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The British threepence piece, usually simply known as a threepence, thruppence, or thruppenny bit, was a denomination of sterling coinage worth of one pound or of one shilling. It was used in the United Kingdom, and earlier in Great Britain and England. Similar denominations were later used throughout the British Empire and Commonwealth countries, notably in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
The sum of three pence was pronounced variously , or , reflecting different pronunciations in the various regions of the United Kingdom. The coin was often referred to in conversation as a , or bit. Before Decimal Day in 1971, sterling used the Carolingian monetary system, under which the largest unit was a pound divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. The threepence coin was withdrawn in 1971 due to decimalisation and replaced by the decimal new penny, with 2.4d being worth 1p.
Early threepences
The three pence coin – expressed in writing as "3d" – first appeared in England during the fine silver coinage of King Edward VI (1547–53), when it formed part of a set of new denominations. Although it was an easy denomination to work with in the context of the old sterling coinage system, being a quarter of a shilling, initially it was not popular with the public who preferred the groat (four pence). Hence the coin was not minted in the following two reigns - if one controversially counts Jane or incorrectly treats coins in the sole name of Mary as being a separate "reign" from those which also show and name her husband Philip.
Edward VI threepences were struck at the London and York mints. The obverse shows a front-facing bust of the king, with a rose to the left and the value numeral III to the right, surrounded by the legend . The reverse shows a long cross over the royal shield, surrounded by the legend (London mint) (I have made God my helper), or (York mint) (City of York).
Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) produced threepences during her third coinage (1561–1577). Most 1561 issues are 21 mm in diameter, while later ones are 19 mm in diameter. These coins are identifiable from other denominations by the rose behind the queen's head on the obverse, and the date on the reverse. The obverse shows a left-facing crowned bust of the queen with a rose behind her, surrounded by the legend , while the reverse shows shield over a long cross, dated 1561, surrounded by the legend . Dates used for the smaller coins were 1561–77. Threepences of the fourth coinage (1578–1582) are identical except for having a slightly lower silver content. There was also a fairly rare milled coinage threepence, produced between 1561 and 1564 with similar designs and inscriptions to the hammered coinage threepences.
The threepence denomination fell out of use again during the reign of King James I, while during King Charles I's reign (1625–49) it was not produced at the London Tower mint, but was produced (sometimes in some quantity) at various provincial mints. The denomination is identified by the numeral III appearing behind the king's head.
Threepences reintroduced
By far the most common Charles I threepences were produced at the Aberystwyth mint between 1638 and 1642. They feature a left-facing crowned bust of the king with plumes in front of his face and the numeral III behind him, with the legend (or a combination of M(A) B F(R) ET H(I)(B) depending on the engraver), with the reverse showing the royal arms on a large oval shield with plumes above the shield, and the legend – I reign under the auspices of Christ. Plumes were the identifying symbol of the Aberystwyth mint, but the Bristol and Oxford mints often used dies from the Aberystwyth mint so plumes often appear on their output too. Milled coins were produced at the York mint between 1638 and 1649, which look similar to the Aberystwyth product but without the plumes – the obverse features a left-facing crowned bust of the king with the numeral III behind him, with the legend , with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield over a cross, with over the shield and the legend .
Coins were produced at the Oxford mint between 1644 and 1646, using the Aberystwyth dies for the obverse, while the reverse of the 1644 coin shows the Declaration of Oxford in three lines: – The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, the liberty of Parliament. 1644 Oxford, while around the outside of the coin is the legend – Let God arise and His enemies be scattered. This coin also appears dated 1646. A further type produced at Oxford had on the obverse the king's bust with the denomination behind him, and the letter "R" (for Rawlins, the maker of the die) below the king's shoulder and the legend and the Aberystwyth reverse.
Rarer threepences
The mint at Bristol produced rare threepences in 1644 and 1645. In 1644 the Aberystwyth obverse was used to produce a coin with the reverse showing the Declaration of Oxford: – The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, the liberty of Parliament 1644, while around the outside of the coin is the legend – Let God arise and His enemies be scattered. This was repeated in 1645, but with a plumelet instead of a plume in front of the king's face.
In 1644 the Exeter mint produced a fairly scarce threepence. It features a left-facing crowned bust of the king with the numeral III behind him, with the legend , with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield with the date 1644 above the shield, and the legend .
No threepences were produced by the Commonwealth of England.
A quantity of (370,000) silver threepences were struck dated 1945, although these were all melted with the metal used in other mint products. However, it is believed a handful escaped, with one example selling for £62,000 at auction in 2020.
Mid-to-late 17th century
The final hammered coinage threepences were produced at the start of the reign of King Charles II. In style they are very reminiscent of his father's issues, the obverse featuring the bust of the king, with the numeral III and the legend , with the reverse showing the royal arms on a shield over a cross, and the legend .
The milled silver threepences of Charles II form two types. There is the undated issue which looks very like the earlier hammered coinage, with a crowned left-facing bust of the king with the denomination indicated by III behind his head, and the inscription , with the reverse showing a shield encircling the arms of England, Scotland, Ireland and France with the legend . This was followed by the dated issue, issued each year from 1670 to 1684, where the obverse features a right-facing uncrowned bust of the king and the inscription , with the reverse showing three crowned interlinked "C"s (indicating the value) and the inscription . All milled silver threepences were 17 millimetres in diameter and weighed 1.5 grams – dimensions which were unchanged until near the end of the reign of George III.
A similar threepence was produced for King James II, dated 1685 to 1688, the obverse showing a left-facing bust of the king and the inscription , with the reverse showing three crowned "I"s (indicating the value) and the inscription .
For the joint reign of King William III and Queen Mary II, threepences were produced in all years from 1689 to 1694. For the first two years a somewhat caricatured portrait of the monarchs was used, replaced by a rather more staid portrait in 1691, with the inscription , while the reverse shows a crowned Arabic number "3" and the inscription . For the sole reign of William III, the design remained very similar, with the inscriptions changed to and .
Early 18th century
In the reign of Queen Anne (1702–1714), the same basic design was used, with threepences produced in 1703–10 and 1713. The obverse shows a left-facing bust of the Queen, with the inscription while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and (1703–05, 1707), (1706), or (1708–13).
The design continued in the reign of King George I, when threepences were produced in 1717, 1721, 1723, and 1727. The obverse shows a right-facing bust of the King, with the inscription while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and .
Unusually, the same young portrait of King George II was used on the threepence throughout his reign (1727–60), despite an older portrait being used on other denominations from 1743. Threepences were produced in 1729, 1731, 1732, 1735, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1746, and 1760. The obverse shows a left-facing bust of the King, with the inscription while the reverse shows the crowned "3" and .
Change of role
While the silver threepence was minted as a currency coin until nearly the middle of the 20th century, it is clear that the purpose of the coin changed during the reign of King George III (1760–1820). In the first two years of minting, 1762 and 1763, the coin was obviously produced for general circulation as examples are generally found well worn; on the other hand, coins from the late issue (1817–20) are usually found in very fine condition, indicating that they were probably issued as Maundy money. Over the length of the reign there were several different designs of obverse and reverse in use. Threepences were issued in 1762–63, 1765–66, 1770, 1772, 1780, 1784, 1786, 1792, 1795, 1800, 1817, 1818, and 1820. From 1817 the dimensions of the coin were reduced to a weight of 1.4 grams (defined as troy ounce) and diameter of 16 millimetres, following the Great Recoinage of 1816. The inscription on the obverse reads up to 1800, and from 1817. The reverse inscription reads up to 1800 and from 1817.
By the start of the reign of King George IV (1820–30) the coin was being struck primarily as a Maundy coin, although some coins were produced for use in the colonies. See Maundy money for full details of these issues. Threepences were struck in all years from 1822 to 1830, though the king's head is smaller on the 1822 issue, apparently because the correct punch broke and the one from the twopence was used instead. The obverse inscription reads , while the reverse shows a new-style crowned "3" and date, all within a wreath.
In King William IV's reign (1830–37), maundy coins were produced in 1831–37, and identical circulation coins were produced for the colonies, identifiable only through not having a prooflike surface. The obverse inscription reads , while the reverse shows the new-style crowned "3" and date, all within a wreath.
Queen Victoria
During the reign of Queen Victoria, threepences were produced both for Maundy use and for normal circulation in all years between 1838 and 1901 except 1847, 1848, and 1852 (perhaps because of the proposal for a decimal currency at the time (see florin); the 3d at pound would not have fitted within a decimal system). Currency silver threepences from 1838 to 1926 were of identical design and cannot usually be distinguished except in the best conditions when the higher striking standard of the Maundy coins stands out; when the currency was decimalised in 1971, all silver threepences from 1870 onwards were revalued at three new pence, not just the Maundy coins. Threepences were produced both with the "young head" (1838–87) and with the "Jubilee head" (1887–93), inscribed , while those produced with the "old head" (1893–1901) are inscribed .
Early 20th century
The currency threepence was issued for each of the nine years of the reign of King Edward VII from 1902. The reverse design remained the same, while the obverse showed the right-facing effigy of the king, with the inscription .
The reign of King George V (1910–1936) features several changes to the threepence denomination. As with all British silver coins, the silver content was reduced from sterling (0.925) silver to 50% silver, 40% copper, 10% nickel in 1920, 50% silver, 50% copper in 1922, and 50% silver, 40% copper, 5% nickel, 5% zinc in 1927, while the design of the reverse of the circulating threepence (but not the maundy threepence) was completely changed in 1927 to three oak sprigs with three acorns and a "G" in the centre, and the inscription . The inscription on the obverse throughout the reign was .
The threepences of King Edward VIII were all patterns awaiting royal approval at the time of the abdication in December 1936. The silver threepence had another completely new reverse – three interlinked rings of Saint Edmund, with the inscription , while the obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king with the inscription and a very small silver engravement.
Brass vs silver threepences
By the end of George V's reign the threepence had become unpopular in England because of its small size (George Orwell comments on this in Keep the Aspidistra Flying), but it remained popular in Scotland. It was consequently decided to introduce a more substantial threepenny coin which would have a more convenient weight/value ratio than the silver coinage. The silver threepence continued to be minted, as there may have been some uncertainty about how well the new coin would be accepted. The reign of Edward VIII saw the planned introduction of a new, larger, nickel-brass (79% copper, 20% zinc, 1% nickel) twelve-sided threepence coin. This coin weighed and the diameter was across the sides and across the corners. The obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king (not right as would have been the convention to alternate the direction) with the inscription , and the reverse shows a three-headed thrift plant with the inscription . A total of just 12 of these coins were struck for experimental purposes and sent to a slot machine manufacturing company for testing. The whereabouts of six of those 12 are known. However, the other six are still out there somewhere and, as such, they are extremely rare today. An example was put up for auction in 2013, expecting £30,000. There are two types of Edward VIII brass threepences. The first type has the date broken by a thrift plant design and the second has the date below.
During the reign of King George VI, circulation silver threepences were produced only in 1937–45 (and almost all the 1945 examples were subsequently melted down). The obverse shows a left-facing effigy of the king with the inscription , while the reverse has an elegant design of a shield of St George lying on a Tudor rose, dividing the date, with the inscription . The nickel-brass threepence took over the bulk of the production of the denomination, being produced in all years between 1937 and 1952 except 1947. Apart from the king's head and name, and the weight being increased to , the coin was identical to that prepared for Edward VIII. Coins dated 1946 and 1949 were minted in far fewer numbers than the rest, and as nickel-brass wears very quickly; higher grade specimens of these coins are expensive to buy now (both over £500 for uncirculated examples). The scarce dates are 1948, 1950 and 1951 and these are now selling for £60–£80 in mint state.
Elizabeth II threepences
The physical dimensions of the brass threepence remained the same in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. The effigy of the queen produced by Mary Gillick was used, with the inscription used in 1953, and used in all other years. The reverse shows a Tudor portcullis with chains and a coronet, with the inscription . This coin was produced in all years from 1953 to 1967, and in 1970 (in proof sets only).
Following decimalisation, the brass threepence ceased to be legal tender after 31 August 1971.
The Commonwealth
A three pence coin was also used in the pre-decimalisation currencies of Commonwealth of Nations countries such as Fiji, Australia, and New Zealand. It was called a tickey in South Africa and Southern Rhodesia.
Building
No. 1 Croydon was known for many years as the "threepenny bit building" for its resemblance to a stack of threepenny coins. After the coins were phased out (beginning in 1970) the building eventually gained a new nickname, the "50p building".
Nickname
The silver threepenny bit became known as a 'joey'. However, the original 'joey' was the groat (or fourpence).The groat was re-introduced in 1836 during the reign of William IV at the suggestion of Joseph Hume (1777-1855).Popularly known as the 'joey',named after Hume's christian name, it was introduced to ease transactions on the London buses, the fare being four pence or one groat. As the last groats were struck in 1888 the nickname became passed over to the silver threepences struck after that date until 1941 (the last year of production for British use). The silver threepence continued to be struck for three further years from 1942 to 1944 inclusive although for colonial use only as the 12-sided brass threepences were being struck in large numbers.
The 12-sided coin reprised
In March 2014, the Royal Mint announced that a new design of one pound coin would be introduced in 2017, reprising the twelve-sided shape. The new coin was designed to be more difficult to counterfeit.
October 2019 – sale of 120,000 threepences
In October 2019, it was announced that 120,000 silver threepences dated to 1935 and earlier were to be sold to the general public, as part of a move to encourage people to pick up coin collecting and numismatics. The London Mint Office oversaw the sale of the coins, which all date from George V's reign and were valued at a total of approximately £1m, although a more realistic valuation would be in the region of £60,000.
See also
Irish three-pence coin
Australian threepence coin
New Zealand pound
References
External links
British Coins – Free information about British coins. Includes an online forum.
History of the Threepence
Threepence (Circulating), Coin Type from United Kingdom - Online Coin Club
History of British coinage
Pre-decimalisation coins of the United Kingdom
Coins of Great Britain | wiki |
A helper virus is a virus that allows an otherwise-deficient coinfecting virus to replicate. These can be naturally occurring as with Hepatitis D virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to coinfect cells in order to replicate. Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy.
See also
Helper dependent virus
Virophage
References
Virology | wiki |
Eucalyptus ancophila is a tree endemic to a small area of New South Wales in eastern Australia. It has grey "ironbark", glossy green, lance-shaped leaves, flower buds arranged in a branching inflorescence with seven oval to diamond-shaped buds in each umbel, white flowers and conical or barrel-shaped fruit.
Description
Eucalyptus ancophila is a tree with rough, grey "ironbark" that grows to a height of , sometimes with smooth pale grey bark on its thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have four-sided stems and egg-shaped, later lance-shaped leaves, that are a paler shade of green on the lower side. The blade of the adult leaves are lance-shaped long and wide and only slightly paler on the lower side. The flower buds are arranged in a branching inflorescence, each branch with an umbel of seven buds. The groups have a peduncle long and the individual flowers a pedicel long. The buds are oval to diamond-shaped, long and wide with a beaked to conical operculum that is shorter and narrower than the flower cup. Flowering has been recorded in November and the flowers are white. The fruit is a cone-shaped or barrel-shaped capsule long and wide on a pedicel long.
Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus ancophila was first formally described in 1990 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill and the description was published in Telopea from a specimen collected near Kempsey. The specific epithet (ancophila) is from the Ancient Greek words ankos meaning "mountain glen" or "valley" and philos, meaning "dear one" or "friend" referring to this species' habitat.
Distribution and habitat
This eucalypt usually grows along creeks or in the bottom of valleys in the Kempsey and Bellingen districts.
References
ancophila
Myrtales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Trees of Australia
Plants described in 2003 | wiki |
Showstopper or Show Stopper may refer to:
Film and television
"Show Stopper" (CSI: Miami), an episode of the TV show
"Show Stoppers", an episode of Garfield and Friends
"Showstoppers" (The Simple Life episode)
Music
Albums
Showstoppers (album), by Barry Manilow, 1991
American Idol Season 4: The Showstoppers, 2005 album from the American Idol compilation series
Songs
"Show Stopper" (Danity Kane song), 2006
"Show Stopper", a song by Peaches from I Feel Cream, 2009
"Showstopper" (TobyMac song), 2010
"Showstopper", a song by Brandon & Leah, circa 2012
"The Showstoppa", by Salt-N-Pepa, 1985
Other
Showstopper! The Improvised Musical, a musical theatre show founded in London in 2008
The Showstoppers, an American soul group, active 1967–1972
Other uses
Shawn Michaels (born 1965), nicknamed The Showstopper, professional wrestler
Showstopper, or showstopper bug, a severe software bug
Showstopper of the Year ESPY Award, awarded during the 1990s
Showstopper American Dance Championships, an American dance competition
See also | wiki |
Undercover Kitty may refer to:
Undercover Kitty (film), a 2001 Dutch film
Fred the Undercover Kitty, a cat that worked for New York Police Department | wiki |
Opium in China may refer to:
History of opium in China
Opium Wars, the mid-1800s conflicts between Western powers and China including:
the First Opium War (1839–1842)
the Second Opium War (1856–1860)
1967 Opium War, conflict between marooned elements of the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Kingdom of Laos
Illegal drug trade in China#Opium
See also
Opium War (disambiguation) | wiki |
Thief (film), een film uit 1981 van Michael Mann
Thief (televisieserie), een Amerikaanse miniserie uit 2006
Thief (computerspelserie), een computerspelserie
Thief: The Dark Project, het eerste deel in de serie
Thief II: The Metal Age, het tweede deel in de serie
Thief: Deadly Shadows, het derde deel in de serie
Thief (computerspel), het vierde deel en tevens reboot van de serie
Thief (Tangerine Dream) | wiki |
The Cloisters is the branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art dedicated to the art and architecture of the European Middle Ages.
The Cloisters may also refer to:
The Cloisters (Letchworth), a listed building in Hertfordshire, England
The Cloisters (Lutherville, Maryland), an historic house in the US
The Cloisters, Perth, a building in Western Australia, Australia
The Cloisters, Salisbury, a public house in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
The Cloisters, University of Adelaide, South Australia
See also
Cloister, a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade
Cloister (disambiguation) | wiki |
Abide with Me is a 2006 novel () by the American author Elizabeth Strout.
The novel was published by Random House on March 14, 2006. The novel follows a religious leader, struggling with the death of his wife. It is set in a small town in New England, during the 1950s.
Literary significance and reception
The novel received mixed reviews from critics.
"The Washington Post said that while the novel is "dark, it's strenuousness pays off with an ending that provides a useful solution to all of us who are struggling. Strout cradles her characters - with all their weaknesses - in a level of understanding that 'somehow.. feels like a foretaste of salvation." The Atlantic Monthly said that "this lovely second novel confirms Strout as the possessor of an irresistibly companionable, peculiarly American voice: folksy, poetic, but always as precise as a shadow on a brilliant winter day." In their review of Abide with Me, Publishers Weekly noted that, "the uplifting ending arrives too easily, but on the whole, Strout has crafted a harrowing meditation of exile on Main Street." However, Kirkus Reviews was critical of the book saying that "most of the characters in this novel are fundamentally bewildered, and many of them are quite bitter as well. The narrator's folksy tone does nothing to enliven this dispiriting story; the overall effect is rather like listening to a slightly cantankerous maiden aunt dispensing local gossip."
Notes
2006 American novels
Novels by Elizabeth Strout
Novels set in the 1950s
Random House books | wiki |
The United States Olympic curling trials take place to decide the curling team to represent the United States at each Winter Olympics.
Past winners
Men
Women
Mixed doubles
References
External links
United States Curling Association
Olympic | wiki |
California State Polytechnic University - Pomona
California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, o Università statale Humboldt | wiki |
An omnibus clause is a clause that provides or includes all residuary not specifically mentioned.
In automobile liability insurance an omnibus clause may provide coverage for the named insured, any member of the insured's household, and any person using the automobile with the insured's permission, provided the use was within the permitted scope.
In a will an omnibus clause can distribute to a named beneficiary all unnamed assets included in the decedent's estate.
Contract clauses
References
Protection
eVB Nummern (in German) | wiki |
List of Earth scientists may refer to:
List of geodesists
List of geographers
List of geologists
List of meteorologists
List of oceanographers
List of soil scientists
See also
List of Russian Earth scientists
Earth scientistics | wiki |
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida.
Since 1976, the state has executed 100 convicted murderers, all at Florida State Prison. As of March 18, 2023, 299 offenders are awaiting execution.
History
Florida performed its last pre-Furman execution in 1964. After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all states' death penalty procedures in Furman v. Georgia (1972), essentially ruling the imposition of the death penalty at the same time as a guilty verdict unconstitutional, Florida was the first state to draft a newly written statute on August 12, 1972. After the Supreme Court permitted the death penalty once more in Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the state electrocuted John Arthur Spenkelink on May 25, 1979, which was the second execution in the U.S. since 1967, after that of Gary Gilmore on January 17, 1977, in Utah.
Capital crimes
In Florida, murder can be punished by death if it involves one of the next aggravating factors:
It was committed by a person previously convicted of a felony and under sentence of imprisonment, placed on community control, or on felony probation.
The defendant was previously convicted of another capital felony or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.
The defendant knowingly created a great risk of death to many persons.
It was committed while the defendant was engaged, or was an accomplice, in the commission of, or an attempt to commit a specified felony (such as aggravated child abuse, arson, kidnapping, placing or discharging of a destructive device or bomb).
It was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or effecting an escape from custody.
It was committed for pecuniary [financial] gain.
It was committed to disrupt or hinder the lawful exercise of any governmental function or the enforcement of laws.
It was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel.
It was committed in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner without any pretense of moral or legal justification.
The victim was a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his or her official duties.
The victim was an elected or appointed public official engaged in the performance of his or her official duties if the motive for the capital felony was related, in whole or in part, to the victim’s official capacity.
The victim was a person less than 12 years of age.
The victim was particularly vulnerable due to advanced age or disability, or because the defendant stood in a position of familial or custodial authority over the victim.
It was committed by a criminal gang member.
It was committed by a person currently or formerly designated as a sexual predator.
It was committed by a person subject to a restrictive order or a foreign protection order, and was committed against the person who obtained the injunction or protection order or any spouse, child, sibling, or parent of this person.
Florida statute also provides the death penalty for capital drug trafficking and discharging or using a destructive device causing death. A provision for capital sexual battery was found unconstitutional in the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case Kennedy v. Louisiana. No one is on death row in the United States for drug trafficking.
Legal process
Trial
In Hurst v. Florida (2014), the United States Supreme Court struck down part of Florida's death penalty law, holding it was not sufficient for a judge to determine the aggravating facts to be used in considering a death sentence. The court ruled that this trial process violated the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial under Ring v. Arizona (2002). This was later held to benefit only to defendants sentenced by a non-unanimous jury from 2002 to 2014.
Sentencing
Since March 2017, when the prosecution pursues the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous.
In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial).
Prior to 2014, the judge decided the sentence alone, and the jury gave only a non-binding advice. In March 2014, the Florida Legislature provided a 10-juror supermajority to issue a sentence of death. This was also challenged and in October 2014, the Florida Supreme Court struck down the law, finding that death sentences can only be handed down by a unanimous jury.
Appeals
On June 14, 2013, Governor Rick Scott signed the Timely Justice Act of 2013. The law is designed to overhaul and speed up the process of capital punishment. It creates tighter time frames for a person sentenced to death to make appeals and post-conviction motions and imposes reporting requirements on case progress.
Executions
Death sentences are carried out via lethal injection.
However, the sentence can be carried out by electrocution if the offender requests it. If lethal injection or electrocution is held unconstitutional, statutes authorize the use of "any constitutional method of execution" instead.
The only execution chamber in Florida is located at Florida State Prison in Starke. When sentenced, male convicts who receive the death penalty are incarcerated at either Florida State Prison itself, or at Union Correctional Institution next door to Florida State Prison, while female convicts who are sentenced to death are incarcerated at Lowell Correctional Institution north of Ocala. Inmates are moved to the death row at Florida State Prison when their death warrant is signed.
Florida used public hanging under a local jurisdiction, overseen and performed by the sheriffs of the counties where the crimes took place. However, in 1923, the Florida Legislature passed a law replacing hanging with the electric chair and stated that all future execution will be performed under state jurisdiction inside prisons. The electric chair became a subject of strong controversy in the 1990s after three executions received considerable media attention and were labeled as "botched" by opponents (Jesse Tafero in 1990, Pedro Medina in 1997, and Allen Lee Davis in 1999). While most states switched to the lethal injection, many politicians in Florida opposed giving up "Old Sparky", seeing it as a "deterrent". Finally, after the Davis execution, lethal injection was enabled as the default method.
Clemency
The Governor of Florida has the right to commute the death penalty, but only with positive recommendation of clemency from a Board, where they sit.
Between 1925 and 1965, 57 commutations were granted out of 268 cases. Since 1972, when the death penalty was re-instituted, only six commutations have been granted, all under the administration of Governor Bob Graham.
See also
Capital punishment in the United States
List of people executed in Florida
List of death row inmates in Florida
Crime in Florida
Law of Florida
References
External links
Florida execution chamber photo
Florida Capital Cases website
1972 establishments in Florida
Executions
Florida
Florida law | wiki |
A cubic fathom or intaken piled fathom (IPF) was a measure of volume used for the shipment of pit props. A fathom was six feet and so this was equivalent to 216 cubic feet.
See also
Board foot
Standard (timber unit)
References
Customary units of measurement
Units of volume | wiki |
Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.
Simulation or The Simulation may also refer to:
Computer simulation, simulation (as above) via computers
Simulation video game, a video game that is a computer simulation
Simulation preorder, a relation between state transition systems in computer science
Diving (association football) (also known as simulation), misconduct in association football
Media
Simulation (film), a 2017 Iranian drama film
Simulation (journal), a computer science academic journal
The Simulation, a 2019 album by American heavy metal band Born of Osiris
"Simulation", song by Tkay Maidza from Tkay
"Simulation", a house music song released in 2012 by Irish singer Róisín Murphy
See also
Simulator (disambiguation)
Simulation hypothesis | wiki |
The following is a list of people executed by the U.S. state of Florida since capital punishment was resumed in 1976.
The total amounts to 100 people. Of the 100 people executed, 44 have been executed by electrocution and 56 have been executed by lethal injection. The last person to be executed was Donald Dillbeck in February 2023.
Notes
See also
Capital punishment in Florida
Capital punishment in the United States
References
People executed by Florida
Florida
People executed
Executions | wiki |
AsiaSat 9 or Thaicom 7 is a geostationary communications satellite which is operated by the Asia Satellite Telecommunications Company (AsiaSat) and was launched into orbit on 28 September 2017.
Satellite description
Space Systems/Loral (SS/L), announced in December 2013 that it has been chosen by AsiaSat, to build the AsiaSat 9 communications satellite. AsiaSat 9 was built by Space Systems/Loral, and is based on the LS-1300 satellite bus. The satellite carries 28 C-band transponders and 32 Ku-band and is positioned at a longitude of 122° East, providing coverage over southern Asia, Australia and New Zealand.
Launch
Krunichev by International Launch Services (ILS) was contracted to launch AsiaSat 9 using a Proton-M / Briz-M launch vehicle. The launch took place from Site 200/39 at the Baikonur, on 28 September 2017, at 18:52:16 UTC. It replaces AsiaSat 4.
See also
2017 in spaceflight
List of Proton launches
References
AsiaSat satellites
Spacecraft launched in 2017
Satellites using the SSL 1300 bus | wiki |
The Quebec and Ontario Transportation Company was a shipping firm in Canada prior to the opening of the St Lawrence Seaway.
her fleet included:
Relevant History
News bulletin source: Toronto Marine Historical Society
References
Shipping companies of Canada | wiki |
In navigation, bearing or azimuth is the horizontal angle between the direction of an object and north or another object. The angle value can be specified in various angular units, such as degrees, mils, or grad. More specifically:
Absolute bearing refers to the clockwise angle between the magnetic north (magnetic bearing) or true north (true bearing) and an object. For example, an object to due east would have an absolute bearing of 90 degrees. Thus, it is the same as azimuth.
Relative bearing refers to the angle between the craft's forward direction (heading) and the location of another object. For example, an object relative bearing of 0 degrees would be immediately in front; an object relative bearing 180 degrees would be behind. Bearings can be measured in mils, points, or degrees. Thus, it is the same as an azimuth difference (modulo +/- 360 degrees).
Alternatively, the US Army defines the bearing from point A to point B as the smallest angle between the ray AB and either north south, whichever is closest. The bearing is expressed in terms of 2 characters and 1 number: first, the character is either N or S; next is the angle numerical value; third, the character representing the perpendicular direction, either E or W. The bearing angle value will always be less than 90 degrees. For example, if Point B is located exactly southeast of Point A, the bearing from Point A to Point B is "S 45° E".
For example, if the bearing between Point A and Point B is S 45° E, the azimuth between Point A and Point B is 135°.
Types
Absolute
In nautical navigation the absolute bearing is the clockwise angle between north and an object observed from the vessel.
If the north used as reference is the true geographical north then the bearing is a true bearing whereas if the reference used is magnetic north then the bearing is a magnetic bearing.
An absolute bearing is measured with a bearing compass.
The measurement of absolute bearings of fixed landmarks and other navigation aids is useful for the navigator because this information can be used on the nautical chart together with simple geometrical techniques to aid in determining the position of the vessel.
A grid bearing (also known as grid azimuth) is measured in relation to the fixed horizontal reference plane of grid north, that is, using the direction northwards along the grid lines of the map projection as a reference point.
A compass bearing, as in vehicle or marine navigation, is measured in relation to the magnetic compass of the navigator's vehicle or vessel (if aboard ship). It should be very close to the magnetic bearing. The difference between a magnetic bearing and a compass bearing is the deviation caused to the compass by ferrous metals and local magnetic fields generated by any variety of vehicle or shipboard sources (steel vehicle bodies/frames or vessel hulls, ignition systems, etc.)
Relative
In nautical navigation the relative bearing of an object is the clockwise angle from the heading of the vessel to a straight line drawn from the observation station on the vessel to the object.
The relative bearing is measured with a pelorus or other optical and electronic aids to navigation such as a periscope, sonar system, and radar systems. Since World War II, relative bearings of such diverse point sources have been and are calibrated carefully to one another. The United States Navy operates a special range off Puerto Rico and another on the west coast to perform such systems integration. Relative bearings then serve as the baseline data for converting relative directional data into true bearings (N-S-E-W, relative to the Earth's true geography). By contrast, Compass bearings have a varying error factor at differing locations about the globe, and are less reliable than the compensated or true bearings.
The measurement of relative bearings of fixed landmarks and other navigational aids is useful for the navigator because this information can be used on the nautical chart together with simple geometrical techniques to aid in determining the position of the vessel and/or its speed, course, etc.
The measurement of relative bearings of other vessels and objects in movement is useful to the navigator in avoiding the danger of collision. For example:
The navigator on a ship observes a lighthouse when its relative bearing is 45° and again when it is 90°. He now knows that the distance from the ship to the lighthouse is equal to the distance travelled by the vessel between both observations.
The pilot of a boat observes that the relative bearing of another boat is less than 180° and decreasing (that is, it is now closer to dead ahead than before). He now knows he will pass astern of the other boat. If the bearing were to remain constant, the two boats would be on a collision course.
Examples
Piloting
A bearing can be taken on another vessel to aid piloting. If the two vessels are travelling towards each other and the relative bearing remains the same over time, there is likelihood of collision and action needs to be taken by one or both vessels to prevent this from happening.
Warfare
A bearing can be taken to a fixed or moving object in order to target it with gunfire or missiles. This is mainly used by ground troops when planning on using an air-strike on the target.
Search and rescue
A bearing can be taken to a person or vessel in distress in order to go to their aid.
Usages
There are several methods used to measure navigation bearings including:
In land navigation, a 'bearing' is ordinarily calculated in a clockwise direction starting from a reference direction of 0° and increasing to 359.9 degrees. Measured in this way, a bearing is referred to as an azimuth by the US Army but not by armies in other English speaking nations, which use the term bearing. If the reference direction is north (either true north, magnetic north, or grid north), the bearing is termed an absolute bearing. In a contemporary land navigation context, true, magnetic, and grid bearings are always measured in this way, with true north, magnetic north, or grid north being 0° in a 360-degree system.
In aircraft navigation, an angle is normally measured from the aircraft's track or heading, in a clockwise direction. If the aircraft encounters a target that is not ahead of the aircraft and not on an identical track, then the angular bearing to that target is called a relative bearing.
In marine navigation, starboard bearings are 'green' and port bearings are 'red'. Thus, in ship navigation, a target directly off the starboard side would be 'Green090' or 'G090'. This method is only used for a relative bearing. A navigator on watch does not always have a corrected compass available with which to give an accurate bearing. If available, the bearing might not be numerate. Therefore, every forty-five degrees of direction from north on the compass was divided into four 'points'. Thus, 32 points of 11.25° each makes a circle of 360°. An object at 022.5° relative would be 'two points off the starboard bow', an object at 101.25° relative would be 'one point abaft the starboard beam' and an object at 213.75° relative would be 'three points on the port quarter'. This method is only used for a relative bearing.
An informal method of measuring a relative bearing is by using the 'clock method'. In this method, the direction a vessel, aircraft or object is measured as if a clock face is laid over the vessel or aircraft, with the number twelve pointing forward. Something straight ahead is at 'twelve o'clock', while something directly off to the right is at 'three o'clock'. This method is only used for a relative bearing.
In land surveying, a bearing is the clockwise or counterclockwise angle between north or south and a direction. For example, bearings are recorded as N57°E, S51°E, S21°W, N87°W, or N15°W. In surveying, bearings can be referenced to true north, magnetic north, grid north (the Y axis of a map projection), or a previous map, which is often a historical magnetic north.
If navigating by gyrocompass, the reference direction is true north, in which case the terms true bearing and geodetic bearing are used.
In stellar navigation, the reference direction is that of the North Star, Polaris.
In satellite broadcasting, a bearing is the combination of antenna azimuth and elevation required to point (aim) a satellite dish antenna in a given direction. The bearing for geostationary satellites is constant. The bearing for polar-orbiting satellites varies continuously.
Arcs
Moving from A to B along a great circle can be considered as always going in the same direction (the direction of B), but not in the sense of keeping the same bearing, which applies when following a rhumb line. Accordingly, the direction at A of B, expressed as a bearing, is not in general the opposite of the direction at B of A (when traveling on the great circle formed by A and B). For example, assume A and B in the northern hemisphere have the same latitude, and at A the direction to B is east-northeast. Then going from A to B, one arrives at B with the direction east-southeast, and conversely, the direction at B of A is west-northwest.
To "keep to a bearing" is not, in general, the same as going in a straight direction along a great circle. Conversely, one can keep to a great circle and the bearing may change. Thus the bearing of a straight path crossing the North Pole changes abruptly at the Pole from North to South. When travelling East or West, it is only on the Equator that one can keep East or West and be going straight (without the need to adjust). Anywhere else, maintaining latitude requires a change in direction, requires adjustment. This change in direction becomes increasingly negligible as one moves to a lower latitude
See also
Cardinal direction
Constant bearing, decreasing range
Course (navigation)
Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)
Ground track
Hand compass
Heading (navigation)
References
Further reading
Keay, Waly, Land Navigation: Routefinding with Map & Compass, Coventry, UK: Clifford Press Ltd. (1995), ,
Rutstrum, Carl, The Wilderness Route Finder, University of Minnesota Press (2000),
External links
Webpage with program to calculate Distance & Bearing
Calculate distance and bearing between two Latitude/Longitude points and much more
See the end point on a map when you specify a start point, a bearing and a distance.
More understandable definitions from an online classroom
Navigation
Surveying | wiki |
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication is used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to reduce sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.
The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear"; a bearing being a machine element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness, and location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise components; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology.
History
The invention of the rolling bearing, in the form of wooden rollers supporting, or bearing, an object being moved is of great antiquity. It may predate the invention of a wheel rotating on a plain bearing.
Though it is often claimed that the Egyptians used roller bearings in the form of tree trunks under sleds, this is modern speculation. The Egyptians' own drawings in the tomb of Djehutihotep show the process of moving massive stone blocks on sledges as using liquid-lubricated runners which would constitute plain bearings. There are also Egyptian drawings of plain bearings used with hand drills.
Wheeled vehicles using plain bearings emerged between about 5000 BC and 3000 BC.
The earliest recovered example of a rolling element bearing is a wooden ball bearing supporting a rotating table from the remains of the Roman Nemi ships in Lake Nemi, Italy. The wrecks were dated to 40 BC.
Leonardo da Vinci incorporated drawings of ball bearings in his design for a helicopter around the year 1500; this is the first recorded use of bearings in an aerospace design. However, Agostino Ramelli is the first to have published sketches of roller and thrust bearings. An issue with ball and roller bearings is that the balls or rollers rub against each other, causing additional friction. This can be reduced by enclosing each individual ball or roller within a cage. The captured, or caged, ball bearing was originally described by Galileo in the 17th century.
The first practical caged-roller bearing was invented in the mid-1740s by horologist John Harrison for his H3 marine timekeeper. In this timepiece the caged bearing was only used for a very limited oscillating motion, but later on Harrison applied a similar bearing design with a true rotational movement in a contemporaneous regulator clock.
Industrial era
The first patent on ball bearings was awarded to Philip Vaughan, a British inventor and ironmaster in Carmarthen in 1794. His was the first modern ball-bearing design, with the ball running along a groove in the axle assembly.
Bearings played a pivotal role in the nascent Industrial Revolution, allowing the new industrial machinery to operate efficiently. For example, they were used for holding wheel and axle assemblies to greatly reduce friction compared to prior non-bearing designs.
The first plain and rolling-element bearings were wood, closely followed by bronze. Over their history bearings have been made of many materials, including ceramic, sapphire, glass, steel, bronze, and other metals. More recently, plastic bearings made of nylon, polyoxymethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and UHMWPE, among other materials, are also in use today.
Watch makers produce "jeweled" watches using sapphire plain bearings to reduce friction, thus allowing more precise time keeping.
Even basic materials can have impressive durability. Wooden bearings, for instance, can still be seen today in old clocks or in water mills where the water provides cooling and lubrication.
The first patent for a radial style ball bearing was awarded to Jules Suriray, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August 1869. The bearings were then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by James Moore in the world's first bicycle road race, Paris-Rouen, in November 1869.
In 1883, Friedrich Fischer, founder of FAG, developed an approach for milling and grinding balls of equal size and exact roundness by means of a suitable production machine, which set the stage for creation of an independent bearing industry. His hometown Schweinfurt later became a world leading center for ball bearing production.
The modern, self-aligning design of ball bearing is attributed to Sven Wingquist of the SKF ball-bearing manufacturer in 1907, when he was awarded Swedish patent No. 25406 on its design.
Henry Timken, a 19th-century visionary and innovator in carriage manufacturing, patented the tapered roller bearing in 1898. The following year he formed a company to produce his innovation. Over a century the company grew to make bearings of all types, including specialty steel bearings and an array of related products and services.
Erich Franke invented and patented the wire race bearing in 1934. His focus was on a bearing design with a cross section as small as possible and which could be integrated into the enclosing design. After World War II he founded together with Gerhard Heydrich the company Franke & Heydrich KG (today Franke GmbH) to push the development and production of wire race bearings.
Richard Stribeck's extensive research on ball bearing steels identified the metallurgy of the commonly used 100Cr6 (AISI 52100), showing coefficient of friction as a function of pressure.
Designed in 1968 and later patented in 1972, Bishop-Wisecarver's co-founder Bud Wisecarver created vee groove bearing guide wheels, a type of linear motion bearing consisting of both an external and internal 90-degree vee angle.
In the early 1980s, Pacific Bearing's founder, Robert Schroeder, invented the first bi-material plain bearing that was interchangeable with linear ball bearings. This bearing had a metal shell (aluminum, steel or stainless steel) and a layer of Teflon-based material connected by a thin adhesive layer.
Today's ball and roller bearings are used in many applications which include a rotating component. Examples include ultra high speed bearings in dental drills, aerospace bearings in the Mars Rover, gearbox and wheel bearings on automobiles, flexure bearings in optical alignment systems, and air bearings used in Coordinate-measuring machines.
Common
By far, the most common bearing is the plain bearing, a bearing which uses surfaces in rubbing contact, often with a lubricant such as oil or graphite. A plain bearing may or may not be a discrete device. It may be nothing more than the bearing surface of a hole with a shaft passing through it, or of a planar surface that bears another (in these cases, not a discrete device); or it may be a layer of bearing metal either fused to the substrate (semi-discrete) or in the form of a separable sleeve (discrete). With suitable lubrication, plain bearings often give entirely acceptable accuracy, life, and friction at minimal cost. Therefore, they are very widely used.
However, there are many applications where a more suitable bearing can improve efficiency, accuracy, service intervals, reliability, speed of operation, size, weight, and costs of purchasing and operating machinery.
Thus, there are many types of bearings, with varying shape, material, lubrication, principle of operation, and so on.
Types
There are at least 6 common types of bearing, each of which operates on a different principle:
Plain bearing, consisting of a shaft rotating in a hole. There are several specific styles: bushing, journal bearing, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing, composite bearing;
Rolling-element bearings, whose performance does not depend on avoiding or reducing friction between two surfaces but employ a different principle to achieve low external friction: the rolling motion of an intermediate element in between the surfaces which bears the axial or radial load. Classified as either:
Ball bearing, in which the rolling elements are spherical balls;
Roller bearing, in which the rolling elements are cylindrical rollers, linearly-tapered (conical) rollers, or rollers with a curved taper (so-called spherical rollers);
Jewel bearing, a plain bearing in which one of the bearing surfaces is made of an ultrahard glassy jewel material such as sapphire to reduce friction and wear;
Fluid bearing, a noncontact bearing in which the load is supported by a gas or liquid (i.e. air bearing);
Magnetic bearing, in which the load is supported by a magnetic field;
Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
Notable characteristics of each of these types of bearing are summarized in the following table.
Motions
Common motions permitted by bearings are:
Radial rotation e.g. shaft rotation;
linear motion e.g. drawer;
spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint;
hinge motion e.g. door, elbow, knee.
Friction
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic field.
By shape, gains advantage usually by using spheres or rollers, or by forming flexure bearings.
By material, exploits the nature of the bearing material used. (An example would be using plastics that have low surface friction.)
By fluid, exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a lubricant or as a pressurized medium to keep the two solid parts from touching, or by reducing the normal force between them.
By fields, exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic fields, to keep solid parts from touching.
Air pressure exploits air pressure to keep solid parts from touching.
Combinations of these can even be employed within the same bearing. An example of this is where the cage is made of plastic, and it separates the rollers/balls, which reduce friction by their shape and finish.
Loads
Bearing design varies depending on the size and directions of the forces that they are required to support. Forces can be predominately radial, axial (thrust bearings), or bending moments perpendicular to the main axis.
Speeds
Different bearing types have different operating speed limits. Speed is typically specified as maximum relative surface speeds, often specified ft/s or m/s. Rotational bearings typically describe performance in terms of the product DN where D is the mean diameter (often in mm) of the bearing and N is the rotation rate in revolutions per minute.
Generally, there is considerable speed range overlap between bearing types. Plain bearings typically handle only lower speeds, rolling element bearings are faster, followed by fluid bearings and finally magnetic bearings which are limited ultimately by centripetal force overcoming material strength.
Play
Some applications apply bearing loads from varying directions and accept only limited play or "slop" as the applied load changes. One source of motion is gaps or "play" in the bearing. For example, a 10 mm shaft in a 12 mm hole has 2 mm play.
Allowable play varies greatly depending on the use. As an example, a wheelbarrow wheel supports radial and axial loads. Axial loads may be hundreds of newtons force left or right, and it is typically acceptable for the wheel to wobble by as much as 10 mm under the varying load. In contrast, a lathe may position a cutting tool to ±0.002 mm using a ball lead screw held by rotating bearings. The bearings support axial loads of thousands of newtons in either direction and must hold the ball lead screw to ±0.002 mm across that range of loads
Stiffness
A second source of motion is elasticity in the bearing itself. For example, the balls in a ball bearing are like stiff rubber, and under load deform from round to a slightly flattened shape. The race is also elastic and develops a slight dent where the ball presses on it.
The stiffness of a bearing is how the distance between the parts which are separated by the bearing varies with applied load. With rolling element bearings this is due to the strain of the ball and race. With fluid bearings it is due to how the pressure of the fluid varies with the gap (when correctly loaded, fluid bearings are typically stiffer than rolling element bearings).
Service life
Fluid and magnetic bearings
Fluid and magnetic bearings can have practically indefinite service lives. In practice, there are fluid bearings supporting high loads in hydroelectric plants that have been in nearly continuous service since about 1900 and which show no signs of wear.
Rolling element bearings
Rolling element bearing life is determined by load, temperature, maintenance, lubrication, material defects, contamination, handling, installation and other factors. These factors can all have a significant effect on bearing life. For example, the service life of bearings in one application was extended dramatically by changing how the bearings were stored before installation and use, as vibrations during storage caused lubricant failure even when the only load on the bearing was its own weight; the resulting damage is often false brinelling. Bearing life is statistical: several samples of a given bearing will often exhibit a bell curve of service life, with a few samples showing significantly better or worse life. Bearing life varies because microscopic structure and contamination vary greatly even where macroscopically they seem identical.
L10 life
Bearings are often specified to give an "L10" (US) or "B10" (elsewhere) life, the duration by which ten percent of the bearings in that application can be expected to have failed due to classical fatigue failure (and not any other mode of failure such as lubrication starvation, wrong mounting etc.), or, alternatively, the duration at which ninety percent will still be operating. The L10/B10 life of the bearing is theoretical, and may not represent service life of the bearing. Bearings are also rated using C0 (static loading) value. This is the basic load rating as a reference, and not an actual load value.
Plain bearings
For plain bearings, some materials give much longer life than others. Some of the John Harrison clocks still operate after hundreds of years because of the lignum vitae wood employed in their construction, whereas his metal clocks are seldom run due to potential wear.
Flexure bearings
Flexure bearings rely on elastic properties of a material. Flexure bearings bend a piece of material repeatedly. Some materials fail after repeated bending, even at low loads, but careful material selection and bearing design can make flexure bearing life indefinite.
Short-life bearings
Although long bearing life is often desirable, it is sometimes not necessary. describes a bearing for a rocket motor oxygen pump that gave several hours life, far in excess of the several tens of minutes needed.
Composite bearings
Depending on the customized specifications (backing material and PTFE compounds), composite bearings can operate up to 30 years without maintenance.
Oscillating bearings
For bearings which are used in oscillating applications, customized approaches to calculate L10/B10 are used.
External factors
The service life of the bearing is affected by many factors that are not controlled by the bearing manufacturers. For example, bearing mounting, temperature, exposure to external environment, lubricant cleanliness, and electrical currents through bearings. High frequency PWM inverters can induce electric currents in a bearing, which can be suppressed by the use of ferrite chokes.
The temperature and terrain of the micro-surface will determine the amount of friction by the touching of solid parts.
Certain elements and fields reduce friction while increasing speeds.
Strength and mobility help determine the amount of load the bearing type can carry.
Alignment factors can play a damaging role in wear and tear, yet overcome by computer aid signaling and non-rubbing bearing types, such as magnetic levitation or air field pressure.
Mounting
There are many methods of mounting bearings, usually involving an interference fit. When press fitting or shrink fitting a bearing into a bore or onto a shaft, it's important to keep the housing bore and shaft outer diameter to very close limits, which can involve one or more counterboring operations, several facing operations, and drilling, tapping, and threading operations. Alternatively, an interference fit can also be achieved with the addition of a tolerance ring.
Maintenance and lubrication
Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent premature failure, but many others require little maintenance. The latter include various kinds of polymer, fluid and magnetic bearings, as well as rolling-element bearings that are described with terms including sealed bearing and sealed for life. These contain seals to keep the dirt out and the grease in. They work successfully in many applications, providing maintenance-free operation. Some applications cannot use them effectively.
Nonsealed bearings often have a grease fitting, for periodic lubrication with a grease gun, or an oil cup for periodic filling with oil. Before the 1970s, sealed bearings were not encountered on most machinery, and oiling and greasing were a more common activity than they are today. For example, automotive chassis used to require "lube jobs" nearly as often as engine oil changes, but today's car chassis are mostly sealed for life. From the late 1700s through the mid-1900s, industry relied on many workers called oilers to lubricate machinery frequently with oil cans.
Factory machines today usually have lube systems, in which a central pump serves periodic charges of oil or grease from a reservoir through lube lines to the various lube points in the machine's bearing surfaces, bearing journals, pillow blocks, and so on. The timing and number of such lube cycles is controlled by the machine's computerized control, such as PLC or CNC, as well as by manual override functions when occasionally needed. This automated process is how all modern CNC machine tools and many other modern factory machines are lubricated. Similar lube systems are also used on nonautomated machines, in which case there is a hand pump that a machine operator is supposed to pump once daily (for machines in constant use) or once weekly. These are called one-shot systems from their chief selling point: one pull on one handle to lube the whole machine, instead of a dozen pumps of an alemite gun or oil can in a dozen different positions around the machine.
The oiling system inside a modern automotive or truck engine is similar in concept to the lube systems mentioned above, except that oil is pumped continuously. Much of this oil flows through passages drilled or cast into the engine block and cylinder heads, escaping through ports directly onto bearings, and squirting elsewhere to provide an oil bath. The oil pump simply pumps constantly, and any excess pumped oil continuously escapes through a relief valve back into the sump.
Many bearings in high-cycle industrial operations need periodic lubrication and cleaning, and many require occasional adjustment, such as pre-load adjustment, to minimize the effects of wear.
Bearing life is often much better when the bearing is kept clean and well lubricated. However, many applications make good maintenance difficult. One example is bearings in the conveyor of a rock crusher are exposed continually to hard abrasive particles. Cleaning is of little use because cleaning is expensive yet the bearing is contaminated again as soon as the conveyor resumes operation. Thus, a good maintenance program might lubricate the bearings frequently but not include any disassembly for cleaning. The frequent lubrication, by its nature, provides a limited kind of cleaning action, by displacing older (grit-filled) oil or grease with a fresh charge, which itself collects grit before being displaced by the next cycle. Another example are bearings in wind turbines, which makes maintenance difficult since the nacelle is placed high up in the air in strong wind areas. In addition, the turbine does not always run and is subjected to different operating behavior in different weather conditions, which makes proper lubrication a challenge.
Packing
Some bearings use a thick grease for lubrication, which is pushed into the gaps between the bearing surfaces, also known as packing. The grease is held in place by a plastic, leather, or rubber gasket (also called a gland) that covers the inside and outside edges of the bearing race to keep the grease from escaping.
Bearings may also be packed with other materials. Historically, the wheels on railroad cars used sleeve bearings packed with waste or loose scraps of cotton or wool fiber soaked in oil, then later used solid pads of cotton.
Ring oiler
Bearings can be lubricated by a metal ring that rides loosely on the central rotating shaft of the bearing. The ring hangs down into a chamber containing lubricating oil. As the bearing rotates, viscous adhesion draws oil up the ring and onto the shaft, where the oil migrates into the bearing to lubricate it. Excess oil is flung off and collects in the pool again.
Splash lubrication
A rudimentary form of lubrication is splash lubrication. Some machines contain a pool of lubricant in the bottom, with gears partially immersed in the liquid, or crank rods that can swing down into the pool as the device operates. The spinning wheels fling oil into the air around them, while the crank rods slap at the surface of the oil, splashing it randomly on the interior surfaces of the engine. Some small internal combustion engines specifically contain special plastic flinger wheels which randomly scatter oil around the interior of the mechanism.
Pressure lubrication
For high speed and high power machines, a loss of lubricant can result in rapid bearing heating and damage due to friction. Also in dirty environments, the oil can become contaminated with dust or debris that increases friction. In these applications, a fresh supply of lubricant can be continuously supplied to the bearing and all other contact surfaces, and the excess can be collected for filtration, cooling, and possibly reuse. Pressure oiling is commonly used in large and complex internal combustion engines in parts of the engine where directly splashed oil cannot reach, such as up into overhead valve assemblies. High speed turbochargers also typically require a pressurized oil system to cool the bearings and keep them from burning up due to the heat from the turbine.
Composite bearings
Composite bearings are designed with a self-lubricating polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) liner with a laminated metal backing. The PTFE liner offers consistent, controlled friction as well as durability whilst the metal backing ensures the composite bearing is robust and capable of withstanding high loads and stresses throughout its long life. Its design also makes it lightweight-one tenth the weight of a traditional rolling element bearing.
Rolling-element bearing outer race fault detection
Rolling-element bearings are widely used in industry. They often are the most vulnerable components of a machine, particularly when subjected to high loads and running speeds, and therefore regular fault diagnostics may be critical for safety and for reducing maintenance costs and down time.
A bearing will typically wear out due to metal-to-metal contact, which creates faults in the outer race, inner race and ball. Among these, the outer race tends to be most vulnerable to faults and defects. To determine whether the rolling element, when it passes an outer race fault, excites the natural frequencies of bearing components, it is necessary to identify the outer race's natural frequency and its harmonics. Faults create impulses at the fundamental fault frequency and result in harmonics of the fundamental, but due to their low energy, these fault frequencies are sometimes masked by adjacent frequencies in the spectra. Consequently, when detecting these frequencies via FFT analysis, a high spectral resolution is often needed.
The natural frequencies of a rolling element bearing with the free boundary conditions are 3 kHz. Therefore, in order to use the bearing component resonance bandwidth method to detect the bearing fault at an initial stage, a wide frequency range accelerometer is typically used, with sample data obtained over a long interval. A fault's characteristic frequency can only be identified when the fault is severe (e.g., a hole in the outer race). The harmonics of the fault frequency is a more sensitive indicator of an outer race fault. For a more serious detection of defected bearing faults waveform, spectrum and envelope techniques will help reveal these faults. However, if high frequency demodulation is used in envelope analysis to detect the characteristic fault frequencies, due to resonance, it may not contain the actual fault frequencies.
Spectral analysis of bearing faults can be difficult due to issues such as low energy, signal smearing, and cyclostationarity. High resolution is often needed to differentiate the fault frequencies from other high-amplitude adjacent frequencies. Hence, when the signal is sampled for FFT analysis, the sample count must be large enough to give adequate frequency resolution in the spectrum. However, a minimal frequency resolution required can be obtained by estimating the bearing fault frequencies and other vibration frequency components and its harmonics due to shaft speed, misalignment, line frequency, gearbox etc.
See also
References
External links
ISO Dimensional system and bearing numbers
Comprehensive review on bearings, University of Cambridge
A glossary of bearing terms
How bearings work
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) – Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
Types of bearings, Cambridge University
Tribology | wiki |
A probate court (sometimes called a surrogate court) is a court that has competence in a jurisdiction to deal with matters of probate and the administration of estates. In some jurisdictions, such courts may be referred to as Orphans' Courts or courts of ordinary. In some jurisdictions probate court functions are performed by a chancery court or another court of equity, or as a part or division of another court.
Probate courts administer proper distribution of the assets of a decedent (one who has died), adjudicates the validity of wills, enforces the provisions of a valid will (by issuing the grant of probate), prevents malfeasance by executors and administrators of estates, and provides for the equitable distribution of the assets of persons who die intestate (without a valid will), such as by granting a grant of administration giving judicial approval to the personal representative to administer matters of the estate.
In contested matters, the probate court examines the authenticity of a will and decides who is to receive the deceased person's property. In a case of an intestacy, the court determines who is to receive the deceased's property under the law of its jurisdiction. The probate court will then oversee the process of distributing the deceased's assets to the proper beneficiaries. A probate court can be petitioned by interested parties in an estate, such as when a beneficiary feels that an estate is being mishandled. The court has the authority to compel an executor to give an account of their actions.
In some jurisdictions (e.g. Texas) probate courts also handle other matters, such as guardianships, trusts, and mental health issues (including the authority to order involuntary commitment to psychiatric facilities and involuntary administering psychiatric medication).
Orphans' Court
An Orphans' Court was an organization established in the Chesapeake Bay American colonies during colonization. The major goal of the organization was to protect orphaned children and their right to their deceased family member's estate from claims and against abuses by stepparents and others.
Today, at least in Maryland and in Pennsylvania, probate courts are still called Orphans' Courts, for historical reasons, hearing matters involving wills of deceased estates which are contested and supervising estates which are probated judicially.
Register of Probate
A Register of Probate is an elected position in some jurisdictions in the United States, such as New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Maine (part of Massachusetts before 1820). Register of Wills is an elected position in jurisdictions such as Maryland.
The Registrar and staff administer the local Probate Court, typically for a given county, acting partly as public customer service and partly as clerks for the probate judge (who may or may not be elected).
List of probate courts
The following is a partial list of probate courts:
England and Wales
Prerogative court—former
Court of Probate—former
High Court of Justice Family Division—current
State courts of the United States
California Superior Court
Connecticut—Connecticut Probate Courts (a system of 54 probate court districts)
Delaware—Office of Register of Wills
District of Columbia—Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Probate Division
Florida Florida Circuit Court, County Comptroller's Office
Georgia—Probate Court formerly known as the Court of Ordinary (judge formally known as ordinary)
Maryland—County Orphans' Courts, Office of Register of Wills
Massachusetts—Probate and Family Court, Register of Probate
Michigan—County Probate Courts
Missouri—conducted by Circuit Courts, some of which have separate probate divisions, Office of Public Administrator
New Hampshire—New Hampshire Probate Court
New Jersey—New Jersey Superior Court, Chancery Division, Probate Part, Surrogate's Court (judges known as surrogates), Surrogate's Office
New York—New York Surrogate's Court (judges known as surrogates)
Ohio—conducted by Courts of Common Pleas, Family and Probate Divisions, Probate Court
Pennsylvania—Orphans' Court Division of the Court of Common Pleas, Office of Register of Wills
Texas—see Judiciary of Texas; the county court handles probate matters in most instances, but its jurisdiction may overlap with the district court. Also, in ten specific counties the Texas Legislature has established one or more Probate Courts to handle probate matters, removing them from county or district court jurisdiction.
Vermont—Probate Courts, one in each of Vermont's 14 counties
Virginia—Virginia Circuit Court
Canada
New Brunswick—Probate Court of New Brunswick
Nova Scotia—Probate Court of Nova Scotia
All other provinces are constitutionally required to process probate through their superior courts as per section 96 of the Constitution, 1867.
References
Wills and trusts
Inheritance
Probate courts | wiki |
Cranial ultrasound is a technique for scanning the brain using high-frequency sound waves. It is used almost exclusively in babies because their fontanelle (the soft spot on the skull) provides an "acoustic window".
A different form of ultrasound-based brain scanning, transcranial Doppler, can be used in any age group. This uses Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow through the major arteries in the brain, and can scan through bone. It is not usual for this technique to be referred to simply as "cranial ultrasound". Additionally, cranial ultrasound can be used for intra-operative imaging in adults undergoing neurosurgery once the skull has been opened, for example to help identify the margins of a tumour.
Uses
Premature babies are especially vulnerable to certain conditions involving the brain. These include intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), which often occurs during the first few days, and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), which tends to occur later on. One of the main purposes of routine cranial ultrasound scanning in neonatal units is to identify these problems as they develop. If severe intraventricular haemorrhage is noted then the baby will need to be scanned more frequently in case post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus (swelling of the ventricles as the natural flow of the cerebrospinal fluid is blocked by blood-clots) develops.
Other indications include babies that requires ventilatory support, neonatal encephalopathy, and signs and symptoms that suggests central nervous system disorder such as seizures, microcephaly, macrocephaly, hypotonia, and unexplained poor feeding at term.
Most neonatal units in the developed world routinely perform serial cranial ultrasound scans on babies who are born significantly premature. A typical regimen might involve performing a scan on the first, third and seventh day of a premature baby's life, and then at regular intervals until the baby reaches term.
Technique
A 5 to 7.5 MHz probe is used to scan deeper structures in the brain. A 7 to 12 Mhz probe is used for scanning superficial structures for detecting lesions between the brain and the skull, superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, cerebral oedema, and evaluating the structures of sulci and gyri.
A water-based gel is applied to the infant's head, over the anterior fontanelle, to aid conduction of ultrasound waves. Ideally scans are performed during sleep or when the infant is calm. The operator then uses an ultrasound probe to examine the baby's brain, viewing the images on a computer screen and recording them as necessary.
A standard cranial ultrasound examination usually involves recording of approximately 11 views of the brain from different angles, six in the coronal plane and five in the sagittal and parasaggital planes. This allows all parts of the ventricles and most of the rest of the brain to be visualised.
Who performs the scans varies between different health systems. In many hospitals in the United Kingdom paediatricians or neonatologists usually perform cranial ultrasound; in other systems advanced nurse practitioners, radiologists or sonographers may perform most scans.
While the anterior fontanelle is the most commonly used acoustic window for cranial ultrasounds, more advanced operators may gain additional views, especially of posterior fossa structures, by using the mastoid fontanelle, the posterior fontanelle and/or the temporal window.
Other refinements of cranial ultrasound technique include serial measurement of the width of the lateral ventricles ("ventricular index") to monitor suspected ventricular dilatation and colour Doppler to assess blood flow.
Limitations
Cranial ultrasound is a very safe technique as it is non-invasive and does not involve any kind of ionising radiation. However, it is subject to certain limitations.
Operator dependency: the quality of images obtained relies on the skill of the person performing sonography.
Some brain structures are poorly visualised, notably posterior fossa structures such as the cerebellum if only the anterior fontanelle is used.
If the fontanelle is very small, for example is post-mature infants, scanning may be technically difficult.
Damage to the brain soft tissue (parenchyma), for example resulting from ischaemia or abnormal myelination, may be hard to see.
Therefore, many neonatal services prefer to perform an MRI scan when the infant is near term, as well as routine cranial ultrasound, to avoid missing more subtle abnormalities.
References
Medical imaging
Medical ultrasonography
Pediatrics
Neurology | wiki |
The World Snowshoe Championships are annual snowshoe running competition, held for the first time in 2006 and organised by the World Snowshoe Federation.
Editions
Medals
Men
Women
External links
World Snowshoe Federation official web site
World Championships
Snowshoe
Recurring sporting events established in 2006
Snowshoe | wiki |
Roger Charles Altman (né le ), est un banquier d'affaires américain, investisseur privé et ancien secrétaire d'État du département du Trésor sous la présidence de Bill Clinton. Il est président de la banque d'investissement Evercore Partners et membre du comité de direction du groupe bilderberg.
Références
Liens externes
Naissance en avril 1946
Banquier américain | wiki |
Ulmyeon (hangul: 울면) is a Korean-Chinese noodles, vegetables (including shiitake mushrooms, white button mushrooms, and carrots), egg, and seafood (including sea cucumber, shrimp, and squid or cuttlefish) in a chowder-like broth that is thickened with cornstarch. It is derived from a Chinese dish called wēnlŭmiàn (溫滷麵). It is often served in Korean Chinese restaurants as a non-spicy alternative to jjamppong. A variation on the dish is samseon ulmyeon (삼선울면 "3-ingredient ulmyeon"), which is a more expensive option that contains additional portions and/or varieties of seafood.
External links
Ulmyeon page
Ulmyeon page
Ulmyeon recipe (Korean)
Korean Chinese cuisine
Seafood dishes
Noodle soups
Korean noodle dishes | wiki |
Jane Archer may refer to:
Jane Archer (security official) (1898–1982), married name of Jane Sissmore, MI5 and SIS security official
Jane Archer (writer), pseudonym of Nina Romberg
Jane Archer, character in The Age of Innocence (1934 film) | wiki |
Fall Festival may refer to any festival during the fall season, such as:
Autumnfest
Mid-Autumn Festival
West Side Nut Club Fall Festival | wiki |
Postscriptum, een naschrift
Post Scriptum (album), een album van het Wolfert Brederode Quartet | wiki |
Mariya Stoyanova (Bulgarian: Мария Стоянова; born 19 July 1947) is a Bulgarian former basketball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics.
References
1947 births
Living people
Bulgarian women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players of Bulgaria
Basketball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in basketball
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics | wiki |
In property law, a mesne assignment is an intermediate assignment in a series of assignments which occurs prior to the final assignment.
Property law | wiki |
In mathematics and physics, the right-hand rule is a common mnemonic for understanding the orientation of axes in three-dimensional space. It is also a convenient method for quickly finding the direction of a cross-product of 2 vectors.
Most of the various left-hand and right-hand rules arise from the fact that the three axes of three-dimensional space have two possible orientations. One can see this by holding one's hands outward and together, palms up, with the thumbs out-stretched to the right and left, and the fingers making a curling motion from straight outward to pointing upward. (Note the picture to right is not an illustration of this.) The curling motion of the fingers represents a movement from the first (x-axis) to the second (y-axis); the third (z-axis) can point along either thumb. Left-hand and right-hand rules arise when dealing with coordinate axes. The rule can be used to find the direction of the magnetic field, rotation, spirals, electromagnetic fields, mirror images, and enantiomers in mathematics and chemistry.
The sequence is often: index finger, middle finger, thumb. Two other sequences also work because they preserve the cycle:
Middle finger, thumb, index finger.
Thumb, index finger, middle finger (e.g., see the ninth series of the Swiss 200-francs banknote).
Curve orientation and normal vectors
In vector calculus, it is necessary to relate the normal vector to a surface to the curve bounding it. For a positively-oriented curve , bounding a surface , the normal to the surface is defined such that the right thumb points in the direction of , and the fingers curl along the orientation of the bounding curve .
Coordinates
Coordinates are usually right-handed.
For right-handed coordinates, the right thumb points along the z-axis in the positive direction and the curling motion of the fingers of the right hand represents a motion from the first or x-axis to the second or y-axis. When viewed from the top or z-axis the system is counter-clockwise.
For left-handed coordinates, the left thumb points along the z-axis in the positive direction and the curling motion of the fingers of the left hand represent a motion from the first or x-axis to the second or y-axis. When viewed from the top or z-axis the system is clockwise.
Interchanging the labels of any two axes reverses the handedness. Reversing the direction of one axis (or of all three axes) also reverses the handedness. (If the axes do not have a positive or negative direction then handedness has no meaning.) Reversing two axes amounts to a 180° rotation around the remaining axis.
Rotations
A rotating body
In mathematics, a rotating body is commonly represented by a pseudovector along the axis of rotation. The length of the vector gives the speed of rotation and the direction of the axis gives the direction of rotation according to the right-hand rule: right fingers curled in the direction of rotation and the right thumb pointing in the positive direction of the axis. This allows some easy calculations using the vector cross-product. No part of the body is moving in the direction of the axis arrow. By coincidence, if the thumb is pointing north, Earth rotates in a prograde direction according to the right-hand rule. This causes the Sun, Moon, and stars to appear to revolve westward according to the left-hand rule.
Helices and screws
A helix is a curved line formed by a point rotating around a center while the center moves up or down the z-axis. Helices are either right- or left-handed, with curled fingers giving the direction of rotation and thumb giving the direction of advance along the z-axis.
The threads of a screw are helix and therefore screws can be right- or left-handed. The rule is this: if a screw is right-handed (most screws are) point your right thumb in the direction you want the screw to go and turn the screw in the direction of your curled right fingers.
Electromagnetism
When electricity (conventional current) flows in a long straight wire, it creates a circular or cylindrical magnetic field around the wire according to the right-hand rule. The conventional current, which is the opposite of the actual flow of electrons, is a flow of positive charges along the positive z-axis. The conventional direction of a magnetic line is given by a compass needle.
Electromagnet: The magnetic field around a wire is quite weak. If the wire is coiled into a helix, all the field lines inside the helix point in the same direction and each successive coil reinforces the others. The advance of the helix, the non-circular part of the current, and the field lines all point in the positive z direction. Since there is no magnetic monopole, the field lines exit the +z end, loop around outside the helix, and re-enter at the −z end. The +z end where the lines exit is defined as the north pole. If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of the circular component of the current, the right thumb points to the north pole.
Lorentz force: If a positive electric charge moves across a magnetic field, it experiences a force according to Lorentz force, with the direction given by the right-hand rule. If the curl of the right fingers represents a rotation from the direction the charge is moving to the direction of the magnetic field, then the force is in the direction of the right thumb. Because the charge is moving, the force causes the particle path to bend. The bending force is computed by the vector cross product. This means that the bending force increases with the velocity of the particle and the strength of the magnetic field. The force is maximum when the particle direction and magnetic fields are at right angles, is less at any other angle and is zero when the particle moves parallel to the field.
Ampère's right-hand grip rule
Ampère's right-hand grip rule (also called the right-hand screw rule, coffee-mug rule or the corkscrew-rule) is used either when a vector (such as the Euler vector) must be defined to represent the rotation of a body, a magnetic field, or a fluid, or vice versa, when it is necessary to define a rotation vector to understand how rotation occurs. It reveals a connection between the current and the magnetic field lines in the magnetic field that the current created.
André-Marie Ampère, a French physicist and mathematician, for whom the rule was named, was inspired by Hans Christian Ørsted, another physicist who experimented with magnet needles. Ørsted observed that the needles swirled when in the proximity of an electric current-carrying wire, and concluded that electricity could create magnetic fields.
Application
This rule is used in two different applications of Ampère's circuital law:
An electric current passes through a straight wire. When the thumb is pointed in the direction of conventional current (from positive to negative), the curled fingers will then point in the direction of the magnetic flux lines around the conductor. The direction of the magnetic field (counterclockwise rotation instead of clockwise rotation of coordinates when viewing the tip of the thumb) is a result of this convention and not an underlying physical phenomenon.
An electric current passes through a solenoid, resulting in a magnetic field. When wrapping the right hand around the solenoid with the fingers in the direction of the conventional current, the thumb points in the direction of the magnetic north pole.
Cross products
The cross product of two vectors is often taken in physics and engineering. For example, in statics and dynamics, torque is the cross product of lever length and force, while angular momentum is the cross product of distance and linear momentum. In electricity and magnetism, the force exerted on a moving charged particle when moving in a magnetic field B is given by:
The direction of the cross product may be found by application of the right hand rule as follows:
The index finger points in the direction of the velocity vector v.
The middle finger points in the direction of the magnetic field vector B.
The thumb points in the direction of the cross product F.
For example, for a positively charged particle moving to the north, in a region where the magnetic field points west, the resultant force points up.
Applications
The right-hand rule has a widespread use in physics. A list of physical quantities whose directions are related by the right-hand rule is given below. (Some of these are related only indirectly to cross products, and use the second form.)
For a rotating object, if the right-hand fingers follow the curve of a point on the object, then the thumb points along the axis of rotation in the direction of the angular velocity vector.
A torque, the force that causes it, and the position of the point of application of the force.
A magnetic field, the position of the point where it is determined, and the electric current (or change in electric flux) that causes it.
A magnetic field in a coil of wire and the electric current in the wire.
The force of a magnetic field on a charged particle, the magnetic field itself, and the velocity of the object.
The vorticity at any point in the field of flow of a fluid
The induced current from motion in a magnetic field (known as Fleming's right-hand rule).
The x, y and z unit vectors in a Cartesian coordinate system can be chosen to follow the right-hand rule. Right-handed coordinate systems are often used in rigid body and kinematics.
See also
Chirality (mathematics)
Curl (mathematics)
Fleming's left-hand rule for motors
Improper rotation
ISO 2
Oersted's law
Poynting vector
Pseudovector
Reflection (mathematics)
References
External links
Feynman's lecture on the right-hand rule
Right and Left Hand Rules - Interactive Java Tutorial National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Christian Moser : right-hand-rule : wpftutorial.net
Electromagnetism
Mechanics
Orientation (geometry)
Vectors (mathematics and physics)
Rules of thumb
Science mnemonics
Hand gestures | wiki |
Oakley Farm may refer to:
Oakley Youth Development Center, also known as Oakley Farm, in Hinds County, Mississippi
Oakley Farm (Warm Springs, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Oakley Plantation House (St. Francisville, Louisiana), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
See also
Oakley House (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World is a book by Jim Clements which presents a list of the bird species of the world.
The most recent printed version is the sixth edition (2007), but has been updated yearly, the last version in 2022, and is published by Cornell University Press. Previous editions were published by the author's own imprint, Ibis Publishing. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology has provided annual updates since then, usually in August, and the most recent version is available online in several formats. These updates reflect the ongoing changes to bird taxonomy based on published research.
Clements is the official list used by the American Birding Association for birds globally. eBird also uses the Clements checklist as the base list for its eBird taxonomy, which in addition to species includes hybrids and other non-species entities reported by birders.
References
External links
Further information at Cornell University Press website
Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Ornithological checklists | wiki |
Soul Serenade is the name of several songs and albums produced by different artists, including:
Soul Serenade (Derek Trucks album), a 2003 album by The Derek Trucks Band
Soul Serenade (Gloria Lynne album), 1965
Soul Serenade, a 2000 album by Gospellers
"Soul Serenade" (King Curtis song), a 1968 jazz song by King Curtis | wiki |
Mary Pratt may refer to:
Mary Pratt (painter) (1935–2018), Canadian painter
Mary Pratt (baseball) (1918−2020), former pitcher
Mary Louise Pratt (born 1948), professor of Spanish and Portuguese languages and literature
Mary Ann Pratt, midwife and early member of the Latter Day Saint movement
Mary Pradd, English woman murdered in 1876 | wiki |
The McNabb-Mallory rule (sometimes referred to as just the ''Mallory'' rule) refers to the U.S. rule of evidence that a confession is inadmissible if obtained during an unreasonably long period of detention between arrest and initial court appearance.
The rule was largely superseded by the broader protections provided for under the Miranda rules.
References
United States criminal investigation law | wiki |
This is a list of notable software packages which were published as free and open-source software, or into the public domain, but were made proprietary software, or otherwise switched to a license (including source-available licenses) that is not considered to be free and open source.
See also
List of formerly proprietary software
References
Formerly open-source software
Open-source software converted to a proprietary license | wiki |
Naggar is a surname. Naggar, al-Naggar, el-Naggar, etc. may refer to the following notable people:
Ahmad Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Naggar
Ahmed El-Nagar, Egyptian boxer
Carole Naggar, poet, historian, curator, and painter
Chris Naggar (born 1997), American football player
Mostafa Alnagar
Reut Naggar
Zaghloul El-Naggar
See also
Najjar | wiki |
Bleeding time is a medical test done on someone to assess their platelets function. It involves making a patient bleed, then timing how long it takes for them to stop bleeding using a stopwatch or other suitable devices.
The term template bleeding time is used when the test is performed to standardized parameters.
Indications
The bleeding time test is a method indicated when other more reliable and less invasive tests for determining coagulation are not available. However, it remains the most reliable way of assessing clinical bleeding in patients with uremia. Historically it was indicated whenever physicians needed information about platelet activation.
Process
It involves cutting the underside of the subject's forearm, in an area where there is no hair or visible veins. The cut is of a standardized width and depth, and is done quickly by an automatic device.
A blood pressure cuff is used above the wound, to maintain venous pressure at a specified value. The time it takes for the bleeding to stop (i.e. the time it takes for a platelet plug to form) is measured. Cessation of bleeding can be determined by blotting away the blood every several seconds until the site looks "glassy".
IVY method
The IVY method is the traditional format for this test. While both the IVY and Duke's method require the use of a sphygmomanometer, or blood pressure cuff, the IVY method is more invasive than the Duke method, utilizing an incision on the ventral side of the forearm, whereas the Duke method involves puncture with a lancet or special needle. In the IVY method, the blood pressure cuff is placed on the upper arm and inflated to 40 mmHg. A lancet or scalpel blade is used to make a shallow incision that is 1 millimeter deep on the underside of the forearm.
A standard-sized incision is made around 10 mm long and 1 mm deep. The time from when the incision is made until all bleeding has stopped is measured and is called the bleeding time. Every 30 seconds, filter paper or a paper towel is used to draw off the blood.
The test is finished when bleeding has stopped.
A prolonged bleeding time may be a result from decreased number of thrombocytes or impaired blood vessels. However, the depth of the puncture or incision may be the source of error.
Normal values fall between 3 – 10 minutes depending on the method used.
A disadvantage of Ivy's method is closure of puncture wound before stoppage of bleeding.
Duke's method
With the Duke's method, the patient is pricked with a special needle or lancet, preferably on the earlobe or fingertip, after having been swabbed with alcohol. The prick is about 3–4 mm deep. The patient then wipes the blood every 30 seconds with a filter paper. The test ceases when bleeding ceases. The usual time is about 2–5 minutes.
This method is not recommended and cannot be standardized because it can cause a large local hematoma.
Interpretation
Bleeding time is affected by platelet function, certain vascular disorders and von Willebrand Disease—not by other coagulation factors such as haemophilia. Diseases that cause prolonged bleeding time include thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Bernard-Soulier disease, and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
Aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors can significantly prolong bleeding time. While warfarin and heparin have their major effects on coagulation factors, an increased bleeding time is sometimes seen with use of these medications as well.
People with von Willebrand disease usually experience increased bleeding time, as von Willebrand factor is a platelet adhesion protein, but this is not considered an effective diagnostic test for this condition.
It is also prolonged in hypofibrinogenemia.
In popular culture
In the British comedy film Doctor in the House (1954), Sir Lancelot Spratt, the intimidating chief of surgery played by James Robertson Justice is asking instructional questions of his medical students. He asks a young student, who has been distracted by a pretty nurse, what "the bleeding time" is. The student looks at his watch and answers "Ten past ten, sir."
References
External links
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Blood tests | wiki |
Chè trôi nước (or sometimes is called Chè xôi nước in Southern Vietnam or Bánh chay in Northern Vietnam, both meaning "floating dessert wading in water") is a Vietnamese dessert made of glutinous rice filled with mung bean paste bathed in a sweet clear or brown syrup made of water, sugar, and grated ginger root. It is generally warmed before eating and garnished with sesame seeds and coconut milk. It is often served during Lunar New Year or more recently, served in the Cold-Eating Festival (March 3 in the Vietnamese calendar).
Two northern Vietnamese desserts, bánh trôi (also called bánh trôi nước) and bánh chay, are similar to chè trôi nước (description of it stated above). Chè trôi nước is also similar to a Chinese dish called tangyuan.
See also
Chè
Gulab jamun
List of desserts
Mochi
Tangyuan
References
External links
Chè trôi nước photo
Chè trôi nước photo
Vietnamese desserts | wiki |
Touch rugby er en variant af rugby, hvor spillerne blot berører hinanden på ballerne/hofterne i stedet for at takle.
Rugby | wiki |
Manchester United F.C.–Arsenal F.C. brawl may refer to:
Manchester United F.C.–Arsenal F.C. brawl (1990)
Battle of Old Trafford, 2003
Battle of the Buffet, 2004 | wiki |
Hybrid models of forest production, sometimes abbreviated to hybrid models, combine growth and yield modelling with physiological modelling.
See also
FORECAST
Law of Maximum
References
External links
A free model to register existing models from the IEFC.
Forest growth models list
Forest modelling | wiki |
A comic strip is a sequence of drawings that tells a story.
Comic strip may also refer to:
"Comic Strip" (song), a 1968 song by Serge Gainsbourg and Madeline Bell
The Comic Strip, a group of British comedians
The Comic Strip Presents, usually referred to as just The Comic Strip, a television show featuring the eponymous group of British comedians
The Comic Strip (TV series), a 1987–1988 American animated series
Comic Strip Live, a comedy showcase club in New York City | wiki |
Diaphragmatic rupture (also called diaphragmatic injury or tear) is a tear of the diaphragm, the muscle across the bottom of the ribcage that plays a crucial role in breathing. Most commonly, acquired diaphragmatic tears result from physical trauma. Diaphragmatic rupture can result from blunt or penetrating trauma and occurs in about 0.5% of all people with trauma.
Diagnostic techniques include X-ray, computed tomography, and surgical techniques such as an explorative surgery. Diagnosis is often difficult because signs may not show up on X-ray, or signs that do show up appear similar to other conditions. Signs and symptoms include chest and abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung sounds. When a tear is discovered, surgery is needed to repair it.
Injuries to the diaphragm are usually accompanied by other injuries, and they indicate that more severe injury may have occurred. The outcome often depends more on associated injuries than on the diaphragmatic injury itself. Since the pressure is higher in the abdominal cavity than the chest cavity, rupture of the diaphragm is almost always associated with herniation of abdominal organs into the chest cavity, which is called a diaphragmatic hernia. This herniation can interfere with breathing.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms may include pain, orthopnea, (shortness of breath when lying flat), and coughing. In people with herniation of abdominal organs, signs of intestinal blockage or sepsis in the abdomen may be present. Bowel sounds may be heard in the chest, and shoulder or epigastric pain may be present. When the injury is not noticed right away, the main symptoms are those that indicate bowel obstruction.
Causes
Diaphragmatic rupture may be caused by blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, and by iatrogenic causes (as a result of medical intervention), for example during surgery to the abdomen or chest. It has also occurred spontaneously at the time of pregnancy or for no discernible reason. Injury to the diaphragm is reported to be present in 8% of cases of blunt chest trauma. In cases of blunt trauma, vehicle accidents and falls are the most common causes. Penetrating trauma has been reported to cause 12.3–20% of cases, but it has also been proposed as a more common cause than blunt trauma; discrepancies could be due to varying regional, social, and economic factors in the areas studied. Stab and gunshot wounds can cause diaphragmatic injuries. Clinicians are trained to suspect diaphragmatic rupture particularly if penetrating trauma has occurred to the lower chest or upper abdomen. With penetrating trauma, the contents of the abdomen may not herniate into the chest cavity right away, but they may do so later, causing the presentation to be delayed. Since the diaphragm moves up and down during breathing, penetrating trauma to various parts of the torso may injure the diaphragm; penetrating injuries as high as the third rib and as low as the twelfth have been found to injure the diaphragm. Iatrogenic cases have occurred as a complication of medical procedures involving the thorax or abdomen. It has occurred as a complication of thoracentesis and radiofrequency ablation.
Mechanism
Although the mechanism is unknown, it is proposed that a blow to the abdomen may raise the pressure within the abdomen so high that the diaphragm ruptures. Blunt trauma creates a large pressure gradient between the abdominal and thoracic cavities; this gradient, in addition to causing the rupture, can also cause abdominal contents to herniate into the thoracic cavity. Abdominal contents in the pleural space interfere with heart function and lung function. High intrathoracic pressure results in an increase in right atrial pressure, disrupting the filling of the heart and venous return of blood. As venous return determines cardiac output, this results in a reduction of cardiac output. If ventilation of the lung on the side of the tear is severely inhibited, hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) results. Usually, the rupture is on the same side as an impact. A blow to the side is three times more likely to cause diaphragmatic rupture than a blow to the front.
Diagnosis
Physical examinations are not accurate, as there is usually no specific physical sign that can be used to diagnose this condition. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic methods can be accurate. Chest X-ray is known to be unreliable in diagnosing diaphragmatic rupture; it has low sensitivity and specificity for the injury. Often another injury such as pulmonary contusion masks the injury on the X-ray film. Half the time, initial X-rays are normal; in most of those that are not, hemothorax or pneumothorax is present. A nasogastric tube from the stomach may appear on the film in the chest cavity; this sign is pathognomonic for diaphragmatic rupture, but it is rare. The X-ray is better able to detect the injury when taken from the back with the person upright, but this is not usually possible because the person is usually not stable enough; thus it is usually taken from the front with the person lying supine. Positive pressure ventilation helps keep the abdominal organs from herniating into the chest cavity, but this also can prevent the injury from being discovered on an X-ray.A CT scan has an increased accuracy of diagnosis over X-ray, but no specific findings on a CT scan exist to establish a diagnosis. The free edge of a ruptured diaphragm may curl and become perpendicular to the chest wall, a sign known as a dangling diaphragm. A herniated organ may constrict at the location of a rupture, a sign known as the collar sign. If the liver herniates through a rupture on the right side, it may produce two signs known as the hump and band signs. The hump sign is a form of the collar sign on the right. The band sign is a bright line that intersects the liver. it is believed to result due to the ruptured diaphragm compressing. Although CT scanning increases chances that diaphragmatic rupture will be diagnosed before surgery, the rate of diagnosis before surgery is still only 31–43.5%. Another diagnostic method is laparotomy, but this misses diaphragmatic ruptures up to 15% of the time. Often diaphragmatic injury is discovered during a laparotomy that was undertaken because of another abdominal injury. Because laparotomies are more common in those with penetrating trauma than compared to those who experienced a blunt force injury, diaphragmatic rupture is found more often in these people. Thoracoscopy is more reliable in detecting diaphragmatic tears than laparotomy and is especially useful when chronic diaphragmatic hernia is suspected.
Location
Between 50 and 80% of diaphragmatic ruptures occur on the left side. It is possible that the liver, which is situated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, cushions the diaphragm. However, injuries occurring on the left side are also easier to detect in X-ray films. Half of diaphragmatic ruptures that occur on the right side are associated with liver injury. Injuries occurring on the right are associated with a higher rate of death and more numerous and serious accompanying injuries. Bilateral diaphragmatic rupture, which occurs in 1–2% of ruptures, is associated with a much higher death rate (mortality) than injuries that occur on just one side.
Treatment
Since the diaphragm is in constant motion with respiration, and because it is under tension, lacerations will not heal on their own. The injury usually becomes larger with time if not repaired. The main goals of surgery are to repair any injuries to the diaphragm and to move any herniated abdominal organs back to their original place. This is done be debriding nonviable tissue and closing the rupture. Most of the time, the injury is repaired during laparotomy. Early surgery is important, as diaphragmatic atrophy and adhesions occur over time. Sutures are used in the repair. Other injuries, such as hemothorax, may present a more immediate threat and may need to be treated first if they accompany diaphragmatic rupture. Video-assisted thoracoscopy may be used.
Prognosis
In most cases, isolated diaphragmatic rupture is associated with good outcome if it is surgically repaired. The death rate (mortality) for diaphragmatic rupture after blunt and penetrating trauma is estimated to be 15–40% and 10–30% respectively, but other injuries play a large role in determining outcome. Herniation of abdominal organs is present in 3–4% of people with abdominal trauma who present to a trauma center.
Epidemiology
Diaphragmatic injuries are present in 1–7% of people with significant blunt trauma and an average of 3% of abdominal injuries. A high body mass index may be associated with a higher risk of diaphragmatic rupture in people involved in vehicle accidents. Over 90% occur due to trauma from vehicle accidents. Due to the great force needed to rupture the diaphragm, it is rare for the diaphragm alone to be injured, especially in blunt trauma; other injuries are associated in as many as 80–100% of cases. In fact, if the diaphragm is injured, it is an indication that more severe injuries to organs may have occurred. Thus, the mortality after a diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture is 17%, with most deaths due to lung complications. Common associated injuries include head injury, injuries to the aorta, fractures of the pelvis and long bones, and lacerations of the liver and spleen. Associated injuries occur in over three quarters of cases.
History
In 1579, Ambroise Paré made the first description of diaphragmatic rupture in a French artillery captain who had been shot eight months before his death. He died from complications of the rupture. Using autopsies, Paré also described diaphragmatic rupture in people who had suffered blunt and penetrating trauma. Reports of diaphragmatic herniation due to injury date back at least as far as the 17th century. Petit was the first to establish the difference between acquired and congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which results from a congenital malformation of the diaphragm. In 1888, Naumann repaired a hernia of the stomach into the left chest that was caused by trauma.
Other animals
Diaphragmatic rupture is a common and well-known complication of blunt abdominal trauma in cats and dogs. The organs that herniate into the pleural cavity are determined by the location of the rupture. They are most commonly circumferential tears that occur at the attachment of the diaphragm and rib. Is these cases, the organs that herniate may include the liver, small intestine, stomach, spleen, omentum, and/or uterus. Dorsal tears are uncommon, and may cause a kidney to herniate into the thorax. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, vomiting, collapse, and an absence of palpable organs in the abdomen. Symptoms can worsen quickly and be lethal, especially in the case of severe bleeding, bruised heart, or strangulation of herniated intestine. It is also possible that there may only be subtle signs, and the condition is only incidentally detected months to years after the injury during a medical scan.
See also
Diaphragmatic hernia
Chest injury
References
External links
Chest trauma | wiki |
In statistics, the standard score is the number of standard deviations by which the value of a raw score (i.e., an observed value or data point) is above or below the mean value of what is being observed or measured. Raw scores above the mean have positive standard scores, while those below the mean have negative standard scores.
It is calculated by subtracting the population mean from an individual raw score and then dividing the difference by the population standard deviation. This process of converting a raw score into a standard score is called standardizing or normalizing (however, "normalizing" can refer to many types of ratios; see normalization for more).
Standard scores are most commonly called z-scores; the two terms may be used interchangeably, as they are in this article. Other equivalent terms in use include z-values, normal scores, standardized variables and pull in high energy physics.
Computing a z-score requires knowledge of the mean and standard deviation of the complete population to which a data point belongs; if one only has a sample of observations from the population, then the analogous computation using the sample mean and sample standard deviation yields the t-statistic.
Calculation
If the population mean and population standard deviation are known, a raw score
x is converted into a standard score by
where:
μ is the mean of the population,
σ is the standard deviation of the population.
The absolute value of z represents the distance between that raw score x and the population mean in units of the standard deviation. z is negative when the raw score is below the mean, positive when above.
Calculating z using this formula requires use of the population mean and the population standard deviation, not the sample mean or sample deviation. However, knowing the true mean and standard deviation of a population is often an unrealistic expectation, except in cases such as standardized testing, where the entire population is measured.
When the population mean and the population standard deviation are unknown, the standard score may be estimated by using the sample mean and sample standard deviation as estimates of the population values.
In these cases, the z-score is given by
where:
is the mean of the sample,
S is the standard deviation of the sample.
Though it should always be stated, the distinction between use of the population and sample statistics often is not made. In either case, the numerator and denominator of the equations have the same units of measure so that the units cancel out through division and z is left as a dimensionless quantity.
Applications
Z-test
The z-score is often used in the z-test in standardized testing – the analog of the Student's t-test for a population whose parameters are known, rather than estimated. As it is very unusual to know the entire population, the t-test is much more widely used.
Prediction intervals
The standard score can be used in the calculation of prediction intervals. A prediction interval [L,U], consisting of a lower endpoint designated L and an upper endpoint designated U, is an interval such that a future observation X will lie in the interval with high probability , i.e.
For the standard score Z of X it gives:
By determining the quantile z such that
it follows:
Process control
In process control applications, the Z value provides an assessment of the degree to which a process is operating off-target.
Comparison of scores measured on different scales: ACT and SAT
When scores are measured on different scales, they may be converted to z-scores to aid comparison. Dietz et al. give the following example, comparing student scores on the (old) SAT and ACT high school tests. The table shows the mean and standard deviation for total scores on the SAT and ACT. Suppose that student A scored 1800 on the SAT, and student B scored 24 on the ACT. Which student performed better relative to other test-takers?
The z-score for student A is
The z-score for student B is
Because student A has a higher z-score than student B, student A performed better compared to other test-takers than did student B.
Percentage of observations below a z-score
Continuing the example of ACT and SAT scores, if it can be further assumed that both ACT and SAT scores are normally distributed (which is approximately correct), then the z-scores may be used to calculate the percentage of test-takers who received lower scores than students A and B.
Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling
"For some multivariate techniques such as multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, the concept of distance between the units in the data is often of considerable interest and importance… When the variables in a multivariate data set are on different scales, it makes more sense to calculate the distances after some form of standardization."
Principal components analysis
In principal components analysis, "Variables measured on different scales or on a common scale with widely differing ranges are often standardized."
Relative importance of variables in multiple regression: Standardized regression coefficients
Standardization of variables prior to multiple regression analysis is sometimes used as an aid to interpretation.
(page 95) state the following.
"The standardized regression slope is the slope in the regression equation if X and Y are standardized… Standardization of X and Y is done by subtracting the respective means from each set of observations and dividing by the respective standard deviations… In multiple regression, where several X variables are used, the standardized regression coefficients quantify the relative contribution of each X variable."
However, Kutner et al. (p 278) give the following caveat: "… one must be cautious about interpreting any regression coefficients, whether standardized or not. The reason is that when the predictor variables are correlated among themselves, … the regression coefficients are affected by the other predictor variables in the model … The magnitudes of the standardized regression coefficients are affected not only by the presence of correlations among the predictor variables but also by the spacings of the observations on each of these variables. Sometimes these spacings may be quite arbitrary. Hence, it is ordinarily not wise to interpret the magnitudes of standardized regression coefficients as reflecting the comparative importance of the predictor variables."
Standardizing in mathematical statistics
In mathematical statistics, a random variable X is standardized by subtracting its expected value and dividing the difference by its standard deviation
If the random variable under consideration is the sample mean of a random sample of X:
then the standardized version is
T-score
In educational assessment, T-score is a standard score Z shifted and scaled to have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. It is also known as hensachi in Japanese, where the concept is much more widely known and used in the context of university admissions.
In bone density measurements, the T-score is the standard score of the measurement compared to the population of healthy 30-year-old adults, and has the usual mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1.
See also
Normalization (statistics)
Omega ratio
Standard normal deviate
Error function
References
Further reading
External links
Interactive Flash on the z-scores and the probabilities of the normal curve by Jim Reed
Statistical ratios | wiki |
Eventi
Nati
Morti
Calendario
Altri progetti
049 | wiki |
The 2016 World Snowshoe Championships was the 9th edition of the global snowshoe running competition, World Snowshoe Championships, organised by the World Snowshoe Federation and took place in Vezza d'Oglio from 5 to 6 February 2016.
Results
The race, held on the distance of 9.5 km, has compiled two different ranking (male and female) overall, it was the mass start system and more than 100 competitors participated.
Male Overall
Female Overall
References
External links
World Snowshoe Federation official web site
World Snowshoe Championships | wiki |
Bob Neil is a former amateur Australian rules footballer who played with the Adelaide University Football Club in the South Australian Amateur Football League (SAAFL).
Neil played his first match in 1974, playing over 200 games in 20 years at the club. He has served in various capacities at the club as player, coach and committee member. A down-to-earth guy, the club adopted him as the official club legend because he represented exactly what the club stood for. The football club has used his name on all manner of club merchandise including the official club website bobneil.com.
In 2014, Neil was named as a South Australian Living Legend. His fame and notoriety have grown around the world over the years.
References
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
This is the list of episodes for The Late Late Show with James Corden in 2022.
2022
January
February
March
April
May
June
August
September
October
November
December
References
External links
Lists of variety television series episodes
2022-related lists | wiki |
These are the qualification rules and the quota allocation for the snowboarding events at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Qualification standard
An athlete must have placed in the top 30 at a World Cup event after July 2012 or at the 2013 World Championships in that respective event and also have a minimum number of FIS points (100 for all events, except slopestyle which is 50 points).
A total of 252 quota spots are available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum of 24 athletes can be entered by a National Olympic Committee, with a maximum of 14 men or 14 women.
Allocation of quotas
At the end of the qualification period of January 19, 2014 quotas will be awarded using the Olympic Quota Allocation List (which includes all results of the World Cups from July 2012 and the results of the 2013 World Championship). The spots will be awarded to each country per athlete appearing on the list starting at number one per event until a maximum for each event is reached. Once an NOC has reached the maximum of 4 quota spots in an event, it will no longer be counted for the allocation of quotas. If a nation goes over the total of 14 per sex or 26 total it is up to that nation to select its team to meet the rules by January 22, 2014. Any vacated spots will be then awarded in that event starting from the first athlete not to be awarded a quota.
Maximum athletes per event
Qualification summary
Assigned quota list was published on January 25. Some countries qualifying more than one quota can choose to enter the same athlete for both events.
Next eligible NOC per event
If a country rejects a quota spot then additional quotas become available. Countries in bold indicate that country received a rejected quota spot. Here the top 12 eligible countries per event. Note: a country can be eligible for more than one quota spot per event in the reallocation process.
Men
Women
References
External links
FIS Points List
Qualification for the 2014 Winter Olympics
Qualification | wiki |
Eventi
Nati
Morti
Calendario
Altri progetti
066 | wiki |
Eggs 'n' brains is a breakfast meal consisting of pork brains (or those of another mammal) and scrambled eggs. It is a dish of Portuguese cuisine known as Omolete de Mioleira (). In Austria, the dish is known as Hirn mit Ei ("calf's brain with eggs") and used to be very common, but has seen a sharp drop in popularity.
In the United States
In the American Midwest, the names are reversed and it is called "brains and eggs". It is also a breakfast dish in the cuisine of the Southern United States and has also been served as a lunch dish.
See also
Fried-brain sandwich
List of egg dishes
References
External links
Breakfast "Brains N' Eggs" recipe
Egg dishes
Brain dishes
Food combinations | wiki |
Glossolepis is a genus of rainbowfishes from New Guinea.
Species
There are currently nine recognized species in this genus:
Glossolepis dorityi G. R. Allen, 2001 (Doritys rainbowfish)
Glossolepis incisus M. C. W. Weber, 1907 (Red rainbowfish)
Glossolepis kabia (Herre, 1935)
Glossolepis leggetti G. R. Allen & Renyaan, 1998 (Leggett's rainbowfish)
Glossolepis maculosus G. R. Allen, 1981 (Spotted rainbowfish)
Glossolepis multisquamata (M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1922) (Sepik rainbowfish)
Glossolepis pseudoincisus G. R. Allen & N. J. Cross, 1980 (Tami River rainbowfish)
Glossolepis ramuensis G. R. Allen, 1985 (Ramu rainbowfish)
Glossolepis wanamensis G. R. Allen & Kailola, 1979 (Lake Wanam rainbowfish)
References
Melanotaeniinae | wiki |
Ekaterina Valerievna Korbut (born February 9, 1985 in Tashkent) is a Russian chess player, who holds the titles of International master and Woman Grandmaster.
She won the World Junior Chess Championship (Girls) in 2004, and the Russian women's championship in 2006.
She competed in the Women's World Chess Championship 2006 but went out to Anna Ushenina in the first round. She qualified for the 2008 championship but did not take part.
She has played no serious chess since 2008; according to her friend Ekaterina Atalik she married and had a daughter, and is now focused on her family life.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Chess International Masters
Chess woman grandmasters
World Junior Chess Champions
Sportspeople from Tashkent
Russian female chess players | wiki |
Turn It Around may refer to:
Turn It Around!, a 1987 punk rock compilation album
"Turn It Around" (Alena song), a 1998 song by Alena
Turn It Around (Comeback Kid album), a 2003 album by Comeback Kid
"Turn It Around" (song), a 2013 song by Sub Focus, featuring the vocals of Kele Okereke
Turn It Around: The Story of East Bay Punk, a 2017 documentary film | wiki |
Aussie Post may refer to:
Australia Post, the government-owned postal service of Australia
Australasian Post, the magazine | wiki |
Psychology (from psykhē "breath, spirit, soul"; and , -logia "study of") is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of human mental functions and behavior. Occasionally, in addition or opposition to employing the scientific method, it also relies on symbolic interpretation and critical analysis, although these traditions have tended to be less pronounced than in other social sciences, such as sociology. Psychologists study phenomena such as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Some, especially depth psychologists, also study the unconscious mind.
Articles related to psychology (excluding psychologists – see list of psychologists) include:
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
Psychology-related
Outline of psychology
List of counseling topics
Psychology journals
List of psychology topic lists
List of thinking-related topic lists
General reference
List of reference pages
List of topic lists
References
Psychology articles | wiki |
"Looking Up" is a 2015 song by English musician Elton John, written by John and Bernie Taupin. It was released on 22 October 2015 as the first single for his 30th studio album Wonderful Crazy Night.
Background
John had simple instructions for Taupin, telling Rolling Stone, "I just said that I even wanted the slow songs to be optimistic. I wanted to make a happy record. 'Joyous' was the word I chose. Not happy, joyous. I said I want it to feel joyous from beginning to end, and even the slow songs should be joyous."
Music
"Looking Up" is written in A major and is an upbeat rock song with a positive vibe meant to bring light to balance out the darkness present in the world today.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2015 songs
Elton John songs
Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin
Songs with music by Elton John | wiki |
Six Flags AstroWorld war ein amerikanischer Freizeitpark der bekannten Freizeitparkgruppe Six Flags. Der Park befand sich in Houston, Texas, und wurde 1968 als AstroWorld eröffnet. 1975 wurde der Park an Six Flags verkauft und in Six Flags AstroWorld umbenannt. Der Park wurde Ende 2005 geschlossen.
Attraktionen
Achterbahnen
Weblinks
Einzelnachweise
Freizeitpark in den Vereinigten Staaten
Freizeitpark in Amerika
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Houston) | wiki |
The Internet Foundation Classes (IFC) is a GUI widget toolkit and graphics library for Java originally developed by Netcode Corporation and first released by Netscape Corporation on December 16, 1996.
The Java IFC was fairly close to the early versions of the Objective-C NeXTStep classes for NeXT. A builder tool was also included under the IFC umbrella that was close in spirit (but significantly limited in functionality) to NeXT's Interface Builder. This ecosystem was attractive to NeXT application developers interested in looking at the Java language.
History
On April 2, 1997, Sun Microsystems and Netscape announced their intention to combine IFC with other technologies to form the Java Foundation Classes.
Ultimately, Sun merged the IFC with other technologies under the name "Swing", adding the capability for a pluggable look and feel of the widgets.
Because its technology has been merged to constitute Swing and Java 2D, IFC is now no longer maintained.
Differences from Swing
Swing drew a lot of features from IFC:
contrary to AWT, IFC were written in pure Java, thus being (at the time) browser-independent.
IFC already provided two Layout managers, that would be later included in the standard JDK
some IFC components were able to read HTML content from URLs, but the implementation was still far from reliable.
However, Swing also improved IFC in a lot of ways:
IFC did not have a Model-View architecture
contrary to Swing, the Look and feel of IFC components was written in the components themselves, making it impossible to change it easily.
IFC components were not JavaBeans. IFC had a specific persistence mechanism, but it was a bit complex, and not compatible with the Java Serialization API.
event mechanism was still raw, and the Event loop sometimes needed to be accessed directly.
Examples
Hello World
This is the classic Hello world program in IFC:
import netscape.application.*;
import netscape.util.*;
public class HelloWorld extends Application {
public void init() {
super.init();
// Create a text field
TextField textField = new TextField(100, 24, 128, 24);
// Set the string to be displayed in the text field.
textField.setStringValue("Hello World");
// Add the text field to the view hierarchy.
mainRootView().addSubview(textField);
}
// This method allows HelloWorld to run as a stand alone application.
public static void main(String args[]) {
HelloWorld app = new HelloWorld ();
ExternalWindow mainWindow = new ExternalWindow();
app.setMainRootView(mainWindow.rootView());
Size size = mainWindow.windowSizeForContentSize(320, 200);
mainWindow.sizeTo(size.width, size.height);
mainWindow.show();
app.run();
}
}
To be compared with the equivalent Java Swing code:
import javax.swing.*;
public class HelloWorld extends JFrame {
public HelloWorld() {
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
add(new JLabel("Hello, World!"));
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
HelloWorld app = new HelloWorld();
app.pack();
app.setVisible(true);
}
}
References
External links
IFC presentation
IFC runtime download
IFC programming guide
IFC class hierarchy
IFC tutorial
The last places, where to download the IFC:
ftp-Server 1 Uni-Potsdam
ftp-Server 2 Uni-Potsdam
ftp-Server 3 Uni-Potsdam
ftp-Server Uni-Bochum
ftp-Server SunSite
All find from
FileSearching.com
The web-archive where is the last place to find really all files:
WebArchive of the IFC-side
Additional you can still find IFC here:
Server of the MIT - Nathans account
Server of the MIT - stuff side
Java (programming language)
Java (programming language) libraries
Java APIs
Widget toolkits | wiki |
Mazama High School is a public high school in Altamont, Oregon, United States, near Klamath Falls.
References
High schools in Klamath County, Oregon
Public high schools in Oregon | wiki |
The Mega Shark film series is made up of four monster and disaster films from The Asylum, an American independent film company and distributor that focuses on producing low-budget films. The movies in the series are:
Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus (2009), directed by Ace Hannah (a pseudonym for Jack Perez); starring Deborah Gibson and Lorenzo Lamas
Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus (2010), directed by Christopher Douglas-Olen Ray; starring Jaleel White, Gary Stretch, and Robert Picardo
Mega Shark Versus Mecha Shark (2014), directed by Emile Edwin Smith; starring Christopher Judge and Elisabeth Röhm
Mega Shark Versus Kolossus (2015), directed by Douglas-Olen Ray; Illeana Douglas, Amy Rider, and Brody Hutzler
The third film was direct to video; the others received limited theatrical releases.
See also
List of killer shark films
References
The Asylum films
American film series
Film series introduced in 2009
Science fiction horror film series
American science fiction horror films
Films about shark attacks | wiki |