joey234/mmlu-moral_disputes-neg · Datasets at Hugging Face

choices sequence	answer class label 4 classes	question stringlengths 10 294
[ "jus in bello.", "jus ad bellum.", "moral nihilism.", "all of the above" ]	0A	Just war theory's principle of military necessity is from
[ "violates human dignity.", "fails a prima facie duty of honesty.", "is tantamount to asserting that you are infallible.", "is a risk worth taking of the speech is dangerous enough." ]	2C	According to Mill, censoring speech that is easily false
[ "obscures the harms of noncoerced, consensual sex by implying that because what is coerced is bad what is noncoerced is good.", "obscures the harms of rape by equating all sex with nonconsensual sex.", "by not acknowledging a distinction between what is good and what noncoerced, has led to the acknowledgement of the harms of consensual sex.", "All of the above" ]	0A	West argues that feminist rhetoric has
[ "its quantity alone.", "its quality alone.", "both its quantity and its quality.", "neither its quantity nor its quality." ]	2C	According to Mill, the value of a particular pleasure depends on
[ "the animal.", "the wider effects on human beings.", "both A and B", "neither A nor B" ]	1B	According to Carruthers, whenever someone is required to act in a certain way toward an animal for the sake of the society, what explains that fact are facts about
[ "skin cell nuclear transfer", "stem cell nuclear transmission", "somatic cell nuclear transfer", "none of the above" ]	2C	What does CNT stand for, as used in the discussion on cloning?
[ "we allow the patient to harm him- or herself.", "we force doctors to harm the patient.", "we harm the patient's family.", "we harm the patient." ]	3D	Velleman worries that, by not offering the patient the option of euthanasia,
[ "preventive", "proportional", "equality", "retaliatory" ]	1B	Nathanson does not support any of the following kinds of retributivism?
[ "consequentialism", "Kantianism", "virtue ethics", "contractualism" ]	3D	Carruthers approach questions about the moral standing of nonhuman animals from the perspective of which of the following moral theories?
[ "institutional adequacy", "dispersion of causes and effects", "fragmentation of agency", "all of the above" ]	3D	In Gardiner's analysis, he did not consider climate change to be a problem
[ "the problem of massive world overpopulation over generations.", "the problem that the bad effects of current carbon dioxide emissions will fall largely on future generations.", "the problem that the compounding effects of greenhouse gas emissions require the current generation to, in effect, cooperate with future generations.", "the problem that countries are possibly biased toward the interests of the current generation, which largely benefits from carbon dioxide emissions." ]	3D	What is the "intergenerational storm" of climate change not?
[ "it fails to reconcile prima facie duties.", "it can run counter to a person's being able to integrate her commitments at various levels.", "it can run counter to the idea that persons are atomistic and individually rational actors.", "it fails to recognize that possibility that the persons are best understood in relation to one another." ]	1B	Hourdequin says one flaw of consequentialist is that
[ "often have to be made quickly and without immediate authorization.", "should be made with visibility and accountability by the highest-level officials.", "have no objective answer.", "none of the above" ]	1B	Dershowitz discusses the hypothetical case where the hijacked planes of 9/11 must not be shot down to argue that important decisions like these
[ "to minimize damage incurred by all individual living beings.", "to minimize the suffering of all sentient creatures.", "to promote the functional integrity of ecosystems.", "to promote human welfare." ]	3D	Baxter argues that we should view our treatment of the environment as a matter of causing
[ "consequentialism", "virtue ethics", "both A and B", "neither A nor B" ]	2C	The following is an example of a value-based moral theory except for the one that is an example of a value-based moral theory?
[ "will be seen as curiosities.", "will be scrutinized in relation to the person they are clones of.", "both of the above", "none of the above" ]	2C	Kass worries that cloned animals:
[ "because dead people no longer exist, and thus cannot benefit from choosing to die.", "because some things (e.g., long-term torture) are worse than death.", "because there has yet to be a satisfactory philosophical explanation of why death is bad.", "because death is, by definition, undesirable." ]	0A	Why does Leon Kass think the notion of being "better off alive" is incoherent?
[ "the right to life belongs to a human being at all times that he or she exists.", "the right to life belongs to all living creatures, human or not.", "not all persons have the right to life-for example, a murderer has given up his or her right to life through his or her actions", "all of the above" ]	0A	In response to the argument that embryos are not persons because they lack certain rights that all embryos have (such as the right to life), Lee and George argue that
[ "retributive theories of punishment.", "perfectionist theories of punishment.", "legal theories of punishment.", "preventive theories of punishment." ]	0A	The consequentialist approach to punishment is complementary with
[ "She says the claim is very plausible.", "She says the claim is implausible.", "She says the claim is self-evident.", "She says the claim is true." ]	1B	What does Hursthouse say about the claim that any adequate action-guiding theory must not provide clear guidance about what ought and ought not to be done that any intelligent person could follow?
[ "It constitutes unethical experimentation.", "It threatens identity and individuality.", "It will produce harmful biological mutations as clones produce further clones.", "It perverts our values concerning parenthood and the raising of children." ]	2C	But I think that the process is acceptable,
[ "there is no freedom of association in the marital context.", "his argument does not require that marital and political freedom of association be equally important.", "freedom of association is equally important in both contexts.", "none of the above" ]	1B	In response to the objection that freedom of association is much more important in the political realm than the marital context, Wellman says
[ "this policy is morally problematic because it harms the environment.", "this policy is morally problematic because it damages the integrity of the ecosystem.", "this policy is morally obligatory because the environment ought not to exist.", "this policy is morally unproblematic." ]	3D	If it were known that a policy would negatively affect human beings, Baxter would most likely say that
[ "we should refrain from imposing the death penalty.", "the refusal to execute criminals has a civilizing effect.", "we should institute death by torture.", "murder is wrong." ]	2C	According to Reiman, van den Haag's argument does not lead to the conclusion that
[ "identical treatment.", "differential treatment.", "equal consideration.", "differential consideration." ]	1B	Singer objected to the principle of equality
[ "care ethics is an important development of virtue ethics.", "that traditional moral theories have difficulty explaining the rightness or wrongness of attitudes.", "that the only important more concepts are care and compassion.", "that we should think about welfare and happiness in terms of sympathy." ]	1B	Advocates of power ethics argue that
[ "fail to give an adequate answer to the argument from marginal cases.", "fail to make the case that such a difference is morally relevant to the status of animals as moral patients as opposed to their status as moral agents.", "both A and B", "neither A nor B" ]	2C	According to Norcross, any attempt to justify the claim that humans have a lower moral status than other animals by appealing to some version of rationality as the morally relevant difference between humans and animals will
[ "he is still confident that the threat of the death penalty at least sometimes prevents murder.", "criminal law is supposed to protect the innocent over murderers.", "the severity and finality of the death penalty is appropriate to the seriousness and finality of murder.", "all of the above" ]	3D	In response to the argument that the death penalty does deter murderers, van den Haag claims that
[ "consequentialist and dignity-based", "forward-looking and backward-looking", "utilitarian and absolutist", "All of the above" ]	2C	Thomas Nagel calls the two kinds of moral considerations he discusses in "War and Massacre"
[ "Persons can never have a right to aid from anyone.", "The right to aid is a negative right.", "The consequences of helping the poor would be worse than the consequences of not helping them.", "This kind of right would require a contract or agreement, and the affluent haven't entered into a contract or agreement with the poor." ]	3D	What is the main reason why Arthur thinks that the poor have a right to aid from the un-affluent?
[ "The parents have good motives.", "We can't tell what the motives of the parents are.", "The parents have bad motives.", "none of the above" ]	0A	What is the assumption Pence think people who object to SCNT make when they say that SCNT is best for the child?
[ "a distributionist.", "an abolitionist.", "a retentionist.", "a humanitarian." ]	2C	Van den Haag is not
[ "it is not clear how sexual use sacrifices humanity.", "Kant is wrong to think about the wrong of sexual objectification in terms of humanity.", "sexual objectification actually enhances humanity.", "Papadaki actually agrees with Kant's view" ]	0A	Kant's view of sexual objectification, Papadaki argues that
[ "you have no obligation to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour.", "the violinist has an obligation to disconnect him- or herself before that hour is over.", "because you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, we should conclude that he or she has a right to use your kidneys for that hour.", "even though you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, we should not conclude that he or she has a right to use your kidneys for that hour." ]	3D	Thomson discusses a different version of the violinist case wherein the violinist needs your kidneys for one hour to live. Her own view about this case is that
[ "Central Park qualifies as a state.", "there is a difference between rules of membership and rules about settlement within a physical territory.", "territorial rights only belong to individuals.", "Wellman is committed to an absurd theory of group membership." ]	1B	Fine asks us to consider the example of a yoga group that practices in Central Park and isn't free to reject prospective members
[ "around one quarter of all human deaths.", "around one third of all human deaths.", "around one half of all human deaths.", "none of the above." ]	0A	The annual death-toll from poverty related causes, according to Pogge, is
[ "under 50 percent", "52 percent", "68 percent", "82 percent" ]	2C	What is the overall percentage of capital cases that are overturned because of minor errors?
[ "sufficient for sexual objectification.", "necessary for sexual objectification.", "not necessary for sexual objectification.", "all of the above." ]	2C	According to Nussbaum, treating someone as an object is never
[ "deliberately pro-creative.", "non-consensual.", "deliberately non-procreative.", "uncommonly practiced among adults." ]	1B	In Corvino's reading of Aquinas, "natural" sexual acts are those that are
[ "killing is in itself morally worse than letting die.", "letting die in itself is morally worse than killing.", "killing is not in itself morally worse than letting die.", "none of the above" ]	2C	Rachels compares the cases of Smith and Jones to show that
[ "the only beings that possess direct moral standing are human beings.", "all and only sentient creatures have direct moral standing.", "all living beings, because they are living, possess direct moral standing.", "the primary bearers of direct moral standing are ecosystems in virtue of their functional integrity." ]	2C	Biocentrism is the view that
[ "It is a value-based theory.", "It involves the idea of alternative actions open to the agent.", "It is a strongly impartialist moral theory.", "all of the above" ]	3D	Which of the following is not a feature of consequentialist moral theory?
[ "they have neglected to take whatever steps would lead to their self-sustenance.", "they are dominated by their partners insofar as they are not free to do as they please.", "they are actually coerced into having sex.", "none of the above." ]	0A	On West's account, women who engage in sex they prefer because of actual or felt dependence on their partner may experience injury to their sense of autonomy because
[ "duties of fair dealing (e.g., nonexploitation)", "cosmopolitan egalitarian duties (e.g., ensuring that everyone has equal wealth)", "duties of rectification and redress (e.g., redressing those who were oppressed)", "humanitarian duties (e.g., preventing systematic violations of human rights)" ]	1B	The former
[ "to do his or her duty.", "to be virtuous.", "his or her own happiness.", "none of the above" ]	2C	Mill thinks that each person despises
[ "defensive.", "offensive.", "territorial.", "economically motivated." ]	0A	According to Valls, a just cause for political violence is rarely
[ "private clubs can rightfully exclude outsiders.", "the actions of groups can affect members outside that group.", "there is no difference between an individual's and a group's freedom of association.", "all of the above" ]	1B	Fine asks us to consider an example in which a private club "never arranges noisy late-night gatherings" to show that
[ "this would still not justify drug prohibition.", "this would justify drug prohibition.", "this would only justify drug prohibition if drug use was extremely likely to cause these harms.", "this would only justify drug prohibition if drug use was more likely to cause these kinds of harms than other prohibited activity." ]	0A	According to Huemer, even if drug use benefits a person's friends, families, and other relations,
[ "a social leader's moral deliberations.", "an actual or hypothetical social agreement of some sort.", "a contract that has been signed by most of the affected parties.", "none of the above" ]	1B	The basic idea of social contract theories of morality is that correct or justified moral rules or principles are the ones that are the product of
[ "to which we need to give a precise answer.", "to which we need give no precise answer.", "that cannot be answered, vaguely or precisely.", "that is ethically unimportant." ]	1B	In Singer's view, the question of when it's right to painlessly kill an animal is one
[ "Drug prohibition would be done for the benefit of others, not the benefit of those who wish to produce/sell drugs, so it is not paternalistic in an objectionable sense.", "Drug prohibition would be paternalistic, but its consequences would be good enough to outweigh considerations about paternalism.", "Drug prohibition would be targeted to adults, and one can only be paternalistic toward children.", "Paternalism is always justified when the paternalistic practices truly are in the best interest of those affected." ]	0A	Which of the following is one of de Marneffe's responses to the objection that drug prohibition would be neo-liberal?
[ "is an example of mental filtering.", "will only serve to promote intellectual homogeneity on college and universities.", "will encourage students to disregard positive aspects of a person's history.", "All of the above." ]	1B	Lukianoff and Haidt argue that the defamation of certain speakers
[ "the sheer scope of global poverty.", "having to choose between addressing immediate harm and addressing structural injustice.", "reconciling conflict moral theories.", "having to give up so much of our own wealth in light of Singer's arguments." ]	0A	Ashford's article is meant to warn a particular paralysis in the face of
[ "illicit cash flow to tax havens from rich countries exceeds aid to the world's poor.", "the implementation of neoliberal economic policies have had at mixed and at worse adverse impacts of the economic and social rights of the world's poor.", "that wealthy nations press their political and economic advantages to secure unfair trade agreements with poor countries.", "all of the above" ]	3D	In support of her thesis that global social institutions protect the world's poor, Ashford argues that
[ "sexual objectification is not always wrong.", "sexual objectification involves the total reduction of a person to an object.", "sexual objectification is not explainable in Kantian terms.", "sexual objectification involves the denial of a person's humanity." ]	3D	Papadaki argues against
[ "naturalness arguments and arguments from fidelity.", "harm arguments and arguments from divine command.", "unnaturalness arguments and harm arguments.", "naturalness arguments and economic arguments." ]	2C	The two kinds of pro-homosexuality arguments to which Corvino responds are
[ "jus ad bellum.", "antiwar pacifism.", "just war theory.", "moral nihilism." ]	3D	Moral considerations are applied to war is known as
[ "an agent's inability to acknowledge his or her contribution to climate change", "the fragmentation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions across generations", "the vast number of individuals and agents who contribute to climate change", "the idea that it's not rational for each individual to restrict his or her own pollution" ]	2C	In the context of Gardiner's article, "the foundation of agency" refers to what?
[ "they help develop human capabilities.", "they minimize the amount of suffering in the world.", "they recognize, enforce, and implement duties not to violate human rights.", "they are universalizable." ]	2C	Ashford thinks that the only test of whether or not legal and economic structures are minimally just is to see whether or not
[ "we should accept a prerogative to decline radical changes to one's practical identity.", "abortion is absolutely morally wrong.", "abortion is presumptively morally wrong but can become permissible in certain extreme cases.", "there is no clear answer about the moral status of abortion." ]	0A	Little argues that we should accept a prerogative on the part of fathers to end a pregnancy until the fetus is a person because
[ "murder", "ethical killing", "suicide", "euthanasia" ]	3D	Which of the following is, according to the introduction to chapter 7, typically defined as the act or practice of killing or allowing someone to die?
[ "some optimal state of pollution.", "an overall maximally clean environment.", "some maximal state of pollution.", "the preservation of all living species." ]	0A	In Baxter's view, the first and foremost step toward a solution of our environmental problems is a clear recognition that our objective is not pure air or water but rather
[ "consequentialism.", "the ethics of prime facie duty.", "Kantian theory.", "virtue ethics." ]	1B	Ross's moral theory is a non-version of
[ "Interdivisional misogynist speech", "Intradivisional misogynist speech", "Interpersonal misogynist speech", "A and B only" ]	3D	Which of the following are forms of feminist speech according to Richardson-Self?
[ "argue that nature is not inherently normative.", "provide a description of a mechanism that \"we can see, feel, understand, love, or otherwise have faith in.\"", "give a detailed description of how plants absorb energy from the sun.", "argue that even the noneconomic parts of the \"biotic clock\" have economic value." ]	1B	Leopold most likely is not an expert on
[ "only whole ecosystems (not any of the individuals that make up those ecosystems) have direct moral standing.", "ecosystems and some of the individuals that make them up have direct moral standing.", "ecosystems do not have direct moral standing but some of the individuals that make them up do.", "none of the above" ]	1B	Ecoholism is a mode of drinking
[ "just war theory.", "antiwar pacifism.", "moral nihilism.", "jus ad bellum." ]	1B	The view according to which wars are never (or at least seldom) morally wrong is known as
[ "are incompatible with the right to retaliation.", "prove that torture is morally impermissible.", "should be accepted.", "follow common sense." ]	3D	According to Reiman, van den Haag's arguments against the death penalty
[ "It leads to failures of developing integration and integrality.", "They lead us into \"tragedy of the commons\" situations and they instill in us an atomistic view of persons.", "It leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and increased consumption of non-recyclable goods.", "We both tend to think of our moral obligations as only personal obligations, and so think that we can only advocate for policy in \"tragedy of the commons\" situations." ]	3D	Hourdequin doesn't say what two problems does individualism lead us into.
[ "we respect the dignity of human life.", "there are some penalties worse than death.", "there is no punishment that is proportional to murder.", "none of the above" ]	0A	One message that Nathanson argues we can not send by abolishing the death penalty is that
[ "beliefs.", "relationships.", "activities.", "opinions." ]	2C	Aristotle claims that a state of character arises from the repetition of similar thoughts
[ "It ignores the possibility that homosexuality is a lifestyle choice.", "It assumes that all innate desires are good ones.", "It is equivalent to recognizing that homosexuality is unusual.", "None of the above" ]	1B	Corvino considers the following argument: Homosexuals are not "born that way"; therefore, homosexual activity is bad and satanic. Corvino claims that this argument is sound. Why?
[ "a consequentialist approach.", "a virtue ethics approach.", "an ethics of prime facie duty approach.", "a Christian/Marxist approach." ]	0A	Hardin's approach to the social issues of hunger and poverty is essentially
[ "virtue ethics", "consequentialist theory", "Kantian ethics", "natural law theory" ]	1B	What of the following theories will approach the morality of abortion by considering how much overall intrinsic value is unlikely to be brought about by abortion?
[ "including only bodily harm to persons.", "including bodily harm to persons and the destruction of property.", "including only the destruction of property.", "none of the above" ]	1B	In his definition of terrorism, Valls defines "perform" as
[ "knowledge of how one is talented compared to others", "knowledge of one's social status", "knowledge of one's abilities, such as intelligence, strength, and so on", "none of the above" ]	3D	What information is not available to occupants within Rawls's original position?
[ "excessive use of illegal drugs is the norm.", "moderate and/or controlled use of illegal drugs is the norm.", "an individual's illegal drug use inevitably diminishes over time.", "those who begin using illegal drugs typically do not stop until they become addicted." ]	1B	Shapiro claims that surveys have not been confirmed by longitudinal studies that indicate that
[ "at least some nonhuman beings", "at least some nonconscious beings", "both A and B", "neither A nor B; an environmental ethic may deny that there are any nonhuman and nonconscious beings with direct moral standing." ]	2C	A truly environmental ethic must hold that which of the following has direct moral standing?
[ "abandon the world's poor to their unjust predicament.", "legally abolish aid agencies.", "adopt a social contract approach to the problem of global economic justice.", "accept the view that we have no negative duties to the poor." ]	2C	Ashford argues that worries about causing dependency on aid agencies among those in extreme poverty means that we should
[ "the principle of maximizing happiness", "the principal principle", "the principle of double effect", "the principle of minimizing suffering" ]	3D	According to Singer, the conclusions argued for in "all animals are different" flow from which of the following principles alone?
[ "desirable as a rule.", "desirable in theory.", "desirable as a means.", "none of the above" ]	2C	Mill thinks that if something is undesirable, then it must be
[ "those who are willing (or forced) to leave a state often have substantial interests in living in another state.", "preventing potential immigrants from settling in a different state can be detrimental to their well-being.", "closing borders can have significant costs to potential immigrants.", "all of the above" ]	3D	From the fact that emigration is often associated with few costs, Fine concludes that
[ "the harm principle", "the offense principle", "the principle of legal paternalism", "wthe principle of legal moralism" ]	0A	Mill rejects which of the following liberty-limiting principles?
[ "moral standing.", "moral permissibility.", "viability.", "all of the above" ]	0A	By definition, if a person or thing need to be taken into account in moral decision-making (i.e., if it counts morally) then that person or thing has
[ "all countries cooperating to change the existing incentive structure by introducing a system of enforceable sanctions to curb climate change.", "the agreement of more powerful nations to require less powerful nations to curb greenhouse gas emissions for the benefit of all humanity.", "the agreement of less powerful nations to boycott trade with more powerful nations until the latter agree to curb their greenhouse gas emissions.", "the agreement of a large number of individual agents to restrict their own pollution." ]	0A	What is an example of coercion, mutually agreed upon?
[ "It fails to tell us what the appropriate punishment would be for all cases of criminal action.", "It does not provide an adequate measure of moral desert.", "It requires that we punish criminals in ways that are morally unacceptable.", "all of the above" ]	3D	According to Nathanson, which of the following is not a problem for Kant's principle of equality and an eye for an eye?
[ "to use consequentialist arguments to show that cloning is immoral", "to object to consequentialist arguments against cloning", "to use Kant's humanity formulation to show that cloning is immoral", "to use Kant's humanity formulation to show that cloning is morally acceptable" ]	1B	What is Pence's main objective in his article "Will Cloning Harm Prosperity?"
[ "They believe in tolerating differences.", "They are sensitive to the descriptive fact of widespread moral disagreement.", "They realize that some ethical claims seem true in some contexts but not in others.", "All of the above." ]	3D	Timmons suggests that many people disbelieve in moral relativism because
[ "their use would lead to atheism or agnosticism.", "in using them, we would confuse our role in creation with God's role.", "the Bible explicitly opposes all forms of technological enhancement.", "all of the above" ]	1B	According to Sandel, eugenics and genetic enhancement can be seen to be wrong from a religious perspective because
[ "having a sterilized needle shoved under the victim's fingernails", "electrocution at nonlethal levels", "submerging the victim in water so he or she feels as if he or she is drowning", "none of the above; Dershowitz thinks torture is wrong in all cases." ]	0A	Which of the following is a method of torture that Dershowitz believes is inappropriate in those cases where torture is permissible?
[ "killing.", "letting die.", "assisted suicide.", "none of the above" ]	1B	In Rachels's thought experiment with Smith and Jones, Smith's action (i.e., saddling the child, who slipped accidentally, drowned in the tub) is supposed to be an example of
[ "the ability to act and choose while free from distress.", "the ability to choose to end one's own life.", "the ability to make important life decision on the basis of our deepest values.", "the duty to not interfere with the free choices of others." ]	2C	According to Gill, the moral value of it mostly consists in
[ "contrast evil intentions with good intentions.", "contrast originating a harmful sequence with allowing a harmful sequence to continue.", "show that evil intentions always involve the origination of harmful sequences.", "all of the above" ]	1B	Foot's Rescue I and Rescue II cases are intended to
[ "the costs of eliminating a collective action problem are not irrelevant to its solution", "it affirms the autonomy of individuals apart from others.", "it cannot lead to real social change, which involves changes of mind as well as action", "The Confucian model actually accepts coercion." ]	1B	Garrett Hardin's approach isn't based on the Confucian model because
[ "by burdening a patient with having to justify his or her continued existence", "by eliminating the patient's capacity for self-determination", "by eliminating a patient's opportunities for self-determination", "by tempting a patient to undergo a painful procedure" ]	0A	Velleman believes that the option of euthanasia may help some patients. What does he think is the most significant way in which this might happen?
[ "Kantian considerations.", "consequentialist considerations.", "existentialist considerations.", "feminist considerations." ]	0A	Velleman does not believe euthanasia can be justified on the basis of
[ "direct", "indirect", "quasi-", "none of the above" ]	1B	Carruthers argues that, on classical grounds, nonhuman animals may be accorded which of the following kinds of moral standing?
[ "genetic enhancement is always morally permissible.", "nature ought to be honored over personal choice.", "most people's conception of the varieties of goods is limited.", "we ought to always leave the development of valuable traits up to chance." ]	2C	One of the premises of the "lack of imagination" argument that Dr. Ingber discusses is that
[ "most", "least", "historically", "permanently" ]	1B	In accordance with the theory of justice proposed by John Rawls, Stephen Macedo argues,We must consider the justifiability of policies from the standpoint of the _____ poorest among our fellow citizens.
[ "the duty to keep promises", "the duty not to harm others", "the duty to protect our natural environment", "the duty of nonmaleficence" ]	2C	Which of the following is a prima facie duty that Ross discusses?

[ "jus in bello.", "jus ad bellum.", "moral nihilism.", "all of the above" ]

0A

Just war theory's principle of military necessity is from

[ "violates human dignity.", "fails a prima facie duty of honesty.", "is tantamount to asserting that you are infallible.", "is a risk worth taking of the speech is dangerous enough." ]

2C

According to Mill, censoring speech that is easily false

[ "obscures the harms of noncoerced, consensual sex by implying that because what is coerced is bad what is noncoerced is good.", "obscures the harms of rape by equating all sex with nonconsensual sex.", "by not acknowledging a distinction between what is good and what noncoerced, has led to the acknowledgement of the harms of consensual sex.", "All of the above" ]

0A

West argues that feminist rhetoric has

[ "its quantity alone.", "its quality alone.", "both its quantity and its quality.", "neither its quantity nor its quality." ]

2C

According to Mill, the value of a particular pleasure depends on

[ "the animal.", "the wider effects on human beings.", "both A and B", "neither A nor B" ]

1B

According to Carruthers, whenever someone is required to act in a certain way toward an animal for the sake of the society, what explains that fact are facts about

[ "skin cell nuclear transfer", "stem cell nuclear transmission", "somatic cell nuclear transfer", "none of the above" ]

2C

What does CNT stand for, as used in the discussion on cloning?

[ "we allow the patient to harm him- or herself.", "we force doctors to harm the patient.", "we harm the patient's family.", "we harm the patient." ]

3D

Velleman worries that, by not offering the patient the option of euthanasia,

[ "preventive", "proportional", "equality", "retaliatory" ]

1B

Nathanson does not support any of the following kinds of retributivism?

[ "consequentialism", "Kantianism", "virtue ethics", "contractualism" ]

3D

Carruthers approach questions about the moral standing of nonhuman animals from the perspective of which of the following moral theories?

[ "institutional adequacy", "dispersion of causes and effects", "fragmentation of agency", "all of the above" ]

3D

In Gardiner's analysis, he did not consider climate change to be a problem

[ "the problem of massive world overpopulation over generations.", "the problem that the bad effects of current carbon dioxide emissions will fall largely on future generations.", "the problem that the compounding effects of greenhouse gas emissions require the current generation to, in effect, cooperate with future generations.", "the problem that countries are possibly biased toward the interests of the current generation, which largely benefits from carbon dioxide emissions." ]

3D

What is the "intergenerational storm" of climate change not?

[ "it fails to reconcile prima facie duties.", "it can run counter to a person's being able to integrate her commitments at various levels.", "it can run counter to the idea that persons are atomistic and individually rational actors.", "it fails to recognize that possibility that the persons are best understood in relation to one another." ]

1B

Hourdequin says one flaw of consequentialist is that

[ "often have to be made quickly and without immediate authorization.", "should be made with visibility and accountability by the highest-level officials.", "have no objective answer.", "none of the above" ]

1B

Dershowitz discusses the hypothetical case where the hijacked planes of 9/11 must not be shot down to argue that important decisions like these

[ "to minimize damage incurred by all individual living beings.", "to minimize the suffering of all sentient creatures.", "to promote the functional integrity of ecosystems.", "to promote human welfare." ]

3D

Baxter argues that we should view our treatment of the environment as a matter of causing

[ "consequentialism", "virtue ethics", "both A and B", "neither A nor B" ]

2C

The following is an example of a value-based moral theory except for the one that is an example of a value-based moral theory?

[ "will be seen as curiosities.", "will be scrutinized in relation to the person they are clones of.", "both of the above", "none of the above" ]

2C

Kass worries that cloned animals:

[ "because dead people no longer exist, and thus cannot benefit from choosing to die.", "because some things (e.g., long-term torture) are worse than death.", "because there has yet to be a satisfactory philosophical explanation of why death is bad.", "because death is, by definition, undesirable." ]

0A

Why does Leon Kass think the notion of being "better off alive" is incoherent?

[ "the right to life belongs to a human being at all times that he or she exists.", "the right to life belongs to all living creatures, human or not.", "not all persons have the right to life-for example, a murderer has given up his or her right to life through his or her actions", "all of the above" ]

0A

In response to the argument that embryos are not persons because they lack certain rights that all embryos have (such as the right to life), Lee and George argue that

[ "retributive theories of punishment.", "perfectionist theories of punishment.", "legal theories of punishment.", "preventive theories of punishment." ]

0A

The consequentialist approach to punishment is complementary with

[ "She says the claim is very plausible.", "She says the claim is implausible.", "She says the claim is self-evident.", "She says the claim is true." ]

1B

What does Hursthouse say about the claim that any adequate action-guiding theory must not provide clear guidance about what ought and ought not to be done that any intelligent person could follow?

[ "It constitutes unethical experimentation.", "It threatens identity and individuality.", "It will produce harmful biological mutations as clones produce further clones.", "It perverts our values concerning parenthood and the raising of children." ]

2C

But I think that the process is acceptable,

[ "there is no freedom of association in the marital context.", "his argument does not require that marital and political freedom of association be equally important.", "freedom of association is equally important in both contexts.", "none of the above" ]

1B

In response to the objection that freedom of association is much more important in the political realm than the marital context, Wellman says

[ "this policy is morally problematic because it harms the environment.", "this policy is morally problematic because it damages the integrity of the ecosystem.", "this policy is morally obligatory because the environment ought not to exist.", "this policy is morally unproblematic." ]

3D

If it were known that a policy would negatively affect human beings, Baxter would most likely say that

[ "we should refrain from imposing the death penalty.", "the refusal to execute criminals has a civilizing effect.", "we should institute death by torture.", "murder is wrong." ]

2C

According to Reiman, van den Haag's argument does not lead to the conclusion that

[ "identical treatment.", "differential treatment.", "equal consideration.", "differential consideration." ]

1B

Singer objected to the principle of equality

[ "care ethics is an important development of virtue ethics.", "that traditional moral theories have difficulty explaining the rightness or wrongness of attitudes.", "that the only important more concepts are care and compassion.", "that we should think about welfare and happiness in terms of sympathy." ]

1B

Advocates of power ethics argue that

[ "fail to give an adequate answer to the argument from marginal cases.", "fail to make the case that such a difference is morally relevant to the status of animals as moral patients as opposed to their status as moral agents.", "both A and B", "neither A nor B" ]

2C

According to Norcross, any attempt to justify the claim that humans have a lower moral status than other animals by appealing to some version of rationality as the morally relevant difference between humans and animals will

[ "he is still confident that the threat of the death penalty at least sometimes prevents murder.", "criminal law is supposed to protect the innocent over murderers.", "the severity and finality of the death penalty is appropriate to the seriousness and finality of murder.", "all of the above" ]

3D

In response to the argument that the death penalty does deter murderers, van den Haag claims that

[ "consequentialist and dignity-based", "forward-looking and backward-looking", "utilitarian and absolutist", "All of the above" ]

2C

Thomas Nagel calls the two kinds of moral considerations he discusses in "War and Massacre"

[ "Persons can never have a right to aid from anyone.", "The right to aid is a negative right.", "The consequences of helping the poor would be worse than the consequences of not helping them.", "This kind of right would require a contract or agreement, and the affluent haven't entered into a contract or agreement with the poor." ]

3D

What is the main reason why Arthur thinks that the poor have a right to aid from the un-affluent?

[ "The parents have good motives.", "We can't tell what the motives of the parents are.", "The parents have bad motives.", "none of the above" ]

0A

What is the assumption Pence think people who object to SCNT make when they say that SCNT is best for the child?

[ "a distributionist.", "an abolitionist.", "a retentionist.", "a humanitarian." ]

2C

Van den Haag is not

[ "it is not clear how sexual use sacrifices humanity.", "Kant is wrong to think about the wrong of sexual objectification in terms of humanity.", "sexual objectification actually enhances humanity.", "Papadaki actually agrees with Kant's view" ]

0A

Kant's view of sexual objectification, Papadaki argues that

[ "you have no obligation to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour.", "the violinist has an obligation to disconnect him- or herself before that hour is over.", "because you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, we should conclude that he or she has a right to use your kidneys for that hour.", "even though you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for that hour, we should not conclude that he or she has a right to use your kidneys for that hour." ]

3D

Thomson discusses a different version of the violinist case wherein the violinist needs your kidneys for one hour to live. Her own view about this case is that

[ "Central Park qualifies as a state.", "there is a difference between rules of membership and rules about settlement within a physical territory.", "territorial rights only belong to individuals.", "Wellman is committed to an absurd theory of group membership." ]

1B

Fine asks us to consider the example of a yoga group that practices in Central Park and isn't free to reject prospective members

[ "around one quarter of all human deaths.", "around one third of all human deaths.", "around one half of all human deaths.", "none of the above." ]

0A

The annual death-toll from poverty related causes, according to Pogge, is

[ "under 50 percent", "52 percent", "68 percent", "82 percent" ]

2C

What is the overall percentage of capital cases that are overturned because of minor errors?

[ "sufficient for sexual objectification.", "necessary for sexual objectification.", "not necessary for sexual objectification.", "all of the above." ]

2C

According to Nussbaum, treating someone as an object is never

[ "deliberately pro-creative.", "non-consensual.", "deliberately non-procreative.", "uncommonly practiced among adults." ]

1B

In Corvino's reading of Aquinas, "natural" sexual acts are those that are

[ "killing is in itself morally worse than letting die.", "letting die in itself is morally worse than killing.", "killing is not in itself morally worse than letting die.", "none of the above" ]

2C

Rachels compares the cases of Smith and Jones to show that

[ "the only beings that possess direct moral standing are human beings.", "all and only sentient creatures have direct moral standing.", "all living beings, because they are living, possess direct moral standing.", "the primary bearers of direct moral standing are ecosystems in virtue of their functional integrity." ]

2C

Biocentrism is the view that

[ "It is a value-based theory.", "It involves the idea of alternative actions open to the agent.", "It is a strongly impartialist moral theory.", "all of the above" ]

3D

Which of the following is not a feature of consequentialist moral theory?

[ "they have neglected to take whatever steps would lead to their self-sustenance.", "they are dominated by their partners insofar as they are not free to do as they please.", "they are actually coerced into having sex.", "none of the above." ]

0A

On West's account, women who engage in sex they prefer because of actual or felt dependence on their partner may experience injury to their sense of autonomy because

[ "duties of fair dealing (e.g., nonexploitation)", "cosmopolitan egalitarian duties (e.g., ensuring that everyone has equal wealth)", "duties of rectification and redress (e.g., redressing those who were oppressed)", "humanitarian duties (e.g., preventing systematic violations of human rights)" ]

1B

The former

[ "to do his or her duty.", "to be virtuous.", "his or her own happiness.", "none of the above" ]

2C

Mill thinks that each person despises

[ "defensive.", "offensive.", "territorial.", "economically motivated." ]

0A

According to Valls, a just cause for political violence is rarely

[ "private clubs can rightfully exclude outsiders.", "the actions of groups can affect members outside that group.", "there is no difference between an individual's and a group's freedom of association.", "all of the above" ]

1B

Fine asks us to consider an example in which a private club "never arranges noisy late-night gatherings" to show that

[ "this would still not justify drug prohibition.", "this would justify drug prohibition.", "this would only justify drug prohibition if drug use was extremely likely to cause these harms.", "this would only justify drug prohibition if drug use was more likely to cause these kinds of harms than other prohibited activity." ]

0A

According to Huemer, even if drug use benefits a person's friends, families, and other relations,

[ "a social leader's moral deliberations.", "an actual or hypothetical social agreement of some sort.", "a contract that has been signed by most of the affected parties.", "none of the above" ]

1B

The basic idea of social contract theories of morality is that correct or justified moral rules or principles are the ones that are the product of

[ "to which we need to give a precise answer.", "to which we need give no precise answer.", "that cannot be answered, vaguely or precisely.", "that is ethically unimportant." ]

1B

In Singer's view, the question of when it's right to painlessly kill an animal is one

[ "Drug prohibition would be done for the benefit of others, not the benefit of those who wish to produce/sell drugs, so it is not paternalistic in an objectionable sense.", "Drug prohibition would be paternalistic, but its consequences would be good enough to outweigh considerations about paternalism.", "Drug prohibition would be targeted to adults, and one can only be paternalistic toward children.", "Paternalism is always justified when the paternalistic practices truly are in the best interest of those affected." ]

0A

Which of the following is one of de Marneffe's responses to the objection that drug prohibition would be neo-liberal?

[ "is an example of mental filtering.", "will only serve to promote intellectual homogeneity on college and universities.", "will encourage students to disregard positive aspects of a person's history.", "All of the above." ]

1B

Lukianoff and Haidt argue that the defamation of certain speakers

[ "the sheer scope of global poverty.", "having to choose between addressing immediate harm and addressing structural injustice.", "reconciling conflict moral theories.", "having to give up so much of our own wealth in light of Singer's arguments." ]

0A

Ashford's article is meant to warn a particular paralysis in the face of

[ "illicit cash flow to tax havens from rich countries exceeds aid to the world's poor.", "the implementation of neoliberal economic policies have had at mixed and at worse adverse impacts of the economic and social rights of the world's poor.", "that wealthy nations press their political and economic advantages to secure unfair trade agreements with poor countries.", "all of the above" ]

3D

In support of her thesis that global social institutions protect the world's poor, Ashford argues that

[ "sexual objectification is not always wrong.", "sexual objectification involves the total reduction of a person to an object.", "sexual objectification is not explainable in Kantian terms.", "sexual objectification involves the denial of a person's humanity." ]

3D

Papadaki argues against

[ "naturalness arguments and arguments from fidelity.", "harm arguments and arguments from divine command.", "unnaturalness arguments and harm arguments.", "naturalness arguments and economic arguments." ]

2C

The two kinds of pro-homosexuality arguments to which Corvino responds are

[ "jus ad bellum.", "antiwar pacifism.", "just war theory.", "moral nihilism." ]

3D

Moral considerations are applied to war is known as

[ "an agent's inability to acknowledge his or her contribution to climate change", "the fragmentation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions across generations", "the vast number of individuals and agents who contribute to climate change", "the idea that it's not rational for each individual to restrict his or her own pollution" ]

2C

In the context of Gardiner's article, "the foundation of agency" refers to what?

[ "they help develop human capabilities.", "they minimize the amount of suffering in the world.", "they recognize, enforce, and implement duties not to violate human rights.", "they are universalizable." ]

2C

Ashford thinks that the only test of whether or not legal and economic structures are minimally just is to see whether or not

[ "we should accept a prerogative to decline radical changes to one's practical identity.", "abortion is absolutely morally wrong.", "abortion is presumptively morally wrong but can become permissible in certain extreme cases.", "there is no clear answer about the moral status of abortion." ]

0A

Little argues that we should accept a prerogative on the part of fathers to end a pregnancy until the fetus is a person because

[ "murder", "ethical killing", "suicide", "euthanasia" ]

3D

Which of the following is, according to the introduction to chapter 7, typically defined as the act or practice of killing or allowing someone to die?

[ "some optimal state of pollution.", "an overall maximally clean environment.", "some maximal state of pollution.", "the preservation of all living species." ]

0A

In Baxter's view, the first and foremost step toward a solution of our environmental problems is a clear recognition that our objective is not pure air or water but rather

[ "consequentialism.", "the ethics of prime facie duty.", "Kantian theory.", "virtue ethics." ]

1B

Ross's moral theory is a non-version of

[ "Interdivisional misogynist speech", "Intradivisional misogynist speech", "Interpersonal misogynist speech", "A and B only" ]

3D

Which of the following are forms of feminist speech according to Richardson-Self?

[ "argue that nature is not inherently normative.", "provide a description of a mechanism that \"we can see, feel, understand, love, or otherwise have faith in.\"", "give a detailed description of how plants absorb energy from the sun.", "argue that even the noneconomic parts of the \"biotic clock\" have economic value." ]

1B

Leopold most likely is not an expert on

[ "only whole ecosystems (not any of the individuals that make up those ecosystems) have direct moral standing.", "ecosystems and some of the individuals that make them up have direct moral standing.", "ecosystems do not have direct moral standing but some of the individuals that make them up do.", "none of the above" ]

1B

Ecoholism is a mode of drinking

[ "just war theory.", "antiwar pacifism.", "moral nihilism.", "jus ad bellum." ]

1B

The view according to which wars are never (or at least seldom) morally wrong is known as

[ "are incompatible with the right to retaliation.", "prove that torture is morally impermissible.", "should be accepted.", "follow common sense." ]

3D

According to Reiman, van den Haag's arguments against the death penalty

[ "It leads to failures of developing integration and integrality.", "They lead us into \"tragedy of the commons\" situations and they instill in us an atomistic view of persons.", "It leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and increased consumption of non-recyclable goods.", "We both tend to think of our moral obligations as only personal obligations, and so think that we can only advocate for policy in \"tragedy of the commons\" situations." ]

3D

Hourdequin doesn't say what two problems does individualism lead us into.

[ "we respect the dignity of human life.", "there are some penalties worse than death.", "there is no punishment that is proportional to murder.", "none of the above" ]

0A

One message that Nathanson argues we can not send by abolishing the death penalty is that

[ "beliefs.", "relationships.", "activities.", "opinions." ]

2C

Aristotle claims that a state of character arises from the repetition of similar thoughts

[ "It ignores the possibility that homosexuality is a lifestyle choice.", "It assumes that all innate desires are good ones.", "It is equivalent to recognizing that homosexuality is unusual.", "None of the above" ]

1B

Corvino considers the following argument: Homosexuals are not "born that way"; therefore, homosexual activity is bad and satanic. Corvino claims that this argument is sound. Why?

[ "a consequentialist approach.", "a virtue ethics approach.", "an ethics of prime facie duty approach.", "a Christian/Marxist approach." ]

0A

Hardin's approach to the social issues of hunger and poverty is essentially

[ "virtue ethics", "consequentialist theory", "Kantian ethics", "natural law theory" ]

1B

What of the following theories will approach the morality of abortion by considering how much overall intrinsic value is unlikely to be brought about by abortion?

[ "including only bodily harm to persons.", "including bodily harm to persons and the destruction of property.", "including only the destruction of property.", "none of the above" ]

1B

In his definition of terrorism, Valls defines "perform" as

[ "knowledge of how one is talented compared to others", "knowledge of one's social status", "knowledge of one's abilities, such as intelligence, strength, and so on", "none of the above" ]

3D

What information is not available to occupants within Rawls's original position?

[ "excessive use of illegal drugs is the norm.", "moderate and/or controlled use of illegal drugs is the norm.", "an individual's illegal drug use inevitably diminishes over time.", "those who begin using illegal drugs typically do not stop until they become addicted." ]

1B

Shapiro claims that surveys have not been confirmed by longitudinal studies that indicate that

[ "at least some nonhuman beings", "at least some nonconscious beings", "both A and B", "neither A nor B; an environmental ethic may deny that there are any nonhuman and nonconscious beings with direct moral standing." ]

2C

A truly environmental ethic must hold that which of the following has direct moral standing?

[ "abandon the world's poor to their unjust predicament.", "legally abolish aid agencies.", "adopt a social contract approach to the problem of global economic justice.", "accept the view that we have no negative duties to the poor." ]

2C

Ashford argues that worries about causing dependency on aid agencies among those in extreme poverty means that we should

[ "the principle of maximizing happiness", "the principal principle", "the principle of double effect", "the principle of minimizing suffering" ]

3D

According to Singer, the conclusions argued for in "all animals are different" flow from which of the following principles alone?

[ "desirable as a rule.", "desirable in theory.", "desirable as a means.", "none of the above" ]

2C

Mill thinks that if something is undesirable, then it must be

[ "those who are willing (or forced) to leave a state often have substantial interests in living in another state.", "preventing potential immigrants from settling in a different state can be detrimental to their well-being.", "closing borders can have significant costs to potential immigrants.", "all of the above" ]

3D

From the fact that emigration is often associated with few costs, Fine concludes that

[ "the harm principle", "the offense principle", "the principle of legal paternalism", "wthe principle of legal moralism" ]

0A

Mill rejects which of the following liberty-limiting principles?

[ "moral standing.", "moral permissibility.", "viability.", "all of the above" ]

0A

By definition, if a person or thing need to be taken into account in moral decision-making (i.e., if it counts morally) then that person or thing has

[ "all countries cooperating to change the existing incentive structure by introducing a system of enforceable sanctions to curb climate change.", "the agreement of more powerful nations to require less powerful nations to curb greenhouse gas emissions for the benefit of all humanity.", "the agreement of less powerful nations to boycott trade with more powerful nations until the latter agree to curb their greenhouse gas emissions.", "the agreement of a large number of individual agents to restrict their own pollution." ]

0A

What is an example of coercion, mutually agreed upon?

[ "It fails to tell us what the appropriate punishment would be for all cases of criminal action.", "It does not provide an adequate measure of moral desert.", "It requires that we punish criminals in ways that are morally unacceptable.", "all of the above" ]

3D

According to Nathanson, which of the following is not a problem for Kant's principle of equality and an eye for an eye?

[ "to use consequentialist arguments to show that cloning is immoral", "to object to consequentialist arguments against cloning", "to use Kant's humanity formulation to show that cloning is immoral", "to use Kant's humanity formulation to show that cloning is morally acceptable" ]

1B

What is Pence's main objective in his article "Will Cloning Harm Prosperity?"

[ "They believe in tolerating differences.", "They are sensitive to the descriptive fact of widespread moral disagreement.", "They realize that some ethical claims seem true in some contexts but not in others.", "All of the above." ]

3D

Timmons suggests that many people disbelieve in moral relativism because

[ "their use would lead to atheism or agnosticism.", "in using them, we would confuse our role in creation with God's role.", "the Bible explicitly opposes all forms of technological enhancement.", "all of the above" ]

1B

According to Sandel, eugenics and genetic enhancement can be seen to be wrong from a religious perspective because

[ "having a sterilized needle shoved under the victim's fingernails", "electrocution at nonlethal levels", "submerging the victim in water so he or she feels as if he or she is drowning", "none of the above; Dershowitz thinks torture is wrong in all cases." ]

0A

Which of the following is a method of torture that Dershowitz believes is inappropriate in those cases where torture is permissible?

[ "killing.", "letting die.", "assisted suicide.", "none of the above" ]

1B

In Rachels's thought experiment with Smith and Jones, Smith's action (i.e., saddling the child, who slipped accidentally, drowned in the tub) is supposed to be an example of

[ "the ability to act and choose while free from distress.", "the ability to choose to end one's own life.", "the ability to make important life decision on the basis of our deepest values.", "the duty to not interfere with the free choices of others." ]

2C

According to Gill, the moral value of it mostly consists in

[ "contrast evil intentions with good intentions.", "contrast originating a harmful sequence with allowing a harmful sequence to continue.", "show that evil intentions always involve the origination of harmful sequences.", "all of the above" ]

1B

Foot's Rescue I and Rescue II cases are intended to

[ "the costs of eliminating a collective action problem are not irrelevant to its solution", "it affirms the autonomy of individuals apart from others.", "it cannot lead to real social change, which involves changes of mind as well as action", "The Confucian model actually accepts coercion." ]

1B

Garrett Hardin's approach isn't based on the Confucian model because

[ "by burdening a patient with having to justify his or her continued existence", "by eliminating the patient's capacity for self-determination", "by eliminating a patient's opportunities for self-determination", "by tempting a patient to undergo a painful procedure" ]

0A

Velleman believes that the option of euthanasia may help some patients. What does he think is the most significant way in which this might happen?

[ "Kantian considerations.", "consequentialist considerations.", "existentialist considerations.", "feminist considerations." ]

0A

Velleman does not believe euthanasia can be justified on the basis of

[ "direct", "indirect", "quasi-", "none of the above" ]

1B

Carruthers argues that, on classical grounds, nonhuman animals may be accorded which of the following kinds of moral standing?

[ "genetic enhancement is always morally permissible.", "nature ought to be honored over personal choice.", "most people's conception of the varieties of goods is limited.", "we ought to always leave the development of valuable traits up to chance." ]

2C

One of the premises of the "lack of imagination" argument that Dr. Ingber discusses is that

[ "most", "least", "historically", "permanently" ]

1B

In accordance with the theory of justice proposed by John Rawls, Stephen Macedo argues,We must consider the justifiability of policies from the standpoint of the _____ poorest among our fellow citizens.

[ "the duty to keep promises", "the duty not to harm others", "the duty to protect our natural environment", "the duty of nonmaleficence" ]

2C

Which of the following is a prima facie duty that Ross discusses?

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