Datasets:

max-long

/

textiles_combined_ner_4_oct

like 0

['154', '(', '210', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '4', '1', 'For', '80', 'skeins', 'under', 'these', 'conditions', 'the', 'mule', 'would', 'be', 'making', ':', '-', '·00863', 'x', '80', 'x', '256', '=', '1:54', 'draws', 'per', 'minute.', '2', 'xбо', 'These', 'conditions', 'are', ',', 'of', 'course', ',', 'unthinkable.', 'But', 'these', 'several', 'methods', 'of', 'calculation', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'plotted', 'in', 'Figs.', '48', 'to', '51', 'will', 'serve', 'as', 'a', 'useful', 'basis', 'for', 'exploration', 'into', 'problems', 'of', 'this', 'type.', '4.', 'The', 'more', 'perplexing', 'matter', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'con-', 'sidered', 'of', 'the', 'effect', 'on', 'output', 'of', 'the', 'doffing-for', 'as', 'costs', 'of', 'running', 'will', 'usually', 'be', 'a', 'fixed', 'charge', ',', 'the', 'cost', 'per', 'lb.', 'of', 'spinning', 'any', 'yarn', 'skeins', 'will', 'depend', 'upon', 'the', 'weight-time”', 'calculation', ',', 'which', 'should', 'now', 'be', 'worked', 'out', 'on', 'the', 'following', 'lines', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Take', 'the', 'time', 'necessary', 'to', 'doff', 'one', 'set', '(', 'DT', ')', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Calculate', 'the', 'time', 'necessary', 'to', 'spin', 'one', 'set', '(', 'T', ')', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Calculate', 'the', 'output', 'per', 'hour', 'by', 'carefully', 'considering', 'the', 'relationships', 'of', '(', 'a', ')', 'and', '(', 'b', ')', ';', 'thus', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'By', 'actually', 'timing', 'a', 'mule', 'it', 'is', 'found', 'that', 'it', 'takes', '8', 'minutes', 'to', 'doff*', '(', 'say', '300', 'spindles', ')', '.', '(', 'b', ')', 'Taking', '20', 'skeins', 'as', 'an', 'example', ',', 'with', "'125", 'lb.', 'per', 'bobbin', ',', 'the', 'time', 'taken', 'to', 'spin', 'one', 'set', 'will', 'be', '•125', 'X', '20', 'X', '256', '=', '106', 'minutes', 'for', 'spinning', '1', 'set.', '3', 'X', '2', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'time', '(', 'spinning', 'and', 'doffing', ')', 'taken', 'to', 'spin', 'I', 'set', '(', 'i.e.', "'125", 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', ')', 'will', 'be', ':', '-', '*', 'Approximately', '60', 'per', 'cent.', 'of', 'this', 'time', 'is', 'for', 'spindle', '-', 'doffing', 'and', '40', 'per', 'cent.', 'for', 'condenser-bobbin', 'changing.', 'If', 'desirable', ',', 'the', 'two', 'terms', 'may', 'be', 'treated', 'separately', ',', 'but', 'an', 'addition', 'of', '66.6', 'to', 'the', 'spindle-doffing', 'time', 'is', 'usually', 'sufficiently', 'near', 'to', 'the', 'actuality', 'for', 'all', 'practical', 'purposes.', 'In', 'these', 'calculations', 'the', 'two', 'terms', 'are', 'this', 'combined.', '154']

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['155', '(', '211', ')', 'WOOLLEN FRAME', 'SPINNING', 'Time', 'for', 'spinning', '1', 'set', '=', '106', 'mins.', '(', 'T', ')', 'Time', 'for', 'doffing', 'and', 'changing', 'condenser', 'bobbins', '8', 'mins.', '(', 'D', 'T', ')', 'Time', 'for', 'spinning', 'and', 'doffing', 'I', 'set', '=', '114', 'mins.', 'LE', 'and', 'the', 'production', 'per', 'hour', 'will', 'be', ':', '-', 'As', '114', ':', '60', ':', ':', '•125', 'lb.', ':', 'x', 'lb.', ':', '.066', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', 'per', 'spindle', 'for', '20', 'skeins.', 'or', '•066', 'X', '300', '19.8', 'lb.', 'per', '300', 'spindles', 'per', 'hour', ',', 'or', '19.8', 'X', '48', '950', 'lb.', 'of', '20', 'skeins', 'per', '48', 'hours.', 'The', 'calculation', 'for', 'obtaining', 'the', 'output', 'per', 'hour', 'per', 'spindle', 'for', 'any', 'skeins', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'readily', 'thought', 'out', 'and', 'reduced', 'to', 'the', 'following', 'rule', ':', '-', 'Let', 'S', 'Skeins', 'to', 'be', 'spun', ';', 'Let', 'P', '=', 'Production', '(', 'theoretical', ')', 'of', 'frame', 'or', 'mule', 'for', 'S', 'skeins', 'in', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'per', 'spindle', ';', '.', 'Let', 'DT', 'Doffing-time', 'in', 'minutes', 'for', '1', 'set', ';', 'Let', 'T', 'Time', 'in', 'minutes', 'for', 'spinning', 'I', 'set', 'of', 'skeins', 'given.', 'Then', 'Px', 'T', 'DT', '+', '1', '=', 'Actual', 'lbs.', 'production', 'of', 'S', 'skeins', 'per', 'spindle', 'Ꭰ', '+', 'Ꭲ', 'per', 'hr.', '=', '20', 'Example', '1', ':', 'Let', 'S', '3', 'x', '2', 'x', '60', 'Then', 'P', '=', '20', 'X', '256', '0703', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '20', 'skeins', '(', 'theoretical', 'production', ')', '.', 'Let', 'DT', '=', '8.', 'Then', 'I', '=-', '•125', 'x', '20', 'x', '256', '=', '106', 'minutes', 'for', 'spinning', '3', 'X', '2', 'I', 'set', 'of', '20', 'skeins.', 'Then', '*0703', 'X', '106', '(', '8', '+', '106', ')', '=', '.066', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'of', 'eo', 'skeins', '(', 'actual', 'production', ')', '.', '155']

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['156', '(', '212', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '.', 'Example', '2', ':', 'Let', 'S', '40', '3', 'X', '2', 'X', '60', 'Then', 'P', '=', '=', "'0352", 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', '40', 'x', '256', 'of', '40', 'skeins', '(', 'theoretical', 'production', ')', '.', 'Let', 'DT', '=', '9', 'Let', 'T', '=', '212', 'Then', '*0352', 'X', '212', '=', "'0339", 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '40', 'skeins', '9', '+', '212', '(', 'actual', 'production', ')', '.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'noted', ',', 'however', ',', 'that', 'this', 'formula', 'does', 'not', 'take', 'into', 'account', 'the', 'additional', 'time', 'taken', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'additional', 'twist.', 'Thus', 'it', 'would', 'probably', 'stand', ':', '-', 'Example', '2a', ':', 'S', '=', '40', 'skeins', '3', 'х', '2', 'х', 'бо', 'х9', 'Р', '40', 'X', '256', 'X', '13', '=', '.0243', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'of', '40', 'skeins.', 'DT', '-', '9', 'T', 'Then', '.0244', '+.212', '=', '.023', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'hour', 'for', '40', 'skeins.', '9', '+', '212', 'Such', 'allowances', 'as', 'these', ',', 'however', ',', 'may', 'be', 'readily', 'taken', 'from', 'actual', 'practice', 'and', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'formula', 'as', 'shown.', 'In', 'Fig.', '50', '(', 'b', ')', 'the', 'graph', 'on', 'this', 'basis', ',', 'based', 'on', 'Fig.', '49', '(', 'a', ')', 'but', 'with', 'doffing', 'time', 'taken', 'into', 'account', 'and', 'with', 'no', 'variation', 'in', 'production', 'for', 'varying', 'twist', ',', 'is', 'given', 'from', 'I', 'skein', 'to', '80', 'skeins.', '=', '212', 'Having', 'defined', 'a', 'method', 'of', 'obtaining', 'the', 'lbs.', 'per', 'hour', 'per', 'spindle', ',', 'the', 'spinning', 'cost', 'per', 'lb.', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'readily', 'ascertained.', 'The', 'requirements', 'here', 'are', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Total', 'wages', 'paid-say', 'per', 'week.', '156']

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['157', '(', '213', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'FRAME', 'SPINNING', '(', '6', ')', 'Output', 'per', 'week', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'skeins', 'or', 'other', 'varying', 'conditions', ',', 'The', 'frame', 'may', 'again', 'be', 'taken', 'first', 'as', 'offering', 'the', 'most', 'precise', 'factors', 'in', 'the', 'costing.', 'If', 'a', 'spinner', 'be', 'required', 'for', '10', 'frame', 'and', 'two', 'pieceners', 'be', 'required', 'per', 'frame', 'of', '300', 'spindles', 'at', 'the', 'following', 'rates', ':', '£', 's.', 'd.', '1', '/', '10', 'spinner', 'at', '£6', 'o', 'o', 'per', 'week', '2', 'pieceners', 'at', '£I', '10', 'o', 'each', 'per', 'week', '3', 'I2', 'O', 'O', '0', '0', '*', '£3', '12', 'or', '864d.', 'wages', 'per', 'frame', 'of', '300', 'spindles', 'per', 'week.', 'Then', 'in', 'frame', 'spinning', 'the', 'cost', 'per', 'lb.', 'of', 'material', 'will', 'be', ':', 'For', 'I', 'skein', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '864d.', '(', 'per', 'week', 'wages', ')', '=', '0·128d.', 'per', 'lb.', '·474*', 'x', "47'5", '300', '(', '=', 'lb.', 'per', 'week', 'output', ')', 'On', 'similar', 'lines', 'the', 'calculations', 'for', '5', ',', '10', ',', '20', ',', '40', 'and', '80', 'skeins', 'have', 'been', 'worked', 'out', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'plotted', '(', 'Fig.', '51', '(', 'a', ')', ')', '.', 'For', 'a', 'pair', 'of', 'mules', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands', ':', '-', '£', 's.', 'd.', 'Overlooker', 'and', 'minders', 'at', '£6', 'o', 'o', 'per', 'week', '(', 'average', ')', '6', 'pieceners', 'at', '41', '10', '0', 'per', 'week', '(', 'average', ')', '.', '3', '0', 'O', 'o', '0', 'O', 'o', '9', '0', 'or', '2160d.', 'wages', 'per', 'pair', 'of', 'mules', 'each', '300', 'spindles', 'per', 'week.', 'Then', 'taking', 'the', 'mule', 'production', 'table', 'based', 'on', '20', 'skeins', ',', 'the', 'cost', 'per', 'lb.', 'of', 'material', 'will', 'be', ':', ':', 'For', '20', 'skeins', '(', 'Yorkshire', ')', '2160d.', 'wages', 'per', 'week', '.88d.', 'per', 'lb.', '0703.+', 'x', '47.5', 'X', '600', '(', '=', 'lb.', 'per', 'week', 'output', ')', '*', 'Fig.', '48', '(', 'b', ')', '.', '†', 'Fig.', '50', '(', 'a', ')', '.', '157']

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['158', '(', '214', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Below', '20', 'skeins', 'the', 'increase', 'in', 'output', 'will', 'be', 'affected', 'by', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Increase', 'in', 'thickness', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'spun', '(', 'increased', 'output', ')', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Increased', 'proportion', 'of', 'time', 'taken', 'in', 'more', 'frequent', 'doffing', '(', 'decreased', 'output', ')', '.', 'Above', '20', 'skeins', 'the', 'decrease', 'in', 'output', 'will', 'be', 'affected', 'by', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Decrease', 'in', 'thickness', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'spun', '(', 'decreased', 'output', ')', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Increased', 'twist', 'necessary', '(', 'decreased', 'output', ')', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Proportion', 'of', 'time', 'taken', 'in', 'less', 'frequent', 'doffing', '(', 'increased', 'relative', 'output', ')', '.', 'The', 'calculations', 'for', '5', ',', '10', ',', '20', ',', '40', 'and', '80', 'skeins', 'are', 'graphed', 'in', 'Fig.', '51', '(', 'b', ')', '.', 'The', 'most', 'practical', 'frame', 'and', 'mule', 'output', 'curves', 'should', 'be', 'plotted', 'together', 'to', 'give', 'a', 'good', 'idea', 'of', 'relative', 'production.', 'The', 'production', 'of', 'the', 'mule', 'will', 'also', 'vary', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'in', 'proportion', 'to', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'spindles', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'length', 'of', 'draw', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'several', 'varying', 'influences', 'affecting', 'its', 'number', 'of', 'draws', 'per', 'minute.', 'These', 'matters', ',', 'however', ',', 'will', 'usually', 'be', 'readily', 'allowed', 'for', 'and', 'the', 'necessary', 'data', 'obtained', 'with', 'the', 'necessary', 'accuracy', 'for', 'each', 'particular', 'blend.', '*', '本', '\u200bThe', 'Folding', 'or', 'Twisting', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Yarns.', 'The', 'principles', 'involved', 'in', 'twisting', 'are', 'fully', 'dealt', 'with', 'in', 'Chapter', 'XII', '(', 'p.', '289', ')', ',', 'but', 'special', 'reference', 'to', 'the', 'limita-', 'tions', 'of', 'folding', 'or', 'twisting', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'is', 'here', 'called', 'for.', 'The', 'problem', 'involved', 'may', 'best', 'be', 'considered', 'in', 'list', 'form', 'under', 'the', 'headings', '"', 'in', 'favour', 'of”', 'and', '“', 'against.”', '158']

[[135, 135, 'Textile Machinery'], [154, 154, 'Textile Machinery'], [169, 169, 'Textile Machinery']]

['159', '(', '215', ')', 'TWISTING', 'sible', ';', 'In', 'favour', 'of', 'folding.', 'Against', 'folding.', '(', 'for', 'single', ')', '(', 'for', 'two-fold', ')', '1.', 'Yarn', 'strengthened', ';', 'Finer', 'material', 'usually', 're-', 'quired', 'for', 'spinning', 'single', 'yarn', ';', '2.', 'Yarn', 'softer', 'spun', ';', 'More', 'time', 'for', 'spinning', 'and', 'twisting', 'required', ';', '3.', 'Several', 'colour', 'effects', 'pos-', 'Bursting', 'of', 'thread', 'in', 'finish-', 'ing', 'possibly', 'limited', ';', '4.', 'Special', 'twisting', 'and', 'varied', 'Special', 'effects', 'such', 'as', 'ran-', 'natural', 'effects', 'possible.', 'dom-most', 'effective', 'for', 'single', 'threads.', 'The', 'strength', 'of', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'is', 'a', 'dominant', 'factor', ',', 'a', 'twist', 'angle', 'of', '20°', 'to', '25°', 'giving', 'the', 'best', 'result.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'a', 'single', 'yarn-say', '30', 'skeins', '--', 'this', 'angle', 'will', 'be', 'attained', 'by', 'about', '12', 'turns', 'per', 'inch.', 'If', 'a', '2', '/', '60', 'skeins', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'produced', ',', 'equalling', 'a', '30', 'skeins', ',', 'then', 'a', 'material', 'capable', 'of', 'being', 'spun', 'to', '64', 'skeins', 'must', 'be', 'employed', ',', 'and', 'to', 'spin', 'this', 'with', 'an', 'angle', 'of', '25°', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'put', 'in', '16', 'turns', 'per', 'inch.', 'This', 'markedly', 'increases', 'the', 'time', 'taken', 'in', 'spinning', ',', 'so', 'that', 'not', 'only', 'is', 'there', 'a', 'loss', 'because', 'for', 'the', 'same', 'length', 'of', '64', 'skeins', 'spun', 'only', 'half', 'the', 'weight', 'of', 'material', 'is', 'treated', ',', 'but', 'there', 'is', 'an', 'additional', 'loss', 'in', 'production', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'additional', 'twist', 'to', 'be', 'inserted.', 'Then', 'on', 'the', 'top', 'of', 'this', 'there', 'is', 'the', 'twisting', 'of', 'the', '64-skeins', 'yarn', 'into', 'two-fold', '60', 'skeins-', 'say', 'on', 'a', 'ring frame', 'the', 'most', 'suitable', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', '(', 'see', 'p.', '144', ')', '.', 'Small', 'wonder', ',', 'then', ',', 'that', 'few', 'two-fold', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'are', 'employed', 'in', 'any', 'section', 'of', 'the', 'industry.', 'It', 'may', 'seem', 'strange', 'to', 'suggest', 'that', 'a', 'two-fold', 'yarn', 'may', 'be', 'softer', 'than', 'a', 'single', 'yarn', ';', 'but', 'that', 'such', 'often', 'is', 'the', 'case', 'will', 'be', 'realized', 'by', 'studying', 'the', 'principles', 'of', 'twisting', 'demonstrated', 'in', 'Chapter', 'XII.', 'Special', 'colour', 'effects-say', 'black', 'and', 'white', ',', 'brown', 'and', 'white', ';', 'diamond', 'three-fold', 'twist', 'in', 'brown', 'and', 'white', ',', 'etc.', ';', 'and', 'special', 'material', 'effects-say', 'merino', 'and', '159']

[[244, 244, 'Textile Machinery']]

['160', '(', '216', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'mohair', 'twist-may', 'certainly', 'be', 'produced', 'by', 'twisting', ',', 'and', 'for', 'a', 'limited', 'variety', 'of', 'fancy', 'patterns', ',', 'from', 'time', 'to', '.', 'time', ',', 'will', 'be', 'in', 'demand', ';', 'but', 'saving', 'for', 'a', 'short', 'period', 'recurring', 'about', 'every', 'seven', 'years*', 'such', 'effects', 'are', 'rarely', 'called', 'for.', 'Usually', 'twisting', 'would', 'spoil', 'the', 'two', 'or', 'three', 'types', 'of', 'fancy', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'to', 'be', 'presently', 'described', ',', 'but', 'it', 'is', ',', 'of', 'course', ',', 'conceivable', 'that', 'in', 'very', 'special', 'cases', 'fancy', 'single', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'might', 'be', 'combined', 'in', 'two', '-', 'fold', 'or', 'three', '-', 'fold', 'effects', 'for', 'very', 'special', 'novelties.', 'Winding.There', 'is', 'much', 'to', 'be', 'urged', 'against', 'changing', 'the', 'form', 'of', 'yarn', 'when', 'once', 'spun.', 'On', 'the', 'other', 'hand', ',', 'there', 'is', 'often', 'a', 'limit', 'to', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'bobbin', 'or', 'spool', 'upon', 'which', 'a', 'yarn', 'may', 'be', 'directly', 'spun', ',', 'and', 'if', 'the', 'yarn', 'from', 'three', 'spinning mule', 'spools', 'can', 'be', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'one', 'shuttle spool', 'the', 'stoppages', 'for', 'shuttling', 'of', 'the', 'loom', 'by', 'which', 'the', 'yarn', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'woven', 'will', 'be', 'reduced', 'from', 'three', 'to', 'one.', 'There', 'is', ',', 'however', ',', 'a', 'limit', 'to', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'the', 'shuttle', 'The', '“for”', 'and', '“', 'against', '”', 'will', 'again', 'prove', 'a', 'useful', 'method', 'of', 'consideration.', 'For', 'Winding.', 'Against', 'Winding.', 'Three', 'spools', 'on', 'to', 'one', 'shuttle', 'Extra', 'cost.', 'spool', ';', 'the', 'time', 'saved', 'in', 'Mixing', 'of', 'doffings', 'possible.', 'weaving', 'Yarn', 'looked', 'over', ';', 'knotted', 'Mixing', 'of', 'wound', 'and', 'un-', 'and', 'slubbed.', 'wound', 'or', 'double-wound', 'spools', 'possible.', 'For', 'warping', 'it', 'is', 'desirable', 'to', 'Softer', 'tension.', 'obtain', 'the', 'necessary', 'Bobbin', 'breadths', 'less', 'marked', 'length', 'per', 'cheese', 'and', 'on', 'the', 'lists.', 'thus', 'ensure', 'regular', 'ten-', 'sioning', 'throughout', 'the', 'warping', 'operation.', '*', 'The', 'periodicity', 'of', 'colour', 'recurrence', 'is', 'said', 'to', 'be', 'about', '7', 'years', ',', 'but', 'no', 'facts', 'supporting', 'this', 'length', 'of', 'period', 'are', 'available.', '160']

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['161', '(', '217', ')', 'WINDING', 'FANCY', 'WOOLLEN', 'YARNS', 'For', 'hosiery', 'it', 'is', 'absolutely', 'No', 'knots.', 'necessary', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'long', 'continuous', 'lengths', 'required', 'in', 'cone-cheese', 'form.', 'It', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'a', 'maxim', 'that', 'if', 'there', 'is', 'reason', 'to', 'suspect', 'any', 'difference', 'in', 'the', 'nature', 'of', 'the', 'blend', 'spun', ',', 'means', 'should', 'be', 'taken', 'effectually', 'to', 'mix', 'the', 'yarn', 'produced', 'in', 'the', 'creel', 'when', 'used', 'for', 'warp', ',', 'and', 'to', 'weave', 'in', 'order-spindle', 'by', 'spindle', 'and', 'doffing', 'by', 'doffing—if', 'for', 'weft', ',', 'employing', 'a', 'loom box mixing apparatus', 'if', 'possible.', 'Unless', 'yarns', 'are', 'going', 'to', 'be', 'most', 'thoroughly', 'mixed', 'in', 'the', 'subsequent', 'operations—and', 'this', 'is', 'possible', 'only', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'warping', 'and', 'not', 'always', 'then-it', 'is', 'better', 'to', 'consider', 'that', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'There', 'will', 'be', 'a', 'slight', 'difference', 'between', 'the', 'product', 'of', 'spindle', 'and', 'spindle', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'There', 'will', 'be', 'a', 'marked', 'difference', 'between', 'the', 'product', 'of', 'doffing', 'and', 'doffing', ';', 'and', 'to', 'subsequently', 'treat', 'yarns', 'with', 'these', 'differences', 'fully', 'in', 'view.', 'The', 'several', 'types', 'of', 'winding', 'machines', 'are', 'treated', 'in', 'Chapter', 'XIII.', 'Fancy', 'Woollen', 'Yarns.-Fancy', 'woollen', 'yarns', 'may', 'be', 'produced', 'by', 'one', 'or', 'more', 'of', 'the', 'following', 'methods', ':', '-', '1.', 'By', 'structural', 'irregularities', '(', 'carding', 'or', 'spinning', ')', 'in', 'the', 'single', 'yarn', ';', '2.', 'By', '“nicker', ',', '"', '"', 'fleck', '"', 'or', '"', 'slub', '"', 'additions', 'on', 'the', 'card', 'to', 'the', 'single', 'yarn', ';', '3.', 'By', 'sectional', 'feed', 'and', 'irregular', 'doffing', 'or', 'some', 'such', 'carding', 'arrangement', ',', 'yielding', '"', 'random”', 'effects', ';', '4.', 'By', 'fancy', 'twisting', 'conveniently', 'studied', 'under', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Irregular', 'or', '“cloud”', 'twists', ';', 'L', '161']

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['162', '(', '218', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(', '6', ')', 'Knop', 'twists', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Three-fold', 'corkscrew', 'and', 'other', 'twists', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'Fancy', 'loops', 'produced', 'by', 'three-folding', 'at', 'two', 'operations', ';', '(', 'e', ')', 'Spaced', 'knop', 'and', 'loop', 'yarns', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Metal', 'and', 'gimp', 'twists.', 'Structural', 'irregularities', 'may', 'be', 'produced', 'by', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Irregular', 'feeding', 'of', 'the', 'rings', 'of', 'the', 'ring doffer', ';', 'or', 'by', 'irregularities', 'introduced', 'into', 'the', 'film', 'just', 'before', 'the', 'tapes', 'receive', 'it', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'tape condensers', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Irregularities', 'in', 'the', 'rings', 'of', 'the', 'last', 'ring', 'doffers', ';', 'or', 'in', 'the', 'grooved', 'roller', 'breaking-up', 'mechanism', 'of', 'the', 'tape condenser', '“Nickers', ',', '"', '"', 'flecks', ',', '"', 'or', 'slubs', 'may', 'be', 'dropped', ',', 'regularly', 'or', 'irregularly', ',', 'on', 'to', 'one', 'or', 'other', 'of', 'the', 'rollers', 'of', 'the', 'condenser', ',', 'or', 'even', 'of', 'the', 'intermediate', ',', 'the', 'exact', 'position', 'and', 'roller', 'chosen', 'being', 'decided', 'usually', 'experi-', 'mentally', ',', 'on', 'the', 'actual', 'card', 'as', 'set', 'for', 'the', 'blend-by', 'the', 'extent', 'to', 'which', 'mixing', 'is', 'desired.', 'Usually', 'the', '"', 'nicker', '"', 'or', '"', 'slub', '"', 'should', 'be', 'sufficiently', 'carded', 'to', 'incorporate', 'it', 'firmly', 'into', 'the', 'body', 'of', 'the', 'thread', ',', 'but', 'not', 'so', 'that', 'it', 'loses', 'its', 'identity', 'in', 'the', 'body', 'of', 'the', 'thread.', 'Several', 'other', 'types', 'of', 'fancy', 'twists', 'may', 'be', 'con-', 'veniently', 'studied', 'by', 'reference', 'to', 'Chapter', 'X.', 'Perhaps', 'the', 'most', 'effective', 'of', 'woollen', 'fancy', 'yarns', 'is', 'the', '“', 'random', 'yarn', 'so', 'much', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'hosiery', 'trade.', 'The', 'method', 'of', 'producing', 'this', 'yarn', 'is', 'very', 'simple.', 'A', 'ball and creel feed', 'is', 'employed', 'and', ',', 'to', 'illustrate', 'the', 'method', 'simply', ',', 'may', 'be', 'considered', 'to', 'feed', 'into', 'the', 'card', 'inch', 'stripes', 'of', 'two', 'colours-say', 'tan', 'and', 'French-grey.', 'Thus', 'on', 'the', 'last', 'swift', 'the', 'film', 'presented', 'to', 'the', 'ring doffer', 'is', 'an', 'inch', 'by', 'inch', 'film', 'of', 'tan', 'and', 'French-grey.', '162']

[[68, 68, 'Textile Machinery'], [87, 87, 'Textile Machinery'], [111, 111, 'Textile Machinery'], [259, 259, 'Textile Machinery'], [290, 290, 'Textile Machinery'], [296, 296, 'Textile Machinery']]

['163', '(', '219', ')', 'RING', 'TWISTING', 'If', 'the', 'doffers', 'are', 'of', 'the', 'simple', 'type', 'the', 'top doffer', 'will', 'take', ',', 'say', ',', 'the', 'tan', 'and', 'the', 'bottom doffer', 'the', 'French-', 'grey', 'stripe', 'fairly', 'exactly.', 'To', 'produce', 'the', 'variegated', 'random', 'effect', 'required', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'rings', 'on', 'the', 'doffers', 'must', 'be', 'waved', 'so', 'that', 'they', 'encroach', 'upon', 'more', 'than', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'stripes', 'presented', 'to', 'them', ';', 'or', 'better', 'still', '(', '6', ')', 'Both', 'ring doffers', ',', 'clothed', 'with', 'ordinary', 'rings', ',', 'may', 'be', 'given', 'a', 'side-ways', 'traverse', 'so', 'that', 'they', 'doff”', 'the', 'swift', 'partly', 'from', 'one', 'coloured', 'stripe', 'and', 'partly', 'from', 'the', 'other', 'coloured', 'stripe.', 'This', 'arrangement', 'is', 'so', 'simple', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'frequently', 'employed', 'in', 'mills', 'spinning', 'hosiery', 'yarns', ',', 'and', 'would', 'no', 'doubt', 'prove', 'very', 'efficient', 'for', 'mills', 'spinning', 'the', 'simpler', 'fancy', 'yarns', 'for', 'the', 'costume', 'and', 'mantle', 'trades.', 'The', 'Ring Twisting Frame', 'ordinary', 'prin-', 'ciples', 'of', 'ring', 'spinning', 'are', 'usually', 'employed', 'for', 'twisting', 'woollen', 'yarns', ',', 'see', 'Chapter', 'IX', ',', 'p.', '244', ',', 'but', 'the', 'following', 'points', 'should', 'be', 'specially', 'considered', ':', '-', '1.', 'Woollen', 'yarns', 'usually', 'being', 'thick', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'worsted', 'yarns', ',', 'the', 'frame', 'should', 'be', 'strongly', 'built', 'and', 'all', 'the', 'parts', 'on', 'the', 'heavy', 'side.', '2.', 'Pitch', 'of', 'spindles', ',', 'size', 'of', 'rings', 'and', 'length', 'of', 'tension', 'should', 'be', 'arranged', 'for', 'the', 'largest', 'possible', 'bobbin', 'or', 'tube.', 'The', 'range', 'of', 'counts', 'to', 'be', 'twisted', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'borne', 'in', 'mind.', '3.', 'All', 'additions', 'such', 'as', 'for', 'clouding', ',', 'knopping', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'should', 'be', 'strongly', 'built', 'yet', 'delicately', 'balanced.', '263']

[[8, 8, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [25, 25, 'Textile Machinery'], [47, 47, 'Textile Machinery'], [73, 73, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [141, 141, 'Textile Machinery'], [186, 186, 'Textile Machinery'], [202, 202, 'Textile Machinery'], [206, 206, 'Textile Machinery']]

['164', '(', '223', ')', 'SETS', 'OF', 'WOOLLEN', 'MACHINES', 'more', 'complex', 'and', 'less', 'satisfactory', 'matter.', 'In', 'York-', 'shire', ',', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'large', 'firms', ',', 'it', 'is', 'usually', 'taken', 'for', 'granted', 'that', 'no', 'section', 'can', 'be', 'worked', 'economically', 'unless', 'it', 'is', 'organized', 'as', 'a', 'separate', 'and', 'independent', 'department', ';', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'probable', 'that', 'this', 'is', 'the', 'correct', 'line', 'to', 'take', 'wherever', 'possible', 'with', 'just', 'this', 'limitation-', 'the', 'cloth', 'constructor', 'must', 'ask', 'for', 'and', 'be', 'supplied', 'with', 'the', 'yarns', 'he', 'desires.', 'The', 'opposite', 'method', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'constructor', 'throwing', 'his', 'yarn', 'at', 'the', 'cloth', 'constructor', 'and', 'the', 'cloth', 'constructor', 'just', 'having', 'to', 'accept', 'that', 'which', 'the', 'spinner', 'supplies', 'is', 'so', 'wrong', ',', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'con-', 'ceivable', 'that', 'if', 'this', 'method', 'were', 'maintained', 'our', 'industry', 'might', 'in', 'the', 'future', 'be', 'seriously', 'affected.', 'Reference', 'to', 'Chapter', 'XII', ',', 'dealing', 'with', 'the', 'same', 'attitude', 'but', 'further', 'developed-in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'worsted', 'in-', 'dustry', ',', 'should', 'here', 'be', 'made.', 'Sets', 'of', 'Woollen', 'Machinery.-Sets', 'of', 'woollen', 'machinery', 'usually', 'consist', 'of', '1.', 'Blending machinery', ',', 'blending-room', 'and', 'storage', ';', '2.', 'Carding sets', 'with', 'storage', ',', 'if', 'necessary', ',', 'for', 'con-', 'densed', 'sliver', ';', '3.', 'Mules', 'to', 'follow', 'the', 'carding', ';', 'or', 'woollen spinning frames', ';', '4.', 'Winding and twisting machinery', 'with', 'yarn', 'storage.', 'Of', 'these', 'four', ',', 'the', 'second', ',', 'carding', ',', 'is', 'the', 'controlling', 'section', ',', 'so', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'woollen', 'trade', 'the', 'term', '"', 'sets', 'of', 'machines', '"', 'invariably', 'implies', 'number', 'of', 'complete', 'sets', 'of', 'carding.', 'All', 'the', 'other', 'machinery', '--', 'preceding', 'and', 'succeeding-is', 'arranged', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'cards.', 'As', 'a', 'rule', 'the', 'blending-room', 'is', 'so', 'much', 'on', 'the', 'top', 'of', 'the', 'carding', 'that', ',', 'as', 'only', 'one', 'is', 'required', ',', 'no', 'economy', 'can', 'be', 'effected', 'by', 'further', 'consideration', ';', 'but', 'in', 'large', 'concerns', 'where', 'more', 'than', 'one', 'room', 'is', 'necessary', ',', 'it', 'will', '165']

[[168, 168, 'Textile Machinery'], [175, 175, 'Textile Machinery'], [188, 188, 'Textile Machinery'], [195, 195, 'Textile Machinery'], [198, 198, 'Textile Machinery']]

['164', '(', '224', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'be', 'safe', 'to', 'arrange', 'for', 'one', 'blending-room', 'and', 'equipment', 'for', 'every', 'ten', 'or', 'twelve', 'cards.', 'Thus', 'the', 'single', 'blending-', 'room', 'equipment', 'here', 'portrayed', 'may', 'be', 'followed', 'by', 'twelve', 'cards', 'and', 'the', 'necessary', 'spindles', 'to', 'consume', 'the', 'production', 'of', 'these', 'cards.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'noted', ',', 'however', ',', 'that', 'cards', 'dealing', 'with', 'coarser', 'material', 'and', 'condensing', 'to', 'thicker', 'counts', 'will', 'usually', 'consume', 'more', 'material', 'than', 'cards', 'dealing', 'with', 'fine', 'material', 'and', 'condensing', 'to', 'fine', 'counts.', 'In', 'the', 'worsted', 'industry', 'cross-bred', 'cards', 'are', 'made', 'to', 'turn', 'off', 'up', 'to', '70', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', ',', 'while', 'some', 'botany', 'cards', 'are', 'only', 'turning', 'off', '20', 'to', '30', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', '!', 'Ir', 'the', 'woollen', 'industry', '72-in.', 'carders', 'turn', 'off', 'from', '30', 'lb.', 'to', '80', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', 'with', 'a', 'variation', 'of', 'at', 'least', '50', 'per', 'cent.', 'between', 'individual', 'firms', 'dealing', 'with', 'the', 'same', 'class', 'of', 'wool.', 'In', 'Fig.', '52', 'an', 'American', 'woollen', 'plant', 'is', 'illustrated', ',', 'this', 'being', 'housed', 'in', 'a', 'storied', 'building.', 'This', 'par-', 'ticular', 'plant', 'was', 'running', 'on', 'fine', 'hosiery', 'yarns', ',', 'in', 'some', 'cases', 'randoms”-and', 'it', 'is', 'safe', 'to', 'argue', 'that', 'the', 'carding', 'surface', 'arranged', 'for', 'is', 'not', 'sufficient', 'to', 'meet', 'the', 'requirements', 'of', 'Yorkshire', 'woollen', 'manu-', 'facturers.', 'The', 'following', 'particulars', 'respecting', 'this', 'plant', 'should', 'be', 'studied', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Cubical', 'content', 'of', 'material', 'store-room', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Area', 'of', 'blending-room', ';', '(', 'C', ')', 'Cubical', 'content', 'of', 'mellowing-room', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'Conveyer system', 'from', 'blending-room', 'to', 'cards', ';', '(', 'e', ')', 'Arrangement', 'of', 'building', 'to', 'suit', 'cards', ';', 'W', ')', 'Cylinder', 'lifting', 'and', 'card-grinding', 'arrangements', ';', '(', 'g', ')', 'Storage', 'of', 'condensed', 'slivers', 'in', 'both', 'card-room', 'and', 'mule', 'spinning-room', ';', '(', 'h', ')', 'Arrangement', 'of', 'winding and twisting machinery', ';', '©', 'Yarn', 'storage', 'and', 'conditioning.', '*', '*', 'Not', 'included', 'in', 'the', 'plan.', '166']

[[40, 40, 'Textile Machinery'], [242, 242, 'Textile Machinery'], [260, 260, 'Textile Machinery'], [285, 285, 'Textile Machinery']]

['164', '(', '225', ')', '10', '9', '8', 'LO', '7', 'Bobbins', 'etc.', 'Storage', 'for', 'Condenser Bobbins', 'etc.', '16', '5', 'IL', 'TUTTO', '4', '3', '2', '1', '2dles', 'each', '10', 'Mules', '80', 'feet', '400', 'Spindles', 'each']

[[9, 9, 'Textile Machinery'], [13, 13, 'Textile Machinery'], [26, 26, 'Textile Machinery'], [30, 30, 'Textile Machinery']]

['165', '(', '227', ')', 'SETS', 'OF', 'WOOLLEN', 'MACHINES', '1', 'This', 'plant', 'may', 'be', 'calculated', 'on', 'the', 'basis', 'of', '40', 'lb.', 'per', 'hour', 'per', 'card', ',', 'and', 'the', 'mule spindles', 'given', 'are', 'based', 'upon', 'spinning', '40', 'skeins', 'Yorkshire', 'woollen', 'yarns.', 'In', 'Fig.', '53', 'a', 'ground-floor', 'plan', 'of', 'an', 'up-to-date', 'woollen', 'mill', 'is', 'given.', 'In', 'this', 'case', 'a', 'heavier', 'feed', 'of', 'the', 'cards', 'is', 'possible', ',', 'as', 'a', 'thicker', 'count', 'of', 'yarn', '(', '10', 'skeins', 'to', '20', 'skeins', ')', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'spun.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'mungo', ',', 'shoddy', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'each', 'set', 'of', 'cards', 'should', 'be', 'designed', 'with', 'sufficient', 'carding', 'surface', 'to', 'card', 'up', 'thoroughly', 'blends', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'waste', 'structure', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'thoroughly', 'disen-', 'tangled', ',', 'or', ',', 'should', 'extreme', 'mixtures', 'be', 'required', ',', 'to', 'effect', 'perfect', 'mixing', 'of', 'either', 'colours', 'or', 'different', 'materials.', 'The', 'particulars', 'already', 'given', 'for', 'the', 'previous', 'plan', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'study', 'for', 'this', 'plan', 'also.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noticed', 'how', 'much', 'better', 'this', 'plan', 'lends', 'itself', 'to', 'the', 'satisfactory', 'arrangement', 'and', 'extension', 'of', 'the', 'machinery', 'and', 'also', 'to', 'the', 'firm', ',', 'rigid', 'fixing', 'which', 'is', 'so', 'necessary', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'cards.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'lighting', 'and', 'driving', 'is', 'also', 'so', 'much', 'better', 'that', ',', 'wherever', 'possible', ',', 'it', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'this', 'scheme', 'should', 'be', 'adopted.', 'In', 'order', 'to', 'give', 'some', 'idea', 'of', 'woollen-mill', 'design', 'Figs.', '53a', ',', '53b', ',', 'and', '53c', 'are', 'given.', 'It', 'is', 'impossible', 'here', 'to', 'go', 'into', 'such', 'matters', 'as', '(', 'a', ')', 'Selection', 'of', 'site', 'and', 'preparation', 'of', 'the', 'ground', 'for', 'building', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Types', 'of', 'building', 'materials', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Types', 'of', 'floor', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'Types', 'of', 'roof', 'and', 'roof-spans', ';', '(', 'e', ')', 'Types', 'of', 'drive', ';', '(', ')', 'Control', 'of', 'lighting', 'and', 'cleaning', '(', 'floors', ',', 'walls', 'and', 'windows', ')', ';', '(', 'g', ')', 'Power', 'and', 'water', 'supply', 'and', 'drainage', ';', '167']

[[27, 27, 'Textile Machinery']]

['166', '(', '228', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(', 'h', ')', 'Possibilities', 'of', 'extension', 'under', 'an', 'organized', 'scheme', 'of', 'development.', 'These', 'and', 'many', 'other', 'matters', 'should', 'be', 'fully', 'taken', 'cognizance', 'of', 'by', 'those', 'who', 'wish', 'to', 'have', 'a', 'really', 'efficient', 'organization', 'with', 'possibilities', 'of', 'extension', ',', 'still', 'main-', 'taining', 'the', 'desired', 'organization.', 'Not', 'less', 'important', 'are', 'the', 'estimates', 'of', 'costs', 'and', 'returns', 'for', 'given', 'expen-', 'ditures.', 'The', 'mistake', 'is', 'too', 'often', 'made', ',', 'however', ',', 'of', 'saving', 'capital', 'expenditure', 'at', 'the', 'expense', 'of', 'efficient', 'production', ';', 'and', 'as', ',', 'roughly', ',', '£1,000', 'worth', 'of', 'machinery', 'will', 'turn', 'over', '£50,000', 'of', 'material', 'per', 'annum', ',', 'the', 'folly', 'of', 'making', 'this', 'mistake', 'is', 'very', 'evident.', 'Woollen', 'Yarn', 'Costing-In', 'woollen', 'spinning', 'the', 'conditions', 'of', 'running', 'and', 'output', 'vary', 'so', 'much', 'from', 'time', 'to', 'time', 'that', 'the', 'only', 'safe', 'and', 'satisfying', 'method', 'to', 'adopt', 'is', 'to-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Perfectly', 'organize', 'returns', 'of', 'all', 'expenditure', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Perfectly', 'organize', 'returns', 'of', 'all', 'produce', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'Perfectly', 'organize', 'returns', 'of', 'all', 'income', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'Carefully', 'work', 'out', '(', 'i', ')', 'cost', 'per', 'yardage', ';', '(', 'ii', ')', 'income', 'against', 'expendi-', 'ture.', 'Every', 'three', 'months', '*', 'the', 'figures', 'so', 'obtained', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'analysed', 'and', 'acted', 'upon.', 'It', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'for', 'granted', 'that', 'any', 'returns', 'which', 'are', 'not', 'useful—directly', 'or', 'indirectly-are', 'a', 'waste', 'of', 'time', 'and', 'may', 'be', 'dispensed', 'with.', 'Thus', 'what', 'the', 'woollen', 'spinner', 'really', 'needs', 'is-', '(', 'a', ')', 'A', 'current', 'method', 'of', 'costing', 'his', 'yarns', 'to', 'enable', 'him', 'to', 'give', 'immediate', 'quotations', 'of', 'price', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 'An', 'exact', 'method', 'of', 'costing', 'his', 'yarns', 'obtained', 'by', 'taking', 'total', 'expenditure', 'and', 'total', 'output', 'over', 'a', 'given', 'period—say', 'three', 'months-and', 'dividing', 'the', 'one', 'by', 'the', 'other', ';', '*', 'In', 'some', 'sections', 'even', 'daily', 'returns', 'may', 'be', 'instituted.', '168']

[[94, 94, 'Textile Machinery']]

['172', '(', '234', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'VI', 'THE', 'BASIC', 'PRINCIPLES', 'INVOLVED', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'THE', 'somewhat', 'complex', 'series', 'of', 'operations', 'to', 'be', 'studied', 'under', 'the', 'heading', '“Worsted', 'Drawing', '"', 'will', 'best', 'be', 'understood', 'by', 'treating', 'these', 'operations', 'under', 'the', 'following', 'headings', ':', '-', '1.', 'The', 'basic', 'principles', 'involved', ';', '2.', 'The', 'clothing', '(', 'mechanical', ')', 'of', 'the', 'basic', 'principles', ';', 'and', '3.', 'The', 'study', 'of', 'the', 'various', 'types', 'of', 'worsted', 'drawing', 'machines.', 'Chapters', 'VI', ',', 'VII', ',', 'and', 'VIII', 'are', 'respectively', 'de-', 'voted', 'to', 'these', 'three', 'different', 'aspects', 'of', 'the', 'problems', 'now', 'to', 'be', 'faced.', 'It', 'is', 'fundamentally', 'important', 'to', 'note', 'that', 'worsted', 'drawing', 'involves', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'feeding', 'of', 'a', 'sliver', 'or', 'slivers', 'into', 'the', 'gill-box', 'or', 'the', 'drawing-box', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'The', 'passage', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'or', 'slivers', 'through', 'the', 'gill-box', 'or', 'the', 'drawing-box', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'or', 'slivers', 'from', 'the', 'gill-box', 'or', 'the', 'drawing-box', 'in', 'an', 'efficient', 'manner', ',', 'and', 'convenient', 'form', 'for', 'subsequent', 'treat-', 'ment.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'well', 'to', 'remember', ',', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'place', ',', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'days', 'of', 'the', 'worsted', 'industry', 'there', 'was', 'no', 'such', 'thing', 'as', 'worsted', 'drawing-combing', '(', 'as', 'a', 'prepara-', '172']

[[116, 116, 'Textile Machinery'], [119, 119, 'Textile Machinery'], [133, 133, 'Textile Machinery'], [136, 136, 'Textile Machinery'], [151, 151, 'Textile Machinery'], [154, 154, 'Textile Machinery']]

['173', '(', '235', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'tion', 'for', 'spinning', ')', 'and', 'spinning', 'were', 'the', 'two', 'processes', 'commonly', 'employed.', 'It', 'was', 'only', 'when', 'the', 'necessity', 'arose', 'for', 'speeding-up', 'spinning', 'that', 'it', 'was', 'discovered', 'to', 'be', 'economically', 'sound', 'more', 'satisfactorily', 'to', 'prepare', 'the', 'combed', 'slivers', 'for', 'the', 'final', 'spinning', 'operation.', 'It', 'is', ',', 'therefore', ',', 'not', 'surprising', 'to', 'find', 'that', 'in', 'both', 'the', 'worsted', 'and', 'woollen', 'industries', 'the', 'machines', 'employed', 'to', 'pre-', 'pare', 'the', 'sliver', 'for', 'spinning', 'are', 'derivatives', 'of', 'the', 'actual', 'spinning', 'machines—the', 'drawing-box', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'worsted', 'spinning', 'and', 'the', 'billey', '(', 'or', 'roving-mule', ')', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'woollen', 'spinning.', 'Incidentally', 'the', 'ques-', 'tion', 'arises', 'as', 'to', 'whether', ',', 'in', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'extensive', 'plants', 'now', 'employed', 'as', 'a', 'preliminary', 'to', 'spinning', ',', 'the', 'preparation', 'of', 'slivers', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'overdone-whether', 'some', 'modification', 'in', 'the', 'actual', 'spinning', 'process', 'might', 'not', 'do', 'away', 'with', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'cumbersome', 'plant', 'at', 'present', 'deemed', 'necessary', 'for', 'sliver', 'preparation', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'both', 'worsted', 'and', 'woollen', 'yarn', 'spinning.', 'A', 'second', 'type', 'of', 'machine', 'is', 'employed', 'in', 'worsted', 'drawing', ',', 'viz.', 'the', 'gill-box', 'This', 'machine', 'probably', 'takes', 'its', 'origin', 'in', 'some', 'form', 'of', 'combing', 'operation', ',', 'and', ',', 'being', 'especially', 'suited', 'in', 'its', 'early', 'form', 'for', 'long', 'fibres', ',', 'most', 'likely', 'came', 'into', 'the', 'worsted', 'industry', 'from', 'the', 'flax', 'industry.', 'Even', 'to-day', 'it', 'is', 'absolutely', 'unknown', 'in', 'the', 'cotton', 'industry', ',', 'but', 'with', 'the', 'refinements', 'recently', 'introduced', '(', 'the', 'O.P.S.', 'Gill-box', ',', 'for', 'example', ')', ',', 'it', 'is', 'quite', 'conceivable', 'that', 'a', 'use', 'may', 'be', 'found', 'for', 'it', 'in', 'treating', 'the', 'longer', 'cottons.', 'Again', ',', 'French', 'spinners', 'dealing', 'with', 'fine', 'botany', 'wools', 'appear', 'to', 'have', 'felt', 'the', 'necessity', 'for', 'carrying', 'the', 'gilling', 'principle', 'right', 'throughout', 'the', 'drawing', 'processes', ',', 'and', 'so', 'have', 'introduced', ',', 'in', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'English', 'straight-barred gill', ',', 'the', 'circular gill', 'or', 'porcupine', 'The', 'possibility', 'of', 'fitting', 'every', 'drawing-box', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'mule', 'with', 'a', 'porcupine', '"', 'has', 'had', 'a', 'marked', 'effect', 'on', '>', '173']

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['174', '(', '236', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'the', 'principles', 'of', 'working', 'the', 'slivers', 'through', 'French', 'sets', 'of', 'drawing-boxes', 'The', 'Drawing', 'Mechanism.-The', 'first', 'principles', 'of', 'worsted', 'drawing', ',', 'then', ',', 'to', 'be', 'dealt', 'with', 'will', 'have', 'immediate', 'reference', 'to', 'the', 'three', 'types', 'of', 'worsted', 'sliver-', 'preparing boxes', ',', 'viz.', 'The', 'ordinary', 'gill-box', ';', 'The', 'ordinary', 'drawing-box', ';', 'and', 'The', 'porcupine-box', '(', 'or', 'French drawing-box', ')', '.', 'In', 'each', 'of', 'these', 'types', 'of', 'machine', 'there', 'will', 'be', 'front-rollers', 'to', 'be', 'run', 'as', 'quickly', 'as', 'possible', ',', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'as', 'great', 'a', 'weight', 'of', 'sliver', 'as', 'possible', 'may', 'be', 'delivered', ';', 'and', 'back-rollers', 'which', 'will', 'be', 'run', 'just', 'so', 'much', 'below', 'the', 'front roller', 'speed', 'that', 'the', 'right', 'draft', 'or', 'extension', 'may', 'be', 'given', 'to', 'the', 'slivers', 'under', 'treatment.', 'In', 'the', 'ordinary', 'gill-box', 'the', 'slivers', 'are', 'supported', 'between', 'the', 'back', 'and', 'front rollers', 'by', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'pinned fallers', 'controlled', 'on', 'the', 'screw-thread', 'principle', '(', 'see', '“', 'Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing', ',', '"', 'p.', '201', ')', '.', 'In', 'the', 'ordinary', 'drawing-box', 'the', 'slivers', 'between', 'back', 'and', 'front rollers', 'are', 'supported', 'and', 'in', 'part', 'con-', 'trolled', 'by', 'the', 'carriers', ',', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'which', 'must', 'be', 'carefully', 'studied.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'French drawing-box', 'the', 'slivers', 'are', 'supported', 'by', 'the', 'porcupine', ',', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'regarded', 'as', 'a', 'continuous', 'gilling', 'arrangement.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'remarked', 'here', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'ordinary', 'drawing-box', 'twisted', 'slivers', 'may', 'be', 'treated', ',', 'but', 'in', 'the', 'gill-box', ',', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'French drawing-box', ',', 'twist', 'is', 'un-', 'thinkable', 'and', 'probably', 'impossible.', 'The', 'importance', 'of', 'this', 'limitation', 'will', 'be', 'apparent', 'when', 'English', 'and', 'French', 'methods', 'of', 'sliver', 'treatment', 'come', 'to', 'be', 'con-', 'trasted.', '174']

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['176', '(', '238', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Botany', '2', '"', 'to', '4', '"', '6', 'or', '7', '.', '.', 'thus', 'reasonable', 'to', 'infer', 'that', 'fineness', 'and', 'length', 'of', 'fibre', 'are', 'factors', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'consideration.', 'Then', 'if', 'the', 'following', 'lengths', 'are', 'taken', 'as', 'the', 'average', 'for', 'the', 'respective', 'tops', ',', 'as', 'analysed', 'on', 'the', 'Schlumberger machine', ':', 'Length', 'Fineness', 'Lustre', '7', '"', 'to', '9', '"', '1', '/', '500', '"', 'to', '1', '/', '800', '"', 'Cross-bred', '4', '"', 'to', '7', '"', '1', '/', '800', '"', 'to', '1', '/', '1000', "'", '1', '/', '1000', '"', 'to', '1', '/', '1300', '"', 'the', 'reason', 'for', '5', 'or', '6', 'operations', 'for', 'lustre', 'and', 'demi-lustre', 'wools', ';', 'cross-bred', 'wools', ';', 'and', '7', 'or', '9', 'botany', 'wools', 'will', 'be', 'apparent.', 'It', 'must', 'be', 'conceded', ',', 'however', ',', 'that', 'this', 'is', 'empirical', 'and', 'not', 'scientific', ',', 'and', 'that', 'a', 'research', 'involving', 'the', 'higher', 'mathematics', 'is', 'here', 'called', 'for', ',', 'and', 'possibly', 'in', 'the', 'near', 'future', 'will', 'be', 'undertaken.', 'The', 'problem', 'of', '"', 'draft', 'and', 'doublings', '"', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'clearly', 'stated.', 'Taking', 'a', '256', 'dram', 'for', 'a', '40-yd.', '(', '4', 'oz.', 'for', '10', 'yd.', ')', 'top', 'and', 'working', 'to', 'a', '4-dram', 'roving', '(', 'which', 'again', 'would', 'be', 'given', 'a', 'draft-without', 'doubling-of', '4.5', 'to', 'obtain', '1', '/', '30', "'s", 'count', ')', ',', 'the', 'problem', 'involved', 'may', 'be', 'set', 'out', 'as', 'follows', ':', 'Top', 'I', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'operations', 'Weight', 'in', 'drams.', '256', '4', 'Draft', 'Doublings.', '(', '5', ')', '(', '5', ')', '(', '5', ')', '(', '4', ')', '(', '4', ')', '(', '3', ')', '(', '3', ')', '(', '2', ')', '(', '2', ')', 'It', 'will', 'here', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'if', 'the', 'doublings', 'are', 'given', 'the', 'total', 'draft', 'required', 'may', 'be', 'readily', 'obtained.', 'Thus', ',', 'if', 'working', 'empirically', 'the', 'doublings', 'given', 'in', 'brackets', 'are', 'adopted', ',', 'then', 'the', 'total', 'draft', 'will', 'be', '64*', 'X5X5X5', 'X', '4', 'X', '4*3*3*', '2', 'X', '2', '=', '45920', 'and', '45920', '5.5', 'equal', 'drafts', 'for', 'the', 'nine', 'operations', 'for', 'a', '4', 'dr.', 'roving.', '*', '256', '4', '-', '64', 'dominant', 'draft.', '176']

[[55, 55, 'Textile Machinery']]

['180', '(', '242', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'exceeding', 'the', 'draft', ';', 'but', ',', 'probably', ',', 'no', 'disadvantage', 'will', 'thereby', 'accrue.', 'The', 'full', 'particulars', 'for', 'the', 'list', 'given', 'on', 'p.', '175', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'worked', 'out', 'for', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'botany', '(', 'English', ')', 'drawing', 'a', '8', 'b1', 'CLA', '(', 'd', ')', '8', '88', 'Fig.', '54.-Illustrating', 'the', 'Principles', 'of', 'Doubling', 'in', 'Worsted Drawing machines', 'for', 'twisted', 'slivers.', 'Thus', 'the', 'draft', 'for', ',', 'say', ',', 'a', '3', 'in.', 'average', 'fibre', 'length', 'will', 'be-', '20', '"', '6.6', 'maximum', 'draft.', '3', 'Thus', 'doublings', 'from', ',', 'say', ',', 'six', 'downwards', 'may', 'be', 'employed.', 'These', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'balanced', 'with', 'the', '180']

[[61, 61, 'Textile Machinery']]

['183', '(', '245', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', '--', '1', '-', 'D', 'seven', 'ch', 'efi', 'ag', ',', 'the', 'pinoys', 'de', 'past', 'List', 'VII.', '--', 'WORSTED', 'COUNTS', 'OF', 'YARN', 'FOR', 'FRENCH', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINERY.', 'Sliver', 'from', 'Heilmann Comb', ',', '0.07.', 'Sliver', 'from', 'Finishing Gill-box', ',', '0.07', 'DRAWING', 'BOXES.', 'Worsien', 'Count', 'of', 'Yarn.', 'Double Drafter', 'Drafter', 'Reducer', 'Finisher', 'Spinning', 'Dr', ':', 'aft.', 'I', '2', '3', '4', '6', 'II', '1:53', '1.66', 'WARPS', '38', "'s", '40', "'s", '44', "'s", '47', "'s", '50', "'s", '53', "'s", '56', "'s", '60', "'s", '62', "'s", '62', "'s", '72', "'s", '80', "'s", '82', "'s", '85', "'s", '86', "'s", '94', "'s", '*090', '*090', '090', '090', '*094', '•100', '103', 'III', '*119', 'IOI', '•118', '•125', '*131', '•138', '•144', '150', '088', '088', '089', '.088', '•088', '094', '100', '100', '*100', '103', '•103', 'III', 'III', '•125', '•125', '•138', '440', '440', '440', '.440', '-440', '•470', '*505', '•500', '532', '440', '500', ':561', ':561', '•625', '•625', '690', '.720', '•781', '.781', '905', '•840', '940', '905', '1.00', '954', '|', '1•06', 'IOI', '1:13', 'I', '09', 'I.19', '1.16', '1.23', 'I.20', '1:35', 'I.01', 'I.13', 'I.19', "I'31", 'I.30', "I'44", 'I.34', '1:47', '1:42', '1.53', '1.47', '1.60', '1.57', '1.69', 'I.20', "I'35", 'I.44', '1:50', '1.63', '172', '1.81', 'I.94', "2'05", 'I.72', 'I.97', '2:15', '2.25', '2:35', '2.40', '2.60', '1078', "I'91", '2:05', '2', '20', '2.29', '2:40', '2:56', '2.20', '2.50', '2.75', '2.81', '2.94', '3.06', '3.20', '1.56', '1.69', '1.84', '1.97', '2.10', '2:25', '2:38', '2.50', '2.61', '2.25', '2:56', '2.81', '2.94', '3.05', '3:16', '3:40', '1.81', '1.94', '2:12', '2:25', '2:40', '2•бо', '2.72', '2.91', '3:04', '2:56', '2.97', '3.25', '3:35', '3:50', '370', '3.25', '3.51', '3.81', '4.06', '431', '4.63', '4.88', '5.20', '5.45', '4.63', '5:30', '5.80', '6.00', '6.25', '6.25', '6.50', 'II.7', "II'4", 'II.5', 'II.6', 'II.6', '1104', 'II.5', 'II', '5', 'II', '4', '13:4', '13.6', '13.6', '13:7', '13.6', 'WEFTS', '14', 'I', '3.88', '14:5', 'Approximate', 'Doublings', 'Approximate', 'Drafts', 'I', '13', '10-15', '4X4', '4', '4.75', 'I', '4.20', '2', '4:20', '4', '4.75', '3', '4.5', '3', '4.5', '4', '4', '75', '4.75', '3', '4.5', '183']

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['184', '(', '246', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'LIST', 'VIIA.-WEIGHIS', 'OF', 'SLIVERS', '(', 'DRAMS', 'PER', '40', 'YDS.', ')', 'FOR', 'FRENCH DRAWING MACHINERY', 'Sliver', 'from', 'the', 'Heilmann Comb', 'weighs', '4', 'oz.', '(', '256', 'drams', ')', 'per', '10', 'yards.', 'Sliver', 'from', 'Finishing Gill-box', 'weighs', 'oz.', '(', '256', 'drams', ')', 'per', '10', 'yards.', 'DRAWING BOXES', 'Finisher.', 'Spinning', 'Draft.', 'I', '2', '4', '5', '6', '4.80', '1107', '11:4', 'II.5', '11.6', 'II.6', 'II.4', 'II.5', 'II.5', '11.4', '13.4', '13.6', '13:6', '137', '13.6', '14.1', '14:5', '38', "'s", '204', '203', '41.5', '25.4', '23:5', '153', 'I', '2.0', '11.S', '10:1', '5.63', '40', "'s", '204', '208', '41.5', '23.5', '20.5', '13:5', 'II', 'O', '10.8', '9:44', '5', '20', '44', "'s", '204', '208', '41.5', '21.8', '19.5', '127', '10:3', '3.95', '8.65', '47', "'s", '204', '208', '41.5', '20:5', '18:3', '12.2', '9.60', '9:30', '8:14', '4.50', 'So', "'s", '196', '209', '41.5', '19.2', '18.2', 'II.2', '9', '05', '8.72', '7.63', "4'24", '53', "'s", '184', '195', '39.0', '18.1', '16.2', '10.6', '8.32', '8.14', '7.03', '3.95', '56', "'s", '179', '183', '36.5', '17.0', '15:4', '10:1', '8.00', '7.70', '6.72', '3.75', '60', "'s", '165', '183', '36.0', '15.8', '143', '9:40', '7.64', '7:32', '6.30', '3:53', '62', "'s", '154', '183', '34.5', '15.3', '13.6', '9.00', '7:15', '700', '6.03', '3:36', '62', "'s", '183', '178', '41.5', '18.1', '16.2', '10-6', '8.32', '8.14', '7.15', '3.95', '72', "'s", '156', '178', '36.5', '15.5', '14.0', '9.30', '7•32', '7.16', '6.17', '3:45', '80', "'s", '147', '165', '14.1', '12.7', '8.50', '6.66', '6.50', '5.65', '3:15', '82', "'s", '140', '165', '32:6', '13:7', '12:4', '8.29', '6:51', '6:23', '5.46', '3:05', '85', "'s", '133', '147', '293', '12.9', 'I', '2.0', '7.80', '6.00', '5.24', '2.93', '88', "'s", '128', '147', '29.3', '12', '5', 'II.4', '7.61', '5.98', '5.79', '4.95', '2.93', '94', "'s", '123', '133', '26.5', '11.7', '10.9', '7:05', '5.72', '5.38', '2.82', 'Approximate', 'Doublings', 'I', '16-18', '4', 'I', '2', '3', '3', 'Approximate', 'Drafts', '10-15', '|', '4X4', '4.20', '4.75', '4.5', '4.5', '4.75', '4.75', "4'5", '*', 'A', 'Gill-box', 'process', 'usually', 'precedes', 'this', ',', 'particularly', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'mixtures.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'the', 'conversion', 'methods', 'employed', 'to', 'effect', 'this', 'change', ':', '-', 'I', 'Worsted', 'Count', 'to', 'oz.', 'per', '10', 'yards', 'Worsted', 'Count', 'X', '3.5', '18.3', 'Worsted', 'Count', 'to', 'drams', 'per', '40', 'yards', 'Worsted', 'Count.', 'Worsted', 'Count', 'of', 'Yarn.', '*Double', 'Drafter.', 'Drafter.', 'Reducer.', 'WARPS', '32.6', '4.75', '4:20', 'WEFTS', '6:24', '4.82', '184']

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['185', '(', '247', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'rollers.', 'As', 'a', 'rule', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'that', 'the', 'slivers', 'are', 'so', 'firmly', 'gripped', 'by', 'the', 'drafting rollers', 'that', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'slip.', 'Under', 'these', 'conditions', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'half-way', 'house-the', 'fibres', 'are', 'either', 'under', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'back rollers', 'or', 'of', 'the', 'front rollers', ',', 'and', 'if', 'there', 'is', 'any', 'question', 'the', 'front rollers', 'assert', 'their', 'strength', 'and', 'the', 'fibres', 'are', 'extended', 'or', 'broken.', 'If', ',', 'however', ',', 'the', 'grip', 'of', ',', 'say', ',', 'the', 'back rollers', 'is', 'inefficient', ',', 'then', 'whatever', 'the', 'dis-', 'tance', 'apart', 'may', 'be', 'the', 'front rollers', 'will', 'take', 'off', 'the', 'fibres', 'at', 'different', 'tensions', 'and', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'chance', 'of', 'a', 'looped', 'yarn', 'being', 'produced', ';', 'and', 'similarly', 'with', 'a', 'defective', 'grip', 'of', 'front rollers', 'Thus', 'the', 'following', 'con-', 'ditions', 'of', 'roller-gripping', 'are', 'possible', ',', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'in', 'each', 'case', 'should', 'be', 'thought', 'out', ',', 'or', ',', 'better', 'still', ',', 'experimented', 'with', ':', '-', 'Back rollers', 'failing', 'to', 'grip', 'Front rollers', 'gripping', ';', 'gripping', 'failing', 'to', 'grip', ';', 'failing', 'to', 'grip', 'failing', 'to', 'grip', ';', 'gripping', 'gripping.', 'The', 'last', 'is', ',', 'of', 'course', ',', 'the', 'correct', 'condition', ',', 'and', 'every', 'box', 'should', 'be', 'designed', 'and', 'clothed', 'to', 'effect', 'this.', 'Given', ',', 'then', ',', 'the', 'last', 'condition', ',', 'what', 'possible', 'settings', 'of', 'the', 'ratch”', 'are', 'there', '?', 'There', 'are', 'three', 'possible', 'settings', 'of', 'the', 'ratch', 'for', 'any', 'given', 'length', 'of', 'fibre', ',', 'viz.', '1.', 'Front rollers', 'taking', 'control', 'of', 'fibre', 'before', 'back rollers', 'release', 'fibres', '(', 'A', ')', ';', 'after', 'back rollers', 're-', 'lease', 'fibres', '(', 'C', ')', ';', '3.', 'just', 'as', 'back rollers', 'release', 'fibres', '(', 'B', ')', '.', '(', 'See', 'Fig.', '55', ')', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'with', 'modern', 'tops', ',', 'which', 'may', 'be', '60', '2.', '1', '185']

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['186', '(', '248', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'composed', 'of', 'fibres', 'from', '2', 'in.', 'to', '5', 'in.', 'or', 'from', '3', 'in.', 'to', '12', 'in.', 'in', 'length', ',', 'the', 'third', 'condition-which', 'is', 'un-', 'doubtedly', 'the', 'correct', 'condition', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'other', 'than', 'approximated', 'to.', 'A', 'B.', '8', '8', '8', 'C', 'Fig.', '55.-', 'Illustrating', 'Ratching', 'in', 'Worsted', 'Drawing', '(', 'But', 'here', 'again', 'the', 'art', 'of', 'worsted', 'drawing', 'comes', 'in', ',', 'and', 'thoughtful', 'experiment', 'will', 'be', 'the', 'dominant', 'factor', 'in', 'the', 'making', 'of', 'the', 'worsted', 'drawing', 'overlooker-', 'or', 'may', 'we', 'not', 'say', 'engineer', '?', 'In', 'French drawing-boxes', 'the', '"', 'ratch', '"', 'is', 'usually', 'taken', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'distance', 'from', 'the', 'back rollers', 'to', 'the', 'porcupine', '(', 'see', 'Figs.', '62', 'and', '66a', ')', '.', 'Drawing', 'Twist-In', 'English drawing machinery', 'the', 'slivers', 'are', 'supported', 'between', 'the', 'back', 'and', 'front', '186']

[[92, 92, 'Textile Machinery'], [106, 106, 'Textile Machinery'], [109, 109, 'Textile Machinery'], [120, 120, 'Textile Machinery']]

['187', '(', '249', ')', 'ING', 'PRINCIPLES', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'in.', 'to', 's', 'un', 'other', 'rollers', 'either', 'by', 'fallers', 'or', 'carriers', 'Fallers', 'naturally', 'eliminate', 'the', 'necessity', 'for', 'or', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'twist', 'support', ';', 'but', 'carriers', 'offer', 'little', 'or', 'no', 'obstruction', 'to', 'twist', 'support', 'and', 'twist-fibre-control.', 'Thus', 'it', 'comes', 'about', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'customary', 'to', 'add', 'such', 'twist', 'to', 'slivers', 'coming', 'from', 'any', 'given', 'box', 'as', 'will', 'best', 'ensure', 'perfect', 'delivery', 'from', 'the', 'box', ',', 'and', 'more', 'particularly', 'ensure', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'these', 'slivers', 'during', 'entry', 'into', 'and', 'drafting', 'in', 'the', 'succeeding', 'box', 'In', 'open', 'drawing', 'the', 'twist', 'added', 'is', 'designed', 'to', 'ensure', 'strength', 'of', 'sliver', 'for', 'winding', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'bobbin', 'and', 'yet', 'not', 'to', 'interfere', 'with', 'the', 'fibres', 'sliding', 'upon', 'one', 'another.', 'Usually', 'the', 'twist', 'will', 'be', 'decided', 'to', 'ensure', 'efficient', 'control', 'during', 'drafting', ',', 'this', 'being', 'ample', 'to', 'ensure', 'efficient', '"', 'winding', 'on', '"', 'and', '"', 'drawing', 'off.”', 'It', 'is', 'much', 'to', 'be', 'regretted', 'that', 'so', 'little', 'is', 'known', 'about', 'the', 'frictional', 'co-efficients', 'of', 'fibres', ',', 'since', 'the', 'amount', 'of', 'twist', 'may', 'obviously', 'be', 'varied', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'friction', 'of', 'fibre', 'on', 'fibre.', 'Thus', 'to', 'satisfactorily', 'control', 'Alpaca', 'slivers', 'much', 'more', 'twist', 'must', 'be', 'inserted', 'than', 'in', 'drawing', 'wool', 'slivers', 'of', 'a', 'similar', 'thickness', ',', 'while', 'for', 'Ovibos', '-apparently', 'a', 'very', 'slippery', 'fibre', '--', 'less', 'twist', 'is', 'needed.*', 'From', 'recent', 'researches', 'carried', 'out', 'in', 'the', 'University', 'of', 'Leeds', 'two', 'results', 'obtained', 'have', 'a', 'bearing', 'on', 'this', 'present', 'problem.', 'It', 'has', 'been', 'found', 'that', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'maximum', 'strength', 'for', 'any', 'yarn', 'or', 'sliver', 'an', 'ex-', 'terior', 'fibre', 'angle', 'of', 'about', '25°', 'is', 'necessary.', 'The', 'discovery', 'also', 'has', 'been', 'made', 'that', 'unless', 'an', 'angle', 'approximating', 'to', '25°', 'is', 'obtained', ',', 'under', 'con-', 'tinuous', 'strain', 'such', 'as', 'during', 'weaving', ',', 'there', 'may', 'be', 'slipping', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'one', 'upon', 'the', 'other.', 'It', 'will', ',', 'therefore', ',', 'be', 'obvious', 'that', 'in', 'drafting', ',', 'an', 'exterior', 'fibre', 'angle', 'under', '25°', 'must', 'be', 'given', ',', 'and', 'that', '*', 'The', '“spring”', 'of', 'Alpaca', 'and', 'the', '“', 'plasticity', '"', 'of', 'the', 'Ovibos', 'fibre', 'is', 'probably', 'the', 'explanation.', ')', '187']

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['188', '(', '250', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'T', '=', 'TT', 'I', '2', 'д', 'the', 'slipping', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'upon', 'one', 'another', 'without', 'breakage', 'should', 'be', 'attained', 'if', 'by', 'any', 'means', 'possible', ':', 'the', 'addition', 'of', 'oil', 'may', 'be', 'one', 'means-drawing', 'in', 'water', ',', 'if', 'mechanically', 'possible', ',', 'another', 'means.', 'The', 'formula', 'given', 'to', 'hold', 'a', 'rope', 'tight', 'round', 'a', 'post', 'is—', 'T', ',', 'TI', '=', 'e', '2nTM', ',', 'in', 'which', 'tension', 'on', 'slack', 'side', ';', 'T', 'the', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'tight', 'side', 'when', 'rope', 'or', 'sliver', 'is', 'about', 'to', 'slip', ';', '=', 'number', 'of', 'turns', 'of', 'belt', 'on', 'the', 'pulley', 'or', 'roller', 'in', 'no.', 'of', 'rollers', 'worsted', 'spinning', ',', '-1', '-', ')', ';', 'the', 'co-efficient', 'of', 'friction', 'between', 'belt', 'and', 'the', 'pulley', 'With', 'knowledge', 'of', 'the', 'strength', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'being', 'dealt', 'with', 'and', 'of', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'holding', 'rollers', ',', 'no', 'doubt', 'on', 'these', 'lines', 'the', 'turns', 'per', 'yard', ',', 'per', 'foot', 'or', 'per', 'inch', 'might', 'well', 'be', 'worked', 'out.', 'But', 'the', 'working', 'would', 'be', 'somewhat', 'complex.', 'The', 'factors', 'involved', 'in', 'deciding', 'the', 'desirable', 'twist', 'for', 'drafting', 'worsted', 'slivers', 'are', 'certainly', 'many', ',', 'and', 'their', 'bearings', 'upon', 'one', 'another', 'are', 'somewhat', 'difficult', 'to', 'define', 'and', 'to', 'group', 'into', 'a', 'useful', 'formula.', 'It', 'might', 'be', 'taken', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'that', 'fibre', 'length', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'the', 'basis.', 'If', 'it', 'were', 'then', 'discovered', 'by', 'experiment', 'that', 'the', 'longest', 'fibres', 'should', 'make', ',', 'say', ',', 'three', 'turns', 'round', 'the', 'sliver', '(', 'see', 'Fig.', '38', ')', ',', 'then', 'for', 'thin', 'slivers', '(', 'for', 'the', 'finisher', 'and', 'roving', 'boxes', ')', 'the', 'formula', 'would', 'roughly', 'stand-', '3', 'fibre', 'length', 'turns', 'per', 'I', '"', '.', 'But', 'in', 'deciding', 'the', 'twist', 'for', 'a', 'sliver', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'deemed', 'necessary', 'to', 'maintain', 'the', 'same', 'relative', 'twist', '*', 'in', 'the', 'drafted', 'sliver', ',', 'and', 'as', 'diameters', 'decrease', 'as', 'v', 'draft', ',', 'Angle', 'of', 'exterior', 'fibres.', '13', '188']

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['191', '(', '253', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'IN', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'It', 'should', 'here', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'while', 'for', 'open', 'drawing', 'a', 'maximum', 'amount', 'of', 'twist', 'may', 'be', 'necessary', '--', 'although', 'from', 'the', 'point', 'of', 'view', 'of', 'rollers', ',', 'power', 'consumed', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'a', 'minimum', 'amount', 'would', 'obviously', 'be', 'desirable-in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'cone', 'drawing', 'the', 'only', 'twist', 'absolutely', 'necessary', 'is', 'that', 'to', 'ensure', 'the', 'sliver', 'being', 'satisfactorily', 'drawn', 'off', 'the', 'bobbin', 'when', 'being', 'fed', 'in', 'to', 'the', 'succeeding', 'box', ',', 'although', 'frequently', 'more', 'twist', 'than', 'this', 'will', 'give', 'better', 'drafting', 'fibre-contact.', 'Thus', 'twist', 'will', 'be', 'a', 'function', 'of', 'fibre', 'friction', 'on', 'fibre', ';', 'bobbin', 'friction', 'on', 'bearings', '(', 'type', 'of', 'creel', ')', ';', 'thickness', 'of', 'sliver', ';', 'speed', 'of', 'draw-off', 'of', 'sliver', ';', 'maximum', 'and', 'minimum', 'diameters', 'of', 'bobbin', 'These', 'points', 'being', 'decided', 'experimentally', 'would', 'no', 'doubt', 'lead', 'to', 'a', 'method', 'or', 'rule', 'superior', 'to', 'the', 'present', 'almost', 'pure', 'empiricism.', 'Selection', 'of', 'Sets', 'of', 'Gill-', 'and', 'Drawing-boxes', 'The', 'first', 'principles', 'involved', 'in', 'the', 'selection', 'of', 'gill-boxes', 'as', 'against', 'drawing-boxes', 'or', 'in', 'designing', 'suitable', 'com-', 'binations', 'of', 'gill-boxes', 'and', 'drawing-boxes', 'will', 'be', 'best', 'considered', 'when', 'dealing', 'with', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', 'for', 'the', 'coloured', 'trade.', 'It', 'should', 'here', 'be', 'noted', ',', 'how-', 'ever', ',', 'that', 'if', 'several', 'qualities', 'of', 'white', '(', 'undyed', ')', 'tops', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'mixed', 'together-and', 'this', 'is', 'the', 'best', 'method', 'employed', 'in', 'Yorkshire', 'to', 'maintain', 'a', 'standard', 'quality', 'year', 'in', 'and', 'year', 'out', '--', 'then', 'perfect', 'mixing', 'is', 'just', 'as', 'important', 'as', 'in', 'mixing', 'black', 'and', 'white', 'tops', ':', 'imperfect', 'mixing', 'will', 'eventually', 'result', 'in', 'defective', 'streaky', 'pieces.', 'That', 'the', 'streakiness', 'does', 'not', 'appear', 'until', 'the', 'pieces', 'are', 'piece-dyed', 'does', 'not', 'exonerate', 'the', 'spinner', 'from', 'responsibility', 'in', 'causing', 'the', 'defect.', '191']

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['192', '(', '254', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'VII', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', 'CLOTHING', 'OF', 'BASIC', 'PRINCIPLES', 'The', 'mechanical', 'clothing', 'of', 'the', 'principles', 'dealt', 'with', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'carefully', 'considered.', 'There', 'are', 'four', 'distinct', 'types', 'of', 'machines', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'conversion', 'of', 'the', 'comparatively', 'thick', '"', 'top', 'into', 'the', 'comparatively', 'thin', 'and', 'level', '“', 'roving', ',', '"', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'worsted', 'spinner', 'may', 'produce', 'a', 'fine', ',', 'level', 'thread.', 'These', 'are-', '1.', 'The', 'gill-box', '(', 'Figs.', '56', 'and', '57', ')', ';', '2.', 'The', 'open drawing-box', ';', '3.', 'The', 'cone drawing-box', '(', 'Fig.', '61', ')', ';', 'and', '4.', 'The', 'French drawing-box', '(', 'Figs.', '62', ',', '63', ',', '66', 'and', '66a', ')', '.', 'Under', 'extraordinary', 'circumstances', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'employ', 'combinations', 'of', 'these', 'machines.', 'For', 'example', ',', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'French', 'drawing-boxes', 'treating', 'open', 'slivers', 'may', 'culminate', 'in', 'a', 'cone roving-box', 'pre-', 'paring', 'slivers', 'for', 'spinning', 'on', 'the', 'cap', ',', 'ring', 'or', 'flyer frames', 'Under', 'these', 'circumstances', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'introduce', 'into', 'the', 'cone roving-box', 'a', 'control', '”', 'for', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'untwisted', 'fibres', 'between', 'back', 'and', 'front rollers', 'Cases', 'such', 'as', 'this', ',', 'however', ',', 'are', 'so', 'rarely', 'to', 'be', 'met', 'with', ',', 'and', 'are', 'so', 'readily', 'solved', 'in', 'view', 'of', 'sound', 'knowledge', 'of', 'the', 'principles', 'already', 'dealt', 'with', 'that', 'they', 'do', 'not', 'here', 'call', 'for', 'further', 'com-', 'ment', 'or', 'treatment.', 'porcupine-', '192']

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['193', '(', '255', ')', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', '1.', 'The', 'Gill-box', 'careful', 'study', 'of', 'the', 'pre paring gill-boxes', ',', 'strong gill-boxes', 'and', 'finisher gill-boxes', '(', '"', 'Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing', ',', '"', 'p.', '200', ')', 'will', 'have', 'cleared', 'the', 'way', 'for', 'here', 'studying', 'just', 'those', 'special', 'points', 'which', 'the', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'must', 'perfectly', 'apprehend.', 'Gill-boxes', 'may', 'be', 'studied', 'under', 'the', 'following', 'heads', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Ordinary gill-boxes', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Extraordinary gill-boxes', ',', 'these', 'being', '1.', 'Expanding screw-thread gill-boxes', ';', '2.', 'Double sets of fallers gill-boxes', ';', '3.', 'Double or treble thread gill-boxes', ';', '4.', 'The', 'O.P.S gill-box', ';', 'and', '5.', 'The', 'intersecting gill-box', 'To', 'illustrate', 'the', 'ordinary', 'gill-box', 'in', 'a', 'multiple', 'form', 'Fig.', '56', 'is', 'given.', 'In', 'this', 'figure', ',', 'four', 'heads', 'economically', 'controlled', 'are', 'shown', ',', 'the', 'following', 'calculations', 'being', 'arranged', 'to', 'illustrate', 'clearly', 'without', 'further', 'details', 'the', 'principles', 'of', 'driving', 'and', 'calculation', 'involved.', 'Total', 'Draft', ':', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'front rollers', ':', '50', 'm', '/', 'm', 'x', '35', 'x', '65', 'x', '70', '=', '6.26', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'back rollers', ':', '50', 'm', '/', 'm', 'x', '65', 'x', '17', 'x', '23', 'Back', 'Draft', ':', 'Speed', 'of', 'Fallers', '70', 'x', '65', 'x', '25', 'x', '11', 'm', '/', 'm', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'back rollers', ':', '50', 'm', '/', 'm', 'x', 'tt', 'x', '23', 'x', '17', 'x', '18', '=', "I'13", 'Front', 'Draft', ':', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'front rollers', ':', '50', 'm', '/', 'm', 'x', '+', 'x', '35', 'x', '18', 'Speed', 'of', 'Fallers', ':', '65', 'x', '25', 'x', '11', 'm', '/', 'm', '5:54', 'Total', 'Draft', ':', 'I.13', 'X', '5:54', '=', '6.26', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'useful', 'to', 'calculate', 'the', 'gauge-point', 'so', 'that', 'either', 'N', '193']

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['194', '(', '259', ')', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '1', '(', '=', '35', '35', ')', '=', 'Therefore', 'if', 'this', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'the', 'G.P.', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands-', 'Draft', 'G.P.', 'Change', 'wheel', ',', 'and', 'change', 'wheel', 'x', 'G.P.', '=Draft.', '6.26', 'and', '(', '35', 'X', ':179', '=', '6•26', ')', '•179', 'This', 'is', 'an', 'interesting', 'example', 'of', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'reciprocals', 'which', 'should', 'be', 'thoroughly', 'apprehended', ';', 'and', 'then', 'one', 'or', 'other', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'possible', 'G.P.s', 'always', 'employed.', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'the', 'calculations', 'for', 'all', 'the', 'speeds', 'and', 'drafts', 'directly', 'from', 'the', 'pulley shaft', '(', '40', 'wheel', ')', ':', 'Back Roller', ':', '40', 'X', '17', 'X', '23', 'X', '50', 'X', '22', '70', 'x', '65', 'x', '70', 'x', '7', 'x', '1000', '=', '.0077', 'of', 'a', 'metre.', 'Fallers', ':', '40', 'X', '25', 'X', 'II', '=.00873', 'of', 'a', 'metre.', '70', 'X', '18', 'X', '1000', 'Front', 'Rollers', ':', '40', 'X', '35', 'X', '50', 'X', '22', '=.0483', 'of', 'a', 'metre.', '70', 'x', '65', 'x', '7', 'X', '1000', 'Winding-on', ':', '40', 'X', '35', 'X', '22', 'X', '22', 'X', '100', 'X', '22', '=·0298', 'of', 'a', 'metre.', '70', 'X', '65', 'X', '25', 'X', '40', 'X', '7', 'X', '1000', 'Front Roller', 'Speed', '.0483', 'Front Draft Faller', 'Speed', '00873', '=', '5:53', 'Back Draft Faller', 'Speed', '.00873', '=', "I'13", 'Back', 'Roller', 'Speed', '0077', 'Front', 'Roller', 'Speed', '0483', 'Total', 'Draft', '6•27', 'Back', 'Roller', 'Speed', '0077', 'For', 'any', 'given', 'or', 'suitable', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'pulley shaft', 'there', 'will', 'be', 'no', 'difficulty', 'in', 'calculating', '(', 'a', ')', 'Take-in', 'of', 'back rollers', 'in', 'metres', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'speed', 'of', 'fallers', 'in', 'metres', 'traversed', 'or', 'in', 'fallers', 'per', 'minute', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'delivery', 'of', 'front rollers', 'in', 'metres', 'per', 'minute.', '195']

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['194', '(', '260', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'The', 'design', 'of', 'box', 'for', 'running', 'a', 'large', 'number', 'of', 'fallers', 'a', 'minute', 'must', 'be', 'carefully', 'studied-if', ',', 'say', ',', 'only', '100', 'per', 'minute', 'are', 'required', ',', 'design', 'of', 'cams', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'is', 'not', 'so', 'important', ',', 'but', 'in', 'such', 'a', 'box', 'as', 'the', '2-spindle gill', 'where', 'above', '300', 'fallers', 'a', 'minute', '(', '=', '300', 'inches', 'moved', 'per', 'minute', 'with', '1', 'in.', 'pitch', ')', 'may', 'be', 'desirable', ',', 'every', 'endeavour', 'must', 'be', 'made', 'to', 'obtain', 'perfect', 'control', 'by', 'good', 'design', 'in', 'the', 'parts', 'controlling', 'the', 'fallers', 'or', 'faller-locking', '"', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'avoided.', 'The', 'advantage', 'of', 'the', 'circular gill', '(', 'the', 'porcupine', ')', 'is', 'here', 'in', 'evidence.', 'The', 'porcupine', 'is', 'frequently', 'run', 'at', 'over', '200', 'in.', 'per', 'minute', 'on', 'its', 'working', 'circumference.', '*', '*', 'V.', 'Of', 'the', 'extraordinary', 'gill-boxes', ',', 'type', '1', 'has', 'never', 'been', 'employed', 'as', 'other', 'than', 'a', 'preparatory gill-box', ',', 'and', 'owing', 'to', 'its', 'tendency', 'to', '"', 'faller-mark', '"', 'the', 'sliver', 'has', 'failed', 'to', 'make', 'good', ';', 'and', 'type', '2', 'is', 'only', 'found', 'to', 'be', 'useful', 'in', 'the', 'early', 'stages', 'of', 'preparing', 'wool', '-say', 'for', 'the', 'first', 'two', 'operations', 'in', 'preparing', 'wool', 'for', 'combing', 'by', 'preparing gill-boxes—the', 'lack', 'of', 'control', 'exercised', 'by', 'the', 'fallers', 'over', 'fibre-straightened', 'slivers', 'being', 'obvious', 'in', 'this', 'and', 'even', 'in', 'the', 'single-set', 'of', 'faller gill-boxes', '(', '"', 'Wool', 'Carding', 'and', 'Combing', ',', '"', 'p.', '207', ')', '.', 'The', 'employment', 'of', 'double', 'or', 'treble', 'screw-threads', 'referred', 'to', 'under', '(', '3', ')', 'is', 'worthy', 'of', 'more', 'careful', 'considera-', 'tion', ',', 'for', 'by', 'this', 'means', 'fallers', 'may', 'be', 'traversed', 'rapidly', 'under', 'good', 'mechanical', 'control', ',', 'and', 'yet', 'the', 'sliver', 'may', 'be', 'well', 'supported', 'by', 'the', 'necessary', 'number', 'of', 'fallers', 'between', 'back', 'and', 'front', 'rollers.', 'The', 'O.P.S box', 'referred', 'to', 'under', '(', '4', ')', 'is', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'interesting', 'recently', 'introduced.', 'In', 'Fig.', '57', 'the', 'plan', 'of', 'a', 'double-head', 'box', 'of', 'this', 'description', 'is', 'given.', 'The', 'calculations', 'for', 'this', 'box', 'may', 'be', 'briefly', 'set', 'out', 'as', 'follows', ':', '196']

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['197', '(', '263', ')', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '5', '16', 'Total', 'Draft', ':', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'front rollers', ':', '"', 'x', '50', 'x', '35', 'x', '90', 'X', '100', '7:59', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'back rollers', ':', '21', '"', 'x', '24', 'x', '48', 'x', '18', 'x', '30', 'Back', 'Draft', ':', 'Speed', 'of', 'Fallers', ':', 'x', '2', '(', 'double', 'thread', ')', 'x', '18', 'x', '90', 'X', '100', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'back rollers', ':', '23', '"', 'x', 'T', 'X', '18', 'x', '18', 'x', '30', 'I', '32', 'Front', 'Draft', ':', 'Surface', 'speed', 'of', 'front rollers', ':', '"', 'X', 'TT', 'X', '50', 'x', '35', 'x', '18', '5.73', 'Speed', 'of', 'fallers', ':', '"', 'x', '2', 'x', '24', 'x', '48', 'x', '18', 'Total', 'Draft', 'I.32', 'X', '5.73', '7:56', 'Speed', 'of', 'Fallers', ':', 'Revs.', 'of', 'main shaft', '(', '240', ')', 'X', '38', 'X', '18', 'X', '2', 'minute', ':', 'per', '332', 'fallers', 'per', 'minute.', 'Gauge', 'Point', ':', 'I', 'X', '100', 'X', '90', 'One', 'rev.', 'of', 'B.R.', 'gives', 'revs.', 'of', 'back shaft', '5', 'B', '55', 'X', '18.', '30', 'X', '18', '16.7', 'I', 'X', '48', 'x', '24', 'One', 'rev', ',', 'of', 'F.R.', 'gives', '=', '33', 'teeth', 'moved.', '35', 'Therefore', 'Teeth', 'for', 'I', 'rev.', 'of', 'F.R.', '33', 'Rev.', 'of', 'back shaft', ':', '=', '2', 'teeth', 'in', 'change wheel', '16.7', 'for', 'no', 'draft.', '2', 'X', '21', '"', 'Correction', 'for', 'sizes', 'of', 'rollers', ':', '6.7', 'teeth', 'in', 'change wheel', 'for', 'no', 'draft.', 'And', 'for', 'draft', '(', '7.59', ')', 'Teeth', 'for', 'no', 'draft', '"', '(', '67', ')', 'draft', 'required', '(', '7.59', ')', '=', 'teeth', 'in', 'change wheel', '(', '50', ')', 'Therefore', 'G.P.', '-', '6.7', 'and', 'G.P.', 'x', 'Draft Change wheel', '(', '6.7', 'x', '7.59', ')', '50', '197']

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['199', '(', '265', ')', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', 'For', 'a', 'draft', 'of', '7.59', 'for', 'one', 'revolution', 'of', 'back shaft', ',', 'therefore', '-1519', '=', '6-7', 'sections', '(', 'or', 'teeth', ')', 'change', 'wheel', 'for', 'no', 'draft', ',', ',', 'I', 'X', '7.59', 'teeth', 'per', 'section', 'and', '*', '50', 'change', 'wheel', '•1519', 'Now', '.1519', 'is', 'the', 'reciprocal', 'of', '6.7', 'I', '50', ')', '=', "'1519", '6.7', 'Therefore', 'if', 'this', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'the', 'G.P.', 'the', 'calculation', 'stands-', 'Draft', 'G.P.', 'Change', 'wheel', 'and', 'change', 'wheel', 'x', 'G.P.', '=', 'Draft.', '7:59', 'and', '(', '50', 'x', '•1519', '=', '7.59', ')', '•1519', 'This', 'corresponds', 'with', 'the', 'example', 'given', 'on', 'p.', '194.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'noted', 'here', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'usually', 'necessary', 'to', 'check', 'calculations', 'similar', 'to', 'this', 'by', 'direct', 'experi-', 'ment.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'this', 'particular', 'box', 'owing', 'to', 'slight', 'differences', 'the', 'G.P.', 'is', '106.', 'As', 'illustrating', 'the', 'difference', 'that', 'this', 'makes', '50', 'X', '•106', '=', '5.3', 'Draft', 'There', 'are', 'three', 'specially', 'interesting', 'features', 'in', 'this', 'box', '1.', 'The', 'front rollers', 'are', 'extraordinarily', 'small', ',', 'thus', 'favouring', 'the', 'control', 'and', 'satisfactory', 'treat-', 'ment', 'of', 'the', 'shortest', 'wools', ';', '2.', 'The', 'front rollers', 'are', 'spirally', 'grooved', ';', '3.', 'The', 'fallers', 'have', 'a', 'half-fall', 'action', 'favouring', 'the', 'reduction', 'of', 'the', 'distance', 'between', 'the', 'wool', 'in', 'the', 'faller', 'and', 'the', 'wool', 'under', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'front roller', 'to', 'a', 'minimum.', 'A', 'variation', 'of', 'the', 'ordinary gill-box', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'found', '199']

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['200', '(', '266', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '18', '"', 'and', '18', '34', '"', 'pitch', '35', 'CW.', 'FR', '(', '600', '70', 'IA', '(', '2', ')', '4p', 'TAE', '674', 'BR', '0', '40', '170', '26', '62', '20', ')', '6', '%', '"', '6', '/', '"', 'Fig.', '58.-The', 'Two Spindle Gill-box', '200']

[[44, 44, 'Textile Machinery']]

['201', '(', '267', ')', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', 'in', 'the', 'two-spindle', 'gill-box', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'slivers', 'on', 'emerging', 'from', 'the', 'front rollers', 'are', 'slightly', 'twisted', '(', 'see', 'p.', '200', ')', ',', 'and', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'a', 'bobbin', 'In', 'Fig.', '58', 'this', 'machine', 'is', 'illustrated', 'diagrammatically', 'in', 'elevation', 'and', 'plan.', 'The', 'calculations', 'involved', 'are', 'so', 'similar', 'on', 'the', 'one', 'hand', 'to', 'those', 'involved', 'in', 'gill-box', 'calculation', 'and', 'on', 'the', 'other', 'hand', 'to', 'ordinary drawing-box', 'calcu-', 'lations', 'that', 'a', 'brief', 'statement', 'of', 'the', 'calculations', 'in-', 'volved', 'is', 'all', 'that', 'is', 'necesary', ':', 'Back Roller', 'Speed', ':', '500', 'x', '61', 'x', '40', 'x', '17', 'x', '20', 'x', '3', 'x', 'tt', '12', 'X', '70', 'X', '70', 'X', '70', '98', 'inches', 'per', 'minute.', 'Faller', 'Speed', ':', '500', 'x', '64', 'x', '40', '18', 'x', '**', '=I12', 'inches', 'per', '12', 'X', '70', 'X', '18', 'minute.', 'Front Roller', 'Speed', ':', '500', 'x', '64', 'x', '40', 'x', '(', '35', ')', '*', 'If', 'x', 'tt', '12', 'х', '70', 'х', 'бо', '-', '477', 'inches', 'per', 'minute.', 'Spindle', 'Speed', ':', '500', 'x', '61', 'x', '8', 'x', '20', 'x', '5', '82', 'revs.', 'per', '12', 'x', '63', 'x', 'бо', 'х', '62', 'minute.', 'Total', 'Draft', '484', '•', '98', '4.87.', 'Draft', 'between', 'Back Rollers', 'and', 'Fallers', '=', '112', ';', '98', '=', "I'14", 'Draft', 'between', 'Fallers', 'and', 'Front Rollers', '=', '484', '•', '112', "=4'32.", 'The', 'Gauge', 'Point', 'should', 'be', 'worked', 'out', 'with', 'the', '(', '35', ')', 'wheel', 'as', 'the', 'change', 'wheel.', '82', 'X', '12', 'The', 'turns', 'per', 'foot', '=', '2:06', 'turns', 'per', 'foot.', '484', 'The', 'mangle', 'lifter-plate', 'control', 'should', 'be', 'especially', 'noted.', 'The', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'lifter-plate', 'to', 'effect', 'the', 're-', '65', '*', 'A', 'double-threaded', 'screw', 'is', 'employed', 'here', ',', 'hence', 'double', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'supporting', 'fallers', 'for', 'the', 'required', 'faller', 'speed.', '201']

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['202', '(', '268', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'quired', 'distribution', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'is', 'very', 'important', 'in', 'both', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', '(', 'see', 'p.', '247', ')', '.', 'The', 'intersecting gill-box', 'referred', 'to', 'under', '(', '5', ')', 'is', 'a', 'box', 'employed', 'on', 'the', 'Continent', 'in', 'the', 'gilling', 'of', 'fine', 'wools', 'prior', 'to', 'French', 'drawing.', 'The', 'construction', 'and', 'action', 'of', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'box', 'will', 'be', 'realized', 'from', 'Fig.', '59', ',', 'kindly', 'supplied', 'by', 'Messrs.', 'Greenwood', 'and', 'Batley', ',', 'Ltd.', 'For', 'some', 'reason', 'or', 'other', 'this', 'box', 'does', 'not', 'seem', 'to', 'find', 'much', 'favour', 'with', 'British', 'spinners.', 'This', 'should', 'certainly', 'be', 'inquired', 'into.', '2.', 'The', 'Open Drawing-box-This', 'box', 'consists', 'of', 'back and front rollers', 'with', 'carriers', 'supporting', 'the', 'slivers', 'as', 'they', 'pass', 'from', 'back', 'to', 'front rollers', 'It', 'is', 'made', 'to', 'several', 'dimensions', 'according', 'to', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'weight', 'of', 'sliver', 'to', 'be', 'controlled', ';', '(', ')', 'the', 'length', 'and', 'strength', 'of', 'the', 'wool', 'forming', 'the', 'slivers', 'under', 'treatment.', 'The', 'sizes', 'of', 'the', 'bobbins', 'are', 'an', 'important', 'factor', ',', 'and', 'must', 'be', 'carefully', 'considered', '(', 'see', 'p.', '241', ')', '.', 'The', 'following', 'calculations', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'box', 'may', 'be', 'usefully', 'considered', ':', '-', 'I.', 'Total', 'draft', 'of', 'box', '19.', 'Carrier', 'drafts', 'and', 'setting.', '2.', 'Speed', 'of', 'spindles', '3.', 'Twist.', '4.', 'Draft', 'gauge', 'point.”', '5.', 'Twist', '"', 'gauge', 'point.', '"', 'The', 'theory', 'of', 'carrier', 'setting', 'can', 'not', 'be', 'gone', 'into', 'here', ',', 'but', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'firmly', 'kept', 'in', 'mind', 'that', 'the', 'wool', 'is', 'always', 'running', 'at', 'one', 'of', 'two', 'speeds-back', 'roller', '202']

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['203', '(', '271', ')', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', '1', 'speed', 'or', 'front', 'roller', 'speed', 'and', 'the', 'carrier', 'should', 'be', 'set', 'and', 'speeded', 'with', 'this', 'firmly', 'in', 'mind.*', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'in', 'the', 'drawing-boxes', 'the', 'limit', 'of', 'production', 'due', 'to', 'limit', 'in', 'spindle', 'speed', 'is', 'reached.', 'It', 'is', 'an', 'interesting', 'question', 'to', 'decide', 'exactly', 'where', 'this', 'takes', 'place.', 'The', 'winding', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'bobbin', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'washer-retardation', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'is', 'an', 'interesting', 'operation', 'which', 'should', 'be', 'perfectly', 'visualized.', 'It', 'will', 'thus', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'go', 'into', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'sliver', 'as', 'twist', ';', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'coils', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'for', 'winding-on.', 'Thus', 'a', 'sliver', 'may', 'be', 'drawn', 'from', 'a', 'bobbin', 'in', 'three', 'ways', 'I.', 'Straight', 'with', 'bobbin', 'revolving.', 'In', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'twist', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'is-', 'Revs.', 'of', 'spindle', '-', 'coils', 'on', 'bobbin', '2.', 'Off', 'one', 'end', 'when', 'the', 'twist', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'is', '-', 'Revs.', 'of', 'spindle', '2', '(', 'coils', 'on', 'bobbin', ')', '.', '3.', 'Off', 'the', 'other', 'end', 'when', 'the', 'twist', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'is', '-', 'Revs.', 'of', 'spindle', '+', '2', '(', 'coils', 'on', 'bobbin', ')', '.', 'Knocker-off', 'Motion.', '--', 'In', 'order', 'to', 'balance', 'up', 'acci-', 'dental', 'differences', 'in', 'the', 'weights', 'of', 'slivers', 'it', 'is', 'necessary', 'to', 'have', 'on', 'certain', 'boxes', 'knocker-off', 'motions', 'which', 'stop', 'the', 'box', 'when', 'a', 'previously', 'decided', 'length', 'of', 'sliver', '*', 'The', 'musk', '-ox', 'fibre', 'is', 'again', 'a', 'useful', 'example.', 'It', 'carries', 'long', 'hairs', '(', '12', 'in.', ')', 'of', 'the', 'outer-coat', 'and', 'as', 'the', 'under-coat', 'fibres', 'are', 'only', '6', 'in.', ',', 'the', 'difficulties', 'of', 'ratching', 'and', 'carrier', 'setting', 'are', 'very', 'great.', 'It', 'is', 'found', 'best', 'to', 'ratch', 'to', 'the', 'longest', 'fibres', '(', '12', 'in.', ')', 'and', 'put', 'a', 'heavy', 'metal', 'carrier', 'to', 'control', 'the', 'bulk', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'at', '6', 'in.', '203']

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['204', '(', '272', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'has', 'been', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'each', 'bobbin', 'The', 'bobbins', 'are', 'then', 'weighed', 'on', 'such', 'a', 'balance', 'as', 'that', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '60', ',', 'and', 'as', 'the', 'wood', 'bobbins', 'themselves', 'weigh', 'the', 'same', ',', 'and', 'the', 'lengths', 'of', 'sliver', 'upon', 'these', 'are', 'the', 'same', ',', 'any', 'differences', 'there', 'may', 'be', 'are', 'due', 'to', 'irregu-', 'larities', 'in', 'sliver.', 'The', 'bobbins', 'are', 'then', 'balanced', 'up', 'against', 'one', 'another', 'and', 'irregularities', 'thus', 'corrected.', 'It', 'is', 'a', 'matter', 'of', 'opinion', 'how', 'often', 'during', 'the', 'drawing', 'processes', 'this', 'should', 'be', 'done.', 'The', 'same', 'idea', 'may', 'also', 'be', 'applied', 'to', 'gill-boxes', 'so', 'that', 'two', 'types', 'of', 'knocker-off', 'motion', 'are', 'in', 'use', ',', 'viz.', '1.', 'The', 'gill-box', 'knocker-off', 'for', 'shorter', 'lengths', 'of', 'thick', 'slivers', ';', 'and', '2.', 'The', 'drawing-box', 'knocker-off', 'for', 'longer', 'lengths', 'of', 'finer', 'slivers.', 'Each', 'motion', 'includes', 'ingenious', 'features', 'which', 'should', 'be', 'thoroughly', 'studied', ',', 'the', 'first', 'employing', 'the', 'equivalent', 'of', 'the', '“hunting', 'tooth”', 'and', 'the', 'latter', 'the', 'advantage', 'of', 'a', 'worm', 'and', 'worm-wheel', '3.', 'The', 'Cone Drawing-box.-As', 'fully', 'explained', 'in', 'the', 'succeeding', 'chapter', ',', 'the', 'basic', 'difference', 'between', 'the', 'cone', 'and', 'open', 'types', 'of', 'drawing-boxes', 'is', 'in', 'the', 'method', 'adopted', 'of', 'positively', 'controlling', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', '(', 'a', ')', 'to', '"', 'lead”', 'on', 'the', 'spindle-speed', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'take', 'up', 'exactly', 'the', 'sliver', 'delivered', 'by', 'the', 'front rollers', 'and', 'to', 'obviate', 'possible', 'rupture', 'of', 'sliver', ';', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'to', 'change', 'this', '"', 'lead', '”', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'bobbin', 'change', 'in', 'circumference', ',', 'i.e.', 'to', 'change', 'its', 'number', 'of', 'revolutions', 'as', 'it', 'increases', 'in', 'diameter', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'maintain', 'a', 'constant', 'surface', 'or', '"', 'taking-up”', 'speed.', '204']

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['205', '(', '273', ')', 'TO', 'WEIGH', '50Ls.', 'AVERY', 'NO', 'SPRINGS', 'SEX', 'Fig.', 'Automatic Bobbin Weighing Machine', '(', '50', 'lbs', '.', ')']

[[12, 12, 'Textile Machinery']]

['207', '(', '275', ')', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', 'It', 'will', 'further', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'the', 'variable', 'bobbin', 'speed', 'may', 'involve-', '(', 'c', ')', 'a', 'variable', ',', 'positive', 'but', 'delicate', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'lifter-plate', 'action', ',', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'a', 'solid', ',', 'level', 'bobbin', 'may', 'be', 'built', 'up', ',', 'this', 'being', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'the', 'exact', 'changes', 'required', ',', 'these', 'changes', 'being', 'directly', 'or', 'indirectly', 'effected', 'by', 'the', 'cones', ';', 'and', '(', 'd', ')', 'variation', 'as', 'required', 'in', 'the', 'indirect', 'action', 'of', 'other', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'cone-box-such', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'twist', 'inserted', '--', 'made', 'possible', 'through', 'the', 'delivery', 'with', 'which', 'even', 'fine', 'rovings', 'can', 'be', 'laid', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'with', 'practically', 'no', 'strain', 'at', 'all.', 'The', 'cone drawing', 'or', 'roving box', ',', 'although', 'not', 'as', 'complex', 'as', 'the', 'mule', ',', 'has', 'already', 'been', 'treated', 'in', 'nomograph', 'form', 'so', 'that', 'all', 'that', 'need', 'further', 'be', 'illus-', 'trated', 'here', 'is', 'the', 'general', 'plan', 'of', 'a', 'typical', 'box', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'the', 'criticisms', 'which', 'are', 'made', 'in', 'the', 'succeeding', 'chapter', 'may', 'be', 'fully', 'appreciated.', 'In', 'Fig.', '61', 'a', 'plan', 'of', 'such', 'a', 'box', 'is', 'given', ',', 'by', 'means', 'of', 'which', 'the', 'following', 'prime', 'functions', 'may', 'be', 'realized-', 'I.', 'The', 'constant', 'drive', 'of', 'the', 'front rollers', ';', '2.', 'The', 'constant', 'drive', 'of', 'the', 'flyers', ';', 'NOTE', ':', '(', 'I', ')', 'and', '(', '2', ')', 'being', 'constant', 'maintain', 'a', 'constant', 'delivery', 'and', 'twist', 'to', 'the', 'sliver', 'being', 'treated.', '3.', 'The', 'direct', 'drive', 'to', 'the', 'bobbin', 'back', 'through', 'the', 'crown wheel', ';', 'and', '3a.', 'The', 'modification', 'of', 'the', 'direct', 'drive', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'by', 'the', 'crown wheel', 'driven', 'through', 'the', 'cones', ';', 'а.', '205']

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['208', '(', '276', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '72', 'teeth', '.', '.', '»', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', '52', '50', '22', '6', '"', '2', "'", '=', '21', 'Wheel', 'Let', 'on', 'to', 'Bevel', 'Wheel', '50', 'Spindle Shaft', 'End', 'Wheel', 'Spindle Shaft', 'Wheel', 'Skew', 'Gear', 'Wheel', 'Top', 'Cone', 'Diameter', '-', 'Bottom', 'Cone', 'Diameter', 'Change', 'Wheel', 'on', 'Bottom', 'Cone', 'On', 'Short', 'Bevel', 'Wheel', 'Shaft', 'To', 'Drive', 'Jack', 'Wheel', 'Jack', 'Wheel', 'Wheel', 'on', 'Jack Shaft', 'Wheel', 'on', 'End', 'of', 'Bobbin Shaft', 'Wheel', 'on', 'Bobbin Shaft', 'Skew', 'Gear', 'on', 'Bobbin', 'Sock', '.', '1', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'CHO', 'T', '-', '0', 'o', '75', '30', '125', '72', '52', '50', '22', 'O', '.', '.', 'T', 'U', '.', 'A', 'B', 'D', 'F', '360', 'x', '42', 'x', '30', 'x', '32', 'Speed', 'of', 'front rollers', '=', '50', 'X', '52', 'X', '120', 'С', 'E', 'G', '46-5', 'r.p.m.', '=', 'A', 'R', 'J', 'Speed', 'of', 'spindles', '360', 'x', '72', 'x', '50', '1132', 'r.p.m.', '52', 'X', '22', 'Ι', 'K', 'A', 'B', 'D', 'L', 'N', 'P', 'Speed', 'of', 'crown wheel', '360', 'x', '42', 'x', '30', 'x', '6', '"', 'x', '21', 'x', '30', '50', 'X', '52', 'X', '2', 'X', '75', 'X', '125', 'С', 'E', 'M', 'Q', '=', '35.1*', 'r.p.m.', '75', 'X', 'A', 'R', 'T', 'Speed', 'of', 'bobbin', '(', '351', 'X', '2', '360', ')', 'x', '72', 'x', '50', '1353', '.r.p.m.', '52', 'X', '22', 'S', 'U', '4.', 'The', 'French Drawing-box.—This', 'type', 'of', 'draw-ing-box', 'is', 'so', 'likely', 'to', 'become', 'important', 'in', 'the', 'near', 'future', 'that', 'two', 'examples', 'are', 'here', 'given.', '*', 'The', 'student', 'or', 'overlooker', 'may', 'with', 'advantage', 'add', 'the', 'teeth', 'numbers', 'to', 'each', 'of', 'the', 'respective', 'toothed', 'wheels', 'on', 'the', 'diagram', '(', 'Fig.', '61', ')', '.', '208']

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['208', '(', '279', ')', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '.', '.', '.', 'Fig.', '62', 'is', 'a', 'plan', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'drawing-box', 'as', 'con-', 'structed', 'by', 'Messrs.', 'Platt', 'Bros.', ',', 'Oldham.', 'As', 'the', 'calcu-', 'lations', 'for', 'such', 'a', 'box', 'are', 'fully', 'given', 'when', 'dealing', 'with', 'the', 'finisher-box', 'the', 'following', 'particulars', 'only', 'are', 'given', 'here', ',', 'and', 'these', 'may', ',', 'of', 'course', ',', 'be', 'verified', 'by', 'calcula-', 'tions', 'based', 'on', 'the', 'figures', 'given', 'on', 'the', 'plan.', 'Ist', 'Draft', ':', 'carrier', 'on', 'back roller', 'I', '03', '2nd', 'Draft', ':', 'porcupine', 'on', 'carrier', 'I•036', '3rd', 'Draft', ':', 'front roller', 'on', 'porcupine', '3.909', '4th', 'total', 'draft', ':', 'I•03', 'X', '1.036', 'X', '3.909', '=', '4:17', 'The', 'surface', 'speeds', 'for', 'one', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'main shaft', 'are-', 'I.', 'Back roller', '0142', '2.', 'Carrier', '•01464', '3.', 'Porcupine', '01517', '4.', 'Front rollers', '•0593', '5.', 'Rubbing', 'leathers', '·', '*057', '6.', 'Winding-on', ':', '.056', 'These', 'figures', 'are', 'interesting', 'as', 'illustrating', 'the', 'various', 'tensions', 'desirable', 'in', 'the', 'meches', 'as', 'they', 'pass', 'through', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'box', 'In', 'Fig.', '63', 'the', 'plan', 'of', 'a', 'finisher French drawing-box', 'is', 'given', ',', 'from', 'which', 'the', 'following', 'details', 'may', 'readily', 'be', 'studied', 'Surface', 'speeds', 'for', 'I', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'main shaft', ':', '98', 'x', '55', 'x', '38', 'x', '40', 'x', 'ot', '1.', 'Back', 'rollers', ':', '0191', 'metre.', '100', 'X', 'II2', 'X', '120', 'X', '1000', '98', 'x', '55', 'x', '38', 'x', '40', 'X', '40', 'X', '2.', 'Ist', 'carrier', ':', '100', 'X', '112', 'X', '120', 'X', '38', 'X', '1000', '•0196', 'metre.', '98', 'x', '55', 'x', '38', 'x', '40', 'x', '27', 'x', 'tt', '3.', '2nd', 'carrier', ':', '•016', 'metre.', 'IOO', 'X', 'II2', 'X', '120', 'X', '31', 'X', '1000', '98', 'x', '55', 'x', '38', 'x', '31', 'x', '49', 'x', '38', 'x', '*', '4.', 'Porcupine', ':', '100', 'X', 'II2', 'X', '120', 'X', '102', 'X', '26', 'X', '1000', '=*0104', 'metre.', '.', '209']

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['208', '(', '280', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '100', 'X', '1000', '98', 'X', '22', 'X', 'TE', '5.', 'Front rollers', ':', '•0677', 'metre.', '98', 'x', '22', 'x', '75', 'x', 'ot', '6.', 'Rubbing leathers', '100', 'x', '78', 'x', '1000', '=', '.065', 'metre.', '98', 'x', '22', 'x', '30', 'x', '34', 'x', '110', 'x', 'tt', '7.', 'Winding-on', '=', '.056', '100', 'x', '78', 'x', '29', 'x', '60', 'X', '1000', 'metre.', 'From', 'these', 'particulars', 'the', 'following', 'drafts', 'may', 'be', 'calculated', ':', '-', '1.', 'Between', 'back rollers', 'and', 'ist', 'carrier', ':', 'Ist', 'carrier', '·0196', '=', '1.026', 'draft.', 'Back roller', '.0191', '2.', 'Between', 'ist', 'carrier', 'and', 'and', 'carrier', ':', '2nd', 'carrier', '=', '.016', '.852', 'draft', '(', 'retardation', ')', 'ist', 'carrier', ',', '.0196', '3.', 'Between', 'and', 'carrier', 'and', 'porcupine', ':', 'Porcupine', '=', '.0104', '=', '.623', 'draft', '(', 'retardation', ')', '2nd', 'carrier', ',', '.016', '4.', 'Between', 'porcupine', 'and', 'front rollers', ':', 'Front rollers', '•0677', '6.5096', 'draft', 'Porcupine', ',', '0104', '5.', 'Between', 'front rollers', 'and', 'rubbing leathers', ':', 'Rubbing leathers', '=', '.065', '=', '.957', 'draft', '(', 'retardation', ')', 'Front rollers', ',', '*0677', '6.', 'Between', 'rubbing leathers', 'and', 'winding-on', ':', 'Winding-on', '=', '.0556', '=', '.861', 'draft', '(', 'retardation', ')', '=', 'Rubbing leathers', ',', '.065', 'These', 'details', 'along', 'with', 'such', 'details', 'in', 'the', 'con-', 'struction', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'as', 'are', 'necessitated', 'by', 'special', 'movements—the', 'rubbing leathers', 'and', 'the', 'balling-head', ',', 'to', 'wit-should', 'be', 'carefully', 'studied.', 'Note', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'that', 'not', 'only', 'may', 'these', 'following-on', 'drafts', 'be', 'required', 'but', 'also', 'intermediary', 'drafts', ',', 'as', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'between', 'the', 'front rollers', 'and', 'the', 'winding', 'on', 'which', 'stands-', '•0556', '=', '.82', 'draft', '(', 'retardation', ')', '•0677', 'The', 'total', 'draft', 'will', 'be-', '1•026', 'X', '•852', 'x', '.623', 'x', '6.5096', '=', '3.554', 'total', 'draft', '210']

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['211', '(', '283', ')', 'WORSTED', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', 'This', 'may', 'be', 'checked', 'by-', 'Front-roller', 'speed', '0677', 'Back-roller', 'speed', '=', '3:55', 'total', 'draft.', '0191', 'Such', 'points', 'as', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'measuring', 'the', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'porcupine', '(', 'and', 'even', 'of', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'point', 'and', 'running', 'of', 'the', 'porcupine', ')', 'and', 'the', 'tensions', 'necessary', 'to', 'give', 'the', 'best', 'results', 'should', 'be', 'very', 'carefully', 'con-', 'sidered.', 'In', 'the', 'French', 'roving-box', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'balling-head', 'specially', 'designed', 'to', 'lay', 'the', 'meshes', 'closely', 'side', 'by', 'side', 'from', 'start', 'to', 'finish', 'of', 'each', 'ball', '(', 'Fig.', '66a', ')', '.', 'The', 'satis-', 'faction', 'and', 'inspiration', 'of', 'efficient', 'work', 'which', 'is', 'thus', 'en-', 'sured', 'is', 'by', 'no', 'means', 'to', 'be', 'ignored', ',', 'although', 'it', 'is', 'natural', 'for', 'the', 'ordinary', 'overlooker', 'to', 'wish', 'for', 'a', 'mechanism', 'which', 'he', 'can', 'start', 'up', 'without', 'any', 'difficult', 'calculation', 'or', 'the', 'exercising', 'of', 'his', 'possibly', 'lethargic', 'judgment.', 'The', 'following', 'particulars', 'respecting', 'French drawing-boxes', 'may', 'be', 'especially', 'useful', 'in', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'increasing', 'importance', 'of', 'French', 'drawing.', 'Porcupines', 'for', 'French drawing-boxes', ':', 'Complete', 'Particulars', 'for', 'French drawing machines', 'PORCUPINES', 'FOR', 'FRENCH DRAWING-BOXES', 'No.', 'of', 'rows', 'of', 'pins.', 'Pins', 'in', 'one', 'row.', 'Birmingham', 'wire', 'gauge.', '=', 'Set', 'over', 'in', 'mms.', '(', 'width', ')', '.', '=', 'Diameter', 'of', 'shaft.', 'F', '=', 'Diameter', 'at', 'base', 'of', 'porcupine', 'in', 'mms.', 'G', 'Diameter', 'of', 'fange', 'of', 'porcupine', 'in', 'mms.', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'Operation', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'ist', 'Drawing Box', '2nd', '3rd', '36', '47', '84', 'Iña', 'Ito', 'ITE', '60', '60', 'бо', '4th', '20', '22', '23', '25', '26', '27', '44', '48', '50', '40', '36', '42', '44', '47', '54', '240', '80', '80', '70', '70', '70', 'IP', '52', '62', '72', '5th', '6th', '17', 'IM', '48', '48', '48', 'A', '38', 'The', 'above', 'particulars', 'are', 'for', 'Messrs.', 'Platt', 'Bros.', "'", 'machines.', '2II']

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['212', '(', '284', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'The', 'following', 'are', 'particulars', 'controlling', 'the', 'output', 'of', 'the', 'five', 'typical', 'French Drawing Boxes', 'Machine', 'Front Roller', 'Cir.', 'cumference', 'Revs.', 'of', 'Front Rollers', 'Yards', 'per', 'Minute', 'I', '2', '86', '263', '71', 'in.', '43', 'in.', '36', 'in.', '3', '}', 'in.', '2', 'in.', '340', '358', '380', '18', '33', '35', '33', '$', '31', 'oooo', '5', 'The', 'combination', 'of', 'these', 'individual', 'machines', 'into', 'satisfactory', 'sets', 'of', 'drawing', 'is', 'dealt', 'with', 'in', 'Chapter', 'XI.', '212']

[[19, 19, 'Textile Machinery'], [21, 21, 'Textile Machinery'], [26, 26, 'Textile Machinery']]

['213', '(', '285', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'VIII', 'THE', 'STUDY', 'OF', 'THE', 'VARIOUS', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'WORSTED DRAWING MACHINES', 'THE', 'comparative', 'method', 'of', 'study', 'is', 'here', 'so', 'much', 'to', 'be', 'preferred', 'that', 'no', 'apology', 'is', 'offered', 'for', 'not', 'treating', 'each', 'type', 'of', 'box', ',', 'with', 'all', 'its', 'details', ',', 'separately.', 'Vol-', 'umes', 'might', 'be', 'filled', 'with', 'details', 'of', 'drawing machines', ',', 'but', 'such', 'would', 'only', 'lead', 'to', 'confusion.', 'The', 'critical', 'study', 'of', 'all', 'worsted drawing machines', 'may', 'best', 'be', 'undertaken', 'under', 'the', 'usual', 'simple', 'scheme', 'already', 'employed', ',', 'viz.', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Creels', 'and', 'sliver feeding appliances', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Passage', 'through', 'the', 'machine', 'mechanisms', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'Delivery mechanisms', '(', 'a', ')', 'Creels', 'and', 'Sliver Feeding Appliances', 'may', 'be', 'fed', 'into', 'machines', '(', 'a', ')', 'positively', ',', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'woollen mule', ';', 'or', '(', 'b', ')', 'by', 'being', 'drawn', 'in', 'from', 'either', 'cans', 'or', 'bobbins', 'or', 'staves', ',', 'this', 'being', 'the', 'usual', 'method', 'employed', 'in', 'worsted', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning.', 'For', 'delicate', 'untwisted', 'slivers', ',', 'positive', 'surface', 'de-', 'livery', 'or', 'drawing-in', 'from', 'delicately', 'balanced', 'bobbins', ',', 'staves', 'or', 'balls', 'must', 'be', 'adopted.', 'As', 'a', 'rule', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'that', 'to', 'obtain', 'a', 'satisfactory', 'delivery', 'from', 'a', 'worsted drawing or spinning frame', 'is', 'more', 'difficult', 'than', 'to', 'obtain', 'a', 'satisfactory', 'feed.', 'It', 'is', 'nevertheless', 'most', 'important', 'that', 'there', 'should', 'be', 'no', 'straining', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', 'during', 'the', 'feeding', ',', 'since', 'irregu-', '213']

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['214', '(', '286', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'larities', 'introduced', 'there', 'will', 'not', 'only', 'make', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'delivery', 'difficult', ',', 'but', 'will', 'result', 'in', 'defective', 'slivers', 'and', 'ultimately', 'in', 'an', 'irregular', 'thread.', 'A', 'review', 'of', 'present-day', 'practice', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'delivery', 'into', 'spinning machines', 'almost', 'completely', 'demonstrates', 'the', 'principles', 'involved.', 'Thus', 'the', 'follow-', 'ing', 'varieties', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'noted', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'woollen mule—surface', 'delivery', 'without', 'any', 'tension', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 'The', 'French drawing frame', 'from', 'lightly', 'held', '(', 'upright', ')', 'balls', 'on', 'staves', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'cone drawing-box', 'from', 'more', 'heavily', 'held', '(', 'horizontal', ')', 'or', 'lightly', 'held', '(', 'upright', ')', 'bobbins', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'The', 'open drawing-box-pull', 'from', 'heavily', 'held', '(', 'horizontal', ')', 'bobbins', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', '(', 'a', ')', 'there', 'must', 'be', 'no', 'strain', 'on', 'the', 'sliver', 'at', 'all.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', '(', '6', ')', 'the', 'arrangement', 'shown', 'results', 'in', 'a', 'draw', 'into', 'the', 'back rollers', 'with', 'practically', 'no', 'straining', 'of', 'the', 'sliver.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', '(', 'c', ')', 'as', 'little', 'twist', 'as', 'possible', 'is', 'often', 'inserted', 'during', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', 'so', 'that', 'as', 'a', 'rule', 'the', 'twist', 'is', 'calculated', 'to', 'ensure', 'a', 'feed', 'without', 'straining', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', ',', 'and', 'for', 'this', 'pur-', 'pose', 'the', 'upright', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'is', 'better', 'than', 'the', 'horizontal', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 'although', 'the', 'horizontal', 'position', 'is', 'more', 'frequently', 'adopted.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', '(', 'd', ')', 'the', 'twist', 'is', 'inserted', 'to', 'ensure', 'fibre-control', 'during', 'drafting', ',', 'and', 'is', 'usually', 'such', 'that', 'the', 'horizontal', 'position', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'may', 'be', 'adopted', 'without', 'fear', 'of', 'any', 'straining', 'of', 'the', 'slivers.', 'Investigations', 'into', 'the', 'strain', 'on', 'a', 'given', 'sliver', 'under', 'the', 'different', 'forms', 'of', 'sliver', 'delivery', 'here', 'referred', 'to', ',', 'might', 'well', 'be', 'taken', 'in', 'hand.', 'Whatever', 'form', 'may', 'be', 'decided', 'upon', 'in', 'taking', '214']

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['215', '(', '287', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING MACHINES', 'slivers', 'from', 'any', 'machine', 'due', 'deference', 'must', 'be', 'paid', 'to', 'their', 'feed', 'into', 'the', 'next', 'machine.', 'In', 'balling', 'slivers', 'for', 'strong', 'or', 'finishing boxes', ',', 'or', 'in', 'adopting', 'balling-', 'heads', 'rather', 'than', 'can-deliveries', 'for', 'the', 'gill-boxes', 'of', 'drawing', 'sets', 'of', 'machinery', ',', 'care', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'to', 'avoid', 'feathering', '”—that', 'is', ',', 'a', 'roughing-up', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'from', 'the', 'edges', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', 'and', 'incorporation', 'into', 'the', 'earlier', 'unwound', 'coils', 'from', 'the', 'ball.', 'Thus', 'the', 'tendency', 'of', 'the', 'wool', 'composing', 'certain', 'slivers', 'to', 'cling', '(', 'no', 'doubt', 'due', 'to', 'treatment', 'in', 'the', 'earlier', 'processes', ')', 'may', 'necessitate', 'different', 'forms', 'of', 'delivery', 'and', 'feed.', '"', 'Can', '"', '-delivery', 'for', 'open', 'slivers', 'is', 'usually', 'satisfactory', ',', 'but', 'it', 'entails', 'additional', 'expense', 'in', 'comparison', 'with', 'ball', 'delivery.', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'French drawing machinery', ',', 'if', 'the', 'rubbers', 'are', 'acting', 'efficiently', ',', 'ball', 'or', 'cheese', 'delivery', 'should', 'be', 'absolutely', 'efficient.', 'The', 'ingenious', 'French', 'method', 'of', 'winding', 'two', 'slivers', 'into', 'one', 'ball', 'of', 'course', 'gives', 'double', 'the', 'pulling-off', 'strength', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'finer', 'meches', 'undoubtedly', 'helps', 'to', 'obviate', 'strained', 'and', 'irregular', 'slivers.', 'Floor', 'space', 'available', 'is', 'another', 'factor', 'to', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account—but', 'nothing', 'can', 'com-', 'pensate', 'for', 'inefficiency', 'in', 'either', 'taking-out', 'of', 'or', 'feeding-', 'into', 'worsted drawing machines', '(', '6', ')', 'The', 'Passage', 'through', 'the', 'Machine', 'Mechan-', 'isms.', 'The', 'parts', 'of', 'the', 'machine', 'here', 'involved', 'arem', '1.', 'Back rollers', 'and', 'their', 'control', ';', '2.', 'Fallers', ',', 'porcupines', 'or', 'carriers', ';', 'and', '3.', 'Front rollers', 'The', 'construction', 'of', 'the', 'back rollers', 'must', 'be', 'thought', 'out', 'with', 'a', 'clear', 'insight', 'into', 'their', 'functions.', 'Obviously', 'they', 'must-', 'Draw-off', 'the', 'sliver', 'or', 'slivers', 'from', 'the', 'feed', 'mechanism', 'regularly', 'and', 'positively', ';', '215']

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['216', '(', '288', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Hold', 'the', 'fibre', 'very', 'firmly', 'and', 'yet', 'without', 'any', 'likelihood', 'of', 'grinding', 'or', 'cutting', ';', 'Present', 'the', 'fibres', 'to', 'the', 'front rollers', '(', 'aided', 'by', 'fallers', ',', 'porcupines', 'or', 'carriers', ')', 'in', 'such', 'a', 'way', 'that', 'they', 'control', 'the', 'fibres', 'until', 'the', 'front rollers', 'take', 'hold', 'and', 'draw', 'the', 'fibres', 'out', 'at', 'the', 'increased', 'drafting', 'speed', ';', 'and', 'finally', 'The', 'speeding', 'must', 'be', 'readily', 'under', 'control', 'so', 'that', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'qualities', 'of', 'wool', 'to', 'be', 'treated', 'the', 'drafts', 'required', 'may', 'be', 'readily', 'obtained', 'along', 'with', 'satisfactory', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'composing', 'the', 'slivers.', 'In', 'studying', 'pairs', 'of', 'rollers', 'in', 'combination', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'consider-', 'The', 'material', 'and', 'build', 'of', 'rollers', '(', 'top', 'and', 'bottom', ')', ';', 'The', 'surfaces', 'of', 'rollers', '(', 'flutings', ',', 'milled', 'sur-', 'face', ',', 'etc.', ')', ';', 'The', 'nature', 'of', 'roller', 'coverings', 'and', 'the', 'method', 'adopted', 'of', 'roller', 'covering', ';', 'The', 'sizes', 'and', 'relative', 'sizes', 'of', 'rollers', '(', 'top', 'and', 'bottom', ')', ',', 'and', 'The', 'weighting-simple', 'and', 'complex-of', 'rollers', 'Finally', ',', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'drawing boxes', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'consider-', 'The', 'relative', 'sizes', 'of', 'back', 'and', 'front rollers', ';', 'The', 'adjustment', 'of', 'back', 'and', 'front rollers', 'and', 'gills', ',', 'porcupines', 'or', 'carriers', 'to', 'control', 'drafting', ';', 'and', 'The', 'angle', 'of', 'roller', 'inclination', 'and', 'the', 'angle', 'of', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'to', 'the', 'spindle.', 'The', 'casting', 'of', 'rollers', 'either', 'singly', 'or', 'on', 'a', 'central shaft', ',', 'the', 'building', 'up', 'of', 'the', 'larger', 'rollers', 'and', 'the', 'turning', ',', 'for', 'truth', 'of', '"', 'surface', ',', '”', 'of', 'all', 'rollers', 'must', 'be', 'passed', 'over', 'here', ',', 'but', 'definite', 'reference', 'must', 'at', 'least', 'be', 'made', 'to', 'the', 'materials', 'of', 'which', 'rollers', 'consist.', 'Those', 'accustomed', 'to', 'work', 'woollen mules', 'know', 'that', '216']

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['217', '(', '289', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING MACHINES', 'wool', 'will', 'wear', 'iron.', 'Again', 'those', 'who', 'have', 'had', 'to', 'deal', 'with', 'nicked', '”', 'or', 'irregularly', 'worn', 'rollers', 'know', 'to', 'their', 'bitter', 'cost', 'how', 'wool', 'may', 'wear', 'rollers', 'Of', 'course', 'wrong', 'setting', 'of', 'rollers', 'may', 'make', 'irregular', 'wear', 'of', 'rollers', 'almost', 'inevitable', ',', 'but', 'with', 'rollers', 'made', 'out', 'of', 'suitable', 'metal', 'it', 'would', 'seem', 'possible', 'to', 'give', 'the', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'easier', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'he', 'has', 'to', 'treat', 'without', 'leaving', 'the', 'fear', 'of', 'the', 'irregular', 'wear', 'of', 'rollers', 'all', 'the', 'time', 'at', 'the', 'back', 'of', 'his', 'mind.*', 'Thus', 'it', 'would', 'seem', 'that', 'here', 'is', 'a', 'field', 'for', 'useful', 'research', 'in', 'which', 'technologist', ',', 'engineer', 'and', 'metallurgist', 'should', 'combine.', 'Rollers', 'may', 'be', 'made', 'with', 'plain', ',', 'milled', 'or', 'fluted', 'surfaces.', 'Which', 'of', 'these', 'surfaces', 'is', 'adopted', 'will', 'depend', 'upon', 'the', 'work', 'the', 'roller', 'has', 'to', 'do.', 'As', 'all', 'rollers', 'should', 'nip', 'the', 'wool', 'without', 'rubbing', 'or', 'cutting', 'it', ',', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'evident', 'that-', 'The', 'nature', 'of', 'the', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'roller', ',', 'and', 'The', 'weighting', 'of', 'the', 'roller', 'must', 'between', 'them', 'ensure', 'the', 'required', 'firm', 'nip.', 'Thus', ',', 'smooth-surface rollers', 'would', 'apparently', 'offer', 'less', 're-', 'sistance', 'to', 'slipping', 'than', 'rough-surface rollers', ',', 'rough-', 'surface', 'would', 'control', 'less', 'than', ',', 'say', ',', 'one', 'smooth', 'and', 'one', 'fluted', 'roller', 'acting', 'together', ',', 'one', 'leather-covered smooth roller', 'and', 'one', 'shallow fluted roller', 'would', 'control', 'still', 'better', ',', 'while', 'two', 'deep-fluted rollers', 'acting', 'together', 'with', 'a', 'leather', 'sheet', 'in', 'between', 'or', 'two', 'leather', 'covered', 'rollers', 'would', 'act', 'better', 'still.', 'Again', ',', 'hard and soft covered rollers', 'must', 'be', 'carefully', 'studied', 'in', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'work', 'to', 'be', 'done.', 'A', 'careful', 'examination', 'of', 'pairs', 'of', 'rollers', 'in', 'drawing boxes', 'makes', 'it', 'evident', 'that', 'there', 'are', 'three', 'conditions', 'of', 'control', 'exercised', ':', '-', 'the', '•', 'Under', 'certain', 'circumstances', 'it', 'is', 'desirable', 'to', 'traverse', 'sliver', 'to', 'ensure', 'approximately', 'equal', 'wear', 'across', 'the', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'rollers', '217']

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['219', '(', '291', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', 'All', 'these', 'frictions', 'give', 'rise', 'to', 'electrification', ',', 'but', 'if', 'the', 'roller', '*', 'fibre', 'friction', 'gives', 'rise', ',', 'say', ',', 'to', 'negative', 'electrification', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'and', 'the', 'fibre', 'x', 'fibre', 'gives', 'rise', 'to', 'positive', 'electrification', ',', 'then', 'the', 'one', 'may', 'neu-', 'tralize', 'the', 'other.', 'The', 'interesting', 'researches', 'conducted', 'by', 'Dr.', 'Shorter', 'at', 'the', 'University', 'of', 'Leeds', 'on', 'behalf', 'of', 'the', 'University', 'and', 'the', 'British', 'Research', 'Association', 'for', 'the', 'Woollen', 'and', 'Worsted', 'Industries', 'have', 'shown', 'that', 'even', 'the', 'nature', 'of', 'the', 'guide', 'or', 'roller', 'round', 'which', 'the', 'wool', 'passes', 'has', 'an', 'electrical', 'effect', ',', 'and', 'may', 'add', 'to', 'or', 'take', 'from', 'the', 'tendency', 'of', 'slivers', 'so', 'passed', 'to', 'electrification.', 'The', 'electrical', 'natures', 'of', 'chrome', 'leather', 'and', 'tan', 'leather', 'are', 'so', 'different', 'that', 'it', 'will', 'not', 'do', 'to', 'use', 'either', 'indiscriminately.', 'It', 'is', 'also', 'well', 'to', 'note', 'that', 'certain', 'firms', 'place', 'on', 'the', 'market', 'neutralizing', '(', 'con-', 'ducting', ')', 'roller-coverings', 'These', ',', 'however', ',', 'usually', 'con-', 'tain', 'a', 'good', 'conductor', '(', 'glycerine', ')', ',', 'and', 'as', 'this', 'becomes', 'sticky', 'in', 'a', 'moist', 'atmosphere', 'their', 'use', 'is', 'very', 'limited.', 'Examination', 'of', 'worsted drawing machines', 'will', 'reveal', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'rollers', 'for', 'controlling', 'long', 'fibres', 'are', 'soft', 'covered', 'as', 'against', 'rollers', 'controlling', 'short', 'fibres', 'being', 'hard', 'covered.', 'That', 'is', 'to', 'say', ',', 'that', 'the', 'covering', 'for', 'long', 'wool drafting rollers', 'is', 'first', 'a', 'layer', 'of', 'felt', 'cloth', 'and', 'then', 'the', 'leather', 'outer', 'covering.', 'The', 'reason', 'for', 'this', 'would', 'seem', 'to', 'be', 'that', 'length', 'of', 'grip', '(', 'roller', 'contact', ')', 'should', 'bear', 'some', 'relationship', 'to', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'fibre', 'being', 'treated—long', 'fibre', ',', 'long', 'grip', ';', 'short', 'fibre', ',', 'short', 'grip.', 'But', 'again', 'almost', 'rule-of-', 'thumb', 'methods', 'are', 'being', 'employed—there', 'is', 'here', 'also', 'again', 'much', 'room', 'for', 'research.', 'The', 'relative', 'sizes', 'of', 'back', 'and', 'front rollers', 'and', 'their', 'weighting', 'is', 'again', 'a', 'matter', 'of', 'much', 'interest.', 'With', 'the', 'thick', ',', 'inert', 'slivers', 'entering', 'the', 'back rollers', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'evident', 'that', 'dead', 'weighting', 'will', 'be', 'the', 'best', ',', 'this', 'resulting', 'in', 'fibre', 'weighting', 'fibre.', 'But', 'if', 'the', 'natural', '219']

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['220', '(', '292', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '60', 'arc', 'weight', 'of', 'the', 'top roller', 'is', 'not', 'sufficient', ',', 'then', 'rather', 'than', 'add', 'a', 'complex', 'weighting', 'system', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'better', 'to', 'add', 'a', 'third', 'roller', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'sliver', 'will', 'be', 'increased', 'probably', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'formula', 'given', 'on', 'page', '188.', 'With', 'front roller', 'control', 'the', 'con-', 'ditions', 'are', 'very', 'different.', 'To', 'obviate', 'wildness', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'as', 'they', 'enter', 'the', 'front rollers', '(', 'the', 'change', 'of', 'speed', 'of', 'fibres', 'being', 'in', 'proportion', 'to', 'the', 'draft', 'and', 'coming', 'on', 'suddenly', ')', 'the', 'faller', 'or', 'carrier', 'should', 'be', 'able', 'to', 'act', 'as', 'close', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'front roller', 'as', 'possible.', 'But', 'to', 'effect', 'this', 'small', 'front rollers', 'are', 'desirable.', 'But', 'as', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'fibres', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'suddenly', 'increased', 'a', 'powerful', 'nip', 'is', 'necessary.', 'Even', 'mechanical', 'weighting', 'fails', 'to', 'control', 'long', 'wool', 'fibres', '(', 'over', '3', 'in.', ')', 'unless', 'acting', 'with', ',', 'say', ',', 'a', '3', 'in.', 'or', '4', 'in.', 'roller', 'to', 'give', 'the', 'necessary', 'of', 'contact.”', 'Thus', 'a', 'compromise', 'is', 'arrived', 'at-the', 'metal fluted bottom front roller', '(', 'driven', ')', 'is', 'made', 'as', 'small', 'as', 'possible', ',', 'and', 'the', 'leather covered top roller', 'is', 'made', 'sufficiently', 'large', '(', 'say', '6', 'in.', 'to', '8', 'in.', ')', 'to', 'assure', 'a', 'reasonably', 'long', 'arc', 'of', 'contact', ',', 'and', 'weighted', 'by', 'either', 'springs', 'or', 'hung-on', 'weights.', 'Again', 'this', 'problem', 'has', 'never', 'been', 'satisfactorily', 'faced', ',', 'little', 'better', 'than', 'rule-of-thumb', 'methods', ',', 'which', 'have', 'been', 'found', 'by', 'practice', 'to', 'give', 'good', 'results', ',', 'being', 'adopted.', 'The', 'further', 'adjustment', 'of', 'back', 'and', 'front', 'rollers', 'to', 'control', 'drafting', 'will', 'be', 'best', 'studied', 'by', 'reference', 'to', 'Figs.', '58', 'and', '69.', 'It', 'will', 'at', 'once', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'while', 'in', 'gill-boxes', 'the', 'drive', 'is', 'from', 'the', 'back', 'to', 'the', 'front', '(', 'more', 'speed', 'of', 'front rollers', ',', 'i.e.', 'more', 'teeth', 'in', 'change', 'wheel', 'giving', 'more', 'draft', ')', ',', 'in', 'drawing-boxes', 'it', 'is', 'usual', 'to', 'drive', 'from', 'the', 'front', 'to', 'the', 'back', '(', 'more', 'speed', 'of', 'back', 'rollers', ',', 'i.e.', 'more', 'teeth', 'in', 'change', 'wheel', 'giving', 'less', 'draft', ')', '.*', 'The', 'setting', 'of', 'the', 'carriers', 'between', 'the', 'back', '>', '*', 'The', 'reason', 'for', 'this', 'should', 'be', 'clearly', 'thought', 'out.', '220']

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['221', '(', '293', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING MACHINES', 'and', 'front rollers', 'is', 'a', 'problem', 'probably', 'changing', 'with', 'every', 'blend', 'being', 'treated.', 'With', 'the', 'present-day', 'possibilities', 'in', 'perfect', 'blend', 'analysis', ',', 'however', ',', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'possible', 'to', 'bring', 'this', '"', 'setting”', 'down', 'to', 'basic', 'prin-', 'ciples.', '(', 'c', ')', 'Delivery Mechanisms-Slivers', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'from', 'worsted', 'drawing', 'boxes', 'under', 'four', 'conditions', ':', '-', 'I.', 'Perfectly', 'open', 'and', 'unconsolidated', ';', '2.', 'Twistless', 'but', 'consolidated', 'by', 'rubbing', ';', '3.', 'Lightly', 'twisted', ';', 'and', '4.', 'Heavily', 'twisted.', 'As', 'a', 'rule', 'it', 'is', 'found', 'necessary', 'even', 'with', 'compara-', 'tively', 'thick', 'slivers', 'to', 'consolidate', 'slightly', 'by', 'running', 'them', 'through', 'a', 'revolving funnel', 'or', 'over', 'slightly', 'con-', 'solidating', 'and', 'efficiently', 'delivering', 'guiding', 'plates.', 'Rubbing leathers', ',', 'however', ',', 'allow', 'the', 'consolidation', 'of', 'quite', 'fine', 'slivers', ',', 'say', ',', '1', 'or', '2', 'drams', 'per', '40', 'yd.-so', 'that', 'such', 'may', 'readily', 'be', 'wound', 'up', 'and', 'subsequently', 'deliv-', 'ered', 'into', 'the', 'back rollers', 'of', 'the', 'succeeding', 'box', 'as', 'already', 'described.', 'When', 'an', 'actual', 'twisting', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'is', 'required', 'as', 'in', '(', '3', ')', 'and', '(', '4', ')', ',', 'then', 'the', 'flyer', 'and', 'bobbin', 'system-the', 'old', 'flax wheel', 'spinning', 'system-may', 'be', 'resorted', 'to.', 'This', ',', 'as', 'already', 'implied', ',', 'necessitates-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Positive', 'drive', 'of', 'flyer', 'and', 'pull-round', 'of', 'bobbin', 'by', 'the', 'sliver', 'extending', 'from', 'the', 'flyer nozzle', 'to', 'the', 'bobbin', ';', 'this', 'necessitating', 'sufficient', 'twist', 'to', 'withstand', 'any', 'strain', 'which', 'may', 'arise', 'at', 'any', 'period', 'of', 'the', 'process', 'from', 'empty', 'to', 'full', 'bobbin', ';', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'Positive', 'drive', 'of', 'both', 'flyer', 'and', 'bobbin', 'to', 'obviate', 'any', 'straining', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', ',', 'under', 'which', 'cir-', 'cumstances', 'condition', '(', '3', ')', 'is', 'readily', 'obtained.', '*', 'The', 'bobbin', 'being', 'slightly', 'retarded', 'by', 'washers.', '221']

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['222', '(', '294', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'flyer', 'and', 'bobbin', 'must', 'be', 'perfectly', 'understood-actually', 'felt-by', 'the', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'as', 'he', 'watches', 'his', 'spindles', 'or', 'he', 'will', 'rarely', 'work', 'to', 'the', 'best', 'advantage.', 'This', 'action', 'should', 'be', 'studied', 'at', 'three', 'stages', ',', 'viz.', ',', '(', 'a', ')', 'In', 'its', 'simple', 'form', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'In', 'its', 'simple', 'form', 'combined', 'with', 'the', 'condition', 'necessitated', 'by', 'the', 'increase', 'in', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'layers', 'of', 'twisted', 'sliver', 'laid', 'upon', 'it', ';', 'and', '(', 'C', ')', 'In', 'its', 'most', 'complex', 'form', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'basic', 'principle', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'applied', 'with', 'due', 'reference', 'to', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'barrel', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', '(', 'leverage', ')', 'and', 'also', 'to', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'lifter-rail', 'which', 'from', 'beginning', 'to', 'end', 'should', 'lay', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'sliver-if', 'possible', '--', 'closely', 'against', 'one', 'another', 'from', 'the', 'commencement', 'of', 'the', 'empty', 'bobbin', 'to', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', 'full', 'bobbin', 'The', 'basic', 'idea', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'and', 'flyer', 'will', 'readily', 'be', 'understood', 'by', 'reference', 'to', 'Figs.', '64', 'and', '65.', 'There', 'are', 'here', 'three', 'possible', 'activities-', '1.', 'The', 'sliver', 'may', 'be', 'held', 'taut', ',', 'when', 'on', 'rotating', 'the', 'flyer', 'the', 'bobbin', 'will', 'be', 'pulled', 'round', 'by', 'the', 'sliver', 'passing', 'from', 'the', 'flyer', 'to', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 'and', 'twist', 'will', 'be', 'inserted', 'into', 'the', 'sliver', ',', 'which', 'twist', 'will', 'distribute', 'itself', 'from', 'the', 'point', 'where', 'the', 'sliver', 'is', 'held', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'to', 'the', 'point', 'where', 'the', 'sliver', 'is', 'next', 'held', 'say', 'the', 'nip', 'of', 'the', 'front rollers', ';', '2.', 'If', 'on', 'rotating', 'the', 'flyer', 'the', 'sliver', 'is', 'delivered', 'sufficiently', 'quickly', 'the', 'flyer', 'will', 'simply', 'wrap', 'the', 'sliver', 'round', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 'the', 'bobbin', 'standing', 'still', 'and', 'no', 'twist', 'being', 'inserted.', '222']

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['223', '(', '295', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '3.', 'If', 'now', '(', '1', ')', 'and', '(', '2', ')', 'be', 'combined', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'to', 'be', 'quite', 'possible', 'to', 'deliver', 'the', 'sliver', 'at', 'such', 'a', 'rate', 'that', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'bobbin', 'being', 'braked', 'by', 'washers', 'on', 'the', 'spindle', 'and', 'always', 'tending', 'to', 'lag', 'behind', 'will', ',', 'by', 'lagging', 'behind', ',', 'wind', 'up', 'upon', 'itself', 'any', 'sliver', 'that', 'may', 'be', 'delivered', 'to', 'it', ';', 'and', 'further', ',', 'just', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'the', 'condition', 'of', 'sliver-', 'delivery', 'necessitates', ',', 'will', 'follow', 'the', 'spindle', 'in', 'its', 'revolution', ',', 'thus', 'putting', 'in', 'twist.', 'The', 'actual', 'twist', 'is', 'decided', 'by', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'sliver', 'in', 'relation', 'to', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'minus', 'the', 'revolutions', 'necessary', 'for', 'winding-up.”', 'Thus', 'the', 'total', 'turns', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'from', 'the', 'beginning', 'to', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'any', 'given', 'bobbin', 'are', 'absorbed', 'in-', '(', 'i', ')', 'Twist', 'in', 'the', 'yarn-say', '98', 'per', 'cent.', 'of', 'the', 'total', 'revolutions', ';', 'and', '(', 'ii', ')', 'Coils', 'of', 'yarn', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin-say', '2', 'per', 'cent.', 'of', 'the', 'total', 'revolutions.', 'By', 'pulling', 'the', 'yarn', 'off', 'one', 'end', 'of', 'such', 'a', 'bobbin', 'the', 'whole', 'of', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'may', 'be', 'transferred', 'into', 'twist', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', ';', 'or', 'by', 'pulling', 'off', 'the', 'other', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'the', 'revolutions', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'represented', 'by', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'yarn', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'may', 'be', 'again', 'sub-', 'tracted', 'from', 'the', 'twist', ',', 'thus-', 'total', 'revolutions', 'of', 'Ayer', '-', 'coils', 'of', 'yarn', 'on', 'bobbins', 'length', 'in', 'inches', 'turns', 'per', 'i', 'in.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'flyer', 'and', 'bobbin', 'illustrated', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'as', 'the', 'unit', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '64.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'flyer', 'and', 'bobbin', 'illustrated', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'as', 'the', 'unit', 'is', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Fig.', '65.', 'a', '223']

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['224', '(', '296', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'If', 'it', 'be', 'now', 'taken', 'for', 'granted', 'that', 'each', 'coil', 'of', 'sliver', 'is', 'laid', 'by', 'the', 'lifter', 'action', 'quite', 'close', 'to', 'its', 'neigh-', 'bour', 'then', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'evident', 'that', 'after', 'the', 'first', 'layer', 'b', 'd', 'e', '1925', '*244', 'NI', 'Fig.', '64.-The', 'positions', 'are', 'drawn', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'Flyer', 'with', 'Flyer', 'leading', 'Bobbin', '193', 'A', '1223', 'b', '1', '去', '\u200b1253', 'B', '!', '3', 'a', 'с', '.', 'b', 'd', 'Fig.', '65.-', '(', 'A', ')', 'The', 'positions', 'are', 'drawn', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'Bobbin', 'with', 'Flyer', 'leading', 'Bobbin', '(', 'B', ')', 'The', 'positions', 'are', 'drawn', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'the', 'Bobbin', 'with', 'Bobbin', 'leading', 'Flyer', 'has', 'been', 'well', 'and', 'truly', 'laid', 'on', 'the', 'barrel', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 'the', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'barrel', 'will', 'be', 'Diameter', 'of', 'the', 'barrel', '+', '2', '(', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', ')', 'and', 'on', 'the', 'completion', 'of', 'the', 'second', 'layer', ',', 'the', 'con-', 'dition', 'will', 'be', '224']

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['225', '(', '297', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'barrel', '+4', '(', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', ')', ';', 'for', '3rd', 'layer', 'of', 'the', 'barrel', '+', '6', '(', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', ')', ';', 'for', '4th', 'layer', 'of', 'the', 'barrel', '+', '8', '(', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', ')', ';', 'and', 'so', 'on.', 'From', 'these', 'diameters', 'the', 'increase', 'in', 'circumference', 'may', 'readily', 'be', 'calculated.', 'Now', 'if', 'the', 'sliver', 'could', 'be', 'fed', 'to', 'the', 'bobbin', 'at', 'an', 'increased', 'rate', 'exactly', 'coinciding', 'with', 'the', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'circumference', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 'the', 'flyer', 'continuing', 'to', 'revolve', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'rate', ',', 'the', 'bobbin', 'would', 'also', 'continue', 'to', 'revolve', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'rate.', 'But', 'the', 'actual', 'turns', 'would', 'be', 'the', 'same', ',', 'therefore', 'fewer', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'per', 'unit', 'length.', 'Further', ',', 'the', 'varied', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'would', 'necessitate', 'such', 'complexities', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'apparently', 'not', 'to', 'be', 'thought', 'of—a', 'uniform', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'is', 'invariably', 'adopted.', 'Now', 'this', 'means', 'that', 'as', 'the', 'bobbin—layer', 'by', 'layer—increases', 'in', 'circumference', 'it', 'must', 'more', 'and', 'more', 'nearly', 'approach', 'the', 'flyer', 'in', 'speed.', 'The', 'difference', 'between', 'open', 'and', 'cone', '"', 'drawing', 'may', 'now', 'be', 'readily', 'understood.', 'In', '"', 'open', '"', 'drawing', 'the', 'bobbin', 'is', 'so', 'tensioned', 'that', 'while', 'it', 'will', 'not', 'over-run”', 'it', 'will', 'not', 'strain', 'the', 'sliver', 'in', 'its', '“', 'lagging', 'behind.”', 'But', 'to', 'ensure', 'this', ',', 'as', 'already', 'noted', ',', 'considerable', 'twist', 'must', 'be', 'put', 'into', 'the', 'sliver', 'Careful', 'consideration', 'of', 'the', 'conditions', 'prevailing', 'at', 'the', 'start', 'and', 'at', 'the', 'finish', 'of', 'the', 'finer', 'drawing or spinning frames', 'will', 'reveal', 'an', 'added', 'difficulty.', 'In', '"', 'cone', '”', 'drawing', 'the', 'bobbin', 'may', 'be', 'positively', 'driven', 'at', 'the', 'calculated', 'rate', 'of', 'increase', ',', 'or', 'decreased', 'as', 'required.', 'By', 'this', 'means-', '(', 'a', ')', 'strain', 'is', 'taken', 'off', 'the', 'sliver', 'and', 'levelness', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'possible', 'ensured', ';', 'b', ')', 'much', 'or', 'little', 'twist', 'may', 'be', 'inserted', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'bobbins', 'of', 'any', 'desired', 'size', 'may', 'be', 'employed.', 'P', '225']

[[73, 73, 'Textile Machinery'], [88, 88, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [101, 101, 'Textile Machinery'], [135, 135, 'Textile Machinery'], [153, 153, 'Textile Machinery'], [163, 163, 'Textile Machinery'], [176, 176, 'Textile Machinery'], [198, 198, 'Textile Machinery'], [213, 213, 'Textile Machinery'], [235, 235, 'Textile Machinery'], [252, 252, 'Textile Machinery'], [264, 264, 'Textile Machinery'], [291, 291, 'Textile Machinery'], [313, 313, 'Textile Machinery']]

['226', '(', '298', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'For', 'reasons', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'readily', 'thought', 'out', ',', 'the', 'control', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'in', 'cone', 'drawing', 'is', 'utilized', 'to', 'drive', 'it', 'faster', 'than', 'the', 'flyer-considerably', 'faster', 'at', 'the', 'commencement', 'of', 'a', 'draw', 'and', 'gradually', 'slower', 'and', 'slower', 'as', 'it', 'increases', 'in', 'diameter.', 'Examination', 'of', 'the', '“open”', 'and', 'cone', '”', 'drawn', 'slivers', 'usually', 'reveals', 'the', 'latter', 'as', 'more', 'open', 'and', 'some-', 'times', 'more', 'regular.', 'But', 'in', 'comparing', 'the', 'two', 'systems', 'the', 'fundamental', 'questions', 'are-', '1.', 'Is', 'twist', 'control', 'during', 'drafting', 'an', 'advantage', 'or', 'a', 'detriment', '?', '2.', 'If', 'twist', 'control', 'is', 'an', 'advantage', ',', 'to', 'what', 'extent', 'does', 'it', '(', 'a', ')', 'strengthen', 'the', 'sliver', 'so', 'that', 'no', 'straining', 'takes', 'place', 'during', 'either', 'delivery', 'or', 'feed', '?', '(', 'b', ')', 'allow', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'reasonably', 'large', 'bobbins', '?', '(', 'c', ')', 'ultimately', 'lend', 'itself', ',', 'if', 'required', ',', 'to', 'the', 'pro-', 'duction', 'of', 'a', 'full', ',', 'lofty-handling', 'hosiery', 'yarn', '?', 'If', 'twist', 'control', 'were', 'always', 'perfectly', 'decided', 'and', 'exercised', 'it', 'is', 'probable', 'that', 'cone', 'drawing', 'would', 'show', 'little', ',', 'if', 'any', ',', 'advantage', 'over', 'open', 'drawing', ',', 'save', 'in', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'employing', 'larger', 'bobbins', 'for', 'the', 'finer', 'slivers.', 'The', 'deterrent', 'complexities', 'of', 'the', '"', 'cone-box', '"', 'as', 'compared', 'with', 'the', 'open-box', 'will', 'be', 'fully', 'realized', 'on', 'referring', 'to', 'pp.', '204', 'to', '206.', 'One', 'other', 'matter', 'still', 'requires', 'consideration', ',', 'viz.', ',', 'the', 'laying', 'of', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'sliver', 'one', 'against', 'the', 'other', 'by', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'lifter-plate', 'or', 'rail.', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'here', 'there', 'are', 'three', 'possibilities', '1.', 'To', 'lay', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'sliver', 'exactly', 'side', 'by', 'side.', '2.', 'To', 'make', 'no', 'attempt', 'to', 'lay', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'sliver', 'side', 'by', 'side.', '226']

[[134, 134, 'Textile Machinery'], [203, 203, 'Textile Machinery'], [209, 209, 'Textile Machinery'], [246, 246, 'Textile Machinery']]

['227', '(', '299', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '3.', 'To', 'attempt', 'approximately', 'to', 'lay', 'the', 'slivers', 'side', 'by', 'side.', 'In', 'order', 'to', 'effect', '(', '1', ')', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'slow', 'down', 'the', 'lifter', 'motion', 'from', 'the', 'first', 'accurate', 'setting', 'to', 'com-', 'pensate', 'for', 'the', 'additional', 'length', 'of', 'sliver', 'per', 'coil-', 'that', 'is', ',', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'circumference', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'which', 'will', 'be', 'As', 'r', '[', 'a', '+', '2', '(', 'nt', ')', ']', ':', 'Tea', 'where', 'a', '=', 'the', 'diameter', 'of', 'the', 'bare', 'barrel', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', 'and', 'n', '=', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'coils', 'already', 'placed', 'upon', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 't', '=', 'the', 'thickness', 'of', 'the', 'sliver.', 'Example', 'If', 'a', '=', '1', '"', '(', 'diameter', 'of', 'barrel', 'of', 'bobbin', ')', 'n', '=', 'I', '"', 'and', 't', '=', '"', '"', 'then', 'As', 're', '[', 'a', '+2', '(', 'nt', ')', ']', ':', 'Ta', ':', ':', 'Initial', 'speed', 'of', 'lift', ':', 'speed', 'of', 'lift', 'for', '2nd', 'travers', '=', 'As', 'a', '[', 'I', '+', '2', '(', '1', '*', '£', ')', ']', ':', '3.1416', 'X', 'I', '=', 'As', '3.1416', '[', '1', '+', '1', ')', ':3.1416', 'As', '6•2832', ':', '3.1416', ':', ':', 'Initial', 'speed', 'of', 'lift', ':', 'speed', 'of', 'lift', 'for', '2nd', 'traverse.', 'This', 'illustrates', 'another', 'of', 'the', 'difficulties', 'involved', 'in', 'cone', 'drawing', ',', 'for', 'not', 'only', 'must', 'the', 'bobbin', 'be', 'posi-', 'tively', 'driven', 'faster', 'and', 'faster', 'when', 'flyer', 'leads', 'bobbins', ',', 'or', 'slower', 'and', 'slower', 'when', 'bobbin', 'leads', 'flyer', ',', 'but', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'lifter-plate', 'or', 'rail', 'must', 'be', 'slowed', 'down', 'exactly', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'increased', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'coils', 'being', 'placed', 'upon', 'the', 'bobbin', 'To', 'effect', '(', '2', ')', 'little', 'forethought', 'will', 'be', 'necessary.', 'The', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'lifter-plate', 'or', 'rail', 'may', 'be', 'started', '(', 'a', ')', 'to', 'lay', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'yarn', 'actually', 'overlapping', 'one', 'another', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'to', 'lay', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'yarn', 'exactly', 'side', 'by', 'side', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'to', 'lay', 'the', 'coils', 'of', 'yarn', 'well', 'apart.', '.', 'The', 'number', 'of', 'layers', 'to', 'be', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'bobbins', 'SO', '227']

[[64, 64, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [103, 103, 'Textile Machinery'], [123, 123, 'Textile Machinery'], [218, 218, 'Textile Machinery'], [227, 227, 'Textile Machinery'], [236, 236, 'Textile Machinery'], [238, 238, 'Textile Machinery'], [245, 245, 'Textile Machinery'], [247, 247, 'Textile Machinery'], [265, 265, 'Textile Machinery'], [280, 280, 'Textile Machinery'], [282, 282, 'Textile Machinery'], [335, 335, 'Textile Machinery']]

['228', '(', '300', ')', 'lo', '18.', 'Reller', 'stand', 'for', 'Sloveng', 'Hame.', 'Fig.', '66.-Section', 'of', 'a', 'French Drawing-Box']

[[15, 15, 'Textile Machinery']]

['229', '(', '301', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', 'O', 'Fig.', '66a.-Section', 'of', 'a', 'French Finishing Roving Frame', 'with', 'Conical-ended Bobbin', '229']

[[13, 13, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery']]

['230', '(', '302', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'will', 'decide', 'the', 'relative', 'positions', 'of', 'the', 'last', 'or', 'outer', 'coils', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'In', '(', 'c', ')', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'if', 'an', 'ascer-', 'tainable', 'number', 'of', 'coils', 'n', 'only', 'be', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'the', 'coils', 'will', 'be', 'laid', 'exactly', 'side', 'by', 'side*', ';', 'but', 'if', 'N', '+M', 'coils', 'are', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'then', 'overlapping', 'of', 'the', 'coils', 'must', 'occur.', 'In', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'the', 'principles', 'here', 'at', 'issue', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'the', 'lifter', 'in', 'both', 'drawing and spinning machines', 'should', 'be', 'adjusted.', 'It', 'should', 'also', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'finest', 'French roving-box', 'and', 'the', 'best', 'thread-', 'winders', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'market', 'are', 'designed', 'to', 'so', 'vary', 'the', 'traversing', 'of', 'the', 'roving', 'or', 'thread', ',', 'running', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'barrel', 'or', 'spool', 'driven', 'at', 'a', 'fixed', 'speed', ',', 'that', 'the', 'layers', 'of', 'roving', 'or', 'thread', 'are', 'laid', 'side', 'by', 'side', 'from', 'the', 'commencement', 'of', 'building', 'of', 'the', 'ball', 'or', 'spool', 'to', 'the', 'completion.', 'With', 'reference', 'to', '(', '3', ')', ',', 'all', 'that', 'need', 'be', 'remarked', 'is', 'that', 'in', 'all', 'textile', 'processes', 'the', 'textile', 'engineer', 'should', 'be', 'clear', 'as', 'to', 'whether', 'he', 'is', 'or', 'is', 'not', 'getting', 'the', 'result', 'sought', 'for.', 'A', 'habit', 'of', '“', 'chancing', '"', 'things', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'strongly', 'deprecated.', 'The', 'final', 'mode', 'of', 'delivery', 'to', 'be', 'dealt', 'with', 'is', 'that', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'French drawing-boxes', '(', 'see', 'Figs.', '66', 'and', '66a', ')', '.', 'In', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'basic', 'idea', 'is', 'to', 'ball', 'the', 'sliver', 'on', 'to', 'a', '"', 'stave', '"', 'so', 'that', 'without', 'twist', 'it', 'will', 'draw-off', 'well.', 'The', 'slivers', 'on', 'emerging', 'from', 'the', 'front-rollers', 'are', 'rubbed', ',', 'and', 'thus', 'consolidated', ',', 'between', 'one', 'or', 'two', 'pairs', 'of', 'rubbing leathers', '(', 'similar', 'in', 'construction', 'and', 'action', 'to', 'the', 'rubbers', 'employed', 'on', 'the', 'woollen condenser', ')', 'and', 'then', 'wound', ',', 'by', 'surface', 'friction', ',', 'on', 'to', 'staves', 'run', 'horizontally', 'on', 'drums', ',', 'at', 'a', 'regular', 'rate', ',', 'a', 'reasonably', 'firm', 'ball', 'of', 'sliver', 'being', 'thus', 'produced.', 'To', 'facilitate', 'both', 'winding-on', 'and', 'pulling-off', 'it', 'is', 'usual', 'to', 'run', 'two', 'slivers', 'together', ',', 'any', 'tendency', 'the', 'two', 'slivers', 'may', 'have', '*', 'It', 'is', 'reasonable', 'to', 'expect', 'an', 'overlooker', 'to', 'work', 'to', 'these', 'con-', 'ditions', ',', 'as', 'he', 'thereby', 'turns', 'off', 'neat-looking', 'full', 'bobbins', '230']

[[21, 21, 'Textile Machinery'], [43, 43, 'Textile Machinery'], [63, 63, 'Textile Machinery'], [84, 84, 'Textile Machinery'], [87, 87, 'Textile Machinery'], [99, 99, 'Textile Machinery'], [223, 223, 'Textile Machinery'], [263, 263, 'Textile Machinery'], [277, 277, 'Textile Machinery'], [290, 290, 'Textile Machinery'], [366, 366, 'Textile Machinery']]

['231', '(', '303', ')', 'TYPES', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'MACHINES', '(', 'a', ')', 'Motor Drive', '(', 'b', ')', 'Two-Spindle Gill Box', '(', 'Loaded', ')', '(', 'c', ')', 'Two-Spindle Draw Box', '(', 'Loaded', ')', 'namammarmurhemmmmmmm', '(', 'd', ')', 'Four-Spindle Draw Box', '(', 'Loaded', ')', '(', 'e', ')', 'Flyer Spinning Frame', '(', 'Loaded', ')', '(', 'f', ')', 'Cap', 'Spioning', ',', 'Frame', '(', 'Loaded', ')', '(', 'c', ')', 'Worsted', 'Male', 'Spinoing', '(', 'Loaded', ')', 'Fig.', '67.-Tachograph', 'Records', '-', '231']

[[11, 11, 'Textile Machinery'], [15, 15, 'Textile Machinery'], [22, 22, 'Textile Machinery'], [30, 30, 'Textile Machinery'], [37, 37, 'Textile Machinery']]

['232', '(', '304', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'to', 'cling', 'together', 'being', 'altogether', 'outweighed', 'by', 'the', 'doubling', 'of', 'the', 'strength', 'of', 'the', 'sliver', 'which', 'traverses', 'the', 'ball', 'during', 'formation', 'and', 'must', 'serve', 'for', 'the', 'pulling', 'of', 'the', 'ball', 'round', 'during', 'the', 'feed', 'into', 'the', 'succeeding', 'box', 'In', 'the', 'following', 'list', 'comparative', 'particulars', 'of', 'drawing', 'sets', 'for', 'Open', ',', 'Cone', ',', 'and', 'French', 'drawing', 'are', 'given-', 'CONTRASTING', 'OPEN', ',', 'CONE', ',', 'AND', 'FRENCH', '*', 'DRAWING', 'PLANTS', 'Type', 'of', 'Machine', 'turned', 'off', 'Drams', 'Weight', 'Total', 'Capital', 'Space', 'Cost', 'of', 'H.P.', 'Cost', 'of', 'OCCU-', 'Build', 'per', 'weekt', 'Roving', 'Machines', '1', 'pied', 'ings', 'I', 'quired', 'te-', 'sq.', 'ft.', 'Open', 'Drawing', '4,500', 'lb.', 'Cone', 'French', '4,500', 'lb.', '3,920', 'lb.', '3.5', '3.5', '5.2', '£1,120', '£1,950', '£1,620', '1:496', '£305', '1,450', '£296', '1,453', '£295', '20', '27', '16', 'In', 'Fig.', '67', 'are', 'given', 'tracings', 'of', 'Tachograph', 'Records', 'illustrating', 'speed', 'variations', 'in', 'the', 'several', 'types', 'of', 'drawing and spinning machines', 'Irregularities', ',', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'mule', ',', 'are', 'inevitable', ',', 'but', 'strong', 'endeavour', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'to', 'reduce', 'such', 'variations', 'to', 'a', 'minimum.', 'The', 'reading', 'of', 'what', 'these', 'irregularities', 'mean', 'is', 'very', 'interesting', 'and', 'if', 'successfully', 'achieved', 'may', 'lead', 'to', 'marked', 'improvements', 'in', 'the', 'running', 'of', 'plants.', 'In', 'reading', 'this', 'chapter', 'the', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'will', 'perhaps', 'feel', 'too', 'much', 'is', 'left', 'undecided', 'or', 'even', 'unstated.', 'The', 'truth', 'is', 'that', 'there', 'has', 'been', 'issued', 'too', 'much', 'merely', 'descriptive', 'information', ';', 'this', 'work', 'and', 'particularly', 'this', 'chapter', 'is', 'a', 'protest', 'against', 'merely', 'rule-of-thumb', 'methods', 'and', 'a', 'plea', 'for', 'the', 'scientific', 'investigation', 'into', 'the', 'many', 'problems', 'here', 'only', 'too', 'casually', 'treated.', '*', 'Originally', 'appearing', 'in', '“', 'The', 'Textile', 'Mercury.', '"', '†', '55', '$', 'hours.', 'Pre-war', 'costs.', '232']

[[45, 45, 'Textile Machinery'], [146, 146, 'Textile Machinery'], [155, 155, 'Textile Machinery']]

['233', '(', '305', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'IX', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', 'THE', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'starts', 'with', 'the', '"', 'top', ',', '"', 'and', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'he', 'may', 'produce', 'a', 'level', 'roving', 'knows', 'that', 'he', 'must', 'start', 'with', 'a', 'well-combed', '“top”', 'free', 'from', 'the', 'blemishes', 'of', 'broken', 'and', 'short', 'fibres', ',', 'neps', ',', 'bits', 'of', 'vegetable', 'matter', 'and', 'any', 'irregularities.', 'Similarly', 'the', 'worsted', 'spinner', 'starts', 'with', 'the', '“roving', ',', '"', 'and', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'he', 'may', 'produce', 'a', 'level', ',', 'sound', 'yarn', 'knows', 'that', 'he', 'must', 'start', 'with', 'a', 'level', 'roving', 'capable', 'of', 'being', 'extended', 'to', 'the', 'count', 'of', 'yarn', 'to', 'which', 'he', 'desires', 'to', 'spin', 'without', 'showing', '"', 'twittiness', ',', '”', 'irregular', 'twisting', ',', 'or', 'any', 'other', 'of', 'the', 'defects', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'associated', 'with', 'the', 'spun', 'thread.', 'Just', 'as', 'the', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'will', ',', 'if', 'possible', ',', 'keep', 'clear', 'of', 'drawing', 'newly', 'combed', 'tops', '(', 'called', '“hot”', 'tops', ')', ',', 'so', 'possibly', 'may', 'the', 'worsted', 'spinner', 'keep', 'clear', 'of', 'newly', 'drawn', 'rovings.*', 'The', 'probable', 'reason', 'for', 'this', ',', 'viewed', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'recent', 'researches', ',', 'is', 'that', 'while', 'the', 'wool', 'fibre', 'is', 'very', 'stable—much', 'more', 'so', 'than', 'has', 'been', 'realized', 'until', 'recently-all', 'drafting', 'pro-', 'cesses', 'do', 'tend', 'very', 'slightly', 'to', 'elongate', 'it', 'and', 'to', 'take', 'out', 'the', 'natural', 'curl', 'of', 'the', 'fibre', 'and', 'thus', 'make', 'it', 'unstable', ',', 'as', 'it', 'were', 'alive.', '"', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'this', 'arti-', 'ficially', 'developed', 'physical', 'instability', 'there', 'is', 'the', '*', 'It', 'is', 'interesting', 'to', 'note', 'that', 'this', 'remark', 'applies', 'only', 'to', 'oil-', 'combed', 'and', 'drawn', ',', 'twisted', 'slivers', 'treated', 'on', 'the', 'English', 'system', ';', 'the', 'French', 'drawer', ',', 'dealing', 'with', 'a', 'dry', ',', 'untwisted', 'sliver', ',', 'does', 'not', 'hesitate', 'to', 'spin', 'straight', 'from', 'the', 'roving frame', '233']

[[282, 282, 'Textile Machinery']]

['238', '(', '310', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'To', 'ascertain', 'roving', 'required', 'from', 'which', 'to', 'spin', 'any', 'given', 'count', 'of', 'yarn', ',', 'having', 'given', 'the', 'draft', '18.3', 'Count', 'on', 'Yarn', '=', 'Dram', 'Roving', '(', '40', 'yd.', ')', 'Draft', 'decided', 'on', 'Example', ':', 'A', 'draft', 'of', '8', 'is', 'to', 'be', 'given', 'in', 'spinning', 'a', '48', "'s", 'count', 'of', 'cross-bred', 'yarn.', 'What', 'roving', 'should', 'be', 'made', 'from', 'which', 'to', 'spin', '?', '18.3', '18:3', '48', '=', '3:05', 'dram', 'roving.', '6', '*', '}', '(', '6', 'The', 'roving', 'twist', 'will', 'have', 'been', 'decided', 'by', 'the', 'rule', 'already', 'given', ',', 'and', 'as', 'in', 'both', 'frame', 'and', 'worsted', 'mule', 'spinning', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'drafting-twist', 'other', 'than', 'that', 'already', 'in', 'the', 'roving', ',', 'it', 'will', 'now', 'only', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'decide', 'the', '"', 'angle', 'of', 'twist”', 'required', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', 'and', 'to', 'insert', 'the', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'necessary', 'to', 'give', 'this', 'required', 'angle', '(', 'as', 'shown', 'in', 'Chapter', 'XII', ',', 'p.', '292', ')', '.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'remembered', ',', 'however', ',', 'that', 'following', 'a', 'line', 'of', 'research', 'conducted', 'by', 'Mr.', 'Foster', 'Pickles', 'and', 'Mr.', 'Hartley', 'at', 'the', 'University', 'of', 'Leeds', ',', 'the', 'twist-', 'angle', 'for', 'the', 'greatest', 'strength', 'is', 'that', 'of', '22°', 'to', '25°', 'given', 'by', 'the', 'rule-', 'D', 'Cotangent', 'of', 'Twist', 'Angle', ',', 'or', 'D', 'TC', 'X', 'Cot.', 'of', 'Twist', 'Angle', 'T', ',', 'when', 'reciprocal', 'diameter', ',', 'ratio', 'of', 'circumference', 'to', 'diameter', ';', 'and', '=', 'turns', 'per', 'inch.', "'", 'bad', 'spin', '"', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'twist', 'up', 'to', 'TE', 'X', 'T', 'D', '=', 'TT', 'T', '1', 'In', 'a', '238']

[[98, 98, 'Textile Machinery'], [101, 101, 'Textile Machinery']]

['239', '(', '311', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', 'this', 'angle', ',', 'but', 'usually', 'the', 'twist', 'will', 'be', 'below', 'this', ',', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'lustres', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'yarns', ',', 'as', 'low', 'as', 'possible.', 'Generally', 'speaking', 'for', 'worsted', 'yarns', 'the', 'twist-angles', 'will', 'be', 'Drafting', 'twist', '4°', 'to', 'gº', 'Hosiery', 'twist', '8°', 'to', '16°', 'Normal', 'twist', '16°', 'to', '24°', 'To', 'decide', 'the', 'lowest', 'possible', 'twist', 'would', 'require', 'knowledge', 'of', 'frictional', 'coefficients', 'on', 'each', 'type', 'of', 'material', ',', 'effects', 'of', 'twist', 'on', 'strength', ',', 'weaving', 'strength', 'required', ',', 'etc.', 'etc.', 'Here', 'again', 'is', 'a', 'large', 'field', 'for', 'research.', 'To', 'decide', 'the', 'arrangement', 'of', 'fibres', 'in', 'the', 'thread', 'is', 'really', 'to', 'select', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'spinning-frame', 'or', 'mule', 'For', 'all', 'frames', 'direct', 'the', 'fibres', 'away', 'from', 'the', 'spindle', 'during', 'twisting', 'and', 'consequently', 'the', 'fibres', 'have', 'a', 'given', '"', 'inclination.', '"', 'This', 'is', 'clearly', 'shown', 'by', 'making', 'a', 'warp', 'with', ',', 'say', ',', '200', 'threads', 'with', 'fibres', 'pointing', 'in', 'one', 'direction', 'and', '200', 'threads', 'with', 'the', 'fibres', 'pointing', 'in', 'the', 'other', 'direction.', 'The', 'cloth', 'made', 'from', 'this', 'will', 'show', 'stripes', 'just', 'like', 'a', '"', 'chain-harrowed', '"', 'grass', 'field.', '.', 'If', 'in', 'mule', 'spinning', 'the', 'slivers', 'were', 'delivered', 'and', 'the', 'carriage', 'arrived', 'at', 'the', 'extremity', 'of', 'its', 'traverse', 'without', 'any', 'twist', 'being', 'put', 'into', 'the', 'yarn', ',', 'and', 'then', 'the', 'yarn', 'were', 'twisted', ',', 'it', 'is', 'quite', 'possible', 'that', 'the', 'fibres', 'would', 'radiate', 'out', 'from', 'the', 'central', 'core', 'of', 'the', 'thread', 'without', 'any', 'specific', 'direction.', 'But', ',', 'again', ',', 'this', 'experiment', 'has', 'probably', 'never', 'been', 'tried', 'the', 'insertion', 'of', 'the', 'twist', 'and', 'the', 'slight', 'gain', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'in', 'normal', 'worsted-', 'mule', 'spinning', 'will', 'probably', 'be', 'quite', 'sufficient', ',', 'as', 'a', 'rule', ',', 'to', 'give', 'a', 'distinct', 'inclination', 'to', 'the', 'exterior', 'fibres.', 'Speed', 'of', 'spin', 'also', 'appears', 'from', 'the', 'following', 'record', 'to', 'affect', 'the', 'fibre', 'arrangement', ',', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'the', '239']

[[112, 112, 'Textile Machinery'], [114, 114, 'Textile Machinery'], [124, 124, 'Textile Machinery'], [187, 187, 'Textile Machinery'], [195, 195, 'Textile Machinery'], [262, 262, 'Textile Machinery'], [266, 266, 'Textile Machinery']]

['240', '(', '312', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'coming', 'research', 'experiments', 'in', 'photography', 'and', 'the', 'stroboscope', 'may', 'help', 'to', 'reveal', 'the', 'basic', 'differences', 'in', 'flyer', ',', 'cap', ',', 'ring', 'and', 'mule', 'spinning.', 'The', 'Construction', 'of', 'Spinning Frames', '—', 'The', 'creels', 'and', 'feeding', 'arrangements', 'for', 'these', 'machines', 'are', 'similar', 'to', 'those', 'already', 'described.', 'Care', 'should', 'be', 'taken', ',', 'however', ',', 'to', 'select', 'delicate', 'feeding appliances', ',', 'as', 'the', 'slivers', 'here', 'termed', '“rovings”', 'are', 'now', 'becoming', 'very', 'thin', 'and', 'may', 'easily', 'be', 'strained.', 'The', 'drafting', 'arrangements', 'are', 'very', 'similar', 'to', 'those', 'employed', 'in', 'drawing', ',', 'but', 'again', ',', 'as', 'the', 'rovings', 'when', 'drawn', 'out', 'to', 'the', 'thread-sliver', 'state', 'are', 'very', 'delicate', ',', 'the', 'most', 'perfect', 'control', 'possible', 'is', 'needed', 'at', 'the', 'nip', 'of', 'the', 'front rollers', 'This', 'means', 'small rollers', 'and', 'a', 'close', 'working', 'of', 'the', 'last', 'set', 'of', 'carriers', 'into', 'the', 'nip', 'of', 'the', 'front rollers', 'The', 'extent', 'to', 'which', 'the', 'twist', 'in', 'the', 'roving', 'here', 'introduces', 'or', 'controls', 'agitation', 'is', 'worthy', 'of', 'observation', 'and', 'consideration.', 'The', 'number', 'and', 'arrangement', 'of', 'the', 'carriers', 'must', 'be', 'such', 'that', 'while', 'they', 'do', 'not', 'bind', 'the', 'fibres', 'too', 'strongly', ',', 'they', 'do', 'present', 'the', 'slowly', 'delivered', 'fibres', 'from', 'the', 'back-rollers', 'to', 'the', 'quickly', 'revolving', 'front rollers', 'in', 'such', 'a', 'way', 'that', 'the', 'fibres', 'going', 'at', ',', 'say', ',', 'seven', 'times', 'the', 'speed', 'do', 'not', 'unduly', 'roughen', 'the', 'fibres', 'still', 'coming', 'forward', 'at', 'the', 'slower', 'speed', ',', 'nor', 'other', 'fibres', 'already', 'travelling', 'riding', 'at', 'approximately', 'the', 'greater', 'speed.', 'The', 'question', 'of', 'wood', 'or', 'metal', 'carriers', 'must', 'be', 'decided', 'with', 'mental', 'vision', 'of', 'the', 'constraint', 'or', 'lack', 'of', 'con-', 'straint', 'on', 'the', 'fibres', ',', 'following', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'either', 'the', 'one', 'or', 'the', 'other', '(', 'see', 'p.', '203', ')', '.', 'It', 'is', 'in', 'the', 'delivery', 'mechanisms', 'that', 'the', 'greatest', 'differences', 'between', 'spinning frames', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'noted', ',', 'although', 'with', 'a', 'given', 'type', 'of', 'delivery mechanism', 'cer-', 'tain', 'styles', 'of', 'rollers', 'will', 'often', 'be', 'found', 'simply', 'because', 'or', '240']

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['241', '(', '313', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', '--', 'certain', 'mechanisms', 'are', 'specially', 'suited', 'to', 'the', 'spinning', 'of', 'specific', 'types', 'of', 'yarns', ',', 'thus', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'flyer frame', 'is', 'usually', 'employed', 'for', 'long', 'lustre', 'wools', ';', 'and', 'sometimes', 'for', 'fine', 'Botany', 'wools', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 'the', 'cap', 'frame', 'is', 'usually', 'employed', 'for', 'cross-bred', 'and', 'Botany', 'wools', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'the', 'ring frame', 'is', 'usually', 'employed', 'for', 'fine', 'Botany', 'wools.', 'd', ')', 'the', 'mule', 'is', 'usually', 'employed', 'for', 'fine', 'and', 'short', 'Botany', 'or', 'for', 'fine', 'cross-bred', 'wools.', 'The', 'characteristic', 'features', 'of', 'each', 'of', 'the', 'machines', 'under', '(', 'a', ')', ',', '(', 'b', ')', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'are', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '68.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'and', 'bobbin', 'will', 'be', 'understood', 'from', 'what', 'has', 'already', 'been', 'stated', 'about', 'the', 'flyer', 'action', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'open', 'and', 'cone', 'drawing.', 'It', 'has', 'ap-', 'parently', 'been', 'found', 'impossible', 'to', 'construct', 'a', 'cone', 'spinning', 'frame', ',', 'and', 'therefore', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'the', 'spinning bobbin', 'is', 'limited', 'to-', 'Spool Bobbin', '54', '"', 'x', '2', '"', '4', '"', 'x', '2', '"', 'for', '8', "'s", 'to', '32', "'s", ',', '41', '"', 'x', '11', '"', '31', '"', 'x', '1', '}', '"', 'for', '32', "'s", 'to', '56', "'s", ',', 'and', '31', '"', '3', '"', 'X', 'I', '}', '"', 'for', 'fine', 'Botany', 'spinning', ';', '5', '"', 'X', '1', '"', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'flyer frame', ',', 'the', 'weight', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', 'and', 'the', 'speed', 'at', 'which', 'the', 'bobbin', 'when', 'full', 'must', 'follow', 'the', 'flyer', 'reduces', 'the', 'maximum', 'speed', 'of', 'this', 'frame', 'to', 'about', '2,500', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute.', 'By', 'employing', 'specially', 'constructed', 'spindles', 'greater', 'speeds', 'than', 'this', 'have', 'been', 'obtained', ',', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'more', 'usual', 'to', 'run', 'at', 'slower', 'speeds', ',', 'thereby', 'producing', 'a', 'more', 'lustrous', 'yarn', 'showing', 'less', 'of', 'a', '“', 'beard”', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'The', 'beard', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'will', 'be', 'indicative', 'of', 'roughness', 'of', 'yarn', 'and', 'will', 'also', 'be', 'detrimental', 'in', 'running', 'the', 'yarn', 'off', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'being', 'unsightly.', 'The', 'modification', 'of', 'the', 'lifter', 'Q', '241']

[[27, 27, 'Textile Machinery'], [62, 62, 'Textile Machinery'], [73, 73, 'Textile Machinery'], [116, 116, 'Textile Machinery'], [118, 118, 'Textile Machinery'], [130, 130, 'Textile Machinery'], [159, 159, 'Textile Machinery'], [163, 163, 'Textile Machinery'], [223, 223, 'Textile Machinery'], [229, 229, 'Textile Machinery'], [236, 236, 'Textile Machinery'], [242, 242, 'Textile Machinery'], [249, 249, 'Textile Machinery'], [260, 260, 'Textile Machinery'], [294, 294, 'Textile Machinery'], [299, 299, 'Textile Machinery'], [318, 318, 'Textile Machinery']]

['243', '(', '315', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', '>', 'heart-wheel', 'action', '(', 'Fig.', '72A', ',', 'p.', '249', ')', 'will', 'bind', 'in', 'the', 'beard', 'of', 'the', 'bobbin', ',', 'but', 'will', 'not', 'result', 'in', 'a', 'smarter', 'yarn', 'being', 'spun.', 'This', 'gain', ',', 'however', ',', 'is', 'usually', 'well', 'worth', 'considering.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'spindle', 'speed', 'in', 'all', 'spinning', 'frames', 'is', 'the', 'limit', 'of', 'production', ',', 'the', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'front rollers', 'being', 'controlled', 'to', 'give', 'the', 'required', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'of', 'twist.', 'This', 'necessitates', 'the', 'back-rollers', 'being', 'driven', 'from', 'the', 'front rollers', 'or', 'else', 'every', 'modifica-', 'tion', 'in', 'the', 'twist', 'would', 'be', 'accompanied', 'by', 'a', 'modifica-', 'tion', 'in', 'the', 'draft.', 'From', 'the', 'plan', 'of', 'the', 'flyer frame', 'given', 'in', 'Fig.', '69', 'the', 'necessary', 'changing', 'for', 'draft', 'will', 'be', 'realized', ',', 'and', 'also', 'the', 'conditions', 'of', 'regulating', 'the', 'twist.', 'The', 'cap spindle', '(', 'Fig.', '68b', ')', 'is', 'in', 'a', 'manner', 'the', 'reverse', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', ',', 'the', 'bobbin', 'being', 'driven', 'and', 'winding', 'the', 'the', 'yarn', '--', 'as', 'delivered', 'from', 'the', 'front rollers-upon', 'itself', 'by', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'air', 'friction', 'and', 'possibly', 'the', 'friction', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'on', 'edge', 'of', 'the', 'cap', 'Thus', 'in', 'this', 'type', 'of', 'frame', 'the', 'spindles', 'must', 'be', 'driven', 'at', 'a', 'high', 'speed', '(', 'at', 'least', '4,000', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'and', 'up', 'to', '7,000', ')', ',', 'otherwise', 'the', 'yarn', 'will', 'be', 'softly', 'and', 'insecurely', 'wound', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'spool.', 'This', 'is', 'probably', 'the', 'most', '"', 'natural', '"', 'method', 'of', 'all', 'the', 'spinning', 'methods.', 'It', 'is', 'curious', 'to', 'note', 'that', 'while', 'cap', 'spinning', 'has', 'become', 'the', 'method', 'of', 'spinning', 'par', 'excellence', 'for', 'fine', 'Botany', 'and', 'cross-bred', 'yarns', 'it', 'has', 'never', 'proved', 'successful', 'for', 'cotton', 'yarns.', 'This', 'fact', 'again', 'suggests', 'how', 'little', 'is', 'really', 'known', 'about', 'spinning', 'principles', ',', 'It', 'is', 'obvious', 'that', 'the', 'shape', 'of', 'the', 'cap', 'will', 'be', 'varied', 'to', 'meet', 'two', 'exigencies', ',', 'viz.', ':', 'shape', 'of', 'bobbin', ';', 'delicacy', 'of', 'thread', 'frictioning.', 'The', 'double-headed', 'bobbin', 'will', 'require', 'a', 'cap', 'shaped', '243']

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['244', '(', '316', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'as', '1', ',', 'Fig.', '70', ',', 'the', 'weft', 'spool', '2', ',', 'Fig.', '70', ';', 'while', '4', ',', 'Fig.', '70', ',', ',', 'will', 'tend', 'to', 'leave', 'the', '“ballooning', '"', 'thread', 'during', 'spinning', 'entirely', 'in', 'the', 'air', 'and', 'not', 'on', 'the', 'slope', 'of', 'the', 'cap', ',', 'which', 'may', 'be', 'the', 'position', 'with', 'other', 'shapes', 'of', 'cap', 'The', 'question', ',', '"', 'Why', 'not', 'the', 'converse', 'form', 'for', 'the', 'cap', '?', '"', 'may', 'well', 'be', 'asked', 'here.', 'In', 'Fig.', '68c', 'the', 'ring', 'spindle', 'arrangement', 'is', 'illus-', 'trated.', 'In', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'ring', 'acts', 'as', 'the', 'definite', 're-', 'tarding', 'agent.', 'The', 'psychological', 'outlook', 'of', 'the', 'student', 'is', 'well', 'tested', 'by', 'Drawing', 'and', 'Spinning', 'Draft', 'calculations', '!', 'especially', 'if', 'he', 'has', 'previously', 'been', 'dealing', 'with', 'Gill-box', 'drafts.', 'For', 'he', 'must', 'throw', 'over', 'his', 'mind', 'on', 'to', 'another“', 'tack', ',', '"', 'and', 'unless', 'he', 'is', 'very', 'careful', 'his', 'previous', 'experience', 'will', 'lead', 'him', 'to', 'incorrect', 'results', ',', 'and', ',', 'worse', 'still', ',', 'to', 'a', 'vague', 'outlook', 'on', 'the', 'problem', 'to', 'be', 'solved.', 'The', 'following', 'is', 'a', 'good', 'line', 'to', 'take', '(', 'see', 'Fig.', '69', ')', 'Basis', ':', '4', '"', 'front', 'roller', '100', 'draft-revolution', 'for', 'revolution.', '1', '1', '"', 'back roller', 'But', 'if', 'F.', 'R.', 'wheel', '(', '59', ')', 'drives', 'B.', 'R.', 'wheel', '(', '100', ')', ',', 'then', 'the', 'draft', 'is', 'increased', 'thus', '4', '"', 'Х', '1', '}', '"', '59', 'and', 'the', 'double-stud', 'intermediate', 'acts', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'way.', 'Thus', 'the', 'full', 'Draft', 'calculation', 'stands', '4', '"', 'X', '100', 'X', '100', '6.5', 'draft.', '11', '"', 'x', 'I', '59', 'X', '84', 'The', '(', '59', ')', 'wheel', 'is', 'the', 'Change Wheel', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'more', 'gives', 'less”-i.e.', 'that', 'more', 'teeth', 'in', 'the', 'change wheel', 'give', 'quicker', 'running', 'of', 'the', 'back-rollers', ',', 'and', 'thus', 'less', 'draft.', 'The', 'carrier-drafts', 'may', 'be', 'calculated', 'on', 'similar', 'lines', ',', 'thus-', 'N', '244']

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['246', '(', '320', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'a', '381•0', 'Draft', '(', '6-5', ')', '-50', 'the', 'change', 'wheel', 'required', 'to', 'give', 'a', 'draft', 'of', '6-5.', 'From', 'Fig.', '69', 'the', 'Twist', 'Calculation', 'will', 'be', 'readily', 'worked', 'out', ',', 'and', 'here', 'also', 'complete', 'control', 'must', 'be', 'attained.', 'The', 'most', 'see-able', '"', 'method', 'to', 'adopt', 'here', 'is', 'to', 'start', 'from', 'the', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'of', 'the', 'main shaft', 'and', 'from', 'this', 'obtain', '(', 'a', ')', 'The', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', '(', 'or', 'flyers', ')', ',', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'The', 'inches', 'delivered', 'per', 'minute', 'by', 'the', 'front rollers', 'Then', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'evident', 'that', 'ő', '=', 'the', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', 'in', 'the', 'yarn', '(', 'theoretical', ')', '.', 'This', 'calculation', 'stands', 'as', 'follows-', '1250', 'x', '53', 'x', '10', '=', '2290', 'revs.', 'per', 'min.', 'of', 'spindle', '.24', 'Xit', '1250', 'x', '53', 'x', '6', 'x', '34', 'x', '4', 'x', 'at', '184', 'inches', 'of', 'yarn', 'per', '24', 'X', '15', 'X', '268', 'min.', 'delivered', 'by', "F.R.'s.", '2290', '=', '12.4', 'turns', 'per', 'inch', '(', 'theoretical', ')', '.', '184', 'But', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'in', 'this', 'calculation', 'that', 'the', 'numbers', '1250', ',', '51', 'and', '24', 'come', 'in', 'both', 'fractions', ',', 'and', 'cancel', 'one', 'another.', 'Thus', 'the', 'more', 'direct', 'method', 'is', 'the', 'following', ',', 'based', 'upon', 'one', 'revolution', 'of', 'the', 'cylinder shaft', '10', '"', '-', '8', 'turns', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'it', '6', 'X', '34', 'X', '4', 'X', '*', '•63', 'inches', 'of', 'yarn', 'delivered.', '15', 'X', '268', '8', '.65', "12'4", 'turne', 'per', 'inch', '(', 'theoretical', ')', '.', '246']

[[63, 63, 'Textile Machinery'], [77, 77, 'Textile Machinery'], [80, 80, 'Textile Machinery'], [94, 94, 'Textile Machinery'], [130, 130, 'Textile Machinery'], [209, 209, 'Textile Machinery'], [217, 217, 'Textile Machinery']]

['247', '(', '321', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', 'An', 'important', 'distinction', 'should', 'be', 'drawn', 'between', 'calculated', 'and', 'actual', 'twist.', 'In', 'fact', 'with', 'reference', 'to', 'all', 'textile', 'machinery', 'there', 'is', 'room', 'for', 'much', 'research', 'on', 'the', 'reason', 'for', 'the', 'marked', 'difference', 'between', 'the', 'theoretical', 'and', 'actual', 'results', 'obtained.', 'An', 'approx-', 'imation', 'of', 'theoretical', 'and', 'actual', 'results', 'should', 'be', 'diligently', 'sought', 'for.', 'With', 'reference', 'to', 'all', 'these', 'spindles', 'and', 'their', 'equip-', 'ment', 'the', 'following', 'points', 'should', 'be', 'specially', 'noted', ':', '-', '1.', 'the', 'driven', 'parts_flyer', 'or', 'spindle-should', 'be', 'well', 'designed', 'to', 'stand', 'running', 'for', 'years', 'at', 'normal', 'speeds', 'and', 'easily', 'oiled', ';', '2.', 'the', 'driven', 'parts', 'should', 'be', 'driven', 'under', 'con-', 'ditions', 'which', 'will', 'ensure', 'absolute', 'regularity', 'of', 'running', 'from', 'day', 'to', 'day', 'and', 'week', 'to', 'week', '-chain', 'drives', 'wherever', 'possible', ';', '3.', 'the', 'system', 'of', 'control', 'adopted', 'should', 'be', 'certain', ',', 'easy', 'to', 'manipulate', ',', 'and', 'should', 'give', 'no', 'occa-', 'sion', 'for', 'the', 'taking-in', 'of', 'grit', 'or', 'for', 'the', 'splash-', 'ing', 'of', 'oil', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'yarn', 'during', 'spinning', ';', '4.', 'the', 'lifter-or', 'ring-rail-should', 'be', 'under', 'delicate', 'control-positive', 'or', 'negative', 'and', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'impossible', 'for', 'it', 'to', 'give', 'any', 'other', 'distribu-', 'tion', 'than', 'that', 'demanded', 'from', 'it*', ';', '5.', 'the', 'system', 'of', 'yarn-control', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'relation-', 'ship', 'of', 'front rollers', 'and', 'spindles', 'should', 'be', 'such', 'as', 'to', 'give', 'the', 'necessary', 'support', 'to', 'the', 'thread', 'during', 'twisting', ',', 'and', 'to', 'direct', 'it', 'satisfac-', 'torily', 'to', 'its', 'position', 'on', 'the', 'spool', 'or', 'bobbin', 'Lifter', 'Motions.', 'The', 'distribution', 'of', 'the', 'delivered', 'thread', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'spool', ',', 'bobbin', 'or', 'tube', 'is', 'a', 'fascinating', '*', 'The', 'problem', 'of', 'obtaining', 'a', 'stationary', 'ring-rail', 'in', 'ring', 'spinning', 'is', 'of', 'much', 'moment.', 'Reference', 'is', 'made', 'to', 'this', 'type', 'in', 'Chapter', 'IV.', '247']

[[64, 64, 'Textile Machinery'], [170, 170, 'Textile Machinery'], [171, 171, 'Textile Machinery'], [208, 208, 'Textile Machinery'], [210, 210, 'Textile Machinery'], [237, 237, 'Textile Machinery'], [239, 239, 'Textile Machinery'], [240, 240, 'Textile Machinery'], [251, 251, 'Textile Machinery'], [253, 253, 'Textile Machinery'], [255, 255, 'Textile Machinery'], [266, 266, 'Textile Machinery']]

['250', '(', '326', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '(', '2', ')', 'the', 'gradual', 'but', 'permanent', 'fall', 'of', 'the', 'bobbins', '(', 'without', 'any', 'interference', 'with', 'the', '2', '"', 'pick', ')', 'as', 'soon', 'as', 'the', 'required', 'built-up', 'diameter', 'has', 'been', 'attained.', 'The', 'action', 'of', 'the', 'mechanism', '(', 'Fig.', '72', ')', 'to', 'give', 'these', 'two', 'controls', 'will', 'readily', 'be', 'understood.', 'For', 'if', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'the', '“heart', '"', 'be', 'followed', 'through', ',', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'to', 'give', 'the', '2', '"', 'pick', 'wherever', 'the', 'lifter plate', 'with', 'its', 'bobbins', 'may', 'be', '(', 'within', 'its', 'limit', 'of', 'movement', ')', '.', 'Further', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'if', 'the', 'hand-wheel', '(', '1', ')', 'be', 'turned', ',', 'then', ',', 'through', 'the', 'screw', '(', 'f', ')', ',', 'it', 'will', 'directly', 'elevate', 'or', 'depress', 'the', 'bobbin-rail', '(', 'g', ',', 'g', ')', ',', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'direction', 'of', 'rotation.', 'Thus', 'the', 'slow', 'rotation', 'and', 'withdrawal', 'of', 'this', 'screw', '(', 'f', ')', 'from', 'beginning', 'to', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'spin-after', 'the', 'base', 'layers', 'of', 'yarn', 'have', 'been', 'laid', 'on', 'the', 'spool-lowers', 'the', 'spools', 'so', 'that', 'the', 'yarn', 'from', 'the', 'edge', 'of', 'the', 'cap', '(', ')', ',', 'from', 'the', 'eye', 'of', 'the', 'flyer', ',', 'or', 'from', 'the', 'traveller', 'of', 'the', 'ring', ',', 'is', 'guided', 'higher', 'and', 'higher', 'upon', 'the', 'spool barrel', 'until', 'the', 'required', 'bulk', 'of', 'yarn', 'has', 'been', 'well', 'and', 'truly', 'built', 'upon', 'the', 'spool', 'It', 'will', 'now', 'be', 'realized', 'that', 'in', 'starting', 'the', 'building', 'of', 'the', 'spool', '-', '(', '3', ')', 'a', 'short', 'pick', 'must', 'be', 'employed', ',', 'gradually', 'in-', 'creasing', 'to', 'the', 'long', '(', '2', '"', ')', 'pick', ';', 'and', '(', '4', ')', 'a', 'suppression', 'of', 'the', 'permanent', 'fall', 'of', 'the', 'bobbins', 'until', 'the', '2', '"', 'pick', 'is', 'attained.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'that', '(', '3', ')', 'is', 'obtained', 'by', 'starting', 'the', 'friction roller', '(', 'c', ')', 'at', 'the', 'top', 'position', 'on', 'the', '"', 'monkey', '"', '(', 'd', ')', ',', 'in', 'which', 'position', 'it', 'conveys', 'the', 'smallest', 'possible', 'traverse', 'to', 'the', 'spool', ',', 'and', 'gradually', 'increases', 'this', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'lowered', 'through', '(', '1', ')', 'and', '(', 'e', ')', 'until', 'it', 'gives', 'the', 'full', 'traverse', '(', 'or', '2', '"', 'pick', ')', '.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'that', '(', '4', ')', 'is', 'the', 'result', 'of', 'inactivity', 'of', 'the', 'traversing', 'screw', '(', 'f', ')', 'until', 'the', 'friction-roller', '(', 'c', ')', 'is', 'in', 'the', 'position', 'to', 'give', 'the', 'full', 'pick', '(', '2', '"', ')', '.', '250']

[[18, 18, 'Textile Machinery'], [81, 81, 'Textile Machinery'], [84, 84, 'Textile Machinery'], [103, 103, 'Textile Machinery'], [126, 126, 'Textile Machinery'], [180, 180, 'Textile Machinery'], [189, 189, 'Textile Machinery'], [197, 197, 'Textile Machinery'], [206, 206, 'Textile Machinery'], [221, 221, 'Textile Machinery'], [234, 234, 'Textile Machinery'], [270, 270, 'Textile Machinery'], [291, 291, 'Textile Machinery'], [302, 302, 'Textile Machinery'], [319, 319, 'Textile Machinery'], [372, 372, 'Textile Machinery']]

['251', '(', '327', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', 'In', 'a', 'mechanism', 'of', 'this', 'type', 'there', 'are', 'so', 'many', 'interesting', 'matters', 'to', 'be', 'studied', 'that', 'the', 'student', 'is', 'Ulkely', 'to', 'overlook', 'the', 'dominant', 'question', '--', 'viz.', 'what', 'type', 'of', 'a', 'bobbin', 'or', 'spool', 'build', 'is', 'required', '?', 'A', 'strong', 'warning', 'must', 'be', 'given', 'against', 'this', 'probable', 'mistake.', 'The', 'technologist', 'must', 'decide', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'build', 'he', 're-', 'quires', ',', 'and', 'the', 'mechanic', 'must', 'be', 'required', 'to', 'give', 'this.', 'The', 'question', 'may', 'be', 'asked', 'what', 'difference', 'does', 'the', 'winding', 'of', 'the', 'yarn', 'on', 'to', 'the', 'spool', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'make', ',', 'so', 'long', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'well', 'wound', '?', 'All', 'the', 'difference', 'between', 'success', 'and', 'abject', 'failure', '!', 'This', 'may', 'seem', 'to', 'be', 'a', 'strong', 'statement', 'to', 'make', ',', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'absolute', 'fact.', 'The', 'length', 'of', 'the', 'pick', 'and', 'the', 'concomitant', 'length', 'of', 'yarn', 'for', 'each', 'pick', 'decides', 'the', 'variations', 'in', 'tension', 'on', 'the', 'yarn', 'as', 'it', 'is', 'drawn', 'from', 'the', 'spool', 'by', 'the', 'travers-', 'ing', 'of', 'the', 'shuttle', 'during', 'weaving', ',', 'and', 'this', 'decides', 'the', 'perfection', 'or', 'otherwise', 'of', 'the', 'fabric', 'produced.', 'Prob-', 'ably', 'every', 'width', 'of', 'cloth', '(', 'in', 'the', 'loom', ')', 'and', 'possibly', 'every', 'weave', 'should', 'be', 'traversed', 'for', 'specially.', 'Here', 'is', 'room', 'for', 'beautifully', 'delicate', 'researches', 'on', '"', 'tension-', 'ing', '"', 'for', 'which', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'necessary', 'to', 'make', 'much', 'more', 'refined', '"', 'tension', 'indicators”', 'than', 'have', 'been', 'produced', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'present.', 'Mechanical', 'Doffing', 'Methods.', '--', 'In', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'Distaff', 'and', 'Wheel', 'spinning', 'one', 'spinner', 'or', 'spinster', 'con-', 'trolled', 'one', 'spindle', 'completely.', 'With', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'Billeys', 'and', 'Jennies', 'in', 'which', 'one', 'man', 'or', 'woman', 'controlled', 'from', 'sixteen', 'to', 'sixty', 'spindles', ',', '"', 'pieceners', 'and', '“', 'doffers', '"', 'came', 'into', 'being', ',', 'and', 'as', 'the', 'piecening', 'and', 'doffing', 'were', 'quite', 'simple', 'operations', 'requiring', 'deft', 'fingers', 'and', 'little', 'bodily', 'strength', ',', 'it', 'was', 'but', 'natural', 'that', 'this', 'work', 'should', 'be', 'relegated', 'to', 'children.', 'If', 'the', 'pleasures', 'which', 'children', 'have', 'experienced', 'in', 'being', 'skilfully', 'useful', 'were', 'placed', 'against', 'the', 'pains', 'which', '251']

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['252', '(', '328', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', ')', 'they', 'have', 'experienced', 'in', 'being', 'unfairly', 'treated', ',', 'it', 'is', 'questionable', 'on', 'which', 'side', 'the', 'balance', 'would', 'weigh', 'down.', 'However', 'this', 'may', 'be', ',', 'some', 'day', 'soon', 'will', 'be', 'illustrated', 'to', 'us', 'the', 'beautiful', 'finger', 'and', 'wrist', 'action', 'involved', 'in', 'both', 'piecening', 'and', 'doffing.', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'historical', 'development', 'of', 'spinning', ',', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'strange', 'to', 'find', 'that', 'until', 'recently', 'all', 'spinning', 'frames', 'were', 'built', 'to', 'the', 'stature', 'of', 'the', 'child.', 'Half-time', 'labour', 'is', ',', 'however', ',', 'rapidly', 'disappearing', 'throughout', 'the', 'industrial', 'districts', ',', 'and', 'some', 'means', 'must', 'obviously', 'be', 'found', 'to', 'do', 'the', 'work', ',', 'particularly', '“', 'doffing', ',', '”', 'up', 'to', 'the', 'present', 'carried', 'out', 'by', 'the', '"', 'half-timer.”', 'There', 'are', 'three', 'conceivable', 'methods', 'of', 'doffing', ',', 'viz.', '1.', 'Hand', 'Doffing-unit', 'method', '(', 'a', ')', 'Periodic', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Continuous.', '2.', 'Hand', 'Doffing-multiple', '(', 'mechanical', ')', 'method', '(', 'a', ')', 'Periodic', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Continuous.', '3.', 'Automatic', 'Doffing', '(', 'not', 'attempted', 'so', 'far', ')', '.', 'Reasoning', 'the', 'matter', 'out', 'carefully', ',', 'it', 'is', 'evident', 'that', 'almost', 'any', 'mechanical doffer', 'of', 'the', 'second', 'class', 'will', 'be', 'more', 'complex', 'than', 'the', 'machine', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'doffs', ',', 'and', 'consequently', 'one', 'would', 'expect', 'the', 'frame', 'to', 'be', 'designed', 'to', 'the', 'doffer', 'and', 'not', 'the', 'doffer', 'to', 'the', 'frame', 'This', 'line', 'is', 'almost', 'taken', 'in', 'the', 'mechanical doffers', 'of', 'most', 'recent', 'construction.', 'There', 'is', ',', 'however', ',', 'a', 'more', 'fundamental', 'line', 'of', 'reasoning', 'than', 'this', 'which', 'can', 'not', 'well', 'be', 'pursued', 'here.', 'Dealing', 'now', 'entirely', 'with', 'the', 'second', 'class', ',', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'there', 'are', 'the', 'two', 'types', 'of', 'doffer', 'in', 'evidence', ',', 'viz.', ',', '(', 'a', ')', 'Doffers', 'designed', 'to', 'doff', 'from', 'the', 'normal', 'spinning frame', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Doffers', 'and', 'spinning frames', 'designed', 'with', 'doffing', 'fully', 'in', 'view.', '252']

[[182, 182, 'Textile Machinery'], [205, 205, 'Textile Machinery'], [218, 218, 'Textile Machinery'], [226, 226, 'Textile Machinery'], [279, 279, 'Textile Machinery'], [286, 286, 'Textile Machinery'], [293, 293, 'Textile Machinery']]

['252', '(', '329', ')', '1', 'Fig.', 'The Arnold-Forster Mechanical Flyer Doffer']

[[6, 6, 'Textile Machinery']]

['253', '(', '331', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', 'Up', 'to', 'the', 'present', 'mechanical', 'doffing', 'has', 'only', 'been', 'applied', 'to', 'the', 'Flyer and Cap frames', ',', 'and', 'as', 'the', 'former', 'presented', 'fewer', 'difficulties', 'it', 'has', 'been', 'tackled', 'first.', 'RAFO', 'avec', 'Fig.', '73a.', '--', 'Section', 'of', 'the', 'Arnold-Forster Mechanical Doffer', '(', 'Made', 'by', 'Messrs.', 'Hall', 'and', 'Stell', ')', 'Mr.', "Percy Clough's flyer doffer", 'was', 'certainly', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'first', ',', 'and', 'it', 'is', 'interesting', 'to', 'note', 'that', 'it', 'is', 'still', 'running.', 'It', 'probably', 'owes', 'its', 'success', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'it', 'modifies', 'nothing', 'in', 'the', 'normal', 'flyer frame', ',', '253']

[[19, 19, 'Textile Machinery'], [41, 41, 'Textile Machinery'], [51, 51, 'Textile Machinery'], [85, 85, 'Textile Machinery']]

['254', '(', '332', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'so', 'that', 'in', 'no', 'sense', 'does', 'it', 'interfere', 'with', 'the', 'produc-', 'tion', 'of', 'the', 'finest', 'lustre', 'yarns', 'on', 'the', '"', 'open-top', '"', 'spindle', 'Mr.', "Arnold-Forster's flyer doffer", '(', 'as', 'made', 'by', 'Messrs.', 'Hall', 'and', 'Stell', ')', 'came', 'next.', 'In', 'this', 'case', 'the', 'spindle', 'was', 'modified', ',', 'being', 'top', 'driven', 'with', 'its', 'bottom', 'end', 'sup-', 'ported', 'in', 'the', 'frame', 'This', 'has', 'proved', 'markedly', 'successful', 'in', 'all', 'cases', 'save', 'possibly', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'finest', 'lustre', 'spinning.', 'The', 'Aked-Prince-Smith', 'flyer doffer', '(', 'Figs.', '74a', 'and', '74b', ')', 'is', 'even', 'more', 'drastic', 'than', 'the', 'Arnold-Forster', ',', 'not', 'only', 'employing', 'the', 'top', 'driven', 'spindle', ',', 'but', 'also', 'separ-', 'ating', 'the', 'spindle', 'from', 'the', 'flyer.', 'This', 'introduces', 'two', 'difficulties', ',', 'viz.', ',', 'the', 'extra', 'friction', 'on', 'the', 'bobbin', 'of', 'a', 'stationary', 'spindle', 'and', 'the', 'difficulty', 'of', 'obtaining', 'a', 'bearing', 'which', 'will', 'reasonably', 'withstand', 'the', 'stress', 'of', 'the', 'flyer-drive.', 'It', 'presented', 'one', 'great', 'possibility', ',', 'however', ',', 'of', 'which', 'full', 'advantage', 'was', 'taken.', 'At', 'this', 'stage', 'it', 'became', 'evident', 'that', 'the', 'idea', 'of', 'doffing', 'from', 'the', 'spinning spindles', 'and', 'refilling', 'with', 'empty', 'bobbins', 'or', 'spools', 'might', 'be', 'supplanted', 'by', 'doffing', 'by', 'the', '"', 'rail', ',', '"', 'i.e.', ',', 'removing', 'a', 'rail', 'of', 'full', 'bobbins', 'from', 'the', 'spinning', 'position', 'and', 'putting', 'in', 'its', 'place', 'a', 'rail', 'of', 'empty', 'bobbins', 'Thus', 'the', 'two', 'types', 'of', 'doffing', 'are', ':', '-', '1.', 'Bobbin', 'Interchanging', 'Doffing.', '2.', 'Spindle Rail', 'Interchanging', 'Doffing.', 'A', 'further', 'development', 'of', 'the', 'latter', 'method', 'by', 'Mr.', 'N.', 'R.', 'Newsholme', 'for', 'both', 'flyer', 'and', 'cap mechanical doffers', 'makes', 'perhaps', 'the', 'simplest', 'and', 'most', 'effi-', 'cient', 'doffer', 'It', 'may', 'almost', 'be', 'described', 'as', 'another', 'type', ',', 'e.g.', '2', '(', 'a', ')', '.', 'Spindle Rail', '(', 'Fixed', 'Path', ')', 'Doffing.', 'With', 'all', 'the', 'doffers', 'included', 'in', 'types', 'I', 'and', '2', ',', 'either', '254']

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['255', '(', '333', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', 'OIL', 'Fig.', '74a', 'Fig.', '74b', 'Figs.', '74a', 'and', '74b.-The', 'Aked-Prince-Smith Flyer Doffer Spindles', '255']

[[16, 16, 'Textile Machinery']]

['256', '(', '334', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'the', 'full', 'bobbins', 'or', 'the', 'full', 'bobbin spindle rails', 'are', 'transferred', 'to', 'doffing', 'position', 'out', 'of', 'fixed', 'paths', 'from', 'spindles', 'or', 'lifter rods', 'to', 'receiving pegs', 'placed', 'in', 'front', 'of', 'the', 'frame', ';', 'the', 'empty', 'bobbins', 'or', 'empty', 'bobbin spindle rails', 'are', 'transferred', 'to', 'spinning', 'position', ',', 'from', 'another', 'set', 'of', 'pegs', 'placed', 'in', 'front', 'of', 'the', 'frame', ',', 'to', 'either', 'spindles', 'or', 'lifter rods', 'For', 'the', 'first', 'time', 'in', 'type', '2', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'rails', 'both', 'during', 'spinning', 'and', 'doffing', 'are', 'worked', 'on', 'fixed', 'slides', 'from', 'which', 'it', 'is', 'impossible', 'for', 'them', 'to', 'deviate', ',', 'the', 'falling', 'rail', 'also', 'balancing', 'the', 'rising', 'rail', 'during', 'doffing.', 'Mr.', 'Newsholme', 'claims', 'to', 'effect', 'the', 'doffing', 'with', 'five', 'movements', 'as', 'against', 'more', 'than', 'three', 'times', 'that', 'number', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'other', 'frames', ';', 'and', 'it', 'must', 'certainly', 'be', 'conceded', 'that', 'a', 'marked', 'advance', 'has', 'been', 'made', 'in', 'simplifying', 'the', 'machine.', 'Cap frames', 'do', 'not', 'lend', 'themselves', 'to', 'mechanical', 'doffing', 'so', 'effectively', 'as', 'flyer frames', 'Many', 'attempts', 'have', 'been', 'made', 'to', 'mechanically', 'doff', 'cap-spindle', 'and', 'broadly', 'the', 'evolution', 'has', 'been', 'similar', 'to', 'that', 'observ-', 'able', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'the', 'flyer frame', 'In', 'applying', 'the', 'principle', 'of', 'Spindle', 'Rail', 'Doffing', ',', 'type', '2', '(', 'a', ')', ',', 'Mr.', 'Newsholme', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'type', 'made', 'construc-', 'tion', 'to', 'include', 'duplicate', 'spindle rails', ',', 'duplicate', 'tubes', 'and', 'duplicate', 'lifter plates', 'In', 'the', 'second', 'type', ',', 'the', 'spindles', 'are', 'lowered', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'way', ',', 'and', 'duplicate', 'rails', '(', 'which', 'are', 'out', 'of', 'engagement', 'during', 'spinning', ')', 'carry', 'the', 'duplicate', 'set', 'of', 'tubes', 'along', 'fixed', 'slides', 'from', 'spinning', 'to', 'doffing', 'position', 'and', 'the', 'reverse.', 'In', 'Fig.', '73', 'the', 'Arnold-Forster doffer', 'is', 'illustrated', 'as', 'being', 'typical', 'of', 'the', '“individual', 'spindle', 'doffing', 'type.', 'In', 'Fig.', '74b', 'the', 'Aked-Prince-Smith Flyer doffer', 'is', '>', '256']

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['258', '(', '336', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'illustrated', 'in', 'its', 'latest', 'form.', 'As', 'designed', 'in', 'Fig.', '74a', 'it', 'was', 'found', 'to', 'interfere', 'with', 'the', 'lustre', 'of', 'English', 'and', 'Worsted', 'yarns', ';', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'claimed', 'that', 'the', 'special', 'construction', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '74b', 'overcomes', 'this', 'defect.', 'In', 'Fig.', '75', "Newsholme's Cap doffer", 'is', 'illustrated', 'as', 'being', 'typical', 'of', 'the', '“rail', 'spindle', 'doffing', '"', 'type.', 'If', 'these', 'two', 'main', 'types', 'are', 'to', 'be', 'further', 'modified', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'expected', 'that', 'such', 'modifications', 'will', 'take', 'the', 'line', 'of', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Mechanical doffer', 'design', 'being', 'dominant', ',', 'the', 'whole', 'spinning frame', 'being', 'designed', 'to', 'fit', 'the', 'doffer', ',', 'and', 'not', ',', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'present', 'types', ',', 'the', 'doffer', 'being', 'fitted', 'to', 'the', 'frame', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 'True', 'automatic', 'doffing', ',', 'which', 'will', 'probably', 'only', 'become', 'possible', 'when', '(', 'a', ')', 'is', 'much', 'further', 'advanced', 'than', 'at', 'present.', 'Up', 'to', 'the', 'present', ',', 'continuous', 'doffing', 'either', 'of', 'spindles', 'or', 'rails', 'has', 'not', 'been', 'found', 'satisfactory', ',', 'but', 'the', 'idea', 'should', 'not', 'be', 'entirely', 'ruled', 'out', ':', 'there', 'may', 'be', 'possibilities', 'for', 'this', 'in', 'true', 'automatic', 'doffing.', 'THE', 'OUTPUT', 'OF', 'SPINNING FRAMES', 'This', 'matter', 'has', 'already', 'claimed', 'attention', 'in', 'Chapter', 'IV', ';', 'here', 'only', 'the', 'two', 'matters', 'of', 'doffing', 'and', 'cleaning', 'time', ',', 'and', 'waste', ',', 'call', 'for', 'comment.', 'In', 'worsted', 'spinning', ',', 'doffing', 'and', 'cleaning', 'time', 'call', 'for', 'a', 'reduction', 'from', 'the', 'theoretical', 'production', 'of', 'a', 'frame', 'of', 'from', '5', 'per', 'cent.', 'to', '10', 'per', 'cent.', 'The', 'method', 'of', 'charting', 'the', 'theoretical', 'production', 'and', 'the', 'necessary', 'deductions', 'is', 'worthy', 'of', 'careful', 'study', ';', 'there', 'are', 'other', 'methods', 'than', 'those', 'illustrated', 'in', 'Chapter', 'IV.', 'The', 'waste', 'allowance', 'will', 'be', 'markedly', 'affected', 'according', 'to', 'whether', 'the', 'roving', 'is', 'being', 'spun', 'out', 'to', 'its', 'limit', 'or', 'not.', 'This', 'also', 'should', 'be', 'charted', ',', '”', 'and', 'be', 'incorporated', 'in', 'the', 'final', 'chart', 'dealing', 'with', 'spinning-', 'room', 'production.', '258']

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['259', '(', '337', ')', 'PRINCIPLES', 'AND', 'PRACTICE', 'THE', 'WORSTED MULE', 'If', 'the', 'woollen mule', 'needs', 'a', 'monograph', 'so', 'does', 'the', 'worsted mule', 'In', 'fact', ',', 'one', 'has', 'only', 'to', 'take', 'up', 'the', 'astounding', 'publications', 'of', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'Continental', 'firms', 'to', 'realize', 'what', 'amateurish', 'publications', 'are', 'all', 'too', 'frequently', 'issued', 'in', 'this', 'country.', 'The', 'essential', 'difference', 'between', 'the', 'woollen', 'and', 'the', 'worsted mule', 'goes', 'back', 'to', 'the', 'character', 'of', 'the', 'fibre', 'spun', 'on', 'each-', 'short', 'and', 'long', 'respectively.', 'Now', 'the', 'long', 'fibre', '(', 'and', 'a', 'short', 'worsted', 'fibre', 'is', 'usually', 'long', 'in', 'comparison', 'with', 'a', 'condensed', 'woollen', 'fibre', ')', ',', 'usually', 'treated', 'on', 'the', 'worsted mule', ':', '-', '(', 'a', ')', 'Allows', 'of', 'the', 'introduction', 'of', 'roller-draft', 'pre-', 'vious', 'to', 'the', 'spindle', 'and', 'carriage', 'action', ';', 'and', '(', '6', ')', 'Limits', 'the', 'spindle-draft', 'to', 'a', 'slight', '"', 'gain', '”', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'of', 'from', '1', 'in.', 'to', '2', 'in.', 'Perhaps', 'there', 'should', 'here', 'be', 'added', '-', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'finest', 'wool', 'yarns-over', 'roo', "'s", 'worsted', 'count', '-are', 'possibly', 'best', 'spun', 'on', 'the', 'worsted mule', ',', 'necessitating', 'delicate', 'delivery', 'action', 'and', 'fine', 'adjustments', 'throughout.', 'Everything', 'follows', 'from', 'these', 'three', 'points.', 'Draft-ing rollers', 'are', 'added-their', 'action', 'being', 'controlled', 'from', 'the', 'headstock—their', 'size', 'being', 'such', 'as', 'to', 'control', 'the', 'shortest', 'possible', 'fibres', ';', 'as', 'no', 'draft-twist', 'is', 'needed', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'double-speed', 'of', 'the', 'spindles', ',', 'the', 'usual', 'speed', 'of', '4,000', 'to', '5,000', 'revolutions', 'per', 'minute', 'being', 'main-', 'tained', 'throughout', 'the', 'draw', ';', 'the', 'front rollers', 'deliver', 'throughout', 'the', 'outward', 'movement', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', ',', 'the', 'arrival', 'of', 'the', 'carriage', 'at', 'the', 'end', 'of', 'its', 'draw', 'is', 'the', 'signal', 'for', 'the', 'backing-off', 'and', 'the', 'running-in', ';', 'and', 'if', 'each', 'movement', 'is', 'carefully', 'followed', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'found', 'that', 'easements', 'and', 'mechanical', 'refinements', 'are', 'introduced', '259']

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['260', '(', '338', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'such', 'as', 'are', 'usually', 'unknown', 'to', 'the', 'ordinary', 'woollen', 'mule', 'In', 'Fig.', '76', 'an', 'idea', 'is', 'given', 'of', 'the', 'complication', 'of', 'the', 'mechanism.', 'As', 'the', 'worsted', 'mule', 'is', 'almost', 'entirely', 'engaged', 'on', 'worsted', 'counts', ',', 'the', 'pitch', 'of', 'the', 'spindle', 'is', 'usually', 'about', 'If', 'in.', ',', 'and', 'from', 'one', 'headstock', '900', 'spindles', 'may', 'be', 'controlled.', 'The', 'production', 'of', 'the', 'mule', 'and', 'its', 'accom-', 'panying', 'French', 'machinery', 'is', 'as', 'follows', 'Heilmann Comb', ':', '160', 'lb.', 'to', '200', 'lb.', '(', 'per', 'day', 'of', '12', 'hrs.', ')', 'Finisher Gill-box', 'per', 'head', ':', '140', 'lb.', 'to', '150', 'lb..', '(', ')', 'Finisher Drawing-box', '(', 'double', 'sliver', 'per', 'head', ')', ':', '9', 'lb.', 'for', '4.2', 'dram', 'roving', ')', 'Mule', ':', 'Warp', 'Yarns', ':', '3,800', 'to', '4,000', 'yds.', 'Weft', 'Yarns', ':', '4,100', 'to', '4,200', 'yds.', '(', '260']

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['271', '(', '357', ')', 'CHAPTER', 'XI', 'SETS', 'OF', 'DRAWING', 'AND', 'SPINNING', 'MACHINERY-CALCU-', 'LATIONS', 'FOR', 'OUTPUT', 'SETS', 'of', 'drawing', 'machinery', 'may', 'be', 'designed', 'in', 'accord-', 'ance', 'with', '(', 'a', ')', 'Type', 'of', 'machine-Open', ',', 'Cone', ',', 'French', ';', 'or', '(', '6', ')', 'Type', 'of', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'treated—English', ',', 'Cross-', 'bred', ',', 'Botany', ',', 'Hosiery', ',', 'etc.', 'Although', ',', 'fundamentally', ',', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'treated', 'is', 'the', 'deciding', 'factor', ',', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'well', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'place', 'to', 'have', 'in', 'view', 'particulars', 'of', 'typical', 'sets', 'of', 'machines', ',', 'from', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'which', 'to', 'obtain', 'suggestions', 'that', 'ultimately', 'may', 'be', 'reasoned', 'back', 'to', 'the', 'basic', 'principles', 'involved.', 'The', 'following', 'problems—involved', 'in', 'the', 'foregoing', 'and', 'succeeding', 'particulars-are', 'worth', 'reasoning', 'out', 'carefully', '-', '1.', 'The', 'relative', 'numbers', 'of', 'boxes', ',', 'spindles', 'and', 'heads', 'to', 'follow', 'one', 'another', 'in', 'any', 'or', 'every', 'set', 'of', 'drawing', ';', '2.', 'The', 'methods', 'of', 'feed', 'for', 'the', 'several', 'distinctive', 'boxes', ';', '3.', 'The', 'sizes', 'of', 'bobbins', ';', '4.', 'The', 'relative', 'output', ',', 'floor', 'space', ',', 'power', 'consump-', 'tion', ',', 'and', 'cost', 'of', 'typical', 'sets', 'of', 'machines', ';', '5.', 'The', 'method', 'of', 'arrangement', 'of', 'a', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', 'shed', ',', 'and', 'of', 'typical', 'sets', 'of', 'machines.', '271']

[[127, 127, 'Textile Machinery'], [129, 129, 'Textile Machinery'], [131, 131, 'Textile Machinery'], [153, 153, 'Textile Machinery'], [159, 159, 'Textile Machinery']]

['272', '(', '358', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '1.', 'The', 'balance', 'of', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'drawing', 'is', 'primarily', 'dependent', 'upon', 'the', 'following', 'factors', ':', '(', 'a', ')', 'Speed', 'of', 'delivery', 'from', 'preceding', 'box', 'to', 'the', 'box', 'under', 'consideration', ';', '(', '6', ')', 'Speed', 'of', 'intake', 'or', 'delivery', 'of', 'the', 'box', 'under', 'consideration', ';', '(', 'c', ')', 'The', 'effects', 'of', 'doubling', ';', '(', 'd', ')', 'The', 'effects', 'of', 'drafting', ';', '(', 'e', ')', 'The', 'effects', 'incident', 'upon', 'the', 'foregoing', ',', 'such', 'as', 'twist', ',', 'theoretical', 'and', 'actual', 'speeds', ',', 'etc.', ';', '(', ')', 'The', 'effects', 'of', '"', 'doffing', ',', '"', '"', 'stoppages', ',', '”', 'etc.', 'The', 'principles', 'involved', 'will', 'be', 'most', 'clearly', 'realized', 'if', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'place', '(', 'a', ')', 'and', '(', 'b', ')', '“', 'sliver', 'speeds”', 'are', 'taken', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'same', ';', 'i.e.', 'the', 'speed', 'which', 'a', 'sliver', 'is', 'delivered', 'from', 'a', 'preceding', 'box', 'just', 'feeds', 'the', 'speed', 'of', 'intake', 'of', 'the', 'succeeding', 'box', 'Under', 'these', 'circumstances', 'the', 'domin-', 'ance', 'or', 'otherwise', 'of', 'draft', 'over', 'doublings', 'in', 'the', 'succeed-', 'ing', 'box', 'will', 'decide', 'the', 'spindles', 'of', 'the', 'succeeding', 'box', 'There', 'are', 'three', 'possible', 'conditions', ':', '-', '1.', 'Doubling', 'exceeding', 'draft', ':', 'say', 'four', 'slivers', 'up', 'with', 'a', 'draft', 'of', 'two', ';', '2.', 'Doublings', 'and', 'draft', 'equal', ':', 'say', 'four', 'slivers', 'up', 'with', 'a', 'draft', 'of', 'four', ';', '3.', 'Doublings', 'exceeded', 'by', 'draft', ':', 'say', 'four', 'slivers', 'up', 'with', 'a', 'draft', 'of', 'eight.', 'It', 'will', 'be', 'obvious', 'that', ',', 'in', 'the', 'first', 'case', ',', 'the', 'sliver', 'de-', 'livered', 'will', 'be', 'half', 'the', 'lengths', 'of', 'the', 'slivers', 'going', 'into', 'the', 'box', ',', 'as', 'graphically', 'shown', 'in', 'Fig.', '81', '(', 'a', ')', '.', 'In', 'this', 'case', ',', 'if', 'box', 'I', 'is', 'a', 'two-spindle box', ',', 'box', '2', 'need', 'only', 'be', 'a', 'one-spindle box', 'would', 'actually', 'be', 'reduction', 'in', 'the', 'spindlage', 'from', 'first', 'to', 'last', 'in', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'drawing', 'designed', 'on', 'this', 'basis.', 'But', 'the', 'sliver', 'would', 'get', 'thicker', 'rather', 'than', 'thinner', ';', 'so', 'that', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'that', 'this', 'method', '272']

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['273', '(', '359', ')', 'PIANI', 'SETS', 'OF', 'MACHINES', 'may', 'only', 'be', 'employed', 'to', 'a', 'very', 'limited', 'extent', 'in', 'draw-', 'ing', 'boxes', 'for', '"', 'levelling”', 'as', 'distinct', 'from', '“', 'reducing.', '"', 'Here', 'again', 'research', 'is', 'necessary', 'to', 'decide', 'whether', 'this', 'method-draft', 'less', 'than', 'doublings-does', 'result', 'in', 'levelling', ';', 'some', 'overlookers', 'hold', 'that', 'too', 'little', 'draft', 'is', 'almost', 'as', 'unsatisfactory', 'as', 'too', 'much', 'draft.', 'In', 'the', 'second', 'case', ',', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'obvious', 'that', 'as', 'doublings', 'and', 'draft', 'exactly', 'balance', ',', 'the', 'spindlage', 'should', 'be', 'exactly', 'the', 'same', 'from', 'first', 'box', 'to', 'last', 'box', 'But', 'there', 'a', 'I', 'REV', '2', 'REV', 'etike', '2YDS', 'FOR', '4', 'DRAMS-2', 'DRAMS', 'PER', 'YO', 'E', '3', 'Treen', 'de', '123', 'b', '1', 'REV', '4', 'REVS', '4YDS', 'FOR', '4', 'DRAMS', ':', 'I', 'DRAM', 'PER', 'YO', 'ke', 'at', '4', 'SUVERS', 'TYD.', 'LONG', 'EACH', 'I', 'DRAM.', 'PER', 'YARD', 'EACH', 'dor', 'Syarat', 'с', 'I', 'REV', 'BREVS', '8', 'YDS', 'FOR', '4', 'DRAMS', ':', 'Y2', 'DRAM', 'PER', 'YD', 'IST', '-', 'Fig.', '81.-Illustrating', 'principles', 'of', 'Doubling', 'and', 'Drafting', 'in', 'Worsted', 'Spinning', 'TA', 'he', 'i', 'would', 'be', 'no', 'reduction', 'in', 'the', 'thickness', 'of', 'the', 'sliver-', 'it', 'would', 'come', 'out', 'of', 'the', 'last', 'box', 'the', 'same', 'thickness', 'it', 'entered', 'the', 'first', 'box', '(', 'Fig.', '81', '(', 'b', ')', ')', '.', 'In', 'the', 'third', 'method', ',', 'the', 'draft', 'of', 'eight', 'would', 'result', 'in', 'the', 'sliver', 'delivered', 'by', 'box', '2', '(', 'Fig.', '81', '(', 'c', ')', ')', 'being', 'double', 'the', 'length', 'of', 'that', 'delivered', 'by', 'box', '1', ';', 'so', 'that', 'speeds', 'of', 'front rollers', 'being', 'the', 'same', 'the', 'spindlage', 'would', 'have', 'to', 'be', 'increased', 'exactly', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'dominance', 'of', 'draft', 'over', 'doublings', ',', 'viz.', ',', 'as', '4:8.', '?', '1', 'S', '273']

[[88, 88, 'Textile Machinery'], [91, 91, 'Textile Machinery'], [243, 243, 'Textile Machinery']]

['274', '(', '360', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'Tentative', 'Rule.', '--', 'In', 'any', 'drawing', 'boxes', 'in', 'sequence', ',', 'the', 'succeeding', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'will', 'balance', 'the', 'preceding', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'if', 'varied-', 'As', 'doublings', 'in', 'succeeding', 'boxes', ':', 'drafts', 'in', 'succeeding', 'boxes.', 'Example', ':', 'Required', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'spindles', 'in', '4th', 'box', 'to', 'follow', 'one', 'spindle', 'in', '3rd', 'box', ',', 'the', '4th', 'drawing box', 'having', 'doublings', '4', ',', 'draft', '6.', 'As', '4', ':', '6', ':', ':1', ':', '*', '=', 'i', '}', 'spindles', 'in', 'succeeding', 'box', 'required', 'to', 'keep', 'up', 'with', 'preceding', 'box', '(', 'sliver', 'speeds', 'being', 'the', 'same', 'in', 'each', 'case', ')', '.', 'Two', 'points', 'at', 'once', 'come', 'into', 'prominence', 'here.', 'In', 'the', 'first', 'place', ',', 'I', '}', 'spindles', 'is', 'an', 'awkward', 'number', 'to', 'place', 'in', 'a', 'box-the', 'spindles', 'or', 'heads', 'would', 'probably', 'be', 'increased', 'to', 'two', ',', 'or', 'one', 'head or spindle', 'employed', 'with', 'the', 'sliver', 'speed', 'increased', '50', 'per', 'cent.', 'These', 'points', 'will', 'be', 'considered', 'a', 'little', 'later', ',', 'The', 'second', 'point', 'is', 'that', 'usually', 'it', 'will', 'be', 'desirable', 'to', 'take', 'a', 'suitable', 'number', 'of', 'spindles', 'in', 'one', 'of', 'the', 'boxes', ',', 'and', 'to', 'work', 'out', 'the', 'heads', 'or', 'spindlage', 'backwards', 'and', 'forwards', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'above', 'principle', ',', 'and', 'also', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'further', 'influencing', 'factors', 'still', 'to', 'be', 'dealt', 'with.', 'As', 'a', 'rule', ',', 'the', 'first', 'drawing-box', 'a', 'four-spindle box', 'be', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'the', 'calculation.', 'It', 'should', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'rule', 'given', 'above', 'will', 'apply', 'to', 'any', 'box', 'in', 'the', 'set', ',', 'the', 'doublings', 'and', 'drafts', 'of', 'the', 'boxes', 'in', 'between', 'being', 'the', 'deciding', 'factors.', 'Thus', 'with', 'the', 'following-', 'Box', '1', '2', '3', '4', 'Doublings', '4', '4', '3', 'Draft', '4', '5', '6', '6', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'in', 'box', '4', 'to', 'follow', 'one', 'head or spindle', 'in', 'box', '1', 'will', 'be', ':', 'As', '(', '4', 'X', '3', 'X', '2', ')', ':', '(', '5', 'x', '6', 'x', '6', ')', ':', ':1', ':', 'x', '=', "7'5", 'spindles', 'in', 'box', '4.', '2', '274']

[[22, 22, 'Textile Machinery'], [29, 29, 'Textile Machinery'], [48, 48, 'Textile Machinery'], [51, 51, 'Textile Machinery'], [62, 62, 'Textile Machinery'], [80, 80, 'Textile Machinery'], [117, 117, 'Textile Machinery'], [139, 139, 'Textile Machinery'], [174, 174, 'Textile Machinery'], [219, 219, 'Textile Machinery'], [221, 221, 'Textile Machinery'], [264, 264, 'Textile Machinery'], [283, 283, 'Textile Machinery'], [285, 285, 'Textile Machinery'], [290, 290, 'Textile Machinery'], [292, 292, 'Textile Machinery']]

['275', '(', '361', ')', 'PL101', 'SETS', 'OF', 'MACHINES', 'Thus', 'an', '8-spindle', 'box', 'would', 'be', 'employed', 'but', 'for', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'there', 'are', 'other', 'factors', 'influencing', 'the', 'result', 'still', 'to', 'be', 'considered.', 'ar', 'ta', 'ܘܬܗܘܢ', '܀', 'ber', 'nice', 'ork', 'cumplir', 'umber', 'be', 'De', 'The', 'next', 'factor', 'will', 'be', 'best', 'understood', 'by', 'elimin-', 'ating', 'drafts', 'and', 'doublings—by', 'supposing', 'that', 'they', 'are', 'equal', 'and', 'thus', 'neutralize', 'one', 'another—and', 'considering', 'the', 'effect', 'of', 'length', 'delivery', '(', 'relative', 'sliver', 'speed', ')', 'by', 'preceding', 'and', 'succeeding', 'boxes.', 'Thus', 'again', 'three', 'conditions', 'may', 'be', 'supposed', ',', 'viz.', ':', 'I.', 'Sliver', 'speed', 'of', 'box', '1', 'being', 'greater', 'than', 'sliver', 'speed', 'from', 'box', '2', ';', '2.', 'Sliver', 'speed', 'of', 'box', '1', 'being', 'equal', 'to', 'sliver', 'speed', 'from', 'box', '2', ';', '3.', 'Sliver', 'speed', 'of', 'box', '1', 'being', 'less', 'than', 'sliver', 'speed', 'from', 'box', '2.', 'In', 'the', 'first', 'case', 'the', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'in', 'the', 'suc-', 'ceeding', 'box', 'must', 'be', 'increased', 'in', 'proportion', 'as', 'box', '1', 'dominates', 'box', '2.', 'In', 'the', 'second', 'case', 'the', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'in', 'the', 'preceding', 'and', 'succeeding', 'boxes', 'will', 'be', 'equal.', 'In', 'the', 'third', 'case', 'the', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'in', 'the', 'succeeding', 'box', 'would', 'be', 'less', 'in', 'proportion', 'as', 'box', '1', 'is', 'dominated', 'by', 'box', '2.', 'his', 'domination', 'we', 'have', 'already', 'used', 'to', 'make', 'up', 'for', 'the', 'lack', 'of', 'a', 'spindle', 'in', 'the', 'example', 'given', 'on', 'p.', '274.', 'Tentative', 'Rule.-In', 'any', 'drawing-boxes', 'in', 'sequence', 'the', 'succeeding', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'will', 'balance', 'the', 'preceding', 'heads', 'or', 'spindles', 'if', 'varied-', 'As', 'sliver', 'speed', 'of', 'succeeding', 'box', ':', 'sliver', 'speed', 'of', 'preceding', 'box.', 'Example', ':', 'Required', 'spindles', 'in', 'the', '4th', 'box', 'to', 'follow', 'one', 'spindle', 'in', 'the', '3rd', 'box', ',', 'the', 'relative', 'sliver', 'speeds', 'of', 'boxes', '3', 'and', '4', 'being', 'as', '1', ':', '2', 'respectively.', 'As', '2', ':', 'I', ':', ':', '1', ':', 'x', '=', 'spindle', 'in', 'succeeding', 'box', 'to', 'keep', 'up', 'with', 'preceding', 'box.', 'och', 'CP', 't', 'E', 'DE', '.', 'JUS', 'BE', '275']

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['276', '(', '362', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'a', 'The', 'same', 'principle', 'will', 'hold', 'good', 'for', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'boxes', ',', 'excepting', 'that', 'intermediate', 'speeds', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', ',', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'spindles', 'being', 'varied', 'according', 'to', 'the', 'sliver', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'first', 'and', 'the', 'last', 'boxes', ',', 'even', 'if', 'several', 'boxes', 'come', 'in', 'between', 'these.', 'In', 'the', 'two', 'following', 'lists', 'the', 'delivery', 'sliver', 'speeds', 'for', 'lustre', 'and', 'cross-bred', 'open', 'sets', 'of', 'drawing', 'are', 'given.', 'List', 'IX', ':', '32', "'s", 'TO', '40', "'s", 'LUSTRE', ':', 'PREPARED', 'AND', 'COMBED', 'Dia.', 'of', 'Revs.', 'Yds', 'Box.', 'Fr.', 'Ri.', 'per', 'min.', 'per', 'min.', '3', "'", 'Double-headed Can Gill-box', '.', '2', 'Spindle Gill-box', 'Drawing-box', 'Drawing-box', 'Finishing-box', 'Roving-box', '82', '90', '70', '62', '50', '40', '21.5', '23:5', '36.6', '32.5', '26.2', '21', '6', '"', 'List', 'X', ':', '44', "'s", 'TO', '50', "'s", 'CROSS-END', ':', 'CARDED', 'AND', 'COMBED', 'Dia.', 'of', 'Revs.', '*', 'Yds.', 'Box', 'Fr.', 'Ri.', 'per', 'min.', 'per', 'min.', 'Double-headed Can Gill-box', '95', '20.6', '2', 'Spindle Gill-box', 'IIO', '24', 'Drawing-box', '85', '37', 'Drawing-box', '72', '31.4', 'Finishing-box', 'бо', 'Reducing-box', 'Roving-box', '16.6', 'NN', 'outon', '26', '20', '46', '38', 'The', 'above', 'particulars', 'show', 'that', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'sliver', 'speed', 'vary', 'very', 'much', 'in', 'any', 'set.', 'Thus', 'between', 'the', 'can gill-box', 'and', 'the', 'roving-box', 'in', 'the', 'lustre', 'set', 'there', 'is', 'practically', 'no', 'difference', ',', 'while', 'between', 'the', 'can gill-box', 'and', 'the', 'first', 'drawing-box', 'there', 'is', 'a', 'very', 'marked', 'difference.', 'The', 'latter', 'boxes', 'in', 'each', 'set', 'show', 'the', 're-', 'duction', 'in', '"', 'sliver', 'speed', 'delivery”', 'to', 'harmonise', 'with', 'the', 'spindle', 'speed-hence', 'the', 'present', 'tendency', 'to', 'build', 'lighter', 'flyer', 'or', 'even', 'ring', 'roving-boxes.', 'Note', 'the', 'effect', 'of', '"', 'twist', 'control', '"', 'on', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'the', 'front', 'rollers.', '276']

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['277', '(', '363', ')', 'ED', 'SPAV', 'SETS', 'OF', 'MACHINES', 'for', 'a', 'sté', 'must', 'not', 'being', 'he', 'first', 'z', 'iz', 'betet', 'The', 'following', 'rule', 'takes', 'both', 'the', 'foregoing', 'factors', 'nto', 'account', ':', '-', 'Rule.-As', 'doublings', 'in', 'succeeding', 'boxes', ':', 'drafts', 'of', 'succeeding', 'boxes.', 'As', 'sliver', 'speed', 'of', 'last', 'box', ':', 'sliver', 'speed', 'of', 'given', 'box.', ':', ':', 'Spindles', 'in', 'given', 'box', ':', 'spindles', 'in', 'required', 'box', ',', 'Example', ':', 'The', 'following', 'doublings', ',', 'drafts', 'and', 'sliver', 'delivery', 'speeds', 'are', 'employed.', 'Find', 'the', 'spindles', 'in', 'the', '8th', 'box', 'to', 'follow', '2', 'heads', 'at', 'the', 'ist', 'box.', 'TelSITE', 'D', 'ARDUI', 'List', 'XI', ':', '64', "'s", 'BOTANY', ':', 'CARDED', 'AND', 'COMBED', '00', 'Double-headed Can Machine', 'Dia.', 'F.R.', '40', 'I', '2', 'aw', '36', 'Gill-box', '130', '22:6', '24', '2', 'basis', '2', 'Sp.', 'Gill-box', '164', '28.5', '28', '107', 'Ist', 'Drawing', '98', '34', '2nd', 'Drawing', '34', '107', '84', '29.2', '3rd', 'Drawing', '30', '2:9', '78', '27.2', '28', 'Finishing', '4.65', '|', '10', '62', '21.5', '20', 'Reducing', '13', '54', '14.1', '14', '2', '56', 'Roving', '96', '44', 'II.5', '12', '230', '240', 'Cap Spinning Frame', '3', "'", '(', '5000', '13.9', '14', 'I', '1380', '1500', 'spds.', ')', 'The', 'calculation', 'for', 'roving spindles', 'to', 'follow', '2 heads can gill-box', 'stands', 'As', '(', '5', 'X5', 'X4', 'X4', 'X3', 'X', '2', 'X', '2', ')', ':', '(', '5', 'x6x6x6x6x6', 'x7', ')', '*', 'and', 'As', '24', ':', ':', '2', ':', '4', '=', '230', 'roving spindles', 'to', 'follow', '2', 'heads', 'can gill-box', '2', 'The', 'individual', 'calculations', 'for', 'this', 'set', 'are', 'as', 'follows', ':', '2 spindle Gill-box', ':', '5', 'x', '24', 'x', '2', 'I•7', 'spindles', '5', 'X', '28', 'I2', '.', 'the', '7-', 'arki', '6', 'x', '28', 'x', '1.7', 'Ist', 'Drawing-box', ':', '=', '1•7', 'spindles', '5', 'X', '34', '2nd', 'Drawing-box', ':', '6', 'X', '34', 'X', '1.7', '=', '2.9', 'spindles', '4.', 'X', '30', 'نمی', 'شه', 'DIE', '277']

[[56, 56, 'Textile Machinery'], [61, 61, 'Textile Machinery'], [81, 81, 'Textile Machinery'], [108, 108, 'Textile Machinery'], [116, 116, 'Textile Machinery'], [124, 124, 'Textile Machinery'], [167, 167, 'Textile Machinery'], [182, 182, 'Textile Machinery'], [185, 185, 'Textile Machinery'], [216, 216, 'Textile Machinery'], [221, 221, 'Textile Machinery'], [233, 233, 'Textile Machinery'], [256, 256, 'Textile Machinery'], [260, 260, 'Textile Machinery'], [265, 265, 'Textile Machinery'], [274, 274, 'Textile Machinery']]

['278', '(', '364', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', '6', 'X', '30', 'X', '2.9', '3rd', 'Drawing-box', ':', '4•65', 'spindles', '4', 'X', '28', '6', 'x', '28', 'x', '4.65', 'Finishing-box', ':', '=', '13', 'spindles', '3', 'x', '20', '6', 'X', '20', 'X', '13', 'Reducing-box', ':', '56', 'spindles', '2', 'X', '14', '7', 'X', '14', 'X', '56', 'Roving-box', ':', '=', '230', 'spindles', '2', 'X', '12', 'Spinning frame', ':', '7', 'X', '12', 'X', '230', 'I', 'X', '14', '1380', 'lap spindles', 'One', 'example', 'will', 'demonstrate', 'that', 'although', 'all', 'doublings', 'and', 'drafts', 'between', 'any', 'two', 'boxes', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', 'only', 'the', 'delivery', 'speeds', 'of', 'the', 'two', 'boxes', 'concerned', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', 'the', 'inter-', 'mediate', 'delivery', 'speeds', 'having', 'no', 'effect.', 'Example', ':', 'Required', 'spindles', 'in', 'reducing-box', 'to', 'follow', '2.9', 'spindles', 'in', 'the', '2nd', 'drawing-box', '?', '29', 'x', '30', 'x', '6', 'x', '6', 'x', '6', '-', '56', 'spindles', 'in', 'reducing-box', 'to', '14', 'X', '4', 'X', '3', 'X', '2', 'follow', '2.9', 'spindles', 'in', 'and', 'drawing-box', 'Over-all', 'measurements', 'and', 'the', 'weights', 'of', 'the', 're-', 'spective', 'flyers', 'should', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'the', 'empty', 'and', 'full', 'weight', 'of', 'the', 'bobbins', 'and', 'the', 'relative', 'leverage', 'between', 'nozzle', 'and', 'bobbin', 'surface', 'empty', 'and', 'full.', 'Thus', 'it', 'is', 'evident', 'that', 'here', 'are', 'many', 'most', 'interesting', 'problems.', 'It', 'is', ',', 'however', ',', 'the', 'textile', 'engineer', "'s", 'job', 'to', 'face', 'these', 'problems', ':', 'some', 'have', 'already', 'been', 'faced', 'and', 'the', 'difficulties', 'surmounted', ',', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'that', 'even', 'the', 'cursory', 'glance', 'at', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', 'machinery', 'taken', 'in', 'this', 'book', 'may', 'prove', 'useful', 'to', 'those', 'engineers', 'who', 'are', 'determined', 'to', 'act', 'on', 'the', 'principle', 'that', '"', 'that', 'which', 'is', 'not', 'best', 'is', 'wrong.', '"', '278']

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['280', '(', '366', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'ticulars', 'for', 'counts', 'ranging', 'from', '10', "'s", 'to', '8o', "'s", 'are', 'worked', 'out.', 'All', 'necessary', 'details', 'are', 'included', 'in', 'the', 'follow-', 'ing', 'list.', '10', 'I2', '20', 'II', '2.2', '2', '2.6', '18', '/', '19', '1', '1', '1', 'I', 'I', 'List', 'XIII', 'Count', 'of', 'Yarn', '(', 'Worsted', ')', '10', "'s", ',', '15', "'s", ',', '20', "'s", '30', "'s", '40', "'s", '50', "'s", '60', "'s", '70', "'s", "80's*", 'Turns', 'per', 'r', "'", '(', '189', ')', '7', '8', '14', '16', '18', '19', 'Calc.', 'Sliver', 'Speed', '(', '5,000', 'revs.', ')', 'yds.', 'per', 'min.', '20', '17.5', '14', '11.6', '10', '8.7', '7.8', '7.3', '7', 'Draft', '(', '1', '+', 'WL', ')', '.', '6', '6', ':', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', 'Dram', 'Roving', '(', '40', 'yds.', ')', '703', '5.5', '36', '2-3', '1.8', '1.6,1.37', 'Roving', 'turns', 'per', '1', '"', '(', '69', '9', "I'I", '13', '1.6', '1.8', '2.2', '2.4', 'Calc.', 'Slivers', 'Speed', '(', '1,400', 'revs.', ')', 'yds.', 'per', 'min.', '43', '35', '30', '24', '21', '19', '16', '15', 'Roving Spindles', '1', 'I', '1', 'Spinning Spindles', '.', '12', 'to', '14', 'throughout.', 'These', 'particulars', 'must', 'not', 'be', 'applied', 'indiscrimin-', 'ately', ',', 'but', 'are', 'rather', 'to', 'be', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'criticism.', 'Thus', '43', 'yards', 'per', 'minute', 'for', 'an', 'ii', 'dram', 'roving', 'is', 'a', 'higher', 'speed', 'than', 'any', 'so', 'far', 'indicated.', 'All', 'the', 'same', ',', 'with', 'an', '11', 'dram', 'per', '40', 'yards', 'roving', 'the', 'twist', 'required', 'for', '6°', 'is', 'only', '.9', ',', 'and', 'with', 'a', 'spindle', 'speed', 'of', '140', 'revs.', 'per', 'minute', '43', 'yards', 'per', 'minute', 'will', 'be', 'delivered.', 'Is', 'front-roller', 'speed', 'here', 'the', 'limit', '?', 'Or', 'would', 'the', 'sliver', 'stand', 'the', 'speed', '?', 'Why', 'should', 'this', 'difference', 'between', 'theory', 'and', 'practice', 'be', '?', '*', '*', '*', 'The', 'matters', 'referred', 'to', 'under', '2', 'and', '3', '(', 'p.', '271', ')', 'have', 'already', 'been', 'referred', 'to', 'at', 'length', ',', 'but', 'in', 'passing', 'it', 'may', 'be', 'noted', 'that', 'the', 'question', 'of', 'cans', 'versus', 'balling heads', 'must', 'be', 'solved', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'efficient', 'delivery', 'of', 'slivers', '(', 'without', 'feathering', 'at', 'the', 'edge', ')', ',', 'and', 'economy', 'of', 'equipment', 'it', 'may', 'often', 'be', 'better', 'to', 'pay', 'for', 'coiler cans', 'rather', 'than', 'to', 'risk', 'inefficient', 'conveyance', 'of', 'slivers', 'from', 'one', 'box', 'to', 'another', 'and', 'inefficient', 'delivery.', 'The', 'sizes', 'of', 'bobbins', '(', 'or', 'staves', 'in', 'the', 'case', 'of', 'French', 'drawing', ')', 'is', 'bound', 'up', 'with', 'the', 'question', 'of', 'horizontal', 'or', 'vertical', 'delivery', 'into', 'the', 'boxes', ',', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'with', '*', 'Above', '40', "'s", 'count', 'an', 'angle', 'of', '20°', 'is', 'best.', '280']

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['281', '(', '367', ')', 'SAN', 'List', 'XIV.-PARTICULARS', 'FOR', 'PRODUCING', 'A', '24', 'DRAM', '(', '40', 'YDS.', ')', 'ROVING', 'OF', '64', "'s", 'QUALITY', '(', 'WARP', ')', 'BALANCED', 'FOR', '2', '/', '34', "'s", ',', 'SPUN', 'FROM', '1', '/', "38's.", 'Operation', 'Machine', 'I', '7903', '15.3', '15', '6.0', '6.6', '4', '4', '244', '2:5', '"', '2.5', '"', '2', '86.0', '18.8', '18', '6.0', '5.5', '4', '4', '207', '200', '2', 'Double Head Can Gill-box', '2', ',', '2-sp.', 'Gill-box', '6-sp.', 'Drawing-box', '8-sp.', 'Drawing-box', '2', ',', '6-spindle Weighing-box', '14', "'", 'X', '9', "'", '14', "'", 'X', '9', "'", '4', '"', '75.4', '26.2', '•', '26', '5-6', '4', '3:9', '6*1', '154', '224', '4', '4', '"', '73:1', '25.5', '25', '5.6', '4', '5.68', 'I15', '14', "'", 'X', '8', '"', '266', '5', '4', '"', '53:7', '18.75', '18', '6:1', '4', 'I2', '12', '76', '250', '13', '"', 'X', '90', '6', '1', ',', '6-sp', ':', '}', 'Finisher', '4', "'", '54.8', '19.2', '19', '5.8', '22*2', '*', '3', '14**', '39.5', '372', 'II', '"', 'X', '6', '"', '7', '3', ',', '20-sp.', 'Ist', 'Rover', '62:1', '21.7', '21', '5.6', '3', '37.2*2', '60*2', '22:0', '648', '8', '6', ',', '28-sp.', '2nd', 'Rover', '4', '"', '41.0', '14:3', '14', '5.6', '2', '156', '168', '707', '864', '9', "'", 'X', '5', "'", '7', 'X', '4', '"', "6'.X", '31', '9', '12', ',', '36-sp.', 'Reducer', '4', '"', '31.3', '10:9', 'Ιο', '6:1', '666*2', '2', '432*2', '2:5', '1,200', 'to', '1,400', '*1', 'The', 'change', 'from', 'the', 'gill-box', 'to', 'the', 'drawing-box', 'with', 'carriers', 'in', 'the', 'place', 'of', 'fallers', '**', 'The', 'increase', 'in', 'spindle', 'speeds', 'possibly', 'accounts', 'for', 'these', 'three', 'discrepancies.', 'The', 'effect', 'of', 'adding', 'or', ',', 'subtracting', 'even', 'one', 'sliver', 'in', 'doubling', 'should', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account.', '281']

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['282', '(', '368', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'the', 'difference', 'in', 'control', 'of', 'bobbin', 'between', 'open', 'and', 'cone', 'drawing.', 'The', 'necessary', 'particulars', 'are', 'included', 'in', 'the', 'following', ':', 'f', '4.', 'The', 'Relative', 'Output', ',', 'Floor', 'Space', ',', 'Power', 'Con-', 'sumption', 'and', 'Cost', 'of', 'Typical', 'Sets', 'of', 'Machines.-', 'Here', 'there', 'are', 'so', 'many', 'possibilities', 'of', 'variation', 'that', 'one', 'or', 'two', 'typical', 'cases', 'only', 'may', 'be', 'considered.', 'The', 'most', 'typical', 'case', 'will', 'be', 'that', 'of', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'open', 'drawing', 'to', 'work', 'a', 'typical', '60', "'s", 'Botany', 'top', '(', 'say', ',', '4', 'oz.', 'per', '10', 'yd.', ')', ',', 'the', 'yarn', 'required', 'being', 'anything', 'from', '1', '/', '20', "'s", 'to', '1', '/', '48', "'s", 'with', 'the', 'corresponding', 'twofold', 'yarn.', 'If', 'the', 'set', 'is', 'likely', 'to', 'be', 'required', 'for', 'mixing', 'several', 'qualities', 'in', 'the', 'grey', 'or', 'several', 'differently', 'coloured', 'tops', ',', 'three', 'gilling', 'operations', 'will', 'be', 'required', ',', 'viz.-', 'Can Gill-box', ';', 'Can Gill-box', ';', '2-spindle Gill-box', 'The', 'three', 'gilling', 'operations', 'will', 'be', 'followed', 'by', 'seven', 'drawing', 'operations.', 'The', 'first', 'of', 'these', 'drawing-boxes', 'may', 'be', 'either', 'a', '2-', ',', '4-', ',', 'or', '6-spindle', 'drawing-box.', 'Now', 'although', 'the', '2-spindle box', 'is', 'made', ',', 'a', '6-spindle box', 'is', 'so', 'obviously', 'more', 'economical', 'that', ',', 'in', 'this', 'case', ',', 'this', 'is', 'made', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'the', 'set.', 'The', 'problem', 'must', 'now', 'be', 'faced', 'of', 'adjusting', 'the', 'production', 'of', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'preceding', 'Gill-boxes', 'and', '(', 'b', ')', 'the', 'succeeding', 'drawing-boxes', 'to', 'this', '"', 'base-unit.', '"', 'To', 'do', 'this', 'the', 'following', 'details', 'are', 'necessary', '(', 'see', 'List', 'XIV', ',', 'p.', '281', ')', 'The', 'foregoing', 'particulars', 'should', 'be', 'carefully', 'scru-', 'tinized', 'in', 'the', 'light', 'of', 'what', 'has', 'already', 'been', 'advanced.', 'The', 'effects', 'of', 'increasing', 'or', 'decreasing', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'doublings', 'should', 'be', 'actually', 'worked', 'out', 'and', 'the', 'results', 'tabulated', 'for', 'future', 'reference.', 'Doffing', 'and', 'cleaning', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'time', 'should', 'also', 'be', 'considered.', 'Thus', '282']

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['283', '(', '369', ')', 'SPIN', 'OUTPUT', ',', 'FLOOR', 'SPACE', ',', 'POWER', 'TEER', 'TE', '422', 'Powe', '7222', 'Herzi', '02.2', 'Com', 'ܐܐܐ', 'will', 'the', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'not', 'only', 'be', 'fully', 'acquainted', 'with', 'the', 'theoretical', 'possibilities', 'of', 'his', 'machine', ',', 'but', 'he', 'will', 'also', 'know', 'where', 'they', 'recede', 'from', 'the', 'actual', 'possibilities', ';', 'thus', 'may', 'he', 'be', 'able', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'maxi-', 'mum', 'output', 'with', 'the', 'greatest', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', 'efficiency.', 'The', 'twisting spindles', 'will', 'usually', 'be', 'decided', 'by', 'the', 'rule', 'Spinning spindles', 'Ends', 'folded', 'together', 'Twisting spindles', 'Sometimes', 'owing', 'to', 'the', 'superior', 'speed', 'of', 'twisting spindles', 'fewer', 'may', 'be', 'required', 'to', 'follow', 'the', 'spinning.', 'In', 'flyer', 'spinning', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'followed', 'by', 'ring', 'twisting', 'the', 'spindle', 'speeds', 'must', 'be', 'taken', 'into', 'account', ';', 'thus-', 'Spinning spindles', 'x', 'Spinning spindle', 'speed', 'Ends', 'folded', 'x', 'Twisting', 'spindle', 'speed', 'Approximate', 'Twisting spindles', 'required.', 'The', 'output', 'of', 'a', 'set', 'of', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', 'similar', 'to', 'the', 'foregoing', 'may', 'readily', 'be', 'obtained', 'from', 'the', 'foregoing', 'particulars', 'with', 'allowances', 'which', 'should', 'be', 'actually', 'ascertained', 'for', 'each', 'set', 'in', 'each', 'mill.', 'The', 'following', 'may', 'be', 'taken', 'as', 'questionable', 'bases', ':', '-', 'Count', ']', 'To', "'s", '15', "'s", '20', "'s", '30', "'s", '40', "'s", '50', "'s", '60', "'s", 'Efficiency', '70', '72', '74', '76', '78', '80', '82', 'The', 'calculation-based', 'on', 'the', 'spinning', 'of', 'the', 'Botany', 'standard', 'yarn', ',', 'viz.', ',', "48's—will", 'stand-', 'a', '(', 'yd.', 'per', 'min.', ')', 'x', '60', 'x', '16', 'x', '82', '=', 'b', 'oz.', 'per', 'hour', 'per', '48', 'x', '560', 'X', '100', 'spindle.', 'Thus', 'for', 'the', 'full', 'set', 'of', 'drawing', 'and', 'spinning', 'for', 'one', 'hour', 'the', 'production', 'could', 'be-', 'Xc', '(', 'spindles', ')', 'x', '48', '16', '(', 'oz.', 'per', 'lb.', ')', 'd', 'lb.', 'per', 'spindle', 'per', 'week.', 'sobie', '02', '1', '283']

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['284', '(', '370', ')', 'WOOLLEN', 'AND', 'WORSTED', 'SPINNING', 'The', 'worsted', 'drawer', 'is', 'strongly', 'recommended', 'to', 'scheme', 'out', 'his', 'sets', 'of', 'machines', ',', 'drafts', ',', 'doublings', ',', 'etc.', ',', 'on', 'the', 'lines', 'here', 'indicated', 'rather', 'than', 'to', 'follow', 'any', 'empirical', 'rules', 'of', 'which', 'he', 'has', 'little', 'or', 'no', 'intelligent', 'grasp.', 'See', 'everything', 'in', 'the', 'mind', "'s", 'eye', 'but', 'check', 'the', 'imagination-which', 'sometimes', 'may', 'lead', 'one', 'wrong', '--', 'by', 'actual', 'trial.', 'But', 'imagine', '!', '!', '!', 'The', 'following', 'particulars', 'respecting', 'spinning', 'plants', 'are', 'both', 'interesting', 'and', 'illuminative.', 'List', 'XV.', '--', 'CONTRASTING', 'FLYER', ',', 'CAP', ',', 'RING', 'AND', 'MULE', 'SPINNING PLANTS', '*', 'Machine', 'lb.', 'sq.', 'ft.', '45', 'Flyer Frames', 'Cap Frames', 'Ring Frames', 'Mules', '4,000', '4,500', '4,500', '3,920', "5'2", '2,400', '£2,625', '2,000', '£410', '35', '1,800', '£1,350', '1,480', '£300', '58', '3:5', '2,000', '£1,500', '1,650', "5'2", '2,800', '£1,480', '5,000', '£1,020', '33', '£335', 'a', '5.', 'The', 'Method', 'of', 'Arrangement', 'of', 'a', 'Drawing', 'and', 'Spinning', 'Shed', 'and', 'of', 'Typical', 'Sets', 'of', 'Machines.-', 'There', 'are', 'three', 'methods', 'of', 'spacing', 'out', 'such', 'sets', 'of', 'machines', 'as', 'those', 'dealt', 'with', 'in', 'the', 'foregoing', ',', 'viz.', ':', '-', '1.', 'To', 'arrange', 'the', 'machinery', 'as', 'seems', 'best', 'and', 'then', 'to', 'cover', 'in', 'with', 'a', 'suitable', 'roof', 'supported', 'by', 'pillars', 'conveniently', 'placed', 'and', 'flooring', '“aisled', '”', 'according', 'to', 'requirements', ';', '2.', 'To', 'put', 'up', 'a', 'shed', 'or', 'building', 'and', 'then', 'arrange', 'the', 'machinery', 'to', 'put', 'into', 'this', 'shed', ';', '3.', 'To', 'combine', 'and', 'adjust', '1', 'and', '2.', '*', 'Originally', 'appearing', 'in', 'the', 'Textile', 'Mercury.', '†', 'Pre-war', 'costs.', '284']

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['285', '(', '371', ')', '1', 'DRAWING AND SPINNING MACHINERY', 'Needless', 'to', 'say', ',', '3', 'is', 'much', 'the', 'best', 'method.', 'As', 'a', 'rule', 'the', 'shed', 'and', 'equipment', 'will', 'be', 'worked', 'out', 'in', 'the', 'following', 'order', 'and', 'finally', 'the', 'necessary', 'adjustments', 'made', ':', '-', '1.', 'Selection', 'of', 'sets', 'of', 'machinery', 'in', 'accordance', 'with', 'the', 'nature', 'of', 'the', 'material', 'to', 'be', 'spun', 'and', 'the', 'required', 'output', ';', '2.', 'Arrangement', 'of', '(', 'a', ')', 'the', 'individual', 'machines', ',', '(', '6', ')', 'the', 'sets', 'of', 'machines', ',', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'drawing spinning and twisting machinery', 'to', 'ensure', 'the', 'least', 'possible', 'handling', 'of', 'the', 'material', ';', '3.', 'The', 'scheming', 'of', 'the', 'roof', 'with', 'its', 'supports', 'if', 'a', 'shed', 'and', 'of', 'the', 'several', 'floors', 'if', 'a', 'storied', 'building', ';', '4.', 'The', 'scheming', 'of', 'the', 'drives', 'and', 'the', 'power', 'plant', ';', '5.', 'Selection', 'of', 'the', 'material', 'and', 'scheming', 'of', 'the', 'surface', 'of', 'the', 'shed', 'floors', ';', '6.', 'Arrangement', 'of', 'the', 'trolley', 'ways', 'or', 'overhead', 'rails', 'if', 'required', ';', '7.', 'Scheming', 'of', 'the', 'heating', 'and', 'artificial', 'lighting', 'with', 'water', 'leads', 'where', 'necessary', ';', '8.', 'Scheming', 'of', 'the', 'ventilation', 'and', 'atmosphere', 'control', ';', '9.', 'Scheming', 'of', 'such', 'storage', 'as', 'may', 'be', 'necessary', 'for', '(', 'a', ')', 'tops', ';', '(', 'b', ')', 'rovings', ';', 'and', '(', 'c', ')', 'yarns', ';', '10.', 'Scheming', 'of', 'yarn', 'warehouse', ',', 'packing', ',', 'etc.', 'Upon', 'each', 'one', 'of', 'these', 'points', 'a', 'book', 'could', 'almost', 'be', 'written', ',', 'and', 'almost', 'every', 'section', 'calls', 'for', 'research.', 'If', ',', 'for', 'example', ',', 'a', 'spinner', 'could', 'depend', 'upon', 'the', 'spinning', 'room', 'atmosphere', 'for', 'the', 'con-', 'ditioning', 'of', 'the', 'yarns', 'and', 'never', 'attempt', 'to', 'add', 'condition', 'locally', ',', 'many', 'most', 'grievous', 'and', 'costly', 'claims', 'for', 'damaged', 'pieces', 'would', 'never', 'arise.', '285']

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['285', '(', '372', ')', 'Details', 'of', 'French Drawing Machinery', 'Ist', 'Drawing', '2nd', 'Drawing', '3rd', 'Drawing', '8', 'Bobbins', '8', 'Bobbins', '12', 'Bobbins', 'Reducer', 'Slubber', 'First', 'Inter.', 'Second', 'Inter.', 'Roving', 'Finisher', 'Roving', '2', 'Front', 'Back', 'Front', 'Back', 'Front', 'Back', 'Front', '11', '"', '11', '"', '13', '"', 'I', "'", 'it', "'", '12', '11', '"', '11', '"', 'Back', 'Front', 'Back', 'Front', 'Back', 'Front', 'Back', 'Front', 'Back', 'Front', 'Back', '3', '"', '6', '"', '31', '"', '6', '"', '31', '"', '6', '"', '31', '"', '6', '"', '30', '"', '3', '"', '27', '"', '3', "'", '23', '"', '3', "'", '21', '"', '3', "'", '3', "'", '21', '"', '20', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', '20', 'yards', 'delivered', '20', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', '20', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', 'per', 'min.', '24', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', '24', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', '24', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', '24', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', '24-27', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', '16', '"', 'long', '16', '"', 'long', '16', '"', 'long', '8', '"', 'long', '8', '"', 'long', '8', '"', 'long', '8', '"', 'long', '8', '"', 'long', 'Gill', 'Balling', 'Diameter', 'of', 'bottom roller', 'Diameter', 'of', 'top', 'roller', 'Speed', 'of', 'rollers', '20', 'yards', 'delivered', 'per', 'min.', 'Size', 'of', 'le', 'stayes', '16', '"', 'long', 'Power', 'consumed', '1', 'h.p.', '8', '"', 'long', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'i']

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['287', '(', '375', ')', '7', 'Ring Spinners', '160', '$', 'pl', 'PA', 'Pito', 'Louretu', 'House', '8', 'Worsted Mules', '70g', 'Spli', '63', "'", '$', 'tretch', '96f', 'long', 'PARTITION', 'Rins', 'Spinners', '160', 'spl', '.', '134', '"', 'Pitch', 'mon', 'Ring Spinners', '160', 'Sp.', '344', '"', 'Pitch', 'Storage', 'Space', 'Mechanics', 'Storage', 'Room', 'Shop', 'for', 'Yarns', 'Storage', 'Bins', 'Store', 'Room', 'for', 'Yarns', 'PUSASHIO', 'ROVER', '24', 'HEADS', '48', 'HOPNS', 'FINISHING', 'ROVER', '24', 'HEADS', '48', 'POBBINS', 'FINISHING', 'ROVER', '29', 'JADS', '49', 'OBLINS', 'KUVING', 'Le', 'HEADS', '3', 'HOBBIN', 'ROWING', '11', 'HEABS.', 'ROERMS', 'Top', '&', 'Roving', 'Start', 'Room', 'for', 'French', 'TDrawing', 'Material', 'Krop', '&', 'Roving', 'Store', 'Room', 'for', 'French', 'Drawing', 'Material', 'Gill', 'Bax', 'FINISHING', 'ROVER', '124', 'HEADS', '15', 'BOBRINJ', 'FICESLIING', 'ROVER', '24', 'HEADS', '48', 'BORBLYS', 'FINISHING', 'ROVER', '24', 'HEADS', 'ta', 'BOBRIS', 'ROVING', '18', 'HEADS', '5', 'BOBBIKS.', 'ROVING', '18', 'HEADS', '36', 'BOBBINS', 'ISTERIFDINE', 'LLLADS', '36', 'POBUNS', 'TIST', 'INTERMEDIATE', 'he', 'HEADS', '36', 'BOBPINS', 'SLUBBING', 'LB', 'HEADS', '36', 'BOBSTUS', 'KEDUCING', '18', 'HEADS', '36', 'BORBINS', '35', 'DROG', 'his', 'ADS', 'I', 'BOBBINS', 'Gill', 'Box', '36', '203', 'Gill', 'Bux', 'Gill', 'Box', 'KTIEWING', 'HEADS', 'SORTS', 'LETRAWING', '850', '8', 'BOBBINS', 'SLOUBTIG', '18', 'HEADS', '36', 'BOBBINS.', 'REDUCING', '18', 'HEADS', '36', 'POBBITS', 'DRAWING', 'SIRADS', 'TOBABD', '/', '2.', 'DAVIMO', 'HEADS', '50BWINS', 'PARTITION', 'J2', 'DRAWING', '8', 'BEADS', 'A', 'BOHINS', '168', 'fy', 'ID', 'TAL', 'IFNOTH', 'rt', 'AREA', '38,592', 'San', 'BREADTS', '181', 'Fig.', '83.—Plan', 'illustrating', 'French', 'Drawing', 'with', 'Ring and Mule Spinning Plants', 'Note.', '--', 'Each', 'of', 'these', 'two', 'sets', 'will', 'approximately', 'produce', '5,000', 'lbs.', 'per', 'week', 'of', '48', 'hours.', 'The', 'two', 'plants', 'are', 'divided', 'off', 'in', 'order', 'that', 'one', 'may', 'be', 'employed', 'for', 'whites', 'and', 'the', 'other', 'for', 'colours.', '287']

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