Feyerabend\n",
      "Qualia\n",
      "The Traditional Square of Opposition\n",
      "Singular Propositions\n",
      "Probabilistic Causation\n",
      "Bernard Bosanquet\n",
      "Nietzsche’s Life and Works\n",
      "Friedrich Nietzsche\n",
      "Connectionism\n",
      "The Epistemology of Religion\n",
      "Wilfrid Sellars\n",
      "Tropes\n",
      "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel\n",
      "Vagueness\n",
      "Game Theory\n",
      "Sorites Paradox\n",
      "The Church-Turing Thesis\n",
      "Thought Experiments\n",
      "Causal Processes\n",
      "Category Theory\n",
      "Holes\n",
      "Søren Kierkegaard\n",
      "Liberalism\n",
      "Informal Logic\n",
      "Logical Constructions\n",
      "Arthur Prior\n",
      "Paraconsistent Logic\n",
      "Cognitive Science\n",
      "Distributive Justice\n",
      "Miracles\n",
      "The Coherence Theory of Truth\n",
      "Existence\n",
      "Historicist Theories of Scientific Rationality\n",
      "The Identity of Indiscernibles\n",
      "Private Language\n",
      "Inconsistent Mathematics\n",
      "Pantheism\n",
      "Donald Davidson\n",
      "Principia Mathematica\n",
      "Alfred North Whitehead\n",
      "Francis Herbert Bradley\n",
      "Voluntary Euthanasia\n",
      "Stoicism\n",
      "The Identity Theory of Truth\n",
      "Teleological Notions in Biology\n",
      "Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract\n",
      "Public Justification\n",
      "Original Position\n",
      "Ontological Arguments\n",
      "Animal Consciousness\n",
      "Peirce’s Deductive Logic\n",
      "The Revision Theory of Truth\n",
      "Russell’s Paradox\n",
      "Bertrand Russell\n",
      "Gottlob Frege\n",
      "Turing Machines\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# started at 11:29pm\n",
    "# done prior to 12:20am\n",
    "for title, d_ in recs.items():\n",
    "    if not d_.get('content'):\n",
    "        print(title)\n",
    "        article_url = d_['url']\n",
    "        article_soup = get_url(article_url)\n",
    "        raw_content = article_soup.find_all(id='article')\n",
    "        d_['content'] = raw_content #[0].text"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "id": "6525db64-abf5-4f46-be17-1d58e5abb7f0",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-01-31T08:34:39.129125Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-01-31T08:34:39.128273Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-01-31T08:34:39.869349Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-01-31T08:34:39.868742Z",
     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-01-31T08:34:39.129054Z"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#type(d_['content']), type(d_['title']), type(d_['url'])\n",
    "#print(d_['content'][0].text)\n",
    "\n",
    "for d_ in recs.values():\n",
    "    if d_.get('content') and not isinstance(d_.get('content'), str):\n",
    "        d_['content'] = d_['content'][0].text"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "id": "2fc88272-a066-416f-ad77-2c4de2d0c510",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-01-31T08:35:57.408189Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-01-31T08:35:57.406734Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-01-31T08:35:57.420198Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-01-31T08:35:57.419581Z",
     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-01-31T08:35:57.408107Z"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'/home/dmarx'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pwd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "id": "3922e5fb-8369-4be9-a415-df71ea5ff40f",
   "metadata": {
    "execution": {
     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-01-31T08:36:52.375575Z",
     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-01-31T08:36:52.374756Z",
     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-01-31T08:36:52.915066Z",
     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-01-31T08:36:52.914661Z",
     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-01-31T08:36:52.375505Z"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import json\n",
    "\n",
    "def save_as_jsonl(data, filename):\n",
    "    \"\"\" Save a dictionary of dictionaries or a list of dictionaries in JSONL format. \"\"\"\n",
    "    with open(filename, 'w') as file:\n",
    "        # If data is a dictionary of dictionaries, use values()\n",
    "        for rec in data:\n",
    "            json.dump(rec, file)\n",
    "            file.write('\\n')\n",
    "            \n",
    "save_as_jsonl(recs.values(), \"/home/dmarx/Downloads/stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophy_dec23.jsonl\")"
   ]
  }
 ],
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