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The Origins and Migration Patterns of the Anatolian Populations: An Interdisciplinary Analysis Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive synthesis of archaeological, genetic, and linguistic evidence concerning the origins and migration patterns of the Anatolian populations from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. It examines the initial separation of the Anatolian branch from Proto-Indo-European languages, the subsequent migration to the Balkans in the 5th millennium BCE, and the return migrations to Anatolia beginning in the late 4th millennium BCE. The study delves into the specific migration routes, cultural continuities and changes, and the genetic makeup of these populations, providing a detailed chronological framework and regional analysis. Introduction The Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, including languages such as Hittite, Luwian, and Palaic, represents one of the earliest known separations from Proto-Indo-European (PIE). This early divergence has significant implications for understanding the migration patterns and cultural developments in Anatolia and the surrounding regions. Recent interdisciplinary studies have shed light on the complex processes that led to the spread of Anatolian languages and cultures, involving multiple migration waves, cultural integrations, and interactions with indigenous populations. Early Development and Initial Migration Separation from Proto-Indo-European Linguistic evidence suggests that the Anatolian languages separated from PIE around 4932 BCE, with a possible range between 6613 and 3403 BCE. This early split is characterized by the retention of archaic features in Anatolian languages that were lost in other Indo-European branches, indicating a period of isolation. Migration to the Balkans Archaeological findings point to significant cultural changes in the northeastern Balkans during the late Neolithic (5th millennium BCE). New cultural complexes emerged in Bulgaria, such as Kremikovtsi, Kremenik-Anzanbegovo, and Gradeshnitsa-Kirča. These cultures exhibit distinctive ceramic traditions with parallels to Anatolian sites like Haçilar V–II and early Neolithic Alişar, as well as Mesopotamian settlements like Hassuna V and Samarra. The similarities suggest direct migrations from the Near East to the Balkans rather than cultural diffusion through established networks. Genetic Evidence Paleogenetic studies reveal that Balkan populations during this period maintained genetic profiles closely related to Anatolian populations, with minimal admixture from local European hunter-gatherers. Notably, Caucasus hunter-gatherer-related ancestry appeared in southeastern Europe during the Final Neolithic, reaching 8-10% in regions like Greece. This genetic influx supports the theory of population movements from the east into the Balkans. Return Migrations to Anatolia Archaeological Evidence Starting in the late 4th millennium BCE, there is substantial archaeological evidence of migrations from the Balkans back into Anatolia: * Material Culture: Introduction of Balkan-type pottery and metal objects at sites such as Ilıpınar, Kumtepe IB3, and Beycesultan XXV–XVIII in northwestern Anatolia. In north-central Anatolia, similar artifacts have been found at Ikiztepe, Büyük Güllücek, Alaca Höyük, and Alişar. * Architectural Innovations: New building techniques and fortification systems appeared, as seen at Bakla Tepe. Changes in settlement organization and architectural traditions with Balkan parallels indicate the arrival of new population groups. * Burial Practices: The introduction of cremation burials in western and central Anatolia mirrors practices in the Carpatho-Danube basin. Changes in grave goods and burial organization further support the evidence of migration. Genetic Patterns Genetic studies corroborate these archaeological findings: * Population Structure: The Balkans exhibited a genetic continuity with Anatolian populations, characterized by limited admixture with European hunter-gatherers until the Eneolithic period. * Admixture Events: During the return migrations, there was a notable increase in Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry across Anatolia, reaching approximately 33% in western regions. Simultaneously, western Anatolian Neolithic-related ancestry spread eastward, leading to a genetic homogenization while maintaining eastern distinctions. Chronological Framework Late Neolithic (5th Millennium BCE) * Initial Migration: Movement of proto-Anatolian populations to the Balkans. * Cultural Formation: Development of new cultural complexes with maintained connections to Anatolia. * Ceramic Traditions: Emergence of distinctive pottery styles linking the Balkans and Anatolia. Chalcolithic Period * Interactions: Close cultural exchanges between the northeastern Balkans and northwestern Anatolia. * Penetration into Anatolia: Evidence of Balkan populations occasionally settling in Anatolia. * Material Culture: Shared elements in ceramics and metallurgy indicating ongoing contact. Early Bronze Age Transition * Climate Crisis: Around 3200 BCE, climatic changes may have prompted migrations. * Population Movements: Arrival of Late Eneolithic steppe groups in the northern Balkans, leading to the displacement of Balkan populations into Asia Minor. * Cultural Complexes: Formation of new cultural entities in northwestern Anatolia. Regional Settlement Patterns Northwestern Anatolia * Troy I Culture: Development influenced by Balkan traditions, evidenced by ceramic styles and architectural innovations. * Fortifications: Introduction of defensive structures reflecting new social complexities. * Hybridization: Integration of Balkan and local Anatolian traditions. North-Central Anatolia * Hittite Ethnogenesis: Area of significant interaction between incoming populations and indigenous Hattic groups. * Cultural Artifacts: Distinctive ceramic traditions with both chaff and mineral inclusions, indicating diverse influences from northern Mesopotamia and Transcaucasia. Cultural Integration Material Culture * Hybrid Forms: Gradual blending of Balkan and Anatolian traditions in pottery, metallurgy, and art. * Regional Variations: Different areas exhibited unique adoption patterns of cultural elements. Settlement Organization * New Settlements: Establishment of sites with novel architectural features. * Urban Planning: Changes in settlement layouts reflecting new social structures. Trade and Communication * Networks: Maintenance and expansion of long-distance trade routes. * Technological Exchange: Dissemination of innovations across regions. Linguistic Distribution Proto-Hittite * Isolation: Settled in north-central Anatolia with limited interaction with other Anatolian groups. * Linguistic Features: Development of unique characteristics due to isolation and contact with Hattic speakers. Proto-Luwian * Western Settlement: Occupied regions in western Anatolia with less dense pre-existing populations. * Dialectal Development: Maintenance of connections with other Anatolian groups, leading to regional dialects. Climate Influences on Migration Late 4th Millennium BCE * Climate Crisis: Environmental changes around 3200 BCE potentially triggered migrations. * Settlement Disruption: Abandonment of sites and shifts in subsistence strategies. Early 3rd Millennium BCE * Cold Period: Around 2850 BCE, climatic conditions may have further stimulated population movements into Asia Minor. * Cultural Shifts: Emergence of new cultural complexes in response to environmental pressures. Implications for Anatolian Development 1. Migration Dynamics * Multiple migration waves influenced by climatic events. * Complex settlement patterns involving both displacement and integration. 2. Cultural Evolution * Gradual assimilation and adaptation of traditions. * Preservation of certain cultural traits alongside the adoption of new ones. 3. Language Spread * Early separation and isolation of proto-Hittite speakers. * Regional development of Anatolian languages due to varying degrees of contact and integration. 4. Population Interactions * Evidence of significant movements between the Balkans and Anatolia. * Complex interactions with indigenous populations leading to genetic and cultural blending. Conclusions The origins and migration patterns of the Anatolian populations were shaped by a series of complex, multi-phase processes involving: * Initial Separation: Proto-Anatolian populations migrated to the Balkans in the 5th millennium BCE, leading to cultural developments distinct from other Indo-European groups. * Return Migrations: Starting in the late 4th millennium BCE, migrations back into Anatolia introduced new cultural elements, technologies, and genetic lineages. * Regional Developments: The establishment of distinct cultural zones in Anatolia influenced the distribution and evolution of Anatolian languages and societies. * Cultural Integration: The integration of incoming populations with indigenous groups led to the hybridization of material culture and the development of new social structures.
u/solamb
post
u/solamb
2024-11-21
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**Origin of Greeks** :A Synthesis of Archaeological, Genetic, and Linguistic Evidence Recent advances in paleogenetics, combined with detailed archaeological evidence and linguistic analysis, have revolutionized our understanding of Greek origins. This paper synthesizes multiple lines of evidence to present a comprehensive picture of Greek ethnogenesis, challenging traditional theories about migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppes and suggesting a more complex pattern of population movements and cultural development centered on Anatolia and the Aegean. A key point is the evidence of borrowings from the Kartvelian language and back-borrowings from Greek to Kartvelian, though distinguishing the latter from Proto-Indo-European can sometimes be challenging. Additionally, the Kartvelian roots of the Argonauts myth align with the genetic traces of Caucasian ancestry in Greece. Greek appears to have developed near the Indo-Iranian, Armenian, and Phrygian linguistic regions. The Greek mythological and theogonic system is tied to the traditions of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, and the Greek language likely formed near Kartvelian regions (South Caucasus) yet apart from the Anatolian languages. This rests on the assumption that speakers of Anatolian languages were isolated in the Balkans from other Indo-European groups for thousands of years. As Greek migration westward began post-mid-3rd millennium BC, long before the Hittites entered Central Anatolia (before the 17th century BC), the Greeks could have interacted only with certain Luwian dialect speakers in Western Anatolia. If the Greeks did indeed contact Proto-Carian speakers, this might locate them somewhere along coastal Asia Minor between Troad and Miletus. This geographical setting might explain why they migrated to mainland Greece via the Cyclades instead of the Hellespont and Northern Greece. Greek developed through two stages before Mycenaean: Proto-Greek and Common Greek. It’s possible that Common Greek was not a single language but a set of closely related dialects. Proto-Greek likely corresponds to a linguistic stage in northeastern Anatolia, while Common Greek reflects the early Greek colonization of Greece during the Early Helladic period, where they encountered a non-Greek population. Genetic Evidence and Population Structure Recent genetic analyses using qpAdm modeling have revealed distinct genetic patterns between mainland Greece and Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. The mainland and island populations (S. Mainland-Islands LN-EBA) show direct genetic connections with Caucasus populations, with models suggesting a mixture of Western Anatolian Neolithic ancestry and approximately 10% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) contribution. This genetic profile is notably different from Cretan populations (Crete EMBA), which show stronger genetic links to Anatolia, modeled as a combination of Western Anatolian Neolithic ancestry with Anatolian Late Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age populations and a small (5.4%) Western Iranian Neolithic contribution. Using competing qpAdm models with various source populations including CHG, EEHG, W. Iran N, S. Levant N, and proximal Iran C, research has demonstrated that mainland Greek populations were most successfully modeled with mount. Caucasus En-BA contributions. These findings align with archaeological evidence for maritime-based population movements from Anatolia during the Early Helladic IIB period. In summary, these findings indicate that in the central Aegean region (such as Euboea, the Cyclades, and the Peloponnese), gene flow likely involved populations from the Caucasus, including areas both in and south of the mountains. In Crete, however, gene flow appears to have come from Anatolia, specifically from populations situated along the West/Central Anatolian-Caucasian genetic gradient. Archaeological Evidence: The Anatolianization of Greece The "Anatolianization" of Greece is most clearly evidenced in the Early Helladic (EH) period through pottery traditions and technological innovations. The Lefkandi I culture (ca. 2450/2400-2200/2150 BC) represents a crucial phase in this process, marking what might be termed the "Coming of the Greeks" or, more precisely, the formation of Greek culture through the interaction between Early Helladic IIa "Pelasgians" and Anatolian influences. Detailed ceramic analysis from key sites provides crucial evidence: 1. Romanos Pylias: * Over 400 complete or near-complete vessels * Diverse assemblage including ceremonial feast-related pottery * Mixture of plain saucers, monochrome-slipped wares, and pattern-painted pottery * Styles aligning with Lerna IIIC and IIID 2. Eretria: * Significant coastal settlement showing EH II and III pottery traditions * Evidence of local adaptation of foreign influences * Chronological alignment with Lefkandi findings 3. Samos (Heraion): * One of the largest Early Bronze Age urban settlements * Evidence of advanced pottery firing techniques * Use of fine micaceous clays and wheel-made pottery * Vital role in Aegean-Anatolian trade networks Pelasgian Substrate and Cultural Synthesis The interaction between incoming Greeks and the pre-existing "Pelasgian" population provides crucial context for understanding Greek ethnogenesis. The name "Lerna," a key Early Helladic site, may derive from Balkan rather than Anatolian roots, relating to Albanian lerë ("stones, fallen stones") and potentially connecting to the broader "Pelasgian" linguistic substrate. This substrate is evidenced in place names ending in -ss-, -nth-, and -nd- throughout Greece and southwestern Anatolia. Archaeological evidence suggests that rather than a wholesale replacement, there was a gradual synthesis between "Pelasgian" and incoming Greek populations, particularly during the Early Helladic IIB period. Maritime Networks and Cultural Exchange The archaeological record demonstrates extensive maritime networks facilitating cultural and technological exchange. Evidence from Samos, particularly the Heraion site, shows its crucial role as a cultural conduit between the Aegean and Anatolia. The spread of specialized pottery techniques, including wheel-made pottery and advanced firing methods, indicates strong connections across the Aegean. Linguistic Development and Cultural Evolution The development of Greek dialects provides additional evidence for this complex process of cultural synthesis. Starting from a Common Greek base, distinct dialectal patterns emerged that closely match both archaeological settlement patterns and genetic distributions: * Aeolic in the northeast * Ionic in the east and Cyclades * Arcadian/Mycenaean in the Peloponnese Technological Innovations and Social Change The Early Helladic period witnessed significant technological advancements that transformed Greek society. The introduction of the potter's wheel during the Lefkandi I phase represents one of the most significant technological transfers from Anatolia. This innovation appeared first in eastern Greece and the Cyclades, particularly in regions showing strong Anatolian connections. Analysis of ceramic production techniques reveals that wheel-made pottery was initially concentrated in areas of primary Greek settlement (Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, Phthiotis and Thessaly), while only hand-made variants were produced in peripheral regions. Metallurgical developments were equally significant. The emergence of tin bronze technology marks a crucial technological shift. Isotopic analyses indicate that the copper used was not of Cycladic origin but rather matched signatures from the northeastern Aegean. This suggests that early Greek settlers brought not only the technology but also established trade networks for raw materials. The discovery of casting molds at sites like Kastri indicates local production rather than mere importation. Textile Production and Social Organization The transformation of textile production technology provides another window into the process of cultural transfer. The appearance of biconical decorated spindle whorls, characteristic of Western Anatolia's EB 1 and 2 periods, in Greece, Thrace, Cyprus, and the Cyclades suggests the spread of new textile production techniques. This technological shift coincides with the adoption of crescent-shaped loom weights, indicating the introduction of more complex weaving techniques, particularly twill weaving. These changes likely reflect the spread of fine-wooled sheep breeding technologies from the Near East. Architectural Innovations and Urban Development The archaeological record shows significant architectural developments during this period: 1. Fortification Systems: * Introduction of horseshoe-shaped bastions * Herringbone masonry techniques * Two-row stone foundation systems with small stone filling * Distribution pattern matching the spread of anatolianising pottery 2. Corridor Houses: * Long rectangular two-story buildings * Longitudinal corridor design * Association with defensive walls * Evidence of administrative functions through seal impressions * Surrounded by free space despite dense urban settings Social Stratification and State Formation The emergence of complex social organization is evidenced in several ways: 1. Settlement Hierarchy: * Development of central places with specialized functions * Evidence of administrative control through sealing systems * Emergence of storage facilities indicating centralized economy 2. Burial Practices: * Gradual shift from communal to individual burials * Introduction of new burial types including pithos burials * Regional variations in burial customs reflecting social complexity The Role of Trade and Exchange Maritime trade played a crucial role in maintaining connections between Greece and Anatolia. Evidence includes: 1. Material Exchange: * Distribution of specific pottery types * Spread of metallurgical technologies * Exchange of precious materials including silver and carnelian 2. Administrative Systems: * Introduction of sealing systems * Adoption of Near Eastern weight standards * Development of standardized measures Future Development and Mycenaean Period The gradual evolution of Greek society culminated in the emergence of the Mycenaean civilization. This development shows: 1. Continuity with Earlier Periods: * Preservation of architectural traditions * Continuation of ceramic technologies * Maintenance of trade networks 2. Social Evolution: * Development of palace-centered administration * Emergence of warrior elite * Adoption of Linear B writing system Conclusions The evidence presented supports a model of Greek origins that emphasizes: 1. Multiple Waves of Migration: * Primary movement from northwestern Anatolia * Secondary influences from various regions * Gradual process of population movement and cultural transfer 2. Cultural Synthesis: * Integration of local and incoming populations * Technological transfer and adaptation * Development of distinctive Greek cultural features 3. Maritime Connectivity: * Crucial role of sea-based networks * Continuous contact with Anatolia * Development of regional trade systems The Greek ethnogenesis was a complex, multi-generational process involving technological transfer, cultural synthesis, and sustained maritime connectivity. The evidence points to a gradual transformation of Aegean society through the interaction of local and Anatolian elements, rather than a simple population replacement model. Also, no, there was no Steppe invasion of Greece https://preview.redd.it/mty2p478d62e1.png?width=1170&format=png&auto=webp&s=bb174885ced94bff70eea5ea1e6b9589a997a842
u/solamb
post
u/solamb
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZWEhjRFdsVFFlVjNHS0ExMDFLRUtSdC1NQnFWS2FqeS1mNjdlUjJsRG1PaWRGWkNLdi1aZERtaU92UjJIc1hhY1hpNGFlTFBMRmJFU2VEeDdfa0VwcWc9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViWVFhOE9lYVJRMGNKM056bklJMktDNTlSc2syRXowTWxZMTFlOXlCZ3JnbThPQTlKakFCbUdyRzhQZDdiTDAtWDZoVDkydUZUNmRpYlY2eWtkMEM4bWdrdWYyR3k3M25QNjdqV1RNS3Y5clo3TW1XZDM4SmIwUjI3WUlPSXhNVU10Yk1ZZVNXTG5WeVlxUmdNejJJUlB2ZGFLcnAwX1BzNXBCazVPOTM2UUFKUF9RVmpuLTljUl9LcXp1a2huTk5QQndhUy1lRXJyVXdqSnc0YzBnWmJrQT09
53,154
ERROR: type should be string, got "\n\nhttps://preview.redd.it/gose2osoc62e1.jpg?width=1280&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=1b4b79a9dc7975ef74c4f98fc92f396df631869b\n\nThe origins and spread of Indo-European languages and cultures have long been subjects of intense scholarly debate. Traditional models often simplify these processes, attributing them to singular migrations or cultural expansions, such as the spread of the Yamnaya culture. However, recent archaeological, genetic, and linguistic evidence suggests a far more complex tapestry of interactions, migrations, and cultural transformations during the third and second millennia BCE in Europe.\n\nThis document provides a detailed analysis of the migration patterns, cultural formations, and linguistic evolutions that shaped Europe during this period. By re-evaluating traditional models and incorporating new evidence, we aim to present a comprehensive understanding of how Indo-European languages and cultures developed and spread across the continent.\n\nChapter 1: Early Population Movements and Cultural Foundations\n\n1.1. Late Eneolithic Period and the North Pontic Cultures The story of Indo-European expansion begins with the intricate tapestry of cultures in the North Pontic region during the last third of the fourth millennium BCE. Contrary to traditional models that emphasize the Yamnaya culture as the primary driver, earlier movements set the stage for subsequent developments. Several differentiated groups spread across the North Pontic area:\n\n* Kvityana Culture\n* Late Sredny Stog Culture\n* Usatovo Culture\n* Nizhne-Mikhailovka Culture These cultures collectively contributed to the region's diversity, each with unique material cultures and burial practices.\n\n1.2. The Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe Cultural Complex Emerging as a significant player, the Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe group extended from the eastern Carpathians to the North Caucasus. Occupying a crucial stratigraphic position between Early Bronze Age Yamnaya complexes and earlier Eneolithic ones, this group bridged the gap between cultures like Nizhne-Mikhailovka, Sredny Stog, and Kvityana in the Lower Dnieper region. Key Features of the Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe Complex:\n\n* Burial Practices:\n * Small earth mounds with single interments.\n * Use of ditches surrounding burial grounds.\n * Early catacomb structures accessed through small corridors.\n* Sexual Differentiation in Burials:\n * Left-side burials oriented toward the northeast and east.\n * Right-side burials facing south and southeast.\n * This practice of sexual differentiation in burial orientation would later become characteristic of the Corded Ware cultures. The diversity and innovations of the Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe complex played a pivotal role in shaping subsequent cultural developments in the region.\n\nChapter 2: Formation of the Yamnaya Cultural Sphere\n\n2.1. Integration of Eneolithic Substrates The development of the Yamnaya culture was not a simple expansion from an eastern homeland. Instead, it resulted from the integration of different Eneolithic substrates across its vast territory. This complex process involved the assimilation of various cultural elements, leading to the formation of a widespread and influential cultural sphere.\n\n2.2. The Budzhak Culture and Its Influences The western flank of the Yamnaya cultural sphere is represented by the Budzhak culture, which played a crucial role in subsequent European developments. Formation of the Budzhak Culture:\n\n* Interactions with Various Cultural Groups:\n * Significant influence from the Coţofeni culture of the Carpathian Basin.\n * Elements from Kostolac and Ezero II cultures.\n * Connections to the Globular Amphora Culture (GAC), Corded Ware Culture (CWC), and various Balkan cultures including Cernavoda II and Ezero. Archaeological Evidence from Budzhak Sites:\n* Sophisticated Burial Traditions:\n * Use of ditches surrounding burial grounds.\n * Contracted burials arranged in circular patterns.\n * Central burials typically facing west, with peripheral burials oriented along the circle's arc.\n* Material Culture:\n * Beakers and amphorae showing parallels with GAC, CWC, and Balkan cultures.\n * Indicates a fusion of cultural elements and extensive interaction networks. The Budzhak culture's integration of diverse influences exemplifies the complexity of cultural formation during this period and highlights the interconnectedness of different regions.\n\nChapter 3: The Complex Genesis of Corded Ware Cultures\n\n3.1. Traditional Models and Their Limitations The formation of Corded Ware cultures (CWC) represents one of the most significant yet misunderstood processes in European prehistory. Traditional models often link CWC directly to Yamnaya expansion, but this perspective fails to account for crucial evidence suggesting a more intricate genesis.\n\n3.2. Archaeological Evidence from Lesser Poland Lesser Poland provides critical insights into the formation process of CWC. The region witnessed the appearance of the Złota culture, which emerged simultaneously with early CWC.\n\n3.3. The Złota Culture and Cultural Integration Characteristics of the Złota Culture:\n\n* Combination of Cultural Features:\n * Incorporated elements from the Globular Amphora Culture (GAC), CWC, Baden, and Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB) traditions.\n* Ceramic Forms:\n * Demonstrated an intermediate position between various cultural traditions.\n * Forms were nearly indistinguishable from both GAC and early CWC ceramics.\n* Cultural Continuity:\n * Evidence suggests a gradual integration of cultural elements rather than sudden replacement.\n * The continuous series of ceramic forms indicates ongoing interactions and blending of traditions. The Złota culture exemplifies how local traditions and external influences merged to create new cultural expressions, challenging the notion of a straightforward cultural diffusion from the Yamnaya culture.\n\nChapter 4: Genetic Evidence and Population Dynamics\n\n4.1. Genetic Composition of Neolithic and Corded Ware Populations Recent genetic studies have provided valuable insights into the population dynamics of Neolithic Europe and the subsequent Corded Ware period. Key Findings:\n\n* Modern European Populations:\n * Show clear genetic differences from the first Anatolian farmers.\n * Varying proportions of genetic components across regions.\n * Increase in the proportion of Anatolian component from the Baltic (30%) to the Mediterranean (90%).\n* Neolithic Period:\n * Gradual increase in genes from European hunter-gatherers.\n * Indicates slow processes of population assimilation rather than abrupt replacements.\n\n4.2. Haplogroup Differences and Implications The genetic composition of Corded Ware populations reveals intriguing patterns:\n\n* Corded Ware Populations:\n * Show 73% genetic commonality with Yamnaya genetic pools.\n * Dominated by the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup.\n* Yamnaya Populations:\n * Predominantly carried the R1b haplogroup. Implications:\n* The fundamental difference in dominant haplogroups challenges simplistic migration models.\n* Suggests more complex population dynamics involving interactions, assimilations, and multiple migration events.\n* Indicates that Corded Ware populations were not direct descendants of Yamnaya but had distinct genetic lineages. The genetic evidence underscores the need to re-evaluate traditional models of population movement and cultural diffusion during this period.\n\nChapter 5: The Language Question—A New Framework\n\n5.1. Pre-Indo-European Languages in Europe The linguistic landscape of prehistoric Europe was far more diverse than previously assumed. The Neolithic population likely spoke languages of the Dene-Caucasian family, with Basque representing a surviving member.\n\n5.2. Toponymic Patterns and Linguistic Landscapes Evidence from Hydronymy:\n\n* River Names:\n * Pre-Indo-European substrates are evident in river names across Europe.\n * Show typological similarity with Basque languages.\n * Transformed by later Indo-European influence but retain substrate features.\n* Toponymic Patterns:\n * Endings in -ss-, -nth-, and -nd- in the northeast Balkans suggest the presence of Anatolian dialects before Indo-European expansion.\n\n5.3. Maritime Terminology and Inland Origins The Balto-Slavic-Germanic languages notably lack indigenous terms for maritime concepts:\n\n* Implications:\n * Suggests that their speakers originated in inland regions.\n * Maritime vocabulary was borrowed from non-Indo-European languages or developed later.\n * Supports the theory that early Indo-European speakers were not coastal populations. This linguistic evidence provides crucial clues about the origins and spread of Indo-European languages, highlighting the complex interactions between different linguistic groups.\n\nChapter 6: Two-Wave Model of Indo-European Spread\n\n6.1. First Wave: Corded Ware Culture and Proto-Venetic Dialects The evidence supports a two-wave model of Indo-European expansion into Europe. First Wave:\n\n* Associated with Corded Ware Culture:\n * Likely brought speakers of Proto-Venetic dialects.\n * Explains the presence of certain Indo-European features without the full Indo-European cultural package.\n* Characteristics:\n * Introduction of specific burial practices with sexual differentiation.\n * Adoption of certain technological and cultural elements.\n\n6.2. Second Wave: Early Second Millennium BCE Developments Second Wave:\n\n* Occurring in the Early Second Millennium BCE:\n * Brought the full complex of Indo-European cultural and technological elements.\n * Included innovations such as wool technology, domesticated horses, and chariot warfare.\n* Cultural Transformations:\n * Significant shifts in material culture, religious practices, and social organization.\n * Introduction of new artistic motifs and iconography.\n\n6.3. Explaining the Cultural and Linguistic Gaps Addressing the Paradoxes:\n\n* Temporal Gap:\n * The significant gap between the appearance of supposed Indo-European speakers (around 2900 BCE) and the emergence of characteristic Indo-European cultural elements (around 1600-1500 BCE).\n* Technological Vocabulary:\n * The adoption of vocabulary for technologies and practices that would not appear for centuries suggests later waves of influence. Implications:\n* Supports the model of multiple waves of Indo-European influence rather than a single massive migration.\n* Highlights the gradual and complex nature of cultural and linguistic transformations.\n\nChapter 7: Cultural Manifestations and Religious Symbolism\n\n7.1. Pre-Bronze Age Artistic Traditions Before the Bronze Age, European art was predominantly non-figurative:\n\n* Geometric Motifs:\n * Dominated cultural expression.\n * Reflective of local traditions and symbolic systems.\n* Lack of Realistic Representations:\n * Limited depiction of humans or animals.\n * Suggests different religious or cultural emphases.\n\n7.2. Bronze Age Iconography and Indo-European Imagery A dramatic shift occurred during Bronze Age Period IB/II (around 1600-1500 BCE):\n\n* Introduction of Indo-European Imagery:\n * Realistic Representations of Horses:\n * Examples include the Trundholm sun-horse.\n * Symbolism linked to Indo-European mythologies.\n* Sophisticated Artifacts:\n * Bronze Razors with Horse-Head Handles:\n * Indicative of new technological and artistic skills.\n* Human Figures:\n * Depictions of warriors and deities.\n * Introduction of twin symbolism correlating with Indo-European myths.\n\n7.3. Mythological Correlations The new iconography represents not just artistic change but fundamental shifts in religious and cultural worldviews:\n\n* Indo-European Mythology:\n * Emphasis on solar deities, horse symbolism, and twin gods.\n * Reflects the religious beliefs of incoming Indo-European populations.\n* Cultural Integration:\n * Adoption and adaptation of Indo-European myths by local populations.\n * Blending of pre-existing beliefs with new religious concepts.\n\nChapter 8: Language Development and Dialectal Differentiation\n\n8.1. Substrate Influence and Language Spread The process of language differentiation followed complex patterns influenced by:\n\n* Early Presence of Proto-Venetic Speakers:\n * Created a substrate that facilitated later Indo-European language spread.\n* Substrate Influence:\n * Pre-Indo-European elements persisted in various aspects of culture and language.\n * Transformation of languages occurred gradually and in multiple stages.\n\n8.2. Hydronymy and Linguistic Transformation Evidence from River Names:\n\n* Gradual Transformation:\n * Pre-Indo-European river names were gradually transformed by Indo-European speakers.\n * Patterns align with archaeological evidence for gradual cultural transformation.\n* Multiple Stages:\n * Indicates multiple waves of linguistic influence.\n * Supports the model of complex interactions rather than abrupt language replacement.\n\nChapter 9: Implications for Understanding European Prehistory\n\n9.1. Complex Patterns of Interaction The revised understanding of Indo-European spread has profound implications:\n\n* Cultural and Linguistic Changes:\n * Occurred at different rates and through different mechanisms.\n * Involved complex patterns of interaction, adaptation, and gradual transformation.\n* Multiple Influences:\n * Different regions experienced varying degrees and types of influence.\n * Interactions between local and incoming populations shaped cultural landscapes.\n\n9.2. Persistence of Pre-Indo-European Elements\n\n* Cultural Continuity:\n * Pre-Indo-European elements persisted alongside new Indo-European influences.\n * Reflects the resilience and adaptability of local traditions.\n* Mosaic of Patterns:\n * The European cultural and linguistic landscape became a complex mosaic.\n * Highlights the importance of regional studies to understand local dynamics.\n\nChapter 10: Conclusions The evidence presents a picture far more complex than traditional models of Indo-European spread have suggested:\n\n* Multiple Waves of Influence:\n * Cultural and linguistic transformations occurred over more than a millennium.\n * Involved multiple migrations, interactions, and adaptations.\n* Complex Population Dynamics:\n * Genetic evidence reveals intricate patterns of assimilation and interaction.\n * Challenges simplistic models of migration and replacement.\n* Cultural Integration:\n * The spread of languages and cultures was facilitated by processes of integration and transformation.\n * Highlights the role of local populations in shaping cultural developments. This new understanding requires a revision of our models of prehistoric population movement and language spread. It emphasizes the gradual and multifaceted nature of cultural and linguistic transformations in Europe's prehistory.\n\nChapter 11: Formation, Spread, and Linguistic Legacy of the Corded Ware Complex\n\n11.1. Origins and Early Development The formation of the Corded Ware Culture (CWC) is more complex than traditionally understood:\n\n* Timeframe:\n * Emerged around 2900-2800 BCE.\n * Not through direct Yamnaya migration but through interactions among multiple cultural groups.\n* Foundational Influence:\n * The Globular Amphora Culture (GAC), initially formed in Kuyavia, northern Poland, based on the Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB).\n * GAC showed significant connections with southern cultures like Cernavoda III-Boleraz and Baden.\n\n11.2. Cultural Components and Integration A crucial stage in CWC formation is represented by the Złota culture in northern Lesser Poland:\n\n* Combination of Features:\n * Incorporated elements from GAC, CWC, Baden, and TRB.\n * Ceramic forms demonstrated an intermediate position between various traditions.\n* Gradual Integration:\n * Suggests cultural elements were integrated gradually rather than through sudden replacement.\n * Indicates ongoing interactions among different cultural groups.\n\n11.3. Role of Late Eneolithic Steppe Groups Significant influence came from late Eneolithic steppe groups, particularly the Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe group:\n\n* Spread to Southeastern Poland:\n * Appeared around 3400-3200 BCE, preceding and influencing CWC formation.\n* Cultural Contributions:\n * Introduced practices like sexual differentiation in burial orientation.\n * Influenced local burial traditions and material culture.\n* Impact on CWC:\n * These groups' practices became characteristic of CWC.\n * Demonstrates the importance of steppe influences in shaping early European cultures.\n\nChapter 12: Geographic Spread and Regional Variations\n\n12.1. Chronological Development The spread of CWC shows a clear chronological progression across different regions:\n\n* Lesser Poland:\n * Dates from 3000/2900-2300 BCE.\n * Early Phase I around 2700 BCE, synchronous with the pan-European A-horizon.\n* Middle Elbe-Saale:\n * Dates within 2700-2200/2000 BCE.\n* Southern Germany:\n * Spans from the 28th/27th centuries to around 2200/2000 BCE.\n* Bohemia:\n * Dates cluster between 2620-2200 BCE.\n* Netherlands:\n * Evidence suggests a range of 2900/2600-2400/2300 BCE.\n\n12.2. Regional Adaptations Regional variations in CWC demonstrate local adaptations:\n\n* Switzerland:\n * Dendrochronological evidence places CWC between 2725-2420/2417 BCE.\n * Early phase shows distinctive ceramic styles with short-necked beakers from 2725 BCE.\n * S-shaped profile beakers appear from 2625 BCE.\n\n12.3. Material Culture Variations Material culture shows significant regional differences:\n\n* Lesser Poland:\n * Early CWC phase shows few typical A-horizon amphorae.\n * Local ceramic forms predominated, indicating strong local traditions.\n* Indications:\n * Variations suggest that CWC adaptation was influenced by local needs and traditions.\n * Represents a fusion of local and incoming cultural elements.\n\nChapter 13: Language Associations and Development\n\n13.1. Proto-Venetic Connection Evidence suggests that CWC people likely spoke Proto-Venetic dialects:\n\n* Linguistic Evidence:\n * The earliest mention of the term \"Veneti\" is associated with northeastern Italy.\n * Venetic language inscriptions (900-182 BCE) show clear Indo-European features with distinctive characteristics.\n* Connections:\n * Language shows links with Illyrian while maintaining limited relations with Germanic and Slaviclanguages.\n * Suggests an early branching from Proto-Indo-European.\n\n13.2. Pre-Indo-European Substrate The linguistic landscape before CWC expansion was complex:\n\n* Dene-Caucasian Languages:\n * Likely spoken by Europe's Neolithic population.\n * Evidenced by hydronymy and toponymic patterns.\n* Transformation Process:\n * The spread of CWC introduced Indo-European dialects.\n * Pre-Indo-European languages persisted in many regions, influencing subsequent linguistic developments.\n\nChapter 14: Bell Beaker Phenomenon and Its Linguistic Implications\n\n14.1. Formation and Spread The Bell Beaker Culture (BBC) presents a distinct phenomenon from CWC:\n\n* Origin:\n * Formed around the 27th century BCE in western Iberia.\n* Spread:\n * Extended along Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts to the Lower Rhine and southern France by 2600-2400 BCE.\n* Movement Pattern:\n * Suggests a different linguistic affiliation from CWC.\n\n14.2. Genetic and Cultural Evidence\n\n* Genetic Studies:\n * Iberian BBC populations genetically close to preceding local populations.\n * Northern BBC groups inherited genes from local populations.\n* Implications:\n * Suggests cultural rather than demographic replacement in most areas.\n * In Britain, BBC arrival around 2450 BCE coincided with major population replacement.\n\n14.3. Language Associations\n\n* Non-Indo-European Languages:\n * Evidence suggests BBC populations likely maintained Dene-Caucasian languages.\n * Supported by the preservation of non-Indo-European elements in regions with strong BBC influence.\n* Timing of Indo-European Features:\n * Indo-European language features appeared later in these areas.\n * Indicates that BBC did not directly contribute to the spread of Indo-European languages.\n\nChapter 15: Abashevo Culture and Eastern Developments\n\n15.1. Formation and Characteristics The Abashevo culture represents a distinct development in the Middle Volga region:\n\n* Formation:\n * Not from Fatyanovo-Balanovo traditions as previously thought.\n * Influenced by the Bell Beaker culture of Central Europe.\n* Archaeological Evidence:\n * Similarities in burial practices, ceramics, and metal ornaments with BBC.\n\n15.2. Cultural Connections Parallels with BBC:\n\n* Burial Rites:\n * Kurgan burials with pillar fences.\n* Ceramics:\n * Bell-shaped vessels with similar decoration.\n* Metal Ornaments:\n * \"Eyeglasses-shaped\" pendants.\n * Specific bracelet types.\n * Combined pendants and decorative techniques.\n\n15.3. Linguistic Implications\n\n* Non-Indo-European Languages:\n * Given its BBC connections and presence of Proto-Yenisei hydronyms in its territory.\n * Abashevo likely represented a non-Indo-European speaking population.\n * Possibly maintained Dene-Caucasian language traditions.\n\nChapter 16: Development of Later Indo-European Language Groups\n\n16.1. Italo-Celtic Formation The development of Italo-Celtic languages appears connected with later processes:\n\n* Timing:\n * Linked to transformations occurring around 2200/2150 BCE in the Middle Danube region.\n* Cultural Transformations:\n * Disappearance of post-Baden cultures.\n * Formation of new cultural complexes:\n * Early Nagyrév.\n * Late Bell Beaker.\n * Nitra, Proto-Aunjetitz, Nyírség, and Maros cultures.\n* Migrations:\n * Movement of Veneti, Illyrians, and Mesapi from the Middle Danube.\n * Archaeological evidence indicates these migrations influenced the formation of Italo-Celtic languages.\n\n16.2. Germanic Languages Development Pattern:\n\n* Three Consecutive Language Layers:\n * Non-Indo-European substrate.\n * Pre-Germanic Indo-European layer.\n * Proto- or early-Germanic developments.\n* Evidence:\n * Lack of indigenous maritime terms suggests inland origins.\n * Germanic language development involved gradual transformation rather than sudden replacement.\n\n16.3. Balto-Slavic Development Later Development than Traditionally Assumed:\n\n* Archaeological Evidence:\n * Formation connected with developments in the first millennium BCE.\n * Distribution patterns of Baltic hydronyms localized in the Eastern Baltic and Upper Dnieper.\n* Cultural Complexes:\n * Associated with the Brushed Pottery culture, Dnieper-Dvina, Yukhnov, and Late Dyakovo cultures.\n* Implications:\n * Challenges the link between Baltic languages and earlier cultures like Fatyanovo.\n * Suggests a complex process of migration and cultural integration.\n\nChapter 17: Implications for Understanding Language Spread\n\n17.1. Complex Process of Language Change\n\n* Multiple Waves of Influence:\n * Language change occurred through various migrations and cultural interactions.\n* Preservation of Substrate Features:\n * Indicates gradual transformation of linguistic landscapes.\n\n17.2. Role of Cultural Integration\n\n* Cultural Integration:\n * Language spread tied to processes of cultural integration rather than simple population replacement.\n* Evidence:\n * Gradual adoption of new cultural practices.\n * Preservation of local traditions alongside new elements.\n\n17.3. Chronological Framework\n\n* Extended Timeframes:\n * Initial spread of Proto-Venetic with CWC (2900-2200 BCE).\n * Maintenance of non-Indo-European languages in many regions.\n * Later development of classical Indo-European language groups from the second millennium BCE onwards.\n\nChapter 18: Conclusions The formation and spread of Indo-European languages in Europe represent a complex process involving:\n\n* Multiple Waves of Migration and Influence:\n * Cultural and linguistic transformations over extended periods.\n* Complex Mechanisms of Adoption:\n * Gradual processes of interaction and adaptation.\n * Preservation of pre-existing linguistic and cultural elements.\n* Regional Variations:\n * Different patterns of influence and adoption in various regions.\n * Importance of local dynamics in shaping linguistic developments. This detailed analysis demonstrates that the traditional models of Indo-European language spread, based on single migrations or abrupt cultural shifts, are insufficient. Instead, the evidence points to a multifaceted and prolonged process that shaped the linguistic landscape of Europe over millennia."
u/solamb
post
u/solamb
2024-11-21
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Period 1: From Novosvobodnaya to Zhivotilovka (4000-3000 BCE) The transition from the Novosvobodnaya cultural complex to the Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe group represents a crucial period in the prehistory of Eastern Europe that set the stage for subsequent major transformations of the third millennium BCE. The Maikop-Novosvobodnaya cultural phenomenon emerged in the North Caucasus during the early 4th millennium BCE, showing clear connections to both Near Eastern civilizations and Central European influences. The Maikop component proper appears to have originated from migrations out of the Near East, as evidenced by both material culture and genetic data. The genetic profile of the Eneolithic steppe populations during this period showed significant contributions from Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers (CHG), who were genetically similar to Iranian farmers and contributed between 43% to 50% of the steppe population's ancestry. This genetic influx from Transcaucasia had begun as early as the Mariupol period, indicating long-term interaction between these regions. However, the Novosvobodnaya component shows more complex origins. While some scholars initially attempted to connect its origins with the Globular Amphora Culture (GAC), genetic studies have indicated possible links to the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). The material culture of Novosvobodnaya displays a distinctive ceramic tradition, including pottery with "staining" surface treatment that finds parallels in Transcaucasia, particularly in Kakhetia at sites of the Sioni type. This suggests that the Novosvobodnaya complex formed through the integration of local Eneolithic, Maikop, Near Eastern, and Central European components. The transition to the Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe group (3700-3000 BCE) represents a significant cultural transformation. This group emerged in a large area from the eastern Carpathians to the North Caucasus, occupying a stratigraphic position between the Early Bronze Age Yamnaya complexes and earlier Eneolithic ones (including Nizhne-Mikhailovka, Sredny Stog, and Kvityana sites in the Lower Dnieper and the Konstantinovka ones in the Kuban area). The Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe group is characterized by distinctive burial practices, including small earth mounds with single burials, sometimes accompanied by ditches. The burial structures show variety, including rectangular pits, oval pits, and notably, catacombs. This catacomb tradition appears to be an important innovation that would later influence European burial practices. The grave goods include both local and foreign elements, with ceramic vessels showing connections to multiple cultural traditions: 1. Trypolye C2 and Costeşti-Kasperovtsi traditions 2. Maikop-Novosvobodnaya complexes 3. Local Eneolithic traditions (Usatovo, Konstantinovka, Sredny Stog) 4. Central European influences (particularly connections to TRB and Baalberg) Of particular significance is the presence of beakers with flat or rounded bottoms and funnel-shaped necks, which show parallels from the Caucasus to the Prut river. These vessels demonstrate similarities with both Novosvobodnaya and Central European traditions, particularly the TRB culture. The genetic profile of the Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe group shows a complex mixture of ancestral components. The presence of both steppe-related ancestry and Central European farmer ancestry suggests that this group played a crucial role in the mixing of populations that would later characterize the Corded Ware culture. The group appears to have formed on a local basis but with significant participation of Maikop-Novosvobodnaya influences penetrating into the steppe area. This period witnessed the development of important social and technological innovations, including early experiments with wheeled transport and metallurgy. The Zhivotilovka-Volchanskoe group appears to have been instrumental in transmitting these innovations between different cultural spheres, acting as a bridge between the Caucasian, steppe, and Central European worlds. Period 2: From Zhivotilovka to Early Corded Ware (3000-2600 BCE) The transition from Zhivotilovka to Early Corded Ware represents one of the most significant cultural and genetic transformations in European prehistory. This period witnessed the emergence of the Corded Ware Culture (CWC) through a complex process involving multiple population movements and cultural interactions, particularly centered around interactions between the steppe region and Central Europe. Archaeological Evidence The earliest CWC appears in Bohemia by 2900 BCE, as evidenced by individuals like STD003 (3010-2889 BCE) in northwestern Bohemia, VLI076 (3018-2901 BCE) in central Bohemia, OBR003 (2911-2875 BCE) in central Bohemia, and PNL001 (2914-2879 BCE) in eastern Bohemia. These early dates demonstrate that CWC was already widespread across Bohemia by 2900 BCE, marking a rapid cultural transformation. The material culture of early CWC shows several distinctive features: * The A-horizon pottery, characterized by specific beaker and amphora forms * A-axes with round cross-sections and distinctive features * New burial practices with strict gender differentiation * Introduction of single burials under small mounds However, the archaeological evidence reveals that this was not a simple replacement of previous cultures. At sites like Vliněves, we find evidence of remarkable diversity within single communities, with no archaeological differences between burials of individuals with and without steppe ancestry, suggesting full integration of genetically diverse individuals within the same archaeological culture. Genetic Evidence The genetic composition of early CWC reveals several crucial insights: 1. Diverse Origins: Early CWC individuals show extreme genetic diversity, with some resembling GAC, others showing Yamnaya-like profiles, and some falling outside previously sampled Central European genetic variation. This diversity is particularly evident at sites like Vliněves, where the genetic differentiation between early CWC individuals exceeds that found between modern European populations. 2. Complex Ancestry: The early CWC population cannot be modeled as a simple mixture of Yamnaya and local European farmers. They carry an excess of Latvia_MN/Ukraine_Neolithic-like ancestry (approximately 5-15%) that distinguishes them from both Yamnaya and local European populations. This suggests origins in a northeastern European forest-steppe region rather than direct derivation from known Yamnaya groups. 3. Gender-Biased Integration: Early CWC shows evidence of female-biased integration of non-steppe populations. All identified early CWC individuals without steppe ancestry are female, suggesting a pattern of male-driven migration with local female incorporation. However, the presence of females among individuals with the highest amounts of steppe ancestry indicates that women were also part of the migrating population. Y-Chromosome Evidence The Y-chromosome composition of early CWC is particularly informative: * Multiple lineages present, including R1b-L151 (which would later become important in Bell Beaker populations) * Absence of typical Yamnaya R1b-Z2103 lineages * Presence of some I2 lineages suggesting local European incorporation * Early presence of R1a variants that would later become dominant Social Organization and Integration The evidence suggests that early CWC represented a new form of social organization that could incorporate diverse populations while maintaining distinct cultural practices. This is evidenced by: 1. Integration Patterns: * Female-biased assimilation of local populations * Maintenance of strict gender differentiation in burial practices * Common material culture across genetically diverse populations 1. Settlement Patterns: * Reduction in visible settlements in many areas * Continued settlement in some regions (Switzerland, coastal areas) * Evidence for increased mobility but not necessarily nomadism Language and Ethnicity The genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that early CWC likely represented a Proto-Venetic and Proto-Illyrian speaking population. This is supported by: 1. The northeastern European genetic component 2. The pattern of cultural practices that would later be associated with these language groups 3. The geographical distribution of early CWC and later Venetic and Illyrian speaking areas The transformation from Zhivotilovka to early CWC appears to represent the first major wave of Indo-European language spread into Central Europe, but not in the form of the traditionally recognized branches (Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, etc.). Instead, this period saw the spread of earlier Indo-European dialects that would later be preserved in Venetic and Illyrian. Cultural Transmission and Innovation This period also saw significant technological and social innovations: * Spread of new metallurgical techniques * Development of new forms of social organization * Establishment of new long-distance exchange networks * Integration of different economic strategies The evidence suggests that this was not a simple migration but rather the formation of a new type of society that could incorporate diverse populations while maintaining distinct cultural practices. This society was characterized by: * High levels of mobility * Complex social organization * Ability to integrate diverse populations * Maintenance of long-distance connections This period laid the foundation for subsequent developments in European prehistory, establishing patterns of social organization and cultural practice that would influence later transformations. Period 3: From Early Corded Ware to Late Corded Ware and Early Bell Beaker (2600-2400 BCE) This period represents a crucial transformation in Central European societies, marked by significant changes in social organization, genetic composition, and material culture. The transition from early to late Corded Ware, and the subsequent emergence of the Bell Beaker phenomenon, demonstrates complex processes of cultural and genetic change that would ultimately shape the linguistic landscape of Europe. Social and Cultural Transformation in Late Corded Ware Around 2600 BCE, a dramatic shift occurred in CWC communities, most notably evidenced in the collapse of Y-chromosomal diversity. The initial diversity of early CWC, which featured five different Y-chromosome lineages, was replaced by the dominance of a single lineage - R1a-M417(xZ645). Statistical modeling suggests this change could not have occurred by chance or genetic drift. Forward simulations indicate that R1a-M417(xZ645) males had approximately 15.79% (4.12-44.42%) more surviving offspring per generation compared to males with other Y-haplogroups. This change in Y-chromosome frequencies is particularly striking when compared to autosomal genetic changes. The extreme shift in Y-chromosomal lineages, without corresponding dramatic changes in autosomal DNA, suggests a process specifically affecting paternal lineages. This could indicate: 1. Strong social selection favoring certain patrilines 2. Changes in social organization promoting specific male lineages 3. The establishment of strict patrilocal marriage patterns 4. Possible conflict between male-mediated patrilines Material Culture and Social Practice The late CWC period shows increasing standardization in material culture, particularly in: * Ceramic styles and decoration * Burial practices * Settlement patterns * Tool manufacturing techniques However, this standardization did not mean complete homogenization. Regional variations persisted, and evidence suggests continued interaction with surrounding cultural groups. This period also saw the development of more complex social hierarchies, as evidenced by differences in burial wealth and the organization of settlements. Emergence of Early Bell Beaker Culture Around 2500 BCE, the Bell Beaker (BB) phenomenon began to appear in Central Europe. The earliest BB individuals show genetic similarities to late CWC populations, suggesting some degree of population continuity. However, several key differences emerged: 1. Y-chromosome Composition: * Dominance of R1b-P312 lineage * Virtual absence of the previously dominant R1a-M417 * New lineages not present in either CWC or Yamnaya 1. Material Culture: * Distinctive bell-shaped beakers * New styles of metallurgy * Different burial practices while maintaining gender differentiation * Novel forms of personal ornaments 1. Social Organization: * Evidence for increased social stratification * New patterns of long-distance exchange * Different settlement patterns * Modified gender roles and relationships Genetic Evidence and Population Dynamics The genetic evidence from this period shows complex patterns of population interaction and change: 1. Autosomal DNA: * Increased proportion of pre-CW Eneolithic-like ancestry * Maintenance of steppe-related components * Regional variations in genetic composition * Evidence for continued gene flow from multiple sources 1. Population Structure: * Development of distinct regional genetic clusters * Maintenance of long-distance genetic connections * Evidence for social stratification affecting mating patterns * Complex patterns of female mobility Language and Identity This period likely represents a crucial phase in the development of European linguistic diversity. The evidence suggests: 1. Consolidation of Proto-Venetic and Proto-Illyrian speaking communities in some regions 2. Beginning of differentiation that would later lead to other IE branches 3. Development of new social identities tied to language and material culture 4. Establishment of language boundaries that would persist into historical times Long-Distance Networks and Exchange The period saw the development of extensive exchange networks, evidenced by: 1. Distribution of similar metalwork across large areas 2. Movement of exotic materials (amber, copper, gold) 3. Sharing of technological innovations 4. Common symbolic systems across diverse regions Settlement Patterns and Economy Changes in settlement patterns and economic strategies included: * More permanent settlements in some regions * Development of specialized production sites * Integration of farming and pastoral economies * Evidence for craft specialization The end of this period (around 2400 BCE) saw the stage set for another major transformation that would lead to the full development of the Bell Beaker phenomenon and eventually the emergence of the Early Bronze Age. The social and genetic changes of this period created the foundation for subsequent developments that would shape the linguistic and cultural landscape of Bronze Age Europe. This period represents a crucial transition between the initial establishment of IE-speaking populations in Central Europe and the subsequent developments that would lead to the differentiation of various IE branches. The evidence suggests a complex process of social transformation, involving both population movements and internal social changes, that would ultimately shape the cultural and linguistic landscape of Europe. Period 4: The Full Bell Beaker Phenomenon (2400-2200 BCE) The mature Bell Beaker (BB) phenomenon represents one of the most significant cultural transformations in European prehistory, marked by dramatic changes in genetic composition, material culture, and social organization. This period saw the emergence of what would likely become the Proto-Italo-Celtic and Proto-Germanic speaking communities. Complete Genetic Transformation By 2400 BCE, the Bell Beaker culture underwent a dramatic genetic transformation. Archaeological and genetic evidence from Bohemia shows: 1. Y-Chromosome Revolution: * Complete replacement of previous Y-chromosome diversity * Dominance of R1b-P312 lineage * Different subclades in different regions (R1b-L2/S116 in Bohemia versus R1b-L21 in England) * Virtual disappearance of previous CWC-associated lineages 1. Autosomal DNA Changes: * Significant increase in Neolithic farmer-like ancestry * Maintenance of steppe-related components but in different proportions * Regional genetic differentiation * Evidence for structured mating patterns The genetic data indicates that Bohemian BB males cannot be direct descendants of English BB males or vice versa, suggesting parallel diversification of R1b-P312 lineages. This points to an origin somewhere between Bohemia and England, possibly in the Rhine region, followed by expansion northwest and east. Social Organization and Material Culture The mature BB period shows distinctive social organization patterns: 1. Burial Practices: * Strict gender differentiation but with new rules * Males typically on left side oriented north * Females on right side oriented south * Standardized grave goods including distinctive weapons and ornaments * Regional variations in burial customs 1. Material Culture: * Standardized bell-shaped beakers * New metallurgical traditions * Distinctive weapon sets (daggers, wrist-guards) * Novel personal ornaments * Regional ceramic styles within overall BB tradition Settlement Patterns and Economy This period saw significant changes in settlement organization: 1. Return of Visible Settlements: * Small, family-based settlements * Evidence for seasonal occupation in some areas * More permanent settlements in others * Integration of farming and specialized craft production 1. Economic Organization: * Evidence for specialized metalworking * Long-distance exchange networks * Integration of farming and pastoralism * Development of new agricultural practices Regional Variations and Interactions The BB phenomenon shows significant regional variation while maintaining core characteristics: 1. Northern Zone: * More settlements * Fewer burials * Distinctive ceramic styles * Evidence for continued interaction with late CWC groups 1. Southern Zone: * More emphasis on burial ritual * Different ceramic traditions * Strong metallurgical traditions * Evidence for social hierarchies Language and Identity The mature BB period likely represents the emergence of Proto-Italo-Celtic and Proto-Germanic speaking communities. This is supported by: 1. Distribution Patterns: * BB presence in areas later associated with these language groups * Evidence for structured social interactions * Development of regional identities within BB tradition * Patterns of material culture distribution 1. Social Organization: * Evidence for hierarchical society * Emphasis on warrior identity * Gender-based social roles * Complex kinship systems Long-Distance Networks and Exchange The BB phenomenon was characterized by extensive networks: 1. Material Exchange: * Movement of raw materials (copper, gold, amber) * Exchange of finished products * Technology transfer * Shared symbolic systems 1. Social Networks: * Evidence for marriage alliances * Movement of craftspeople * Exchange of technological knowledge * Transmission of social practices Technological Innovations The period saw significant technological developments: 1. Metallurgy: * New copper working techniques * Introduction of tin bronze * Standardized production methods * Regional metallurgical traditions 1. Craft Production: * Specialized pottery production * New textile technologies * Advanced stone working * Sophisticated bone and antler working Impact on European Society The BB phenomenon had lasting effects on European society: 1. Social Structure: * Development of hereditary elites * Establishment of warrior ideology * New gender roles * Complex kinship systems 1. Cultural Practices: * New burial traditions * Modified ritual practices * Changed settlement patterns * Novel economic strategies The mature BB period represents a crucial phase in European prehistory, setting the stage for the emergence of Bronze Age societies and the differentiation of major Indo-European language branches. The evidence suggests a complex process of social transformation that combined population movement, technological innovation, and social change to create new forms of society that would shape the subsequent development of European cultures. Period 5: Únětice Culture and Further Developments (2200-1800 BCE) The transition to the Early Bronze Age (EBA), marked by the emergence of the Únětice culture, represents another major transformation in Central European societies. This period witnessed significant population turnover, new social organizations, and the crystallization of distinct Indo-European language branches, particularly affecting the development of Balto-Slavic languages. Major Genetic Transformation The emergence of the Únětice culture was accompanied by substantial genetic changes: 1. Population Turnover: * Minimum 40% replacement of the overall genetic pool * Over 80% replacement of Y-chromosome lineages * Dramatic decrease of Bell Beaker R1b-P312 from 100% to 20% in preclassical Únětice * Introduction of new lineages, particularly R1a-Z645 from the Baltic region 1. Source Population Evidence: * Strong genetic signals from northeastern Europe * Latvia Bronze Age-like ancestry improving all model fits * Direct evidence from outliers resembling Baltic populations * Complex patterns of population mixing and replacement The genetic transformation occurred in multiple phases: Early Phase (Pre-Classical Únětice): * Initial 63.5% contribution from an early BB lineage * 36.5% from late BB populations * Additional Latvia_BA-related ancestry * Introduction of R1b-U106 and I2 lineages Later Phase (Classical Únětice): * Further genetic shifts * Increased local Eneolithic-like ancestry * Maintenance of Y-chromosome diversity * Evidence for continued population movement Social and Cultural Transformations The Únětice period saw significant changes in social organization: 1. Burial Practices: * Breakdown of strict gender differentiation * New forms of social hierarchy expression * Modified ritual practices * Integration of different burial traditions 1. Settlement Organization: * Development of fortified settlements * New patterns of social hierarchy * Evidence for specialized production * Complex settlement hierarchies 1. Material Culture: * Sophisticated metallurgical traditions * Standardized bronze production * New ceramic styles * Complex symbolic systems The Amber Road and Northern Connections The Únětice culture developed important connections with the Baltic region: 1. Trade Networks: * Establishment of the Amber Road * Regular exchange with Baltic populations * Movement of metal and other materials * Technology transfer 1. Cultural Connections: * Shared symbolic systems * Similar social practices * Evidence for regular communication * Exchange of technological knowledge Language Development and Distribution This period likely saw the crystallization of distinct Indo-European branches: 1. Balto-Slavic Development: * Formation in northeastern Europe * Maintenance of archaic features * Development of distinctive innovations * Geographic isolation leading to unique characteristics 1. Germanic Consolidation: * Development in northern Central Europe * Integration of different linguistic influences * Formation of distinctive features * Establishment of core territory 1. Italo-Celtic Evolution: * Consolidation in western Central Europe * Development of shared innovations * Beginning of dialectal differentiation * Formation of distinct social identities Economic and Technological Developments The period saw major advances in: 1. Metallurgy: * Standardized bronze production * New casting techniques * Complex alloy recipes * Specialized workshops 1. Craft Production: * Professional craftspeople * Standardized production methods * New textile technologies * Advanced pottery production 1. Economic Organization: * Complex exchange networks * Specialized production centers * Integration of different economic strategies * Development of wealth accumulation Social Complexity and Hierarchy The Únětice period showed increasing social complexity: 1. Social Organization: * Hereditary leadership positions * Complex kinship systems * Professional specialization * Hierarchical settlement patterns 1. Wealth Distribution: * Evidence for social inequality * Differential access to resources * Complex patterns of wealth display * Inherited status positions Long-Term Impact The transformations of this period had lasting effects: 1. Social Structure: * Establishment of Bronze Age social organization * Development of complex hierarchies * New forms of social identity * Modified gender roles 1. Cultural Patterns: * New ritual practices * Changed settlement patterns * Modified economic strategies * Novel forms of social organization 1. Linguistic Geography: * Establishment of language boundaries * Development of dialect areas * Formation of speech communities * Creation of lasting linguistic patterns The Únětice period represents the culmination of the transformations that began with the Corded Ware culture, resulting in the establishment of distinctive Bronze Age societies and the crystallization of major Indo-European language branches. The evidence suggests a complex process of social transformation that combined population movement, technological innovation, and social change to create new forms of society that would shape the subsequent development of European cultures. This period effectively marks the end of the major transformations that characterized the third millennium BCE, establishing patterns of social organization, material culture, and linguistic distribution that would persist, with modifications, into later prehistoric and historic periods. The complex interplay of population movement, technological innovation, and social change created the foundation for the subsequent development of European societies.
u/solamb
post
u/solamb
2024-11-21
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MVSD-547
u/sonnyboy1991
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u/sonnyboy1991
2024-11-21
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u/specialist_ad4792
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u/Specialist_Ad4792
2024-11-21
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u/specialist_ad4792
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u/Specialist_Ad4792
2024-11-21
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u/specialist_form6349
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u/Specialist_Form6349
2024-11-21
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☆ OQ VEM NA CONTA ? ☆ Ela é acompanhada com: • avatar completo • credits adicionais se quiser dar melhorias no seu avatar • Perfil Completo (bio,nome e user no tema e estilo da conta) ☆ PREÇO FIXO 15,00 REAIS ☆ Quem quiser me chame no zangi :10-6703-6771
u/sral1lith_
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u/sral1lith_
2024-11-21
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u/stopbroad1548
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u/StopBroad1548
2024-11-21
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My Antonio is a reality TV show that aired on VH1 in 2009. Was wondering if anyone has this show or knows where to watch for free? I can only find it on Amazon but unfortunately it says unavailable.
u/straight-dust1796
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u/Straight-Dust1796
2024-11-21
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u/stunning_planet_420
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u/Stunning_Planet_420
2024-11-21
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I
u/sub_pup6
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u/sub_pup6
2024-11-21
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u/sufficient_phrase717
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u/Sufficient_Phrase717
2024-11-21
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[deleted]
u/sustony
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u/sustony
2024-11-21
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The book The Rain in España by Gwy Saludes, tells the story of Luna and Kalix with many details about their feelings and thoughts. It explains their problems and love story in a way that helps readers understand them well. The book describes places, events, and emotions clearly, so readers can picture everything in their minds. It also gives more time to show the characters’ lives and their stories. Readers can connect with the characters because the storytelling is slow and detailed. This makes the book special and personal for each person who reads it. The movie version of The Rain in España tells the story using actors, pictures, and music. It shows the scenes, like the romantic moments and the university, in a real way. The actors make it easy to feel the emotions of Luna and Kalix. But since movies are shorter, some parts of the story are cut or changed. The movie focuses only on the most important parts, so the story moves faster. Even with the changes, the movie still shows the love story and key moments clearly. The book lets readers imagine the characters and places however they want. In the movie, the actors and locations are chosen, so they may not look like what fans imagined. The movie also uses simple words and shorter lines to make it easier to follow. Some fans of the book may miss the extra details and descriptions. But the movie shows actions and feelings that are not in the book. This makes the characters feel more real to some viewers. The movie adds music and real places that the book cannot show. For example, España Boulevard and the university look amazing and help bring the story to life. The music also adds emotion to the scenes, like happiness or sadness. But some people like the book more because it lets them imagine everything in their own way. Both the book and the movie are good in their own styles. They share the same story but in different ways, making both fun to enjoy.
u/sweet_lettuce4418
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u/Sweet_Lettuce4418
2024-11-21
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u/sweetcrystalbaby
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u/Sweetcrystalbaby
2024-11-21
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Coming Soon
u/sweetmoonkitty
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u/sweetmoonkitty
2024-11-21
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So it's been a long time since l've posted on here. Im at a point now where people are really starting to gag over my transition. It feels so nice to get recognition for all the work l've put into blooming into the woman I am. Finally am getting to a point where l'm passing much more often and I feel more secure in that. Idk WHEN my body started getting so curvy though lol! I rarely where dresses but whenever I do I'm always shocked at how much more my body has developed. (BTW Skims Ultimate push up bra and the dresses are the TRUTH) like if you don't have one go out and get one ladies!!! • you see the proof^ lol. My doctor literally asked if I had an augmentation between our last appointments lol. It's so crazy though, because I was in between insurance providers recently so l haven't taken any hormones in 3 weeks. Yet I'm still givinggggg lol. I really do wanna gain about 10-15 pounds over winter though. Since I've learned how to properly weight cycle. Gaining (NEW) fat cells and then loosing weight but the fat still remains in this places. Since new fat cells stick around for 10 years it helps to do about 5 rounds of weight cycling to make the body curvier. And that's exactly what I did (2 rounds of proper weight cycling so far) I wanna do 1 more round and then just let those pounds stick basically. So hopefully in my next update my boobs are bigger, ass is fatter, and hips poke more lol. See yall soon :p
u/sycamorrr
post
u/sycamorrr
2024-11-21
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Karachi has that raw essence in its streets, which is beautiful when captured this way
u/taishi_01
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u/Taishi_01
2024-11-21
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Hi, I go by just S on here, keep things short, unlike me. I'm 19 years old, 6'3", about 200lbs give or take, white, blonde haired, and blue eyes. I enjoy playing video games, watching anime and reading manga, as well as just chatting and hanging out with people and I do my best to make sure everyone has a good time when I'm there. I dabble in smoking weed too for good measure, but I don't really like getting drunk. If you have any more questions about me, I'll be happy to answer(unless I'm uncomfortable doing so).
u/tallblondeblueeyed
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u/tallblondeblueeyed
2024-11-21
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Join me on facebook at Zodiac Killer & Me Or visit www.zodiackillerbomb.com
u/tappatakedown
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u/tappatakedown
2024-11-21
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Anyone else have hsv prodrome symptoms that last a few weeks no outbreaks? I’ve had hsv since 2017 3 outbreaks in this time but suddenly I have this nerve pain that’s lasting about a month. Super strange for me it feels like sciatica from what I have read pain going down my whole left leg. Does herpes change how it appears or affects you as time goes on? I just want this constant hsv reminder to fuck off. Will it stop?
u/technical-swim-2661
post
u/Technical-Swim-2661
2024-11-21
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Anyone else have hsv prodrome symptoms that last a few weeks no outbreaks? I’ve had hsv since 2017 3 outbreaks in this time but suddenly I have this nerve pain that’s lasting about a month. Super strange for me it feels like sciatica from what I have read pain going down my whole left leg. Does herpes change how it appears or affects you as time goes on? I just want this constant hsv reminder to fuck off. Will it stop?
u/technical-swim-2661
post
u/Technical-Swim-2661
2024-11-21
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[https://www.pornhub.com/view\_video.php?viewkey=ph62ecfcc2863fe](https://www.pornhub.com/view_video.php?viewkey=ph62ecfcc2863fe)
u/teleden1
post
u/teleden1
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViVXdUcGRHa09BaXREeTNPZ19fZzlFSFpyMzE5N2Zvc2pMRTRxemRHT1N2UHdnWER0OXR3ckptSEp4WTlGZjVXZzJQMmdKRTVSalItdXpFSDdrdjAxWU9pU3FNNnVfMW5tTjdRb2hRbzNOT2J2VTZwMVh0VVpyRjhsUU1sSHNUM1hZRHFHaDNCdmo2dmp0TVJubW94MjNieHQ4Nnc0X0dEWkZUdXhULVRlN3FFPQ==
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[deleted]
u/terrible_detail_8122
post
u/Terrible_Detail_8122
2024-11-21
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[deleted]
u/thatgirl_ocean
post
u/ThatGirl_Ocean
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViMlRPbURzcXh5aFBldkhzYzZiMk9CYmN6QWZwM0pUMDZweGdUQlVsc0JYUko4VmxWUTBvNlNJSGZ0Vk04ZE9lLUJ6Rk9aMTZtWVRyUnB5Z21vdlhaRFhGbGFpWVphR2xSTzdrMzVxSW1raEVNYWNqS1pGekFTaGpKQXZhZFh5bW5vVDlYMW1SWHcyelczTGJJeG02QzJEellldlZUTlhOME1jRERpU1dmOXpFPQ==
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In today’s competitive digital world, your website isn’t just a place to find information—it’s your brand’s first impression, your 24/7 storefront, and the foundation for your online success. Let us help you stand out with expert web development services tailored to your unique goals! about our services- [https://doodrops.com/wr5](https://doodrops.com/wr5)
u/the1_editor
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u/the1_editor
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViaFZ2YzQ3b0ppS1hLRFQxcTVWNDJNYVNDRlFQNGxXMXpiNkdVMlVaQ2lkODc1aHR2OHpmX3hWT2VjUnpMMWNpdFhadXZuVjZQaVlTM2JqQWFFeFM0WE9RLVV5ei14alIyQUZmdS1VaVhJaloxZFhDeUJPWnNYdFdQVnVjRF9XTV9QZVJiTlotd3d3N052RFlNM1ZIam95V0F6cHhUNkJ6ZG5QQXZraWtFay1DeFVZRGxUNUxWNkZhYVJQQTQyU2hzcXAwSXg0UlloNWpIVXp5dU5SQXAzQT09
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The last picture wasn't me she's sitting on. 😉
u/thedragonmasterz12
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u/TheDragonMasterz12
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVicERHMEo3WWtPNFlMWVVoakxaZk9zTlVIM0lMUktnZXJZWHhpcng5YWowUWpXQjlMZzhWUFJSUk0yQV83cWdMdVlxQW9Xd3I4cl95cnlIam1FV3FMOW1INC1oOGs2UUVSRExNcWFid3JqYzM2V0xnbTN6akJiUGdGa0loWGoxc2doSklJc3p0Qlp1REl1UDlIdmQ3ejdmeW93RjVEUUl3ejR0RGVsTE90NkxwaFNpbjlDZVEybV9YaGlYUlFpeVc4a0hWU0hFcHM3LUgtOW9aMXJMSThRZz09
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Lucario and Whismur finish page 2!
u/thehammerinperil
post
u/thehammerinperil
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVic0dpT1RUOGhLcllWSVBiSUFSVEFjRjlYN2ZBdXFHcEV2LUI0NkdyWURFcUJ2cTh4MU9MczhPMTduaTc4a2hLZ3BqVWZVNngzeXM5SmtpRTlQNFJqM0lZWVE4SjVlMDFpcWcyM3hmbkdHU3Z0YzdWYUFYOUJVekU4SUFNWE9GS2ptSU5RbzFLdXZBVzM5VmRrZWVfRFZ2RTNwUFgyajY1VFlHd2lDQ3B6NDRuQWZ1VlpJYXlIYlNtVTBkWjFXNFlu
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0 Monroe St, Helena, AR 72342 Nice spacious lot on Monroe Street in Helena. Perfect for your new home or hold an excellent future investment! Debit/Credit Cards Accepted No Closing Costs Cash Price: $1,250 Finance with $200 Down and 12 Payments of $115 Per Month Property Address: 0 Monroe St, Helena, AR 72342 (Map location is approximate) County: Phillips Assessor Parcel Number: 704-01875-000 Legal Description: Lot 1, Block 78, Coolidge and Casteel Addition Zoning: Residential Annual Property Taxes: $18.00 View our amazing property deals at TheLotStore.Com. Additional Information: https://thelotstore.com/property/0-monroe-st-helena-ar-72342/?feed_id=37225
u/thelotstore
post
u/TheLotStore
2024-11-21
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How to Find and Buy Affordable Land for Your Dream Home Finding and purchasing inexpensive property for your dream home is a thrilling and fulfilling pursuit. Whether you're aiming to construct a dwelling for your family, retirement, or investment intentions, there are various considerations to ponder ensuring you secure the finest deal and locality attainable.In this extensive guide, we will explore everything you require to comprehend about locating and purchasing economical property for your dream home, including the significance of locality, the measures to undertake before procuring property, and suggestions for bargaining the prime cost.Significance of LocalityThe position of your property is one of the most crucial aspects to ponder when on the lookout for economical property for your dream home. The locality will influence the accessibility of amenities, the caliber of schools, the vicinity to work and amusement, and the value of your estate in the future.When contemplating the position of your property, contemplate the subsequent aspects: - Vicinity to indispensable amenities such as grocery stores, schools, and healthcare facilities - Accessibility to major roads and highways for commuting - The quality of the neighborhood and its potential for future development - The natural surroundings, incorporating views, wildlife, and climateIt's vital to prioritize these aspects based on your individual inclinations and requisites. For instance, if you have offspring, you may prioritize access to high-quality schools and parks. If you're retiring, you may prioritize peace and tranquility and picturesque outlooks.Measures to Undertake Before Procuring PropertyBefore commencing the quest for property, there are several measures you should undertake to ensure you're equipped to formulate an educated resolution. These measures comprise:1. Assessing Your Financial Situation – Before scouring for property, it's critical to possess a lucid comprehension of your budget and financial capabilities. Mull over aspects such as the price of property, construction expenditures, and potential outlays for infrastructure, utilities, and permits.2. Researching Zoning and Regulations – Familiarize yourself with local zoning laws and land use limitations in the areas where you're contemplating procuring property. Particular zoning laws may restrict the type of structures you can construct on the property, which can impact its value and potential utilization.3. Understanding Utilities and Infrastructure – Investigate the availability of utilities such as water, electricity, gas, and sewage in the areas where you're contemplating procuring property. If utilities are not effortlessly accessible, it may considerably escalate the cost of developing the property.4. Seeking Advice from Professionals – It's advantageous to seek advice from real estate agents, land surveyors, and attorneys who specialize in property transactions. These professionals can furnish valuable insights and guidance to aid you in making educated resolutions throughout the procurement process.Suggestions for Locating Economical PropertyWhen it comes to locating economical property for your dream home, there are numerous strategies you can employ to secure the finest deal attainable. These tips encompass:1. Exploring Multiple Listing Services (MLS) – MLS listings are an invaluable resource for unearthing available property in your desired locality. Real estate agents and online platforms provide access to MLS listings, enabling you to rummage for property predicated on specific criteria such as locality, price, and size.2. Networking with Local Property Owners – Establishing relationships with local property owners and residents in the areas where you're considering procuring property can provide valuable insights and potential prospects. Networking can aid you in discovering off-market opportunities and connecting with sellers who may be amenable to negotiating favorable terms.3. Pondering Foreclosed Properties – Foreclosed properties, including property, can frequently be acquired at a substantial discount. Keep an eye on foreclosure listings and public auctions, where you may encounter opportunities to obtain property below market value.4. Researching Rural Areas – Property in rural areas is typically more economical than property in urban or suburban areas. Mull over broadening your search to rural locales where you may discover larger plots of property at lower prices, albeit with potentially fewer amenities and services in proximity.Bargaining the Finest CostWhen you stumble upon a parcel of property that aligns with your prerequisites and budget, it's crucial to bargain effectively to secure the finest cost. Here are some tips for bargaining the best cost when procuring property:1. Conducting Market Research – Investigate recent sales of comparable property in the area to acquire insight into fair market value. Understanding the local market will equip you with leverage and confidence during negotiations.2. Highlighting Your Credentials – If you're a sincere buyer with a robust financial position, accentuate your qualifications to the seller. Presenting a pre-approval letter from a lender or proof of funds can heighten your credibility and fortify your negotiating stance.3. Understanding the Seller's Motivation – Understanding the seller's motivation for relinquishing the property can provide you with valuable insight into their willingness to negotiate. If the seller is keen to expedite the transaction, you may be able to negotiate a lower cost or favorable terms.4. Engaging a Proficient Real Estate Agent – A proficient real estate agent can be an invaluable asset during the negotiation process. Agents have experience negotiating real estate transactions and can address intricate negotiations on your behalf.Finalizing the ProcurementOnce you've successfully negotiated the procurement of economical property for your dream home, there are several final measures to undertake to formalize the purchase:1. Conducting Due Diligence – Before finalizing the purchase, conduct thorough due diligence to ensure the property meets your prerequisites and expectations. This may encompass property surveys, environmental assessments, and zoning verifications.2. Obtaining Clear Title – It's crucial to ascertain the property has a clear title and is exempt from any liens or encumbrances. A title search and title insurance can provide protection against potential title blemishes that may arise in the future.3. Securing Financing – If you necessitate financing to procure the property, collaborate with a lender to secure a loan that caters to your requisites. Be prepared to furnish necessary documentation to expedite the loan approval process.4. Completing the Purchase Agreement – Once all due diligence and financing prerequisites are met, formalize the purchase by executing the purchase agreement and transferring funds to the seller.In conclusion, locating and procuring economical property for your dream home is a fulfilling and attainable ambition with the right approach and preparation. By comprehending the significance of locality, undertaking necessary measures before procuring property, exploring diverse strategies for locating economical property, and bargaining effectively, you can secure the ideal parcel of property for your future dwelling. With meticulous contemplation and comprehensive due diligence, you can transform your aspiration of owning a parcel of property into a reality. View our amazing property deals at TheLotStore.Com. Additional Information: https://thelotstore.com/how-to-find-and-buy-affordable-land-for-your-dream-home/?feed_id=37231
u/thelotstore
post
u/TheLotStore
2024-11-21
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Got rear ended a day ago driving to my girlfriends house (a literal 3 minute drive). Was waiting for the light to turn green and some guy rams into the back of my bike sending me flying into the intersection. Got up, took a picture of his license plate and he then fled the scene. Luckily enough I am in one piece. Bike is most likely not totaled if the frame wasn’t damaged but so far we have a bent rim, broken taillight and swing arm, scraped exhaust, handle bar and rear view mirror. Bike seems to turn on and no warnings are on the dashboard. Very unfortunate considering i’ve only been riding for 3 months now; however, i’m just glad I made it out without major injuries
u/then-effective-7999
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u/Then-Effective-7999
2024-11-21
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[deleted]
u/thereal_eboniitxxx
post
u/TheReal_eboniitxxx
2024-11-21
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Looking for honest feedback, reviews, reactions to my Marvel fanfic. It's not on the right site according to many but its absolutely free to the public. Its something I'm doing for me but was encouraged to share to the world. There are many guidelines and restrictions but end of the day, I just wanted to sandbox my own Marvel Universe and it became a huge thing. Yes the AI generated posters are there to enhance the feel of this project and are a major part of this production so I won't discontinue that part. I understand my limitations and hiw frowned upon things are but millions of people just want to tell a story and I'm one of them. It's on Patreon but nothing will ever be for sale, I just like the layout as it pertains to my content. I'll move to a different platform eventually but for now this is home base https://www.patreon.com/mceu Thank you and I hope you enjoy. #marvel #fanfic #fanfiction #nonprofit #mcu #spiderman #avengers #xmen #ironman #comics #readers #reactors
u/therealmceu
post
u/TheRealMCEU
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViTlhaZTJyck9pUEpibDZyMFMyVzZIcEdCTW9FbDhtNDB3RzFmSDQ4ZHFITWRXbldud0tKUWt3anNmS01hTUREOHQ2TlgyWTh2QkowelF6em5hdWxHV3VEX2VuUnpxUmVfVU5SekxEX0JYRHRIV3ZWWnRzN3FNSjNvS19fR01YbVM4cDFhTFRUdUFHci1PczB4V1Y0RzgzUU53YzlVdjhCalFlQVlvWmpSam9FPQ==
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[PainKiller Horror](https://thefirstwizardgod.wixsite.com/painkiller-horror) Listen, I tried
u/therealmrimpossible
post
u/TheRealMrImpossible
2024-11-21
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[deleted]
u/thickkittyyyy
post
u/Thickkittyyyy
2024-11-21
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[deleted]
u/throwaway_acc_11
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u/throwaway_acc_11
2024-11-21
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53,289
enjoy 🥰
u/throwttokki
post
u/throwttokki
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZdHRUMkhPQTlLMTZlUWJYMHhaZjhoMTFOTTY0ZXBNWGxVUFRMcEFVNGxSckswT0ZuWlFhQ29ya2JRbzU3X29UczFTMFEyOFNhSktfamdKZVVoVng4NUE9PQ==
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53,291
[deleted]
u/timdamn
post
u/Timdamn
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZX0hyUGlMTnR4bGttVXV5aTV4NU16LXQ4QUN3LUNESV9wVzJvZDNnWmw4Rl9sNkcwZGpWaW9IWF91TzE2QVEtaFJJY3J2ZXpVOEQwckgwMklPMGVkN2c9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViRC1lUjZXSmNNUVpndVU1ZVkybzNpbkp2eG1TeVlIRV9hVnFSOThRSzdjTVlFTktlTHA1V3JSenV1WDI0ZEl3TlhqbFVDSFBQYlRlY2h5Ylh4ZG9wVVJjd1FaRFZJQUN5Y1h6NmJCUEhjRVRHQjdxWmhBeHVnRHVCY2RuZl9PUmYxRGFmQUZsaE9KQ3VUelZ5X19NTmkxa1RsSWl4dG9WUVNlYlUyTDJVQk1EdU1fajdBUVplcWhyOTlveFVBVHZ6djFKclRpNzlvUGhkd0wwQ2Y0VU9TQT09
53,293
[deleted]
u/toeknee81
post
u/toeknee81
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZeEVoYXZLeWQtN19Qbk5OdjBuOTFSeEhtS1VFb2VPc1ZJbEZ5dlNTSmdNTFZWV0tpd1k1N3ZqMFlWRmMyM3V0Qkh1TnlDb00xX25jWFdkRWpqNDBmdGc9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViX3N3eXZVYkNvUWg4QkFlUXZ3cnBRbENHeWMtc1ZyRFJpZDRzOW12QUkyMXZWLTNRTGpNU3Z2ZU9qRlNJUF9qUHBfb3hLNzhfMmRORWZTZFk2TDhUX1dhYlV2QktXVWxXWlBQelNPemdKemhUQ21MU2xMTWl5N1Z4X3NGTW84ajU2Snpkc09RU2pKdFU3TzNyRFZCbUlCQnBET0E1VjBQUC1SUEdmRWwzUG1zPQ==
53,304
I'm going to graduate this year and want to enter into architecture but I'm not good in school. I have a 2.7 Gpa and a 1000 stat. I'm wondering if I should take trade school or try to find a community college that has architecture which not many colleges do and then transfer to the college I want to go. It all seems overwhelming and really need advice. Thank you.
u/traditional_tea7312
post
u/Traditional_Tea7312
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZVm1JSFktSmoyZEItM0hsb3h2dFRFc1RSaURaV2k2aHdqU2lzbjhNNzlsQnhYaWRrSHVMWlMwNUJRSXp6Y3ZzZWN0dUhVUlluZTdXUk5JZ1M2RGhVMmp5TTJUVTZtcDlZSEZIbGNUV1c2OFE9
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViSTg1NzBFU1I1VXVCVGRDVXBZZjB0R0pKZW96VVFUaXNNMENvcmlTa2lQTm92d2pvazNvZWRrNjNZSVA3S1BZVjExUkIxeVBMeVlkdFpyeXVIempKSzlFQXFNa09mLW51UGRBQkNnd1ZESVotU1o0c1NLd29VREFkVi1RMGZRcDJQemtJVzJXQTVVUFcyYU5CV0w0Q1lBSnlsVExTWEdhazFiWmpxVVY0M01JPQ==
53,315
Basic operations: polar form Addition (and subtraction): Tel +re=... compleated. qe" Multiplication (multiply radii, add angles): (gere)=(ar)e(+6) Division (divide radii, subtract angles): amber: 5/1: La hoix
u/trapblackmetal
post
u/TRAPBLACKMETAL
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZV0pqWmVwLVF2SVYyaUozY3NsVzMtbjRGOTRkVVdQLXdCNHo2Wi1HcnZOLWQ3SVBmUllINTFtcEtJSmR2Wk1GTWFuLXM3emRKNG9LdmZNVncyN1Jmdmc9PQ==
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53,323
State of the universe, c. 1900 4 "Given for one instant an intelligence which could comprehend all the forces by which nature is animated and the respective positions of the beings which compose it... nothing would be uncertain, and the future as the past would be present to its eyes." - Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (c. 1820) ► "The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered... our future discoveries must be looked for in the sixth place of decimals." - - Albert Michelson (c. 1903) The need for quantum mechanics: 2/10
u/trapblackmetal
post
u/TRAPBLACKMETAL
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZQ3RicURLYlZqamxSRlI4ZTZTTDhRb1pmTFV1c1g0cDFFcDV2bG9aR3dYNUgwUnNNcjJwTEgwSHNGMGhRX3VyTzFvOTNfcWg0LTZOWl9NTFRBeHZQcnc9PQ==
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53,324
[https://opinionest.net/texas-to-trump-heres-1400-acres-to-build-migrant-detention-centers/](https://opinionest.net/texas-to-trump-heres-1400-acres-to-build-migrant-detention-centers/)
u/travoptimism98
post
u/travoptimism98
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZR3RBVG5Qd0doZmtjX2p4VjdFSzI5T2NYR0EtX1dXWGliaHNkTGo2X0VjTHN1Sk1WdnByV1lpSlhtcXJnSmZQdlJVckwwbVJsaUotbzdSYUh1Z0NhYlE9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViV1lMTUJjUEZVdllFcjdjaVdjcXotQldROXhIWEVUTkFUMncxM05DUVRCdHZnQ0NNNzI2RFREMjZtMjNGc0RMTUphamItd19xWXo4TkJrUHJRdDRtaFNiNWtMUnZsQk96WE5kY2RnRHJRZkN0eHBDX2tJb09YREM0Zmo2MjRTYlhxblE0MjBMUzVhLWYtWm4zSEYweFZNaktWRkZ2SGRQR1pwYWx0eVdIemhjckxUak1GZzZkNDhhVzBwWWhLZzhmZG15bzAybkpHSFMxRHJVdlRCZk1zdz09
53,325
[https://opinionest.net/ukraine-unleashes-uks-deadly-storm-shadow-missiles-on-russia-for-the-first-time/](https://opinionest.net/ukraine-unleashes-uks-deadly-storm-shadow-missiles-on-russia-for-the-first-time/)
u/travoptimism98
post
u/travoptimism98
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZeFowUnNjR0ZpQ0tGaEo1SXFhbE1NYTNCUWRFUTNRV01rVUdqbUZEMGVabTRIY21hRmJHbU4xRnJOcGRYV0pVemp1UC1UYW9DYTFTTDBCeEkxcE4tLWc9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViZ2RENkd2Qkl2Wml1dWdVTlNJYkdSR19JTVpUa1QtdVdlbmhxTHdkcGN6VjdyOFFlMDRqTEk0akItY1p3RThHV1BzdHkwS1lCbVFhc2N3WFdrUEFJaFlSd3J0MDNNczJaRFBMdkZKUlNDeTZsdDBjOHNJUlQ3Z2tBYWdOMFU4THlFTzNJTGdfeGt4ekh0eUVvVG9aU3V2ZUYzMlgzNFBfUE94WVpLUzZCNTd1RWhEZFVhY3REX1BHeEVDUHJDa2pFNmVOZThCdTVRd19FaFowZjBubFNkZz09
53,326
[https://opinionest.net/russia-and-u-s-clash-in-ukraine-whats-at-stake-before-trumps-return-to-power/](https://opinionest.net/russia-and-u-s-clash-in-ukraine-whats-at-stake-before-trumps-return-to-power/)
u/travoptimism98
post
u/travoptimism98
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVieDZ5Mkd1OE5KTkFMdDBaTE1vNHh6N3VSa3JwN0Q1YlBvX2x0YV9KM1hkbnV0ZnJMUnpWb0VjbzdCRnNpSnhUOF9jVXdieDloTHdUd3YtMHprbVBIcUx6dV9hSmRQdkQzWHZXNkFQV2xUYldqZ1A0VlRDYlZFQUs2XzRjbG1nWnJKeTduTk9qcmkxMFdBVkZuZ1lIalQ4R1dVd2NwLVRESjNPX21XNlVTdGJYRTRUMmVmcTFIRXJyUkgxNktuZENGVGJkdlprMHZWRjBQUTdxcUxGdlNLZz09
53,327
Which long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it more than for hid treasures;Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave
u/true_education2476
post
u/True_Education2476
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZZE9Tc1VuR09EUEczQ3BqZlRaQkZvcURkNnRfX1lVZ1ZoZHc0SHp2THlTN19aSHZhRjZDVkpIeG1VYzc1bVJ4TzlGcHJHQm9CS3ZCQnhqX2RjNGxvbWc0elVFTW9GQTBORDhmMFhDRHI5VHM9
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVialpBUUVZSG1vSG9rN0RELUhYb1RTcTRPNVgwRE04QU9hRG9OX0k1Vm80NU1iU3dtaHU5NHV2amp6akc1UWJ4VFlJeEJ3eU5sRjE0T25OS3ZnMVk3ZFVfZmpIQmdKRWtIc1RtbVFtaXVsU2ctSDBwa1FLckxYNG1fSUFvQ0xTZHRRMlBXOEdwQktnWWx3MzRYYmNVU3gxRTBSU2dXQjZrMjhTcGduN1l4bGloS0R3aFBjM2RBdjdhR3lLVGpWTUhVQi1VcmRjbGlPek5zZmlEbExVQVNudz09
53,333
[deleted]
u/tubularstars
post
u/TubularStars
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZdGpNczJvMTR1UmpKME41Q05hd3VUX0JaTnlrblhyMVpZVUFFR3JkOE9NcWU1Q3B5UlpwVTVlRDVnSXVmZ0FTSEpCVFVLUVJtNUk1dGQ1Ylp4YXZwUnc9PQ==
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53,335
Dam this sucks it's not a brand new account and I just started getting his message today claiming I'm not established and I'm not even sure what it means
u/tuperdedor
post
u/TuPerdedor
2024-11-21
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53,337
Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly?Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck
u/turbulent_finger_509
post
u/Turbulent_Finger_509
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZTVhlTUNpWGczTjMwYld6MjRqV1pOZi15eHp0TUVxYTZ4S05KS1JSNVJuanMtVnRHd1ZBTmVvUDBkYVZUSXl5bkhKazNDM3VSalZWTV9Dc2NyclhUczN2eEtRWXE5QXFRdVdiWGZSb2Mwd3c9
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVic0ZKbmRFVHA0enlwYk53TkgzeEtreW9OTklJaWRXbnZXMGl5MzFka2VrVGctYmRkdVlENF9RNEhfak1NMFZPZURZaTh4OTFnRnlZakZxeFhIdTVBNzJhY21GdnJYeFU4Q0wyRG5CRTByOWVWbGtDNFZpd3hEVFJfcE91dHZtelVBOThkY19IMmtnNjM0N0EyaUNzaGNmV3N4alo3ZW5VcmZ2elRSanp5NXdWSnAtdUdXUDlBV0JDQ0hWeUJvYkhtd0d0Sk1uY0dQQjJySGRyRmRaYVZvdz09
53,338
[deleted]
u/ugh-really_
post
u/Ugh-really_
2024-11-21
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53,346
[deleted]
u/understandingpure717
post
u/UnderstandingPure717
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZTzk5OGlRNDY5NWt6N3dYRXRiQloxZHhZUC1RNUF0dWxYU1dtZUdfWTdtUC1mYTlINk1YQXVLeEVtU3duVkRqZXNSQTFBcDc3dS1zRTM5NnVKRkNBS2c9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViV002VnJncEFQN3c1Nk9adXNJTW01bmU3WjYtQmJoUnM1Z2p4VXIzalFrUnVlZmVBV1FHSFdpVm9tSURyakhhWExBU0dRRFBONjZfb0ZoanJLOEw5ci1xSk84b1lucHR0c3QwWjVvTUY3V20za29PQUhVZ1djNlRaRE9Ra2JHYTNBUU5yZm93QVVGUWJSOGpTT3RPM2daelJQcVRrazBqc3Nta1h6Tkx4aGdWUnJpREdKNV81cWVPY1ZyUVlUbzRHRE52S29COU1LX1p2RnZ6eHhmeW9rOXhPQ0U1TWRlY0FZUFdURHBnZFBDOD0=
53,349
[deleted]
u/uniquehue
post
u/uniquehue
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZTERCdjNhYnI4UmlIQk1OanFYamxNSndqOGZENW00cVpKYXFLT2sxT1FyVGFKODNpMGw1SlRPMEtfOThHSTRvVVhwQmVRWWJCMFNoVF8tcndycWY2dUE9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViVDJwMDNkREROeXExOFVMMWFfTFoybm5hcHM1Y0szSE12bFVGUndZc0VDSFFPRkZ2akNqallVbG1OOFNfQlFER1MtSU8zRUpwOGIyOGs3YXV3TXlTdVZoVjNGSjltT1c0aEFlZFZPMTM3WFhiUEQyd0Fpcm43SzhXWUI3YmJkT1RrM240N3dFc1RZSDNwbjZtSk5LaVF4cjdFdlZuRWRoMWZfZE85eS1KV3dEQl9zUjRoVG16Vm9XXzNQU0VKalBf
53,350
Laplace expanded this idea to the entire universe – if some creature knew everything's position and motion at one moment, then the laws of physics would give it complete knowledge of the future. That creature is Laplace's demon. if that is a mere demon... what is god
u/unknowing_sight1188
post
u/Unknowing_Sight1188
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZZHhsT1V6TU5JaFNoUWRQT3dkSmFNMDJHN1FXcHFzaC10RGdPZkRMdE4yZmpoV3c0RjdWSklUZmhkRlI3Ul84YVNKVDlrRmRxYllBRVlsemNVUHl1c2xDYVV5dmtTOUFHMnVxbEFVSTRVbDg9
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVibWhOUjRyeDZXY2hsbmZQbThRUVBrenlLLUV6LU93NFlHSWFhdGtZRko3TTFGaDlSY29Ed3hpLU1tb2w1QTJjZElRV1FkbVFDZ0NEczRRNnZMOHVsSFVRMnZ3MFZpYXFyQzZiVXBRMW1VR0t3aklKSHMtUE9uYUN4Q0xOdkl0N0x6N2FSY0tIOEJXbnA1aEF5MDkybndLb29WMWlndWxzUVlxVmRMek9fRlZsM01yV05STERNbzdISmVNd2hmUmI4
53,354
[deleted]
u/unlikely-nose-2986
post
u/Unlikely-Nose-2986
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZMERrMUxEZV9RR0pwVXlrNHU4ZjVhNWtLT2JjWjN4TGxGb2lmRFVjT1NzMkFDcjhuazdKaWcyWXg2SGpleUlTLTgyMFRNYU9NaHl6NlVzTWRqdnlJMWc9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVia0JPXy12UEJ3WnhVSUxHcjBFSTcwVkFBRmk5ZFh4SDVTNTI1LVJILVMxTlN6VVdZTmloRHZldHhBbEY3a3dTcjRNSDNqeU1JQ0tkNmRDREQtTE5HLVQzZ3pjVEtrMWd1R3hBY3NOSWtIN18zWlhkaFNrcTFFRjdwM2hucmVIaEVOWTJ1M2pPbzBON3VlUlQ5MDY4OWRmcHk2NkFOYVVqa1RBUTloUldya2pTcEx5TXFFM1JmR1pvVHBEb2dhX1NHUUVFSHFLRGFuWVdoZFp4MWlUM1VVZz09
53,356
Hello, my Microsoft account, from which I played on Xbox and on which I bought Minecraft (this is already on a PC), was hacked, I wrote to Microsoft support, but they replied that they could not help me.. I don’t know what what should I do... I poured a lot of money and effort into this account, but I was hacked... I ask you to help if you know how to get my account back... thanks in advance...
u/upbeat-check7252
post
u/Upbeat-Check7252
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZZDIxUXhhcDl0MndCY2ZKSFcwODZEbG1fSkZ5UmtIWlg0SXBFakJvcE56c2R6ZXpqZ19paHVTTmRoenFoYzVMX2Q3RjFwWWhITG5JQlNjUzBLRnVEekgycEpOeWg2LTVzSV8yLTlnTVhoZ1U9
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViTzk3QlJXZ19BdGNETVZnNC1nVlN3VTYxZzVhb1ZXb0djaUtWa0ptUGp1aVFRRjVHWnQ4NHR5YWo3cmJhdThhaU5nS2l2djI2Q1pvVnZ5T1JuODU0eVVXZWxCMl9LRFFNOERxbWpHWmI3RS12SG9FVy1zbDhEWWxJLWE5NlJmLUZFbHFySEtoSHBMajZ1eFJ1Z0xoV2loOUpjNnNqZ045ZnphYjAzY0txR09md0FSZ1E1QXdJcTQya2pldkpqZHRD
53,357
[deleted]
u/upbeat_ad_5558
post
u/Upbeat_Ad_5558
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZMTdtSUF1c09yV2VuNHRRZXJaRFFvQVlLbmQ0NUJnX3V5TTdrQVlNSERSUXQzWVNLN0VZelh2YjVXNUlGMWt5RHNvdmRENWN0TG5OUmdaeVY0TkxzcUE9PQ==
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVidTR2OFppcElxcmxWemdUeFJWYVdkQkdWaTdzbFdUMGRDcTZ4ckFHRTJPWjM0NkM3UXVXTzZ0QmJDc3Z5TUtjdm1vNGNFNzVwTmNVZVBUYW5HMmFoa3VRZFJBTHVrSHNCU1BwZ2NmWHBLMjcxWk43b3ZhTXd4R3gyRDgtS1lDSU9KMF94YTZXWkhDVFg3ZUppaG80SzhyTUszcEd5ZWhiN3ZyS0pOc2RCSVRZPQ==
53,358
Hi! So my account is new & whilst I have an alt “normal-ish” account I know that new accounts on reddit are kind of seen as sus. lol. Anyway, I’m 26, 5’7, slim/average build girl. Super girly, very submissive, enjoy pushing the limits (with trusted individuals), love trying new things and LOVE a rush. I have a teeny tiny bit of experience as a sub and I want to dive into that more. Love sharing stories, on my alt account I share pretty tame stories about myself so it could be fun to share some sexy stories here! Okay, I’m I think that’s all for now. Talk soon 💋
u/urlittlesecret4ever
post
u/urlittlesecret4ever
2024-11-21
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53,360
Subscribe To My OnlyFans For Uncensored Content https://onlyfans.com/valspams 🥵 Dm to join my private telegram for 35 I promise I hold nothing back..enjoy my spicy content 💦💦💦
u/valspams00
post
u/ValSpams00
2024-11-21
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53,363
[deleted]
u/vaugverne
post
u/vaugverne
2024-11-21
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53,367
hy is light given to a man whose way is hid, and whom God hath hedged in?For my sighing cometh before I eat, and my roarings are poured out like the waters
u/vegetable_hawk_7955
post
u/Vegetable_Hawk_7955
2024-11-21
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53,368
Hello, I'm new here. Could someone help tell me which papers I need to upload in order to submit a FOIA request for an i140 copy? My Employer is not sharing the i140 approval copy, and not sharing the receipt number either.
u/veterinarianless9005
post
u/VeterinarianLess9005
2024-11-21
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53,371
♱La vita è migliore con gli amici e bocconi deliziosi.....✮ ⋆ ˚。𖦹 ⋆。°✩Life is better with friends and delicious bites.
u/via_jyke_carter
post
u/via_jyke_carter
2024-11-21
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53,373
[deleted]
u/vicsubmissivegirl
post
u/vicsubmissivegirl
2024-11-21
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53,375
Come and see all that I have to offer you in my OnlyFans: [https://onlyfans.com/sexydollsophia/c1](https://onlyfans.com/sexydollsophia/c1) xoxo 😚
u/violetbesexy
post
u/VioletBeSexy
2024-11-21
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53,378
https://onlyfans.com/cheekyviolette
u/violettekissbee
post
u/violettekissbee
2024-11-21
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53,379
To have a tame lovebird, choose a young single bird. Young birds have an amazing ability to learn tricks and be affectionate, whereas adults are very difficult to tame and generally won’t learn a lot of tricks or imitate behaviors. Hand-raised youngsters are easiest as they are already quite socialized and tame, but are not always available. Taming involves acceptance and trust between you and your bird. It means spending a lot of time with your bird daily. Start with talking softly and making slow movements. Once your bird is comfortable with you, then you can begin hand taming. Use a dowel and push it gently against the bird’s chest while offering a treat to coax it up onto the dowel. This may take many tries. Once it is comfortable with stepping up onto a dowel, substitute your finger for the dowel. Lovebirds are not considered one of the best talkers, and only some may learn a few words.
u/waqas1263
post
u/waqas1263
2024-11-21
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53,384
Yesterday I was scrolling on Pinterest and i tumbled down on a quote that said something along the line about how you should live life to fullest and shouldn't be afraid of breaking down in public spaces. For the longest time i only had one goal, it was not to cry in public space. One evening i was walking back home in winter evening after having constant bad day for weeks and months. I was constantly muttering/chanting to myself 'only 5 minutes and I would be in my home in my bed crying comfortably , do not dare cry right now' but as if my eyes had their own mind I felt hot tears running down my cheeks and before I could stop myself another tear followed the lead,another then another, my eyes we're blurry with mosaic vision of tears I was trembling and couldn't breathe comfortably there were little hiccups albeit all this happening I was constantly walking with coherent steps as fast as I could towards my house. The street was almost vacant and that my only silver lining. I never thought I would shed a tear in public space but lo and behold I had a mental breakdown with no spectators in sight but still I felt embarrassed idk what was the reason behind it maybe I was afraid of being judged although there was nobody there or maybe because I couldn't control myself and failed at only goal I kept for myself. Have you ever had such experience?
u/watering_plant
post
u/watering_plant
2024-11-21
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53,386
[deleted]
u/western_jump_1436
post
u/Western_Jump_1436
2024-11-21
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53,402
https://onlyfans.com/wickedone90. $7.99 gets u 30 days paid sub to all my content come make Christmas easier
u/wickedone90
post
u/Wickedone90
2024-11-21
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53,403
[https://discord.gg/6KURQNy5](https://discord.gg/6KURQNy5)
u/winclear5831
post
u/WinClear5831
2024-11-21
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53,405
[https://discord.gg/6KURQNy5](https://discord.gg/6KURQNy5)
u/winclear5831
post
u/WinClear5831
2024-11-21
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53,406
[https://discord.gg/6KURQNy5](https://discord.gg/6KURQNy5)
u/winclear5831
post
u/WinClear5831
2024-11-21
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53,407
[deleted]
u/witterpated
post
u/witterpated
2024-11-21
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53,433
Supplements can be game changers when used correctly because every difference matters in games. I’m a footballer and after seeing that many footballers use supplements (even Ronaldo and Messi) i decided to try them too and they make you feel great. But it’s not just footballers, Serena williams, Michael Phelps and Lebron all use them too. I take a number of seperate supplements because I haven’t found a really good one yet. Because of this Im considering making a game boosting supplement that tastes good, has no crash and is easy to take. I’d like to know if there are any other athletes out there who would be interested in a supplement that boosts athletic performance. In particular, this supplement would: 1. Improve endurance 2. Enhance technical skills (e.g. jumping, sprinting, agility, accuracy) 3. Improve cognitive function (e.g. decision making speed) and focus 4. Increase blood flow 5. Reduce injury risk and improve recovery 6. Increase bone strength Text me on reddit if you’d be interested!
u/wonderful_cable9478
post
u/Wonderful_Cable9478
2024-11-21
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53,434
Remote Neural Monitoring - Helplessness https://open.substack.com/pub/danielkush1/p/remote-neural-monitoring-rnm-and-973?utm_source=app-post-stats-page&r=4c4acl&utm_medium=ios
u/worldlyadvice6990
post
u/WorldlyAdvice6990
2024-11-21
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53,435
Growing up in an abjectly rural community Terra was finally free. Barely in her 19th year she was moving away to a new place where she didn't have to worry if the cute guy or girl was some type of cousin, now she could just flirt to her heart's content. Now after two hours on a ferry, half an hour bus ride to a small airport that took her to a connecting airport where she had a six hour lay over, giving her enough time to dye her drab brown hair to a bubble gum pink at an amazingly expensive airport salon she was all smiles. Another flight and she was onto the last leg of her travels for the day, a hotel for the night and then in the morning the wonderful chaos that was endless number of students moving in to the dorms. Still beaming at her new look in the eye of her phone's camera Terra was trying to get the perfect shot of herself while she rode in the back of a cab. There was some far off pop, but that didn't matter to Terra who was now sitting on a chesterfield between two etherial beatuties who's androgenous looks left Terra wondering. In front of them was a tv made of fine wood and silver that had a strange shimmer. Playing on it was a bird eye view of the cab she'd been in, one of the wheels suddenly popped and the car veared into a rusted old guard rail that did little to slow the cab down before it plunged down and crumpled into a shattered mess. "Oh my oh my oh my" Terra could hear in one ear. "Tsk tsk tsk" Was what the other heard. Then both of her hands were clasped and these two etherial beings were on their knees in front of her and in unison said. "We're so sorry this wasn't supposed to be any of your possible fates!" The cried out. Terra was in a daze now as they explained everything to her. She wasn't meant to die that day but there's be some cosmic mistake and now she was dead and her heart had already been taken to let someone else live, there was no going back now for her. But they had an offer for her, getting to live the rest of her life in a magical land where not only could she learn magic spells but to truly make ammends they would give her a special blessing so long as she lived in that world. Or if she'd rather they'd just let her be truly dead. For Terra the choice was easy she didn't want to die. So the two brother gods, sister goddesses, sibling gods, in truth Terra still couldn't tell what they were, sent her to this new world where she'd have their blessing that would allow her to rise to greatness she'd never be able to dream of in her old life. Waking in this new world was not the gentle shift from sleep to the waking world she'd expected but instead a sharp pain in her neck. As she opened her eyes the place she was in was dark, only lit by a scattering of candles, but there were people around. When she tried to move she heard shouts from them and their nails bit into her skin, holding her down. "Quick finish the seals!" One of the shouted, and Terra's mind raced not understanding what was going on as she tried to summon what ever blessing the two had bestowed on her but there was simply nothing, the blessings had already been sealed away. She screamed and cried all the while struggling to escape their grasps but it was for nothing. Each hand held her down as the final one finished tattooing her neck, wrists, and ankles, not just sealing away the promised blessings but marking her as a slave in this land. \~\~\~\~ Hey loves! I hope you liked my rambly little start of a story with dear Terra <3 I'm a semi-lit writer who likes a good mix of both smut and story and am hoping to tell some interesting stories with Terra and her tragic life after a pair of incompetant gods both end and ruin her life. Also just so I know you're paying attenion tell me what blessing you think the gods bestowed upon Terra before it was so quickly sealed. I'm particularly interested in partners who are willing to write: women, monsters, groups. But mostly I just want people who can string a few sentences together and knows how to use a quotation mark. I'm open to most things except for the common grosser things. xoxo W.L.
u/worthlesslove
post
u/WorthlessLove
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViRzFGRUtRd2xoN0F4cUhKNGNidkd0MUZWdWt5ODJ0cnNUM0didXZCV2tvWGFNRE1mVjlYNTV2TnRVYkl6a2Q2aEx6N1NBSGdhc1dkUnlaLThGS19LMGNqbU5HOHhyLVdVelBOMXNJMTRQNkRrbFpxNGJGbjVjRlpJd2xGc2F3S0s3STIzRW1IZnBGd1JkUkZLSzl3UXZ2Y1djNmtaclJjNm5mOGQ4MkxoN3FRdV9uNmZWZzN1ZDNMQ0JpWFFWcTVvenBFcXJCVHdQZFpfREZvWXcxLVdfZz09
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u/wrong-host-4901
post
u/Wrong-Host-4901
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViRkNtb1NJTTNvXzBSSUFOLU9sNHFSbFhieEZVZDV3SzlRWDU4VEpOUXdNOFdkVWFxU3FzSkhmQms5cjJiRGZRUFdjSUUtem1pVVpoMi1UcHdnV2ppM1M1S3E4WjhvTFVqZjRSVzhrWmJENlMwVktDUTdWQ0dEQVJzODJkb0dsUnktV3h4eXYzRDA3cGtJMnhxeVNhXzMtYkpNbFp5WkZxVDNkZUd4S1hfM0xXSTAzT2lHN1NQckc3SjBEX1cyTU9oVU9PWWR5Nm5XU19kOW1TN2ZPZFpSdz09
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The things that my soul refused to touch are as my sorrowful meat.Oh that I might have my request; and that God would grant me the thing that I long for
u/wronghousing5241
post
u/WrongHousing5241
2024-11-21
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjVZVmdlRmVOOXVpQ0UtUVFzdHZSN0ZKWkg2ODhsdGVKOGp2cnVsenRuakJRUEVDT2djR0dZVExLUXhxemI0TVlickQyXzdUQks1N1ZFSGlLb21yYU10aEpxRnR1YXhIYlF2WDRNd3RRYmxLbEU9
Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViZjZTVDJuU0NaeFVIbkR3cWlJcHd6bDRVcFRwMDdtX1BtWFNUVkdpekg1c29pdTVCNy1DX2FfZGdxd1VOdEwtYm12WmFiNXNxeXljclZTbkdaamszZVpfMklqSG1NRWNPTks1LTJWY1ZnY1FtN2x3VG52OXh3VzhWRkI2UUVkbG1tTFN2OHpfd2Zwams5QTFENDQ4Ynl2UFlUMTRaTjQzZkRqUzJRaVozT242U2tWSjh1SnVKQlMyUlZwSFR5bjU3MjFiX0ZXOFdieFBOUVlWU09KSDRFZz09
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If you're an e-commerce business owner looking to boost your conversion rates, automating reminders to customers with abandoned carts can significantly increase sales. With Xq1's serverless cron deployment, you can easily set up a system to remind customers about their incomplete purchases at strategic times. To implement this workflow using Xq1, you can create a Python script like the one below: ```python import requests def send_reminder_to_abandoned_cart(customers): for customer in customers: cart_items = customer['cart'] if not cart_items: continue reminder_msg = f"Hi {customer['name']}, you have items in your cart. Complete your purchase now!" requests.post('https://your_reminder_api_endpoint.com', data={'recipient': customer['email'], 'message': reminder_msg}) # Call the function with a list of customers send_reminder_to_abandoned_cart(customers_list) `` - This post was run on Xq1! Upvote if you like it!
u/xquantumin
post
u/XquantumIn
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViSjJuS2doYnB3WHY3a1ZUYWdMa0JSbHhwRFNXSnBlOXBRVHBUaENHa3hlc0xkZTBYMFpCQmktSTViMGVYelRMZ2xsRnoxVGtubGhGdmI2elNYcUF3TXhsRGRPOVN1ZUFOcjVuRjE4WlhnMDZHNndRdDdmQV9pWWhhNDBVMDhGUVB0YWlhX0I0eDdSekFXVXBlakZIQmREenZkeURSaG1QOFFHemZKX1ZsRXc1eW5iYl80QmhGNExkWUxsdlZMQmpobTVpLUlvanlUSURVTEdVeUdEbVR6dz09
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Is anyone else tired of life? I feel so alone. Nobody cares about what you’re going through… not really. When does the spiraling stop? When will I reach my limit?
u/xroguex093x
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u/xRogueX093x
2024-11-21
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I need 100$ for my hair and nails tm❄️
u/xxluvxx6
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u/XXluvXX6
2024-11-21
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53,456
[deleted]
u/ydkjordan
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u/ydkjordan
2024-11-21
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53,457
[deleted]
u/ydkjordan
post
u/ydkjordan
2024-11-21
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[https://whyp.it/tracks/227563/thought-i-was-dead-freestyle?token=yyZtW](https://whyp.it/tracks/227563/thought-i-was-dead-freestyle?token=yyZtW)
u/zdracul8787
post
u/ZDracul8787
2024-11-21
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Z0FBQUFBQm5QcjViZWkzRGFYRlUzdHk3aEl0MmVjdkJ1Qmg2WmNoMGFoU204M2tGNVlXTVZERmZYZmNzMUs5Yk5QcXZKYmh6cW1mTThPa3V0LUJ6YnNXMTBFZnhpczdfMlptUHBfcHJmdnNCQ2JIOE44S2tvc2JhTGhkbk0ySkF2OG1KTmRXTGk1bE5XZUNoSTFsX3R0UGtHRUlHVW1HS1NqVGlZaVRDRG1MVDVIMWY1Sm8zWnAtTWdRVXFRZTZHOUFVQUZDcm1uM2hD
53,469
[deleted]
u/zxerox11
post
u/zxerox11
2024-11-21
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53,474