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Creating Custom Graph Paper in Excel: A User-Friendly Guide
This article may contain affiliate links, which could potentially earn us a commission without affecting our editorial content.
Are you tired of dealing with the limitations of traditional graph paper, such as erasing mistakes or starting over? Excel offers a convenient solution to create your own, customizable graph paper. Recently, while planning new flowerbeds, I found myself in a similar situation. Although graph paper is affordable, making changes can be time-consuming, and specialized garden design software was not an option. However, I realized that I could transform an Excel sheet into a flexible graph paper alternative with just a few steps.
The key to creating graph paper in Excel lies in squaring up the cells. The size of each cell is less crucial, as it can be adjusted to your preference, much like traditional graph paper. The challenge is in matching the width and height settings to create a perfect square, as Excel's measurements are not straightforward. Unlike graph paper, Excel measures row height in points and calculates column width based on the current font, making it difficult to achieve a square cell by simply matching height and width values.
Instead of spending time on trial and error, there's a simpler way to achieve this: use an AutoShape as a guide. Here's how to create and format an AutoShape as a square:
1. Access the Drawing toolbar and select 'Basic Shapes' from the AutoShapes drop-down list.
2. Double-click the rectangle icon (located in the first row) to insert a rectangle into your current Excel sheet.
3. Right-click the inserted rectangle and choose 'Format AutoShape' from the context menu.
4. In the Format AutoShape dialog box, click on the 'Size' tab to adjust the dimensions of the AutoShape. By setting both the 'Width' and 'Height' to the same value, you can create a perfect square that will serve as your graph paper guide.
In the "Size and Position" section, input "0.25" for both the "Height" and "Width" fields to generate a square. To create a larger square, input a larger value for both dimensions.
Navigate to the "Properties" tab, select the "Move and Size with Cells" option, and click "OK".
Back on the worksheet, relocate the square-shaped rectangle object to the top-left corner, directly above cell A1.
To resize both the height and width, select any method you prefer. A simple approach is to drag the header and row cells as follows:
Select the entire worksheet (or the desired area to resemble graph paper). To select the entire sheet, click the sheet selector, which is the cell at the intersection of row and column headers (in the top-left corner).
Hover your mouse over the right border of column A's header cell. Once the cursor transforms into a double-arrow, drag the border until it aligns with the rectangle's right border. Excel will resize the width of all selected columns, not just column A.
To resize the height, adjust the bottom border of row 1 until it aligns with the rectangle's bottom. Again, Excel will adjust all selected rows.
At this stage, you have a sheet filled with.25-inch cells. Remove or relocate the AutoShape rectangle at cell A1, as it's no longer needed. If the cells appear too large, set the zoom level to 50%. Then, commence adding the necessary components by formatting cells and inserting AutoShapes, ensuring a legend is included to identify all components.
As your requirements change, easily reformatting cells and deleting objects is possible, eliminating the need for erasing or starting over.
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Our Blog
Liver cirrhosis is a progressive condition that arises over time due to various causes, such as diseases or chemical-induced liver damage. The body's initial response is to repair the injured liver cells, but as more cells are destroyed, existing cells become inflamed, leading to the formation of scar tissue. This process compromises the liver's structure and impairs its functionality. Alcohol, certain diseases like autoimmune disorders, and liver processing problems can all contribute to cirrhosis. While treatments can help reduce scarring and enhance function, the damage caused by liver cirrhosis is permanent.
Alcohol Avoidance
Individuals with cirrhosis should strictly avoid alcohol. In most cases of alcohol-induced cirrhosis, abstinence can improve liver function significantly. It can also help decrease liver damage and delay cirrhosis progression in those with chronic hepatitis B and C.
Viral Hepatitis Treatment
Antiviral medications can eradicate the hepatitis C virus. However, not all individuals with cirrhosis caused by persistent viral hepatitis are suitable for drug therapy due to the risk of severe liver dysfunction or unacceptable side effects. Treatment decisions should be made on an individual basis, in consultation with specialists in liver disorders (hepatologists).
Iron and Copper Management
In hemochromatosis, regular blood draws can help lower iron levels and prevent further liver damage. In Wilson disease, medications can enhance copper excretion in urine, reducing copper levels in the body and preventing additional liver damage.
Autoimmune Hepatitis Management
Medications such as prednisone and azathioprine (Imuran) can be used to suppress the immune system and reduce liver inflammation in autoimmune hepatitis.
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), often referred to as ursodiol, is a bile acid derivative employed in the treatment of patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), marketed as Actigall. A meta-analysis aggregating data from numerous clinical trials revealed that UDCA administration over a four-year period enhanced survival rates among PBC patients and helped avert the progression to portal hypertension. However, while UDCA therapy offers significant benefits, it only delays the progression of PBC rather than providing a cure. Colchicine (Colcrys) and methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall) are additional medications that may prove beneficial for certain individuals with PBC.
To mitigate the risk of severe liver damage, individuals with cirrhosis are advised to receive vaccinations against hepatitis A and B. Currently, no vaccination exists to protect against hepatitis C. In the context of liver cirrhosis treatment, a liver specialist or hepatologist, who specializes in the study and treatment of liver diseases (hepatology), is typically a key member of the medical team. Hepatology is a subspecialty of gastroenterology, which also includes the study of the gastrointestinal tract. The liver, the body's largest internal organ, is the focus of hepatology, encompassing acute and chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, genetic and metabolic liver diseases and their complications, liver cancer, liver transplantation, drug metabolism, and liver immunology.
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Debian: New t1lib packages fix arbitrary code execution
Debian: New t1lib packages fix arbitrary code execution
Hamid Ebadi has discovered a buffer overflow the intT1_Env_GetCompletePath routine in t1lib, a Type 1 font rasterizer library. This flaw could allow an attacker to crash and application using the t1lib shared libraries, and potentially execute arbitrary code within such an application's security context
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Description
Hoad Monument At Night As The Snow Falls, Ulverston
Ulverston Greeting Card
This is a photograph I've wanted for a long time and eventually everything lined up with there being enough snow on the ground whilst the snow is still falling. Plus it all happened before midnight meaning that the lights were still turned on, on the side of Hoad.
I'm glad this all lined up at the time as they have since changed/made the lights worse at the top so this isn't possible anymore. The backlighting of the old spotlights helped to backlight the snow as it fell adding some texture to the light spots as the snow fell whilst the light inside the top shone out into the night sky
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Height Weight Ratio Chart
Did you know that Quetelet Index, more popularly knows as Body Mass Index was devised by Adolphe Quetelet somewhere between 1830 and 1850? BMI uses height and weight of a person to find the ideal body weight for a person. This method till date is considered as one of the most accurate method to find out the ideal body weight.
FitnessVigil Staff
Last Updated: May 31, 2018
Today, the world population is suffering from so many health problems. Many of these problems are related to weight issues. An overweight, or obese person, has risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other heart related ailments.
An underweight person may have low immunity, reduced stamina, and a deficiency of nutrients in his body. So, weight control is very important. There are many ways to determine the ideal weight of a person. Among them are, waist to height ratio, and height to weight ratio.
In children, along with the height weight ratio, head circumference is also considered
Understanding the Height Weight Ratio
Here are two charts showing the average height and weight ratio for men and women.
Men
Height (Feet)
Weight (Pounds)
Small Frame
Medium Frame
Large Frame
5'2''
128-134
131-141
138-150
5'3"
130-136
133-143
140-153
5'4"
132-138
135-145
142-156
5'5"
134-140
137-148
144-160
5'6"
136-142
139-151
146-164
5'7"
138-145
142-154
149-168
5'8"
140-148
145-157
152-172
5'9"
142-151
148-160
155-176
5'10"
144-154
151-163
158-180
5'11"
146-157
154-166
161-184
6'0"
149-160
157-170
164-188
6'1"
152-164
160-174
168-192
6'2"
155-168
164-178
172-197
6'3"
158-172
167-182
176-202
6'4"
162-176
171-187
181-207
Women
Height (Feet)
Weight (Pounds)
Small Frame
Medium Frame
Large Frame
4'10"
102-111
109-121
118-131
4'11"
103-113
111-123
120-134
5'0"
104-115
113-126
122-137
5'1"
106-118
115-129
125-140
5'2"
108-121
118-132
128-143
5'3"
111-124
121-135
131-147
5'4"
114-127
124-138
134-151
5'5"
117-130
127-141
137-155
5'6"
120-133
130-144
140-159
5'7"
123-136
133-147
143-163
5'8"
126-139
136-150
146-167
5'9"
129-142
139-153
149-170
5'10"
132-145
142-156
152-173
5'11"
135-148
145-159
155-176
6'0"
138-151
148-162
158-179
Above charts are according to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company tables revised in 1983.
Note:
Athletes have a higher body mass index, as their muscle weight is more than their fat weight.
To evaluate the health of children, it is important to take the head circumference into consideration, along with the height weight ratio.
In the elderly, BMI can be slightly more than 25.
Limitations of BMI & Height Weight Chart BMI has many limitations. It doesn't give an accurate difference between the fat and lean muscle mass. It is based on the average figures found on population studies. Hence, it might not be perfect in case of athletes and other people who have a muscular build. Height weight based charts have certain limitations too. They are also based on population studies. Given above tables are by an insurance company. However, it is not true in case of every individual. Because, sometimes a person may be slightly overweight and still in perfect health, because that person may not have too much of fat in the body. Also, as muscle mass is higher than fat, athletes might not be in ideal weight range according to the height weight charts.
Ways to Measure Body Fat
As mentioned above BMI and height weight charts are not accurate and now there are many better ways to find the body fat of an individual. The most accurate method considered to find out body fat is the hydrostatic weighing. In this method the individual is connected to a scale with the help of an underwater chair. Prior to the test the subject is asked to exhale air as much as they can, and then the subject is completely immersed for few seconds underwater and measurements are taken. This is done couple of times to find the most accurate result. Apart from the hydrostatic weighing there are many other ways to check your body fat. There is skin fold test, there is bioelectrical impedance and girth measurement.
Tips to Stay Healthy
If according to the above chart you fall in the medium frame or have a normal BMI then you need to continue to have a balanced diet and exercise around 20 minutes a day. Those who are underweight need to increase their calorie intake by eating energy dense healthy foods. Mostly underweight people have a good metabolism which prevents them from putting on weight. To gain weight with a fast metabolism you will need to increase your diet and also build some muscle mass with strength training. Following a healthy and energy dense diet with strength training can help those who are underweight to increase their weight, energy levels and immunity. While those who are overweight need to follow a healthy weight loss diet to reduce the body fat. For this you should include more dietary fiber from fruits and vegetables in your diet and decrease the consumption of fatty and sugary foods. Also, workout of 45 minutes everyday is advisable.
If you don't fall in the normal range, then get yourself checked with other appropriate methods to figure out the amount of body fat. This will give a better perspective and help you to achieve or maintain your ideal weight.
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Historians estimate that more than 1.000,000 children were born to German soldiers enforcing the four-year Nazi occupation of Europe, about 200,000 in France alone.
We have discussed extensively on the rape committed by Russian, American and French soldiers on German women during and after WW2. We largely believed that men of the Wehrmacht were not so amorous and brutal when dealing with women in lands they conquered. A silly illusion. These men were as immoral and boorish as the Russians and Japanese. In fact having sex was encouraged by their commanders as matter of policy. Amorous and lustful men made better fighters and killers, the thinking went. French women were brought into Wehrmacht brothels (see Schmidt, Kitty "Madame Katharine")and forced into prostitution. There is evidence that sexual violence was institutionalized in the German army.
Of the more than 17 million Wehrmacht soldiers until 1944 just 5349 were punished for "moral crimes". Overall, however, military sentences were passed against some 1.5 million members of the Wehrmacht for desertion or self-mutilation.
The small number of sanctioned sexual offenses provides little information about the actual extent. Rather, rape was either not displayed, or they only played a "minor role" in the eyes of the military judge.
There were rapes as this led the commander of the 14th Army in September 1939, to urge his commanders after the invasion of Poland to take action against the "mistreatment of defenseless" and to "rape". In September 1941, when the Wehrmacht was in the Soviet Union, Field Marshal Günther von Kluge in a command ordered to maintain the "discipline" after the increase of rape.
A major factor in the low number of convictions is that enemy people were considered outlaws on the orders of Hitler which prevailed since May 13, 1941, which forbade persecution of German soldiers for "actions committed by members of the Armed Forces against enemy civilians".
German historians say that at least 400,000 children were fathered by troops of the four allied powers that occupied Germany after World War Two. They resulted from widespread rapes as well as love affairs.
In the decade after World War II, more than 100,000 babies were born to unwed German mothers and Allied soldier fathers. Most of the men left Europe without ever meeting their children. Now, many "occupation babies" are scrambling to find their fathers before it's too late.
French ans Dutch female collaborator punished by having her head shaved to publicly mark her, 1944
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Course Overview
This course, titled "Computer-based Learning Skills," introduces students to leveraging computers as a tool for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) studies and scientific research. Participants will engage in interactive video exercises and self-assessed reading tasks to reinforce skills from their Reading, Listening, and Communication Skills courses. Additionally, students will undertake Internet-based English activities, utilizing the web for research, communication, and EFL study.
Course Objectives
Students will develop the ability to:
- Formulate clear arguments in response to online news stories
- Read, comprehend, and discuss the content of online articles
- Listen to and understand the key words and main ideas from short news clips
Assessment Criteria
Please note that the following assessment criteria and course schedule will remain consistent regardless of any changes in BCP level. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, all classes are conducted via Zoom, with live broadcasts and no recordings. Attendance and participation are mandatory.
Internet-based activities are graded on a scale of 4 (exceptional) to 0 (absent/non-participation), with the exception of Meetings 1 and 15, which are three-point exercises. Points are allocated as follows: 4 for exceptional completion, 3 for full completion, 2 for adequate completion, 1 for partial completion, and 0 for non-participation or absence.
Course Breakdown
- Listening Exercises: 7 exercises, 3 points each, totaling 21 points
- Reading Exercises: 7 exercises, 3 points each, totaling 21 points
- Late assignment submission: minus 1 point
Total Points: 58
Academic Integrity & Textbook Requirement
Please note that purchasing a copy of the required text for this course is mandatory. Possessing any previous copy, even your own, is deemed a breach of academic honesty.
Language Resource
An English-English dictionary is indispensable for daily classes. Refer to the recommended dictionaries below for further guidance.
Assessment Criteria
Our grading scale is as follows: 97% and above, A+; 87% to 96%, A; 77% to 86%, B; 60% to 76%, C; below 60%, F. Note that your second-semester TOEIC®L&R IP Test score, along with your placement test results and first-year English course averages, will determine your second-year course placement. Thus, strive for both high letter and numerical grades.
Attendance Expectations
Regular class attendance is crucial. Frequent absences may negatively impact your overall grade. Each absence incurs 3 'demerits', while each 30-minute tardiness results in 1 'demerit'. Accumulating more than 15 'demerits' (equivalent to 5 absences) will earn you an 'F' for the course, regardless of your actual score. Unexcused absences will not be accommodated with make-up work.
TOEIC®L&R IP Test Note
Students who fail to take the TOEIC®L&R IP Test will have 5 points deducted from the total score of each English class they are enrolled in.
Mandatory Textbook: An English-English dictionary, in paper form, is to be brought to every class. For learners, the following are recommended quality dictionaries: [list]. Electronic dictionaries or other resources may also be used.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): Course-specific and general FAQs are available on your English Expeditions homepage. It is advised to review these before your second class.
Bonus Points System: To encourage TOEIC® L&R IP test practice, a bonus point system is tied to test results. Details on the TOEIC® test can be found in your Online Education text. The bonus point system is as follows:
* Note: Bonus points are exclusive to regularly enrolled students in English 3, 4, 7, 8, and advanced levels of English 10.
* Bonus Points: [chart outlining points based on score gain and drop]
Academic Integrity: The following actions violate the academic honesty policy for S&E English classes: copying answers, completing exercises together, using outdated textbooks, showing exercises to others. All exercises must be completed independently.
Engaging in academic dishonesty during assessments or exercises, such as:
- Referring to any external notes or summaries within or outside the classroom, including photographic copies of the material.
- Removing any copies of the exercise or quiz, whether used or not, from the classroom.
- Utilizing writing tools or communication devices during the review or feedback session of an in-class exercise.
- Plagiarizing answers from a fellow student's work during the administration of an exercise or quiz.
- Duplicating any part of a homework exercise from another student's work.
- Permitting another student to copy any part of your homework exercise.
- Submitting work that is copied or closely paraphrased from external sources (such as books, the internet, etc.), regardless of proper citation. This includes using translation software to convert any part of the submission into English.
- Sharing personal credentials, such as usernames or passwords, for educational platforms like Rainbow or English Expeditions, with another student.
Any such violation will incur a penalty of zero points for all exercises on that day, and forfeit any opportunity for extra credit.
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With the advancement in technology, digital marketing is growing rapidly day by day. Gone are the days when businesses were only confined to a physical appearance. Now, with the world being a global village, everything has gone online these days.
Increasing scope of Influencer agency
With the production and gradual evolution of social media, the scope for businesses and brands has increased tremendously. Digital marketing has witnessed a massive boom only in a matter of years. Influencer marketingis one of the latest forms of marketing lately.
Facilitating the brands to sell their products by expanding their coverage via endorsements etc. influencer marketing agency or on a larger scale a global influencer marketing agency serves as a middleman between the company and the masses.
WHY GLOBAL INFLUENCER AGENCY?
The digital market is expanding, giving birth to new opportunities in the marketing field. Hence, a global influencer marketing agency is booming, gradually becoming a necessity to run successful marketing plans.
There are a plethora of tasks to structure an influencer marketing campaign, starting from optimizing, contracts, reviewing the campaign to executing the entire campaign; which would otherwise be difficult to manage, particularly without a wealth of experience.
Thereby, a global influencer marketing agency, having extensive knowledge and experience, would be vital to successful marketing.
WHAT DOES AN INFLUENCER MARKETING AGENCY DO?
Putting it simply, an Influencer Marketing Agency bridges the gap between the brand and the masses aiming to target the right audience for the brand, hence expanding their business.
Below-mentioned is some of the tasks of an influencer marketing agency that would give you an extensive overview of how an influencer marketing agency works:
Structuring media campaigns:
Structuring a social media campaign and running a social media profile is not the same, rather are poles apart.
Posting content on social media is done to keep your account interesting and engaging, while social media campaigning is done with a particular aim or objective.
Thereby, an influencer marketing agency devises a company's whole campaign, considering the aims, objectives, and vision of that business.
Target Audience:
A most critical part of the task of an influencer marketing agency is to sort out the target audience. If the audience you are targeting, is not the one right for your business, then what is even the whole point of your business?
Therefore, an influencer marketing agency aims to find out that who your business' targeted customers in terms of age, gender and market are. What are their interests? What do they like most about your brand? And lastly where does your brand lack at?
So, considering all these points, an influencer marketing agency focuses on attracting the right audience, hence, ensuring your marketing success.
Review and Feedback:
One of the most significant parts of an influencer marketing agency is to optimize the details and review the overall performance of the company meticulously. The strengths, the weaknesses of the brand gets sorted out here in this part.
Moreover, the campaign reporting and feedback are indispensable for a successful marketing campaign as it provides a deep insight into a brand overall performance.
FINAL WORDS:
As social media has been constantly evolving, there are plenty of services the global influencer agencies offer. With influencer marketing becoming competitive day by day, it has become more vital that marketing campaigns are well-researched, well-targeted and off-course are well-executed. For this purpose, it is crucial to have an influencer agency by your side, to ensure your success in the marketing domain!
Hooded sweatshirts come in a variety of styles including slim-fit, fur, polo, skate, and zipped hoodie like Gildan G186. Almost all individuals in the U.S.A. (United States of America) badly want full-zip hoodies over pullovers. Why? Because the full-zipped versions are more multipurpose. The business owners have also started taking […]
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Dying for change: lightning talks for action
Improving the health and life expectancy of Australian people with intellectual disability.
Imagine waking up every day knowing that your life expectancy is on average more than 25 years less than the rest of the population. And that you are twice as likely to die from a potentially avoidable cause than someone in the general population!
That's the reality for Australian's living with an intellectual disability.
But, it does not have to be that way. Australia has committed to ensuring "persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health". Yet the research shows very limited progress towards this goal.
If you think we should do better, join us as we hear from international and local experts, including people with intellectual disability, advocates, researchers and medical practitioners as we ask the big questions. What is at the root of this issue? What needs to be done? And whose responsibility is it?
Speakers
Professor Chris Hatton - Professor of Public Health and Disability, Lancaster University
Dr George Julian - freelance knowledge transfer consultant, a Visiting Fellow at London School of Economics, volunteer campaign manager for JusticeforLB and a trainee death doula
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00:25:242020-08-11 11:08:19How exactly does a UPS emergency power system work and why?
03:30:032019-02-20 13:03:46What is the difference between watts and volt-amperes?
03:28:342019-02-20 13:02:16Your switchgear does more than just switch
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Applications of Road Dust Suppression Solutions
Today, we delve into the multifaceted uses of road dust suppression products, be they mechanical, chemical, or polymer-based, such as those offered by Global Road Technology. The scenarios where these products are typically employed remain consistent across various sectors.
Some of the most frequently encountered situations where road dust suppression solutions are sought include:
- Road Construction: The dust generated during road construction can pose safety hazards on industrial or commercial roads and impact urban communities. Dust suppression solutions can mitigate these issues in both contexts.
- Quarrying and Mining: These industries are known for their significant dust production. Road dust suppression tools can enhance workplace safety for employees and minimize the environmental impact on local water supplies.
- Mineral Stockpiles and Ash Ponds: General stockpile areas, particularly of raw minerals like coal or stone, can create substantial dust clouds. Ash pond dust, notoriously challenging to control, can also be managed effectively using road dust suppression solutions.
- Helipad Zones: Dust suppression products are crucial for protecting helipad areas to prevent blinding ground crew members during take-offs and landings, ensuring safety.
- Gravel Runways: Both airfields and major infrastructure, as well as frontage road-style ramps, generate considerable dust. Road dust suppression products, such as those provided by GRT, are instrumental in controlling this dust.
- Erosion Control: GRT's road dust suppression methods are commonly employed for erosion control in diverse settings, including natural areas, land development, agriculture, urban environments, and construction and mining sites. Treating storm-water runoff areas can significantly reduce sediment loss, water pollution, and environmental damage.
Subterranean Excavation Dust Management – The process of excavating tunnels and boreholes inherently produces substantial amounts of dust and particulate matter. Implementing dust suppression strategies and solutions in these areas mitigates the potential disruption of machinery caused by these particles.
Conveyor and Industrial Process Dust Control – Dust generated by conveyor systems or other industrial processes can, over time, negatively impact manufacturing lines, especially where mechanical components are involved. Road dust suppression tools can help maintain a clean manufacturing environment, prolonging the lifespan of equipment by preventing the accumulation of airborne particles.
Global Road Technology offers comprehensive assistance with these applications and more. Their expertise spans municipal road construction, private establishment infrastructure concerns, large-scale state and regional reconstruction projects, and the unique needs of military organizations worldwide.
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Enthusiasts would be delighted if you've encountered one retaining its original kitchen and bathroom. Ironically, the bathrooms' tiles, once inexpensive and imperial-sized, now command exorbitant prices due to discontinued production. Unlike most bus stations, which are rudimentary structures, this one stands out, yet like many regional public facilities, it suffers from neglect, appearing unkempt and neglected.
Currently, I'm restoring a 1985 Mercian King of Mercia bicycle, though I jest about my progress. I'll share some buildings I have a personal connection with as they come to mind.
While not conventionally 'nice', I've always been intrigued by Lloyd's of London. Both its interior and exterior are fascinating. The building's design prioritizes maximizing internal floor space, with external features like lifts. I'd often watch these glass lifts ascend and descend while queuing at a nearby burrito shop.
The focus is on the internal layout and escalators, but unless you're a hull underwriter, you won't spend much time on the floors, which resemble this: [description]. The open-plan design is intentional, allowing brokers to roam and discuss with underwriters on each floor in relative privacy, despite the vast space. The acoustics are deliberately flat to prevent sound carry.
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Dr. Lee Hartwell, 2001 Nobel Laureate
Lee Hartwell is Fred Hutch's president and director emeritus.
Uncovering the genetics of cell division, providing insight into cancer
Dr. Lee Hartwell didn't realize as a boy that his youthful predilection for chasing butterflies hinted at his future as a geneticist. Nor did his teen-age tinkering on auto engines give him a clue that he would win a Nobel Prize. But today, his career's work in cell genetics has changed the way we think about life itself.
Early in his research career, Hartwell set out to find an organism simple enough to experiment on, yet complex enough to provide insight into humans. He made a risky choice: to use yeast, the same single-celled fungus that makes bread dough rise. At the time, most scientists thought yeast was not a good model for understanding the complexity of human cells.
Hartwell persisted, and a series of experiments over several years led to a landmark discovery. He discovered the genes that control cell division-genes that turned out to be the universal machinery for cell growth in organisms from fungi to frogs to humans.
This discovery in yeast not only showed the unity of all life, it also had practical applications for human health.
By identifying "checkpoint" genes that determine whether a cell is dividing normally, Hartwell provided important clues to cancer, which arises from abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. Hartwell's discoveries have led him and other scientists to explore ways to stop abnormal cells from dividing. Researchers hope this work will lead to new and better ways to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer.
For his insightful discoveries, Hartwell received the 2001 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
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Expert Installation Ensures Smooth Process and Compliance
Seasoned solar installers bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to tackle any obstacles that may emerge during the installation process, providing homeowners with reassurance. Furthermore, they can guide you through navigating local regulations and obtaining necessary permits specific to solar panel installation in Tulsa.
Solar Panel Functionality Explained
Solar panels harness sunlight to produce electricity via the photovoltaic effect. This process involves photovoltaic cells within the panels absorbing sunlight, exciting electrons, and creating an electric field that facilitates the flow of electricity. The generated electricity is initially in direct current (DC) form, which is then converted into alternating current (AC) by an inverter to power household appliances. This clean, renewable energy source can significantly decrease dependence on traditional grid electricity, resulting in lower utility costs and a reduced carbon footprint.
Advantages of Residential Solar Energy Transition
Homeowners adopting solar energy for their homes enjoy several benefits. Solar energy offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional electricity sources. Key advantages include:
- Energy Autonomy: Solar panels enable homeowners to reduce reliance on external electricity sources.
- Property Value Enhancement: Homes equipped with solar panels often command higher property values and appeal to potential buyers.
Residential Solar Panel Varieties
To explore residential solar panel options, understanding the different types and their unique characteristics is crucial. Residential solar panels come in several varieties, each with its own advantages and considerations:
- Monocrystalline Solar Panels: Known for their high efficiency and aesthetically pleasing appearance.
Recognizing the distinctions between these types can help homeowners make well-informed decisions when selecting the best solar panels for their residential needs.
Common Solar Energy Misconceptions
Solar energy often faces misconceptions that can hinder accurate understanding among consumers. One prevalent misconception is that solar panels only function in sunny climates. In reality, solar panels can still generate electricity on overcast days or in partial sunlight.
One prevalent misunderstanding is the notion that solar power is prohibitively expensive to implement. Although the upfront installation cost may appear high, numerous financing alternatives, tax incentives, and rebates are available to make solar power more affordable for homeowners. Moreover, the belief that solar panels necessitate frequent maintenance is unfounded; in reality, they are quite durable and low-maintenance.
Informing oneself about these misconceptions enables individuals to make well-informed decisions when considering solar power for their residences. When contemplating residential solar panel installation, homeowners often investigate various financing options to facilitate the transition to solar energy. Understanding the cost structure and available incentives helps individuals make informed investment decisions regarding solar panels.
Exploring different financing options is vital for homeowners considering residential solar panel installation due to the substantial initial cost and long-term benefits associated with this sustainable energy solution. Homeowners can opt for solar loans, solar leases, power purchase agreements (PPAs), or utilize home equity loans or lines of credit. Solar loans allow homeowners to finance the system upfront and repay it over time with interest. Solar leases and PPAs involve a third-party owning the solar panels and selling the electricity to the homeowner at a fixed rate. Home equity loans or lines of credit enable homeowners to borrow against the equity in their homes to fund the solar panel installation. Each financing option has its unique advantages and considerations, so homeowners should carefully assess which aligns best with their financial goals and circumstances.
To connect with a specialized solar panel installer in your area, reach out to a local expert today for personalized guidance on residential solar panel installations. These experts possess the knowledge and experience needed to evaluate your home's specific requirements and provide tailored solutions.
Leveraging the knowledge of a local installer enables you to capitalize on their specialized skills in architecting and deploying solar panel systems tailored to your property and energy requirements. Moreover, collaborating with a local professional ensures dedicated attention and support throughout the installation process, providing you with reassurance. Commence your journey towards harnessing solar power for your residence by reaching out to a local expert in solar panel installation today. Recognize the importance of opting for affordable yet superior-quality services for residential solar panel installation. Our seasoned team in Tulsa stands ready to assist you with all facets, from comprehensive installation to minor tweaks aimed at bolstering the efficiency and sustainability of your residential solar panel system.
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Hooray! This project is fully funded
Hooray! This project is fully funded
Share Project
My Students
I absolutely love the energy and creativity that my ten year old fourth graders.
We become a family throughout the year, supporting each other through the good times and challenges, and help each other to master the standards while still making learning fun.
My Project
Do you remember the joy of playing with Legos? In the classroom, they can be used for many different educational purposes, besides the rainy day recess activity. Unfortunately, these materials are not readily available in a class set on a teacher's budget. These Lego bricks and baseplates will allow my students to create structures that will tie into many different subject areas.
Hands on STEM and Math activities bring the curriculum to life.
In Math, the blocks can be used to reinforce Arrays and Factors by using the studs to create rectangles. We can also use them to teach Area and Perimeter. For Fractions, the blocks can help us determine Parts of a Whole, and show Equivalent Fractions. It would be wonderful to use the blocks for STEM projects too - students can construct and engineer designs. These Legos would make a huge impact in my classroom
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Food crisis - Essay Example
The outpouring of heavy rain in other parts of the world and the intense heat on the other are associated with the string of ominous events in the global climate. According to Krugman in his article, the changing climate is specifically the root cause of recent food crisis. …
Extract of sample Food crisis
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Adverse weather condition is associated with the increasing cost of goods due to prevailing lack of supplies or production.
Krugman tries to emphasize that the origin and implication of food crisis is traced back to changing climate which resulted further to droughts and floods. The intense heat is said to be the reason why there is an ample amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This is said to result to heavy raining which causes flood in certain parts of the world especially in the tropics. Krugman believes that this slows down food production that eventually becomes the greatest contributing factor of the recent food crisis.
The issue of changing climate may not be far as reason to contribute to food crisis. In fact, the very thought about changing weather condition to affect food production and supply is very relevant enough as a reason. Heavy rain, typhoon and other environmental impacts brought by changing climate all over the world may not be far enough to affect production and supply of food. However, it seems that the issue of changing weather condition is just only in addition to the problem of food crisis. It cannot be entirely considered as the root cause of the problem on the lack of food production or supply in the world. There are prior issues to this that need to be considered that eventually have contributed to global food crisis. Population increase Food crisis is caused by rapidly increasing population in the world (Grigg, 1980). This is the reason why there is a need to come up with biotechnology and other related technological innovation in order to increase production and supply of food. Food production is necessary in order to meet the spiraling forward demand of the people. Increasing food production is eventually the answer to the number of world's population and the corresponding demand for food. With biotechnology for instance, it has become a good idea to promote genetic modification of some plants and domestic animals in order to enhance their characteristics to eventually ensure more production. For instance, with BT corn technology, the plant's characteristics are enhanced and improved to fight harmful pests and diseases. The result would be to enhance growth and production. There are certainly diseases of the corn that can be prevented when some genetic modification has to be implemented. This is just one of the good promises of advancing food production through innovation with science and technology. In short, the need to come up with this or undergo this level of process is highly associated with the rising demand for food because of the increase and demand of the world as its population continues to grow in number year after year. The world's population in 2008 is different from 2010's or 25 years from the past. There is certainly corresponding increase in number of the world's population and this is a great contributing factor why shortage of food has become eminent. There are more people to be fed. This contributes to social, political and economic concerns of a nation. In general, this specific event calls for social, economic and political concerns as well. The issue of distribution Some says that food crisis is caused by significantly simple political and economical issue more than anything else. There are some countries that are said to be not so willing to distribute to the world what they essentially have with them. This primarily involves the issue of food distribution. There is reputed issue about food distribution today and from the past. This makes food crisis not just a matter of availability of food but of distribution. Some countries eventually are not that willing to share what they have especially the raw materials in food production. China for instance is
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The elected legislature is known as the Diet. From a democratic point of view Japan was ranked 20 amongst the 167 countries in the strength of democracy according to a survey conducted by Economics Intelligence Unit Index (2010). The democratic monarchy exists in relative harmony; according to Country Watch's Political Stability Index (2010), the political situation in Japan is highly stable.
fed is mounting with every passing day. The world population is going to be 9 billion by 2050.Already high number people starving to death is mounting climbing that can turn out to be rampant starvation due to continuously tighter supplies. Key food producing countries, such as China is experiencing the worst drought in last 200 years; Russia is struggling to recover from drought.
The major catastrophe that the globe experienced during the twenty first century was the food crises that took place in 2008, which has left no economies untouched with its drastic effect. Industrialized and third world nations both felt drastic effects of inflation in food prices, thus, begetting the conditions of economic and political instability and volatility (Shiva & Sagbo, pp.
The statistics of hungry persons have alarmingly scaled up especially in developing countries within Asia-Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa region. Social experts attributed this problem to poverty and food crisis (Ikerd, 2011). But what are the causes of global food crisis?
Alternative biofuels designed to reduce dependency on foreign petroleum is adding to this calamity, as well as natural disasters which are occurring at an alarming pace all across the world. These disasters reduce volume output of various agricultural products which only reduces global supply of many food products.
This has seen its effects being felt in both developed and developing countries (Magdoff, 2006: 1-7). This study will focus its attention on the explanation about this recent food crisis, how it reflects previous agri-food system tendencies and its relationship to diabetes, another food system problem.
One of the major causes of stiff competition in the Russian oil industry is lack of barriers to entry. In addition to the high volume of oil produced in Russia, the high number of firms in the oil industry has resulted to price competition. Some of the key Gazprom shareholders include the Russian government, Gazprombank, Rosneftegaz, Gerosgaz and E.ON Ruhrgas.
Supply refers to the quantity of goods producers are willing to supply at a given price in given time period (Abel and Bernanke, 2005). Whereas demand refers to quantity of goods customers are willing to buy at a given price at certain point in time (Arnold, 2008).agriculture can be described as the process that involves cultivation of plants and fungi as well as the rearing of animals for purposes of food, medicine, fiber or research among others.
Agriculture produces goods that are essential for developing and sustaining people's
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I didn't see a topic on this game yet, and since I've been playing it a TON lately I thought I'd see if anyone else here on Neowin was playing. Or wanted to play, since you can get a beta key for the game pretty easily from lots of places right now.
To make a long story short here's what Warframe is: A 3rd Person Co-op focused multiplayer shooter being made by Digital Extremes (yes, that Digital Extremes aka the guys who made Unreal 1 etc with Epic) using their own in house custom built engine that looks as good if not better than some of the other AAA engines on the market. It's basically a Cyborg Space Ninja themed game. Dudes look like cyborg ninjas and the game takes place in the future where some race has more or less screwed up Humanity and only a weird off shoot of Humanity is left and they try to, oh whatever the story doesn't matter lol
You can use a primary weapon such as an assault rifle or shotgun, and a secondary like a pistol. But you also get a sword (or stave depending on your warframe etc) and can cut enemies in HALF. You can charge melee swings for even more HALFNESS. You also get powers, again depending on your frame. The default frame is basically an all rounder, but does massive melee damage with his basic power. It's pretty sweet stuff regardless. There's a crafting system in game though it's pretty basic right now. Since a few patches ago, random events take place (though they are basically the same missions from the rest, just an alert status mission) that when you complete you get extra credits. It's F2P so there are microtransactions of course. Nothing Pay2Win though. However, the revive system is part of this. You get 4 revives a day, then you have to pay to get more, or just forfeit the mission you were in. Teammates can revive you an unlimited amount of times however, and it doesn't count towards the 4 a day count. There's a lot more I could list, but walls of text are annoying
The game is GORGEOUS. Runs smooth as butter maxed out (ymmv though of course), and is a fairly small download for the amazing visuals and what not. I think my initial download/install was around 800 megs. The DE guys patch it frequently (today they had 3 patches!) adding in new content as well as polishing the game and fixing bugs obviously.
In any event, my in game nick there is lordloc, so if you are already playing it, feel free to add me to your contacts list so we can slice and dice and shoot weird aliens and what not together
You can get a key from a ton of places right now. has them, has them, IGN had them as of a couple of days ago but I don't know if they still do.
I'd post links better (and put some videos in the post) but for some reason my browser isn't loading up the editor properly and whenever I put tags in the browser is just removing them...spooky.
For those that can't get a key, for whatever reason, I do have a few keys I can give out. I think I have 3 or 4 extra keys right now. Don't quote me on that one though, and DON'T PM me for one, I won't answer them. If you can't get a key, and want one, post in this thread.
I haven't played it beyond the training but from what little I played, the performance was great. They managed to make the game look good and perform well at the same time. Their upcoming Star Trek game should run just as well because it uses the same engine. For those that want a beta key, you can get one at MMO Bomb:
The IncGamers link doesn't require registration so that's good for people that want a beta key immediately. Not that it would kill you to register an account in 5 minutes or less on any of the other websites.
It looks like an interesting game but they need to do more at generating interest for it. The fact that a lot of places haven't run out of keys isn't necessarily a bad thing, but I'm a little surprised. For example, one of the websites you linked has over 8,000 keys.
Anyway, I'm interested in trying it out soon. I'm currently devoting my gaming time to Dota 2 with my friend but I think I can play sometime this week.
Well it IS a coop focused game. And there are plenty of people to play with, I've never had a hard time getting a 4 man mission going. You can also set your region easily in the options menu if it's deserted in your time zone but not zombie time say in Europe or Oceania etc. And with all the people coming in from the various beta key giveaways there's more and more people to play with.
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Real Estate Assignment - Contracts, Ownership, and Agency Law
Learning outcomes
You must submit your work through the assignment submission link on Online Campus. Upload your assignment, then use the 'Save' and 'Submit assessment' buttons. You will get an electronic receipt and your work is then logged and tracked through our system. Open Polytechnic will not accept assignments emailed directly to lecturers.
Open Polytechnic takes plagiarism seriously. Before you start your assignment, make sure you've read How to avoid plagiarism.
This assignment focuses on the learning you have done in Modules 4 and 5. The assignment consists of four tasks:
Task 1: Contracts.
Task 2: Ownership.
Task 3: Agency law.
Task 4: Contractual responsibilities.
Learning outcomes
You will be assessed on the following learning outcomes:
i. Explain the law of contract as it governs real estate transactions.
ii. Explain the provisions of the law of agency and determine appropriate signatories for different entities for given contracts.
Assignment scenario
You work in a real estate agency in your local area.
Task 1: Contracts
Explain contracts to Quentin
(a) Quentin, a work placement student in your office, is helping with the filing of some recent real estate contracts. He asks you what a contract is. Explain the six elements of a contract. Use examples of real estate transactions to illustrate each one.
Your answer should be up to 100 words for each element.
(b) Using your own words, explain the two requirements for an agreement for the sale and purchase of real estate to be enforceable under section 24 of the Property Law Act 2007.
Your answer should be up to 50 words.
Explain contracts to Moana
(c) Moana, a young customer, wants to make an offer on James' property. She has never bought a house before and admits she doesn't know much about contracts. Explain each of the following to her.
(i) What happens if she changes her mind before her offer is accepted.
Your answer should be up to 50 words.
(ii) The three ways James can respond when he receives the offer. Your answer should be up to 50 words.
(iii) Whether Moana can add new terms to the contract after it has been accepted. Your answer should be up to 50 words.
(iv) The legal term used to confirm that the offer has become a contract. Your answer should be up to 50 words.
(v) The four ways her contract can be discharged (come to an end). Give a real estate example for each method.
Assignment scenario
Your answer should be approximately 25 – 50 words for each way the contract can be discharged.
Task 2: Ownership
(a) Matthew and Nola have been married for 52 years. Matthew has dementia and is about to move into residential care, as Nola is no longer able to look after him at home.
Their property is registered as a joint family home under the Joint Family Homes Act 1964. Nola wants to sell the house – partly to pay for Matthew's care, and partly so that she can move into a smaller home nearer Matthew's care facility.
(i) Briefly explain the purpose of the Joint Family Homes Act 1964, and then discuss whether Nola can sell the house and, if so, under what circumstances. To whom should you refer Nola for further advice?
(ii) How would this situation be different if, before he became ill, Matthew had granted Nola enduring power of attorney to manage his welfare and financial affairs? Your answer for (i) and (ii) should be approximately 150 – 200 words in total.
(b) Joe Ngata and Paul Devine have asked you to appraise their home for sale. When you look at the certificate of title, you notice that the home is registered in three names, which suggests a possible trust situation.
You ask Joe and Paul about this and they confirm that the property is in a trust. Their solicitor, Elizabeth Bigham, is the third trustee. However, they don't want to involve Elizabeth yet, because she's very busy and very expensive.
Briefly explain to Joe and Paul who needs to sign the agency agreement, and any subsequent sale and purchase agreement. Include the name of the relevant legislation in your answer. To whom should you refer them for further advice?
Your answer should be approximately 100 words.
(c) Matiu Hemopo has come to your office, saying he wants to sell two of his investment properties. He has just finished renovating one, and the other is nearly finished. He wants to put them on the market for a quick turnaround.
When you look at the certificates of title, you see the properties are both registered in the name Hemopo Holdings Ltd. You check the Companies Register and see that there are two directors, Matiu and Nathan Hemopo.
Does Matiu have signing rights for the agency agreement and the sale and purchase agreement? Why/why not?
Your answer should be approximately 50 – 100 words.
Task 1: Contracts
Task 3: Agency law
Agency law: Part 1
Joe and Paul are very pleased with the service you've provided them and are now preparing to list their home for sale. During a visit to their home, you realise that this will be their first property sale.
They say they're confused about whether to have a sole or general agency, and don't really understand how agency law works in practice. You offer to help them by preparing a set of notes that explain the main points.
Prepare brief notes on each of the following.
(a) If Joe and Paul list their property, will it be with you personally or Waterford Real Estate Ltd? Give a reason for your answer. Your answer should be approximately 50 words.
(b) Briefly explain the main differences between sole agency, general agency and joint agency.
Your answer should be approximately 350 words in total.
Agency law: Part 2
Your friend, Barry, who lives in another town, phones you to complain about the real estate agency that recently sold his home. He tells you:
'I've since become friends with the young couple, Jack and Jenny, who bought the property. They don't think they got good service either. Here's what they told me.
The salesperson started by telling them that they should just drive by and see if they liked the look of the house from the street. Well, they did that, and they liked it. So he said he'd get around to showing them through some time. They had to chase him to get through the house!
But it gets even worse! Jack and Jenny fell in love with the property and wanted to make an immediate offer. It was nearly 5.00 pm, and the salesperson said he'd bring the agreement forms to me the next day. Well, they really didn't want to wait, so they asked if they could just pop around and present their offer. He didn't mind at all, so they got him to phone me and make the appointment. We negotiated the agreement around my dining room table!
You know, looking back, I don't think that salesperson earned very much of his share of the commission at all! The agency really wasn't any better, because they just didn't seem to accept any accountability for his behaviour.'
Briefly explain to Barry the requirements of
Introduction
Instrumentality, and
Effective cause
and describe whether the salesperson met his obligations in each case. Give at least one reason to support each of your answers.
Your answer should be up to 150 words in total.
Task 4: Contractual responsibilities
When they receive your notes about the law of agency, Joe and Paul are very pleased, but they have more questions. Joe phones you and says, 'I've been reading about the Real Estate Agents Act, and that seems to involve a lot of responsibilities for agents and salespersons. Can you briefly tell us how it affects your work with us?'
What would you say to Joe and Paul? Write the words you would use to explain:
(a) The fiduciary obligation you and your agency have to Joe and Paul. Your answer should be approximately 50 words.
(b) Other contractual responsibilities the agency has to Joe and Paul. Tell Joe and Paul about at least four responsibilities, giving a brief, clear description of each. Your answer should be approximately 50 in total.
(c) What the Real Estate Agents Act 2008 says about agency agreements. Identify and explain at least three sections. Your answer should be approximately 25 – 75 words for each section.
(d) What the Real Estate Agents Act (Professional Conduct and Client Care) Rules 2012 say about agency agreements. Refer to at least three rules. Your answer should be approximately 25 – 75 words for each rule.
(e) The contractual responsibilities Joe and Paul would have to Waterford Real Estate Ltd. Tell Joe and Paul about at least three of these responsibilities.
Your answer should be up to 100 in total
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Task: Analyze and Compare
Evaluate the cinematic work "The Hunger Games," examining its adherence to anthropological principles and juxtaposing it with ethnographic films. The objective is to scrutinize the film's representation of culture and history, and to discern the influence of editing and subject selection on its narrative.
Purpose and Learning Outcomes
This assignment aims to challenge the common "seeing is believing" mindset often held towards popular, culturally-based films. By critically examining "The Hunger Games," you will learn to differentiate between anthropologically accurate representations and those taken with artistic license, using scholarly sources as your guide. This course has equipped you with visual literacy skills that will enhance your appreciation of films beyond the academic sphere. Upon completion, you will possess a heightened critical awareness when viewing mainstream feature films, akin to the insights gained from studying ethnographic films. Several students have reported an increased appreciation for "regular" movies after learning to "read" ethnographic films in this course.
Required Style: AAA
Your analysis should be written in the Academic American English (AAA) style.
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Build Your Vocabulary: Words of Death, Morbidity, and Mortality
by sumo nova
Death and all things relating to it evoke a unique, primal reaction from all people. Superstition, religious beliefs, memories, and feelings of loss typically surface when the subject of death comes up in conversation.
Having a command of funereal words will allow you to discuss death in a manner appropriate for the situation. This is important when you or your acquaintances have suffered a loss.
Because death evokes strong emotions from most individuals, take great care in the selection of your words during difficult times. While euphemisms for dying such as 'passed away' or 'no longer with us' are quite helpful when discussing the departed, the subject of death is ultimately unavoidable.
Bereavement
Definition: A time of loss and sorrow caused by the loss of a loved one.
Example: During his period of bereavement, Bill's daughters were a great comfort to him.
Connotation: This word applies to the official period of mourning during which a person is eligible for work leave due to a death in the family. It is otherwise considered formal and appropriate for a funeral setting or service.
Deceased
Definition: Without life; dead; no longer living.
Example: We took a moment of silence in respect for the deceased soldier.
Connotation: This is a very common euphemism for the dead or 'the departed.' It is considered more appropriate to use a euphemism than to express that a person no longer living is in fact 'dead.'
Exanimate
Definition: No longer able to move; lifeless.
Example: The student noticed that the mouse was now exanimate; the lethal dosage had killed the creature.
Connotation: This term is used in a police, medical, or scientific sense. It may be used to described how the deceased's body was found.
Melancholy
Definition: Sad, gloomy, and depressed.
Example: The death of her husband contributed to her melancholy demeanor.
Connotation: This word suggests a prolonged state of sadness or depression.
Necrosis
Definition: The death of cells or tissues, specifically in one area of the body.
Example: Because the necrosis affected his arm, the doctor considered recommending amputation.
Connotation: 'Necrosis' is typically used in a medical or scientific setting.
Repose
Definition: Resting; without movement or sleeping; a peaceful stillness.
Example: His body displayed a great deal of repose in the casket; he looked at peace.
Connotation: This word is typically used in conjunction with the deceased and conveys a definite sense of peace and calm. It is a very sensitive and thoughtful word to use.
Using tactfully chosen vocabulary words will help you better understand, confront, and cope with the eventuality we all face.
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Experiencing issues with a Compaq Presario V2000 laptop's charging functionality, the user seeks assistance. Upon connecting the AC power adapter, the charging indicator light flickers persistently, and the power icon alternates between AC and battery modes. After an hour, the battery drains completely and fails to function. Replacing the battery with a new one did not resolve the issue; instead, it initially displayed a 99% charge before the light began blinking again, and a low battery status message appeared. The user has verified that the AC power is functional by booting the laptop without the battery and has also attempted a system software reinstall, but to no avail.
Potential solutions to the problem include:
1. AC Adapter Malfunction: The adapter might be supplying insufficient power for battery charging, despite being able to power the laptop. Alternatively, it could be overpowering the laptop due to a short circuit. Replacing the AC adapter could potentially rectify the issue.
2. DC Inverter Fault: The component responsible for transferring power from the AC adapter to the battery might be at fault. If this is the case, a repair or DC inverter replacement could be necessary. This option is generally cost-effective.
3. Motherboard Malfunction: The most severe possibility is a malfunctioning motherboard, which would be the most expensive component to replace.
The user is advised to consult a professional laptop service center for a thorough diagnosis and cost-effective repair solution. Additionally, the user inquires about the safety of using a power inverter in a car to power the laptop, seeking advice on the potential impact on the AC adapter.
While perusing various online forums, I encountered discussions regarding the Compaq Presario V2000, where users reported issues with the motherboards. Notably, despite these components not being part of a formal recall, many owners had successfully obtained free replacements directly from the manufacturer. Remarkably, this was achieved even in cases where the laptops were beyond their warranty period, and original receipts were unavailable.
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22 Comments
My Opinion:Maybe just knowing the whole meaning of this song is better than interpreting it in every line.. Then we can have a general imagination of it. Like others, i think it's about a relationship too. for me just knowing this is enough!:D
My Interpretation:I agree that its about a relationship, and probably some sort of drug problem, but I believe this song is a duet, just he sings it solo.
Welcome back Winter once again
And put on your warm fuzzy sweater
'Cause you'll feel much better when
The snowflakes fall gently to the ground
The temperature drops and your shivers
Freeze all the rivers around
But I keep you warm
- The guy sings this, they're just having a cute moment
If speeds a pro,
Inertia must be a con'Cause you keep me warm
-The girl sings these two sections
--In between these two sections, the guy realizes the girls drug problems, and gets angry
Peer over the edge
Can you see me?
Rivulets flow from your eyes
Paint runs from your mouth like a waterfall
And your lungs crystallize
-This part is sang by the guy, yelling at the girl and confronting her
I'll travel the sub-zero tundra
I'll break glaciers and frozen lakes
And that's just the tip of the iceberg
I'll do whatever it takes to change
-This is sang by the girl, begging the guy and saying she doesn't wanna be like this anymore, and reall really wants to change
Farewell powdery paradise
We'd rather skate on the thinnest ice
Fingers failed us before they froze
Frostbite bit down on all our toes
-Perhaps this is sang by both, talking about how she wants to change, and it wont be an easy tasks, but they dont care and would rather be on this route
Snow drifts build up and enfold us - Sang by the guy
As we wait in this winter storm - Sang by the girl
So we snuggle close in the darkness - Sang by the guy
And keep each other so warm - Sang by the girl
-This section is talking about how they're going through it and yes its extremely tough, but they'll get through it together, helping one another.
And this part sounds like a life-threatening crisis:
Peer over the edge
Can you see me?
The lyrics are idealistic and escapist in the first part, until the crisis, after which the song builds to its climax. He has reached a turning point, and says "I'll do whatever it takes to change."
After this, he faces reality, as he says "farewell powdery paradise." This is risky, and scary: "the thinnest ice," and is full of hardships, which are the frozen fingers, the frostbitten toes, the winter storm, and darkness. But it's better, because in the end, they "keep each other so warm."
General Comment:Welcome back Winter once again
And put on your warm fuzzy sweater
'Cause you'll feel much better when
The snowflakes fall gently to the ground
The temperature drops and your shivers
Freeze all the rivers around
BUT I KEEP YOU WARM
If speeds a pro,
Inertia must be a con -> He wants to cheer her up fast because he's feared she could get too sad to fix her, if he'd do slow.`CAUSE YOU KEEP ME WARM
*AND KEEP EACH OTHER SO WARM [from the end of the song]
I pressed CAPS here to show that the sentence with "keeping warm" appear 3 times in this song. first time he wants to say that he'll comfort her. the second time he wants to cheer her up and show her that she's something special because she keeps him warm too. the last time he clarifys that again.
Peer over the edge -> she should try to stop being sad
Can you see me? -> she should hear his song and and cheer up
Rivulets flow from your eyes -> rivulets are tears i think
Paint runs from your mouth like a waterfall -> and the paint is the color that flows out of her; that she's becoming colorless and lifeless
And your lungs crystallize -> you need your lung to breathe, without you can't live and if your lungs crystalize then you can't breathe anymore. so easy ;)
I'll travel the sub-zero tundra -> he wants to do everything was it takes to bring her back to hapiness
I'll break glaciers and frozen lakes -> ""
And that's just the tip of the iceberg -> Here i'm not sure what is meant wiht
I'll do whatever it takes to change -> He'll do whatever it takes to change... :D
Song Meaning:Adam himself said: "The song Tip of the Iceberg is a song about growing up and wishing you were somewhere else, and maybe suddenly realizing that you've wasted a good piece of your life. It's about learning not to take things for granted and really being deliberate and intentional about living life as if the day was your last, and so it's really about appreciating all that's around you."
General Comment:I think along with the theme of change, the song really is partly about winter! That big part in the middle, I think it's set in a snowy place, and whoever he's talking about is up high on a mountain or something like that xD I think that person is crying, and I'm not sure about the paint part. Maybe he means like spray paint, because when it's cold, you can see your breath kinda like spray paint? Noooo idea. Lungs crystallizing because it's cold! Like when things freeze up. Then the rest is what he would do to change.
Song Meaning:I think it's about killing someone in the arctic.
? = I'm not sure
Welcome back Winter once again - it's winter again
And put on your warm fuzzy sweater - you wish you were warm
'Cause you'll feel much better when - you'd feel a lot better if you were
The snowflakes fall gently to the ground - it's snowing
The temperature drops and your shivers - it's cold and you're cold
Freeze all the rivers around - the rivers are frozen
But I keep you warm - I want you to be alive while I kill you?
If speeds a pro, - ?
Inertia must be a con - ?
'Cause the cold wind blows - icy cold winds
At precise rates - I planned this out
When I've got my ice skates on - I'm prepared and you aren't
If all the roads were paved with ice - ?
That wouldn't thaw or crack - ?
I could skate from Maine to Nebraska - ?
Then on to Alaska and back - ?
'Cause you keep me warm - ?
Peer over the edge - ?
Can you see me? - ?
Rivulets flow from your eyes - you're crying
Paint runs from your mouth like a waterfall - paint perhaps means blood?
And your lungs crystallize - your lungs are freezing
I'll travel the sub-zero tundra - I'll go out of the way to hide your body
I'll break glaciers and frozen lakes - ^
And that's just the tip of the iceberg
I'll do whatever it takes to change - I don't want to be a killer, but I am
Farewell powdery paradise - you're dying
We'd rather skate on the thinnest ice - ?
Fingers failed us before they froze - you tried to fight back but were too cold
Frostbite bit down on all our toes - you were frostbitten
Snow drifts build up and enfold us - your body is hidden in a snow drift
As we wait in this winter storm - I'm waiting to go home?
So we snuggle close in the darkness - I can't leave because of a storm?
And keep each other so warm - ?
I'm pretty sure a lot of the fruitier lines were thrown in to make it sound less suspicious.
General Comment:I could go on and on and on about how much i love this song, and then some (:
im pretty sure its about a guy and a girl who are in love, but they have some problems, (maybe the guy can be a jerk)so the guy wants to prove himself. At the part peer over the edge...its talking about the girl being hurt emotionally, but relates it to being hurt physically. Then comes ill travel the sub zero tundra...showing her all these things he would do for her to make her feel better. Then he continues to talk about their problems at farewell powdery...but in the end they are ok and keep eachother so warm
and that is just the tip of iceberg of my interpretation, i could dissect each qnd every part :)
#OwlCityLove
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Will the "Hey, You Suck" Chant Make a Comeback?
Before the arrival of Bruce Allen and Mike Shanahan, Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll (Part 2)" was a staple at FedExField during winning games, with fans famously chanting "You suck" after the "hey" part. Since their hiring, the song has vanished from the stadium's playlist.
At the University of Maryland, the song was notoriously sung a cappella due to a ban on its performance by the university band. Redskins fans had adopted this tradition, singing along to the song during kickoffs, after touchdowns, sacks, and other significant plays. The resulting "You suck" chants were so loud that they could be heard clearly on both radio and television broadcasts.
Since Allen and Shanahan took over, the song has not been played once. Given the team's poor performance, this absence is understandable. However, as the team improves, the question remains: will the song return to boost fan morale and taunt opposing teams?
With a stronger defense and an expectedly improved offense in 2012, the chances of the Redskins' resurgence are high. While not all fans approve of the chant, especially during the team's struggles, some argue that it can psychologically impact opposing players. A notable example is the 2005 home game against Dallas, where the chants affected Keyshawn Johnson's performance, leading to outbursts both on the sideline and the field.
Each NFL squad boasts a distinctive cheer employed by its fan base, such as the derisive 'IN-COM-PLETE' in Denver, the enthusiastic 'J-E-T-S JETS JETS JETS' in New York, the defiant 'Who Dat said they gon' beat dem Saints' in New Orleans, and the spirited 'Here we go, Steelers, here we go' in Pittsburgh, among others. Given the absence of a comparable chant to the Redskins' Fight Song, one might question why Washington lacks a unique, opposing-team-focused cheer, as many home stadium chants are designed to psychologically disrupt the visiting team rather than celebrate one's own squad's touchdowns, as 'Hail to the Redskins' does.
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Celebrating Women in History
March is Women's History Month which celebrates the vital role of women in American History. We are inspired by all of these brave, talented women. How do you want to mark your place in history?
LiliumCare spotlights Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi (August 31, 1842 – June 10, 1906) for her contribution to medicine. Mary was revered as a physician, teacher, writer, scientist and suffragist. Mary was born in London and the oldest child of 11. Can you imagine? She was the daughter of American parents from New York City and she was raised in New York from the age of 6.
Mary was interested in medicine from a young age and aspired to be a physician against her father's wishes. Isn't that interesting?
Mary's determination and drive were very impressive:
1863 – graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy, making her the first woman to graduate from a U.S school of pharmacy
1864 – received her M.D. from the Female (later Women's) Medical College of Pennsylvania
1868 – admitted as the first woman student at École de Médecine of the University of Paris
July 1871 – graduated with honors and was the second woman to receive a degree from École de Médecine. She also received a bronze medal for her thesis.
Fall of 1871 – established a private medical practice in NYC
Other significant accomplishments included:
Professor in the new Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary and Mount Sinai Hospital
Second woman member of the Medical Society of the County of New York
President of Women's Medical Association of New York City from 1874 to 1903
Harvard University's Boylston Prize in 1876 for an original essay, The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation. In the essay, she concluded that "there is nothing in the nature of menstruation to imply the necessity, or even desirability, of rest."
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A History of African-Americans and the Oscars
Denzel Washington is the first Black actor to receive two Best Supporting Actor nominations — Cry Freedom (1987) and Glory (1989). He has since become the second African-American to win an award for Best Actor (Training Day, 2001). He was also a Best Actor nominee for Flight (2012).
(Photo: Getty Images)
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A Mathematician's Champion: The Life of Angeline Hall
Born in 1830, Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall exhibited exceptional mathematical prowess and advocated for women's rights and the abolition of slavery. She commenced her academic journey at Rodman Union Seminary before graduating from New-York Central College (NYCC) in 1855, majoring in mathematics and astronomy. At NYCC, Hall served as a professor, where she met her future husband, Asaph Hall. Post-marriage, societal norms compelled her to relinquish her career, yet she and her spouse remained within academia, collaborating on astronomical research, notably the search for Martian satellites. Hall undertook the complex mathematical computations for their joint work, while also homeschooling their four children, all of whom achieved notable careers. Her son, Angelo, penned this biographical tribute. The most prominent crater on Phobos, a Martian moon, bears her name, the Stickney Crater, measuring approximately 9 kilometers in width and serving as a distinctive feature of this celestial body. This revised edition is dedicated to Larissa Watkins, a librarian and researcher par excellence, whose multifaceted contributions are both gifted and generous.
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In the realm of personal hygiene, innovation manifests in numerous ways, and one such recent development is the soap saver. But what are these devices, and do they live up to their reputation? Let's explore their features and benefits to find out.
A soap saver, at its core, is an ingenious bathroom accessory designed to extend the lifespan of your soap bars. Instead of allowing your soap to sit on a wet ledge, where it remains perpetually damp, a soap saver elevates your bars, keeping them in optimal condition for longer.
Soap savers come in various forms, from soap dishes to lifting pads. However, for the sake of this discussion, we will primarily focus on soap saver bags.
One of the most apparent advantages of soap saver bags is their ability to salvage every last bit of your soap. Once your soap bar becomes too small to handle, simply place it inside the bag with a new bar. Over time, the remnants will integrate into the new bar, ensuring no waste.
If you've transitioned to natural soap bars but miss the luxurious lather of conventional ones, a soap saver bag can help. The friction between the bar and the bag generates a rich, foamy lather, reminiscent of traditional body washes, without the harsh chemicals.
Unlike plastic loofahs, which can harbor bacteria and contribute to plastic pollution, our sisal soap saver bags are eco-friendly and compostable. Simply toss them in the wash and reuse them repeatedly, reducing your environmental footprint.
In conclusion, soap saver bags are a worthwhile investment for anyone seeking to maximize the longevity of their soap bars while enjoying added benefits like gentle exfoliation and improved lathering. With their eco-friendly design and multifunctional usage, they are certainly worth considering for your personal hygiene routine.
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TreeStore filterBy function fires on expand/collapse and check change
I have a search field for my TreePanel, and under the hood, all this search does is take what's entered, put it into a regex, and then use a filterBy function on the TreeStore, and it appears to work. However, I have noticed that this fitlerBy function fires every time something is done to the TreePanel... if the user checks a checkbox or expands/collapses a branch. This is not ideal, as my TreePanel can contain a good amount of records and having to do this on every action is expensive.
To reproduce the issue:
Open debugger console
Type a character in the search box
Notice in filter debugger message fires 319 times
Check a parent checkbox
Notice there is a large amount of lag... this is because I am updating all of the child records every time a parent is checked... so the updating causes the lag, but I'm not sure how to prevent it
I'm expecting the filter to not fire every time the user performs one of these actions... I'm only expecting the filter to fire when I apply the filterFn. Am I using the filterFn wrong, is this just an incredibly nasty side effect of filtering a treestore, or is this actually a bug/something that can be optimized?
So instead of having each endEdit bubble up to the store to say refresh the view, I prevent any of it from bubbling up and refresh the view manually... filterBy function still fires, but it's only on the order of n, where n is the number of records in my store.
Any news about this bug? Even during loading the store filter function is called multiple times for each node. In trees with ~1000 items browser stops responding because of that...
Same here. Any work arounds for this issue? I tried suspending events for the tree and store and I still see this. It's worse when you have a parent node with multiple children nodes which are also parents. The filter fn is executed for each non-leaf node that's expanded n levels deep which kills performance. I'm on 6.0.2.
Somehow my treestore.filteryBy() was firing multiple times. I placed a counter in the filterBy function and what should have loop through 112 times was looping over 4000 time. I had an expandAll() after the filterBy at that point.
I moved the expandAll() prior to the filterBy() and everything works as expected.
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Appointment Request
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- Select a location:*
- Comments:
- CAPTCHA
Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, a dedicated period, facilitates increased awareness of this disease and empowers women with knowledge on risk reduction. This includes disseminating information about Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a viral infection linked to heightened cervical cancer risk.
Cervical Cancer is a malignancy that targets the cervix. In its initial stages, it often exhibits no discernible symptoms. As the condition progresses, potential symptoms may include intermenstrual or post-coital vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and watery, bloody vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor. Other symptoms can include discomfort during intercourse and postmenopausal vaginal bleeding.
Causes of Cervical Cancer involve abnormal cell growth and multiplication, leading to tumor formation and potential metastasis. While HPV is associated with cervical cancer, its exact causation remains unclear. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, early sexual debut, other sexually transmitted infections, weakened immune system, and smoking, which has been linked to a specific cervical cancer type.
Preventive Measures encompass regular screenings, HPV vaccination, safe sexual practices, and smoking cessation.
One of the most efficacious means of reducing one's risk of cervical cancer is to undergo an HPV vaccination. This is recommended for females aged 9 to 26. For women aged 21 and above, regular Pap tests are also crucial. These tests, performed every few years or more frequently based on individual risk, aim to detect early signs of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions. Additional preventive measures include cessation of smoking and the practice of safe sex, such as condom use.
To participate in Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, consider the following:
- Distribute information about cervical cancer and HPV, sourced from the CDC, to others.
- Arrange to deliver presentations to local groups or organizations, educating women about the disease and prevention methods.
- Utilize social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook to share information, and consider changing your profile picture to a cervical cancer awareness ribbon.
If you are due for a cervical cancer screening, we encourage you to schedule an appointment with Neighborhood Radiology Services, which offers high-quality screenings and other services to patients in the Greater New York Metropolitan Area. To request an appointment, fill out the form on this page, or call 800-220-2220 for more information.
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The Art of Shoemaking Opublikowano: 29 grudnia 2015
In spite of the technological progress, it is stil believed that Goodyear welt construction, initiated in the 18th century, is the best production technique as far as men's shoes are concerned (Loake shoes, for example, are produced in this way).
Four fundamental advantages of Goodyear welted footwear are as follows:
• The shoes can be reconstructed, which means that worn out parts (such as the sole or the cork) can be replaced and the upper of the shoe can be pulled over a last.
• No glue is used, so the shoes last longer.
• The cork adapts itself to the way of walking, which makes the shoes more comfortable.
• The shoes are mainly hand-made, so each pair is unique.
• One pair can be in production for even up to 8 weeks (information provided by Loake). The entire process involves creating 75 footwear parts, which later undergo approx. 200 different operations performed by 130
8 basic stages of Goodyear welt production
CUTTING / "CLICKING"
The process begins with leather parts of the upper being meticulously cut out. The name "clicking" comes from the sound which the hand cutting knife makes as it is removed from the leather.
CLOSING
…is the moment when parts of the upper are sewn together. At this stage, it is time for operations such as "machining" (reducing in size) an excessively thick piece of leather, staining and folding the leather piece's edge to improve its appearance.
LASTING
The upper is pulled over a selected last to be then attached to the insole, the heel and the sides of the shoe. Prior to that, the upper part of the shoe is left in a place where excessive humidity preventing the leather from getting into the right shape is removed.
WELT
A "welt" is a leather strip which is sewn together with the upper and the insole, and which will be later attached to the sole. Thanks to that, a skilled shoemaker can resole the shoe in future.
SOLE STITCHING
Stitching the sole to the welts guarantees durability.
EDGE TRIMMING
The edges of the sole are trimmed to a desired shape. It is a highly detailed work, and therefore is done "freehand".
SOLE STAINING
BURNISHING / DRESSING
The last operations are burnishing, dressing and polishing shoes. This time-consuming activity is done entirely by hand. In further parts of the production process final details are being looked into, e.g. cutting out a so-called gentlemen's notch.
Warsaw's Arkadia, one of the largest shopping centres in Europe, boasts the widest offer in the capital. It features 240 units including 190 stores, 20 services and 30 restaurants and cafes. The centre's second floor accommodates an entertainment section with a 15-screen multiplex cinema operated by the Cinema City chain. All Arkadia's customers are invited to use free personal styling services, ask shopping consultants for advice and even book a wardrobe check in their homes. Suffice it to hold the Loyalty Card and use the centre's premium offer. A professional stylist, shopping assistants and a myriad of attractions for the youngest ones – all this is available as part of a special offer prepared by Arkadia. The professional stylist familiar with the offer and, above all, with the latest fashion trends, will help them analyse their current style and provide expert, practical tips on how to choose clothing styles and colours suited to their body type, both regarding everyday wear and garments for special occasions. All that customers wishing to invite a stylist home have to do is choose the "Stylist" tab on click "Wardrobe check" in the menu and book an appointment on one of four dates available in a month. An appointment with a personal shopper can be booked in a similar manner. Arkadia also encourages its customers to use the services of shopping assistants who know everything about the centre's offer and tenant promotions. They will provide advice, help customers with their shopping and carry bags to the car or to the exit door. Arkadia cares for the youngest ones, therefore it has arranged an interactive play area and a special corner with qualified childminders, its food court features areas with children's equipment and customers can tend to their toddlers in parent rooms. It is worth noting that Arkadia holds cyclical events for its youngest customers involving numerous games and educational competitions during which they can both have great fun and learn something new about themselves and the world around them. But these are not all the amenities dedicated to shoppers. Arkadia keeps widening its offer that includes free services such as umbrella rental, telephone charging stations, an IPad available at the reception desk, comfortable and practical relaxation zones, WIFI in the entire centre and separate parking zones for family cars. All these services are available to holders of Arkadia's Loyalty Card that can be obtained free of charge at the reception desk on the ground floor or via website. Monika Lewczuk – Kuropaś – The spokesperson of Arkadia.
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A Russian lifestyle influencer, Maxim Lyutyi, aged 44, has been sentenced to eight years in a high-security penal colony for the death of his newborn son, Cosmos. Lyutyi and his partner, Oxana Mironova, 34, were found guilty of neglecting the baby's nutritional needs, leading to his death from pneumonia and severe malnutrition at less than a month old.
The court ruled that Lyutyi had intentionally caused grievous bodily harm to Cosmos by advocating a diet known as 'prana-eating', which relies primarily on sunlight for nourishment. Lyutyi had prohibited Mironova from breastfeeding and providing the baby with adequate food, despite signs of the child's deteriorating health. Medical treatment was denied until it was too late.
Initially, Lyutyi attempted to shift blame onto Mironova, who received a non-custodial sentence of two years of corrective labor. However, Lyutyi eventually admitted his guilt, stating that he would have sought immediate medical attention had he known the baby was born prematurely. The court heard that Lyutyi had intended to 'experiment' on the child and 'promote' his prana-eating philosophy.
This tragic incident underscores the perils of extreme diets and the critical importance of proper infant nutrition. It also raises concerns about the influence of social media personalities and the dissemination of misinformation online. Lyutyi's controversial beliefs in minimal diets and sunlight consumption were found to be a significant factor in the baby's death. The court also imposed a fine of £860 on Lyutyi. During his incarceration, Lyutyi has reportedly abandoned his previous beliefs, including his stance on consuming meat.
In a tragic incident, Russian blogger Maxim Lyutyi was handed an eight-year prison sentence following the starvation death of his newborn son.
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I (with my parents) managed to explore a reasonable bit of Reykjavik, an amazing cool, but not especially large, city (which just happens to be the most Northerly capital in the world, and the most Westerly in Europe!!)...
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<mark_weaver>gzg: If you've previously executed 'guix pull', it supersedes any earlier installations made with'make install'.
<mark_weaver>./pre-inst-env bypasses the most recent 'guix pull' changes.
<mark_weaver>The 'guix pull' data is stored in ~/.config/guix/latest/, which you might want to delete.
<markweaver>Alternatively, if XDGCONFIGHOME is set, the data will be in $XDGCONFIG_HOME/guix/latest.
<gzg>mark_weaver: I'm aware of that, but I've recently installed a build on my system (within the past week) and it couldn't find it. :^P
<mark_weaver>gzg: When using guix without./pre-inst-env, it will always prioritize the contents of ~/.config/guix/latest/ if it exists, disregarding any subsequent installations.
<mark_weaver>Ah, I recall now why I didn't simply update the URL for pysqlite: the hash has changed despite the filename remaining the same. I wanted to locate an older file to identify the changes made.
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This is an interesting legal case whereby the judge decided to not send the assailants to jail because they were Muslim and therefore unused to drinking alcohol. The alcohol was clearly responsible for the attack.
A decent video at the link shows most of the attack. Surprisingly one of the victims was not charged even though he choose to fight back (poorly) instead of just laying there and taking a beating.
I am thinking that this means that if you try PCP for the first time and then run around assaulting people you are not responsible for your actions?
Don't get me started on the UK, this is a great example of the direction America could go in and should be a cautionary tale. The justice system aint just and the authorities cannot protect you. Thank god (most) states allow average people to carry a concealed firearm for protection.
It seems few nations in history have been so willing to so completely disarm themselves (the citizenry). When the times of trouble which history says happens to all nations they will reap the rewards for their poor choices....
Even the UK police do not have the power to protect the citizenry....
They have no way to force the government to respect its citizens and that decision never ends well at one point or another...So... perhaps a wider minded approach is advisable...
Also, the link between this and gun ownership is less than sure in my opinion, so not even sure it should be on here....
What I would criticise in that article and media in the UK in general these days, is bringing religion into the picture: their being Muslim has nothing to do with the outcome.
Their not being used to drinking is the important factor. Why they don't drink is pretty irrelevant, IMO...Also, the link between this and gun ownership is less than sure in my opinion, so not even sure it should be on here....
It is not about guns.
Quote:
Discussions in this forum will be centered upon legal issues as they relate to the 2nd Amendment and other Civil Rights. Constitutional law (which would encompass separation of powers, the impairment of contracts clause, the full faith and credit clause, etc., as well as the Bill of Rights) will also be on topic.
Which reminds me of something else...
Quote:
Their not being used to drinking is the important factor.
Firstly I don't see how it could be important, even if were shown to be true in court. The effects of alcohol are near universally known. If, as they claim they were Muslims and unused to drinking than they should have had a lifelong indoctrination into the evils of drink.
Secondly the law does not protect you, even in England if you commit felonious acts while intoxicated. If intoxication were an excuse than anyone could commit practically any act and then walk free with a dressing down and some community service.I Freedom requires that one must be able to defend ones self and despite what some may think not everyone is a ninja or a multi discipline martial artist nor capable of ever being one.
Also absolutely our system of justice is completely broken along with our legislative and executive system.... Dont think so, go read the unconstitutional Patriot act and get back to me on an appropriate website.
The difference is on some level our broken system has been forced to own up to the fact that "arms" are a right.... in the UK you dont have anything approaching a right to self defense or arms capable of providing that defense for the average citizen. A people incapable of defending themselves are by my definition and many others not free....
One day they will pay a high price for this foolishness.... history is full of examples of what happens to unarmed populations....
The true shame as they as a nation dont even recognize it as a right when in history they often had a requirement of law to bear arms and practice with them.
Pond, what about the woman whose shotgun was confiscated after she had a verbal altercation with gypsies who were cutting her trees, illegally. One had a chainsaw; the other threatened to knife the landowner. So the bobbies came and took her licensed shotgun, to diffuse things...
UK seems to be going nuts when it comes to property rights, self-defense, and crimes by racial, religious, or ethnic minorities... Italy is not much better, FWIW.
So the bobbies came and took her licensed shotgun, to diffuse things...
Not only that but the firearm in question had never left her house nore was it ever mentioned by her in the confrontation and yet the police were completely aware of it and confiscated it as if it had been used in the issue...
...despite what some may think not everyone is a ninja or a multi discipline martial artist nor capable of ever being one.
That wouldn't make any difference,,,
Less than three months ago a woman was arrested for kicking her attacker in the face.
He had followed her and her boyfriend home from a pub,,,
Then assaulted them at the door to her apartment,,,
Somehow he went down and she kicked his head,,,
And was arrested for using too much force.
Less than ten years ago I visited some friends in London,,,
Some young skinhead type made rude comments to my friends wife,,,
I gave him the one-finger salute, he charged at me, and I dropped him with a punch.
Guess who sat in the police department for more than 6 hours,,,
While they decided whether to charge me or not,,,
The punk wasn't even taken into custody.
That country has gone insane!
Maybe it's a good thing they can't have firearms any more,,,
I firmly believe they have lost the capability of rational decision making.
Aarond
__________________
Caje: The coward dies a thousand times, the brave only once.
Kirby: That's about all it takes, ain't it?
Combat: "A Silent Cry" Aarond is good,,, Aarond is wise,,, Always trust Aarond!(most of the time)
Well, the very title of this thread proclaims a link that is not there. In the past I have seen threads closed for the same lack of gun related content...
Quote:
BGutzman wrote: IBesides, that is a moot point: you'll never find any post of mine saying that they have the right attitude to gun ownership in the UK....
Quote:
Freedom requires that one must be able to defend ones self ....
....in the UK you dont have anything approaching a right to self defense or arms capable of providing that defense for the average citizen. A people incapable of defending themselves are by my definition and many others not free....
All these seem to be your definition of freedom.Either way, its not all about putting holes in people, or being allowed to.
As for the rights to self defence: they do exist. The law aims to limit excessive force. Killing someone for being on your property uninvited would be viewed as excessive: in that respect, I agree. Yet in the US, that seems to be OK, based on some comments I've read.
Similarly, despite having the right to carry for self defence, if I shot and killed an knife-yeilding assailant here in Estonia, I'd probably be sent down: or come very close.
Yet, Estonia is a gun-friendly, free country; according to your definition.
As a counter, stand alone, equally unrepresentative example: a few months ago, a guy had two blokes break into his home: he stabbed one with a kitchen knife. I believe the BG died: the home owner was not prosecuted.
Quote:
Also absolutely our system of justice is completely broken along with our legislative and executive system.... Dont think so, go read the unconstitutional Patriot act and get back to me on an appropriate website.
Not sure what you're trying to say here.... sorry...
Quote:
Mleake wrote: Pond, what about the woman whose shotgun was confiscated after she had a verbal altercation with gypsies who were cutting her trees, illegally.
I don't know about that case, but once more you're judging based on one article: you can't look through the key hole and expect to appreciate the room. Why do you think such seemingly ludricrous actions by the police get into the papers? Because they are ludricrous and out of the ordinary. Ordinary don't sell papers...
Do they report on all altercations and court hearings? No. It only sells if it catches peoples attention or massages their prejudices: like, say, any headline that might talk about anti gun actions
Let's make something clear:
I don't claim that the UK is perfect, by any means. Far from it: that is why I moved.
I get incensed when I read about dum-@*se rulings like that and yes, the UK gun laws are over restrictive and a product of ill-thought out legislation designed to appease the masses, after very extreme and isolated events. Making in depth psych evaluations of gun owners compulsory would have been better and more effective, but banning was cheaper.... and got more headlines.
However, it urks me when members decide that one article, that didn't even have anything to do with guns is enough to get on a high horse and suggest that their country has nothing to learn but everything to teach.
And that is the impression it gives....
The only person so far that has, I think, the grounds to be truly critical of the UK system is Aarond, given that he has experienced it first hand.
Has everyone else on this thread been to the UK, or better still lived there? If not, well...
It is ironic however that in the UNODC survey of 2010, that both the gun friendly states of Estonia and United States had higher rates of Intentional Homicide than the UK...
Perhaps we respectively need self defence more than the UK do...
My 2pthat didn't even have anything to do with guns is enough to get on a high horse and suggest that their country has nothing to learn but everything to teach.
LOL, I forget that Americans come off differently in the rest of the world than they often do to each other.
Quote:
All these seem to be your definition of freedom.
Self defense (the right to life) is considered an inalienable right as spelled out in our Constitution. Surely you are not arguing that people can deny you your life at will? I am not sure how the rest of the world views it. Poorly I guess.
Quote:
Has everyone else on this thread been to the UK, or better still lived there? If not, well...
I have been to the UK and Ireland many times (although I only stayed in Ireland a total of three days.... Ireland I know... but they are so close and speak a similar language.). All these were visits, I never lived there. My last boss was actually a British immigrant. I understand there is rabid media there just as in the states that goes to efforts to make the police look foolish.
Quote:
Perhaps we respectively need self defense more than the UK do...
On this I would agree to a point. We have a very different society in the US that is much less homogenous and more abrasive. If you read the NYPD shooting report in the Tactics thread you will get a good idea as to why many of the shootings occur. Based upon the comments made by the attackers I am guessing there is a similar problem in some places in the UK.
For a long time the UK had the "duty to retreat" issue. However there is still no final answer on spelling out defense laws despite multiple attempts. What is certain is that based upon the historical examples if you use force to defend yourself you will be in a world of trouble.
In your knife wielding mugger example, a knife IS deadly force. Someone can kill you with a knife. So legally, to protect my life or others I can also respond with deadly force. I don't have to go find a knife to fight back withIts already posted in this forum just search for my name..... and by the way yes I did look at both sides.
Do I believe that gun control is always wrong: absolutely, if you cant be trusted with a firearm then you dont need to be on the street either... IMHO if your not in prison you have a inalienable right to bear arms.... The law disagrees but I dont think the founding fathers would have but then again if you did something serious they had a tendancy to hang you... really reduced repeat crimes...
Quote:
Beer wont save your life, a firearm properly employed and used can. Our constitution was based on natural law as I believe your rights used to be (I could be wrong on your rights).... Natural law is abhorent of some things you name but not a proper place to discuss here. Freedom by its nature must include the right to protect yourself so that you can live...
We talk about freedom, yet in the strictest sense none of us are free, but that is a topic or another debate.
Still with regards to self defence, as I already posted and as I think you will know given the research that has been done, in the UK citizens have the right to defend themselves.
Guns happen to be prohibited as part of that defence. Guns are not the only self defence, but they are the easiest to use for the untrained.
If you say, however, that to be denied guns is to be denied freedom, it holds that you suggest guns are freedom. Needless to say, I would say that was stretching it a bit.
BGutzman, you say that all gun control is wrong.
Having to get a gun licence as I did in Estonia is gun control and therefore wrong .As far as Natural Law is concerned, regardless of the name, it was still a set of principles analysed, considered and ratified by human thinkers and then society: it is not naturally occurring, only based on what is perceived to be naturally occurring.
Incidentally, certain "abhorent" behaviours seem to bother Natural Law more than they do Nature as many mammalian (and other) species display such behaviours.
MTT TL, you touched on a good point: the media.
I can't comment on the US. However, in the UK, the media have entirely too much sway over government policy, or perhaps I should say the government lack the backbone to stick to their manifestos, given that this was what they were voted in on. I don't want control of the media, other than from within their own ranks. By all means try to make money, but not by printing dross and sensation, such as the short comings of the police whose hands have been tied by the government in an attempt to hit statistical targets, rather than fight crime. The press should be educating the public, no manipulating the public. In that respect, they all deserve an swift kick up the ****.
As far as knife wielding muggers is concerned, I agree: I'm no Bruce Lee.
Up against a knife, even a knife would be little use to me as I'd be within striking distance. The biggest flaw of the UK system and seemingly here also is that it should be an even fight: ****er that, I say.
I just want to win: I don't want points for style. Still, given the example I gave, I'd still turn and run, if I could. It is just less hassle, and Estonian prisons are grim.A firearm, in America, is statistically safer than a motor vehicle. 11.5/100,000 is the 2002 firearms-caused death rate, whether intentional or accidental, in the US. From 1998 through 2005 the average rate of vehicle-caused death, whether intentional or accidental, was 15.4/100,000 Americans. These figures were published by the CDC. Considering that cars are not made to function lethally, I think that shows just how much less safe cars are for the general public than firearms are. This very simple statistic does not take into account risk factors etc., so this posting is merely a pointer towards a larger and more complicated truth.
__________________
----- In Justice Robert H. Jackson's memorable words, "If there is any fixed star in our constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein."
Good news for gun enthusiasts, but if you did have more training and a more structured evaluation of who handles guns and how, then that number would doubtless be even lower. Surely, no bad thing...
Would be interesting to see if States that had some sort of assessment/training requirement prior to running into a LGS and buying a .45 had a lower incidence than those that don't...
@egor20
I am very happy that your wife is happy with her personal life choices.
Doner kebabs are more dangerous to ones health than either cars of guns. AvoidFactually in our nation more people are killed by vehicles every year than all gun activity combined (lawful use of force and illegal use of force combined)
Approximately 1/3 of all the people "killed by guns" used the gun to kill themselves. Typically about 11,000 +/- people a year kill themselves with guns. Me personally I dont consider these 11,000 deaths to actually be a crime as how do you stop someone intent on self destruction? Sounds like a mental illness to me....
But even given that in an average year you people in the US are killed by household poisons than all actions with any guns. All my facts and figures come from the Center for Disease Control and if I can reasonably find it I will include the link to the engine to derive the numbers so you can check my facts for yourself. And yes cars are more dangerous than guns for several reasons. Even the smallest commercial cars have significant weight, a bullet on the other hand is part of an ounce or in some cases on the very low end of the ounce scale.
E=MC2 - A handgun will generally have a limited recoil that should be equal and opposite to the force being shot forward... A car will have a similar effect as it is driven forward. A car will certainly take more energy to move and thus will take more energy to stop in comparison to a bullet...
(And yes I am not using the full set of science terms but the fact remains a bullet takes less to stop than a car at normal driving speed.)
The reason we don't try to outlaw cars is almost everyone who is an adult is familiar with cars and they aren't considered strictly dangerous by the general joe on the street, the same is not true for guns..... Yet factually they are both property and with few exceptions can never do anything without a human controlling the action.
People need cars for transport and thus use them every day and generally they feel comfortable with them. People may only "need" a gun for self-defense once in a lifetime although hunting and other uses are as legitimate as driving.
The rub is how many people are breaking the laws in cars every single day? How many people speed every day? Drink while driving? Road Rage? Yet people aren't raising cain about car control..... Why because they dont want to walk to work and the store etc....
People raise cain about gun control because the media in large part focuses language to make almost anything with a gun negative and controversial. also lots of people have never held nor ever touched a gun so it seems to be some evil unknown that our media reports negatively on every day.
How do I justify people buying a gun without a permit? Rights dont require permits... where is the free speech permit? Freedom of religion permit? Freedom of the press permit? If your of the age of majority and not in prision our Consitution seems to be quite clear that you have a right to keep and bear arms...
Nowhere does our constitution say a felony conviction = gun rights removal... It does have a due process of law clause but again I think the founding father would agree that if you werent in prison you as a citizen have a right to arms...
Please note: I never said that none of you had travelled. I was interested to see how many. If you have visited to the UK, then great: you have a taste of the place or part of it. If you have lived there, you'll have an even better idea of real life in that country.
I have travelled to the US. However, I would not claim to know it. I am sure those who were in the military have travelled a wee bit. Having not been in the military, perhaps you can enlighten me: do you feel that travelling in a military capacity gives you as clear a picture of a place as travelling on civvy street?
I ask as my friends who were in the Armed Forces had spent time in Northern Ireland, and Germany. They seemed to know their bases and a few watering holes, but could have been accused of "immersing themselves" in the local culture... particularly Germany. In the case of Northern Ireland that was probably ill advised.
@ BGutzman.
Good to hear that guns are statistically safer than cars.
Safer and safe are alas not the same, especially when dealing with a piece of engineering designed to efficiently kill.
Your previous statements suggest your logic to be "a gun is safer, therefore any and all can have access", whereas for me the more prudent approach is "it is safe and therefore all can have access". Given that guns cannot be called arbitrarily safe, by their very nature and purpose, it seems wiser to ensure and check all those with a gun know what the heck they are doing.
You also cite mental illness. Well, again, I prefer to know that there are systems in place, for example here in Estonia, that have at least a basic psychiatric evaluation into a person's mental well being before letting them go and buy a killing utensil. Mleake mentioned explosives, well that is a rational and logical approach if you chose to go nuts, but headcases are sometimes as impuslive as others are calculating. Similary some are more prone to crimes of passion than others. You get my drift.
The former approach (gun handling and safety) would logically make NDs less likely, and the latter (So, Mr Pond. Are you a nutter? No, Doctor.) would no doubt avoid mentally unstable people from having access to a destructive weapon.
With all said and done, the relative dangers of cars v guns is a bit off topic. My bad, I brought it up. But as a comparison, for me it holds. Both require careful handling.
Still, you can guess that I disagree with your view of absolute zero gun control. I am sure that the principle fits the American constitution. However, in reality, I doubt that every person who has or could have a weapon, if they simply chose to go in a shop and buy one, would be as responsible a gun owner as, doubtless you, and most other TFL members are.
Not everyone is intelligent.
Not everyone is mature.
Not everyone is responsible.
These are all traits I would like to see in a person living next door, if they owned and keep a gun.
Ergo: for me pragmatic gun control, is not bad.
Excessive, baseless, indiscriminate gun control is.
(and the UK is not somehow the epitome of a failed state!!)
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Why the East German Uprising of 1953 Was So Intense
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Hey cuties! Here's a totally random quiz from a GL reader just like you. Leave your answers in the comments, and don't forget to send in your own!
1. Hugs or kisses?
2. Mascara or lip gloss?
3. Vacation or camp?
4. Nick or Disney?
5. TV or movie?
6. Girls' night out or first date?
7. Real book or Kindle book?
8. Laptop or smartphone?
9. Fruit or veggies?
10. Reading or writing
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Board to consider 4-year tuition guarantee, US News rank bumps up
Diane Dietz has the very informative story here. As the article explains, the main effect of this is to encourage 4 year graduation, because after 4 years the tuition bumps up by the full amount of the past 4 years of increases. On-time graduation rates are heavily weighted in the US News rankings (Which were just announced, UO rose from 106 to 103.) On the other hand tuition is a small part of the cost of a fifth year of college, particularly for in-state students.
At schools where 4 year guarantees are optional the take-up rates are low. Still, maybe it's a useful marketing ploy for admissions, particularly if it's optional.
I have no comment on the tuition shell game, but clearly I am out of touch. My jaw dropped when I saw this in the article:
"The UO's annual tuition and fees this year is $10,289 for residents."
Wait, what? Really? And that's the nominal cost, before any financial aid or scholarships? What an incredible bargain. I know it's not like the old days when you could scoop ice cream over the summer and pay for your whole tuition, room, and board for the school year, but still, that is a remarkable deal for access to the sort of education that is available, if you're willing to work for it, at the UO.
We can apple and orange that one all day. As far as I know, we pay lower taxes here in the US, which means we end up paying more out of pocket for things like education and health care. I'm not a fan either, but given that structure, $10K per year for four years to get access to the UO faculty and a BA or BS degree on your resume is well worth the cost, and the opportunity cost.
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11. Feather:
This design showcases a detailed feather, symbolizing freedom and the journey towards it, embodying liberation and the beauty of nature.
12. Open Book:
The open book tattoo represents an open heart and mind, capturing the essence of curiosity, knowledge, and continuous learning.
13. Wave:
This design features a leafless tree, symbolizing growth, life, and personal development. It represents a new beginning or change, captured in the intricate branches without foliage.
14. Pine Tree:
A single, slender pine tree, standing for peace and longevity.
15. Paper Plane:
This design symbolizes childhood innocence, creativity, and the journey of life, captured through the simple yet profound form of a paper plane.
16. Bare Tree:
This design features a leafless tree, symbolizing growth, life, and personal development. It represents a new beginning or change, captured in the intricate branches without foliage.
17. Sun and Moon:
This tattoo captures both the sun and crescent moon in a harmonious image, symbolizing the balance between opposite forces and the cycle of life, reflecting the complementary nature of warmth and calm.
18. Star Constellation:
The design depicts a specific constellation, representing guidance or a loved one. It captures the beauty and mystery of the stars, emphasizing personal significance and connection to the cosmos.
19. Tiny Bee:
This design features a small bee, symbolizing hard work, teamwork, and productivity. It represents the collective effort and the impact of individual contributions towards a larger purpose.
20. Musical Note:
A single musical note (or a small series of notes) captures the essence of musicality, symbolizing love for music or a particular song that holds special meaning. It embodies harmony, passion, and a personal connection to music.
21. Roman Numerals:
Dates or numbers of personal significance are depicted in elegant Roman numeral form, symbolizing important milestones, memories, or people in a timeless and classic style.
22. Single Rose:
This design features a minimalist rose, embodying love, beauty, and balance. It captures the essence of a single rose with delicate petals and an elegant form, symbolizing the natural beauty and harmony found in simplicity.
23. Lightning Bolt:
Representing power, speed, and a spark of inspiration, this tattoo design captures the dynamic and intense energy of a lightning bolt. It's meant to inspire thoughts of swift change and the electrifying moments that propel us forward.
24. Small Skull:
A symbol of mortality, this design reminds us to live life to the fullest. The minimalist depiction of a small skull emphasizes the transient nature of life and the importance of embracing every moment.
25. Butterfly:
This design captures the essence of transformation, hope, and the beauty of change through the delicate form of a butterfly. It symbolizes personal growth, renewal, and the positive transformations that hope can bring about.
26. Bird in Flight:
Representing freedom, perspective, and the human spirit's aspiration, this tattoo showcases a bird silhouette in flight. It emphasizes the sense of liberation and the aspirations of the human spirit, embodied in the uplifting image of a bird soaring through the sky.
27. Eye:
A stylized eye representing wisdom, protection, and the ability to see beyond the obvious. The design captures the essence of insight and the wisdom to see the truth beyond appearances, symbolized in the simple yet profound image of an eye.
28. Planet:
This design symbolizes a love for space, science, and the feeling of being part of something larger. It captures the essence of the cosmos through the depiction of a specific planet or a concise solar system, fostering a sense of wonder and belonging to the universe.
29. Quill or Pen:
Representing creativity, the power of words, and the story of one's life, this tattoo captures the essence of a quill or pen. It symbolizes the act of writing as a form of creativity and the impact of words on our lives and the world.
30. Chain Links:
This design symbolizes connection, strength, and the breaking of bonds that hold one back. It captures the essence of interconnected chains, emphasizing the strength found in connections and the power to break free from constraints.
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Rejuvenating Mature Apple Trees
This page delves into the process of pruning mature and often neglected fruit trees. For guidance on younger or newly planted trees, we recommend 'Apple Tree Pruning: A Comprehensive Guide'.
I frequently receive queries from gardeners who have recently moved and inherited unruly, underperforming apple trees, or from those who have inadvertently over-pruned their trees. This article aims to help avoid common pruning pitfalls and provide solutions for past mistakes.
While commercial orchards typically remove old, unproductive trees in favor of well-pruned, high-yielding newcomers, home gardeners often have different priorities. You might wish to retain an old tree for its aesthetic value or sentimental significance, making fruit yield just one consideration among many.
Reasons for renovating old apple trees include:
1. Enhancing their visual appeal within the landscape.
2. Restoring a tree with sentimental value.
3. Improving fruit quality.
It's crucial to note that restoring an old tree can take up to three years, during which time you could be harvesting quality fruit from a new, healthy semi-dwarf tree. Moreover, it's not worth attempting to save a diseased tree; if the main framework is severely affected by canker, it's best to remove the tree and plant a new one.
Before we commence tree restoration, let's define some common pruning terms to facilitate understanding. Don't be intimidated by the initial complexity; the process is simpler than it may seem!
Fruit Production Modes:
- Tip Bearing: Fruit develops at the tips of branches, a less common trait. Pruning these tips reduces yield.
- Spur Bearing: Fruit grows on small, lateral branches called fruiting spurs, which are more prevalent. Spurs can be seen emerging from lateral branches.
- Partial Tip Bearers: Many apple varieties bear fruit on both tips and spurs. Pruning is similar to spur bearers.
Bud Types:
- Fruiting/Flower Buds: Larger and plumper than growth buds, with a downy surface, these produce flowers that mature into fruit.
- Wood/Growth Buds: Smaller, more pointed, and flush with the branch, these stimulate new growth.
- Outward Facing Buds: Any growth bud pointing away from the tree's center.
- Terminal Bud: The growth bud at a branch's tip. Removing it encourages lower buds to produce new lateral branches.
Branching Structures:
- Spurs: Short, stubby stems with fruiting buds, producing apples.
- Leader: The central, upward-growing branch.
- Scaffold/Lateral Branches: The main supporting branches of the tree.
- Crossing Branches: Branches that intersect, creating a dense canopy.
- Downward Branches: Branches hanging down from laterals or scaffolds, infertile and best removed.
- Whorls: Multiple small branches originating from the same point, common on unpruned mature trees.
- Water Sprouts: Thin, straight branches growing upward from laterals.
Suckers: Unwanted offshoots, known as suckers, often emerge near the base of an apple tree trunk. Most apple orchards employ grafted rootstocks to regulate tree size, ensuring that suckers, which grow faster and stronger than the main tree and may outcompete it, are not of the same variety. Regular removal is crucial to prevent them from draining resources from the primary tree.
Dead Wood: Dead or diseased wood, as the name suggests, is easily identifiable by the absence of leaves during the growing season or by its dark, brittle appearance and peeling bark in winter. Removing dead wood is essential to maintain tree health and prevent the spread of disease.
Canker: Canker, the most prevalent apple tree disease, is characterized by sunken, crusty areas of dead bark. Neglected or aged trees are particularly susceptible. The extent of canker infection determines whether a tree can be salvaged.
Pruning Timing and Extent: Pruning is best done during the tree's dormant season, ideally just before it emerges from dormancy, with early March being optimal. Winter pruning leaves wounds exposed to harsh elements when the tree cannot heal itself, while pruning during active growth results in excessive leaf production at the expense of fruit yield.
Restoring an Older Tree: Revitalizing an older apple tree requires patience, as it takes three years or more. This is to avoid overstressing the tree with too many wounds, which could invite disease, and to prevent vigorous, uncontrolled growth that would reduce yield and distort the tree's shape. It's important to remember that it took more than one season for the tree to become overgrown, so it will take time to restore it to health.
The most frequent error in tree care is 'topping', as illustrated, where excessive pruning results in a chaotic mass of rapid (and weak) growth. This practice ensures no fruit the subsequent year and necessitates considerable effort to restore fruiting for future years. The frail, forked junction between swift, new growth and a substantial limb also renders the tree more vulnerable to storm damage in later years.
CRUCIAL TO COMPREHEND: There are two primary types of cuts employed in tree pruning: thinning cuts and heading cuts. A thinning cut, which involves removing entire branches back to the point where they join the trunk, is akin to removing a branch at its origin. When revitalizing an aged tree, nearly all cuts should be thinning cuts. This type of cut facilitates air and light penetration into the tree and does not induce uncontrolled growth.
A heading cut, used to shape immature trees, entails cutting a branch anywhere other than its point of origin, thereby stimulating growth below the cut. A significant heading cut, often referred to as 'topping', prompts the tree to rapidly attempt to replace all foliage that has been removed. Heading cuts on primary branches generate dense, upright growth that congests the tree, blocks out light, and severely impedes fruit production. Rectifying this situation can take years. To grasp the impact of major heading cuts on a tree, understanding 'apical dominance' is helpful:
Apical dominance is the process that enables the tree to grow upright, allowing it to present its leaves to the sun and produce energy. Without apical dominance, tree growth would be entirely random. The leading bud (the last bud at the tip of a branch) produces the hormone auxin, which controls the buds below and prevents them from producing new branches. If the leading bud is removed (by a heading cut), auxin levels drop, and the buds lower down spring into action, producing new lateral branches. Once the leader is gone, everyone wants to be king! The consequences of major heading cuts can be observed in the 'NOT GOOD' image below.
Pre-Pruning Tree Care
Prior to commencing any renovation, it's advisable to focus on the tree's overall health. Ensuring ample light and adequate airflow is crucial for recovery, so clear away any encroaching hedges or large shrubs. Often, apple trees are planted too closely; thus, you may need to decide which trees to retain and which to remove. Applying a slow-release fertilizer, such as well-rotted garden compost, around the tree's base will also support recovery. However, avoid high-nitrogen feeds, as they can stimulate excessive new growth.
Essential Tools
To prune an established tree, you'll require a good-quality pair of secateurs, loppers, and a pruning saw or bow saw. The saw will be more necessary in the first year, while secateurs and loppers will be used annually. To maintain a fruit tree's optimal productivity, regular, annual pruning is essential.
A Practical Tip
To assist in decision-making, consider using a pack of colored chalk. Chalk can help mark branches intended for removal and highlight those you wish to keep, reducing uncertainty and stress.
Planning Ahead
Before making any cuts, visualize the desired shape of your tree and develop a definite plan. For beginners, marking branches can significantly ease the process, ensuring a well-considered outcome.
Commencing Pruning
Shall we begin? Let's proceed with the first year's pruning, which involves removing any dead, damaged, or diseased wood and opening up the tree's center. Limit your removal to no more than 25% of the tree per year to prevent excessive new growth. All cuts at this stage will be thinning cuts. First, identify and remove any dead wood, which will be evident due to its appearance and lack of buds or new growth. Dead wood does not count towards the 25% limit.
Inspect and remove compromised wood: Seek out areas where branches have been rubbing against each other or touching neighboring trees, as these are likely sites of damage. Any branches exhibiting signs of canker, a fungal disease that spreads through contact, must be eliminated. Even when dealing with dead wood, caution is advised, as canker may still be present. Sanitize pruning tools by dipping them in a disinfectant solution throughout the process to prevent disease transmission.
Pruning an aged tree: When working with mature trees, it is more effective to make a few large cuts rather than many small ones. Often, neglected trees have a dense main branch structure, so the goal of pruning is to improve branch spacing, allowing sunlight and air to reach all parts of the tree. This results in an open, 'goblet' shape, which promotes fruit ripening, easy picking, and annual pruning.
Addressing central crowding: You will likely find one or two large branches congesting the tree's center. These branches should be removed entirely, right down to their union with the trunk. Do not cut flush with the trunk; instead, make the cut just above the 'collar,' the raised ring where the branch meets the trunk. The cut should be at an angle to facilitate water runoff. If the branch is too large to remove in one piece, it can be taken down in sections, ensuring the entire branch is ultimately removed. Leaving partial limbs or stubs can lead to excessive regrowth, so it is essential to thin out entire limbs. Removing just one large central branch can significantly open up the tree.
Eliminate suckers: Finally, remove any suckers growing at the base of the tree. At this point, you have likely reached the 25% rule, indicating that it is time to leave the tree alone until the following season. Resist the temptation to perform additional pruning, as this is where amateur and professional pruners diverge.
In the second year, pruning will focus on refining the tree's shape and building upon the 'goblet' form established in the first year. The primary objective of pruning is to alleviate congestion, allowing for improved air circulation and light penetration, while also eliminating intersecting branches that could lead to disease entry points. As in the first year, adhere to the 25% rule.
Take time to visualize the tree and envision its ideal shape to suit your needs. Consider whether fruiting branches are too high for easy access, or if low-hanging branches hinder access for harvesting and pruning. An old adage suggests that a well-pruned tree should allow one to throw a hat through it; keep this in mind as you assess your tree.
When removing large lateral branches, employ a three-cut method to prevent tearing at the trunk as the branch falls. Begin by making the first cut about 6 inches below the branch, approximately one-third of the way into the branch. The second cut, made about 3 inches below the first, should aim to cut through the branch, but it may snap off once you reach the depth of the first cut. Finally, remove the remaining stump by cutting close to the branch collar, ensuring not to cut flush with the trunk.
Downward-growing branches, as depicted in the main tree diagram, should be removed as they restrict access and receive insufficient light for optimal fruiting. Cut these branches back to their origin point.
Upright Growth and New Sprouts: Eliminate any vertical growth emerging from your primary lateral branches. You'll encounter numerous new, upright whip-like stems (water sprouts) from last year's pruning; excise these at their base. Conversely, retain water sprouts facing away from the tree's center, as they serve as potential new lateral branches, until your final pruning.
Intersecting Branches: Branches that cross and rub against each other can cause congestion and create wounds, acting as entry points for diseases. As shown in the adjacent image, remove any dead branches resulting from such rubbing, as they may have succumbed to diseases that entered through the contact points.
Shading Branches: If one large branch network overshadows another, it hinders fruit production on the lower branch. Select the healthiest, most suitable branch for your tree's structure and remove the others.
Competing Branches: By now, you may have reached your 25% pruning quota, but if not, begin shaping your tree's canopy by targeting smaller branches growing from the main lateral framework. If branches are competing for the same space, thin them out by removing them at their junction with the main branch. Visualize open, well-lit space as prime real estate; if several small branches are vying for this space, thin them out accordingly. If a cluster of small branches is present, removing the middle one often resolves the issue and provides room for the surrounding branches to grow.
Year 3: Based on the pruning accomplished in the previous year, you might still have some competing branches to eliminate, allowing the tree to grow more openly. The illustration below demonstrates the desired form: all branches are well-exposed to sunlight, while those previously shaded by upper branches have been removed.
Once these competing branches are trimmed, Year 3 focuses on refining rather than major pruning. At this stage, we should observe how the tree responds to pruning and use this information to optimize fruit production. As you're aware, there are two primary types of cuts for shaping trees: thinning cuts and heading cuts. Thus far, you've employed thinning cuts to remove entire branches. Heading cuts, typically used on young trees for shaping, can be employed with mature trees during restoration. To accurately use heading cuts, we must understand the types of buds on the tree and their response to pruning.
Bud Types:
- Growth or Wood Buds (Left): These are smaller than flower buds, grow tightly into the branch or stem, and have a slender, pointed, and more scaly appearance.
- Flower Buds (Right): Larger and plumper than growth buds, flower buds have a downy surface. By November, the difference between growth and flower buds should be evident. Unless you have a tip-bearing variety (unlikely), flower buds grow on spurs – short, stubby branches where fruit is produced. In tip-bearing varieties, flower buds appear at the branch ends.
In the process of training a tree, our primary focus is on the growth buds. Heading cuts, performed above these buds, stimulate the growth of new branches that will extend in the direction indicated by the bud's orientation. For instance, pruning above a bud pointing inwards, towards the tree's center, will result in an unwanted inward-growing branch. Conversely, pruning above outwards-facing buds encourages the tree to develop an open, less congested growth habit.
In the second year, you will observe a proliferation of new water sprouts emerging vertically and at angles from your lateral branches. Any vertical sprouts or those pointing towards the tree's center should be removed. Those facing away from the trunk can either be trained to become new fruit-bearing branches or eliminated if they are growing towards a crowded part of the tree.
Step back and identify any open gaps in the tree's framework where branches are not shading from above. Leave any outwards-facing sprouts growing towards empty spaces, and remove the rest. It's common for sprouts to grow in pairs; you can remove one and keep the other if it aligns with your desired growth direction. To modify a sprout's direction, locate a growth bud pointing in the desired direction and make a 45-degree angle cut above it. Examples of proper pruning cuts can be found above.
As we are employing heading cuts at this stage (and recalling the principle of apical dominance), be aware that pruning new wood will lead to the production of new lateral branches below the cut. Any laterals that do not fit your plan can be removed later by pruning back to their point of origin.
In summary, this guide provides general principles that may not perfectly fit every tree but remain applicable nonetheless. To recap: avoid topping your tree, do not remove more than 25% of the tree in any given year, and make a smaller number of larger cuts rather than a larger number of smaller cuts.
Rejuvenating Neglected Apple Trees: A Comprehensive Guide
Commence by accessing the tree's core, ensuring each branch receives ample sunlight. To initiate this process, promptly eliminate any deceased limbs, making clean cuts to healthy wood, but avoid penetrating it. During the dormant season, meticulously prune the entire tree, adhering to the instructions provided in this guide or consulting a reputable fruit tree pruning manual.
To foster optimal growth, eliminate competing vegetation, such as trees and shrubs, to facilitate light penetration and reduce rivalry. However, if the tree resides in a densely wooded area, avoid removing all competing vegetation in the first year to prevent sudden excessive sun exposure, which could stress the tree.
Distribute soil amendments (detailed below) around the drip line and several feet beyond, steering clear of the trunk. Consider employing our 'Ancients Rise' fertilizer mix. The recommended quantities are as follows:
- 10-15 lbs each:
- Hi-cal lime (long-term calcium source)
- Colloidal phosphate (short-term calcium and phosphorus)
- Azomite (long-term minerals and trace minerals)
- Granite meal (for enhanced soil texture)
- Menefee humates (facilitates mineral and rock-powder breakdown)
- 5 Lbs: Greenstone (enhances plants' nutrient absorption)
- For elevating humus levels, add 5 lbs each:
- Alfalfa meal
- Bone meal
- Kelp meal
- Blood meal
- ¼–½ yd compost
After applying the amendments and compost, cover them with a 6-12" layer of mulch composed of lawn clippings, leaves, or chipped brush. This layer will suppress weeds, conserve moisture, prevent leaching, and provide a habitat for soil organisms to decompose the fertilizers.
This information was disseminated by Michigan State University's Cooperative Extension Service.
Throughout Michigan, one can find aged, neglected, or partially abandoned apple trees, many of which are vintage cultivars no longer commercially cultivated. Despite their age, with proper care, these trees can yield high-quality fruit suitable for fresh consumption or processing into applesauce, jelly, butter, or cider. Residents often express interest in caring for nearby desirable cultivars to utilize their fruit.
Typically, these old trees stand tall, around 25 to 30 feet, with years of neglected pruning. The average homeowner may lack the necessary equipment or knowledge to maintain and spray these trees, resulting in small, diseased, and insect-damaged fruits. However, a structurally sound tree can be revitalized, provided its trunk is not severely rotted and large lateral limbs are not hollow.
Once a decision is made to retain a tree, the challenge is to restore it to productive use while reducing its size for manageable maintenance. Aesthetic considerations may also come into play. The suggested renovation procedure involves:
1. Assessing the Tree: The typical abandoned apple tree is excessively tall, with numerous weak, dead, or dying interior limbs (Figure 1). Its size needs significant reduction without causing permanent damage.
2. Pruning: Severe cuts can be made to remove old, weak limbs, stimulating latent buds to produce new, vigorous growth. Some young growth, or water sprouts (new growth within the past 2 to 4 years), should be left to form the new tree structure (Figure 2). These sprouts can be identified by their smooth bark, unlike the scaly bark of older limbs.
By following this procedure, one can successfully restore an abandoned apple tree to productive use while reducing its size and improving its overall health and aesthetics.
Prior to initiating pruning, meticulously examine the primary limb structure of the tree to determine optimal cutting points. Seek out relatively recent water sprout growth in the lower regions of the tree, which can be retained to contribute to the new tree structure. Water sprout growth is distinguished by its exceedingly smooth bark, indicating it has emerged within the past two to four years (Figure 2). Conversely, older limbs will exhibit heavy, scaly bark and should typically be removed.
The initial severe pruning of an abandoned apple tree (Figure 3) illustrates this process. Notice that some newer water sprout growth was preserved on this tree, and substantial limb cuts were made approximately 8 to 12 inches above the origin of these small branches (A). Additionally, the terminal ends of the small branches were cut back in favor of more outward-growing laterals (B).
Renovation is ideally conducted in early spring, typically in April. If water sprout growth can be found in the lower areas of the tree, all old, large limbs should be removed about 8 to 12 inches above this new growth. This is most efficiently accomplished using a chainsaw. Before removal, slightly undercut these large limbs to prevent severe bark tearing upon impact with the ground. Be cautious that they do not damage the shoots intended to be retained. When making severe cuts on old limbs, strive to make them more or less perpendicular to the ground. Upward-facing cuts can collect and hold water from rainfall, leading to winter ice damage and summer decay. Apply white outdoor latex paint to these large cuts within a few days to protect the wound from weather elements. Outdoor white latex paint is non-toxic to the tree and seals out moisture, preventing decay.
A renovated tree two growing seasons after major limbs were removed (Figure 4) demonstrates the desired outcome. Note the cut made on upright growth to encourage outward growth.
Upon performing the primary limb cuts, a substantial part of the mature tree will be eliminated, including a significant portion of its extensive root system. To prevent overstimulation, refrain from fertilizing the tree during the initial post-cut season, as it will naturally produce abundant new top growth. To encourage outward growth, prune the remaining shoots on the main cut limbs, favoring lateral limbs over upright ones (refer to Figure 4).
In the subsequent spring, remove most of the small limbs that emerged during the first summer, retaining only the most desirable. To maintain a manageable height, eliminate the upright portions of new shoots (indicated by dotted lines in Figure 5).
By the conclusion of the first growing season, the severely pruned tree will have generated a multitude of new, vigorous shoots. In the following spring, typically in April, most of these new shoots should be removed, leaving only those in favorable locations that can be trained outward. The selected permanent limbs should then be headed, with the top portion removed to encourage lateral growth parallel to the ground (as illustrated in Figure 5).
By the spring of the third season, the tree will have produced numerous new, vigorous branches, capable of yielding a small fruit crop. Observe that many of the small limbs left from the first spring will have developed into relatively large, productive structures (refer to Figure 6).
During the second growing season following the severe pruning, vigorous new growth will once again occur, resulting in a tree similar to the one depicted in Figure 6.
In April of the third growing season, thin out the new shoots produced during the second growing season, retaining only the most desirable limbs chosen earlier. To promote lateral rather than upright growth, tip these remaining limbs again. Typically, a small fruit crop will be produced in the third year.
The tree-pruning technique, when applied, yields a new tree structure that typically reaches heights of 12 to 15 feet, approximately half the stature of the original tree. The growth on this new tree is robust, yielding abundant crops of large, high-quality fruit. The reduced size of the tree also facilitates easier spraying and management (see Figure 7). Each subsequent spring, remove some limbs and thin the growth on permanent limbs to prevent the tree from becoming too dense. The shading resulting from this underpinning can decrease fruit production and weaken inner growth.
This rigorous system of renovating old apple trees, though severe, has demonstrated success in producing smaller trees with high-quality fruit production. These trees can be maintained with relative ease for many years. Michigan State University (MSU) is committed to Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity, ensuring its programs are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, or disability. Issued in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, this information is intended for educational purposes only. Mention of commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service, nor bias against those not mentioned. This bulletin becomes public property upon publication and may be reprinted verbatim, provided it is not used to endorse or advertise a commercial product or company. (New) 5/86, lOM-kMF-JP
For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu. Find more of our publications and books at extensionpubs.umext.maine.edu.
Should your primary objective be the swiftest possible fruit harvest, it may be prudent to reevaluate your decision to renovate or replant. The renovation process could span approximately three years, during which time a healthy, young, semi-dwarf tree could already be yielding fruit.
Assuming you wish to retain the old tree for sentimental reasons, the initial step involves eliminating any competing vegetation and brush, as apple trees prefer full sun. Next, consider the self-shade cast by the tree; neglected trees can become overgrown, with their centers shaded out. Pruning opens the canopy, enhancing fruit size and quality by removing many competing fruit buds.
Pruning Strategies
Begin by removing any dead or diseased limbs. Subsequently, eliminate competing branches that intersect or cluster densely. Remove upright or downward-growing branches, favoring those with a slight upward angle. Upon completion, the canopy should appear well-spaced, with no dense clusters of branches.
Pruning Tips
- Perform pruning during the tree's dormant season, ideally between March and April, after the risk of severe cold weather has passed but before growth resumes.
- Use tools that are appropriately sized for the task; making a few large cuts is generally easier and more effective than numerous small cuts.
- Adhere to the "rule of thirds": remove about a third of the excess limbs each year over three years. The tree did not become overgrown overnight, and correcting this will also take time.
- Commence pruning at the top, as this is where the pruning will have the most significant impact. Gradually prune less as you move down the canopy.
- Remove entire limbs and branches, avoiding partial limbs or stubs, to minimize regrowth.
MEDIA: Apple Tree Pruning Tutorial (YouTube)
Nourishing Your Trees
Fertilization plays a lesser role than pruning in rejuvenating aged apple trees. Begin by assessing your soil's needs for lime, potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) through a test. Your local UMaine Extension County Office can supply test instructions and forms, or you can reach out to the Analytical Lab and Maine Soil Testing Service at 207.581.3591.
Nitrogen (N) should be applied judiciously. Renovation pruning often involves severe cuts, and excessive nitrogen can stimulate unwanted vegetative growth. Unless the tree is nearly deceased, withhold N during renovation.
Post-severe pruning, use the 12- to 18-inch shoot growth rule. If growth is less than 12 inches, increase fertilizer; between 12 and 18 inches, maintain last year's amount; above 18 inches, avoid nitrogen application. Standard-sized trees typically require 0.5 to 1 pound of actual nitrogen per tree annually. If nitrogen was applied during renovation, halve these amounts.
For further apple tree guidance, consult your UMaine Extension County Office.
This publication's content is for educational purposes only. No responsibility is assumed for any issues stemming from the use of mentioned products or services. No product or company endorsement is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.
For University of Maine Cooperative Extension publications and program details, call 800.287.0274 (within Maine) or 207.581.3188, or visit extension.umaine.edu.
The University of Maine, an equal opportunity and affirmative action employer, ensures that it does not discriminate against individuals based on race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, or veteran status. This commitment extends to all aspects of employment, education, and other university programs. Inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies should be directed to Sarah E. Harebo, the Director of Equal Opportunity, located at 101 North Stevens Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5754. She can be reached at 207.581.1226 or via the Maine Relay System at 711 (TTY).
Regarding the rejuvenation of an old apple tree:
An aged, unkempt apple tree, with its twisted, bent branches, may evoke a certain rustic charm, but it often yields small, inaccessible, and pest-infested fruit. However, through a process known as "renovation" or corrective pruning, such a tree can be revitalized and restored to its former productivity and beauty.
Before embarking on this task, it is prudent to consider whether the effort required will yield satisfactory results. Some factors to ponder include:
- The tree's variety: Is it particularly valuable or does it produce exceptional fruit? Keep in mind that renovation can improve fruit size and taste.
- The tree's location: Do you wish to keep the tree where it currently stands?
- Practicality: Would one or more dwarf trees, which are easier to manage and offer a greater yield per square foot, be more suitable for your needs? The trend among fruit farmers supports the cultivation of smaller trees.
As you begin the renovation process, remember to prune drastically but avoid removing too many limbs at once. This approach will help stimulate new growth and restore the tree's health and productivity.
To preserve the tree during your renovation project, commence now, during its dormant phase, by significantly reducing the size of one or two substantial limbs near their base, lower on the tree. Postpone further drastic cuts until the subsequent year, or even the year after, to prevent undue stress to the tree. These initial cuts will swiftly lower the tree's overall height, exposing the remaining structure to increased sunlight and improved air circulation. A lower tree height facilitates easier harvesting, while enhanced light exposure nourishes fruit buds and reduces disease risks by accelerating the drying of leaves and fruits. Consider engaging a professional for these initial cuts, depending on their severity. The extent of these cuts depends on the tree's current and desired shape, with new fruiting wood emerging above the height to which a limb is cut back.
New limbs, or sprouts, will emerge from dormant buds following these cuts. Ideally, make your cuts back to well-positioned side branches, but do not worry if none are present, as new sprouts will grow from these buds. However, be prepared for an abundance of new sprouts; remove most of them to prevent overcrowding. Regularly visit your tree throughout the spring and summer, grasping and removing excess sprouts with a sharp downward motion. Retain well-placed sprouts that are appropriately spaced and originate from a suitable height to form new limbs. Any overlooked sprouts can be pruned back the following year, but they are more likely to resprout from their base. Be relentless in removing sprouts, as an excess of new branches will lead to the same shaded, damp conditions that necessitated pruning in the first place.
Proceed to detailed pruning, and a holistic approach to tree care, as outlined below.
Following the initial substantial cuts, employ a small pruning saw and lopping shears for more precise trimming. Sever dead, damaged, or diseased branches back to healthy wood. Additionally, eliminate crowded or weak stems, often found in shaded tree areas and drooping downwards. Either excise them entirely or shorten to the point where they commence their downward bend.
The most meticulous cuts involve the spurs – short, stubby branches, roughly an inch or two long, that bear fruit. Mature apple trees frequently have an excess of spurs, dispersing resources among numerous fruits, resulting in small, inferior-quality produce. Use handheld pruning shears to completely remove some spurs and to eliminate just a side branch or two from others.
To conclude, tidy the bark. Loose, aged bark can harbor pests like codling moth larvae. Gently scrape the bark clean using a short-handled hoe or balled-up chicken wire, removing only the loose surface bark.
Step back and appreciate your handiwork. A tidied-up old apple tree appears even more charming than it did in its overgrown state. Now, give your tree an affectionate pat.
PRUNING OVERGROWN PLUM TREES
WHEN TO PRUNE YOUR OVERGROWN PLUM TREE?
The optimal time to prune your plum tree is when it is actively growing, and for established trees, early June to mid-July is ideal. Avoid winter or spring pruning due to the heightened risk of fungal infection, and refrain from autumn pruning as the tree requires leaves to transfer nutrients.
Mature plum trees exhibit considerable variation in form, scale, and architecture, necessitating a flexible approach to their care, as one-size-fits-all guidelines are impractical. Nevertheless, a set of fundamental, user-friendly principles can be applied to most overgrown plum trees, serving as a reliable guide for amateur gardeners. We advocate a four-step preparatory process before commencing pruning:
1. Equip Yourself Appropriately: A sharp pair of secateurs is suitable for smaller stems, while a pruning saw is recommended for larger branches. To prevent cross-contamination, disinfect tools using a solution of one part bleach to ten parts water when moving between trees.
2. Ensure Safe Access: Utilize a secure set of steps or a ladder to reach higher branches. If you're uncomfortable with this, enlist the assistance of someone else.
3. Plan for Waste Disposal: Anticipate the volume of branches and stems that will be removed and arrange for their disposal or burning beforehand.
4. Educate Yourself: Thoroughly review the provided pruning guidelines for plum trees, focusing on techniques that minimize damage, especially when removing substantial branches.
Before pruning, assess your tree's condition, plan your approach, and re-evaluate your strategy based on the guidelines. The core principles include:
- Spread Pruning Over Time: If extensive pruning is necessary, distribute it over two to three years to avoid shocking the tree.
Initial Pruning Steps:
- Commence by eliminating the "three Ds": dead, damaged, and diseased branches. These contribute nothing to a tree's healthy growth and serve as entry points for infections.
- Sever any branches that cross one another, as rubbing can damage bark and invite infections.
- Thin out the tree's center: ideally, the main stem should have three to four primary branches spreading outward, not inward. If there are more, reduce them to this number, even if it means removing some large branches.
- When pruning, strive to maintain the tree's "balance" by evenly spacing major branches around it. The tree will naturally balance its growth over time.
Additional Pruning Guidelines:
- Trim lower branches so that main stems and branches grow at least parallel to the ground, preferably upward and outward.
- If the tree is excessively tall, prune a third of its height to encourage fruit production lower down.
Pruning Techniques for Plum Trees (and Other Fruit Trees):
This section details how to prune a branch, with the same rules applying to plum trees and other fruit trees. The key principle is to avoid damaging the branch collar and to make clean cuts that do not tear the bark. The following steps illustrate this process:
1. Cut a notch about 3 cm deep into the underside of the branch to prevent it from tearing as you make the second cut.
2. Cut downward through the branch, supporting it as you do so, to ensure a clean cut.
PHASE III The final incision ought to be made as adjacently as possible to the branch's collar, without infringing upon it.
EXCISE WATER SPROUTS
Water sprouts are rapid-growing shoots that ascend vertically. They frequently emerge on a plum tree subsequent to a rigorous pruning the preceding year. They bear no fruit and merely deplete the tree's vitality without purpose. If left unpruned, they swiftly obstruct light and hinder beneficial air circulation within the tree's core. Excise them as closely as possible to the primary branch or trunk using sharp secateurs. Regularly performing this task will halt their growth within a few months. Optimal timing is during the tree's active growth phase, from early June to early August, preferably on a dry day to mitigate infection risk.
REVITALIZING OVERGROWN APPLE TREES
Apple trees neglected for several years often develop an abundance of branches, leaving insufficient energy for fruit production. Overgrown apple trees also pose challenges during harvesting and spraying. Gardeners facing such a scenario may feel at a loss regarding tree restoration. A light-hearted suggestion is to make a single cut at ground level and commence anew with a new tree. However, trees may hold sentimental value, making the revitalization process worthwhile. Bear in mind that this is a multi-year endeavor, as no more than 30% of the tree should be removed annually. Here are the steps to follow:
1. Remove all dead wood, which does not contribute to the annual removal limit.
2. Eliminate suckers growing at the tree's base.
Select around six of the most robust branches to retain as scaffold branches. Eliminate all others, ensuring each is cut flush with the branch collar, which is the natural swelling at the point where a branch meets the trunk or a larger branch. Avoid removing the collar, as this would leave a larger wound that would require more time to heal. Scientific evidence indicates that wounds heal faster when left exposed, so avoid painting them. Ideal candidates for removal include branches with narrow crotch angles, which are more prone to breaking in harsh weather conditions, and those that intersect with branches you intend to keep. This initial pruning may be all that's possible in the first year if the 30 percent reduction threshold has been reached.
Subsequently, thin the branches on each selected scaffold branch. Remove any crowded branches to allow for better light penetration and humidity escape. Trim each scaffold branch back to a side branch. Upon completion, the tree should have sufficient wood removed to allow a softball to be thrown through its canopy.
Severe pruning often stimulates an apple tree to produce vigorous side shoots from the trunk, known as water sprouts, and straight-growing suckers from the main branches. Throughout the growing season, these suckers and water sprouts should be removed to maintain an open tree center.
In cases where a tree cannot be salvaged but you wish to preserve its apple tree variety, consider grafting. Scions taken from the old tree can be grafted onto a new rootstock to create a new tree. If you lack the necessary skills, consult a local fruit tree nursery to find someone who may be able to assist.
Timing and Importance of Pruning Deciduous Fruit Trees
Winter is the optimal season to prune deciduous fruit trees such as apples, pears, and plums. While these trees can bear fruit regardless of pruning, excessive height and unproductive wood can hinder reliable cropping and accessibility of fruit. The primary objective of home garden fruit tree pruning is to facilitate consistent, high-quality yields with manageable tree sizes and well-developed fruit.
Orchard Description and Current State
An orchard in the Adelaide Hills, established eight years ago, comprises 25 trees of various apple, pear, and plum varieties. These trees have endured with rainwater and minimal pruning. However, they now require attention to ensure optimal productivity.
Pruning Techniques for Apples
When pruning apples, identify the central leader and ensure no competing branches exist. Remove clutter within the tree to create an open framework, eliminating excessive branches that hinder fruiting. Eliminate crossing and low branches, as well as the terminal shoot at the tip of each branch, reducing it to five or six buds. Preserve laterals, which are branches forming a 30-60 degree angle, as they develop fruiting spurs for the next season. Remove any remaining stubby growth, which are current season's fruiting spurs, and any old fruit left on the tree. Prune a quarter-inch past a bud at an angle.
Pruning Techniques for Pears
Similar to apples, pears fruit on flowering spurs and the tips of one-year-old laterals. When pruning, reduce the terminal and preserve these laterals to produce fruit for the following season.
To effectively prune plum trees, it is crucial to cultivate a 'vase shape', which entails creating an open center to facilitate light penetration. Identify six to nine robust branches that can serve as the tree's structural foundation. When managing a Japanese plum, assess the tree's shape and eliminate any elements that hinder its form. Subsequently, prioritize the removal of any elongated, flexible growth. Plums bear fruit on fruiting spurs and one-year-old laterals, so it is essential to eliminate any aged or deceased wood that may hinder new growth, aiming to achieve a sturdy terminal with promising fruiting spurs ready for the current season's harvest.
Maintaining good orchard hygiene is equally vital. Post-pruning, collect the cuttings and dispose of them, along with any decaying fruit, as they may harbor diseases.
Although it may be enticing to remain indoors during the winter months, investing a little time in pruning fruit trees will yield significant dividends.
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Stats
Personal theory time: Celestia has just spent a ~millennium alone (I'm assuming Cadance aged normally here). That's got to be a little bit traumatizingly depressing. Then, in the span of a less than two decades (again, assumptions about pony lifespans being made) Cadence comes along, she gets her sister back and her student attains princess-hood.
Scroll over this sentence for my spoiler based thoughts. Edit: I was right! It was about pride in
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An acclaimed Vancouver landscape architect shares insights into designing for the region's unique west coast climate, characterized by mild temperatures, abundant rainfall, and persistent fog. The challenge lies in managing precipitation and optimizing lighting for the often-dim evenings.
Having honed his craft in this climate, the architect's Vancouver-based firm now undertakes projects across Canada, along the western seaboard of the United States, and internationally, including the Netherlands, the Middle East, and China.
In his designs, the architect emphasizes the beauty of the west coast's verdant hues, suggesting that gardens should emphasize various shades of green, textures, and foliage scales. He explains, 'I appreciate the subtleties of similar textures or the boldness of large leaves and textures that create distinct moods.'
To enhance gardens during the long winter nights, the architect advocates for strategic artificial lighting. He advises, 'Imagine moonlight in your garden. Spread light evenly across horizontal surfaces to create a dancing effect, rather than focusing on single points.'
To manage the west coast's rainy winters and dry summers, the architect recommends porous ground surfaces like groundcover plants, flagstone with ample soil space, or gravel. These alternatives to grass require no irrigation or fertilizer and help replenish aquifers.
Integrate flora of varying heights and shapes between the residence and the street, establishing tiers of hedges, plantings, and trees. As Sangha advises, 'You could have a foreground and midground, with the property receding into the background,' thereby generating a sense of depth that amplifies the property's perceived size. 'In a manner akin to the layers of an onion, one progresses through a sequence of plantings and distinct spaces.'
Prior to commencing landscaping endeavors, Sangha advocates for a comprehensive, overarching plan. Once this vision is established, he suggests addressing the project in incremental sections. 'With a clear destination in mind, you'll circumvent much of the hassle and expense associated with rework and revisions,' he notes.
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Are Robots Taking Over Our Jobs?
Research shows that robots are very good at doing routine or repetitive tasks. And repetitive jobs are easier to automate – meaning that it can be programmed, so the robot can do it without human assistance. As computers has become faster and cheaper over the years, it's now possible to build robots to do more routine tasks previously done by humans. The tasks can be divided into steps and then into computer code for a computer to duplicate. Some of these tasks are mathematical calculations, information retrieval, and data sorting. It's harder to automate tasks that require flexibility, judgment, intuition, creativity, and common sense.
Automation does not mean that jobs with routine or repetitive tasks will simply disappear. When ATMs appeared in the 1970s, a lot of people worried that they would replace bank branches and tellers and that people will lose their jobs. Actually, the arrival of ATMs resulted in an increase of the number of bank branches. Why? Because while the number of tellers per branch decreased, more challening employment opportunities for tellers opened up. There were more tellers employed in 2010 than in 1980, and their duties have since expanded to include "relationship banking"—something ATMs cannot do.
A similar effect happened in the Auto Manufacturing. While a lot of manual labor jobs were replaced by machines, cars have become more complex, requiring more humans using their brains. As a result, it takes more human labor to produce a car now than in the past.
Advancement in technology will likely change the types of jobs available and what those jobs pay. As new technology take away routine work, economists suggest that polarization will happen, which means that many jobs in the "middle" will disappear through automation, but the number of low-skill/low-income jobs and high-skill/high-income jobs will see gains. This makes some worry that the gap between high-income workers and middle- and low-income workers will grow even wider. Will it?
Low-skill jobs often require skills such as adaptability, physical mobility, and interpersonal interaction—food preparation and serving, cleaning and janitorial services, home healthcare, hair styling—which are difficult to replicate through automation.
On the other side are "abstract" jobs that require skills such as problem-solving, intuition, creativity, and persuasion; in the job market these are professional, technical, and managerial positions. These workers generally have a lot of education, and the jobs require inductive reasoning, communication, and specialized skills. And they are also difficult to replicate through automation.
The fact is, productivity-enhancing new technology has changed the economy in dramatic ways over the past two centuries, but it has not made human labor obsolete. Many economists see new technology and automation as a trend that has been happening for most of human history, and it will continue to happen in the future.
The challenge is in helping future workers with the skills they need to be competitive and productive in an ever changing economy.
Source: Economic Research St. Louis Fed
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Dairy Goat and Swine Performance Enhancement
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Silage Pile Covering: A 16-Step Guide
Posted on August 17, 2021, under Forage Fundamentals
By Andy Carlson, Vita Plus dairy specialist
The concluding phase of harvest, and arguably the most pivotal, is the secure and airtight covering of bunkers and piles to restrict oxygen and safeguard forages. The bacteria responsible for fermentation and preservation require a low-oxygen environment to function optimally. Here are some guidelines to help you safely, efficiently, and effectively cover forages:
1. Safety First: Mandate high-visibility attire. Conduct a safety briefing before commencing. Maintain a safe distance from all forage faces. Ensure your farm crew and harvest crew are aware of each other's traffic patterns.
2. Effective Communication: Utilize radios or other means to coordinate, especially on large piles and in windy conditions.
3. Sufficient Tires/Sidewalls: Ensure you have enough to cover the entire pile, with tires touching to prevent oxygen ingress beneath the plastic.
4. Adequate Plastic and Vapor Barrier: Order enough to cover the entire pile, accounting for overlap and an extra 3 to 4 feet around the edges.
5. Site Preparation: Remove all old feed or potential contaminants from the bunker or pile site before covering.
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Starling Bird Flying into window
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On August 1, 2011, an archaeological discovery was made at the School for Mystics, situated beside Trout Lake. The site comprises seven concentric stone pathways that ascend in a spiral. Distinctive carvings on the stones indicate the positions where peace pipes were once placed. Upon my initial visit to this location two decades ago, I was unexpectedly instructed to remove my footwear. I inquired about the significance of this practice, to which my guide responded, "We're uncertain; it's merely a tradition we've maintained since childhood." Despite being advised to traverse the entire stone pathway, I impulsively stepped across the circles, reaching the central, elevated Place of Power. Remarkably, a cat hissed at me, suggesting that the site's spiritual energy was still potent enough to animate a guardian, even after a millennium. I found this phenomenon intriguing. It is widely believed among Native Americans that white men lack the comprehension to grasp the concept of'sacred', as they are perceived to be disconnected from nature and the spirits that bind all living things into a singular, great spirit, due to their excessive indoor pursuits.
In the traditional peace pipes, a blend of herbs and certain fungi was employed. The inhalation of this concoction, at minimum, was known to enhance the cognitive focus of participants. I posed this query to my acquaintance Joe, who, as an indigenous individual and an advocate of the Socratic method of instruction, offered a response that was characteristically open-ended. Rather than providing a direct answer, he posed a question in return, stating, "I couldn't venture a guess. It's truly a matter of your interpretation."
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