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LMMs-Lab 197

Which closing is correct for a letter?

closed choice

grade2

language science

capitalization

Capitalization

Greetings and closings of letters

A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory

The second closing is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.

What is the capital of Oregon?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Salem is the capital of Oregon.

Select the living thing.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify living and nonliving things

All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.

An ice cube is not a living thing. An ice cube can change. It will melt in warm weather! But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not need food. A helicopter is not a living thing. A helicopter does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Helicopters get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow. A hockey puck is not a living thing. Hockey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water. Bacteria are living things. Bacteria grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Bacteria are made up of just one cell. Bacteria live nearly everywhere on Earth. They can live in the ocean, deep underground, and even inside other organisms!

Which change better matches the sentence? The floor of a valley is covered by water after heavy rain.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

earth-science

Earth events

Classify changes to Earth's surface

Based on the arrows, which of the following living things is a consumer?

Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem. The ecosystem is in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California. A food web is a model that shows how the matter eaten by living things moves through an ecosystem. The arrows show how matter moves through the food web.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Interpret food webs

A food web is a model. Models can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating. A living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web. A living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web.

Consumers eat other living things. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other living things to consumers. The kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is a producer, not a consumer. The kelp bass has arrows pointing to it from the kelp, the zooplankton, and the plainfin midshipman. So, the kelp bass is a consumer.

Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

Maps

Use lines of latitude and longitude

Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0° latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0° longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180°E and 180°W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.

The prime meridian is the line at 0° longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South America or Asia.

Complete the sentence. Pollen helps a plant ().

The male part of a flower makes pollen.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Plants

Describe and construct flowering plant life cycles

Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce? First, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.

Pollen helps the flower make seeds. After pollination, sperm cells from the pollen can combine with the eggs. These fertilized eggs can grow into seeds. Pollen does not help a plant make flowers or grow roots.

What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Journalists arrived just in time to witness the bedlam in the courtroom.

closed choice

grade11

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Recall the source of an allusion

An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.

The source of the allusion bedlam is history. Founded in 1247, Bedlam Hospital, England's first asylum for the mentally ill, was infamous for its seeming chaos. The allusion bedlam means pandemonium.

What is the volume of a kitchen sink?

Select the better estimate.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of volume

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.

The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 24 liters. 24 milliliters is too little.

Based on this information, what is Bluebell's phenotype for the horns trait?

In a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele H is for not having horns, and the allele h is for having horns. Bluebell, a cow from this group, does not have horns. Bluebell has one allele for not having horns and one allele for having horns.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype

All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.

An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bluebell's observable version of the horns trait is not having horns. So, Bluebell's phenotype for the horns trait is not having horns.

How is a submarine different from other boats?

Read the passage about submarines. A submarine is a special kind of boat. It can float on the water, but it can go underwater, too. The name submarine means "under the sea." People use submarines to go deep into the ocean. There are huge tanks inside a submarine. When the submarine needs to go underwater, the tanks fill up with water. This makes the submarine heavy, so it sinks underwater. To make the submarine go back up, the water is let out of the tanks. The tanks fill back up with air, so the submarine floats.

closed choice

grade2

language science

reading-comprehension

Independent reading comprehension

Read and understand informational passages

Look at the passage. It tells you how submarines are different from other boats. A submarine is a special kind of boat. It can float on the water, but it can go underwater, too. The name submarine means "under the sea." People use submarines to go deep into the ocean.

Which of these states is farthest east?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

Maps

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east.

What does the hyperbole in this text suggest? After he finished the marathon, Lester collapsed into a chair and declared that he could no longer move a single muscle.

closed choice

grade12

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret the figure of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode!

The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. The hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Lester was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving.

During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().

Scientists in a laboratory were working with insulin, a protein often used to treat diabetes. They left two identical vials of insulin in different places. This table shows how the temperature of each vial changed over 15minutes.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

physics

Thermal energy

Compare thermal energy transfers

A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.

The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial.

Which sentence states a fact?

closed choice

grade6

language science

writing-strategies

Developing and supporting arguments

Distinguish facts from opinions

A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. The statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. The statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a "better" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.

The second sentence states a fact. Edgar Allan Poe sold his short story "The Fall of the House of Usher" to Burton's Gentleman's Magazine for ten dollars in 1839. It can be proved by reading a biography of Edgar Allan Poe. The first sentence states an opinion. "The Black Cat" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" are Edgar Allan Poe's scariest short stories. Scariest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which of Poe's short stories are the scariest.

Based on the time line, which sport was invented later?

This time line shows ancient sports that are still popular today. It gives each sport's likely place and date of origin.

closed choice

grade6

language science

writing-strategies

Visual elements

Read graphic organizers

A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.

A time line shows the order of events by placing them along a line. This time line shows ancient sports that are still popular today. It gives each sport's likely place and date of origin. Look at how the events are ordered on the time line. Sports that were invented earlier are shown to the left. Sports that were invented later are shown to the right. Surfing is shown farther right than bowling. So, surfing was invented later.

Select the invertebrate.

Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify vertebrates and invertebrates

Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.

A jaguar is a mammal. Like other mammals, a jaguar is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.

Which is a simple sentence?

closed choice

grade3

language science

grammar

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is the sentence simple or compound?

A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.

The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate. Last year the state received more than thirty inches of snow.

Complete the sentence. Tearing a piece of paper is a ().

closed choice

grade2

natural science

chemistry

Physical and chemical change

Identify physical and chemical changes

Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.

Tearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.

Which correctly shows the title of a movie?

closed choice

grade6

language science

punctuation

Formatting

Formatting titles

The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. "You Are My Sunshine"

A movie should be in italics. The correct title is **Shrek the Third**.

Which continent is highlighted?

closed choice

grade2

social science

geography

Geography

Identify oceans and continents

A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.

This continent is Africa.

Which word does not rhyme?

closed choice

grade2

language science

phonological-awareness

Rhyming

Which word does not rhyme?

Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.

The words heat and meat rhyme. They both end with the eat sound. The word flat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.

What is the capital of Nebraska?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Midwest

Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.

Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor? The girl blushed at the compliment, and her round cheeks were like red apples.

closed choice

grade4

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Identify similes and metaphors

Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.

The girl blushed at the compliment, and her round cheeks were like red apples. The words cheeks and apples are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile.

Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

chemistry

Atoms and molecules

Identify elementary substances and compounds using models

There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.

Is a soccer ball a good or a service?

closed choice

grade2

social science

economics

Economics

Goods and services

Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.

To decide whether a soccer ball is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is a soccer ball something you can touch? Yes. Is a soccer ball a job you might pay someone else to do? No. So, a soccer ball is a good.

Which of the following statements is true?

Look at the image and read the text. Then, answer the question. variation in the human eye color trait All organisms inherit certain traits from their parents. Information about these inherited traits is found in genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that are passed from parents to offspring. An organism's genes affect its inherited traits.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Genes, proteins, and traits: understanding the genetic code

Genes affect traits. Genes contain information about inherited traits. All organisms have genes. All organisms have genes that contain information about their inherited traits. Eye color is an example of a gene. An organism's eye color is affected by its genes. But eye color is not a gene. Eye color is a trait, which is an observable characteristic of an organism. Genes are passed down from parents to offspring. When an organism reproduces, it passes copies of its genes to its offspring. This is how information about inherited traits is passed down.

Select the gas.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

States of matter

Identify solids, liquids, and gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.

The air inside a basketball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the basketball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball. A microscope is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A microscope keeps its shape when you move its parts. A stop sign is a solid. A driver might accidentally hit a stop sign and bend it. But the stop sign would still have a size and shape of its own. Vinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.

Select the mammal below.

Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A gorilla is an example of a mammal.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

A zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk. A tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.

Which tense does the sentence use? William invited Barbara to his house.

closed choice

grade3

language science

verbs

Verb tense

Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?

Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. Present | Past | Future walk, walks | walked | will walk go, goes | went | will go

The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened.

Is this a sentence fragment? The agency monitoring air quality at various locations across the country.

yes or no

grade12

language science

writing-strategies

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Identify sentence fragments

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.

This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought. The agency monitoring air quality at various locations across the country. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: The agency has been monitoring air quality at various locations across the country.

Which continent is highlighted?

closed choice

grade6

social science

geography

Physical Geography

Oceans and continents

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

This continent is Europe.

Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?

closed choice

grade10

language science

writing-strategies

Pronouns

Identify vague pronoun references

When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator. Abby had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.

What can Jayden and Dave trade to each get what they want?

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another. Jayden and Dave open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Jayden nor Dave got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted: Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below. Jayden's lunch Dave's lunch

closed choice

grade8

social science

economics

Basic economic principles

Trade and specialization

Look at the table and images. Jayden wants broccoli. Dave wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.

What is the direction of this push?

This bar magnet repels the horseshoe magnet with a magnetic force. This force is a push.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Force and motion

Identify directions of forces

A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.

The bar magnet pushes the horseshoe magnet. The direction of the push is away from the bar magnet.

What is this squat lobster's scientific name?

This species of squat lobster was discovered off the coast of South Africa in 2014. Scientists chose its scientific name to honor Nelson Mandela, the civil rights leader and former president of South Africa.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Scientific names

Origins of scientific names

When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name. Sometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits. Many of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name.

This organism's scientific name refers to Nelson Mandela. The word mandelai refers to Nelson Mandela. So, this squat lobster's scientific name is Munidopsis mandelai.

Select the vertebrate.

Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify vertebrates and invertebrates

Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.

A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Surinam horned frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. Like other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. Like other jellyfishes, a barrel jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.

What does the idiom in this text suggest? Layla has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.

closed choice

grade6

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.

The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Layla has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.

What is the capital of Nebraska?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Midwest

Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.

Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

physics

Particle motion and energy

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B. Because the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.

Which sentence states a fact?

closed choice

grade3

language science

writing-strategies

Opinion writing

Distinguish facts from opinions

A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is "better" for camping.

The second sentence states a fact. A baby kangaroo is called a joey. It can be proved by looking up the word joey. The first sentence states an opinion. Baby kangaroos are cuter than kittens. Cuter shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which animal is cuter.

What conclusion do you think the creator of this diagram wanted viewers to draw from it?

Between the 1500s and the 1800s, traders brought enslaved people from Africa to Europe and the Americas. This buying, selling, and transporting of enslaved people is known as the Atlantic slave trade. The diagram below shows one deck of a British slave ship called the Brookes. The small human figures in the image show how living people would have been arranged on the ship during the voyage. Look at the diagram. Then answer the question below.

closed choice

grade7

social science

us-history

The Antebellum period

The abolitionists

Look at the diagram. The creator of the diagram wanted to show that enslaved people were crowded together on slave ships. The diagram shows hundreds of people packed side-by-side with barely enough room to lie down. What was the journey like? The ship was designed to hold 454 enslaved people, but it was often overloaded, carrying as many as 740 people. To fit that many people, captains and sailors made enslaved people lie on their sides instead of their backs. Enslaved people were chained in place for most of the journey. They were brought up to the main deck for meals, but they spent most of their days lying in darkness.

Which of the following could Mabel's test show?

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below. Wind turbines use wind power to produce electricity. Mabel was a materials engineer who designed wind turbines. She wanted to design a new turbine that would produce 10% more electricity than older wind turbines. She thought that a turbine made from lightweight material would turn more easily and produce more electricity. So, Mabel created a computer model of a turbine made from lightweight material. Then she used the model to calculate how much more electricity the new turbine could produce compared to the older turbines. Figure: studying a wind turbine computer model.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Engineering practices

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.

Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Two magnets are placed as shown.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

physics

Magnets

Identify magnets that attract or repel

Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other. The north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.

Based on this information, what is Deion's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene?

This passage describes the sickle-cell disease trait in humans: In a group of humans, some individuals have sickle-cell disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the sickle-cell disease trait has two alleles. The allele A is for not having sickle-cell disease, and the allele a is for having sickle-cell disease. Deion, a human from this group, does not have sickle-cell disease. Deion has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease and one allele for having sickle-cell disease.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype

All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.

An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Deion has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) and one allele for having sickle-cell disease (a). So, Deion's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is Aa.

Which greeting is correct for a letter?

closed choice

grade4

language science

punctuation

Formatting

Greetings and closings of letters

A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory

The second greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Fred is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Is calcarenite a mineral or a rock?

Calcarenite has the following properties: yellow-brown not made by organisms not a pure substance found in nature solid no fixed crystal structure

closed choice

grade7

natural science

earth-science

Rocks and minerals

Identify rocks and minerals

Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: Property | Mineral | Rock It is a solid. | Yes | Yes It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes It is a pure substance. | Yes | No It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!

The properties of calcarenite match the properties of a rock. So, calcarenite is a rock.

Which is harder?

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of materials

Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.

Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the glass flask is harder. If you gently press on glass, it will not change shape.

Which better describes the Great Victoria Desert ecosystem?

Figure: Great Victoria Desert. The Great Victoria Desert is a desert ecosystem in southern Australia.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Describe ecosystems

An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there

A desert is a type of ecosystem. Deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Great Victoria Desert has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms.

Is iodine a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

States of matter

Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.

Iodine is a liquid you can use to clean a cut. If you pour iodine into a different container, it will take the shape of that container. But the iodine will still take up the same amount of space.

Which figure of speech is used in this text? O inconceivable being! Whatever the shape of your house, No matter how strange and colorless the clothes you May wear, I bet nobody there likes a wet dog either. —Billy Collins, "To a Stranger Born in Some Distant Country Hundreds of Years From Now"

closed choice

grade12

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.

The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. O inconceivable being! is a direct address to an imaginary person.

Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.

Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller. There is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.

Which of these states is farthest south?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

Geography

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest south.

Select the organism in the same species as the maroon clownfish.

This organism is a maroon clownfish. Its scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Scientific names

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

A maroon clownfish's scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus. Premnas biaculeatus has the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species. Diodon hystrix does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Diodon hystrix are not in the same species. Halichoeres hortulanus does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Halichoeres hortulanus are not in the same species.

What is the capital of Arkansas?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.

In this food chain, the weakfish is a tertiary consumer. Why?

This diagram shows a food chain from Chesapeake Bay, an estuary ecosystem in Maryland and Virginia.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Identify roles in food chains

Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. The food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain: A primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain. A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain. A top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer!

In this food chain, the weakfish is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the butterfish.

Which animal's skin is better adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth?

Giant pangolins are adapted to defend their bodies against a predator with sharp teeth. They have hard scales covering much of their skin. When frightened, the can roll into a ball to protect the soft parts of its body. Figure: giant pangolin.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Adaptations

Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.

Look at the picture of the giant pangolin. The giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the giant pangolin. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The armadillo lizard has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The European robin has soft feathers covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth.

How long is an ice skate?

Select the better estimate.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of distance

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.

The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 29 centimeters. 29 kilometers is too long.

What does the allusion in this text suggest? When Patty claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, "Your nose is growing!"

closed choice

grade6

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked.

The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known. The allusion nose is growing suggests that Patty was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer.

What is the expected ratio of offspring that have myotonia congenita to offspring that do not have myotonia congenita? Choose the most likely ratio.

This passage describes the myotonia congenita trait in goats: Myotonia congenita is a condition that causes temporary muscle stiffness. When goats with myotonia congenita attempt to run from a resting position, their leg muscles often stiffen, causing them to fall over. Because of this behavior, these goats are referred to as fainting goats. Myotonia congenita is also found in other mammals, including horses, cats, and humans. In a group of goats, some individuals have myotonia congenita and others do not. In this group, the gene for the myotonia congenita trait has two alleles. The allele for not having myotonia congenita (m) is recessive to the allele for having myotonia congenita (M). This Punnett square shows a cross between two goats.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. | F | f F | FF | Ff f | Ff | ff There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.

To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have myotonia congenita, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. The question tells you that the m allele, which is for not having myotonia congenita, is recessive to the M allele, which is for having myotonia congenita. Having myotonia congenita is the dominant allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. A goat with the dominant version of the myotonia congenita trait must have at least one dominant allele for the myotonia congenita gene. So, offspring that have myotonia congenita must have the genotype MM or Mm. All 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype MM or Mm. Not having myotonia congenita is the recessive allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. A goat with the recessive version of the myotonia congenita trait must have only recessive alleles for the myotonia congenita gene. So, offspring that do not have myotonia congenita must have the genotype mm. There are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype mm. So, the expected ratio of offspring that have myotonia congenita to offspring that do not have myotonia congenita is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring that have myotonia congenita. This cross is expected to never produce offspring that do not have myotonia congenita.

Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?

closed choice

grade12

language science

writing-strategies

Word usage and nuance

Explore words with new or contested usages

Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.

The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea. Shannon couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past. The first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated. The odor emanating from the landfill made Shannon so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.

What is the capital of Oklahoma?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.

Select the mammal below.

Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A gorilla is an example of a mammal.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

An American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. A giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.

Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Two magnets are placed as shown.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Magnets

Identify magnets that attract or repel

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other. The north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.

Select the amphibian below.

Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A cane toad is an example of an amphibian.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. A red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.

Which property do these three objects have in common?

Select the best answer.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of objects

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.

Look at each object. For each object, decide if it has that property. A fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy. A hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The socks and the stuffed dice are not hard. Potato chips have a salty taste. The kiwi is not salty. The property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy.

Using only these supplies, which question can Denise investigate with an experiment?

Denise leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: one bar of milk chocolate one bar of dark chocolate a stove a pot

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!

What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? "This is the best day of my life," Mr. Russo mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.

closed choice

grade10

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.

The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. The best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Russo was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time.

Which tense does the sentence use? The zookeeper will feed the kangaroos.

closed choice

grade3

language science

verbs

Verb tense

Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?

Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. Present | Past | Future walk, walks | walked | will walk go, goes | went | will go

The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, feed. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.

Is teaching art a good or a service?

closed choice

grade3

social science

economics

Basic economic principles

Goods and services

Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.

To decide whether teaching art is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is teaching art something you can touch? No. Is teaching art a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes. So, teaching art is a service.

Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?

closed choice

grade11

language science

writing-strategies

Pronouns

Identify vague pronoun references

When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus. Tyler went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.

Is the following statement true or false? A plant cell does not have a cell wall.

true-or false

grade4

natural science

biology

Cells

Cell part functions: true or false

A plant cell does not have a cell wall. This statement is false. Not every cell has a cell wall, but a plant cell has one. The cell wall gives a plant cell its fixed shape.

Which is this organism's common name?

This organism is a European nightjar. It is also called Caprimulgus europaeus.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

biology

Classification and scientific names

Identify common and scientific names

An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.

Caprimulgus europaeus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name. Caprimulgus europaeus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that European nightjar is the common name.

Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in the snow?

Ptarmigans live in cold, snowy places. The is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. Figure: ptarmigan.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Adaptations

Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.

Look at the picture of the ptarmigan. During the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The snowy owl has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.

Select the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.

Birds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds: They have feathers. They have wings. They have a beak. They make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Classification

Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.

To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group. Birds have the following traits: They have feathers. They have wings. They have a beak. They make eggs with shells. Compare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits. A brown pelican has the following traits: It has feathers. It has wings. It has a beak. It makes eggs with shells. A brown pelican has the traits of a bird. A brown pelican is a bird. A salmon has the following traits: It has fins, not limbs. It makes eggs with no shells. A salmon does not have all of the traits of a bird. A salmon is a fish.

Which tense does the sentence use? My family lives in that white house.

closed choice

grade2

language science

verbs

Verb tense

Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?

Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. Present | Past | Future walk, walks | walked | will walk go, goes | went | will go

The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, lives. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.

Which text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?

closed choice

grade9

language science

writing-strategies

Word usage and nuance

Explore words with new or contested usages

Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.

The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind. Danielle made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself. The first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Danielle may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind. Danielle wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard.

What is the name of the colony shown?

closed choice

grade4

social science

us-history

English colonies in North America

Identify the Thirteen Colonies

The colony is North Carolina.

What is the capital of Pennsylvania?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.

Would you find the word begin on a dictionary page with the following guide words? balance - blew

yes or no

grade3

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since begin is between the guide words balance - blew, it would be found on that page.

Which figure of speech is used in this text? Dr. Blanchard is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.

closed choice

grade10

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.

The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. Take him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee.

What is the capital of Rhode Island?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Providence is the capital of Rhode Island.

Which animal's skin is also adapted for survival in cold places?

es live in the cold Arctic tundra. The 's skin is adapted to help the animal survive in cold places. Figure: Arctic fox.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Adaptations

Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.

Look at the picture of the Arctic fox. The Arctic fox has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic fox uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. During the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The fire salamander has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places.

What is the capital of New York?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Albany is the capital of New York.

Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.

Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller. There is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.

What does the euphemism in this text suggest? Mr. Duran is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.

closed choice

grade9

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.

The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Duran is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age.

Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

physics

Particle motion and energy

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A. Because the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.

Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Two magnets are placed as shown. Hint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

Magnets

Identify magnets that attract or repel

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other. The south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.

Which of these cities is marked on the map?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

Cities

Cities of the Northeast

The city is Boston, Massachusetts. Washington, D.C., New York City, and Pittsburgh are marked with gray circles on the map below.

Which would smell the most?

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of materials

Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.

Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the perfume would smell the most. Perfume has a strong smell.

What do these two changes have in common? an antacid tablet reacting with water acid rain weathering a marble statue

closed choice

grade8

natural science

chemistry

Chemical reactions

Compare physical and chemical changes

Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.

Step 1: Think about each change. An antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz. Acid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Is chrysotile a mineral?

Chrysotile has the following properties: found in nature solid fixed crystal structure pure substance not made by organisms

yes or no

grade6

natural science

earth-science

Rocks and minerals

Identify rocks and minerals

Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.

Chrysotile has all the properties of a mineral. So, chrysotile is a mineral.

In this food chain, the red fox is a tertiary consumer. Why?

This diagram shows a food chain from a grassland ecosystem in Wyoming.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Identify roles in food chains

Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. The food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain: A primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain. A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain. A top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer!

In this food chain, the red fox is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the deer mouse.

Is a rock a solid or a liquid?

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

States of matter

Classify matter as solid or liquid

Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.

A rock is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Rocks come in many different sizes.

Answer the riddle. I have doors and windows. People live inside me. I may have a yard. What am I?

closed choice

grade1

language science

vocabulary

Comprehension strategies

What am I?

A house has doors and windows. People live inside a house. A house may have a yard.

Assume all other forces on Edna are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Edna?

Edna is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Edna with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Edna with a force of 1,200N.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Balanced and unbalanced forces

A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.

To determine if there is a net force on Edna, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Edna down with a force of 600 N. The seat of the cart is pushing Edna up with a force of 1,200 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Edna.

Which state is highlighted?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

States

Identify states of the Southeast

This state is North Carolina.

Which of these states is farthest north?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

Geography

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest north.

Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Two magnets are placed as shown. Hint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

Magnets

Identify magnets that attract or repel

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other. The south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.

Which of these states is farthest north?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

Maps

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest north.