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[ "Fox Broadcasting Company. The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized as FOX ) is an American English language commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox . The network is headquartered at the 20th Century Fox studio lot on Pico Boulevard in the Century City section of Los Angeles , with additional major offices and production facilities at the Fox Television Center in nearby West Los Angeles and the Fox Broadcasting Center in the Yorkville neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . It is the third largest major television network in the world based on total revenues , assets , and international coverage . Launched on October 9 , 1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , NBC and CBS ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated broadcast network in the 18 -- 49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007 -- 08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either over-the-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League telecasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for cable and satellite providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . The network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox , and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters .", "Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau ( -LSB- neɡ̊olaɪ̯ kʰʌsd̥ɐ ˈʋald̥ɑʊ̯ -RSB- ; born 27 July 1970 ) is a Danish actor , producer and screenwriter . He graduated from Danish National School of Theatre in Copenhagen in 1993 . Coster-Waldau 's breakthrough performance in Denmark was his role in the film Nightwatch ( 1994 ) . Since then he has appeared in numerous films in his native Scandinavia and Europe in general , including Headhunters ( 2011 ) and A Thousand Times Good Night ( 2013 ) . In the United States , his debut film role was in the war film Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) , playing Medal of Honor recipient Gary Gordon . He then played Detective John Amsterdam in the short-lived Fox television series New Amsterdam ( 2008 ) , as well as appearing as Frank Pike in the 2009 Fox television film Virtuality , originally intended as a pilot . He became widely known to a broad audience for his current role as Ser Jaime Lannister , in the HBO series Game of Thrones . In 2017 , he became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned # 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones .", "Fox News. Fox News ( officially known as the Fox News Channel ) is an American basic cable and satellite news entertainment television channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group , a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox . The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas , New York City , New York . The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch , who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO . It launched on October 7 , 1996 , to 17 million cable subscribers . Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become a dominant cable news network in the United States . Rupert Murdoch is the current chairman and acting CEO of Fox News . Fox News Channel has been accused of biased reporting and promoting the Republican Party . Critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall . Fox News employees have responded that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming , and have denied bias in news reporting . The network has also been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts , executives , and employees , paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements . The company is currently under federal investigation for its harassment settlements and other alleged misconduct . As of February 2015 , approximately 94,700,000 US households ( 81.4 % of cable , satellite & telco customers ) receive the Fox News Channel .", "American Broadcasting Company. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American English language commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney -- ABC Television Group , a subsidiary of the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan , New York City . There are additional major offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City , as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank , California . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . The fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks , ABC is often nicknamed as `` The Alphabet Network '' , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC originally launched on October 12 , 1943 , as a radio network , separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 % interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company . The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States and its territories . Most Canadians have access to at least one U.S.-based ABC affiliate , either over-the-air ( in areas located within proximity to the Canada -- United States border ) or through a cable , satellite or IPTV provider , although most ABC programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission that allow pay television providers to replace an American station 's signal with the feed of a Canadian broadcaster to protect domestic programming rights and advertising revenue . ABC News provides news and features content for select radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting , which purchased the ABC Radio properties in 2007 .", "Fox Entertainment Group. The Fox Entertainment Group is an American entertainment company that operates through four segments , mainly filmed entertainment , television stations , television broadcast networks , and cable network programming . The company is wholly owned and controlled by the American media conglomerate 21st Century Fox , which is owned and chaired by Rupert Murdoch , since the company acquired all the stock of Fox . The transaction was completed on March 12 , 2005 . The division was part of the renamed 21st Century Fox after it had spun off its publishing divisions into the newly formed `` New '' News Corporation in 2013 as part of a corporate re-organization . It is named after William Fox , born Wilhelm Fuchs , who created the original Fox Film Corporation . Jim Gianopulos is currently the chairman of Fox Entertainment Group , a position he shared with Tom Rothman until 2012 .", "Fox Music. Fox Music is the music arm of 20th Century Fox . It encompasses music publishing and licensing businesses , dealing primarily with Fox Entertainment Group television and film soundtracks . It is located inside the 20th Century Fox Film Corporation headquarters in Century City , California . During CEO Robert Kraft 's current tenure at Fox , dozens of Fox scores and soundtracks have become platinum or gold records . Highlights include the record-breaking soundtracks from Titanic , Waiting to Exhale , Moulin Rouge ! , Garden State , Romeo + Juliet , The Full Monty , Hope Floats , Dr. Dolittle , Bulworth , Anastasia , Walk the Line , the 1st Alvin and the Chipmunks film , Once , and Juno . Fox Music has also supervised the music for Twentieth Century Fox Television hits such as Ally McBeal and The X-Files , as well as current shows Family Guy , and The Simpsons . Since 1994 , television soundtracks from Fox Music have included the worldwide platinum albums from `` Ally McBeal '' and `` X-Files '' , plus hit compilations from Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Dark Angel , The Simpsons , Roswell and 24 . Since Kraft became chief executive in 1994 , Fox Music has been responsible for the worldwide sales of over 60 million albums , producing 3 Platinum , 6 Multi-Platinum and 6 Gold records . Fox Music has garnered 10 Academy Award nominations , winning 4 Academy Awards , 14 Golden Globe nominations ( including 4 Golden Globe Awards ) , 58 Emmy nominations with 11 wins , and 46 Grammy nominations including 12 Grammy Awards . Fox Music utilizes unaffiliated record companies for distribution . For example , Glee Cast albums are released by Columbia Records . Such recordings bear the 20th Century Fox TV Records imprint which was introduced in 2009 as a joint venture of 20th Century Fox and Sony Music .", "Fox Sports (United States). Fox Sports is the programming division of the Fox Broadcasting Company , owned by 21st Century Fox , that is responsible for sports broadcasts on the network , and its dedicated regional and national sports cable channels . The flagship entity of 21st Century Fox 's Fox Sports Media Group division , it was formed in 1994 with Fox 's acquisition of broadcast rights to National Football League ( NFL ) games . In subsequent years , it has televised the National Hockey League ( 1994 -- 1999 ) , Major League Baseball ( 1996 -- present ) , NASCAR ( 2001 -- present ) , Bowl Championship Series ( 2007 -- 2010 ) , Major League Soccer ( 2015 -- present ) , the USGA Championships ( 2015 -- present ) , NHRA ( 2016 -- present ) , the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women 's World Cup ( starting in 2015 ) .", "Fox Sports. Fox Sports is the brand name for a number of sports channels , broadcast divisions , programming , and other media around the world that are either controlled or partially owned by the family of Rupert Murdoch . These assets are held mainly by 21st Century Fox , with the exception of the operations in Australia , which are part of News Corp Australia . ( 21st Century Fox and News Corp are the two companies resulting from the breakup of the larger News Corporation in mid-2013 ; the Murdoch family retains voting control of both entities . ) The name originates from the Fox Broadcasting Company in the United States , which in turn was derived from the name of the Fox Film Corporation ( later 20th Century Fox ) . The Fox Sports name has since been used in 21st Century Fox 's and News Corp 's other sports media assets around the world .", "The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Company , commonly known as Disney , is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate , headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It is the world 's second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue , after Comcast . Disney was founded on October 16 , 1923 -- by brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney -- as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , and established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production , television , and theme parks . The company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions . Taking on its current name in 1986 , it expanded its existing operations and also started divisions focused upon theater , radio , music , publishing , and online media . In addition , Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to market more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands . The company is best known for the products of its film studio , Walt Disney Studios , which is today one of the largest and best-known studios in American cinema . Disney 's other three main divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , Disney Media Networks , and Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media . Disney also owns and operates the ABC broadcast television network ; cable television networks such as Disney Channel , ESPN , A+E Networks , and Freeform ; publishing , merchandising , music , and theatre divisions ; and owns and licenses 14 theme parks around the world . The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6 , 1991 . Mickey Mouse , an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company , is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney .", "21st Century Fox. Twenty-First Century Fox Inc. ( stylized as 21st Century Fox , simply known as Fox , and also called 21CF ) is an American multinational mass media corporation based in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was one of two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation , as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979 . 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries and is currently the world 's fourth largest media conglomerate ( after Comcast , The Walt Disney Company and Time Warner ) . The other company , the `` new '' News Corporation , holds Murdoch 's print interests ( both owned by him and his family via a family trust with 39 percent controlling interest in each ) . The company 's assets include the Fox Entertainment Group -- owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio and Fox television network , and among other assets , pan-Asian pay channel operator STAR TV ; and on December 9 , 2016 , 21CF announced a bid for full control of United Kingdom-based Sky Plc , whose independent directors supported the deal .", "20th Century Fox. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation ( known as Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation with a hyphen from 1935 until 1985 , professionally as 20th Century Fox , Twentieth Century Fox or simply known as Fox ) is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox . It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles , just west of Beverly Hills . The studio was formerly owned by News Corporation . 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America . In 2015 , 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio .", "New Amsterdam (TV series). New Amsterdam is an American television drama which aired for eight episodes in 2008 on Fox . The series starred Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as `` John Amsterdam '' ( real name Johann van der Zee ) , an immortal Dutch man born in 1607 , who has lived in New York City on and off since he was 14 years old , and who is a homicide detective in the present day . The series was nominated for an Emmy for Main Title Design .", "News Corporation. The original News Corporation or News Corp. was an American multinational mass media corporation headquartered in New York City . It was the world 's fourth-largest media group in 2014 in terms of revenue . Board members include prominent former Spanish prime minister José María Aznar . News Corporation was a publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ . Formerly incorporated in Adelaide , South Australia , the company was re-incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law after a majority of shareholders approved the move on 12 November 2004 . News Corporation was headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas , New York , in the newer 1960s -- 1970s corridor of the Rockefeller Center complex . On 28 June 2012 , Rupert Murdoch announced that , after concerns from shareholders in response to its recent scandals and to `` unlock even greater long-term shareholder value '' , News Corporation 's assets would be split into two publicly traded companies , one oriented towards media , and the other towards publishing . The split formally took place on 28 June 2013 ; where the present News Corp. was renamed 21st Century Fox and consists primarily of media outlets , while a new News Corp was formed to take on the publishing and Australian broadcasting assets . Its major holdings at the time of the split were News Limited ( a group of newspaper publishers in Murdoch 's native Australia ) , News International ( a newspaper publisher in the United Kingdom , whose properties include The Times , The Sun , and the now-defunct News of the World -- which was the subject of a phone hacking scandal that led to its closure in July 2011 ) , Dow Jones & Company ( an American publisher of financial news outlets , including The Wall Street Journal ) , the book publisher HarperCollins , and the Fox Entertainment Group ( owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio and the Fox Broadcasting Company -- one of the United States ' major television networks ) .", "NBC. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English language commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered in the Comcast Building ( formerly known as the GE Building ) at Rockefeller Center in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and soon in Philadelphia at Comcast Innovation and Technology Center . The network is part of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the `` Peacock Network '' , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , which was originally created in 1956 for its then-new color broadcasts and became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . In 1986 , control of NBC passed to General Electric ( GE ) -- which previously owned RCA and NBC until 1930 , when it was forced to sell the companies as a result of antitrust charges -- through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . Following the acquisition by GE ( which later liquidated RCA ) , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal . Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011 , and acquired General Electric 's remaining stake in 2013 . Following the Comcast merger , Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke . NBC has thirteen owned-and-operated stations and nearly 200 affiliates throughout the United States and its territories , some of which are also available in Canada via pay-television providers or in border areas over-the-air ; NBC also maintains brand licensing agreements for international channels in South Korea and Germany .", "Fox Networks Group. Fox Networks Group is 21st Century Fox 's primary operating unit for TV and Cable . It produces and distributes 300 + entertainment , sports , `` factual '' and movie channels in 45 languages across Latin America , Europe , Asia and Africa , using several brands , including Fox , STAR India , Fox Sports , Fox Life , National Geographic Channel , Fox Movies Premium , STAR Movies , Baby TV , Star Plus , and STAR Gold . Their non-linear brands are Fox Play , Fox Play + and Nat Geo Play . These brands reach over 1.725 billion households around the world .", "Fox Sports Pty Limited. Fox Sports Australia Pty Limited ( formerly Premier Media Group Pty Limited ) is a subsidiary of News Corp Australia that owns sports-related television networks and digital properties . It owns Australian subscription TV channels Fox Sports , Fox Sports News and Fox Footy and a range of video , text and statistical content for television , mobile phone and online delivery . In February 2012 , Premier Media Group changed its name to Fox Sports , with CEO Patrick Delany explaining `` The change from Premier Media to Fox Sports provides a stronger reflection of the core business of the company in its name , which is , and will continue to be , sport . '' Fox Sports broadcasts an average of around 20 hours of live sport per day into 2.5 million homes around Australia on subscription television with six million potential viewers through Foxtel and Optus TV . The Fox Sports channels are also available in more than 5,100 hotels and licensed venues as well as 180,000 hotel rooms throughout Australia . Fox Sports currently has broadcast rights for the AFL , NRL , A-League , Socceroos , English Premier League , Super Rugby , Wallaby tests , domestic and international cricket , Golf Majors , Tennis Grand Slams , Basketball and Motorsport . On 2 November 2012 , News Corp. took control of Consolidated Media Holdings after a $ 2 billion merger was approved by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ( ACCC ) , Federal Court and Consolidated Media Holding shareholders , making News Corp. 100 % owner of Fox Sports Pty Ltd. .", "News Corp. News Corporation ( officially referred to as News Corp ; trading as News Corp ) is an American multinational mass media company , formed as a spin-off of the former News Corporation ( as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979 ) focusing on newspapers and publishing . It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation , alongside 21st Century Fox -- which consists of the old News Corporation 's broadcasting and media properties , such as Fox Entertainment Group . The spin out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation , with the new News Corp being an entirely new company formed by a stock split .", "Fox (channel). Fox is a brand name used by a number of different television channels throughout the world , all owned or licensed by 21st Century Fox .", "Time Warner. Time Warner Inc. is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered in New York City . It is currently the world 's third largest entertainment company in terms of revenue , after Comcast and The Walt Disney Company . It was also once the world 's largest media conglomerate . Time Warner was first founded in 1990 , with the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications . The current company consists largely of the assets of the former Warner Communications ( as well as HBO , a Time Inc. subsidiary prior to the merger ) , and the assets of Turner Broadcasting ( which was acquired by the company in 1996 ) . Time Warner currently has major operations in film and television , with a limited amount in publishing operations . Among its most popular assets are HBO , Turner Broadcasting System , The CW , Warner Bros. , CNN , DC Comics , and as of August 2016 , Hulu , owning 10 % . In the past , other major divisions of Time Warner included Time Inc. , AOL , Time Warner Cable , Warner Books and Warner Music Group . All of these operations were either sold to other investors or spun off as independent companies from 2004 to 2014 . On October 22 , 2016 , AT&T announced its intent to acquire Time Warner for $ 108.7 billion .", "Viacom. Viacom Inc. ( known professionally as Viacom ( -LSB- ˈvaɪəkɒm -RSB- ) and stylized as vıacom or b_viacom in YouTube ) is an American media conglomerate with interests primarily in cinema and cable television . It is currently the world 's sixth largest broadcasting and cable company in terms of revenue -- behind Comcast , The Walt Disney Company , Time Warner , and CBS Corporation , but ahead of 21st Century Fox . Voting control of Viacom is held by National Amusements , Inc. , a privately owned theater company controlled by the billionaire Sumner Redstone . Redstone also holds -- via National Amusements -- a controlling stake in CBS Corporation . The current incarnation of Viacom was created on December 31 , 2005 as a spin-off from the original incarnation of Viacom , which was renamed as CBS Corporation after the spin-off . CBS Corporation currently retains control of the over-the-air broadcasting , TV production , subscription pay television ( with Showtime Networks ) and publishing assets ( with Simon & Schuster ) , which were previously owned by the original Viacom . Predecessor firms of the original Viacom included Gulf + Western ( which later became Paramount Communications ) and Westinghouse Electric Corporation . Comprising BET Networks , Viacom Media Networks and Paramount Pictures , the current Viacom operates approximately 170 networks , reaching approximately 700 million subscribers in approximately 160 countries .", "Hulu. Hulu ( stylized as hulu ) is an American subscription video on demand service owned by Hulu LLC , a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company ( through Disney -- ABC Television Group ) ( 30 % ) , 21st Century Fox ( through Fox Entertainment Group ) ( 30 % ) , Comcast ( through NBCUniversal ) ( 30 % ) , and as of August 10 , 2016 , Time Warner ( through Turner Broadcasting System ) ( 10 % , minority stake ) . It is primarily oriented towards television series , carrying current and past episodes of series from its owners ' respective television networks and other content partners . It was previously divided into free and paid tiers , with the free service limited in the amount of content accessible by users and accessible via PC only , and a paid service with a larger library of content and accessed via Hulu applications for various mobile and connected devices . The subscription service is , in turn , divided into advertising-supported and mostly ad-free tiers . In 2016 , Hulu spun out its free content into a joint venture with Yahoo! called Yahoo! View and launched a live television streaming service on May 3 , 2017 . Hulu is offered only to users in Japan and the United States and its overseas territories .", "20th Century Fox Television. Twentieth Century Fox Television ( TCFTV , stylized as 20th Century Fox Television ) is the television production subsidiary of 20th Century Fox , and a production arm of the Fox Television Group ( both are owned by Rupert Murdoch 's 21st Century Fox ) . 20th Television is the syndication and distribution arm of 20th Century Fox Television .", "ESPN. ESPN ( originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Networks ) is a U.S.-based global cable and satellite sports television channel owned by ESPN Inc. , a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company ( which operates the network ) and the Hearst Corporation ( which owns a 20 % minority share ) . ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol , Connecticut . The network also operates offices in Miami , New York City , Seattle , Charlotte , and Los Angeles . John Skipper currently serves as president of ESPN , a position he has held since January 1 , 2012 . While ESPN is one of the most successful sports networks , there has been much criticism of ESPN , which includes accusations of biased coverage , conflict of interest , and controversies with individual broadcasters and analysts . , ESPN is available to approximately 94,396,000 paid television households ( 81.1 % of households with at least one television set ) in the United States . Nielsen has reported a much lower number in 2017 , below 90,000,000 subscribers , losing more than 10,000 a day . In addition to the flagship channel and its seven related channels in the United States , ESPN broadcasts in more than 200 countries , operating regional channels in Australia , Brazil , Latin America and the United Kingdom , and owning a 20 % interest in The Sports Network ( TSN ) as well as its five sister networks in Canada . In 2011 , ESPN 's history and rise was chronicled by These Guys Have All the Fun , a nonfiction book written by James Andrew Miller and Tom Shales and published by Little , Brown and Company .", "Fox Film. The Fox Film Corporation was an American company that produced motion pictures , formed by William Fox on 1 February 1915 . It was the corporate successor to his earlier Greater New York Film Rental Company and Box Office Attractions Film Company . The company 's first film studios were set up in Fort Lee , New Jersey but in 1917 , William Fox sent Sol M. Wurtzel to Hollywood , California to oversee the studio 's new West Coast production facilities where a more hospitable and cost effective climate existed for filmmaking . On July 23 , 1926 , the company bought the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound on to film . After the Crash of 1929 , William Fox lost control of the company in 1930 , during a hostile takeover . Under new president Sidney Kent , the new owners merged the company with Twentieth Century Pictures to form 20th Century Fox in 1935 .", "Marshall Broadcasting. Marshall Broadcasting Group , Inc. is a television broadcasting company that owns three full power television stations in the United States . The company was founded in 2014 by Pluria Marshall , Jr. . All three of its television stations are affiliated with the Fox and are operated through shared services agreements by Nexstar Media Group . In 2014 , Nexstar Broadcasting Group acquired the stock of television operators Grant Broadcasting , Communications Corporation of America , and White Knight Broadcasting . Due to FCC ownership limits , Nexstar sold former Grant station KLJB in Davenport , Iowa , and former ComCorp stations KPEJ-TV in Odessa , Texas and KMSS-TV in Shreveport , Louisiana , all three of which are Fox affiliates , to Marshall Broadcasting . Nexstar operates all three of the television stations owned by Marshall Broadcasting through a shared services agreement , providing non-programming resources to the stations such as master control , advertising sales , and engineering support .", "Fox Premium. Fox Premium App & TV is a group of premium pay-TV channels founded in 1997 by LAPTV under the name Moviecity , dedicated to the exhibition of movies by subscription Latin America . Fox Premium offers films in their original version , without censorship or dubbing . It is currently owned by Fox Networks Group and operated by Fox Networks Group Latin America , who also operates other signs of the basic service as Cinecanal and Film Zone . Transmitted from Atlanta , Georgia in the United States .", "NPR. National Public Radio ( usually shortened to NPR , stylized as npr ) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization that serves as a national syndicator to a network of 900 public radio stations in the United States . NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming . Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced . Most public radio stations broadcast a mixture of NPR programs , content from rival providers American Public Media , Public Radio International , Public Radio Exchange and WNYC Studios and locally produced programs . NPR 's flagships are two drive time news broadcasts , Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered ; both are carried by most NPR member stations , and are two of the most popular radio programs in the country . NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System , which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International . Its content is also available on-demand via the web , mobile , and podcasts .", "History of Fox News. The Fox News Channel ( FNC ) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996 . Murdoch appointed Roger Ailes as permanent CEO of the news operation . FNC ( along with MSNBC ) was created as an alternative to CNN . In January 2002 , the ratings of the channel surpassed top-rated CNN to become the # 1 news cable channel . The network has since maintained its # 1 cable rating , with increasing viewership and international access helping it become a subject of controversy .", "Fox NFL. Fox NFL ( also known as The NFL on Fox ) is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League ( NFL ) games produced by Fox Sports and televised on the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) . Game coverage is usually preceded by the pre-game shows Fox NFL Kickoff and Fox NFL Sunday and is followed on most weeks by post-game show The OT . The latter two shows feature the same studio hosts and analysts for both programs , who also contribute to the former . In weeks when Fox airs a doubleheader , the late broadcast ( which typically airs nationwide in almost all markets , as there are typically only one or two games taking place at the time ) airs under the brand America 's Game of the Week . The network aired its inaugural NFL game telecast on August 12 , 1994 , with a preseason game between the Denver Broncos and the San Francisco 49ers at Candlestick Park in San Francisco . Coverage formally began the following month on September 4 , with the premiere of Fox NFL Sunday , followed by a slate of six regionally televised regular season games on the first Sunday of the 1994 season .", "Repercussions of the 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment. The 1994 United States broadcast television realignment consisted of a series of network affiliation switches and other transactions that resulted from a multimillion-dollar deal between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( commonly known as simply Fox ) and New World Communications , a media group that -- in addition to its involvement in film and television production -- owned several VHF television stations affiliated with major broadcast networks , primarily CBS . The agreement between Fox and New World resulted not only in Fox affiliating with stations with histories as major network affiliates but also various other deals , most notably the buyout of CBS by Westinghouse , that caused several other broadcasting companies to reach affiliation deals that either extended ties with networks that were already aligned with some stations owned by the individual groups or created new relationships between at least one of the networks and the affected partner groups . The repercussions of this realignment were gradual but swift , with nearly 70 stations in 30 media markets throughout the United States changing affiliations between September 1994 and September 1996 . Fox ascended to the status of a major television network , comparable in influence to the Big Three television networks ( CBS , NBC and ABC ) , while CBS was dealt the major blows of losing both its partial broadcast rights to the National Football League ( NFL ) and key affiliates in several major markets to Fox . All three major networks also wound up affiliating with stations that broadcast on the UHF band in a few cases , the vast majority of which operated as either Fox affiliates or independent stations prior to the switches ; most of the new Big Three affiliates also created news departments from scratch or expanded their existing ones .", "Fox News (disambiguation). Fox News is a 24-hour cable and satellite news channel owned by Fox Entertainment Group . Fox News may also refer to : Fox News Radio , a syndicated radio service , a division of Fox News Channel Fox News Sunday , a weekly morning talk show broadcast by Fox Broadcasting Company stations and affiliates , and replayed during prime time on Fox News Channel Fox News Talk , a satellite radio service of Fox News Channel Fox Movietone News , a newsreel which began in 1928 in the United Kingdom and the United States Fox News ( 1919 -- 1930 ) , was a silent-era theatrical newsreel created by William Fox . Fox News is also a term used by some Fox stations and affiliates to brand their own local news operations .", "Foxtel. Foxtel is an Australian pay television company , operating a duopoly in cable television , a monopoly in direct broadcast satellite television , and IPTV catch-up services . It was formed in 1995 through a joint venture established between News Corporation ( now News Corp ; through News Limited , now News Corp Australia ) ( FOX ) and Telstra ( TEL ) . Both of the owning companies are 50 % shareholders . It shares many features with the Sky service in the United Kingdom , including iQ , the electronic program guide , a similar remote control , and Red Button Active ." ]

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[ "Roman Atwood. Roman Bernard Atwood ( born May 28 , 1983 ) is an American YouTube personality , comedian , vlogger and pranker . He is best known for his vlogs , where he posts updates about his life on a daily basis . His vlogging channel , `` RomanAtwoodVlogs '' , has a total of 3.3 billion views and 11.9 million subscribers . He also has another YouTube channel called `` RomanAtwood '' , where he posts pranks . His prank videos have gained over 1.4 billion views and 10.3 million subscribers . Both of these channels are in the top 100 most subscribed on YouTube , and he became the second YouTuber after Germán Garmendia to receive two Diamond Play Buttons for his two channels .", "Stack Overflow. Stack Overflow is a privately held website , the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network , created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky . It was created to be a more open alternative to earlier question and answer sites such as Experts-Exchange . The name for the website was chosen by voting in April 2008 by readers of Coding Horror , Atwood 's popular programming blog . It features questions and answers on a wide range of topics in computer programming . The website serves as a platform for users to ask and answer questions , and , through membership and active participation , to vote questions and answers up or down and edit questions and answers in a fashion similar to a wiki or Digg . Users of Stack Overflow can earn reputation points and `` badges '' ; for example , a person is awarded 10 reputation points for receiving an `` up '' vote on an answer given to a question , and can receive badges for their valued contributions , which represents a kind of gamification of the traditional Q&A site or forum . All user-generated content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribute-ShareAlike license . Closing questions is a main differentiation from Yahoo! Answers and a way to prevent low quality questions . The mechanism was overhauled in 2013 ; questions edited after being put `` on hold '' now appear in a review queue . Jeff Atwood stated in 2010 that duplicate questions are not seen as a problem but rather they constitute an advantage if such additional questions drive extra traffic to the site by multiplying relevant keyword hits in search engines . Stack Overflow has over 4,000,000 registered users , and it exceeded 10,000,000 questions in late August 2015 . Based on the type of tags assigned to questions , the top eight most discussed topics on the site are : Java , JavaScript , C# , PHP , Android , jQuery , Python and HTML . Stack Overflow also has a Jobs section to assist developers in finding their next opportunity . For employers , Stack Overflow provides tools to brand their business , advertise their openings on the site , and source candidates from Stack Overflow 's database of developers who are open to being contacted .", "Roman Empire. The Roman Empire ( Imperium Rōmānum -LSB- ɪmˈpɛ.ri.ũː roːˈmaː.nũː -RSB- Koine and Medieval Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around AD 500 , and the Empire 's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world 's population at the time ) . An average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian 's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era . The first two centuries of the empire 's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana , or `` Roman Peace '' . Following Octavian 's victory , the size of the empire was dramatically increased . After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41 , the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic , but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead . Under Claudius , the empire invaded Britannia , its first major expansion since Augustus . After Claudius ' successor , Nero , committed suicide in AD 68 , the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars , as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea , during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor . Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69 , establishing the Flavian dynasty , before being succeeded by his son Titus , who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian , who was eventually assassinated . The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors . The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan , the second in this line . A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus . Commodus ' assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors , of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious . The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a fifty-year time span . It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy , which saw four emperors rule the empire at once . This arrangement was ultimately unsuccessful , leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine I , who defeated his rivals and became the sole ruler of the empire . Constantine subsequently shifted the capital to Byzantium , which was renamed `` Constantinople '' in his honour . It remained the capital of the east until its demise . Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the official state religion of the empire . This eastern part of the empire ( modernly called `` Byzantine Empire '' ) remained one of the leading powers in the world alongside its arch-rival the Sassanid Empire , which had inherited a centuries-old Roman-Persian conflict from its predecessor the Parthians . Following the death of Theodosius I , the last emperor to rule a united Roman Empire , the dominion of the empire was gradually eroded by abuses of power , civil wars , barbarian migrations and invasions , military reforms and economic depression . The Sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and again in 455 by the Vandals accelerated the Western Empire 's decay , while the deposition of the emperor , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 by Odoacer , is generally accepted to mark the end of the empire in the west . However , Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague , and separate rule in the Western part of the empire only ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos , in 480 . The Eastern Roman Empire endured for another millennium , eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic , cultural , political and military forces in the world of its time . It was one of the largest empires in world history . At its height under Trajan , it covered 5 million square kilometres . It held sway over an estimated 70 million people , at that time 21 % of the world 's entire population . The longevity and vast extent of the empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language , culture , religion , inventions , architecture , philosophy , law and forms of government on the empire 's descendants . Throughout the European medieval period , attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire , including the Empire of Romania , a Crusader state , and the Holy Roman Empire . By means of European colonialism following the Renaissance , and their descendant states , Greco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian culture was exported on a worldwide scale , playing a crucial role in the development of the modern world .", "Parks and Recreation. Parks and Recreation , informally known as Parks and Rec , is an American political comedy television sitcom starring Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope , a perky , mid-level bureaucrat in the Parks Department of Pawnee , a fictional town in Indiana . Created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur , the series aired on NBC from April 9 , 2009 to February 24 , 2015 , for 125 episodes , over seven seasons . It was written by the same writers and uses the same filming style as The Office , with the same implication of a documentary crew filming everyone . The ensemble and supporting cast feature Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins , Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford , Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson , Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate , Paul Schneider as Mark Brendanawicz , Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer , Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt , Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger , Jim O'Heir as Garry `` Jerry '' Gergich , Retta as Donna Meagle , and Billy Eichner as Craig Middlebrooks . The writers researched local California politics for the show , and consulted with urban planners and elected officials . Poehler 's character , Leslie Knope , underwent major changes after the first season , in response to audience feedback that she seemed unintelligent and `` ditzy '' . The writing staff incorporated current events into the episodes , such as a government shutdown in Pawnee inspired by the real-life global financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Several guest stars , such as Jason Mantzoukas , Kathryn Hahn , Sam Elliott , Bill Murray , Louis C.K. , Paul Rudd , and Jon Hamm , have been featured in the show , and their characters often appear in multiple episodes . Parks and Recreation was part of NBC 's `` Comedy Night Done Right '' programming during its Thursday night prime-time block . The series received mixed reviews during its first season , but , after a re-approach to its tone and format , the second and subsequent seasons were widely acclaimed . Throughout its run , Parks and Recreation received several awards and nominations , including two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series , six Emmy nominations , a Golden Globe win for Poehler 's performance , and a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . In TIMEs 2012 year-end lists issue , Parks and Recreation was named the number one television series of that year . In 2013 , after receiving four consecutive nominations in the category , Parks and Recreation won the Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy .", "Reddit. Reddit ( stylized as reddit , -LSB- ˈrɛdɪt -RSB- ) is an American social news aggregation , web content rating , and discussion website . Reddit 's registered community members can submit content such as text posts or direct links . Registered users can then vote submissions up or down that determines their position on the page . Submissions with the most up-votes appear on the front page or the top of a category . Content entries are organized by areas of interest called `` subreddits '' . Subreddit topics include news , science , gaming , movies , music , books , fitness , food , image-sharing , and many others . The site prohibits harassment , and moderation requires substantial resources . As of 2017 , Reddit had 542 million monthly visitors ( 234 million unique users ) , ranking # 4 most visited web-site in US and # 9 in the world . Across 2015 , Reddit saw 82.54 billion pageviews , 73.15 million submissions , 725.85 million comments , and 6.89 billion upvotes from its users . Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005 . Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006 . Reddit became a direct subsidiary of Condé Nast 's parent company , Advance Publications , in September 2011 . As of August 2012 , Reddit operates as an independent entity , although Advance is still its largest shareholder . Reddit is based in San Francisco , California . In October 2014 , Reddit raised $ 50 million in a funding round led by Sam Altman and including investors Marc Andreessen , Peter Thiel , Ron Conway , Snoop Dogg , and Jared Leto . Their investment saw the company valued at $ 500 million .", "The Walking Dead (TV series). The Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror television series developed by Frank Darabont , based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . Andrew Lincoln plays the show 's lead character , sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes , who awakens from a coma discovering a world overrun by zombies , commonly referred to as `` walkers '' . Grimes reunites with his family and becomes the leader of a group he forms with other survivors . Together they struggle to survive and adapt in a post-apocalyptic world filled with walkers and opposing groups of survivors , who are often more dangerous than the walkers themselves . Much of the series takes place in and around Atlanta , Georgia , and Alexandria , Virginia . The Walking Dead premiered in the United States on October 31 , 2010 , exclusively shown on cable television channel AMC and internationally on Fox International Channels . As a result of very favorable Nielsen ratings that rank the show unprecedentedly high for a cable series , AMC has renewed the series each year . Beginning with its third season , The Walking Dead attracts the most 18 - to 49-year-old viewers of any cable or broadcast television series . Its eighth season will debut in October 2017 . The series has been well received by critics and nominated for several awards , including the Writers Guild of America Award for New Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . An AMC companion series , Fear the Walking Dead , debuted on August 23 , 2015 .", "Rome. Rome ( -LSB- ˈroʊm -RSB- ; Roma -LSB- ˈroː.ma -RSB- , Rōma ) is a special comune ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) and the capital of Italy . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,877,215 residents in 1285 km2 , it is also the country 's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4.3 million residents . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . Rome 's history spans more than 2,500 years . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded as one of the birthplaces of Western civilisation and by some as the first ever metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Urbs Aeterna La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy . Rome is also called the `` Caput Mundi '' ( Capital of the World ) . After the fall of the Western Empire , which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages , Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy , which had settled in the city since the 1st century AD , until in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States , which lasted until 1870 . Beginning with the Renaissance , almost all the popes since Nicholas V ( 1447 -- 55 ) pursued coherently along four hundred years an architectonic and urbanistic programme aimed to make of the city the world 's artistic and cultural centre . Due to that , Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance , and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism . Famous artists , painters , sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity , creating masterpieces throughout the city . In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy , and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic . Rome has the status of a global city . Rome ranked in 2016 as the 13th-most-visited city in the world , 3rd most visited in the European Union , and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy . Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the world 's most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year . Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations ' Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . The city hosts the headquarters of many international business companies , such as Eni , Enel , TIM and national and international banks as UniCredit and BNL . Its business district , called EUR , is the base of many business companies involved in oil industry , pharmaceutical industry and finance services . So , Rome plays a leading role in the national economy . The city is also an important fashion and design center thanks to international brands such as Fendi , Bulgari , Renato Balestra and Salvatore Ferragamo . Rome 's Cinecittà Studios have been the set of many Academy Award-winning movies .", "Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome was originally an Italic settlement dating from the 8th century BC that grew into the city of Rome and which subsequently gave its name to the empire over which it ruled and to the widespread civilisation the empire developed . The Roman empire expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world , though still ruled from the city , with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world 's population ) and covering 5.0 million square kilometres at its height in AD 117 . In its many centuries of existence , the Roman state evolved from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire . Through conquest and assimilation , it came to dominate the Mediterranean region and then Western Europe , Asia Minor , North Africa , and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe . It is often grouped into classical antiquity together with ancient Greece , and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world . Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern government , law , politics , engineering , art , literature , architecture , technology , warfare , religion , language and society . Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica , the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France . It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats , such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads , as well as the construction of large monuments , palaces , and public facilities . By the end of the Republic ( 27 BC ) , Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond : its domain extended from the Atlantic to Arabia and from the mouth of the Rhine to North Africa . The Roman Empire emerged with the end of the Republic and the dictatorship of Augustus Caesar . 721 years of Roman-Persian Wars started in 92 BC with their first war against Parthia . It would become the longest conflict in human history , and have major lasting effects and consequences for both empires . Under Trajan , the Empire reached its territorial peak . Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period , with civil wars becoming a prelude common to the rise of a new emperor . Splinter states , such as the Palmyrene Empire , would temporarily divide the Empire during the crisis of the 3rd century . Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples , the western part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century . This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of universal history from the pre-medieval `` Dark Ages '' of Europe .", "Viacom. Viacom Inc. ( known professionally as Viacom ( -LSB- ˈvaɪəkɒm -RSB- ) and stylized as vıacom or b_viacom in YouTube ) is an American media conglomerate with interests primarily in cinema and cable television . It is currently the world 's sixth largest broadcasting and cable company in terms of revenue -- behind Comcast , The Walt Disney Company , Time Warner , and CBS Corporation , but ahead of 21st Century Fox . Voting control of Viacom is held by National Amusements , Inc. , a privately owned theater company controlled by the billionaire Sumner Redstone . Redstone also holds -- via National Amusements -- a controlling stake in CBS Corporation . The current incarnation of Viacom was created on December 31 , 2005 as a spin-off from the original incarnation of Viacom , which was renamed as CBS Corporation after the spin-off . CBS Corporation currently retains control of the over-the-air broadcasting , TV production , subscription pay television ( with Showtime Networks ) and publishing assets ( with Simon & Schuster ) , which were previously owned by the original Viacom . Predecessor firms of the original Viacom included Gulf + Western ( which later became Paramount Communications ) and Westinghouse Electric Corporation . Comprising BET Networks , Viacom Media Networks and Paramount Pictures , the current Viacom operates approximately 170 networks , reaching approximately 700 million subscribers in approximately 160 countries .", "Deadwood (TV series). Deadwood is an American western television series created , produced , and largely written by David Milch , that aired on the premium cable network HBO from March 21 , 2004 to August 27 , 2006 , spanning 36 episodes and three seasons . The series , set in the 1870s in Deadwood , South Dakota , before and after the area 's annexation by the Dakota Territory , charts Deadwood 's growth from camp to town , incorporating themes ranging from the formation of communities to western capitalism . The show features a large ensemble cast , and many historical figures appear as characters , such as Seth Bullock , George Crook , Wyatt Earp , E. B. Farnum , George Hearst , Wild Bill Hickok , Calamity Jane , Jack McCall , Sol Star , Al Swearengen , and Charlie Utter . The plot lines involving these characters include historical truths as well as substantial fictional elements . Milch used actual diaries and newspapers from 1870s Deadwood residents as reference points for characters , events , and the look and feel of the show . Some of the characters are fully fictional , although they may have been based on actual persons . Deadwood received wide critical acclaim , particularly for Milch 's writing and Ian McShane 's co-lead performance , and is now regarded as one of the greatest TV dramas of all time . It also won eight Emmy Awards ( in 28 nominations ) and one Golden Globe . TV Guide ranked it # 8 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon '' . There were initial plans to conclude the series with two TV films , but those plans never came to fruition . In 2015 , talks resumed between HBO and Milch , and in January 2016 , HBO green-lit a script to be written . In April 2017 , Ian McShane confirmed that the script was complete and now in the hands of HBO , and if it does not happen , `` blame them , '' he said . The show was produced by Red Board Productions and Roscoe Productions in association with HBO and Paramount Network Television ( CBS Paramount Network Television in season 3 ) .", "Roman Republic. The Roman Republic ( Res publica Romana -LSB- ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na -RSB- ) was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to 509 BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire . It was during this period that Rome 's control expanded from the city 's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world . During the first two centuries of its existence , the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance , from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula . By the following century , it included North Africa , most of the Iberian Peninsula , and what is now southern France . Two centuries after that , towards the end of the 1st century BC , it included the rest of modern France , Greece , and much of the eastern Mediterranean . By this time , internal tensions led to a series of civil wars , culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar , which led to the transition from republic to empire . The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation . Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar 's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC , Caesar 's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC , and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . However , most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves , the Roman Senate 's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC , as the defining event ending the Republic . Roman government was headed by two consuls , elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates . As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards , the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians , Rome 's land-holding aristocracy , who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome , and the plebeians , the far more numerous citizen-commoners . Over time , the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome 's highest offices were repealed or weakened , and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy . The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war , making military and political success inextricably linked . Many of Rome 's legal and legislative structures ( later codified into the Justinian Code , and again into the Napoleonic Code ) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations .", "Star Trek. Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series , simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC . It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise , a space exploration vessel , built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century . The Star Trek canon of the franchise includes The Original Series , an animated series , four spin-off television series , its film franchise and an upcoming television series scheduled to debut in 2017 . In creating Star Trek , Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels , the satirical book Gulliver 's Travels , and by works of western genre such as the television series Wagon Train . These adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek : The Animated Series and six feature films . Four spin-off television series were eventually produced : Star Trek : The Next Generation followed the crew of a new starship Enterprise set a century after the original series ; Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager set contemporaneously with The Next Generation ; and Star Trek : Enterprise set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel . The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films . In 2009 , the film franchise underwent a `` reboot '' set in an alternate timeline , or `` Kelvin Timeline '' , entitled simply Star Trek . This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the original show ; their adventures were continued in the sequel film , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . The thirteenth film feature and sequel , Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , was released to coincide with the franchise 's 50th anniversary . A new Star Trek TV series , entitled Star Trek : Discovery , is set to premiere on the digital platform CBS All Access . Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades . Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers . The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games , figurines , novels , toys , and comics . Star Trek had a themed attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008 . At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world . The series has its own full-fledged constructed language , Klingon . Several parodies have been made of Star Trek . In addition , viewers have produced several fan productions . As of July 2016 , the franchise had generated $ 10 billion in revenue , making Star Trek one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time . Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction . The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances . The Original Series included one of television 's first multiracial casts . Star Trek references may be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park .", "Jurassic Park. Jurassic Park is an American science fiction media franchise centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs . It began in 1990 when Universal Studios bought the rights to the novel by Michael Crichton before it was even published . The book was successful , as was the 1993 film adaptation , which led to three sequels , although the third and fourth films were not based on novels as the first two were . The software developers Ocean Software , BlueSky Software , Sega of America , and Telltale Games have had the rights to develop video games ever since the 1993 film , and numerous games have been produced . The Jurassic Park Ultimate Trilogy was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 25 , 2011 , in North America . The first film was re-released in 3D on April 5 , 2013 . Since 1996 , several water rides based on the series have been opened at various Universal theme parks . On June 1 , 2016 , the first three films in the franchise were added to the Netflix streaming service , but were removed on September 1 , 2016 . The fourth film , Jurassic World , was initially scheduled to be released in the summer of 2005 , but was delayed numerous times and was ultimately released in June 2015 . It has grossed more than $ 1.66 billion , making it the fourth highest-grossing film of all time . When adjusted for monetary inflation , however , this film is the second highest grossing in the franchise after Jurassic Park . A fifth film , Jurassic World 2 , is scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date . As of 2000 , the franchise had generated $ 5 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .", "The O.C.. The O.C. is an American teen drama television series created by Josh Schwartz that originally aired on the Fox network in the United States from August 5 , 2003 , to February 22 , 2007 , running a total of four seasons . `` O.C. '' is an abbreviation of `` Orange County . '' The series centers on Ryan Atwood , a troubled but tough young man from a broken home who is adopted by the wealthy and philanthropic Sandy and Kirsten Cohen . Ryan and his foster brother Seth , a socially awkward yet quick-witted teenager , deal with life as outsiders in the high-class world of Newport Beach . Ryan and Seth spend much time navigating their relationships with girl-next-door Marissa Cooper , Seth 's childhood crush Summer Roberts , and the fast-talking loner Taylor Townsend . Storylines deal with the culture clash between the idealistic Cohen family and the shallow , materialistic , and closed-minded community in which they reside . The series includes elements of postmodernism , and functions as a mixture of melodrama and comedy . The series premiered with high ratings and was one of the most popular new dramas of the 2003 -- 2004 television season . It was widely referred to as a pop cultural phenomenon and received mostly positive reception from critics . However , ratings declined as the show went on . The low ratings led to its cancellation in early 2007 , even after an online petition that gained over 700,000 signatures . The O.C. has been broadcast in more than fifty countries worldwide . The series has also been released on DVD , as well as on iTunes .", "Myspace. Myspace is a social networking website offering an interactive , user-submitted network of friends , personal profiles , blogs , groups , photos , music , and videos . It is headquartered in Beverly Hills , California . Myspace was acquired by News Corporation in July 2005 for $ 580 million . From 2005 to 2008 , Myspace was the largest social networking site in the world , and in June 2006 surpassed Google as the most visited website in the United States . In April 2008 , Myspace was overtaken by Facebook in the number of unique worldwide visitors , and was surpassed in the number of unique U.S. visitors in May 2009 , though Myspace generated $ 800 million in revenue during the 2008 fiscal year . Since then , the number of Myspace users has declined steadily in spite of several redesigns . As of March 2017 , Myspace was ranked 3,178 by total Web traffic , and 1,650 In the United States . Myspace had a significant influence on pop culture and music and created a gaming platform that launched the successes of Zynga and RockYou , among others . Despite an overall decline , in 2015 Myspace still had 50.6 million unique monthly visitors and has a pool of nearly 1 billion active and inactive registered users . In June 2009 , Myspace employed approximately 1,600 employees . In June 2011 , Specific Media Group and Justin Timberlake jointly purchased the company for approximately $ 35 million . On February 11 , 2016 it was announced that MySpace and its parent company had been bought by Time Inc. .", "Comedy (drama). A comedy is entertainment consisting of jokes intended to make an audience laugh . For ancient Greeks and Romans a comedy was a stage-play with a happy ending . In the Middle Ages , the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings and a lighter tone . In this sense Dante used the term in the title of his poem , La Divina Commedia . The phenomena connected with laughter and that which provokes it has been carefully investigated by psychologists and agreed upon the predominating characteristics are incongruity or contrast in the object , and shock or emotional seizure on the part of the subject . It has also been held that the feeling of superiority is an essential factor : thus Thomas Hobbes speaks of laughter as a `` sudden glory . '' Modern investigators have paid much attention to the origin both of laughter and of smiling , as well as the development of the `` play instinct '' and its emotional expression . Much comedy contains variations on the elements of surprise , incongruity , conflict , repetitiveness , and the effect of opposite expectations , but there are many recognized genres of comedy . Satire and political satire use ironic comedy used to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of humor . Parody borrows the form of some popular genre , artwork , or text but uses certain ironic changes to critique that form from within ( though not necessarily in a condemning way ) . Screwball comedy derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters . Black comedy is defined by dark humor that makes light of so-called dark or evil elements in human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comedic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members . Romantic comedy is a popular genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms , and focuses on the foibles of those who are falling in love .", "South Park. South Park is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone and developed by Brian Graden for the Comedy Central television network . The show revolves around four boys -- Stan Marsh , Kyle Broflovski , Eric Cartman , and Kenny McCormick -- and their bizarre adventures in and around the titular Colorado town . Much like The Simpsons , South Park uses a very large ensemble cast of recurring characters and became infamous for its profanity and dark , surreal humor that satirizes a wide range of topics towards a mature audience . Parker and Stone developed the show from The Spirit of Christmas , two consecutive animated shorts created in 1992 and 1995 . The latter became one of the first Internet viral videos , ultimately leading to South Park 's production . It debuted in August 1997 with great success , consistently earning the highest ratings of any basic cable program . Subsequent ratings have varied but it remains one of Comedy Central 's highest rated shows , and is slated to air in new episodes through 2019 . The pilot episode was produced using cutout animation , leading to all subsequent episodes being produced with computer animation that emulated the cutout technique . Parker and Stone perform most of the voice acting for the show 's male characters . Since 2000 , each episode has typically been written and produced in the week preceding its broadcast , with Parker serving as the primary writer and director . There have been a total of episodes over the course of the show 's 20 seasons . South Park has received numerous accolades , including five Primetime Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , and numerous inclusions in various publications ' lists of greatest television shows . The show 's popularity resulted in a feature-length theatrical film , South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut which was released in June 1999 , less than two years after the show 's premiere , and became a commercial and critical success , even garnering a nomination for an Academy Award . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked South Park the tenth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time .", "Ice Age (franchise). Ice Age is an American media franchise centering on a group of mammals surviving the Paleolithic ice age . It is produced by Blue Sky Studios , a division of 20th Century Fox , and featuring the voices of Ray Romano , John Leguizamo , Denis Leary , and Chris Wedge . Five films have been released in the series thus far with Ice Age in 2002 , Ice Age : The Meltdown in 2006 , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs in 2009 , Ice Age : Continental Drift in 2012 , and Ice Age : Collision Course in 2016 . It has received some criticism for making no attempt to be scientifically accurate . As of April 2016 , the franchise had generated $ 6 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .", "Star Wars. Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over $ 7.5 billion , making Star Wars the third highest-grossing film series . Spin-off films include the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) and Rogue One ( 2016 ) , the latter of which is the first in an upcoming series of anthology films . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise including books , television series , computer and video games , and comic books , all of which take place within the same continuity as the films , resulting in significant development of the series 's fictional universe , with the non-canonical works falling under the defunct Star Wars Legends label . Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $ 42 billion , making Star Wars the second highest-grossing media franchise of all time . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for $ 4.06 billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films , beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015 . The former distributor , 20th Century Fox , retains the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies , owns permanent rights for the original 1977 film and continues to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope .", "Closing credits. Closing credits or end credits are a list of the cast and crew of a particular motion picture , television program , or video game . Where opening credits appear at the beginning of a work , closing credits appear close to , or at the very end of a work . A full set of credits can include the cast and crew , but also production sponsors , distribution companies , works of music licensed or written for the work , various legal disclaimers , such as copyright and more . Some long-running productions list `` production babies '' . The closing credits are usually typed and appear in white lettering on a solid black background , featuring no sound effects or dialogue , only a musical background , sometimes the works ' theme music . Credits are either static and flip from page to page , or scroll as a single list from the bottom of the screen to the top . Occasionally closing credits will divert from this standard form to either scroll in another direction , include illustrations , extra scenes , bloopers , joke credits and post-credits scenes .", "Wine. Wine ( from Latin vinum ) is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes , generally Vitis vinifera , fermented without the addition of sugars , acids , enzymes , water , or other nutrients . Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide . Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine . These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape , the reactions involved in fermentation , the terroir , and the production process . Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine . These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes , as well as other aspects of wine production . Wines not made from grapes include rice wine and fruit wines such as plum , cherry , pomegranate and elderberry . Wine has been produced for thousands of years . The earliest known traces of wine are from China ( BC ) , Georgia ( BC ) , and Iran ( BC ) . The earliest known winery is the 6,100-year-old Areni-1 winery Armenia . Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece , Thrace and Rome . Throughout history , wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects . Wine has long played an important role in religion . Red wine was associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians and was used by both the Greek cult of Dionysus and the Romans in their Bacchanalia ; Judaism also incorporates it in the Kiddush and Christianity in the Eucharist .", "Academy Awards. The Academy Awards , now known officially as the Oscars , is a set of twenty-four awards for artistic and technical merit in the American film industry , given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the `` Academy Award of Merit '' , which has become commonly known by its nickname `` Oscar '' . The awards , first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel , are overseen by AMPAS . The awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953 . It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online . The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony . Its equivalents -- the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music and recording -- are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 89th Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2016 , were held on February 26 , 2017 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th .", "Red Dead Redemption. Red Dead Redemption is an open world western action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games . It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in May 2010 . It is the second title in the Red Dead franchise , after 2004 's Red Dead Revolver . The game , set during the decline of the American Frontier in the year 1911 , follows John Marston , a former outlaw whose wife and son are taken hostage by the government in ransom for his services as a hired gun . Having no other choice , Marston sets out to bring the three members of his former gang to justice . Red Dead Redemption is played from a third-person perspective in an open world environment , allowing the player to interact with the game world at their leisure . The player can travel the virtual world , a fictionalized version of the Western United States and Mexico , primarily by horseback and on foot . Gunfights emphasize a gunslinger gameplay mechanic called `` Dead Eye '' that allows players to mark multiple shooting targets on enemies in slow motion . The game makes use of a morality system , by which the player 's actions in the game affect their character 's levels of honor and fame and how other characters respond to the player . An online multiplayer mode is included with the game , allowing up to 16 players to engage in both co-operative and competitive gameplay in a recreation of the single-player setting . Upon its release , Red Dead Redemption was acclaimed by many reviewers , with praise directed at the game 's visuals , dynamically-generated music , voice acting , gameplay , and story . The game has shipped over 15 million copies and won year-end accolades , including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications . It is widely considered one of the greatest video games of all time . After the game 's release , several downloadable content additions were released ; Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare , later released as a standalone game , added a new single-player experience in which Marston searches for a cure for an infectious zombie plague that has swept across the Old West . A Game of the Year Edition containing all additional content was released in October 2011 . A sequel , Red Dead Redemption 2 , was announced in October 2016 , and is scheduled for release in Q2 2018 .", "Facebook. Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park , California . The Facebook website was launched on February 4 , 2004 , by Mark Zuckerberg , along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates , Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes . The founders had initially limited the website 's membership to Harvard students ; however , later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area , the Ivy League schools , and Stanford University . Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities , and eventually to high school students as well . Since 2006 , anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook , though variations exist in the minimum age requirement , depending on applicable local laws . The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students . Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops , laptops , tablet computers , and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks . After registering to use the site , users can create a user profile indicating their name , occupation , schools attended and so on . Users can add other users as `` friends '' , exchange messages , post status updates and digital photos , share digital videos and links , use various software applications ( `` apps '' ) , and receive notifications when others update their profiles or make posts . Additionally , users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace , school , hobbies or other topics , and categorize their friends into lists such as `` People From Work '' or `` Close Friends '' . In groups , editors can pin posts to top . Additionally , users can complain about or block unpleasant people . Because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service , Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies . Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen . Facebook , Inc. held its initial public offering ( IPO ) in February 2012 , and began selling stock to the public three months later , reaching an original peak market capitalization of $ 104 billion . On July 13 , 2015 , Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poor 's 500 Index to reach a market cap of $ 250 billion . Facebook has more than 1.94 billion monthly active users as of March 31 , 2017 . As of April 2016 , Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world , based on the number of active user accounts . Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only .", "Entertainment. Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience , or gives pleasure and delight . It can be an idea or a task , but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience 's attention . Although people 's attention is held by different things , because individuals have different preferences in entertainment , most forms are recognisable and familiar . Storytelling , music , drama , dance , and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures , were supported in royal courts , developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens . The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products . Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale , ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products ; to a banquet adapted for two ; to any size or type of party , with appropriate music and dance ; to performances intended for thousands ; and even for a global audience . The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated with amusement , so that one common understanding of the idea is fun and laughter , although many entertainments have a serious purpose . This may be the case in the various forms of ceremony , celebration , religious festival , or satire for example . Hence , there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth . An important aspect of entertainment is the audience , which turns a private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment . The audience may have a passive role , as in the case of persons watching a play , opera , television show , or film ; or the audience role may be active , as in the case of games , where the participant/audience roles may be routinely reversed . Entertainment can be public or private , involving formal , scripted performance , as in the case of theatre or concerts ; or unscripted and spontaneous , as in the case of children 's games . Most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries , evolving due to changes in culture , technology , and fashion . Films and video games , for example , although they use newer media , continue to tell stories , present drama , and play music . Festivals devoted to music , film , or dance allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days . Some activities that were once considered entertaining , particularly public punishments , have been removed from the public arena . Others , such as fencing or archery , once necessary skills for some , have become serious sports and even professions for the participants , at the same time developing into entertainment with wider appeal for bigger audiences . In the same way , other necessary skills , such as cooking , have developed into performances among professionals , staged as global competitions and then broadcast for entertainment . What entertainment is for one group or individual may be regarded as work by another . The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over different media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative remix . This has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes , images , and structures .", "Sexual content. In media discourse , sexual content is material depicting sexual behavior . The sexual behavior involved may be explicit , implicit sexual behavior such as flirting , or include sexual language and euphemisms . Sexual content is a large factor in most content rating systems , such as those used for television programs , films , and video games . Its increasing availability , especially the Internet , has increased people 's exposure to sexual content . Such exposure is not always wanted . Research has suggested that exposure to sexual content affects people 's thoughts and behavior , though there is disagreement as to the extent of the effect . Gert Martin Hald , a psychologist at the University of Copenhagen , who authored a study which found that watching `` sexually explicit media '' only accounted for 0.3 to 4.0 percent of behavior changes , said , `` Our data suggest that other factors such as personal dispositions -- specifically sensation-seeking -- rather than consumption of sexually explicit material may play a more important role in a range of sexual behaviors of adolescents and young adults . ''", "Netflix. Netflix is an American entertainment company founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph on August 29 , 1997 , in Scotts Valley , California . It specializes in and provides streaming media and video-on-demand online and DVD by mail . In 2013 , Netflix expanded into film and television production , as well as online distribution . As of 2017 , the company has its headquarters in Los Gatos , California . Netflix 's initial business model included DVD sales and rental , although Hastings jettisoned DVD sales about a year after Netflix 's founding to focus on the DVD rental by mail business . In 2007 , Netflix expanded its business with the introduction of streaming media , while retaining the DVD and Blu-ray rental service . The company expanded internationally , with streaming made available to Canada in 2010 and continued growing its streaming service from there ; by January 2016 , Netflix services operated in over 190 countries . Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2013 , debuting its first series , House of Cards . It has greatly expanded the production of both film and television series since then , offering `` Netflix Original '' content through its online library of films and television . Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films in 2016 , more than any other network or cable channel . In April 2017 , Netflix reported having over 98 million subscribers worldwide , including more than 50 million in the United States .", "Rome (TV series). Rome is a British-American-Italian historical drama television series created by John Milius , William J. MacDonald , and Bruno Heller . The show 's two seasons were broadcast on HBO , BBC Two , and RaiDue between 2005 and 2007 . They were later released on DVD and Blu-ray . Rome is set in the 1st century BC , during Ancient Rome 's transition from Republic to Empire . The series features a sprawling cast of characters , many of whom are based on real figures from historical records , but the lead protagonists are ultimately two soldiers named Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo , who find their lives intertwined with key historical events . Rome was a ratings success for HBO and the BBC . The series received much media attention from the start , and was honored with numerous awards and nominations in its two-series run . The series was filmed in various locations , but most notably in the Cinecittà studios in Italy .", "Jeff Atwood. Jeff Atwood is an American software developer , author , blogger , and entrepreneur . He writes the computer programming blog Coding Horror . He co-founded the computer programming question-and-answer website Stack Overflow and co-founded Stack Exchange , which extends Stack Overflow 's question-and-answer model to subjects other than programming . Atwood 's most recent project as of 2012 is the development of Discourse , an open source Internet discussion platform .", "AT&T. AT&T Inc. is an American multinational telecommunications conglomerate , headquartered at Whitacre Tower in downtown Dallas , Texas . AT&T is the world 's largest telecommunications company . AT&T is the second largest provider of mobile telephone services and the largest provider of fixed telephone services in the United States , and also provides broadband subscription television services through DirecTV . AT&T is the third-largest company in Texas ( the largest non-oil company , behind only ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips , and also the largest Dallas company ) . , AT&T is the 12th largest company in the world ( non-oil and overall ) as measured by a composite of revenues , profits , assets and market valuation . AT&T is the largest telecommunications company in the world by revenue . , it is also the 18th-largest mobile telecom operator in the world , with 134 million mobile customers . AT&T was ranked at # 4 on the 2017 rankings of the world 's most valuable brands published by Brand Finance . AT&T Inc. began its existence as Southwestern Bell Corporation , one of seven Regional Bell Operating Companies ( RBOCs ) created in 1983 in the divestiture of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company ( founded 1885 , later AT&T Corp. ) following the 1982 United States v. AT&T antitrust lawsuit . Southwestern Bell changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. in 1995 . In 2005 , SBC purchased former parent AT&T Corp. and took on its branding , with the merged entity naming itself AT&T Inc. and using the iconic AT&T Corp. logo and stock-trading symbol . The current AT&T reconstitutes much of the former Bell System and includes ten of the original 22 Bell Operating Companies , along with the original long distance division .", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , George R. R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels , the first of which is A Game of Thrones . It is filmed at Titanic Studios in Belfast , on location in the United Kingdom , and in Canada , Croatia , Iceland , Malta , Morocco , Spain , and the United States . The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17 , 2011 , and its sixth season ended on June 26 , 2016 . The series was renewed for a seventh season , which is scheduled to premiere on July 16 , 2017 , and will conclude with its eighth season in 2018 . Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos , Game of Thrones has several plot lines and a large ensemble cast . The first story arc follows a dynastic conflict among competing claimants for succession to the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms , with other noble families fighting for independence from the throne . The second covers attempts to reclaim the throne by the exiled last scion of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty ; the third chronicles the threat of the impending winter and the legendary creatures and fierce peoples of the North . Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad , active , international fan base . It has been acclaimed by critics , particularly for its acting , complex characters , story , scope , and production values , although its frequent use of nudity and violence ( including sexual violence ) has attracted criticism . The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016 , more than any other primetime scripted television series . Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , a 2011 Peabody Award , and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama ( 2012 and 2015 -- 2017 ) . Of the ensemble cast , Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2011 and 2015 ) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2012 ) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister . Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , Kit Harington , Maisie Williams , Diana Rigg , and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series .", "Christian. A Christian ( -LSB- pronaudio = En-us-Christian . oggˈkɹɪʃtʃən -RSB- or -LSB- ˈkɹɪstjən -RSB- ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity , an Abrahamic , monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ . `` Christian '' derives from the Koine Greek word Christós , a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach . While there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict , they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance . The term `` Christian '' is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity , or in a proverbial sense `` all that is noble , and good , and Christ-like . '' According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey , there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010 , up from about 600 million in 1910 . By 2050 , the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world 's largest religion in 2050 , if current trends continue . Today , about 37 % of all Christians live in the Americas , about 26 % live in Europe , 24 % live in sub-Saharan Africa , about 13 % live in Asia and the Pacific , and 1 % live in the Middle east and North Africa . About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic , while more than a third are Protestant ( 37 % ) . Orthodox communions comprise 12 % of the world 's Christians . Other Christian groups make up the remainder . Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories . 280 million Christian live as a minority . Christians have significantly influenced and contributed to human progress in many fields , including philosophy , ethics , literature , business and economics , fine arts and architecture , music , theatre and medicine , as well as science and technology , both historically and in modern times ." ]

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[ "History of art. The history of art is the history of any activity or product made by humans in a visual form for aesthetical or communicative purposes , expressing ideas , emotions or , in general , a worldview . Over time visual art has been classified in diverse ways , from the medieval distinction between liberal arts and mechanical arts , to the modern distinction between fine arts and applied arts , or to the many contemporary definitions , which define art as a manifestation of human creativity . The subsequent expansion of the list of principal arts in the 20th century reached to nine : architecture , dance , sculpture , music , painting , poetry ( described broadly as a form of literature with aesthetic purpose or function , which also includes the distinct genres of theatre and narrative ) , film , photography and graphic arts . In addition to the old forms of artistic expression such as fashion and gastronomy , new modes of expression are being considered as arts such as video , computer art , performance , advertising , animation , television and videogames . The history of art is a multidisciplinary branch of the arts and sciences , seeking an objective examination of art throughout time , classifying cultures , establishing periodizations , and observing the distinctive and influential characteristics of art . The study of the history of art was initially developed during the Renaissance , with its limited scope being the artistic production of Western civilization . However , as time has passed , it has imposed a broader view of artistic history , seeking a comprehensive overview of all the civilizations and analysis of their artistic production in terms of their own cultural values ( cultural relativism ) , and not just western art history . Today , art enjoys a wide network of study , dissemination and preservation of all the artistic legacy of mankind throughout history . The 20th century has seen the proliferation of institutions , foundations , art museums and galleries , in both the public and private sectors , dedicated to the analysis and cataloging of works of art as well as exhibitions aimed at a mainstream audience . The rise of media has been crucial in improving the study and dissemination of art . International events and exhibitions like the Whitney Biennial and biennales of Venice and São Paulo or the Documenta of Kassel have helped the development of new styles and trends . Prizes such as the Turner of the Tate Gallery , the Wolf Prize in Arts , the Pritzker Prize of architecture , the Pulitzer of photography and the Oscar of cinema also promote the best creative work on an international level . Institutions like UNESCO , with the establishment of the World Heritage Site lists , also help the conservation of the major monuments of the planet .", "Art. Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual , auditory or performing artifacts ( artworks ) , expressing the author 's imaginative or technical skill , intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power . In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art , the criticism of art , the study of the history of art , and the aesthetic dissemination of art . The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts , which include creation of images or objects in fields including painting , sculpture , printmaking , photography , and other visual media . Architecture is often included as one of the visual arts ; however , like the decorative arts , or advertising , it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential -- in a way that they usually are not in a painting , for example . Music , theatre , film , dance , and other performing arts , as well as literature and other media such as interactive media , are included in a broader definition of art or the arts . Until the 17th century , art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences . In modern usage after the 17th century , where aesthetic considerations are paramount , the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general , such as the decorative or applied arts . Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis ( its representation of reality ) , expression , communication of emotion , or other qualities . During the Romantic period , art came to be seen as `` a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science '' . Though the definition of what constitutes art is disputed and has changed over time , general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency and creation . The nature of art and related concepts , such as creativity and interpretation , are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics .", "The arts. The arts is a general term for the theory and physical expression of creativity found in human societies and cultures . Major constituents of the arts include literature -- including poetry , novels and short stories , and epic poetry ; performing arts -- among them music , dance , and theatre ; culinary arts such as baking , chocolatiering , and winemaking ; media arts like photography and cinematography , and visual arts -- including drawing , painting , ceramics , and sculpting . Some art forms combine a visual element with performance ( e.g. film ) or artwork with the written word ( e.g. comics ) . From prehistoric cave paintings to modern day films , art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying humankind 's relationship with its environment .", "Art history. Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts , i.e. genre , design , format , and style . This includes the `` major '' arts of painting , sculpture , and architecture as well as the `` minor '' arts of ceramics , furniture , and other decorative objects . As a term , art history ( its product being history of art ) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts ; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture . Aspects of the discipline overlap . As the art historian Ernst Gombrich once observed , `` the field of art history -LSB- is -RSB- much like Caesar 's Gaul , divided in three parts inhabited by three different , though not necessarily hostile tribes : ( i ) the connoisseurs , ( ii ) the critics , and ( iii ) the academic art historians '' . As a discipline , art history is distinguished from art criticism , which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of comparable style , or sanctioning an entire style or movement ; and art theory or `` philosophy of art '' , which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art . One branch of this area of study is aesthetics , which includes investigating the enigma of the sublime and determining the essence of beauty . Technically , art history is not these things , because the art historian uses historical method to answer the questions : How did the artist come to create the work ? , Who were the patrons ? , Who were his or her teachers ? , Who was the audience ? , Who were his or her disciples ? , What historical forces shaped the artist 's oeuvre , and How did he or she and the creation , in turn , affect the course of artistic , political , and social events ? It is , however , questionable whether many questions of this kind can be answered satisfactorily without also considering basic questions about the nature of art . Unfortunately the current disciplinary gap between art history and the philosophy of art ( aesthetics ) often hinders this inquiry . Art history is not only a biographical endeavor . Art historians often root their studies in the scrutiny of individual objects . They thus attempt to answer in historically specific ways , questions such as : What are key features of this style ? , What meaning did this object convey ? , How does it function visually ? , Did the artist meet their goals well ? , What symbols are involved ? , and Does it function discursively ? The historical backbone of the discipline is a celebratory chronology of beautiful creations commissioned by public or religious bodies or wealthy individuals in western Europe . Such a `` canon '' remains prominent , as indicated by the selection of objects present in art history textbooks . Nonetheless , since the 20th century there has been an effort to re-define the discipline to be more inclusive of non-Western art , art made by women , and vernacular creativity .", "Art: A History of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. Art : A History of Painting , Sculpture , and Architecture is a two volume collection of general art history written by Frederick Hartt . Volume I goes from the paleolithic cave paintings to late medieval art . Volume II starts at the Renaissance and ends with modern art . It was originally published in 1976 by Harry N. Abrams . Incorporated , New York , with 1,271 illustrations , including 157 in full color and 28 with gold , 34 maps created especially for this work . Six timelines , 3 in each volume , relate important historical and cultural events to the arts of their period .", "Arts and entertainment in India. Arts and entertainment in India have had their course shaped by a synthesis of indigenous and foreign influences that have consequently shaped the course of the arts of the rest of Asia , since ancient times . Arts refer to paintings , architecture , literature , music , dance , languages and cinema . In early India , most of the arts were derived Vedic influences . After the birth of contemporary Hinduism , Jainism , Buddhism , and Sikhism arts flourished under the patronage of kings and emperors . The coming of Islam spawned a whole new era of Indian architecture and art . Finally the British brought their own Gothic and Roman influences and fused it with the Indian style . They have a culture infusion in their art .", "Greek art. Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization , and gave birth to Western classical art in the subsequent Geometric , Archaic and Classical periods ( with further developments during the Hellenistic Period ) . It absorbed influences of Eastern civilizations , of Roman art and its patrons , and the new religion of Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine era and absorbed Italian and European ideas during the period of Romanticism ( with the invigoration of the Greek Revolution ) , until the Modernist and Postmodernist . Greek art is mainly five forms : architecture , sculpture , painting , pottery and jewelry making .", "Theatre. Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers , typically actors or actresses , to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place , often a stage . The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture , speech , song , music and dance . Elements of art , such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality , presence and immediacy of the experience . The specific place of the performance is also named by the word `` theatre '' as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον ( théatron , `` a place for viewing '' ) , itself from θεάομαι ( theáomai , `` to see '' , `` to watch '' , `` to observe '' ) . Modern Western theatre comes , in large measure , from ancient Greek drama , from which it borrows technical terminology , classification into genres , and many of its themes , stock characters , and plot elements . Theatre artist Patrice Pavis defines theatricality , theatrical language , stage writing and the specificity of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other performing arts , literature and the arts in general . Modern theatre , broadly defined , includes performances of plays and musical theatre . There are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet , opera ( which uses staged , costumed performances with singing and orchestral accompaniment ) and various other forms .", "Narrative. A narrative or story is a report of connected events , real or imaginary , presented in a sequence of written or spoken words , or still or moving images , or both . The word derives from the Latin verb narrare , `` to tell '' , which is derived from the adjective gnarus , `` knowing '' or `` skilled '' . Narrative can be organized in a number of thematic or formal categories : non-fiction ( such as definitively including creative non-fiction , biography , journalism , transcript poetry , and historiography ) ; fictionalization of historical events ( such as anecdote , myth , legend , and historical fiction ) ; and fiction proper ( such as literature in prose and sometimes poetry , such as short stories , novels , and narrative poems and songs , and imaginary narratives as portrayed in other textual forms , games , or live or recorded performances ) . Narrative is found in all forms of human creativity , art , and entertainment , including speech , literature , theatre , music and song , comics , journalism , film , television and video , radio , gameplay , unstructured recreation , and performance in general , as well as some painting , sculpture , drawing , photography , and other visual arts ( though several modern art movements refuse the narrative in favor of the abstract and conceptual ) , as long as a sequence of events is presented . Oral storytelling is the earliest method for sharing narratives . During most people 's childhoods , narratives are used to guide them on proper behavior , cultural history , formation of a communal identity , and values , as especially studied in anthropology today among traditional indigenous peoples . Narratives may also be nested within other narratives , such as narratives told by an unreliable narrator ( a character ) typically found in noir fiction genre . An important part of narration is the narrative mode , the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration ( see also `` Narrative Aesthetics '' below ) . Along with exposition , argumentation , and description , narration , broadly defined , is one of four rhetorical modes of discourse . More narrowly defined , it is the fiction-writing mode in which the narrator communicates directly to the reader .", "Sculpture. Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions . It is one of the plastic arts . Durable sculptural processes originally used carving ( the removal of material ) and modelling ( the addition of material , as clay ) , in stone , metal , ceramics , wood and other materials but , since Modernism , there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process . A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving , assembled by welding or modelling , or molded , or cast . Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials , and often represents the majority of the surviving works ( other than pottery ) from ancient cultures , though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely . However , most ancient sculpture was brightly painted , and this has been lost . Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures , and until recent centuries large sculptures , too expensive for private individuals to create , were usually an expression of religion or politics . Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean , India and China , as well as many in South America and Africa . The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece , and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period . During the Middle Ages , Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith . The revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelo 's David . Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body , with the making of constructed sculpture , and the presentation of found objects as finished art works .", "Art history (disambiguation). Art history may refer to : Art history , the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts Art History , an academic journal of the Association of Art Historians History of art , the history of the visual arts of painting , sculpture and architecture", "History of graphic design. Graphics ( from Greek -LSB- : wikt : γραφικός , γραφικός -RSB- , graphikos ) are the production of visual statements on some surface , such as a wall , canvas , pottery , computer screen , paper , stone or landscape . It includes everything that relates to creation of signs , charts , logos , graphs , drawings , line art , symbols , geometric designs and so on . Graphic design is the art or profession of combining text , pictures , and ideas in advertisements , publication , or website . At its widest definition , it therefore includes the whole history of art , although painting and other aspects of the subject are more usually treated as art history .", "Fine art. In European academic traditions , fine art is art developed primarily for aesthetics or beauty , distinguishing it from applied art that also has to serve some practical function , such as pottery or most metalwork . Historically , the five main fine arts were painting , sculpture , architecture , music and poetry , with performing arts including theatre and dance . Today , the fine arts commonly include additional forms , such as film , photography , video production/editing , design , sequential art , conceptual art , and printmaking . However , in some institutes of learning or in museums , fine art and frequently the term fine arts ( pl . ) as well , are associated exclusively with visual art forms . One definition of fine art is `` a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness , specifically , painting , sculpture , drawing , watercolor , graphics , and architecture . '' In that sense , there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the applied arts . As originally conceived , and as understood for much of the modern era , the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good taste , which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment . The word `` fine '' does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question , but the purity of the discipline according to traditional Western European canons . This definition originally excluded the applied or decorative arts , and the products of what were regarded as crafts . In contemporary practice these distinctions and restrictions have become essentially meaningless , as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy , regardless of the means through which this is expressed .", "Arts in Australia. The Arts in Australia refers to the art produced in the area of , on the subject of , or by the people of the Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies . Indigenous Australian art , music and story telling attaches to a 40 -- 60,000-year heritage and continues to affect the broader arts and culture of Australia . During its early western history , Australia was a collection of British colonies , therefore , its literary , visual and theatrical traditions began with strong links to the broader traditions of English and Irish literature , British art and English and Celtic music . However , the works of Australian artists -- including Indigenous as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians -- has , since 1788 , introduced the character of a new continent to the global arts scene -- exploring such themes as Aboriginality , Australian landscape , migrant and national identity , distance from other Western nations and proximity to Asia , the complexities of urban living and the `` beauty and the terror '' of life in the Australian bush . Notable Australian writers have included the Nobel laureate Patrick White , the novelists Colleen McCullough and Henry Handel Richardson and the bush poets Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson . Leading Australian performing artists have included Robert Helpmann of the Australian Ballet , Joan Sutherland of Opera Australia and the humourist Barry Humphries . Prominent Australian musical artists have included the Australian country music singer Slim Dusty , rising star Cody Simpson , folk-rocker Paul Kelly , `` pop princess '' Kylie Minogue and rock n roll bands the Bee Gees , AC/DC , INXS and Powderfinger . Quintessentially Australian art styles include the Heidelberg School the Hermannsburg School and the Western Desert Art Movement . Australian cinema has a long tradition with a body of work producing popular classics such as Crocodile Dundee and The Man From Snowy River , and arthouse successes such as Picnic at Hanging Rock and Ten Canoes . Prominent Australian trained filmed artists include Errol Flynn , Mel Gibson , Nicole Kidman , Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett . Notable institutions for the arts include the UNESCO listed Sydney Opera House , the National Gallery of Victoria , the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .", "Timeline for invention in the arts. Timelines of inventions display the development and progression of art , design , architecture , music and literature .", "Oxford History of Art. The Oxford History of Art is a monographic series about the history of art , design and architecture published by Oxford University Press . It combines volumes covering specific periods with thematic volumes . The history is divided into histories of Western Art , Western Architecture , World Art , Western Design , Photography , Western Sculpture , Themes and Genres , and a critical anthology of art writing . The entire work consists of over 30 volumes .", "Outline of theatre. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to theatre : Theatre ( also theater ) -- branch of the performing arts and a collaborative form of fine art involving live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event ( such as a story ) through acting before a live audience in a specific place . The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of speech , gesture , mime , puppets , music , dance , sound and spectacle -- indeed any one or more elements of the other performing arts . Elements of design and stagecraft are used to enhance the physicality , presence and immediacy of the experience .", "Indian art. Indian art consists of a variety of art forms , including plastic arts ( e.g. , pottery sculpture ) , visual arts ( e.g. , paintings ) , and textile arts ( e.g. , woven silk ) . Geographically , it spans the entire Indian subcontinent , including what is now India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . A strong sense of design is characteristic of Indian art and can be observed in its modern and traditional forms . The origin of Indian art can be traced to pre-historic Hominid settlements in the 3rd millennium BC . On its way to modern times , Indian art has had cultural influences ( e.g. , Indus Valley and Hellenistic ) , as well as religious influences such as Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Islam . In spite of this complex mixture of religious traditions , generally the prevailing artistic style at any time and place has been shared by the major religious groups . In historic art , sculpture in stone and metal , mainly religious , has survived the Indian climate better than other media , and provides most of the best remains . Many of the most important ancient finds that are not in carved stone come from surrounding , drier regions rather than India itself . Indian funeral and philosophic traditions exclude grave goods , which are a main source of ancient art in other cultures .", "Dance. Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement . This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value , and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture . Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography , by its repertoire of movements , or by its historical period or place of origin . An important distinction is to be drawn between the contexts of theatrical and participatory dance , although these two categories are not always completely separate ; both may have special functions , whether social , ceremonial , competitive , erotic , martial , or sacred/liturgical . Other forms of human movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality , including martial arts , gymnastics , cheerleading , figure skating , synchronized swimming , marching bands , and many other forms of athletics .", "The Story of Art. The Story of Art , by E. H. Gombrich , is a survey of the history of art from ancient times to the modern era . First published in 1950 by Phaidon , the book is widely regarded both as a seminal work of criticism and as one of the most accessible introductions to the visual arts . It was originally intended for younger readers . Over seven million copies have been sold , making it the best selling art book of all time . It is currently in its 16th edition and has been translated into approximately 30 languages .", "Narrative art. Narrative art is art that tells a story , either as a moment in an ongoing story or as a sequence of events unfolding over time . Some of the earliest evidence of human art suggests that people told stories with pictures . However , without some knowledge of the story being told it is very hard to read ancient pictures because they are not organized in a systematic way like words on a page , but rather can unfold in many different directions at once . Static images in any artistic medium do not naturally lend themselves to telling stories as stories are told over time ( diachronic ) and pictures are seen all at once ( synchronic ) . Although there are some common features to all narrative art , different cultures have developed idiosyncratic ways to discern narrative action from pictures . Prior to the advent of literacy most narrative art was done in a simultaneous narrative style with very little overarching organization . Once literacy developed in different parts of the world pictures began to be organized along register lines , like lines on a page , that helped define the direction of the narrative . This method of linking scenes together led to other ways of telling stories in the 20th century , namely the newspaper , comic strips and comic books . In painting in traditional Western art since the Renaissance , the concept of history painting covers most narrative scenes . Narrative is generally easier to represent in painting and relief in sculpture than in sculpture in the round , where depicting several figures becomes complicated , though the Roman Sperlonga sculptures are a lavish exception .", "Visual arts. The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics , drawing , painting , sculpture , printmaking , design , crafts , photography , video , filmmaking , and architecture . Many artistic disciplines ( performing arts , conceptual art , textile arts ) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types . Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts such as industrial design , graphic design , fashion design , interior design and decorative art . Current usage of the term `` visual arts '' includes fine art as well as the applied , decorative arts and crafts , but this was not always the case . Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century , the term ` artist ' was often restricted to a person working in the fine arts ( such as painting , sculpture , or printmaking ) and not the handicraft , craft , or applied art media . The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement , who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms . Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts , maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts . The increasing tendency to privilege painting , and to a lesser degree sculpture , above other arts has been a feature of Western art as well as East Asian art . In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist , and the furthest removed from manual labour -- in Chinese painting the most highly valued styles were those of `` scholar-painting '' , at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs . The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes .", "Opera. Opera ( -LSB- ˈɔːpera -RSB- ; English plural : operas ; Italian plural : opere -LSB- ˈɔːpere -RSB- ) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text ( libretto ) and musical score , usually in a theatrical setting . In traditional opera , singers do two types of singing : recitative , a speech-inflected style and arias , a more melodic style , in which notes are sung in a sustained fashion . Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre , such as acting , scenery , and costumes and sometimes includes dance . The performance is typically given in an opera house , accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble , which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor . Opera is a key part of the Western classical music tradition . It started in Italy at the end of the 16th century ( with Jacopo Peri 's mostly lost Dafne , produced in Florence in 1598 ) and soon spread through the rest of Europe : Heinrich Schütz in Germany , Jean-Baptiste Lully in France , and Henry Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century . In the 18th century , Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe ( except France ) , attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel . Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera , until Christoph Willibald Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his `` reform '' operas in the 1760s . In the 2000s , the most renowned figure of late 18th-century opera is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas , especially The Marriage of Figaro ( Le nozze di Figaro ) , Don Giovanni , and Così fan tutte , as well as The Magic Flute ( Die Zauberflöte ) , a landmark in the German tradition . The first third of the 19th century saw the high point of the bel canto style , with Gioachino Rossini , Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini all creating works that are still performed . It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Auber and Meyerbeer . The mid-to-late 19th century was a `` golden age '' of opera , led and dominated by Richard Wagner in Germany and Giuseppe Verdi in Italy . The popularity of opera continued through the verismo era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Giacomo Puccini and Richard Strauss in the early 20th century . During the 19th century , parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe , particularly in Russia and Bohemia . The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles , such as atonality and serialism ( Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg ) , Neoclassicism ( Igor Stravinsky ) , and Minimalism ( Philip Glass and John Adams ) . With the rise of recording technology , singers such as Enrico Caruso and Maria Callas became known to much wider audiences that went beyond the circle of opera fans . Since the invention of radio and television , operas were also performed on ( and written for ) these mediums . Beginning in 2006 , a number of major opera houses began to present live high-definition video transmissions of their performances in cinemas all over the world . In 2009 , an opera company offered an online download of a complete performance .", "Outline of painting history. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of painting : History of painting -- painting is the production of paintings , that is , the practice of applying paint , pigment , color or other medium to a surface ( support base , such as paper , canvas , or a wall ) ; the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other implements , such as knives , sponges , and airbrushes , can be used . The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans , and spans all cultures . It represents a continuous , though periodically disrupted tradition from Antiquity .", "Lists of theatres. This is a list of theatre list articles on Wikipedia . Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place . The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture , speech , song , music , and dance . Elements of design and stagecraft are used to enhance the physicality , presence and immediacy of the experience .", "Outline of the visual arts. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the visual arts : Visual arts -- class of art forms , including painting , sculpture , photography , printmaking and others , that focus on the creation of works which are primarily visual in nature . Visual Arts that produce three-dimensional objects , such as sculpture and architecture , are known as plastic arts . The current usage of visual arts includes fine arts as well as crafts , but this was not always the case .", "Theatre of Australia. Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage . Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .", "History of art criticism. The history of art criticism , as part of art history , is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts , i.e. genre , design , format , and style , which include aesthetic considerations . This includes the `` major '' arts of painting , sculpture , and architecture as well as the `` minor '' arts of ceramics , furniture , and other decorative objects . As a term , the history of art history ( also history of art ) encompasses several methods of studying and assessing the visual arts ; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture . Aspects of the discipline overlap . As the art historian Ernst Gombrich once observed , `` the field of art history -LSB- is -RSB- much like Caesar 's Gaul , divided in three parts inhabited by three different , though not necessarily hostile tribes : ( i ) the connoisseurs , ( ii ) the critics , and ( iii ) the academic art historians '' . As a discipline , the history of art criticism is distinguished from art criticism , which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of comparable style , or sanctioning an entire style or movement from the standpoint of its history and of its major scholars . It is also distinguished from art theory or `` philosophy of art '' , which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art . One branch of this area of study is aesthetics , which includes investigating the enigma of the sublime and determining the essence of beauty . Technically , art history is not these things , because the art historian uses historical method to answer the questions : How did the artist come to create the work ? , Who were the patrons ? , Who were his or her teachers ? , Who was the audience ? , Who were his or her disciples ? , What historical forces shaped the artist 's oeuvre , and How did he or she and the creation , in turn , affect the course of artistic , political , and social events ? It is , however , questionable whether many questions of this kind can be answered satisfactorily without also considering basic questions about the nature of art . Unfortunately the current disciplinary gap between art history and the philosophy of art ( aesthetics ) often hinders this . The history of art criticism is not only a biographical endeavor . The history of art criticism often roots its studies in the scrutiny of individual objects . It attempt to answer in historically specific ways , questions such as : What are key features of this style ? , What meaning did this object convey ? , How does it function visually ? , Did the artist meet their goals well ? , What symbols are involved ? , and Does it function discursively ? The historical backbone of the discipline is a celebratory chronology of beautiful creations commissioned by public or religious bodies or wealthy individuals in western Europe . Such a `` canon '' remains prominent , as indicated by the selection of objects present in art history textbooks . Nonetheless , since the 20th century there has been an effort to re-define the discipline to be more inclusive of non-Western art , art made by women , and vernacular creativity .", "Film. A film , also called a movie , motion picture , theatrical film , or photoplay , is a series of still images which , when shown on a screen , creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon . This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession . The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry . A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera ; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques ; by means of CGI and computer animation ; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects . The word `` cinema '' , short for cinematography , is often used to refer to the industry of films and filmmaking or to the art of filmmaking itself . The contemporary definition of cinema is the art of simulating experiences to communicate ideas , stories , perceptions , feelings , beauty or atmosphere by the means of recorded or programmed moving images along with other sensory stimulations . Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process and then shown through a movie projector onto a large screen . The adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates . Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the entire process of production , distribution , and exhibition from start to finish . Films recorded in a photochemical form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack , which is a graphic recording of the spoken words , music and other sounds that accompany the images . It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected . Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures . They reflect those cultures , and , in turn , affect them . Film is considered to be an important art form , a source of popular entertainment , and a powerful medium for educating -- or indoctrinating -- citizens . The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication . Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer . Some have criticized the film industry 's glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women . The individual images that make up a film are called frames . During projection of traditional films , a rotating shutter causes intervals of darkness as each frame , in turn , is moved into position to be projected , but the viewer does not notice the interruptions because of an effect known as persistence of vision , whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed . The perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon . The name `` film '' originates from the fact that photographic film ( also called film stock ) has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures . Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture , including picture , picture show , moving picture , photoplay , and flick . The most common term in the United States is movie , while in Europe film is preferred . Terms for the field , in general , include the big screen , the silver screen , the movies , and cinema ; the latter is commonly used in scholarly texts and critical essays , especially by European writers . In early years , the word sheet was sometimes used instead of screen .", "Music. Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time . The common elements of music are pitch ( which governs melody and harmony ) , rhythm ( and its associated concepts tempo , meter , and articulation ) , dynamics ( loudness and softness ) , and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture ( which are sometimes termed the `` color '' of a musical sound ) . Different styles or types of music may emphasize , de-emphasize or omit some of these elements . Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping ; there are solely instrumental pieces , solely vocal pieces ( such as songs without instrumental accompaniment ) and pieces that combine singing and instruments . The word derives from Greek μουσική #Ancient Greek ( mousike ; `` art of the Muses '' ) . In its most general form , the activities describing music as an art form or cultural activity include the creation of works of music ( songs , tunes , symphonies , and so on ) , the criticism of music , the study of the history of music , and the aesthetic examination of music . Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies . Common sayings such as `` the harmony of the spheres '' and `` it is music to my ears '' point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to . However , 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music , saying , for example , `` There is no noise , only sound . '' The creation , performance , significance , and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context . Indeed , throughout history , some new forms or styles of music have been criticized as `` not being music '' , including Beethoven 's Grosse Fuge string quartet in 1825 , early jazz in the beginning of the 1900s and hardcore punk in the 1980s . There are many types of music , including popular music , traditional music , art music , music written for religious ceremonies and work songs such as chanteys . Music ranges from strictly organized compositions -- such as Classical music symphonies from the 1700s and 1800s , through to spontaneously played improvisational music such as jazz , and avant-garde styles of chance-based contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries . Music can be divided into genres ( e.g. , country music ) and genres can be further divided into subgenres ( e.g. , country blues and pop country are two of the many country subgenres ) , although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle , sometimes open to personal interpretation , and occasionally controversial . For example , it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal . Within the arts , music may be classified as a performing art , a fine art or as an auditory art . Music may be played or sung and heard live at a rock concert or orchestra performance , heard live as part of a dramatic work ( a music theater show or opera ) , or it may be recorded and listened to on a radio , MP3 player , CD player , smartphone or as film score or TV show . In many cultures , music is an important part of people 's way of life , as it plays a key role in religious rituals , rite of passage ceremonies ( e.g. , graduation and marriage ) , social activities ( e.g. , dancing ) and cultural activities ranging from amateur karaoke singing to playing in an amateur funk band or singing in a community choir . People may make music as a hobby , like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra , or work as a professional musician or singer . The music industry includes the individuals who create new songs and musical pieces ( such as songwriters and composers ) , individuals who perform music ( which include orchestra , jazz band and rock band musicians , singers and conductors ) , individuals who record music ( music producers and sound engineers ) , individuals who organize concert tours , and individuals who sell recordings and sheet music and scores to customers .", "Work of art. A work of art , artwork , art piece , piece of art or art object is an aesthetic physical item or artistic creation . Apart from `` work of art '' , which may be used of any work regarded as art in its widest sense , including works from literature and music , these terms apply principally to tangible , portable forms of visual art : An example of fine art , such as a painting or sculpture An object that has been designed specifically for its aesthetic appeal , such as a piece of jewelry An object that has been designed for aesthetic appeal as well as functional purpose , as in interior design and much folk art An object created for principally or entirely functional , religious or other non-aesthetic reasons which has come to be appreciated as art ( often later , or by cultural outsiders ) A non-ephemeral photograph , film or visual computer program , such as a video game or computer animation A work of installation art or conceptual art . Used more broadly , the term is less commonly applied to : A fine work of architecture or landscape design A production of live performance , such as theater , ballet , opera , performance art , musical concert and other performing arts , and other ephemeral , non-tangible creations . This article is concerned with the terms and concept as used in and applied to the visual arts , although other fields such as aural-music and written word-literature have similar issues and philosophies . The term objet d'art is reserved to describe works of art that are not paintings , prints , drawings or large or medium-sized sculptures , or architecture ( e.g. household goods , figurines , etc. , some purely aesthetic , some also practical ) . The term oeuvre is used to describe the complete body of work completed by an artist throughout a career .", "Media art history. Media art history is an interdisciplinary field of research that explores the current developments as well as the history and genealogy of new media art , digital art , and electronic art . On the one hand , media art histories addresses the contemporary interplay of art , technology , and science . On the other , it aims to reveal the historical relationships and aspects of the ` afterlife ' ( Aby Warburg ) in new media art by means of a historical comparative approach . This strand of research encompasses questions of the history of media and perception , of so-called archetypes , as well as those of iconography and the history of ideas . Morever , one of the main agendas of media art histories is to point out the role of digital technologies for contemporary , post-industrial societies and to counteract the marginalization of according art practices and art objects : ″ Digital technology has fundamentally changed the way art is made . Over the last forty years , media art has become a significant part of our networked information society . Although there are well-attended international festivals , collaborative research projects , exhibitions and database documentation resources , media art research is still marginal in universities , museums and archives . It remains largely under-resourced in our core cultural institutions . ″ The term new media art itself is of great importance to the field . New media art is an umbrella term that encompasses art forms that are produced , modified and transmitted by means of digital technologies or , in a broader sense , make use of ` new ' and emerging technologies that originate from a scientific , military or industrial context . The majority of authors that try to ` delineate ' the aesthetic object of new media art emphasize aspects of interactivity , processuality , multimedia , and real time . The focus of new media art lies in the cultural , political , and social implications as well as the aesthetic possibilities -- more or less its ` media-specificity ' -- of digital media . Consequently , scholars recognize the function of media technologies in New Media Art not only as a ` carrier ' of meaning , but instead as a means that fundamentally shapes the very meaning of the artwork itself . Furthermore , the field of new media art is increasingly influenced by new technologies that surmount a traditional understanding of ( art ) media . This becomes apparent in regards to technologies that originate from the field of biotechnology and life science and that are employed in artistic practices such as bio art , genetic art , and transgenic art . Consequently , the term new media art does not imply a steady ` genre ' of art production . Instead , it is a field that emphasizes new technologies ( in order to establish an explicit difference with traditional art media and genres ) . The list of genres that are commonly subsumed under the label of new media art illustrates its broad scope and includes , among others , virtual art . Software Art , Internet Art , Game Art , Glitch Art , Telematic Art , Bio Art / Genetic Art , Interactive Art , computer animation and graphics , and Hacktivism and Tactical Media . These latter two ` genres ' in particular have a strong focus on the interplay of art and ( political ) activism ." ]

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