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Mueller-Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium that is commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. It is also used to isolate and maintain "Neisseria" and "Moraxella" species. It typically contains: Five percent sheep blood and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide may also be added when susceptibility tes... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19174753 | Mueller-Hinton agar | 140,583 |
Melanism: Evolution in Action () is a book by Dr. Mike Majerus, published in 1998. It is an update of Bernard Kettlewell's book "The Evolution of Melanism". The book contains a very useful summary of Majerus' work on melanism in ladybirds and a review of the peppered moth story, including observations on moth behavior ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=630527 | Melanism: Evolution in Action | 142,466 |
PIPES is the common name for piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), and is a frequently used buffering agent in biochemistry. It is an ethanesulfonic acid buffer developed by Good et al. in the 1960s. has pKa (6.76 at 25°C) near the physiological pH which makes it useful in cell culture work. Its effective bufferi... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4574593 | PIPES | 143,321 |
HubMed is an alternative, third-party interface to PubMed, the database of biomedical literature produced by the National Library of Medicine. Features include relevance-ranked search results, direct citation export, tagging and graphical display of related articles. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3302770 | HubMed | 144,546 |
Mating of yeast The yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is a simple single-celled eukaryote with both a diploid and haploid mode of existence. The mating of yeast only occurs between haploids, which can be either the a or α (alpha) mating type and thus display simple sexual differentiation. Mating type is determined by a ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,595 |
Mating of yeast The response of haploid cells only to the mating pheromones of the opposite mating type allows mating between a and α cells, but not between cells of the same mating type. These phenotypic differences between a and α cells are due to a different set of genes being actively transcribed and repressed in c... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,596 |
Mating of yeast The "MATα" allele of "MAT" encodes the α1 and α2 genes, which in haploids direct the transcription of the α-specific transcriptional program (such as expressing "STE3", repressing "STE2") which causes the cell to be an α cell. "S. cerevisiae" has an a2 gene with no apparent function that shares much of ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,597 |
Mating of yeast Haploid cells only contain one copy of each of the 16 chromosomes and thus can only possess one allele of "MAT" (either "MATa or "MATα"), which determines their mating type. Diploid cells result from the mating of an a cell and an α cell, and thus possess 32 chromosomes (in 16 pairs), including one chro... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,598 |
Mating of yeast The binding of this pheromone then leads to the activation of a heterotrimeric G protein. The dimeric portion of this G-protein recruits Ste5 (and its related MAPK cascade components) to the membrane, and ultimately results in the phosphorylation of Fus3. The switching mechanism arises as a result of co... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,599 |
Mating of yeast However, not only does the mating decision need to be conservative (in order to avoid wasting energy), but it must also be fast to avoid losing the potential mate. The decision to mate is extremely sensitive. There are 3 ways in which this ultrasensitivity is maintained: [a and α yeast share the same ma... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,600 |
Mating of yeast Haploid yeast switch mating type by replacing the information present at the "MAT" locus. For example, an a cell will switch to an α cell by replacing the "MATa allele with the "MATα" allele. This replacement of one allele of "MAT" for the other is possible because yeast cells carry an additional silenc... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,601 |
Mating of yeast The "HO" gene is a tightly regulated haploid-specific gene that is only activated in haploid cells during the G phase of the cell cycle. The protein encoded by the "HO" gene is a DNA endonuclease, which physically cleaves DNA, but only at the "MAT" locus (due to the DNA sequence specificity of the HO en... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,602 |
Mating of yeast This is the result of the action of a recombination enhancer (RE) located on the left arm of chromosome III. Deletion of this region causes a cells to incorrectly repair using HMR. In a cells, Mcm1 binds to the RE and promotes recombination of the HML region. In α cells, the α2 factor binds at the RE an... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,603 |
Mating of yeast The relative rarity in nature of meiotic events that result from out-crossing appears to be inconsistent with the idea that production of genetic variation is the primary selective force maintaining mating capability in this organism. However this finding is consistent with the alternative idea that the... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,604 |
Mating of yeast Filaments ordinarily have haploid nuclei, but these can undergo a process of diploidization (perhaps by endoduplication or stimulated nuclear fusion) to form diploid cells termed blastospores. The diploid nuclei of blastospores can then undergo meiosis, including recombination, to form haploid basidiosp... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3343370 | Mating of yeast | 144,605 |
Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) are a group of bacteria that, under certain conditions, facilitate the removal of large amounts of phosphorus from wastewater in a process, called enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). PAOs accomplish this removal of phosphate by accumulating it within their cells as... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3479299 | Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms | 144,840 |
Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms Accumulibacter has been shown to remove phosphorus from EBPR plants in Australia, Europe and the USA. It can consume a range of carbon compounds, such as acetate and propionate, under anaerobic conditions and store these compounds as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) which it consumes as ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3479299 | Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms | 144,841 |
Kaede (protein) Kaede is a photoactivatable fluorescent protein naturally originated from a stony coral, "Trachyphyllia geoffroyi". Its name means "maple" in Japanese. With the irradiation of ultraviolet light (350–400 nm), Kaede undergoes irreversible photoconversion from green fluorescence to red fluorescence. Kaede ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20723155 | Kaede (protein) | 146,247 |
Kaede (protein) Followed by the formation of a double bond between His62-Cα and –Cβ, the π-conjugation is extended to the imidazole ring of His62. A new chromophore, 2-[(1E)-2-(5-imidazolyl)ethenyl]-4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone, is formed with the red-emitting property. The cleavage of the tripeptide was an... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20723155 | Kaede (protein) | 146,248 |
Kaede (protein) As all other fluorescent proteins, Kaede can be the regional optical markers for gene expression and protein labeling for the study of cell behaviors. One of the most useful applications is the visualization of neurons. Delineation of an individual neuron is difficult due to the long and thin processes ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20723155 | Kaede (protein) | 146,249 |
Kaede (protein) By Kaede protein, a particular pair of daughter cells in neighboring Kaede-positive cells in the ventricular zone of mouse brain slices can be followed. The cell-cell borders of daughter cells are visualized and the position and distance between two or more cells can be described. As the change in the f... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20723155 | Kaede (protein) | 146,250 |
Kaede (protein) In spite of the usefulness in cell tracking and cell visualization of Kaede, there are some limitations. Although Kaede will shift to red upon the exposure of UV or violet light and display a 2,000-fold increase in red-to-green fluorescence ratio, using both the red and green fluorescence bands can caus... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20723155 | Kaede (protein) | 146,251 |
History of pathology The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance. Early systematic human dissections were carried o... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19391193 | History of pathology | 147,167 |
History of pathology The concept of studying disease through the methodical dissection and examination of diseased bodies, organs, and tissues may seem obvious today, but there are few if any recorded examples of true autopsies performed prior to the second millennium. Though the pathology of contagion was understood b... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19391193 | History of pathology | 147,168 |
History of pathology By the late 1800s, an exhaustive body of literature had been produced on the gross anatomical findings characteristic of known diseases. The extent of gross pathology research in this period can be epitomized by the work of the Viennese pathologist (originally from Hradec Kralove in the Czech Rep.)... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19391193 | History of pathology | 147,169 |
History of pathology In the broadest sense, nearly all research which links manifestations of disease to identifiable processes in cells, tissues, or organs can be considered experimental pathology. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19391193 | History of pathology | 147,170 |
Introduction to evolution Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, whic... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,433 |
Introduction to evolution If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms bei... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,434 |
Introduction to evolution The European expansion and naval expeditions employed naturalists, while curators of grand museums showcased preserved and live specimens of the varieties of life. Charles Darwin was an English graduate educated and trained in the disciplines of natural history. Such natural historians would c... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,435 |
Introduction to evolution As a result, Darwin realised that it was not chance alone that determined survival. Instead, survival of an organism depends on the differences of each individual organism, or "traits," that aid or hinder survival and reproduction. Well-adapted individuals are likely to leave more offspring th... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,436 |
Introduction to evolution Darwin was still researching and experimenting with his ideas on natural selection when he received a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace describing a theory very similar to his own. This led to an immediate joint publication of both theories. Both Wallace and Darwin saw the history of life like... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,437 |
Introduction to evolution "Survival of the fittest" describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives. Darwin's theory of natural selection laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary theory, and his experiments an... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,438 |
Introduction to evolution The missing information needed to help explain how new features could pass from a parent to its offspring was provided by the pioneering genetics work of Gregor Mendel. Mendel's experiments with several generations of pea plants demonstrated that inheritance works by separating and reshuffling... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,439 |
Introduction to evolution Within the cell, the genes are carried in chromosomes, which are packages for carrying the DNA. It is the reshuffling of the chromosomes that results in unique combinations of genes in offspring. Since genes interact with one another during the development of an organism, novel combinations of... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,440 |
Introduction to evolution For example, fleas (wingless parasites) are descended from a winged, ancestral scorpionfly, and snakes are lizards that no longer require limbs—although pythons still grow tiny structures that are the remains of their ancestor's hind legs. Organisms are merely the outcome of variations that su... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,441 |
Introduction to evolution In any offspring, the alleles present are samples of the previous generations alleles, and chance plays a role in whether an individual survives to reproduce and to pass a sample of their generation onward to the next. The allelic frequency of a population is the ratio of the copies of one spe... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,442 |
Introduction to evolution Cards in the deck represent alleles in a population's gene pool. In practice, no population can be in perfect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The population's finite size, combined with natural selection and many other effects, cause the allelic frequencies to change over time. A population bottle... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,443 |
Introduction to evolution This new population's allelic frequency is probably different from the original population's, and will change how common certain alleles are in the populations. The founders of the population will determine the genetic makeup, and potentially the survival, of the new population for generations... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,444 |
Introduction to evolution Haldane and Sewall Wright combined Darwin's theory of natural selection with statistical models of Mendelian genetics, founding the discipline of population genetics. In the 1930s and 1940s, efforts were made to merge population genetics, the observations of field naturalists on the distributi... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,445 |
Introduction to evolution The palaeontologist George Gaylord Simpson helped to incorporate palaeontology with a statistical analysis of the fossil record that showed a pattern consistent with the branching and non-directional pathway of evolution of organisms predicted by the modern synthesis. Scientific evidence for e... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,446 |
Introduction to evolution In an attempt to explain extinction, Cuvier proposed the idea of "revolutions" or catastrophism in which he speculated that geological catastrophes had occurred throughout the Earth's history, wiping out large numbers of species. Cuvier's theory of revolutions was later replaced by uniformitar... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,447 |
Introduction to evolution This can be done by comparing the structure of adult organisms in different species or by comparing the patterns of how cells grow, divide and even migrate during an organism's development. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies all living things. Scientists use morphologi... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,448 |
Introduction to evolution These changes in structure have produced forelimbs adapted for different tasks. However, anatomical comparisons can be misleading, as not all anatomical similarities indicate a close relationship. Organisms that share similar environments will often develop similar physical features, a process... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,449 |
Introduction to evolution It was thought that human embryos passed through an amphibian then a reptilian stage before completing their development as mammals. Such a re-enactment, often called "recapitulation theory", is not supported by scientific evidence. What does occur, however, is that the first stages of develop... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,450 |
Introduction to evolution Islands often contain endemic species, species not found anywhere else, but those species are often related to species found on the nearest continent. Furthermore, islands often contain clusters of closely related species that have very different ecological niches, that is have different ways ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,451 |
Introduction to evolution Every living organism (with the possible exception of RNA viruses) contains molecules of DNA, which carries genetic information. Genes are the pieces of DNA that carry this information, and they influence the properties of an organism. Genes determine an individual's general appearance and to ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,452 |
Introduction to evolution They have even allowed scientists to unravel the relationships between organisms whose common ancestors lived such a long time ago that no real similarities remain in the appearance of the organisms. "Artificial selection" is the controlled breeding of domestic plants and animals. Humans deter... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,453 |
Introduction to evolution In artificial selection the new breed or variety that emerges is the one with random mutations attractive to humans, while in natural selection the surviving species is the one with random mutations useful to it in its non-human environment. In both natural and artificial selection the variati... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,454 |
Introduction to evolution The ant defends the acacia against herbivores and clears the forest floor of the seeds from competing plants. In response, the plant has evolved swollen thorns that the ants use as shelter and special flower parts that the ants eat. Such coevolution does not imply that the ants and the tree ch... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,455 |
Introduction to evolution Geological processes, such as the emergence of mountain ranges, the formation of canyons, or the flooding of land bridges by changes in sea level may result in separate populations. For speciation to occur, separation must be substantial, so that genetic exchange between the two populations is... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,456 |
Introduction to evolution The evidence for speciation in this case was morphology (physical appearance) and lack of natural interbreeding. These fish have complex mating rituals and a variety of colorations; the slight modifications introduced in the new species have changed the mate selection process and the five form... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,457 |
Introduction to evolution Hutton's view suggests that profound geological change was the cumulative product of a relatively slow continuing operation of processes which can still be seen in operation today, as opposed to catastrophism which promoted the idea that sudden changes had causes which can no longer be seen at... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,458 |
Introduction to evolution In his 1976 book, "The Selfish Gene", he explains: Others view selection working on many levels, not just at a single level of organism or gene; for example, Stephen Jay Gould called for a hierarchical perspective on selection. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19852895 | Introduction to evolution | 147,459 |
Vredefort crater The is the largest verified impact crater on Earth. More than across when it was formed, what remains of it is in the present-day Free State province of South Africa. It is named after the town of Vredefort, which is near its centre. Although the crater itself has long since been eroded away, the remai... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=780590 | Vredefort crater | 150,240 |
Vredefort crater It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth, a little less than 300 million years younger than the Suavjärvi crater in Russia. In comparison, it is about 10% older than the Sudbury Basin impact (at 1.849 billion years). The dome in the centre of the crater was originally thought to have been formed b... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=780590 | Vredefort crater | 150,241 |
Vredefort crater quartzites and banded ironstones), they form the prominent arc of hills that can be seen to the northwest of the crater centre in the satellite picture above. The Witwatersrand rocks are followed, in succession, by the Ventersdorp lavas at a distance of about from the centre, and the Transvaal Supergro... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=780590 | Vredefort crater | 150,242 |
Vredefort crater The Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site is currently subject to property development, and local owners have expressed concern regarding sewage dumping into the Vaal River and the crater site. The granting of prospecting rights around the edges of the crater has led environmental interests to express fea... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=780590 | Vredefort crater | 150,243 |
Supertoys Last All Summer Long "Supertoys Last All Summer Long" is a science fiction short story by Brian Aldiss, first published in UK edition of "Harper's Bazaar", in December 1969 issue. The story deals with humanity in an age of intelligent machines and of the aching loneliness endemic in an overpopulated future wh... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3835922 | Supertoys Last All Summer Long | 150,827 |
Supertoys Last All Summer Long Monica Swinton discovers David's unfinished letters that portray lines about love and a jealous contempt for Teddy, whom Monica always seemed to connect with more than David himself. Monica is horrified by the letters but overjoyed when Henry arrives home and she is able to share with him... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3835922 | Supertoys Last All Summer Long | 150,828 |
Supertoys Last All Summer Long Monica Swinton: A troubled, lonely woman and less-than-compassionate mother, Monica struggles to understand her A.I. son David. Throughout the story, she seeks a way to communicate with him and understand him. While Monica may appear selfish in the beginning as it is admitted that she is ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3835922 | Supertoys Last All Summer Long | 150,829 |
Supertoys Last All Summer Long He's portrayed by Haley Joel Osment in the movie adaptation. Henry Swinton: The husband of Monica Swinton and father to David. Little is known about this character other than that he works for a company called "Synthank" and helps to develop bio-electronic and bioengineered creations. His... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3835922 | Supertoys Last All Summer Long | 150,830 |
Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, "phytón" = "plant" and γεωγραφία, "geographía" = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. is concerned with all aspects of ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4190476 | Phytogeography | 151,457 |
Phytogeography The basic data elements of phytogeography are occurrence records (presence or absence of a species) with operational geographic units such as political units or geographical coordinates. These data are often used to construct phytogeographic provinces (floristic provinces) and elements. The questions and... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4190476 | Phytogeography | 151,458 |
Phytogeography common evolutionary origin; a migration element has a common route of access into a habitat; a historical element is similar to each other in certain past events and an ecological element is grouped based on similar environmental factors. A population is the collection of all interacting individuals of a... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4190476 | Phytogeography | 151,459 |
Phytogeography Gross patterns of the distribution of plants became apparent early on in the study of plant geography. For example, Alfred Russel Wallace, co-discoverer of the principle of natural selection, discussed the Latitudinal gradients in species diversity, a pattern observed in other organisms as well. Much res... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4190476 | Phytogeography | 151,460 |
Phytogeography China has been a focus to botanist for its rich biota as it holds the record for the earliest known angiosperm megafossil. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4190476 | Phytogeography | 151,461 |
Defense physiology is a term used to refer to the symphony of body function (physiology) changes which occur in response to a stress or threat. When the body executes the "fight-or-flight" reaction or stress response, the nervous system initiates, coordinates and directs specific changes in how the body is functioning ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6988897 | Defense physiology | 152,837 |
Defense physiology What is important to the individual, in terms of the body’s response, is that a threat is perceived. The perception of a "threat" may also trigger an associated ‘feeling of distress’. Physiological reactions triggered by mind cannot differentiate both the physical or mental threat separately, Hence t... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6988897 | Defense physiology | 152,838 |
Homology modeling Homology modeling, also known as comparative modeling of protein, refers to constructing an atomic-resolution model of the ""target"" protein from its amino acid sequence and an experimental three-dimensional structure of a related homologous protein (the ""template""). relies on the identification of... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,891 |
Homology modeling The approach can be complicated by the presence of alignment gaps (commonly called indels) that indicate a structural region present in the target but not in the template, and by structure gaps in the template that arise from poor resolution in the experimental procedure (usually X-ray crystallography... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,892 |
Homology modeling Nevertheless, homology models can be useful in reaching "qualitative" conclusions about the biochemistry of the query sequence, especially in formulating hypotheses about why certain residues are conserved, which may in turn lead to experiments to test those hypotheses. For example, the spatial arrang... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,893 |
Homology modeling Because it is difficult and time-consuming to obtain experimental structures from methods such as X-ray crystallography and protein NMR for every protein of interest, homology modeling can provide useful structural models for generating hypotheses about a protein's function and directing further exper... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,894 |
Homology modeling The first two steps are often essentially performed together, as the most common methods of identifying templates rely on the production of sequence alignments; however, these alignments may not be of sufficient quality because database search techniques prioritize speed over alignment quality. These ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,895 |
Homology modeling This family of methods has been shown to produce a larger number of potential templates and to identify better templates for sequences that have only distant relationships to any solved structure. Protein threading, also known as fold recognition or 3D-1D alignment, can also be used as a search techni... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,896 |
Homology modeling Although some methods can generate hybrid models with better accuracy from multiple templates, most methods rely on a single template. Therefore, choosing the best template from among the candidates is a key step, and can affect the final accuracy of the structure significantly. This choice is guided ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,897 |
Homology modeling "Profile-profile" alignments that first generate a sequence profile of the target and systematically compare it to the sequence profiles of solved structures; the coarse-graining inherent in the profile construction is thought to reduce noise introduced by sequence drift in nonessential regions of the... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,898 |
Homology modeling The segment-matching method divides the target into a series of short segments, each of which is matched to its own template fitted from the Protein Data Bank. Thus, sequence alignment is done over segments rather than over the entire protein. Selection of the template for each segment is based on seq... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,899 |
Homology modeling A more recent expansion applies the spatial-restraint model to electron density maps derived from cryoelectron microscopy studies, which provide low-resolution information that is not usually itself sufficient to generate atomic-resolution structural models. To address the problem of inaccuracies in i... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,900 |
Homology modeling Moreover, small errors in χ (and, to a lesser extent, in χ) can cause relatively large errors in the positions of the atoms at the terminus of side chain; such atoms often have a functional importance, particularly when located near the active site. Assessment of homology models without reference to t... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,901 |
Homology modeling Statistical potentials are more computationally efficient than energy calculations. Physics-based energy calculations aim to capture the interatomic interactions that are physically responsible for protein stability in solution, especially van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. These calculatio... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,902 |
Homology modeling One newer method for model assessment relies on machine learning techniques such as neural nets, which may be trained to assess the structure directly or to form a consensus among multiple statistical and energy-based methods. Results using support vector machine regression on a jury of more tradition... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,903 |
Homology modeling Several large-scale benchmarking efforts have been made to assess the relative quality of various current homology modeling methods. CASP is a community-wide prediction experiment that runs every two years during the summer months and challenges prediction teams to submit structural models for a numbe... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,904 |
Homology modeling In the 30–50% identity range, errors can be more severe and are often located in loops. Below 30% identity, serious errors occur, sometimes resulting in the basic fold being mis-predicted. This low-identity region is often referred to as the "twilight zone" within which homology modeling is extremely ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,905 |
Homology modeling The two most common and large-scale sources of error in homology modeling are poor template selection and inaccuracies in target-template sequence alignment. Controlling for these two factors by using a structural alignment, or a sequence alignment produced on the basis of comparing two solved structu... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,906 |
Homology modeling Serious local errors can arise in homology models where an insertion or deletion mutation or a gap in a solved structure result in a region of target sequence for which there is no corresponding template. This problem can be minimized by the use of multiple templates, but the method is complicated by ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,907 |
Homology modeling This is partly due to the fact that many side chains in crystal structures are not in their "optimal" rotameric state as a result of energetic factors in the hydrophobic core and in the packing of the individual molecules in a protein crystal. One method of addressing this problem requires searching a... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,908 |
Homology modeling Used in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations, homology models can also generate hypotheses about the kinetics and dynamics of a protein, as in studies of the ion selectivity of a potassium channel. Large-scale automated modeling of all identified protein-coding regions in a genome has been ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7026278 | Homology modeling | 152,909 |
Tony Bradshaw Anthony David Bradshaw FRS (17 January 1926 - 21 August 2008) was a British evolutionary ecologist He was born the son of an architect in Kew, Surrey and educated at St Pauls School, Hammersmith. He read Botany at Jesus College, Cambridge and in 1947 moved to the University College of Wales, first as a re... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40655036 | Tony Bradshaw | 156,743 |
Darlington Lecture The is a lectureship of the John Innes Centre named after its former director, the geneticist C. D. Darlington. Source: John Innes Centre | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40939772 | Darlington Lecture | 156,879 |
Epitope binning is a competitive immunoassay used to characterize and then sort a library of monoclonal antibodies against a target protein. Antibodies against a similar target are tested against all other antibodies in the library in a pairwise fashion to see if antibodies block one another's binding to the epitope of... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41120778 | Epitope binning | 156,990 |
Mark Hay Mark Edward Hay (born May 3, 1952) is an American marine ecologist. He is Regents Professor and Harry and Linda Teasley Chair in the School of Biological Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. A fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he is known for his research on the cor... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58645985 | Mark Hay | 158,026 |
Fauna of Romania The fauna of Romania comprises all the animal species inhabiting the country of Romania and its coastal territory in the Black Sea. According to a systematic list of the Romanian vertebrate fauna, there are 732 species of vertebrates living in Romania. When grouped into classes, the largest number of t... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,191 |
Fauna of Romania Many of the species have seen their stocks plummet in the last 50 years due to commercial exploitation. The six species that are the most commercially viable today are all small-sized fish: the red mullet, the sand smelt, the round goby, the European anchovy, the merling and the sprat. According to rec... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,192 |
Fauna of Romania An entire stable population of the species was discovered by experts in 2014 along the banks of the Danube, with the exact location being kept a secret to avoid trophy hunting. Four species of turtle and tortoise call Romania their home: The European pond turtle, the common tortoise, Hermann's tortoise... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,193 |
Fauna of Romania The water-dwelling birds of Romania are mainly concentrated on the lower Danube, in the Danube Delta, and the littoral area of the Black Sea. The Dobruja region in general and the Danube Delta in particular are hotspots for nesting migratory birds. These include numerous species of ducks, geese, cormor... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,194 |
Fauna of Romania Rodents make up a large proportion of the mammals in Romania, especially in the low-lying plains. This includes species of hamsters, field mice, ground squirrels, voles, dormice, red squirrels, nutrias and beavers. Other common small mammals include shrews, rabbits, hedgehogs, polecats, martens and bad... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,195 |
Fauna of Romania The European bison, the largest European land mammal, became extinct in the region in the 18th century, However, in 1958, Romania began the reintroduction of the bison into its nature reserves. In the 21st century, Romania also began reintroducing the European bison in the wild, the ninth country to do... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,196 |
Fauna of Romania Because of the increasing number of interactions with settled areas, including a number of attacks, but also because the "optimum size of the population of brown bear, from an ecological, social and economic point of view" is around 4000, the Romanian government announced plans in 2018 for a culling of... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,197 |
Fauna of Romania According to a 2013 paper on biodiversity, The incomplete and biased species inventory in Romania may have several causes: difficult access due to low road density, complex landscape (with 15% of the territory above 800 m), limited funds available for large-scale inventory and monitoring projects, and ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,198 |
Fauna of Romania There is currently no official list of alien species or invasive species provided by the Romanian Ministry of Environment. Some of the invasive alien species, such as the veined rapa whelk"," the sea walnut or the soft-shell clam have been well documented, but the impact of most invasive species on the... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221871 | Fauna of Romania | 158,199 |
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