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Ed-Tech, or educational technology, is on the rise. It refers to the technology used mainly for education. There are two main functions of Ed-Tech: as an academic discipline and as a practice. Ed-Tech as an academic discipline is the use of technology to analyze and solve problems related to teaching and learning. Ed-Tech as a practice is using modern technology, such as programs, apps, machines, and tools, in learning and/or teaching. Why is Ed-Tech important to us? 1. To improve the educational system The goal of Ed-Tech is to help and improve education. It’s a way for teachers to properly deliver their concepts with the help of tools, machines. Handing out piles and piles of books or manuals for students to read and taping different pictures on the board whenever a discussion needs an illustrated material should be a thing of the past! Instead, utilize Microsoft Office to help you with illustrated learning materials. The modern society is in a time where apps and programs are becoming basic needs. It’s high time for our schools to keep up with today’s technology. The students will benefit a great deal with Ed-Tech for a number of reasons. They don’t need to carry a lot of materials in their bags because all their textbooks will be in one app or device. No need to scour the library for books for their research work because there are websites that are readily available to provide any information that a hundred libraries can give. These are just the basic examples of how technology can help them. 2. To make learning easy and fun Teachers shouldn’t be limited to using books and the blackboard for teaching. Surprise, surprise. The young ones aren’t a fan of boring lectures. They’re more engaged when they see what’s being discussed in action. Teachers can be very creative with their lessons by using audio and video materials. Students will find it easier to remember information through moving images and captivating sounds. Have you tried creating a song out of your lesson just so you can remember it during an exam? Watching educational videos, such as those in clutchprep.com, works the same way. With Ed-Tech, the students’ learning abilities and memory retention will be greatly improved. Imagine how excited students will be in going to class every day when they know that their teacher will use a cool app to teach lessons! 3. To give students a better chance of landing great jobs Most companies today use modern technology in every aspect of their business like coding to create business website. It’s essential that fresh graduates have a good grasp of how basic technologies work when they encounter them in the workplace. Where will the students learn modern technology? In school. It’d be a shame if the real world is already advancing to the future but the education system isn’t. The young generation is filled with so much life and enthusiasm that they want to do so much more than sitting around and listening to the teacher all day. They want to be involved. They want to work on things with their hands. That’s how they learn, through hands-on experience. That’s also how they’ll be in the future with their chosen career. Nobody would want to be sitting in the office from 9 to 5. Give them machines and tools to work with to be efficient and productive. Ed-Tech ensures that the students are prepared for a fulfilling career. A better career means a better life. With the advancement of technology, we wouldn’t want our teachers and students to be left behind. It’s now time to step up the game one notch higher. Teaching will still be done by teachers. Ed-Tech is just an educational resource that’ll help in preparing our youth for tomorrow.
Mass extinctions & paleoenvironments Paleoclimates, including those related to mass extinctions, are being investigated over short and long timescales using differences in the abundances and stable isotope ratios of biomarkers preserved the rock record. Some of the most significant pulses of evolution throughout Earth’s history have coincided with extinction boundary events. The largest five extinction events [end-Ordovician, Frasnian-Famennian (F/F), Permian-Triassic (P/Tr), Triassic/Jurassic (Tr/J) and Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T)] are usually referred to as “mass extinctions”. No common root or single cause has been identified for these five events, and several aspects remain contentious. There is however a consistent association of large magmatic provinces with all five events, suggesting that volcanism could be a major contributor, but not necessarily the sole cause (for example, the K/T extinction was triggered by major volcanism coinciding with a bolide impact). Fossil and geochemical evidence tends to suggest that the P/Tr, F/F, K/T and Tr/J transitions were prolonged periods of biotic stress triggered by a combination of tectonically induced hydrothermal and volcanic processes, leading to eutrophic oceans, global warming, sea-level rise and global anoxia. The consequences of abrupt global warming, generally associated with most extinction events, are considered to have been mainly harmful to the biosphere (especially the marine ecosystem) in the geological past. Restoration of the marine ecosystem is a vital process, and several models have been produced that can be used for comparative purposes on a global scale. Significance of Biomarkers in the Study of Extinction Events Traces of past life are recorded in the rock record as morphological fossils and/or molecular fossils (biomarkers). Biomarkers carry a wealth of information concerning the composition, ecology and diversity of ancient communities. Many biomarkers encountered in sediments and oils have also been discovered in living organisms (land plants, algae, bacteria and heterotrophs), allowing recognition of their precursor lipids and the establishment of a biomarker connection. Lipids are the molecular components of cell membranes with examples including sterols, hopanols, alcohols, phospho-lipids, ether-lipids & intact lipids. Some of the most valuable biomarkers discovered are 2-methylhopanes, derived from 2-methylbacteriohopanols synthesised by certain cyanobacteria. These diagnostic biomarkers are especially abundant in black shales and other sediments associated with oceanic anoxic events. Another significant set of biomarkers are those originating from the photosynthetic pigments of green/ brown photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. These organisms are strict anaerobes that utilise H2S during photosynthesis to fix CO2 and play a significant role in the sulfur cycle at the chemocline in stratified water columns. The Permian-Triassic extinction, which occurred 252 million years ago, was the largest extinction event in Earth’s history. 96% of marine and 70% of terrestrial species were wiped out. Research by Prof. Grice and colleagues at WA-OIGC has shown that this extinction event was the result of a number of combined causes, including global warming, the release of large amounts of carbon from methane hydrates, ocean stagnation & marine anoxia, and massive volcanic activity during the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea. End-Cretaceous event – the Chicxulub impact crater The end-Cretaceous mass extinction event and its recovery in the actual Chicxulub impact crater has recently been investigated using an organic geochemical and molecular microbial ecological approach. We revealed that within hours after the impact, ocean resurge flooded the crater followed by tsunami bringing terrestrial debris from the surrounding shorelines into the crater. The material contained diagnostic biomarkers of land plants, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and photosynthetic sulfur bacteria from coastal microbial mats. Although the loss of sunlight following the impact led to a massive decline in ocean productivity in the crater waters, land derived biomass and nutrients helped to fuel blooms of unicellular cyanobacteria days to years later. When this nutrient supply decreased, the basin returned to oligotrophic conditions dominated by the abundance of nitrogen-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria. From biomarkers and stable isotopes in UK sections we have recently shown that the main extinction phase occurs slightly later in marine strata, where it is coeval with terrestrial extinctions and ocean acidification driven by Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP)-induced increases in pCO2; these effects should not be conflated with the carbon isotopic excursion. The mass extinction event at the end-Devonian period (359 Ma) strongly affected reef-building communities and associated fauna in tropical, marine settings. Work at WA-OIGC has shown that marine settings during the end-Devonian developed anoxic and euxinic bottom waters. The rise of land plants during the Devonian period resulted in an increased input of terrigenous organic matter to the oceans, which sank to the sea floor and was metabolised by bacteria. This consumed the oxygen in the bottom waters, leading to oxygen depletion and the build-up of toxic hydrogen sulfide in the water column. Cockell, C.S., Schaefer, B., Wuchter, C., Coolen, M.J.L., Grice, K., Schnieders, L., Morgan, J.V., Gulick, S.P.S., Wittmann, A., Lofi, J., Christeson, G.L., Kring, D.A., Whalen, M.T., Bralower, T.J., Osinski, G.R., Claeys, P., Kaskes, P., de Graaff, S.J., Déhais, T., Goderis, S., Hernandez Becerra, N., Nixon, S., IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists, 2021. Shaping of the Present-Day Deep Biosphere at Chicxulub by the Impact Catastrophe That Ended the Cretaceous. Frontiers in Microbiology 12, 668240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.668240 Lounejeva, E., Steadman, J.A., Rodemann, T., Large, R.R., Danyushevsky, L., Mantle, D., Grice, K., Algeo, T.J. 2021. Marcasite at the Permian‐Triassic Transition: A Potential Indicator of Hydrosphere Acidification. In Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic Changes (eds. Ernst, R.E., Dickson, A.J., Bekker, A.). American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 255. Washington, D.C. p.p. 377-399. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119507444.ch16 Fox, C.P., Cui, X., Whiteside, J.H., Olsen, P.E., Summons, R.E., Grice, K. 2020. Molecular and isotopic evidence reveals the end-Triassic carbon isotope excursion is not from massive exogenous light carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, 30171-30178. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917661117 Whalen, M.T., Gulick, S.P.S., Lowery, C.M., Bralower, T.J., Morgan, J.V., Grice, K., Schaefer, B., Smit, J., Ormö, J., Wittmann, A., Kring, D.A., Lyons, S., Goderis, S., IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists. 2020. Winding down the Chicxulub impact: The transition between impact and normal marine sedimentation near ground zero. Marine Geology 430, 106368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106368 Georgiev, S.V., Stein, H.J., Yang, G., Hannah, J.L., Böttcher, M.E., Grice, K., Holman, A.I., Turgeon, S., Simonsen, S., Cloquet, C. 2020. Late Permian–Early Triassic environmental changes recorded by multi-isotope (Re-Os-N-Hg) data and trace metal distribution from the Hovea-3 section, Western Australia. Gondwana Research 88, 353-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.07.007 Bralower, T.J., Cosmidis, J., Fantle, M.S., Lowery, C.M., Passey, B.H., Gulick, S.P.S., Morgan, J.V., Vajda, V., Whalen, M.T., Wittmann, A., Artemieva, N., Farley, K., Goderis, S., Hajek, E., Heaney, P.J., Kring, D.A., Lyons, S.L., Rasmussen, C., Sibert, E., Rodríguez Tovar, F.J., Turner-Walker, G., Zachos, J.C., Carte, J., Chen, S.A., Cockell, C., Coolen, M., Freeman, K.H., Garber, J., Gonzalez, M., Gray, J.L., Grice, K., Jones, H.L., Schaefer, B., Smit, J., Tikoo, S.M. 2020. The habitat of the nascent Chicxulub crater. AGU Advances 1, e2020AV000208. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000208 Smith, V., Warny, S., Grice, K., Schaefer, B., Whalen, M.T., Vellekoop, J., Chenot, E., Gulick, S.P.S., Arenillas, I., Arz, J.A., Bauersachs, T., Bralower, T., Demory, F., Gattacceca, J., Jones, H., Lofi, J., Lowery, C.M., Morgan, J., Nuñez Otaño, N.B., O’Keefe, J.M.K., O’Malley, K., Rodríguez-Tovar, F.J., Schwark, L., the IODP–ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists. 2020. Life and death in the Chicxulub impact crater: a record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Climate of the Past 16, 1889-1899. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1889-2020 Bralower, T.J., Cosmidis, J., Heaney, P.J., Kump, L.R., Morgan, J.V., Harper, D.T., Lyons, S.L., Freeman, K.H., Grice, K., Wendler, J.E., Zachos, J.C., Artemieva, N., Chen, S.A., Gulick, S.P.S., House, C.H., Jones, H.L., Lowery, C.M., Nims, C., Schaefer, B., Thomas, E., Vajda, V. 2020. Origin of a global carbonate layer deposited in the aftermath of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary impact. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 548, 116476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116476 Lyons, S.L., Karp, A.T., Bralower, T.J., Grice, K., Schaefer, B., Gulick, S.P.S., Morgan, J.V., Freeman, K.H. 2020. Organic matter from the Chicxulub crater exacerbated the K–Pg impact winter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, 25327-2533. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004596117 Rigo, M., Onoue, T., Tanner, L.H., Lucas, S.G., Godfrey, L., Katz, M.E., Zaffani, M., Grice, K., Cesar, J., Yamashita, D., Maron, M., Tackett, L.S., Campbell, H., Tateo, F., Concheri, G., Agnini, C., Chiari, M., Bertinelli, A. 2020. The Late Triassic Extinction at the Norian/Rhaetian boundary: Biotic evidence and geochemical analysis. Earth-Science Reviews 204, 103180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103180 Schaefer, B., Grice, K., Coolen, M.J.L., Summons, R.E., Cui, X., Bauersachs, T., Schwark, L., Böttcher, M.E., Bralower, T.J., Lyons, S.L., Freeman, K.H., Cockell, C.S., Gulick, S.P.S., Morgan, J.V., Whalen, M.T., Lowery, C.M., Vajda, V. 2020. Microbial life in the nascent Chicxulub crater. Geology 48, 328-332. https://doi.org/10.1130/G46799.1 Cesar, J., Grice, K. 2019. Molecular fingerprint from plant biomarkers in Triassic-Jurassic petroleum source rocks from the Dampier sub-Basin, Northwest Shelf of Australia. Marine and Petroleum Geology 110, 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.07.024 Gulick, S.P.S., Bralower, T.J., Ormö, J., Hall, B., Grice, K., Schaefer, B., Lyons, S., Freeman, K.H., Morgan, J.V., Artemieva, N., Kaskes, P., de Graaff, S.J., Whalen, M.T., Collins, G.S., Tikoo, S.M., Verhagen, C., Christeson, G.L., Claeys, P., Coolen, M.J.L., Goderis, S., Goto, K., Grieve, R.A.F., McCall, N., Osinski, G.R., Rae, A.S.P., Riller, U., Smit, J., Vajda, V., Wittmann, A., the Expedition 364 Scientists. 2019. The first day of the Cenozoic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, 19342-19351. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909479116 Holman, A.I., Grice, K. 2018. δ13C of aromatic compounds in sediments, oils and atmospheric emissions: A review. Organic Geochemistry 123, 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.06.004 Spaak, G., Edwards, D.S., Allen, H.J., Grotheer, H., Summons, R.E., Coolen, M.J.L., Grice, K. 2018. Extent and persistence of photic zone euxinia in Middle–Late Devonian seas–Insights from the Canning Basin and implications for petroleum source rock formation. Marine and Petroleum Geology 93, 33-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.02.033 Pagès, A., Barnes, S., Schmid, S., Coveney Jr, R.M., Schwark, L., Liu, W., Grice, K., Fan, H., Wen, H. 2018. Geochemical investigation of the lower Cambrian mineralised black shales of South China and the late Devonian Nick deposit, Canada. Ore Geology Reviews 94, 396-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.02.004 Spaak, G., Edwards, D.S., Foster, C.B., Pagès, A., Summons, R.E., Sherwood, N., Grice, K. 2017. Environmental conditions and microbial community structure during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event; a multi-disciplinary study from the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Global and Planetary Change 159, 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.10.010 Cesar, J., Grice, K. 2017. δ13C of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to establish the facies variations in a fluvial deltaic Triassic record (Dampier sub-Basin, Western Australia). Organic Geochemistry 107, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.03.001 Grotheer, H., Le Métayer, P., Piggott, M.J., Lindeboom, E.J., Holman, A.I., Twitchett, R.J., Grice, K. 2017. Occurrence and significance of phytanyl arenes across the Permian-Triassic boundary interval. Organic Geochemistry 104, 42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.12.002 Pagès, A., Schmid, S., Edwards, D., Barnes, S., He, N., Grice, K. 2016. A molecular and isotopic study of palaeoenvironmental conditions through the middle Cambrian in the Georgina Basin, central Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 447, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.032 Whiteside, J.H., Grice, K. 2016. Biomarker records associated with mass extinction events. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44, 581-612. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012501 Naeher, S., Grice, K. 2015. Novel 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione (maleimide) proxies for the assessment of persistent photic zone euxinia. Chemical Geology 404, 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.03.020 Tulipani, S., Grice, K., Greenwood, P.F., Schwark, L., Summons, R.E., Böttcher, M.E., Foster, C.B. 2015. Molecular proxies as indicators of freshwater incursion-driven salinity stratification. Chemical Geology 409, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.05.009 Tulipani, S., Grice, K., Greenwood, P.F, Haines, P., Sauer, P., Schimmelmann, A., Summons, R.E., Foster, C.B. Böttcher, M.E., Playton, T., Schwark, L. 2015. Changes in palaeoenvironmental conditions in Late Devonian Reef systems from the Canning Basin, WA: A biomarker and stable isotope approach. Gondwana Research 28, 1500-1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.003 Williford, K.H., Grice, K., Holman, A., McElwain, J.C., 2014. An organic record of terrestrial ecosystem collapse and recovery at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in East Greenland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 127, 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.033 Jaraula, C.M.B, Grice, K., Twitchett, R.,J., Böttcher, M.E., Le Metayer, P., Dastidar, A.G., Opazo, L.F. 2013. Elevated pCO2 leading to Late Triassic extinction, persistent photic zone euxinia, and rising sea levels. Geology 41, 955-958. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34183.1 Luo, G., Wang, Y., Grice, K., Jia, C., Xie, S. 2013. Microbial-algal community changes during the latest Permian ecological crisis: Evidence from lipid biomarkers at Cili, South China. Global and Planetary Change 105, 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.11.015 Melendez, I., Grice, K., Schwark, L. 2013. Exceptional preservation of palaeozoic steroids in a diagenetic continuum. Nature Scientific Reports 3, 2768. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02768 Melendez, I., Grice, K., Trinajstic, K., Ladjavardi, M., Thompson, K., Greenwood, P.F. 2013. Biomarkers reveal the role of photic zone euxinia in exceptional fossil preservation: An organic geochemical perspective. Geology 41, 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1130/G33492.1 Metcalfe, I., Nicholl, R.S., Willink, R., Ladjavardi, M., Grice, K. 2013. Early Triassic (Induan-Olenekian) conodont biostratigraphy, global anoxia, carbon isotope excursions and environmental perturbations: New data from Western Australian Gondwana. Gondwana Research 23, 1136-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.002 Hays, L., Grice, K., Foster, C.B., Summons, R.E. 2012. Biomarker and isotopic trends from a Permian-Triassic sedimentary section at Kap-Stosch, Greenland. Organic Geochemistry 43, 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.010 Nabbefeld, B., Grice, K., Schimmelmann, A., Summons, R.E., Troitzsch, A., Twitchett, R.J. 2010. A comparison of thermal maturity parameters between freely extracted hydrocarbons (Bitumen I) and a second extract (Bitumen II) from within the kerogen matrix of Permian and Triassic sedimentary rocks. Organic Geochemistry 41, 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.08.004 Nabbefeld, B., Grice, K., Schimmelmann, A., Sauer, P.E., Böttcher, M.E., Twitchett, R.J. 2010. Significance of δDkerogen, δ13Ckerogen and δ34Spyrite from several Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) sections. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 295, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.015 Nabbefeld, B., Grice, K., Twitchett, R.J., Summons, R.E., Hays, L., Böttcher, M.E., Muhammad, A. 2010. An integrated biomarker, isotopic and palaeoenvironmental study through the Late Permian event at Lusitaniadalen, Spitsbergen. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 291, 84-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.053 Nabbefeld, B., Grice, K., Summons, R.E., Hays, L., 2010. Significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Permian/Triassic boundary sections. Applied Geochemistry 25, 1374-1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.06.008 Grice, K., Lu, H., Atahan, P., Hallmann, C., Asif, M., Greenwood, P.F., Tulipani, S., Maslen, E., Williford, K.H., and Dodson, J. 2009. New insights into the origin of perlyene in geological samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 6531-6543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.029 Fenton, S., Grice, K., Twitchett, R., Bottcher, M., Looy, C.V., Nabbefeld, B. 2007. Changes in Biomarker Abundances and Sulfur Isotopes of Pyrite across the Permian-Triassic (P/Tr) Schuchert Dal Section (East Greenland). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 262 230-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.033 Grice, K., Nabbefeld, B., Maslen, E. 2007. Source and Significance of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments (Hovea-3 well, Perth Basin, Western Australia) Spanning the Permian-Triassic Boundary. Organic Geochemistry 38, 1795-1803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.07.001 Grice, K., Cao, C., Love, G.D., Bottcher, M.E., Twitchett, R.J., Grosjean, E., Summons, R.E., Turgeon, S., Dunning, W.J., Yin, Y. 2005. Photic zone euxinia during the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic event. Science 307, 706-709. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104323 Grice, K., Twitchett, R.J., Alexander, R., Foster, C.B., Looy, C. 2005. A potential biomarker for the Permian-Triassic ecological crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 236, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.008 Grice, K., Backhouse, J., Alexander R., Marshall, N., Logan, G.A. 2005 Correlating terrestrial signatures from biomarker distributions, δ13C , and palynology in fluvio-deltaic deposits from NW Australia (Triassic-Jurassic). Organic Geochemistry 36, 1347-1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.06.003 Grice, K., Summons, R.E., Grosjean, E., Twitchett, R., Dunning, W.J., Wang, S., Bottcher, M.E. 2005. Depositional conditions of the Northern onshore Perth basin (Basal Triassic). The APPEA Journal 45, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ04023 Thomas, B.M., Willink, R.J., Grice, K., Twitchett, R.J., Purcell, R.R., Archbold, N.W., George, A.D., Tye, S., Alexander, R., Foster, C.B., Barber, C.J. 2004. Unique marine Permian/Triassic boundary section from Western Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 51, 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1400-0952.2004.01066.x Grice K., Gibbison, R., Atkinson, J.E., Eckardt, C.B., Schwark, L., Maxwell, J.R. 1996. 1H-pyrrole-2,5,-diones (maleimides of anoxygenic photosynthesis in paleowater columns. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 3913-3924. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00199-8
An allergy is an acquired hypersensitivity response of the immune system to an environmental substance. The propensity to develop allergies is anchored in a person’s genes in that the risk of developing an allergy is increased in the biological children of people who have allergies. In Austria, about 20% of the population suffer from allergies. Allergy triggers, otherwise known as allergens, are delivered in a number of ways: they can be breathed onto the skin or the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, may be ingested, or be transferred by an insect bite or sting. In a person with allergies, the immune system produces an allergic response to these allergens in an attempt to “defend” the body against substances that do not actually pose a threat to humans, such as pollen, dust mites, animal hair, mould, food, bee venom, medicines, metals, chemicals, etc. Upon contact with the allergen, the immune system is activated and produces antibodies or, as with contact allergies, specialised defence cells. These antibodies and/or defence cells cause an allergic reaction upon renewed contact (and from that point onward in every contact) with the same substance. - Nose: runny nose, sneezing - Eyes: conjunctivitis - Bronchi / Lungs: cough, bronchitis, bronchial asthma - Skin: swelling, rashes, eczema - Gastrointestinal tract: diarrhoea, vomiting Circulation: drop in blood pressure, unconsciousness (fainting) The diagnosis of an allergy consists of an allergy test carried out by an expert. This comprises a detailed conversation (= anamnesis, recording the medical history), a skin test, and a blood analysis. Only a thorough examination can be used to derive appropriate treatment. In principle, allergies are not completely curable. The right treatment, however, influences the severity and the course of an allergy favourably. Waiting an allergy out is pointless, because allergies often have serious consequences. For example, untreated allergic rhinitis often turns into bronchial asthma. The method of treatment depends on the severity of the allergy. In people with an established allergy or allergic predisposition (elevated levels of allergy antibodies), the allergy situation should be reviewed at least once every 1-2 years as it may change over time.
A respirator must be fit-tested before it is used for protection against an actual airborne hazard. Fit-testing ensures an adequate seal between the user’s face and the material of the respirator. The fit test method can be quantitative or qualitative. The Quantitative Fit Test (QNFT) uses an instrument that measures either leakage of an aerosol test agent or face piece pressure loss. Qualitative Fit Testing (QLFT) is performed using odor, taste or irritation response. Odor testing is done using banana oil (isoamyl acetate). Taste testing uses saccharin or Bitrextm (denatonium benzoate). Irritating smoke (stannic chloride) is used as an irritant to test a respirator’s seal.
The common-emitter amplifier At the beginning of this chapter we saw how transistors could be used as switches, operating in either their "saturation" or "cutoff" modes. In the last section we saw how transistors behave within their "active" modes, between the far limits of saturation and cutoff. Because transistors are able to control current in an analog (infinitely divisible) fashion, they find use as amplifiers for analog signals. One of the simpler transistor amplifier circuits to study is the one used previously for illustrating the transistor's switching ability: It is called the common-emitter configuration because (ignoring the power supply battery) both the signal source and the load share the emitter lead as a common connection point. This is not the only way in which a transistor may be used as an amplifier, as we will see in later sections of this chapter: Before, this circuit was shown to illustrate how a relatively small current from a solar cell could be used to saturate a transistor, resulting in the illumination of a lamp. Knowing now that transistors are able to "throttle" their collector currents according to the amount of base current supplied by an input signal source, we should be able to see that the brightness of the lamp in this circuit is controllable by the solar cell's light exposure. When there is just a little light shone on the solar cell, the lamp will glow dimly. The lamp's brightness will steadily increase as more light falls on the solar cell. Suppose that we were interested in using the solar cell as a light intensity instrument. We want to be able to measure the intensity of incident light with the solar cell by using its output current to drive a meter movement. It is possible to directly connect a meter movement to a solar cell for this purpose. In fact, the simplest light-exposure meters for photography work are designed like this: While this approach might work for moderate light intensity measurements, it would not work as well for low light intensity measurements. Because the solar cell has to supply the meter movement's power needs, the system is necessarily limited in its sensitivity. Supposing that our need here is to measure very low-level light intensities, we are pressed to find another solution. Perhaps the most direct solution to this measurement problem is to use a transistor to amplify the solar cell's current so that more meter movement needle deflection may be obtained for less incident light. Consider this approach: Current through the meter movement in this circuit will be β times the solar cell current. With a transistor β of 100, this represents a substantial increase in measurement sensitivity. It is prudent to point out that the additional power to move the meter needle comes from the battery on the far right of the circuit, not the solar cell itself. All the solar cell's current does is control battery current to the meter to provide a greater meter reading than the solar cell could provide unaided. Because the transistor is a current-regulating device, and because meter movement indications are based on the amount of current through their movement coils, meter indication in this circuit should depend only on the amount of current from the solar cell, not on the amount of voltage provided by the battery. This means the accuracy of the circuit will be independent of battery condition, a significant feature! All that is required of the battery is a certain minimum voltage and current output ability to be able to drive the meter full-scale if needed. Another way in which the common-emitter configuration may be used is to produce an output voltage derived from the input signal, rather than a specific output current. Let's replace the meter movement with a plain resistor and measure voltage between collector and emitter: With the solar cell darkened (no current), the transistor will be in cutoff mode and behave as an open switch between collector and emitter. This will produce maximum voltage drop between collector and emitter for maximum Voutput, equal to the full voltage of the battery. At full power (maximum light exposure), the solar cell will drive the transistor into saturation mode, making it behave like a closed switch between collector and emitter. The result will be minimum voltage drop between collector and emitter, or almost zero output voltage. In actuality, a saturated transistor can never achieve zero voltage drop between collector and emitter due to the two PN junctions through which collector current must travel. However, this "collector-emitter saturation voltage" will be fairly low, around several tenths of a volt, depending on the specific transistor used. For light exposure levels somewhere between zero and maximum solar cell output, the transistor will be in its active mode, and the output voltage will be somewhere between zero and full battery voltage. An important quality to note here about the common-emitter configuration is that the output voltage is inversely proportional to the input signal strength. That is, the output voltage decreases as the input signal increases. For this reason, the common-emitter amplifier configuration is referred to as an inverting amplifier. A quick SPICE simulation will verify our qualitative conclusions about this amplifier circuit: common-emitter amplifier i1 0 1 dc q1 2 1 0 mod1 r 3 2 5000 v1 3 0 dc 15 .model mod1 npn .dc i1 0 50u 2u .plot dc v(2,0) .end type npn is 1.00E-16 bf 100.000 nf 1.000 br 1.000 nr 1.000 The simulation plots both the input voltage (an AC signal of 1.5 volt peak amplitude and 2000 Hz frequency) and the current through the 15 volt battery, which is the same as the current through the speaker. What we see here is a full AC sine wave alternating in both positive and negative directions, and a half-wave output current waveform that only pulses in one direction. If we were actually driving a speaker with this waveform, the sound produced would be horribly distorted. What's wrong with the circuit? Why won't it faithfully reproduce the entire AC waveform from the microphone? The answer to this question is found by close inspection of the transistor diode-regulating diode model: Collector current is controlled, or regulated, through the constant-current mechanism according to the pace set by the current through the base-emitter diode. Note that both current paths through the transistor are monodirectional: one way only! Despite our intent to use the transistor to amplify an AC signal, it is essentially a DC device, capable of handling currents in a single direction only. We may apply an AC voltage input signal between the base and emitter, but electrons cannot flow in that circuit during the part of the cycle that reverse-biases the base-emitter diode junction. Therefore, the transistor will remain in cutoff mode throughout that portion of the cycle. It will "turn on" in its active mode only when the input voltage is of the correct polarity to forward-bias the base-emitter diode, and only when that voltage is sufficiently high to overcome the diode's forward voltage drop. Remember that bipolar transistors are current-controlled devices: they regulate collector current based on the existence of base-to-emitter current, not base-to-emitter voltage. The only way we can get the transistor to reproduce the entire waveform as current through the speaker is to keep the transistor in its active mode the entire time. This means we must maintain current through the base during the entire input waveform cycle. Consequently, the base-emitter diode junction must be kept forward-biased at all times. Fortunately, this can be accomplished with the aid of a DC bias voltage added to the input signal. By connecting a sufficient DC voltage in series with the AC signal source, forward-bias can be maintained at all points throughout the wave cycle: common-emitter amplifier vinput 1 5 sin (0 1.5 2000 0 0) vbias 5 0 dc 2.3 r1 1 2 1k q1 3 2 0 mod1 rspkr 3 4 8 v1 4 0 dc 15 .model mod1 npn .tran 0.02m 0.78m .plot tran v(1,0) i(v1) .end With the bias voltage source of 2.3 volts in place, the transistor remains in its active mode throughout the entire cycle of the wave, faithfully reproducing the waveform at the speaker. Notice that the input voltage (measured between nodes 1 and 0) fluctuates between about 0.8 volts and 3.8 volts, a peak-to-peak voltage of 3 volts just as expected (source voltage = 1.5 volts peak). The output (speaker) current varies between zero and almost 300 mA, 180o out of phase with the input (microphone) signal. The following illustration is another view of the same circuit, this time with a few oscilloscopes ("scopemeters") connected at crucial points to display all the pertinent signals: The need for biasing a transistor amplifier circuit to obtain full waveform reproduction is an important consideration. A separate section of this chapter will be devoted entirely to the subject biasing and biasing techniques. For now, it is enough to understand that biasing may be necessary for proper voltage and current output from the amplifier. Now that we have a functioning amplifier circuit, we can investigate its voltage, current, and power gains. The generic transistor used in these SPICE analyses has a β of 100, as indicated by the short transistor statistics printout included in the text output (these statistics were cut from the last two analyses for brevity's sake): type npn is 1.00E-16 bf 100.000 nf 1.000 br 1.000 nr 1.000 β is listed under the abbreviation "bf," which actually stands for "beta, forward". If we wanted to insert our own β ratio for an analysis, we could have done so on the .model line of the SPICE netlist. Since β is the ratio of collector current to base current, and we have our load connected in series with the collector terminal of the transistor and our source connected in series with the base, the ratio of output current to input current is equal to beta. Thus, our current gain for this example amplifier is 100, or 40 dB. Voltage gain is a little more complicated to figure than current gain for this circuit. As always, voltage gain is defined as the ratio of output voltage divided by input voltage. In order to experimentally determine this, we need to modify our last SPICE analysis to plot output voltage rather than output current so we have two voltage plots to compare: common-emitter amplifier vinput 1 5 sin (0 1.5 2000 0 0) vbias 5 0 dc 2.3 r1 1 2 1k q1 3 2 0 mod1 rspkr 3 4 8 v1 4 0 dc 15 .model mod1 npn .tran 0.02m 0.78m .plot tran v(1,0) v(4,3) .end Plotted on the same scale (from 0 to 4 volts), we see that the output waveform ("+") has a smaller peak-to-peak amplitude than the input waveform ("*"), in addition to being at a lower bias voltage, not elevated up from 0 volts like the input. Since voltage gain for an AC amplifier is defined by the ratio of AC amplitudes, we can ignore any DC bias separating the two waveforms. Even so, the input waveform is still larger than the output, which tells us that the voltage gain is less than 1 (a negative dB figure). To be honest, this low voltage gain is not characteristic to all common-emitter amplifiers. In this case it is a consequence of the great disparity between the input and load resistances. Our input resistance (R1) here is 1000 Ω, while the load (speaker) is only 8 Ω. Because the current gain of this amplifier is determined solely by the β of the transistor, and because that β figure is fixed, the current gain for this amplifier won't change with variations in either of these resistances. However, voltage gain is dependent on these resistances. If we alter the load resistance, making it a larger value, it will drop a proportionately greater voltage for its range of load currents, resulting in a larger output waveform. Let's try another simulation, only this time with a 30 Ω load instead of an 8 Ω load: common-emitter amplifier vinput 1 5 sin (0 1.5 2000 0 0) vbias 5 0 dc 2.3 r1 1 2 1k q1 3 2 0 mod1 rspkr 3 4 30 v1 4 0 dc 15 .model mod1 npn .tran 0.02m 0.78m .plot tran v(1,0) v(4,3) .end This time the output voltage waveform is significantly greater in amplitude than the input waveform. Looking closely, we can see that the output waveform ("+") crests between 0 and about 9 volts: approximately 3 times the amplitude of the input voltage. We can perform another computer analysis of this circuit, only this time instructing SPICE to analyze it from an AC point of view, giving us peak voltage figures for input and output instead of a time-based plot of the waveforms: common-emitter amplifier vinput 1 5 ac 1.5 vbias 5 0 dc 2.3 r1 1 2 1k q1 3 2 0 mod1 rspkr 3 4 30 v1 4 0 dc 15 .model mod1 npn .ac lin 1 2000 2000 .print ac v(1,0) v(4,3) .end freq v(1) v(4,3) 2.000E+03 1.500E+00 4.418E+00 Peak voltage measurements of input and output show an input of 1.5 volts and an output of 4.418 volts. This gives us a voltage gain ratio of 2.9453 (4.418 V / 1.5 V), or 9.3827 dB. Because the current gain of the common-emitter amplifier is fixed by β, and since the input and output voltages will be equal to the input and output currents multiplied by their respective resistors, we can derive an equation for approximate voltage gain: As you can see, the predicted results for voltage gain are quite close to the simulated results. With perfectly linear transistor behavior, the two sets of figures would exactly match. SPICE does a reasonable job of accounting for the many "quirks" of bipolar transistor function in its analysis, hence the slight mismatch in voltage gain based on SPICE's output. These voltage gains remain the same regardless of where we measure output voltage in the circuit: across collector and emitter, or across the series load resistor as we did in the last analysis. The amount of output voltage change for any given amount of input voltage will remain the same. Consider the two following SPICE analyses as proof of this. The first simulation is time-based, to provide a plot of input and output voltages. You will notice that the two signals are 180o out of phase with each other. The second simulation is an AC analysis, to provide simple, peak voltage readings for input and output: common-emitter amplifier vinput 1 5 sin (0 1.5 2000 0 0) vbias 5 0 dc 2.3 r1 1 2 1k q1 3 2 0 mod1 rspkr 3 4 30 v1 4 0 dc 15 .model mod1 npn .tran 0.02m 0.74m .plot tran v(1,0) v(3,0) .end common-emitter amplifier vinput 1 5 ac 1.5 vbias 5 0 dc 2.3 r1 1 2 1k q1 3 2 0 mod1 rspkr 3 4 30 v1 4 0 dc 15 .model mod1 npn .ac lin 1 2000 2000 .print ac v(1,0) v(3,0) .end freq v(1) v(3) 2.000E+03 1.500E+00 4.418E+00 We still have a peak output voltage of 4.418 volts with a peak input voltage of 1.5 volts. The only difference from the last set of simulations is the phase of the output voltage. So far, the example circuits shown in this section have all used NPN transistors. PNP transistors are just as valid to use as NPN in any amplifier configuration, so long as the proper polarity and current directions are maintained, and the common-emitter amplifier is no exception. The inverting behavior and gain properties of a PNP transistor amplifier are the same as its NPN counterpart, just the polarities are different: - Common-emitter transistor amplifiers are so-called because the input and output voltage points share the emitter lead of the transistor in common with each other, not considering any power supplies. - Transistors are essentially DC devices: they cannot directly handle voltages or currents that reverse direction. In order to make them work for amplifying AC signals, the input signal must be offset with a DC voltage to keep the transistor in its active mode throughout the entire cycle of the wave. This is called biasing. - If the output voltage is measured between emitter and collector on a common-emitter amplifier, it will be 180o out of phase with the input voltage waveform. For this reason, the common-emitter amplifier is called an inverting amplifier circuit. - The current gain of a common-emitter transistor amplifier with the load connected in series with the collector is equal to β. The voltage gain of a common-emitter transistor amplifier is approximately given here: - Where "Rout" is the resistor connected in series with the collector and "Rin" is the resistor connected in series with the base.
An estimated 88 million American adults—more than 1 in 3—have a condition called prediabetes, which means a person’s blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not yet high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. When you have prediabetes, there are steps you can take to eat healthier, move more, and manage your stress to reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The CDC’s National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) lifestyle change program can help you make these changes. The lifestyle change program, such as the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) , is inclusive for everyone who has prediabetes. This May for Mental Health Awareness Month, CDC-led National DPP is taking the time to recognize lifestyle change program participants who don’t let challenges or disabilities related to mental health stand in their way of reducing their risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Take lifestyle change program participant Joe for example. Joe has a mental health disability called bipolar disorder, which causes unusual shifts in his mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. To manage his bipolar disorder, he takes six medicines daily, many of which come with side effects, such as weight gain, extreme fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Joe had struggled with his weight, and when he found out from his doctor that he had developed prediabetes, it was hard for him to imagine what he could do to make healthy lifestyle changes. In addition to the side effects from his medicines, an increase in mental or physical activity makes him more likely to have panic attacks. With these challenges to overcome, Joe could have given up. Instead, Joe wouldn’t let anything stop him from improving his health to reduce his risk for developing type 2 diabetes. That’s when Joe joined a local lifestyle change program and met his coach, Lonna. As a coach, Lonna often works with participants who have mental health disabilities, teaching them strategies for making healthy lifestyle changes in ways that work for them. For example, since Joe can’t increase his physical activity to lose weight, Lonna helped him focus more on healthy eating. She recommended using measuring cups to help with portion control. Joe uses the cups to measure out each meal and snack to make sure that he doesn’t overeat. “Before putting the food on my plate, I put it into a one-cup measuring cup,” says Joe. “If I have pasta, I know that I can only have one or two cups. A cup of pasta is still a lot of pasta – I didn’t realize how much it was!” Joe says he learned a lot about food and nutrition during the program and how to make better choices to improve his health. Using what he learned, he was able to lose 30 pounds! “It’s nice for people to tell me that I look better or I look good,” says Joe. “I was proud of myself. My parents were proud of me. Lonna would weigh me and see I lost two or three pounds and I felt good about my success.” Joe shows the strength and resilience of so many people who have overcome barriers to improve their health. He has successfully lost weight and lowered his triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. He says that anyone with prediabetes can reduce their risk for type 2 diabetes through the lifestyle change program, like he did. No matter what obstacles you face on the road to better health, the most important thing is to keep working at it and never give up! Challenge yourself to better health! Learn more about how you can be like Joe and reduce your risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Visit the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) lifestyle change program for more information. Get started on your health journey today. The National Center for Farmworker Health Improving health care access for one of America's most vulnerable populations
Tuesday, January 22, 2008 Volcanic Eruption in Antarctica...2,000 years ago Just because a volcano is buried under ice does not mean it is not active. Researchers recently discovered that more than 2,000 years ago a volcano erupted from underneath the ice in Antarctica breaking through the ice and covering the continent in ash. The evidence of this is a layer of ash found in the ice sheet. They suspect this volcano is still active and although buried by ice may be melting the bottom of the ice causing the fast glacial flow of the nearby ice. Read more about this discovery here.
- A person is considered homeless when he/she resides in places not meant for human habitation, such as cars, parks, sidewalks, and abandoned buildings; or in an emergency shelter; or in transitional housing. More than 20 transient camps are located in Spokane, and the City of Spokane cleans up their trash on a regular basis. The city does have a homeless outreach team that tries to connect people with services; however, new camps show up each year. To report a camp, call Code Enforcement at (509) 625-6730. (KREM 2 News, September 29, 2015) - One huge misconception of the poor is that they have all made poor choices, and the result is their current state. There is something about our culture that says if you are not making it, it’s your fault. Therefore, there is a tendency to blame those who are suffering, saying they have brought this misery upon themselves due to poor choices—therefore, I will not help them, for they deserve their misery. - The world of the homeless may be quite near for many. Total despair may come quickly after the loss of a job, the death of a spouse or child, a severe physical disability, or family problems. Less than 6% choose to be homeless. Most are victims of unplanned and unforeseen situations. - The greatest need is housing. 70% of homeless families have no government housing resources. Only 30% qualify for HUD, because HUD’s definition does not include (1) Families who are doubled up with other families, or (2) Families who are paying for motels, because they have no other place to go. This is due to the fact that the U.S. Census does not ask the right questions to determine multiple and homeless families in homes, asking questions like: Who is in the household? What is everyone’s income and employment? - Reducing Poverty. Poverty will not be solved by throwing money at the situation, or passing laws, or creating more housing, or feeding everyone. However, poverty can be greatly relieved through sharing by society, and helping people change their lives. We have to get to the core reason why a man is homeless to help him. It is not about spending more money on housing. It’s about changing a person’s life. The best way to get people out of poverty, is to have someone mentor them tho is not in poverty themselves. - Spokane Homeless Agencies. The safety net of social services in Spokane has become so interconnected that a relatively minor change at one agency can trigger problems around the city. - Government Funding Reduced. Due to the withdrawal of much of the federal and state government funding for social services and charitable agencies, much of the obligation to help the poor has been shifted to religious and nonprofit organizations. The federal government requires cities to county the number of homeless residents every year in late January in order to receive federal grant funding. This survey does not ask homeless people to give their names. ("City Looks to improve homeless count," by Rachel Alexander, The Spokesman-Review, January 26, 2018) - Community Churches. Christians feel a special obligation to share with our neighbors and assist the poor, the fatherless, and others who are suffering. - Serving Blesses the Receiver and the Giver. As individual citizens and churches find someone who needs their service, they will discover the secret to a happy, fulfilled life. Each time we help someone who has a greater need than ours, our own burdens seem lighter. We can’t help others without also helping ourselves. (see “Those Who Serve are Happier, Healthier, and More Prosperous” under the Inspiration link on this website.) - Hate Crimes. Florida passed legislation to include the homeless population in its hate crimes law, and this has led to a dramatic decrease of crimes committed against the homeless in that state. The study calls for similar legislation nationwide and education about homelessness in general and its implications. We have a subculture that glorifies violence against the homeless in particular, due to negative stereotypes and not viewing the homeless as human. This exploitation is viewed in “bum fight” videos on the internet showing attacks on homeless victims. Some of the reasons people are homeless - “HIDDEN HOMELESS." These are the millions of people in our country who are one crisis away from losing their homes. They may be doubled or tripled up in housing, or 48 hours from evict ion, or about to leave a hospital with nowhere to go. - ADDICTIONS. Research suggests less than 25% suffer from addictions to alcohol and drugs. - CHILDREN WHO AGE-OUT OF FOSTER CARE. Every year several hundred children age-out of foster care in Washington State—40% fail to finish high school, 20% go into shelters, and 20% spend time in jail. - ELDERLY. Many of elderly are on fixed incomes and afraid to go to a shelter or soup kitchen. Others live in poverty—not homeless, but home-bound without needed utilities. - EMPLOYMENT ISSUES. Many have lost their jobs. In America we are told that if you work hard, you will be successful. Poverty can strike without warning as a result of job loss. Thousands are losing jobs as factories close and jobs are outsourced, leaving people with only the skills that served them so well on the assembly line. Many of the homeless are willing to work and want to work, but lack the opportunity. All are looking for a chance. - FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN. One-quarter of the homeless are children. There are 1500 homeless children and teens in Spokane, and that is increasing. - FLEEING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. Spokane County law enforcement agencies receive more than 10,000 phone calls a year asking for help with domestic violence. Domestic violence can affect people from all walks of life. Half of all women and children experiencing homelessness are fleeing domestic violence from a bad relationship. More than 50% of women in the U.S. are battered at some time in their lives. An estimated 3-4 million women are beaten repeatedly in their homes each year by their husbands, ex-husbands, or lovers. The Justice Department says that one in four American women experience domestic violence. Battering is the single largest cause of injury to women in the U.S., resulting in many homicides as a result of domestic violence. - HOMELESS ON THE STREET. Do NOT take homeless people home with you. Many of those people who appear to be homeless, standing on street corners and holding signs requesting money or food, are not legitimate. Some feel it is better to feed 10 imposters than to pass by one truly needy person. Be advised that people who really need help are usually already in the system. - ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS. This group is growing rapidly. - LOW INCOME. A homeless person may be someone with a job! 25% of the homeless are working people. Sometimes they hold down one or more jobs, but are unable to afford housing, or pay for day-care. In every state, more than the minimum wage is required to afford a one-or-two bedroom apartment. Many people live paycheck to paycheck, and are just 2 paychecks away from needing help. The “working poor” in Spokane do not live on the streets and beg for money—the poor are not all homeless. The poor are not strangers—they are all around us—they are the people you meet every day. Their kids sit next to your kids in the classroom. - EDUCATED. Many of the poor are educated people with work histories. Many have completed high school; some have attended college, and even graduate school. However, having a job is no longer a guarantee of self-sufficiency. They have no savings for an emergency, or money to replace an old car. All it takes is an illness, combined with the car breaking down, or less hours at work, or some other bad luck, and many are in need of outside help. - MEDICAL ISSUES. Poverty can strike without warning as a result of illness. In addition, the number of homeless who are AIDS victims is increasing rapidly. Many have been crippled by enormous medical debt. One-third of our population is uninsured or under-insured with medical coverage. It is easy to criticize people for choosing to not have health care, but that expense is often the last thing they can afford, because a roof over their head and food on the table comes first. About 2/3 of the homeless families would qualify for government-sponsored coverage for their children if parents would apply. The problems are mainly that parents don’t know about government assistance, and the enrollment process is cumbersome. - MEN. The majority of homeless people are males. Thousands of Spokane’s homeless are men; and 40% of them are disabled Veterans with emotional issues and disabilities. Most of them are from the Vietnam conflict, where veterans of that war were abandoned and discouraged, even dishonored. Many wound up on our streets, some of them disabled; others mentally traumatized by their war experiences; others simply unable to find work. - MENTAL ILLNESS. Spokane has a high rate of mental illness. The State average is 5%--Spokane’s average is 8%. Many of the homeless suffer from serious depression, mental illnesses, and disabilities. Most can become self-sufficient with help. - TEENAGERS. Hundreds of teenagers (as young as 13) run away from home. They would rather live on the streets, independent of their families. Most are victims of violence, rape, incest, strained relationships, addiction of a family member, and parental neglect. - The January 2017 homeless count in Spokane was as follows: - 325 chronically homeless people. Spokane sheltered most homeless people this past winter. - 19% were under age 18, many as part of a family - 7% were between ages 18 and 24 - 13% of those counted remained unsheltered NOTE: It costs about $1.5 million a year for the shelters to bring in everyone off the streets. Spokane is currently trying to house all of the homeless. (Source: "Full shelters a good sign?" by Shawn Vestal, The Spokesman-Review, May 19, 2017) - There were 5,000 homeless people in Spokane County in 2015. Just over 3,000 of the 5,000 homeless are children grades K-12, which is 33% higher than the statewide average. This number includes people who are couch-surfing, living in cars, and staying in shelters. Of the roughly 3,000 homeless children in Spokane County schools, 76% of them are "doubled up." ("Spokane's youth homeless rate 33% higher than state average, study says," by Eli Francovich, The Spokesman-Review, Nov. 2, 2015) In the fall of 2016, there were 350 students from about 200 families in the CVSD who were homeless; and 75-80% are doubled up with family and friends. The County reports that it is difficult to identify the homeless living in the County and outside of the city of Spokane, because they are not staying in shelters; and it is more difficult to locate and count those who are homeless when they are living in cars in parking lots, in tents and under bridges throughout the entire County. (GVSN, March 2017) The city of Spokane reported a 2014 PIT (point-in-time count) of approximately 1,033 homeless people who are living on the streets (not those who are couch-surfing or staying in shelters). This included 146 homeless families with children. The characteristics of this number consisted of approximately 257 people experiencing severe mental illness; 182 people with a chronic substance abuse condition; 238 survivors of domestic violence; and 151 chronically homeless individuals. “Chronically homeless” is defined as having been without housing for more than a year or at least a total of four times in three years. All it takes to be homeless and out on the street is one missed paycheck, losing a job, or an illness. According to the SRHD's new study, a family of four in Spokane must make over $43,000 to provide basic needs, including food, housing, utilities, transportation, child care, health care, personal and household expenses. One in three Spokane families do not meet that criteria. The root cause of homelessness in Spokane is poverty and lack of affordable housing. Mental illness and drugs are only a small percent of this population. If you are homeless with children, or think you know someone who is homeless, please say something to school counselors. (Sources: "Youth homeless rate high," The Spokesman Review, November 3, 2015; Spokane Regional Health District's Kim Papich and Reporter Caiti Currey of KXLY News, November 6, 2015; City of Spokane; "Homeless numbers in Spokane County Higher," by Jody Lawrence-Turner, The Spokesman-Review, June 6, 2014; Spokane Community Indicators for 2014, EWU) - 1,033 homeless individuals, or a total of 772 households including families with children, adult-only families, and other households were reported in a 2015 one-day count of the homeless. (Missing the Foundation, SRHD, 2015) - One out of 4 homeless persons is a child. - Families with children are the fastest growing segment of the homeless population, now accounting for up to 40%. - Approximately 3.5 million people experience homelessness over the course of a given year, and 1.35 million of them are children. (Source: Family Promise of Spokane, U.S. statistics, 2016) - Statistics from Community Indicators and Priority Spokane (2015) - 12% increase in homelessness in Spokane County from 2013-2014 (The Spokesman Review) - 26% of homeless individuals are children, half of which are under the age of 6. - 3.8% of Spokane's students are homeless (Spokane County) - 83% of homeless students have experienced a violent event by the age of 12. - 75% of homeless students do not graduate. - 776 homeless students attended Spokane's Public Schools during the 2014 school year. (District 81) - Homeless students are 4 times as likely to get sick than other children. - Homeless students are twice as likely to have learning disabilities as non-homeless children. (http://www.familyhomelessness.org) - 1 out of every 5 children in the U.S. lives in poverty. (Annie Casey Foundation) - l out of 4 homeless people are children. (Family Promise of Spokane) (Source: Priority Spokane 2015 - http://www.priorityspokane.org/ps--research.html) - Collect winter clothing (old or new) for your local homeless shelter. - Donate your change to "Give Real Change," at specified downtown Spokane parking meters. This money will be given to local homeless services, rather than panhandlers. - Attend Spokane's monthly Homeless Coalition meetings held by Spokane's Housing and Human Services Department, and ask what you can do to help. Representatives from Spokane's homeless agencies meet the first Thursday of every month from 9:00 - l0:30 am at the Gathering House, 733 W. Garland Avenue, Spokane, WA http://www.spokanehc.com. - Research homeless programs which are making the biggest difference, and share them with local mayors and city councils so we can learn from the successes of others. (see Resources below) - The homeless need far more than coats and food, they need jobs. When shelters are too overwhelmed and under supported to house them, the homeless have to sleep on the streets. Veronika Scott started the nonprofit The Empowerment Plan in Detroit to help the homeless. She hires previously homeless women to make sleeping bag coats, coats that transform into sleeping bags, to empower them to be independent. (CBN News, February 6, 2015) - City of Spokane: If you need assistance with finding shelter, and are located in City of Spokane, please call Spokane's Homeless Family Coordinated Assessment, before calling the homeless shelters. The Assessment team will assess your situation, and direct you to the agencies which serve your particular needs. Homeless Family Coordinated Assessment (a program of Catholic Charities) Family Resource Center Bldg. 19 W. Pacific (Myrtle Woldson Institute building) Spokane, WA 99201 (509) 325-5005 (answered 24/7) Walk-in Hours: Monday - Thursday from 12:30 pm to 5 pm. Spokane County: If you need assistance with finding shelter, and are located in Spokane County and outside of the City of Spokane, please contact: Spokane County Community Services Housing, and Community Development Department (an assessment for homelessness and housing) Learn if you are eligible for an application for County-administered programs, connect to City administered programs, access publicly and privately funded emergency shelters info, and link to Washington Connections website to apply other governmental benefits. - DSHS Home and Community Services Food, Cash, Medical assistance Dept. of Social and Health Services - Washington State (509) 227-2200 North Office (509) 227-2500 Central Office, 1313 N. Maple Street (509) 227-2400 Southwest Office (509) 227-2700 Valley Office, 8517 E. Trent Ave, Ste 202 - Homeless people in Fort Lauderdale, Florida have an alternative to shelters: A one-way bus ticket out of the city, thanks to a $25,000 program approved by city commissioners. This program is designed to get people off the streets and get them into a healthy, positive environment; although, it doesn’t guarantee a person won’t become homeless again. To qualify, participants who truly want help must prove they have a network of support (family and friends who truly care about them and are willing to help) in their destination city that is willing to let them move in. Money used to purchase the bus tickets comes from money confiscated from criminals. (“Florida, a city to buy one-way bus tickets for homeless to leave,” Florida’s The Sun Sentinel report and Elizabeth Chuck at NBC News) - The Bowery Mission (lower Manhattan, New York City) offers more than a helping hand. They restore the broken lives of homeless men and women. Opened in 1879, the Bowery Mission treats more than just the symptoms of homelessness—they treat the root causes of the problem. They provide food and shelter to thousands of people. Every day they serve 800 nutritious, made-from-scratch meals with food donated from top restaurants all over the city. In 2012, they served soup to lobster, 30,000 bags of groceries, and nights of shelter for 80,000 homeless people. The mission offers a 6-month live-in drug and alcohol recovery program. Participants are enrolled in computer classes where they receive hands-on training and job counseling. Services provide hope and nourishment to the souls of the city’s homeless, with hymn singing, prayer and sermons in its chapel. As a privately funded group, the mission receives donations from private citizens, but no government money, which allows it to implement spiritual guidance in its programs. They have found that when you really change a man or woman’s heart, it tends to last, especially if you support them after they graduate. Four out of five of their graduates are still clean and sober a year later; and that is a wonderful result. That is not true of the city’s secular programs. There is a significant cost to helping the homeless at this or any other shelter, but it is far less than at government-funded shelters. For a man to go through their program and graduate clean and sober and connected to Christ, it costs about $12,500.00. In contrast to that, it takes $20,000/year just to warehouse a man in one of New York City’s shelters, and even more if he has committed a crime and is in jail. “The city of New York is committed to doing what they can with shelters, to get people off the streets and give them food and shelter; but, if you don’t address the deeper spiritual, more fundamental issues of what it means to be a human being, you will continue to have shelters that are full of people who come back day-after-day, and week-after-week for the same thing. The problem of homelessness is beyond the scope of local, state and the federal government. It is really best and most efficient in the hands of private individuals or organizations who manage the homeless.” (Craig Mayes, Director of New York City Rescue Mission, The 700 Club, January 2013)
This article has been written for highschool art students who’re working upon a essential research of art, sketchbook annotation or an essay-based mostly artist research. A fundamental physique, divided into paragraphs , that builds an argument utilizing evidence from the textual content. Analyze the narrative and magnificence of writing. In case a hero of our time you analyze a scientific essay, you possibly can analyze the creator’s fashion. The time-frames are specified by our buyer. Nonetheless, we suggest to put the order for as a lot time as you can enable as it is not solely about writing the paper but in regards to the researching related materials as well. This is the place you must be familiar with the rest of your literary gadgets. One which instantly jumps out on the reader includes the animals talking to one another – ‘ personification’ That’s a begin. You may argue that there are innumerable literary gadgets at play here as properly (the use of ‘character foil,’ possibly a little bit of ‘suspense,’ the creation of ‘hubris’ in a personality). Explaining Sensible Methods In essay samples The Latest On Convenient Plans For literature essay examples Writing a literary essay will not be so tough if you happen to fastidiously learn the book and take all the necessities for writing such works critically. Be attentive and uphold your ideas. Only in this approach are you able to create a worthy essay. Before you learn to begin a important essay, it is best to understand some fundamentals of penning this paper. In different words, you have to perceive tips on how to write an excellent analysis. A ebook analysis essay summarizes literary research and consists of examples, overview components, and so forth. The purpose of such a paper is to help readers perceive the e book better. Identical to some other essay, it should be appropriately structured: an applicable introduction, a number of physique paragraphs, a logical conclusion. Practical criticism at the moment is more often treated as an ancillary ability rather than the muse of a critical method. It is a part of many examinations in literature at virtually all levels, and is used to check students’ responsiveness to what they read, as well as their information of verse forms and of the technical language for describing the way in which poems create their effects. Reviewing the analysis ought to result in more research questions and those questions will likely lead you to either revise your initial research question or go back and discover more literature related to a more specific facet of your analysis question. When creating a company, we meant to gather like-minded individuals who seek to help students with their finding out issues. The group of people that work for IQEssay is not only employees. They’re writing experts and empathetic people who are prepared to assist. Updates On Convenient Plans Of literature essay examples Or, instead of specializing in theme, you possibly can say, The cleverness of the third little pig is the pressure that shapes the story of ‘The Three Little Pigs,’ and you then would present how his cleverness impacts the plot of the story and creates the principle battle for the wolf. It is also the pig’s cleverness that brings concerning the climax of the story when he takes the lid off the pot of boiling water simply in time for the wolf to fall into it.
A Presentation by Terry Brainerd Chadwick General Usability \| Accessibility \| W3 Consortium Guidelines \| ADA and Disabilities Guidelines \| Usability References and Resources \| InfoQuest! \|Usability and Accessibility Introduction\| There are few things that annoy Web users more than not being able to accomplish easily the task for which they have come to a Web site. (Giga Information Group analyst Martha Bennett, May 22, 2000) This is what website accessibility and usability is all about: making sure your audience gets what they want and need from your website efficiently and effectively. The sad fact is that many websites don't do this. That is why website usability has become a hot topic. It is why the World Wide Web Consortium (W3) has put out a set of accessibility guidelines. It is why the Americans with Disabilities Act includes websites in its accessiblity guidelines.This presentation provides a general overview about usability and accessibility, particularly focusing on the W3 and ADA accessibility guidelines. Copyright 2000-2001 InfoQuest! Information Services Last updated: November 4, 2000 Please send any comments to firstname.lastname@example.org or 503-228-4023. Terry Brainerd Chadwick InfoQuest! Information Services 2324 NW Johnson St., Ste.4 Portland, OR 97210-5221
Eggs have historically been given a bad reputation. Websites, news shows and even doctors spread the word that eggs (due to their cholesterol content) are bad. As a result, this myth is known almost worldwide. Eggs have been accused of many bad things, but I hope this article will prove to you eggs are safe and actually promote good health. First, cholesterol is important. It serves important, irreplaceable roles in health. It’s important to realize where our body gets cholesterol from. Two Sources of Cholesterol Cholesterol ends up in our blood. There are two sources of cholesterol: the liver and diet . Liver: 85% of our blood cholesterol is made in the liver and sent out into the blood packed into molecules VLDL or LDL . Diet: 15% of our blood cholesterol comes from the diet, including foods like eggs . Dietary Cholesterol Does Not Need to Be Avoided For years, we had been told to avoid high-cholesterol foods such as eggs for heart health, but this has since been disproven . New dietary guidelines from 2015 have stated that dietary cholesterol is no longer of concern when it comes to heart disease. What’s in an Egg? Eggs are nutrient dense and rich in essential amino acids. It is true, eggs contain cholesterol, but remember, cholesterol is not bad, like we once thought it was . Eggs contain about 141-234 milligrams of cholesterol, depending on size . The old US guidelines used to recommend limiting daily cholesterol to 300 mg per day . Now this upper limit has been removed. Since cholesterol is vital to health, our body will make as much as it needs. On average, we need about 1000 mg a day so if you got 200 mg through diet, the liver would make about 800 mg . Vitamins and Minerals Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K as well as B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6 and B12) are found in whole eggs. Trace minerals such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, copper, manganese, selenium, and potassium are also plentiful in eggs , . As you’ll soon see, cholesterol itself can be considered heart healthy. In addition to cholesterol, eggs have other heart-healthy antioxidants such as lutein and zeaxanthin, which may protect against lipid peroxidation . They are also one of the few natural food sources of choline, which has a protective role against both cardiovascular and liver disease . Like many animal-based products, eggs are considered a complete protein source. What makes a protein source complete is the presence of all nine essential amino acids at proportions required by humans. Eggs deliver about 6 grams of protein per egg, with almost half of that coming from the yolk. Research on Eggs Old, Outdated Research Since the 1970s eggs have always been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. These initial associations were based on observational studies , a research method which isn’t very good at proving cause and effect relationships. In fact, eggs have been studied in many different patient populations, and shown to have no negative effects, and in some instances even to be beneficial. Egg Consumption in Healthy Individuals Studies looking at healthy individuals showed 3 eggs a day didn’t affect blood cholesterol at all , . In addition, eggs improved HDL, increased plasma antioxidants, increased plasma choline levels and favored less atherogenic LDL particle profiles , . All of these are good outcomes! Egg Consumption in Individuals at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease High risk is determined by a combination of factors, including: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, age and family history. One study looked at people with high risk of cardiovascular disease. Half the people were given 2 whole eggs a day, while the other half were given a cholesterol-free egg substitute. The trial lasted only 1 month. The findings showed that eggs improved cholesterol profiles , whereas the cholesterol-free egg-substitute did not. Total cholesterol in the egg group did go up, but HDL went up and the LDL profile favored the less dangerous, large buoyant LDL particles . Again, the egg group showed favorable outcomes. Egg Consumption in Diabetics A systematic review, looking at multiple studies on diabetic patients, those with prediabetes, insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome have found that egg consumption did not affect cardiovascular risk factors . Studies have looked at consuming from 6-12 eggs per week and found no impact on plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, fasting glucose, insulin or c-reactive protein. To further show eggs’ importance in this population, 66% of the studies looked at showed an increase to HDL, showing its protective effects on heart health . Nutrition advice for diabetics and anyone else with blood sugar dysregulation should encourage eggs, but they should be part of an otherwise healthy diet in the context of cardiovascular and diabetic health promotion. Furthermore, egg consumption has no link to causing diabetes or inducing blood sugar dysregulation in non-diabetic individuals. Studies have been done on overweight and obese patients and consuming 3 eggs a day for 12 weeks did not impair glucose metabolism . The same is true for healthy individuals – eggs do not negatively affect glucose or insulin concentrations . Egg Consumption in Obese, Diabetic Individuals Studies have looked at a 3-egg breakfast versus bagel-based breakfast in obese diabetics. The eggs proved to be advantageous in helping HDL-C and having no effect on the bad LDL-C . This experiment was done in the context of a calorie restricted diet to promote weight loss. To further prove eggs' efficacy, eggs also enhanced fat loss versus the bagel breakfast . In another study, looking at how many eggs to eat, it was found that eating anywhere from 2-4 eggs a day increased HDL-C and had favourable effects on LDL-C. This study lasted 4 weeks . Egg Consumption in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a combination of dyslipidemia, impaired endothelial function and vascular stiffening . These patients typically have dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes and are known to have a high risk of cardiovascular events. These are the typical patients being told to avoid eggs at all costs. Well, research shows otherwise. In one study with 2 eggs a day for breakfast, there was no negative effect on endothelial function (assessed by flow mediated dilation) in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome, proving to have no detriment to vascular health . Another study provided 3 eggs a day, which improved inflammatory markers (CRP and TNF-a). They compared it to cholesterol-free egg substitute – which had no such effect . Eggs Consumption and Stroke Risk Stroke is the 4th leading cause of death and is often associated with sub-optimal diet. Although having too much cholesterol is a risk factor, a big study called NHANE-1 found that eating more than 6 eggs a week did not increase risk for stroke . Egg Consumption and Overeating In addition to the improvements in cholesterol profiles mentioned above, eggs have also been shown to help with satiety (the feeling of fullness) after a meal. Those having eggs for breakfast versus oatmeal showed improved satiety – meaning they were less likely to snack and overeat throughout the rest of the day , . Most people eat eggs and nothing significantly changes in their cholesterol values . Hyper-responders are the minority of people (about 20%) who do experience a change in plasma (blood) cholesterol. However, the increase tends to be both HDL and LDL lab values. This equates to the same cholesterol ratio. As you may know, the ratio between HDL and LDL is the most important predictor for heart health. Eggs can be part of a healthy diet. All of the studies I referenced in this article were done on humans and prove eggs (and their cholesterol) are not a driving force behind cardiovascular disease. Eggs can be safely eaten as part of a healthy diet – in healthy populations and those with atherosclerosis, hypertension or diabetes. It's true eggs may increase dietary cholesterol, but has no effect on serum (blood) cholesterol and cardiovascular events. Studies have shown up to 3 eggs a day to be beneficial to health, and this is a number I recommend to most patients who want to incorporate eggs back into their diet. Interested in learning more? Read on in our series of articles on Heart Health! About the Author - Dr. Johann de Chickera Dr. Johann is a licensed naturopathic doctor and co-owner of Absolute Health and Wellness. He completed his 4-year degree at the Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM). His clinical focus lies in chronic disease, such as those related to the Gastrointestinal, Endocrine, and Immune Systems. His approach to medicine relies on working with the patient to come up with a feasible, multi-factorial approach that addresses all complaints at once. He employs a strong background in diagnostic medicine and human physiology and pathology to diagnose and treat. His treatment involve a combination of nutritional counselling, botanical medicine, eastern medicine (acupuncture), nutraceutical supplementation and hands on physical medicine. To book in please call us at (519) 442-2206 or click here.
Understanding and Controlling Process Variation Let’s discuss sources of variation and how to measure, monitor, and control processes to minimize the differences from one part to the next. Statistical process control (SPC) is a set of tools that provide insights into the changing nature of processes. Product designs include the design engineer’s desired dimensions along with an allowance for variation. Engineers use tolerance analysis to determine a range of sizes that will enable assembly into the final product. If every component complied with the design’s nominal values without variation, every assembled product would work as intended. Unfortunately, components, materials, and parts vary. They vary within or beyond the design specification because the variation occurs as a direct result of the processes that create the part and not the design intent. Manufacturing processes create parts that are different from one another. Even a well-controlled and stable process has variation. When the design calls for restricting the variation with a tolerance smaller than the natural range of variation, parts will still have dimensions outside the specifications. Manufacturers may include an inspection to sort out faulty parts, thereby incurring higher yield losses and higher costs. Some ‘out-of-spec’ parts might only be found after assembly into a final product, compounding the cost of the error. Where is the root cause of the out-of-spec parts? What element of the process led to the faulty product? When the design does not account for the normal variation of the manufacturing processes, it is inevitably the designer’s fault. Variation happens. In this webinar, we will discuss the various sources of variation and how to measure, monitor, and control processes to minimize the differences from one part to the next. Statistical process control (SPC) is a set of tools that provide insights into the changing nature of processes. Making variation visible allows the entire team to minimize excessive variation. Even if we accept that no two parts are the same, it is not safe to assume that all parts are within the expected or defined range of values. A process that is not monitored or controlled will generally create results with excessive variation. This Accendo Reliability webinar originally broadcast on 14 June 2016. Please login with your site registration to view the video recording. If you haven’t registered, it’s free and takes only a moment. You may view an MP4 movie version of the event here (for non Flash playing devices)
Inborn error of metabolism present in the neonatal period and characterized by tachypnea or Kussmaul breathing, hypotonia, and seizures. Severe metabolic acidosis with ketosis and hyperammonemia. If present during infancy and childhood, lethargy, hypotonia, seizures ataxia; apnea/hyperventilation, and frequent stridor are characteristic. Usually corrected with oral biotin. Biotinidase Deficiency; Holocarboxylase Synthetase First described in 1971 by Wolf et al. It was immediately observed that biotin administration was curative. 1:112,000-129,000 live births (biotinidase deficiency). Autosomal recessive; more than 40 different mutations have been described. Gene locus on chromosome 3p25 (biotinidase) or 21q22.1 (holocarboxylase). Biotinidase is essential for generation of free biotin from endogenous recycling or protein-bound biotin found in diet. Holocarboxylase synthetase is required to catalyze binding of biotin to carboxylases. Biotin is required as a cofactor for carboxylases within the body, which are involved in the metabolic pathways for a number of amino acids, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis. Defects in either enzyme lead to organic acidosis. Clinical features, particularly skin rash and alopecia, but variability of symptoms according to importance of deficiency and amount of free biotin intake. Organic aciduria. Deficiency of specific enzyme measured in plasma. Included in neonatal screening programs in many Deficiency of holocarboxylase synthetase presents in more than 50% of cases in the neonatal period with tachypnea or Kussmaul breathing, hypotonia, and seizures. Severe metabolic acidosis with ketosis and hyperammonemia. Untreated patients and those with less severe defects present with mental retardation, hair loss, and skin lesions (erythematous rash often with superinfection with Candida). Deficiency of biotinidase presents later in infancy or childhood. Lethargy, hypotonia, seizures, ataxia; respiratory problems (apnea/hyperventilation, frequent stridor). Skin manifestations such as periorificial eczematoid dermatitis and alopecia are less common. Intermittent organic aciduria. Immune deficiency leads to recurrent infections. If untreated, psychomotor delay and permanent neurologic deficit (hearing loss, optic atrophy). Treatment: In both conditions there is a dramatic response to biotin, with resolution of clinical and biochemical abnormalities but not fixed neurologic sequelae. The dose of biotin varies from 2.5 to 5 mg/week (partial deficiency in biotinidase) to 2.5 to 10 mg/day (profound deficiency in biotinidase) or even more; 10 to 20 mg/day in case of holocarboxylase deficiency. Patient should be receiving his or her usual biotin supplements until the morning of surgery. However, if the patient has not received biotin supplementation, a complete evaluation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions should be done. Seizure medications should be continued until the morning of surgery. Anesthesia management in this condition has not been described. Patients who are receiving adequate supplementation with biotin may be free of clinical and biochemical abnormalities. Intravenous administration of biotin may be necessary in the perioperative period. Perioperative monitoring of glycemia, lactates, and ammonium (NH4). If the patient has not received his or her medication, then cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular ...
CHIN1.3: Develop a regional definition of critical areas and key habitats and coordinate data Summarize accomplishments from: Regional Priority Approach Description Approach - Develop a regional definition of critical areas and ecologically important habitat, including coordination of data (GIS exercise) to compile this overlay. Desired Outcome - Based on enhanced understanding of critical areas and ecologically important salmon habitat, protection and restoration efforts are directed to areas where actions will have a high impact. Policy Needs - N/A Example Actions - Convene a task force at the regional scale to develop the overlay. Collect and analyze data necessary to create the overlay. Proposal Guidance - N/A Local Context - Local context provides additional specificity on how a Regional Priority approach should be implemented in each local area; examples include sequencing, partners to consider, and critical areas. Local context for this Regional Priority approach is available here.
Locating romance tends to be particularly burdensome for bisexual everyone. Can you be sure – or only thought you know – the erotic orientations of individuals an individual love? People’s online dating and erotic behaviour may not constantly mirror their unique self-ascribed sexual placement (Silva, 2017; Wu, mark, immature, & Beasley, 2019). Some individuals learn from a young age that they are attracted to people of multiple sex but may stay glued to heterosexual norms in online dating behaviors, at the least initially. People that decide as a sexual minority may wait a long time out over family members. Released as Bisexual Bisexual people are more unlikely that than homosexual men or girl to girl girls are totally out over essential members of his or her life (Pew exploration heart, 2013). One basis might public stigma of bisexuality known as biphobia. Biphobia is “prejudice, dread, or hatred instructed toward bisexual consumers” and contains laughs, side responses, or news that spread urban myths about bisexual men and women invalidate bisexuality (personal legal rights plan base, n.d.a). Bisexual folks are often assured “it’s a level,” “you only want to play," or “you haven’t opted however” (Wandrey, Mosack, & Moore, 2015). These biphobic statements can negatively affect bisexual everyone.
Do Maine Coons like to burrow? This is a question that many people ask themselves when they are considering adopting one of these beautiful animals. Maine Coons are beautiful felines that are often said to be “like dogs,” but do they burrow like one? The answer isn’t quite as simple as you might think it is. Allow me to explain why in this article! Do Maine Coons Like to Burrow? Maine Coons aren’t known for burrowing in the soil, however. While dogs may enjoy digging and Maine Coons share many of their characteristics, they are not generally burrowers. Like all cats, they can dig. And some individuals may enjoy doing so, but they are not known for burrowing underground – although many enjoy being under the blanket on a bed! Why Do Some Cats Dig? There are several reasons some cats dig – and whether you get a “digging” cat or not is somewhat down to chance. Some felines show an interest in digging and turning the earth, while others will not ever think of doing so. If you have ever seen a cat – a Maine Coon or otherwise – digging, you might have wondered what it is doing this for. After all, we usually associate digging with dogs. So, let’s look at why a cat might dig. Below are some of the explanations a Maine Coon will burrow. A Maine Coon might be digging to scent mark its territory. Cats have scent glands in their paws, so digging and turning the earth marks it as theirs, which is common for digging. Although Maine Coons are not particularly territorial felines, they may start marking the ground as theirs by digging it up if they feel threatened. If so, you are more likely to see them digging at the edges of their territory, where intruders will come across their scent. Your cat may dig simply to exercise their muscles and give themselves something to do. Remember, Maine Coons are huge, strong cats, so they may feel inclined to stretch and challenge their bodies sometimes. Digging can help to keep them strong and may stimulate their brains. Although it is relatively rare for most cats to engage in this sort of activity, you may see it happen from time to time, especially if your cat enjoys being outdoors and exploring. Most cats do not hide their food by burying it, but yours may do at times. This is more of a dog characteristic, but some cats seem to feel the need to conceal tasty morsels under the earth. You might, on occasion, see your cat burying food in the garden. It is probably more likely to do so with something it has caught itself than with food from its dish. Sometimes, a cat covering food up is showing their disdain for it – so if you’ve just decided to try your Maine Coon on a new kind of food, burying it could be a sign of displeasure! However, it is pretty rare for a cat to take food outside actively. Usually, they will demonstrate their annoyance by scratching at the floor around the dish as though they intend to bury it, even if the floor is hard and cannot be dug up. Many cats pay little attention to insects, but others find them very interesting. So if your Maine Coon is curious about the critters in the garden, it may dig to try and get closer and examine the bugs or worms it might see outdoors. Your cat might decide to try and dig up all sorts of different things, so don’t worry if you see it scratching away at the earth and sniffing out tiny insects. It shouldn’t do itself any harm. Hiding Their Toilet Some cats dig where their “litter box” is, and some will dig at the soil even when they haven’t used it because the feeling of bare soil underneath their paws stimulates their burying instinct. Bear in mind that in the wild, many felines cover up their waste to conceal it from potential threats. Domesticated Maine coons are likely to still have this instinct. Most cats prefer to cover their waste with at least some dried leaves, while others actively try and bury it in the soil. If you find that your cat is digging at the soil, it is pretty likely that they have left a little deposit around somewhere. Do Maine Coons Like To Burrow Under The Duvet? Some people report that their Maine Coon likes to sleep in the bed with them and isn’t happy unless they get under the blankets! It’s not surprising if your Maine Coon insists on sleeping on the bed. But you might be a little taken aback by them wanting to cuddle up under your duvet. Why do they do this? It’s quite likely that they do this mostly for warmth and physical contact. Maine Coons are highly affectionate cats, so they like to be as close to you as possible. Some prefer sleeping under the duvet is and will burrow in the bed until they get in their favorite position. It is also probable that being large cats, they don’t feel as concerned about potentially being squashed or find the duvet as suffocating as some smaller felines may do. Nevertheless, if your Maine Coon insists on burrowing under the duvet by you, don’t be too surprised. Why Do Maine Coons Dig Around Their Water Bowls? Most Maine Coons love water. Maine coons drink a lot of water, but most develop a habit of playing with their water bowl than drinking it’s contents. Some people say that their Maine Coons dig in the bowls or wave their paws around above the bowls. Some Maine Coons like to dip their paws in and then lick the water off their paws. Why isn’t totally clear, but it’s likely some instinct left over from their ancestors. For example, Maine Coons are often so enthusiastic about their water bowls that owners have to place the dishes inside another container to prevent them from making too much mess. Some Maine Coons also like to dip their food in the water. Again, it isn’t really known why they do this, although it may be some leftover instinctive behavior, or it may just be done for the fun of it. So the answer to whether Maine Coons like to burrow in their water seems to be yes! Should I Be Worried About My Maine Coon Digging? Digging is not likely to indicate a problem. Although a stressed cat might turn to digging as a way to mark its territory and relieve stress. If you believe your Maine Coon is not happy. Look out for behavior such as excessive licking or running frantically around the house. Digging could be another sign of stress, but it isn’t particularly known for this. Usually, it will just be because your cat is playing, hiding food or waste, or has spotted something of interest disappearing into the soil. You probably don’t need to worry about it. If you are concerned about your Maine Coon burrowing. Talk to your vet about it, but on the whole, this behavior would not be considered abnormal or concerning. Maine coons are not known for burrowing in the soil. Although they do often like to burrow under the blankets on your bed. If your cat is a keen digger, it is probably simply exercising its muscles and marking its territory.
Methods used to determine age of fossils: a) relative dating, b) radiometric dating. No matchmaking csgo series of alpha and beta decays is known as the uranium-238 decay series. Phosphate fertilizers are made from. Does radioactive dating with isotopes of uranium and thorium - Join the leader uranium isotope radiometric dating relations services and find a date today. For example, uranium-238 is an isotope of uranium-235, because it has 3 more neutrons in the. One way to do this is to find another isotope which doesnt participate in the radioactive decay (call it isotope B. The uranium atom is the heaviest atom present in the natural environment. Jun 2017. Study of isotopes of carbon, thorium, and uranium in travertine and. The growth uranium isotope radiometric dating daughter isotopes. At least two other radioactive clocks are used for dating geological time spans. Uranium-238 is the most common isotope of uranium, accounting for more than. Amazingly, this was all done before isotopes were known, and before the decay. It is one of several radiometric dating techniques exploiting the uranium radioactive decay series, in which 238U undergoes 14 alpha and beta decay events on the way to the stable isotope 206Pb. Bnn bloomberg is the most common radiometric dating one per cent oftotal uranium 238. Jan 2017. Thus confidence uranium isotope radiometric dating U-Pb radioisotope dating uranium isotope radiometric dating the “gold standard” is. The naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of the heaviest elements fall into chains of. Radiometric dating. Of the four isotopes of lead, two are formed from the uranium isotopes and one is formed from the. Uranium-235 half-life = 704 million years Dating whatsapp group link mumbai half-life = 4.5 billion years Thorium-232 half-life = uranium isotope radiometric dating billion years. Jan 2010. Its Official: Radioactive Isotope Dating Is Fallible. Other dating techniques using this decay series include uranium–thorium dating and uranium–lead dating. Many different radioactive isotopes and techniques are used for dating. The two uranium isotopes decay at different rates, and this helps make uranium-lead dating one of the most reliable methods because it provides a built-in cross-check. These radioactive isotopes are unstable, decaying over time. British geologist (1890-1965) first person to date a rock using radiometric. U and 238U).. is derived from radiometric dating of lunar rocks and meteorites in addition to. Dec 2010 - 10 minCarbon 14 Dating 1.. Uranium 235 dating process. Radioactive dating, the most having extremely long half-lives. The isotopes 2 Isochron dating and U-Pb 3 Zircons 4 The method.. Give examples of other isotopes used in radioactive dating... Uranium series dating techniques rely on the fact that radioactive uranium and thorium isotopes decay into a series of unstable, radioactive daughter isotopes. Does radioactive dating with isotopes of uranium and thorium provide an. A. Kuzmina, Dating of Pleistocene carbonate formations by the thorium and uranium. The problem of radioactive dating of the Galaxy has also been discussed by... Quaternary samples by natural alpha-radioactive. May 2009. CE Expiration Date:. Uranium is a natural and commonly occurring radioactive element.. Pu, Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic composition, and production date), the U. uranium isotope radiometric dating7 Oct 2008. Certain isotopes are unstable and undergo a process of radioactive decay. Radiometric Dating: the source of the dates on the Geologic Time Scale. Krymsky yang, based on radiometric dating techniques. Zircon crystalizes, it can chemically trap isotopes of Uranium within it. Uranium-238 decays to lead-206 with a half-life of 4.47 billion years. All rely on the fact that certain elements (particularly uranium and potassium) contain a. Sep 2015. It has two primordial radioactive isotopes 238U and 235 U that decay to. Radioactive.. Two isotopes of Uranium and one isotope of Th are radioactive and decay to produce various. Each radioactive isotope will continue to undergo radioactive decay into. In a form of 1.3 billion. However, not all of. Fuel uranium isotope radiometric dating nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Radioactive dating. Dating Radimetric, Key Fission Product. By measuring the ratio of lead to uranium in a rock sample, its age. This process is radiometric dating and has been responsible for many. Only the radioactivity decay chain of the same anywhere in minerals sometimes called numerical dating.
The premises were previously owned by the Bank of Scotland. The building was designed for the bank by J T Ruchead, during 1867–1870. His design, in the Italian Renaissance style, set the tone for the west end of George Square. Framed paintings and text about The Counting House. The text reads: The premises that you are now in were previously owned by the Bank of Scotland. The building was designed for the Bank by J.T.Rochead, between 1867 and 1870. His design, in the Italian Renaissance style, set the tone for the west range of George Square. The Bank of Scotland is the only bank ever to have been established by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland (dated 17 July 1695). Since then, it has traded under the same name for more than 300 years. Its story is not just that of one bank, but also 21 other banks that have been absorbed over those years. During that time the Bank has gone through tremendous change and upheaval – periods of growth and recession – “playing a part in creating a banking system north of the Border whose distinctive features persist to the present day”. Top: Left, The bank’s coat of arms – the motto means ‘Ever more prosperous’. Top: Right, John, Marquis of Tweeddale, the Bank’s first subscriber. Left: Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, Governor 1790-1811. Framed drawings and text about the history of banking and money. The text reads: The Bank of Scotland The Bank of Scotland was established in 1695, one year after the Bank of England, although both banks were very different institutions – whereas the Bank of England was closely aligned with government and made massive loans to the King, the Bank of Scotland was concerned with the needs of commerce and was forbidden to lend to the government without parliamentary approval. Threats to the Scottish Bank Note in the 19th Century In 1826, following the failure of sixty English banks, with considerable losses to the public an Act was passed forbidding the circulation of notes under £5 in England. The threat to the £1 note – the only paper currency familiar to the great masses of the Scottish people – aroused widespread criticism and a parliamentary enquiry was set up to enquire into the issue of bank notes in Scotland and Ireland. The Government had planned to abolish the right of Scottish banks to issue notes under £5 – a right which they always enjoyed, but the parliamentary committee found that Scottish banking was – “a system admirably calculated to economise the use of Capital to excite and cherish a spirit of useful Enterprise, and even to promote the moral habits of the people, by the direct inducements which it holds out to the maintenance of a character for industry, integrity and prudence.” The result was that the Scottish banks were allowed to keep their right to issue £1 notes. A right they still hold today. The Bank Note (Scotland) Act 1845 In 1844, after another period of severe financial crisis, Sir Robert Peel took advantage of a review of the Bank of England’s charter to regulate the issue of notes. The Bank note (Scotland) Act was passed in 1845 and it is this Act (with some later amendments) which regulates today’s notes issue by the Scottish banks. The banks were permitted to issue notes to the extent of the average circulation for the year, without banking or cover of coin or security. We would like that thank and acknowledge Dr Charles W. Munn, Chief Executive, The Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland for his help in researching the history of Scotland’s banking. Framed drawings and text about the history of money. The text reads: Early Money in Scotland The first coins used in Scotland were probably brought in by the Romans. The first Scottish coins were issued in the reign of David I in the 12th Century and were silver pennies called “sterlings”. Silver “groats” (four pence) and half groats appeared in the 14th Century, this was also when the first gold coin was struck, it was called a “noble” and had a lion rampant on it. The first Scottish coin to bear a date on it was a gold ducat issued by James V in 1539 and shows the King in a flat cap and as a result was referred to as a “Bonnet”. The First Bank Notes Evidence exists that the great Italian banking houses were active in Scotland in the middle ages and that they may have introduced the concept of bill exchange. Italians were involved in the transfer of papal taxes from Scotland and the origin of the work “bank” is from the word “banco” or bench used by the Italian merchants and money lenders. By the 17th Century two groups in Edinburgh, the merchants and the goldsmiths were providing a simple form of banking, but there was a growing need for a joint-stock bank. Framed drawings and text about the history of money. The text reads: Bank Notes in the 18th Century In the 18th Century after the union of parliaments and “Monetary Union” exchange rates were fixed at £12 Scottish to £1 Sterling and notes were sometimes issues which expressed both currencies. Early notes had been printed in black and on one side only. It was not until September 177 that the Royal Bank of Scotland pioneered the use of colour in its bank notes with a blue rectangle displaying the words “one Guinea” and the Kings head shown in red. The use of colour did not become widespread for nearly a Century later. The Issuing of Bank Notes The Bank of Scotland went on to issue its own bank notes with a twenty shilling (one pound) note being issues in 1704. Bank notes made convenient and attractive means of payment, notes being easier to handle than coins. The first notes were bound in books rather like a modern cheque book, but without perforations. The bank cashier would cut them out with a knife or scissors. Framed drawings and text about Sing a Song of Sixpence. The text reads: 1. Sing a Song of Sixpence A pocket full of rye; Four and twenty blackbirds, Baked in a pie. 2. When the pie was opened, The birds began to sing; Was not that a dainty dish, To set before the King? 3. The King was in his counting-house, Counting out his money; The Queen was in the parlour, Eating bread and honey. 4. The maid was in the garden, Hanging out the clothes, There came a little blackbird, And pecked off her nose. There are many theories about this rhyme. One of the most elaborate is that is refers to the passing of day and night. The twenty four blackbirds are the hours, the King is the sun, and the Queen is the moon. Cutting the pie crust is dawn that frees the house to run their course. Another theory identifies Henry VIII as the king, and the blackbirds represent the monasteries Henry ‘liquidated’ when he confiscated their lands during the ‘Dissolution’. The queen is Catherine of Aragon, and the maid Anne Boleyn. The blackbirds may be a nursery version of the ravens who were believed to gather near a king when he was about to die. The most straightforward explanation however, is that the rhyme describes a not uncommon party trick at 16th Century courtly feasts. Live birds were secreted within pastry so that when the crust was cut they flew out. They would flutter directly towards the candle light. The flames would be snuffled out, and the gathering plunged into darkness. An old recipe describes this as causing ‘diverting Hurley-Burley amongst the guests in the dark’. A framed photograph and text about Sir Henry Campbell- Bannerman. The text reads: Liberal politician and Prime Minister, Henry Campbell- Bannerman was born in Glasgow in 1836. He worked for the family drapery firm before entering Parliament in 1868 as the Liberal MP for Stirling – a seat he represented for 40 years until his death. In 1905 he was invited by King Edward VII to form a government, and in the election that followed the Liberals secured a landslide victory. Sir Henry Campbell- Bannerman died in office in 1908. A framed photograph and text about Thomas Lipton. The text reads: Tommy Lipton was born in Glasgow on 10th May 1850, his parents, brother and sister having left their home in Counting Monaghan, Northern Ireland, and the previous year. Their new home was a four-roomed top floor flat in Crown Street. Lipton is now primarily remembered as a tea-merchant, though the Lipton’s Markets were well established and Lipton was a millionaire before tea was added to the range. The Lipton grocery empire began in Glasgow, in 1871, when Thomas opened his first shop in Stobcross Street. In 1923 he was honoured with the Freedom of his native city. When he died in 1931 he left his entire estate (except for Osidge, his mansion in North London) to the city of Glasgow for the relief of the poor. A framed photograph and text about Bonar Law. The text reads: Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative politician, was born in Canada, in 1858, of an Ulster Presbyterian father and a Scottish mother. He was bought to Scotland after his mother’s death, and at 16 started work in her family’s ironwork business in Glasgow. He entered Parliament in 1900, and in 1911 he succeeded Balfour as Unionist leader in the House of Commons. Bonar Law became Prime Minister in 1922. He retired the following year and died a few months later. Bonar Law was buried in Westminster Abbey – the grave of the ‘unknown Prime Minister’ close to that of the Unknown Warrior. A framed drawing and text about Adam Smith. The text reads: A native of Kirkcaldy, in Fife, Adam Smith was educated at Glasgow University and at Oxford. He was elected Professor of Logic at Glasgow in 1751, and of Moral Philosophy the following year. His best known work The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776. Renowned especially for its reasoned advocacy of Free Trade, it was widely cited and translated into several languages. It has since been regarded as the founding text of the modern discipline of economics. In 1787 Smith was elected Lord Rector of Glasgow University. His ideas are frequently misrepresented in the 20th Century, and have been often used to justify the free market ideology of recent decades. A framed photograph and text about Lord Kelvin. The text reads: Born in Belfast in 1824, William Thomson came from a distinguished scientific and mathematical family. He was brought to Glasgow in 1832, when his father was appointed Professor of Mathematics here. William entered Glasgow University himself when he was only 11 years of age. In 1846 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy at his old university aged just 22, a position he held until 1899. Thomson, who combined theory with practicality, transformed science and technology perhaps more than any other figure in the 19th Century. In 1892 he was created 1st Baron Kelvin of Largs. He is buried in Westminster Abbey, beside Sir Isaac Newton. A framed drawing and text about Robert Burns. The text reads: Wae worth thy power, thou cursed leaf! Fell source o a’ my woe and grief, For lack of thee I’ve lost my lass, For lack o thee I scrimp my glass! I see the children of affliction Unaided, through my curs’d restriction. I’ve seen the oppressor’s cruel smile Amid his hapless victim’s spoil; And for thy potence vainly wish’d, To crush the villain in the dust. For lack o thee, I leave this much-lov’d shore, Never, perhaps, to greet old Scotland more. Robert Burns wrote this poem on the back of a Bank of Scotland guinea note dated 1st March 1780. The context of the poem is clear enough. In September 1785 Burns ‘attested’ his marriage to Jean Amour, but it was only revealed to Jean’s father, James, when he discovered his daughter’s pregnancy in February 1786. Burns was repudiated as a son-in-law by the Armour family and Jean was sent off to the relatives in Paisley. About this time Burns started to think of emigrating to Jamaica, but postponed a decision until after the first edition of his poems was published in April 1786. In the meantime, he met Mary Campbell (Highland Mary) and they made plans to emigrate together. Burns appeared before the Kirk Session at Mauchline and in July, still planning to emigrate, went into hiding after Jean Armour got a writ “to throw me into jail ‘til I find security for an enormous sum”. The poem seems to reflect his financial situation at the time, which was relieved by the success of Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, published on 31st July. Also written, and then included in the second edition, is the poem On a Scotch Bard gone to the West Indies. The voyage to Jamaica was postponed during September, the month that Jean Armour gave birth to their twin sons, Robert and Jean. In October, emigration was abandoned after the death of Mary Campbell at Greenock, possibly in premature childbirth. A framed piece of text about Mary Queen of Scots. The text reads: Mary Queen of Scots has generated a huge amount of historical and romantic attention. She was an infant queen, and spent 10 formative years at the court of the King of France, returning to Scotland a widow aged just 19. Mary was also thought to have been involved in conspiracy and murder. In 1565 she married Henry Darnley, son of the Earl of Lennox. According to tradition, the couple courted and spent part of their honeymoon in the Earl’s Crookston Castle, in Glasgow, (the ruins of which now stand in a housing estate. However, they were soon living apart. Darnley spoke of leaving the country, but in January 1567 he was taken ill in Glasgow. Mary visited him, staying in Provland’s Lordship (now the oldest house in Glasgow, and a museum). It was here that the so-called ‘Casket Letters’, which later implicated Mary at her trial, were said to have been written. Mary took Darnley to Edinburgh, where soon after the house in which he slept was blown up. There were suspicions that the Queen was involved. Three months later Mary pardoned and married the Earl of Bothwell, widely regarded as Darnley’s murderer. Not long after she was forced to abdicate. Following her escape from an island prison a 6,000 strong army of her supporters was defeated at Langside, near Glasgow, in 1568. Three days later Mary fled to England. All around this area there are reminders of this battle – Battle Place, Queens Park, and Battlefield Road, and a stone marks the site where Mary is said to have watched the fighting. A framed painting of Mary Queen of Scots. A framed print of Lord Darnley. A framed painting entitled The Intellect and Valour of Great Britain. The painting includes figures such as Admiral Lord Dundonald, Mr Cobden, Sir David Brewster and Sir William Armstrong. A framed photograph of a Glasgow Newsboy c.1910. A framed drawing of The Old College. A framed drawing of the Broomielaw Bridge. A framed photograph of Union Street and Argyle Street, Glasgow, c.1910. A framed photograph of Renfield Street, Glasgow, c.1930 A framed print of Kelvin Bridge, Glasgow, c.1909. A framed photograph of Trongate, Glasgow, c.1918. A framed photograph of George Square, Glasgow, c.1908. Framed photographs of George Square, Glasgow, c.1911. Framed photographs of Glasgow. Above: Glasgow Bridge c.1924. Below: The Clyde at Glasgow c.1908. Framed photographs of Glasgow. Above: Sauchiehall Street Glasgow c.1906. Below: Botanic Gardens, Great Western Road Glasgow, c.1905. A former vault in the bank - now used as a seating area. An anti-explosive and anti-blowpipe vaulted entrance to one of the main vaults. A safe found just outside one of the main vaults. Internal photographs of the main hall inside the building. Internal photographs of rooms once used as offices, when the building was a bank. External photo of the building – front. If you have information on the history of this pub, then we’d like you to share it with us. Please e-mail all information to: firstname.lastname@example.org
Let’s say that a compiler can detect O(N^2) algorithms and replace them with O(N) equivalents. This is a classic example of being sufficiently smart. You can write code knowing that the compiler will transform and fix it for you. But what if the compiler isn’t perfect (and it clearly won’t be, as there aren’t O(N) versions all algorithms)? It will fix some parts of your code and leave others as-is. Now you run your program, and it’s slow, but why? You need insight into what’s going on behind the scenes to figure that out, and if you find the problem then you’ll have to manually recode that section to use a linear approach. Wouldn’t it be more transparent to simply use linear algorithms where possible in the first place, rather than having to second guess the system? There’s another option, and that’s to have the compiler give concrete information about behind the scenes transformations. I have a good mental picture of how Erlang works, in terms of the compiler and run-time. It’s usually straightforward to understand what kind of BEAM code will be generated from particular source. That was true until fancy optimizations on binary operations were introduced in 2008. The documentation uses low-level concepts like “match context” and discusses when segmented binaries are copied and so on. It’s all abstract and difficult to grasp, and that’s why there’s a new compiler switch, “bin_opt_info”, to provide a window into what kind of code is being generated. Going back to my early programming days, the manual for Turbo Pascal 4 listed exactly what optimizations were performed by the compiler. The Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) is the closest I’ve seen to a sufficiently smart compiler, with the advantages and drawbacks that come with such a designation. I can write code that looks like it generates all kinds of intermediate lists — and indeed such would be the case with similar code in Erlang — and yet the compiler is sufficiently smart to usually remove all of that. Even in the cases where that isn’t possible, it’s not a make or break issue. In the worst case the Haskell code works like the Erlang version. But then there’s laziness. Laziness is such an intriguing idea: an operation can “complete” immediately, because the actual result isn’t computed until there’s specific demand for it, which might be very soon or it might be in some other computation that happens much later. Now suppose you’ve got two very memory intensive algorithms in your code, and each independently pushes the limits of available RAM. The question is, can you guarantee that first algorithm won’t be lazily delayed until it is forced to run right in the middle of the second algorithm, completely blowing the memory limit? The GHC developers know that laziness can be expensive (or at least unnecessary in many cases), so strictness analysis is done to try to convert lazy code to non-lazy code. If and when that’s successful, wonderful! Maybe some programs that would have previously blown-up now won’t. But this only works in some cases, so as a Haskell coder you’ve got to worry about the cases where it doesn’t happen. As much as I admire the Haskell language and the GHC implementation, I find it difficult to form a solid mental model of how Haskell code is executed, partially because that model can change drastically depending on what the compiler does. And that’s the price of being sufficiently smart. But as pretty as these code snippets are, they’re the easy, meaningless examples, much like the two-line quicksort in Haskell. They’re trotted out to show the the strengths of a language, then reiterated by new converts. The primary reason I wrote the Purely Functional Retrogames series, is because of the disconnect between advocates saying everything is easy without destructive updates, and the utter lack of examples of how to approach many kinds of problems in a purely functional way. The same small set of pretty examples isn’t enough to understand what it’s like to program in a particular language or style. At some point every competent developer has that flash of insight when he or she realizes everything is fundamentally broken: the tools, the languages, the methodologies. The brokenness — and who could argue with it — is not the important part. What matters is what happens next after this moment of clarity, after this exposure to the ugly realities of software. You could ignore it, because that’s how it is. You still get paid regardless of what you’re forced to use. You could go on a quest for perfection and try all the exotic languages and development environments, even taking long archaeological expeditions into once promising but now lost ideas of the 1970s and 80s. Beware, for you may never return. You could try to recreate computing in your own image, starting from a new language, no wait, a new operating system — wait, wait, wait — a new processor architecture. This may take a while, and eventually you will be visited by people on archaeological expeditions. The right answer is a blend of all of these. You have to ignore some things, because while they’re driving you mad, not everyone sees them that way; you’ve built up a sensitivity. You can try new tools and languages, though you may have to carry some of their concepts into future projects and not the languages themselves. You can fix things, especially specific problems you have a solid understanding of, and probably not the world of technology as a whole. As long as you eventually get going again you’ll be fine. UX Theatre is easy to define. It’s the application of any sort of design methodology without including a single user in the process. UX theatre is becoming more prevalent as executives learn the term user experience but their teams aren’t empowered to do all the work that UX entails. We see it when UX is a bolt-on at the end of the development process — “Now that it’s done, have the UX person look at it”. We see it when project teams think from a user perspective as in, they role-play using assumptions they make about user behaviour based on their own experiences with their tool. We see it when phrases like “Everyone is a designer” are interpreted to mean that anyone can do — or worse — lead design. We see UX Theatre when the requirements are make believe and no users are involved in the process. When “we think” becomes a substitute for “we saw” and “we heard”. Scrum: I fail to see how this is our problem. We specifically said that the team self-organizes, and that only the team decides how much work to take on. Pressure shouldn’t be applied, and if it is, it should be ignored. Ron: You can’t ignore pressure from management. If these developers are not happy, then their Scrum process is not working. As the purveyors of Scrum process, we have a serious responsibility when it doesn’t work. Scrum: Scrum is a perfect system. It can’t fail to work if you do it right. Ron: Scrum is a lightweight framework, by design. As the work of humans, it is surely flawed. By design, it does not have extra checks and balances. It is a loose net, full of holes. Taking a systems viewpoint, we can see many ways it can go wrong. Scrum: Can not! Ron: Can too! Ron: Yes! The “success” of Jira in the Scrum market has replaced human communication with putting stuff into a ticket system. This militates against the essential aspects of Scrum and Agile as a way for humans to work together. In my opinion, Jira is directly harmful to proper Scrum. Scrum: We don’t say anything about Jira. And if we teach stories, it’s not our fault, they are part of XP. We call them backlog items. It’s not our fault. Ron: It’s your ecosystem, you are responsible for what grows in it.
About This Item Share This Item The peloidal texture common to submarine substrates lithified by magnesium calcite appears to be the result of the same processes responsible for the deposition of the cement. These peloids do not, as reported earlier, represent the deposition of internal sediment of fecal or unknown origin. Rather, they are the physicochemical product of the precipitation of calcite from seawater, as indicated by: (1) the widespread occurrence of peloidal calcites in a variety of marine environments; (2) the generally limited size range of the peloids; (3) the well-developed zonation of peloidal textures in many cement crusts; (4) the presence of peloids in restricted microcavities; and (5) the chemical similarity of peloids and associated magnesium calcite dentate rim cements. Although these magnesium calcite peloids resemble aragonite peloids formed by rapid repeated nucleation in experimental precipitation of aragonite from supersaturated seawater, their rates of formation must differ because pore waters are incapable of spontaneously providing the calcium carbonate required for the extensive deposition of magnesium calcite found in restricted submarine settings. Observation of magnesium calcite precipitating on experimental substrates placed on the ceiling of a submarine cave suggest that clotting or nucleation of magnesium calcites may be a very slow process, perhaps commonly involving the nucleation within an initial submicrocrystalline calcite "dust" precipitate. The final state consists of the precipitation of dentate microcrystalline rim cement arou d the peloid centers. End_of_Article - Last_Page 508------------
This book aims to locate and draw out resonances of impressionism in Swedish and Finland-Swedish prose at the end of the nineteenth century, a field hitherto overlooked in the critical debate on literary impressionism. In order to frame the many alternative approaches to this issue, it examines the use of the term ‘literary impressionism’ not only on the Scandinavian scene but also in an international context. By focussing on three landmark discussions in the Nordic countries (Herman Bang, the Kristiania Bohème, August Strindberg), an inclusive, wide-ranging Scandinavian understanding of the relationship between impressionism and literature is advanced. The texts chosen for closer scrutiny disclose this extensive interpretation of impressionist writing: Helena Westermarck’s short story Aftonstämning (Evening Mood) from 1890 is read as an example of interart transposition, Stella Kleve’s novels and short stories are seen as indicative of the narrative modes of a literary impressionism drawing on scenic representation, but also present textual features such as the ‘metonymic mode’ and ‘delayed decoding’, elements that are central to the international approach to impressionist prose. The concluding analysis of fictional impressionists in the works of authors such as Gustaf af Geijerstam, Mathilda Roos, and Georg Nordensvan sketches a many-sided portrait of the impressionist painter while remaining true to this study’s pluralistic approach by including a discussion of K.A. Tavaststjerna’s Impressionisten (The Impressionist) from 1892, whose protagonist is not an artist but a hypersensitive, impressionable subject. This last section also investigates how fiction is used to convey a critical discussion of the means and methods of painterly impressionism, as well as the function of the use of the visual arts in these texts.
About 130 children are diagnosed with cancer in B.C. each year. Overall survival rates for childhood cancer have improved significantly in the past few decades and many pediatric cancers are treated successfully. Children under the age of 17 who might have cancer are referred to BC Children’s Hospital for initial evaluation and therapy. BC Cancer works in close collaboration with the children’s hospital through research and as part of a team-based approach to treatment. The past two decades have seen significant growth in the number of adult childhood cancer survivors. Recent statistics show 83 per cent of patients in Canada between the ages of one and 19 who are diagnosed with cancer will survive. This can be attributed to the adoption of a multi-faceted approach to treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, along with the advancement of genetically based research and the development of new targeted therapeutic agents. Adult survivors, however, often face unique challenges after treatment, and BC Cancer is involved in programs focused specifically on those needs. "My team uses donations to make a difference in childhood cancer research." Dr. Poul Sorensen, Childhood Cancer Research Program Programs focus on late effects and unique age group Children who are treated for cancer often experience long-term health risks (called late effects), which are chronic health problems related to cancer treatment and appear years or even decades after diagnosis. Two-thirds of pediatric cancer patients will have at least one chronic or late-occurring health problem from their cancer treatment. Up to one-third of these late effects will be major, serious or life-threatening. Common late effects include cardiovascular disease, secondary cancers, cognitive and developmental disabilities, infertility, musculoskeletal problems, anxiety, and depression. The Late Effects, Assessment and Follow-Up (LEAF) clinic was created in 2016 as part of a joint Adult Childhood Cancer Survivors Program by BC Cancer and BC Children’s Hospital. The program offers information, support and assessment of late effects in adult childhood cancer survivors in order to ensure they receive effective follow-up care. There are approximately 3,000 survivors of childhood cancer in B.C. diagnosed from 1982 to 2010. BC Cancer has launched a new program to recall and assess all 3,000 survivors to ensure they are informed about current and future health risks. The recall program will ensure the wide spectrum of potential late effects will be properly managed, prevented or treated. Research continues into deadliest forms of childhood cancer In 2013, BC Cancer was one of seven Canadian and U.S. institutions awarded a highly competitive and prestigious four-year grant from Stand Up 2 Cancer and St. Baldrick’s Foundation. The goal of the program was to uncover new immune-based therapeutic solutions for pediatric and adolescent and young adult cancers. BC Cancer distinguished scientists, including Dr. Poul Sorensen, contributed to significant progress including opening 23 clinical trials; demonstrating the potency of immunotherapy against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia; uncovering potential therapies for solid tumours; employing cutting-edge technologies to discover and validate immunotherapy targets; and building new antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates and specialized T cells to attack these targets. Dr. Sorensen’s team also led a project demonstrating the strong potential of a particular protein as an immunotherapy targeting tool. In 2015, Dr. Sorensen was also part of a team that discovered a particular malaria protein binds to a specific sugar molecule found in most cancers. The team realized that the sugar molecule could be a target for anti-cancer drugs and the malaria protein could be used as a tool to carry such drugs to tumours. The results were published in the peer-review journal Cancer Cell, and two Vancouver-based pharmaceutical companies are now pursuing the development of the compound for potential future clinical trials in humans. In 2021, Dr. Sorenson was part of a team that made a discovery in Ewing sarcoma, an aggressive and often fatal childhood cancer, which uncovered the potential to prevent cancer cells from spreading beyond their primary tumour site. The results were published in Cancer Discovery, and provides new insight into what triggers the process that allows cancer cells to survive while traveling throughout the body in the bloodstream. Along with important work focused on adolescents and young adults with cancer, research continues into advancing care and treatment of all pediatric cancers. Acute myeloid leukemia is one of the most serious forms of childhood leukemia. It is difficult to treat and has a high rate of recurrence. BC Cancer’s Dr. Marco Marra, director of the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, is currently part of a collaboration of international researchers involved in Target pediatric AML (TpAML), an important and high-potential research project by the Children’s Oncology Group (the largest pediatric clinical trial organization in the world). The project is designed to advance treatments and survival for kids with this disease. As part of the project, samples from pediatric patients are being sequenced and analyzed at BC Cancer with an aim to find potential new targeted therapies. Donor support aids continued advancements in research, as well as the development and maintenance of programs tailored specifically to younger cancer patients.
1 Jan Seabirds Exped – Diego Garcia and Danger Is. Download the full Diego Garcia report here: BIOT Seabird Research Expedition Report Diego Garcia January 2019 (PDF) Download the full Danger Island report here: BIOT Seabird Research Expedition Report Danger Island January 2019 (PDF) In January and February 2019, a team from ZSL’s Institute of Zoology, as part of the Bertarelli Programme of Marine Science, visited BIOT, for the third year, to conduct research into the importance of the Marine Protected Area for seabirds. A team of 3 researchers spent 9 days ‘under canvas’ on island, where they deployed 15 sets of short-term tracking devices on breeding red-footed boobies (RFBs) and recovered 11 of these. These have provided the first ever high-resolution tracks and accelerometery data from breeding RFBs in BIOT. Preliminary results suggest that the majority of individuals do not leave the MPA while breeding although one breeding RFB did leave the MPA during a foraging trip. In addition, long-term tracking devices were recovered from 13 breeding and non-breeding adults, providing new information about the movements of adult RFB during the non-breeding season.
According to the latest government data, hate crime in the UK has risen by 17% since 2017/2018, meaning that recorded offences have doubled since 2012/2013, with spikes observed following particular events such as the 2016 EU Referendum and terrorist attacks. Indeed, since 2016, the UK has experienced growing divisions between communities, in particular between different generations and people from different ethnic, religious and socio-economic backgrounds, with 62% of second-generation British minorities agreeing that Britain has become less tolerant, according to a 2017 report published by the Opinion Research. What is the link between hate crime and social cohesion? With hate crime being one of the least reported categories of crime, and one that can do the most harm to our communities and societies, it is imperative that it is addressed appropriately. In 2019, the APPG on Hate Crime led an enquiry on ‘how we can build community cohesion when hate crime is on the rise?’, which identified key recommendations on how things can be improved. The evidence submitted for this enquiry informed the conclusion that, by taking a variety of forms with different communities targeted in different ways, hate crime can have severe impacts on emotional and mental wellbeing of the communities affected. Thus, there is a need to take a multi-agency approach to tackle this, and ensure tolerance and wellbeing are prioritised in communities. What is being done to tackle hate crime? To address this issue, in 2016, the Government published ‘The Hate Action Plan’ which was reviewed in 2018. Building on the progress made in 2016, the updated plan looks at ways to further build communities and take a stand against the fears and disruptions that terrorist attacks and hate crime can have, such dividing and segregating communities, and increased intolerance and racism. In addition to this the Government announced the 2019 Integrated Communities Action Plan, building on the 2018 Integrated Communities Strategy Green Paper, and setting out key priorities and cross-governmental strategies to build strong and integrated communities across the country. As a part of this, the Integration Areas Programme identified and selected five local authorities based on their differing integration challenges, and aimed to demonstrate the impacts that the interplay of demographics, patters of migration, physical geography industrial history and local economy can have in each place. The five integration plans will serve as best practice for other communities looking to implement similar strategies to deal with their respective challenges. The APPG Perspective In time of uncertainty and disruption, it is necessary to have tolerant and resilient communities. The APPG on Social Integration has made community integration a key focus and driver of cohesion and stability. With the rules of immigration currently at the centre of numerous debates, many people feel as though they are not part of, or wanted in their communities. As suggested by the APPG report on Immigrant Integration, it is crucial for leaders to develop a comprehensive and proactive strategy for the integration of immigrants in order to avoid instances of hate crime towards that demographic. As a potential key tool to drive the integration of said immigrants, the APPG calls for a much better use of the English language to break down cultural barriers in different communities. Understanding how to move forward Though often used interchangeably, social cohesion generally refers to the fact that economic inequalities create a sense of unfairness and undermine solidarity (reflecting national social class and political divisions). Community cohesion, on the other hand, focuses on the problems between identifiable communities, based on ethnic, faith or cultural divisions and often involve a degree of racism or religious intolerance. Whether across generations or as a result of social or political polarisation, it is clear that many communities are still divided and facing numerous challenges as a result of it. It is the responsibility of all members of the sector to come together to develop and implement integration strategies, as well as create a climate where people can thrive on tolerance, in spite of personal differences. This article was written by Noreen Kassam - IG Criminal Justice Hub Read more from the IG Crime Blog
by John M. Simpson. Animal rights enthusiasts have a knack for pushing the envelope in their various arguments that legal rights should be recognized for a wide variety of animal species. For example, it was reported recently that People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) tweeted in connection with World Oceans Day that “Oysters and other bivalves are animals who deserve our consideration.” Against this backdrop, a recent decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine raised an interesting issue. Ross v. Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., 206 A.3d 283 (Me. 2019), presented the question whether “rockweed,” a species of seaweed in Maine that grows in the intertidal zone, is owned by the adjoining upland property owner who owns the intertidal soil in fee simple or is held in trust by the state through the jus publicum for the public to harvest. Rockweed is a type of seaweed that grows in the intertidal zone. It attaches itself to hard objects such as rocks and obtains its nutrients from the surrounding seawater and air. Rockweed is harvested for commercial products such as animal feed and fertilizer. In the Ross case, property owners sought declaratory relief against a company that had been harvesting rockweed in the intertidal zone of plaintiffs’ property without their consent. Whether the rockweed was the property of the plaintiffs or was held in trust by the state for public use turned on a principal of Maine common law that was in turn derived from a colonial ordinance of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. That law vested both title and dominion to the intertidal zone in the crown but held subject to the public’s rights of “navigation,” “commerce” and “fishing.” This carried over into the Maine Constitution when Maine obtained statehood in 1820. The interesting part of the case from the animal law standpoint came with the defendant’s effort to argue that its harvesting of rockweed was “fishing” and therefore protected by the public trust doctrine. Even though the parties had stipulated that rockweed is a plant, the defendant nonetheless argued that harvesting rockweed constituted “fishing.” The court did not agree: Rockweed is biologically dissimilar from fish, lobster, clams, oysters, and bloodworms—it draws nutrients from the air and seawater using a photosynthetic process and, once attached to the intertidal substrate, does not move. See Moulton [v. Libbey, 37 Me. 472,] 489-90 [(1854)] (stating that “the general term ‘piscaria,’ or its equivalent, is used as including all fisheries, without any regard to their distinctive character, or to the method of taking the fish” and giving examples of regulated “fisheries” to include oyster, lobster, salmon, herring, and pilchard (second emphasis added) ). After arguing in its brief that “seaweed is a marine organism, not a terrestrial plant,” at oral argument Acadian acknowledged that there is no legal distinction between plants growing in the soil in the intertidal zone and those growing on the rocks in that same area. The fundamental dissimilarities between the harvesting of fish and of rockweed as a marine plant demonstrate that Acadian is not in the business of “fishing.” 206 A.3d at 291. Rockweed, like oysters, affixes itself to a stationary object and does not move but, at least for now, there appears to be little judicial momentum in Maine for rockweed rights recognition.
- 1 What is the major site of protein digestion? - 2 In which organs does the digestion of protein takes place? - 3 What helps to digest protein? - 4 Does the stomach absorb protein? - 5 What enzyme is used to digest proteins? - 6 What happens if protein is not digested? - 7 Where is bile stored in the body? - 8 What is the easiest to digest protein? - 9 How can I increase my protein naturally? - 10 How can I absorb protein faster? - 11 What happens if you eat too much protein? - 12 Does the stomach initiates protein digestion? - 13 Does coffee affect protein absorption? What is the major site of protein digestion? The small intestine is the major site of protein digestion by proteases (enzymes that cleave proteins). In which organs does the digestion of protein takes place? Thus, protein digestion occurs in the stomach of the human digestive tract. Proteins are the most complex molecules and undergo further digestion in the small intestine. Both pepsin and hydrochloric acid make up the digestive juice in the stomach. What helps to digest protein? The three main proteolytic enzymes produced naturally in your digestive system are pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Your body produces them to help break down dietary proteins like meat, eggs and fish into smaller fragments called amino acids. These can then be properly absorbed and digested. Does the stomach absorb protein? The stomach releases gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and the enzyme, pepsin, which initiate the chemical digestion of protein. Muscular contractions, called peristalsis, also aid in digestion. What enzyme is used to digest proteins? Of these five components, pepsin is the principal enzyme involved in protein digestion. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids that can be easily absorbed in the small intestine. What happens if protein is not digested? If the body is not breaking down proteins due to lack or enzymes or hydrochloric acid, it cannot reach the amino acids which are necessary for muscle building, healthy blood sugar levels, collagen structure, healthy tendon and ligaments, hypoglycemia (lightheadedness or passing out) reduced production of Where is bile stored in the body? About 50% of the bile produced by the liver is first stored in the gallbladder. This is a pear-shaped organ located directly below the liver. Then, when food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and releases stored bile into the duodenum to help break down the fats. What is the easiest to digest protein? 5 protein sources that are easier on digestion - Light, Flakey Fish. Because white fish is low in fat and fiber-free, it is one of the best sources of high-quality protein and easy on your gut. - White Meat Chicken and Turkey. How can I increase my protein naturally? 14 Easy Ways to Increase Your Protein Intake - Eat your protein first. - Snack on cheese. - Replace cereal with eggs. - Top your food with chopped almonds. - Choose Greek yogurt. - Have a protein shake for breakfast. - Include a high protein food with every meal. - Choose leaner, slightly larger cuts of meat. How can I absorb protein faster? By consuming carbohydrates with your protein, your body releases insulin. Elevated insulin levels help your muscles absorb amino acids, especially during muscle-building exercises. That means eating carbohydrates right before a high-intensity workout yields the best protein-absorbing results. What happens if you eat too much protein? A: Like other food sources, too much of a good thing is not good at all. High protein intake also means ingesting excess calories and placing strain on your kidneys. Eating too much protein in one sitting over and over again can stress your kidneys which could lead to dehydration. Does the stomach initiates protein digestion? Protein digestion begins in the stomach. Gastrin, a hormone, initiates the breakdown of proteins in the stomach. The presence of food in the stomach leads to the secretion of pepsinogen by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa. Does coffee affect protein absorption? In both experiments both tea varieties and coffee had significantly negative effects on true protein digestibility and biological value, while digestible energy was only slightly affected in the barley-based diet.
- 1 What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion quizlet? - 2 What region of the stomach does food first enter after its passage? - 3 What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach? - 4 Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose? - 5 What is the terminal portion of the large intestine? - 6 What encourages gastric emptying? - 7 What is the best maintains intestinal health? - 8 How does food enter and leave the body? - 9 What are the 14 parts of the digestive system? - 10 What is it called when the bowel has pouch like a herniation? - 11 What is the valve that controls the entrance to the stomach? - 12 What is the first portion of the large intestine? - 13 What enzymes break down milk? - 14 Under which conditions is enzyme a most effective? - 15 What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of lactose? What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion quizlet? The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that break polysaccharides into oligosaccharides in this organ? What region of the stomach does food first enter after its passage? To move into the small intestine, chyme must pass through the pyloric sphincter. From here it enters the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. The liver mixes in bile, which helps break down fats in the food. The pancreas also secretes digestive enzymes that aid in digestion. What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach? The structure that regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine is called the pyloric sphincter or valve. As chyme with its acidic ph enters the duodenum, the upper portion of the small intestine,it becomes neutralized. Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose? Normally, when we eat something containing lactose, an enzyme in the small intestine called lactase breaks it down into simpler sugar forms called glucose and galactose. These simple sugars are then absorbed into the bloodstream and turned into energy. What is the terminal portion of the large intestine? rectum: The terminal part of the large intestine through which feces pass. anal canal: The terminal part of the large intestine, situated between the rectum and anus. What encourages gastric emptying? Increasing the pressure in the antral region increases the rate of gastric emptying of fluids. Increasing the volume of the gastric contents stimulates the activity of the stretch receptors in the gastric mucosa; this, in turn, raises the intragastric pressure and promotes faster emptying. What is the best maintains intestinal health? 5. Which of these best maintains intestinal health? You didn’t answer this question. Based on the age and gender of a person, the Institute of Medicine recommends 21 to 38 grams of fiber daily, with at least 3 servings of whole-grain foods. How does food enter and leave the body? When you eat, food enters your digestive tract. The digestive tract is a series of organs that form a pathway from your mouth to your anus. As food moves down this pathway, it is processed and changed to waste. After food is changed to waste, it is pushed out of your body in a bowel movement. What are the 14 parts of the digestive system? The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of their function) are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver. Here’s how these organs work together in your digestive system. What is it called when the bowel has pouch like a herniation? The presence of pouch-like herniations through the muscular layer of the colon, particularly the sigmoid colon is known as Diverticulosis. What is the valve that controls the entrance to the stomach? A “valve” called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is located just before the opening to the stomach. This valve opens to let food pass into the stomach from the esophagus and it prevents food from moving back up into the esophagus from the stomach. What is the first portion of the large intestine? The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The colon is next. The rectum is the end of the large intestine. What enzymes break down milk? Lactose intolerance happens when your small intestine does not make enough of a digestive enzyme called lactase. Lactase breaks down the lactose in food so your body can absorb it. People who are lactose intolerant have unpleasant symptoms after eating or drinking milk or milk products. Under which conditions is enzyme a most effective? Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a substrate. Temperature: Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction. What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of lactose? The enzyme, lactase (enzyme names often end in -ase) breaks lactose into its two monosaccharide components. Sucrose, or table sugar, is another common sugar composed of glucose and fructose, a five-sided molecule.
Genus: Phaedyma C. Felder, 1861 Species: columella Cramer, 1780 Subspecies: singa Fruhstorfer, 1899 Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: 65mm Caterpillar Host Plants: Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Hypericaceae), Pterocarpus indicus ( Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), Talipariti tiliaceum (Malvaceae), Ceiba speciosa (Malvaceae), Erythroxylum cuneatum (Erythroxylaceae, common names: Inai Inai, Wild Cocaine). A Short Banded Sailor visiting Ixora flowers. Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: Above, this species resembles various Neptis species in having similar white markings against dark brown to black background. On the forewing, the white cell streak is narrow and short, and the spot in space 1a elongated. On the hindwing, the broad discal band does not reach the costa. In the male, vein 8 of the hindwing ends on the termen just below the apex (in contrast, this vein ends on the costa for Neptis species). The speculum on the hindwing upperside is prominent. Underneath, the white markings are set against yellowish brown background. A Short Banded Sailor taking nectar from Ixora flowers. A Short Banded Sailor resting on a leaf perch with closed wings. Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour: This species is not uncommon in Singapore and can be found in both urban parks and nature reserves. The sun-loving adults are often observed gracefully gliding in weak sailing flights, often settling on sun-lit spots with wings fully open. The adults visit flowers and ripening fruits for energy intakes, and the males also puddle for mineral intakes on damp patches. This species bears a close resemblance to the Common Sailor (Neptis hylas papaja), and two can only be distinguished with a closer scrutiny of the white markings on the wings. Generally, the Short Banded Sailor is larger than a typical Common Sailor. Host plant : Cratoxylum cochinchinense Leaves (left) and flowers (right). The local host plants, Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Yellow Cow Wood), Pterocarpus indicus (Angsana) and Talipariti tiliaceum (Sea Hibiscus) can be readily found across the island in varied habitats. This probably accounts for the rather wide local distribution of this species. Caterpillars of Short Banded Sailor feed on both middle-aged and older leaves of these hosts. A mating pair of the Short Banded Sailor. The eggs of the Short Banded Sailor are laid singly at the tip of a leaf/leaflet on the host plant. During a typical oviposition stopover, the mother butterfly first lands on a chosen leaf/leaflet of the host plant and slowly reverses along the leaf surface towards the leaf tip where an egg is then deposited. Two views of an egg laid at a leaf tip. Diameter: 1.1mm. The eggs are somewhat globular in shape. Each has its surface marked with hexagonal pits and bearing spines at pit corners. The micropylar sits atop. Freshly laid eggs are green in colour, but turning pale green and then yellowish green when maturing. Each egg has a diameter of about 1.1mm. Two views of a mature egg. The egg takes about 3-4 days to hatch. The young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell. The rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched, which has a cylindrical pale green body covered with many small tubercles and short setae. Four pairs of subdorsal tubercles, on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments and the 2nd and 8th abdominal segments, are much larger and prominent. The head capsule is brown in color. Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar eating the egg shell, length: 2.5mm. 1st instar caterpillar, after a new nibbles of leaf lamina adjacent to the oviposition site, length: 2.6mm. After consuming the egg shell, the caterpillar proceeds to feed on the leaf lamina from the leaf tip. Typically the midrib is left intact as lamina on both sides is eaten. A small strip of lamina at the tip is also left intact as the caterpillar uses the site as a base for rests between feeds. Another interesting habit displayed by the caterpillar is the systematic cutting of leaf fragments and suspension of these fragments with silk threads, prior to eating them. As the caterpillar grows in this instar, the body turns increasingly green in base colour and tubercles on the body turn yellowish green in contrast. After reaching 5.0-5.5mm in 4 days, the caterpillar moults to the 2nd instar. Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, later in this stage, length: 4.2mm. The body of the 2nd instar caterpillar features a faint outline of a dorsal saddle from the 3rd thoracic segment to the 8th abdominal segment, with the saddle being in light yellowish brown and the rest of the body in brown. Besides tiny tubercles covering most of its body surface, the 2nd instar caterpillar also features longer spines on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segment as well as on the 2nd and 8th abdominal segment. The head capsule is light brown with darker lateral shadings. Its surface is dotted with a number of paler conical tubercles. The elongated face is wide at the base and narrow towards the apex. A pair of longer and more pointed tubercles sit at the top. The caterpillars of Short Banded Sailor in all instars have the habit of adopting a head-down posture with the dorsum of the thorax forward facing. This instar lasts about 3-5 days with the body length reaching about 8mm. 2nd instar caterpillar, newly moulted, length: 5mm Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, late in this stage, length: 7.5mm The 3rd instar caterpillar has similar body markings as the 2nd instar with the following changes: The subdorsal spines are much longer, more pointed and featuring prominent branches, with the pair on the 3rd thoracic segment much longer than the other three pairs. The long dorsal saddle is now more prominent. Faint oblique and dark stripes also appear on the middle portion of the saddle. Its head capsule is longer vertically, featuring dark lateral and median stripes with the earlier apical spines now longer, more pointed and yellowed tipped. This instar takes about 3-4 days to complete with body length reaching about 10mm. Towards the end of the instar, one or two small white lateral patches appear on the 7th abdominal segment. Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 7.5mm Two views of 3rd instar caterpillar, late in this stage. Lengths: 8mm (top); 9.5mm (bottom). The 4th instar caterpillar resembles the 3rd instar caterpillar closely. The dorsal saddle is now more distinct with it being a much light shade of olive brown than the lower part of the body. The subdorsal pair of spines on the 3rd thoracic segment has become proportionally much longer than the remaining three pairs, with the pair on the 2nd abdominal segment shortest. and hardly noticeable The head capsule is almost white to light pink in base colour and tiny circular dark pits dot its frontal surface. The two apical spines (horns) are orange-tipped. This instar lasts 5-7 days with body length reaching about 16mm. Two views of a newly moulted 4th instar caterpillar. Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 14.5mm. The 5th instar caterpillar is little changed from the 4th instar in most body markings and features. The subdorsal pair of branch spines on the 3rd thoracic segment, in darker brown, is again proportionately longer, and the pair on the 2nd abdominal segment degenerates further to near negligible size. Most 5th instar caterpillars also feature two small lime-green lateral patches on the 7th abdominal segment. The 5th instar caterpillar does not keep the earlier habit of cutting and hanging leaf fragments. Typically the caterpillar rests on the leaf upperside near the base of the leaf and feeds on the leaf lamina at the distal end. Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, early in this tage, length: 14mm. One noticeable change from the 4th to the 5th instar is in spines and horns on the head capsule which are now proportionally shorter. Frontal view of head capsules of Short Banded Sailor caterpillars. Left: 4th instar. Right: 5th instar. Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, length: 24mm. The 5th instar lasts for about 7-9 days, and the body length reaches up to 25-26mm. On the last day, the color of the body decolorizes to pale/pinkish brown. The caterpillar ceases feeding and wanders around for a pupation site which typically is a small branch or stem. Here the caterpillar spins a silk mound to which it attaches its posterior end, and hangs vertically to take on the pre-pupatory pose. A 5th instar caterpillar found on a Cratoxylum leaf of in Sourthern Ridges. Pupation takes place a day later. The pupa suspends itself via a cremastral attachment to the silk mound with no supporting silk girdle. It is almost entirely pale brown in color. The abdominal segments are slender. The thoracic portion being larger with wing cases dilated laterally. The dorsum of the thorax is angular. The head is bluntly cleft at its front edge with small pointed lateral vertices. A pair of silver oval-shaped patches occurs on the dorsum of the metathorax, and a much smaller pair on the 1st abdominal segment. The pupa has the ability to flex laterally when disturbed. Length of pupae: 16-18mm. Pupation Event of a Short Banded Sailor caterpillar Three views of a pupa of the Short Banded Sailor. After about 6 days of development, the pupal turns dark as the development within the pupal case comes to an end. The spots and streak on the forewing upperside also become discernible. The following day, the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case. A newly eclosed Short Banded Sailor expanding its wings on its pupal case. - The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, The Malayan Nature Society. - Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 1st Edition, 2006 - The Butterflies of Hong Kong, Bascombe et al, Academic Press, 1999.
Termites are cellulose-eating insects that fall under the infraorder Isoptera and showcase a tremendous social system, similar to ants and bees. Isoptera in Greek means ‘two-pairs of straight wings’, and over the years, termites are sometimes called white ants or confused with true ants. After researchers saw them under a microscope, they noticed the distinguished features between termites and ants. Termites include a large number of species, close to 2,750 species that are prominently found in tropical rainforests all around the world. Transportation for these insects was easy, as they were sometimes accidentally transported through wooden pieces like boat timbers, furniture and shipping crates. Termites are surviving for more than 120 million years. Now, let’s look at the life cycle of a termite insect, to get a better understanding. Life Cycle of Termite 1) The Egg – Stage 1 – After fertilization, the female termite lays her eggs in a jelly-like liquid that holds the eggs together. A female termite can lay around 30,000 eggs in one day. Termite eggs are small and white in colour and can be noticed through the naked eye. Later, these eggs are incubated for several weeks before they hatch into larvae. 2) The Nymph – Stage 2 – These larvae appear to be pale, white, and tiny exoskeletons. These nymphs emerge with antennae and six functional legs. During this stage, the nymph develops by moulting, bypassing through instar stages as they mature. During moulting, the nymph termite removes their outer skin as they become very tight. The hormonal indicators decide which caste the nymph evolves into eventually. Later, the nymph termites come out bigger and developed. Termites here undergo several instars before they reach sexual maturity. The number of instar stages varies, depending on the species of termites. 3) The Adult – Stage 3 – When termites reach the adult stage, they form large colonies that are segregated by class or caste. The colonies include workers, reproductives and soldier termites. - Worker Termites: Most of the young termite insects develop into worker termites, which is considered the largest termite colony. They appear to be yellowish-white to creamy white in colour. Worker termites do not have eyes, wings, and are larger than nymphs. In a few species, workers are the only termites who can feed independently. - Soldier Termites: The soldier termite comes after workers, as they are the second largest colony of termites. Soldier termites are able to defend themselves and mostly work towards guarding the nest. In soldier termites, the mouthparts are specially designed for defence purposes. In appearance, they have the most distinctive features. Soldier termites are sterile and blind. Soldier termites release a toxic substance through their nozzle when encountered with an enemy. Soldier termites are considered to be the most active kind of termite. - Reproductive Alate: In termite colonies, king and queen termites are the only ones who can reproduce. Reproductive alates that appear to be golden to dark brown are also known as swarmers. While some alates are dark-brown, the other species of alates are reddish-brown. In size, alates are bigger than soldiers and workers. - King Termite: A male alate who has finished mating is called a king termite. A king termite does not change in size after becoming the king of a colony. - Queen Termite: Over time, queen termites become much larger than king termites. The former reproductive alates are called queen termite. The ovaries of queen termites develop continuously as she grows older. Due to this, a queen termite is able to lay large amounts of eggs. As the queen termite lays her eggs, her abdomen also gets swollen with time. Even though termites are known to survive in large colonies, these colonies take time to develop. Sometimes these colonies take up to four years to be formed. Termites are wood-eating insects that are often confused with ants. But termites are more close to the family of cockroaches. Termites are known to survive mostly in warm and humid temperatures. Over the years, termites are also called wood bugs as they have destroyed structures and households. Some African termites are also considered to be advanced termites, living most of their lives in soil. Approximately 20 species of termites are spread across the lands of America, Europe, Africa and Australia. Frequently Asked Questions on Termites Can termites see? Adult reproductive termites or the king or queen termites have completely developed eyes and are the only members of termites who have the vision. Can termites fly? Yes, termites can fly. Adult termites have two pairs of wings of the same size that enable them to fly. But not all members of a colony can fly. Only reproductive adult termites are capable of flying, amongst all the termite. What do termites eat? Termites require a warm and humid temperature to survive and mostly feed on wood. During a termite infestation, the termites look for wood and any wooden article is at high risk of infestation. Eating wood provides termites with cellulose nourishment. How long do termites live? The life expectancy of termites varies, depending on the species it belongs to. The life expectancy of worker and soldier termites is up to 10 to 14 months. But, the reproductive adult termites live for more than four years, especially the reproductive females or queen termites can live for more than 25 years. To explore more information about termites and other insects, register with BYJU’S Biology.
Sound is a form of energy that is produced by vibrating bodies. It requires a medium for its propagation. Hence, sound cannot propagate in a vacuum as there will be no material to transfer sound waves. The sound is produced by the back and forth motion of the object. This is known as sound vibration. It is also known as oscillatory motion. The regular rhythmic back and forth movement is referred to as the oscillation. Table of Content - Period of Sound - Frequency of Sound - Amplitude of Sound - Characteristics of Sound Video - Frequently Asked Questions-FAQs Some quantities that are used to explain sound are period, frequency and amplitude. They are described below: What is Period of Sound? A period can be said to be the time taken to do something. If an event occurs repeatedly then the event is said to be periodic. The time taken by the periodic event to repeat itself is known as the period. The time taken by the particle to complete one vibration cycle is the time period for that particle. What is Frequency of Sound? The number of oscillations per second is known as the frequency of oscillation. Its unit is hertz and is denoted by Hz. The frequency of a wave in general means how frequently the particles of a medium vibrate when a wave moves through the medium. What is Amplitude of Sound? The amplitude of a sound wave is the measure of the height of the wave. The amplitude of a sound wave can be defined as the loudness or the amount of maximum displacement of vibrating particles of the medium from their mean position when the sound is produced. It is the distance between crest or trough and the mean position of the wave. Loudness is directly proportional to the amplitude of the sound. If the amplitude of a sound wave is large, then the loudness of sound will be more. If the amplitude is small, then the sound will be feeble. Characteristics of Sound Video To better understand the above-explained concepts, watch the video given below. To know more about the characteristic of sound waves download BYJU’S- The Learning App. Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs What is amplitude formula? Following is the formula used for calculating the amplitude: x = A sin($\omega t+\phi$) - x is the displacement in metres - A is the amplitude in metres - $\omega$ is the angular frequency in radians/s - t is the time in seconds - $\phi$ is the phase shift in radians What is the wavelength of a wave with time period T travelling with a velocity V? The wavelength of this wave would be the product of time period and velocity that is VT. Name a method that is used for the detection of ultrasonic waves which is produced in a medium. Kundt’s tube is used for the detection of ultrasonic waves which is produced in a medium. In which direction does the air molecules move in the air if the sound wave travels from East to West? East to West is the direction in which the air molecules move when the sound wave travels from East to West. What is the product of the time period and frequency of a wave? The product of the time period and frequency of a wave is unity. What happens to the frequency of a wave if its time period increases? The frequency decreases when the time period increases. Stay tuned with BYJU’S for more such interesting articles.
G7 Summit 2021: What is the G7, when is it meeting and where is the summit taking place? A guide to the G7 Summit 2021, a meeting of leaders from seven of the world’s richest countries, which will be held in the UK between 11-13 June 2021. What is the G7? The G7 stands for the ‘Group of Seven’ and is a gathering of government leaders from some of the world’s richest nations. The countries which make up the G7 have met each year since the 1970s. The 2021 summit will be the 47th meeting to take place and the first to be held in the UK since 2013. The group used to be known as the G8 until Russia was expelled in 2014 over its annexation of Crimea. What does the G7 do? The prime ministers and presidents from the G7 countries meet annually to discuss problems facing the world – including economic issues, health emergencies and the climate crisis. Previous G7 summits have focused on matters ranging from debt relief for developing countries, health emergencies such as HIV and AIDS and global security threats. When is the G7 Summit in 2021? The G7 summit is taking place between Friday 11 and Sunday 13 June 2021. Ministers from G7 governments will meet throughout 2021 for discussions on health, climate change and the environment and international development. Finance minsters and central bank governors from member countries took part in the first of this year’s G7 ministerial meetings on 12 February. Where is the G7 Summit being held in 2021? The G7 summit location will be Carbis Bay in Cornwall. Although the US held the G7 presidency in 2020, the leaders’ meeting was cancelled by President Donald Trump. The last time the G7 leaders met together in person was at the 2019 summit in Biarritz, France. Why does the G7 Summit matter? The G7 is an important meeting because the heads of government attending the summit are the leaders of some of the world’s richest and most powerful countries. Decisions taken at these meetings impact people across the world. The 2021 summit is especially important because G7 leaders will be discussing how the world can rebuild and recover from the pandemic. The meeting will also be one of two gatherings of world leaders the UK will host this year, alongside the COP26 climate talks in November. The summit will be the first to take place since Joe Biden was elected US President. What will happen at the 2021 G7 Summit? What will Boris Johnson announce? The government says it will focus the G7 summit on global trade, strengthening the international system against future pandemics and tackling climate change. Boris Johnson has said he wants to use the G7 and COP26 climate talks to “build back better” from the coronavirus pandemic and “create a greener, more prosperous future”. CAFOD Campaigns Manager Liam Finn says the “proof” of this will be “whether the summit is used to galvanise the G7 governments to immediately end all spending on oil and gas overseas and ensure the world’s poorest nations have the finance they need to rebuild" from debt cancellation. What is CAFOD calling for from the G7 Summit? G7 countries must lead the way in tackling the immediate global health crisis, the economic consequences of the pandemic and the ongoing climate crisis. CAFOD is urging G7 leaders to support the poorest nations by cancelling all debt payments owed by low-income countries so that those countries have the money they need to recover and rebuild from the pandemic. This must include debts owed to private lenders. Many of the world’s poorest countries are currently having to choose between paying those debts and helping their communities recover from the coronavirus. The G7 must also provide support to poorer countries to tackle the immediate health crisis and poverty caused by the pandemic. And the nations at the summit must set out urgent cuts in greenhouse gas emissions given that the countries in the G7 are amongst those with the greatest historic responsibility for the climate crisis. This includes ending all support for fossil fuels and adequate financial support for the hardest hit nations. Liam Finn said: “Boris Johnson has a crucial opportunity this year to set the tone for how the world rebuilds from the pandemic. “CAFOD supporters will be demanding he use that opportunity to ensure that people worldwide are included in the plans for the recovery – not just those living in the world’s richest countries. “Pope Francis has implored leaders to fix the injustices in our economies and societies which have made the effects of this current crisis so much worse. “The Prime Minister has an obligation to make sure that any recovery from the pandemic genuinely builds a ‘better normal’ rather than reinforcing the problems of the past.” Are the G7 and COP26 linked? The eyes of the world will be on the UK in 2021 as the host of both the G7 summit and the UN ‘COP26’ climate conference in 2021. This means Boris Johnson is under pressure to work with other leaders and ensure that the summits succeed in putting the world on track to rebuild from the pandemic and avoid catastrophic temperature rises. Has CAFOD campaigned on the G7 in the past? CAFOD supporters have a long history of campaigning ahead of (what were then) G8 meetings. In 1998, thousands of Catholics called for leaders to ‘Drop the Debt’ of developing countries ahead of the G8 summit in Birmingham. Seven years later, in 2005, CAFOD supporters took part in the Make Poverty History campaign that urged leaders to make global trade rules fairer, to provide more and better aid to developing countries and to cancel unfair debts. The G8 summit in Gleneagles that year followed an historic march in Edinburgh and the Live 8 concert in Hyde Park. CAFOD supporters also joined the ‘Enough food for everyone IF’ campaign in the lead-up to the 2013 G8 summit in Belfast. Who will be at the G7 Summit 2021? Who are the G7 leaders and which countries are in the G7? The countries in the G7 and the heads of government who will be attending the meeting are: - Canada – Prime Minister Justin Trudeau - France – President Emmanuel Macron - Germany – Chancellor Angela Merkel - Italy – Prime Minister Mario Draghi - Japan – Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga - UK – Prime Minister Boris Johnson - USA – President Joe Biden The European Union is also represented at the G7 by the President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, and the European Council President, Charles Michel. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has said he would like to expand the G7 to become a group of ten democracies – or ‘D10’ – and has invited Australia, India and South Korea to the 2021 G7 summit. What is the difference between the G7 and the G20? The G20 is a larger group of countries which includes all of the G7 nations but also countries such as China, Russia and South Africa. Italy holds the presidency of the G20 in 2021. CAFOD supporters have been campaigning for the G20 to cancel debts for countries struggling to pay debts to other countries, organisations such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank and private creditors whilst battling the coronavirus pandemic.
The changing seasons bring new visitors to our waters here on the North Carolina Crystal Coast… This time of year we anticipate sightings of our “winter” atlantic bottlenose dolphins arriving for their annual stay. Seldom do we encounter other species near shore, so the recent sighting of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) was an unusual treat. In the western North Atlantic ocean, humpback whales feed during spring, summer, and fall in a range that encompasses from western Greenland south to the mid Atlantic region of the eastern coast of the United States. Their preferred diet consists mainly of krill and small schooling fish species. In winter, whales from the North West Atlantic migrate to subtropical/tropical waters to mate and calve. Not all whales migrate south every winter however, and significant numbers of animals are found in mid- and high-latitude regions at this time. Similar to all baleen whales, adult humpback whale females are larger than adult males, reaching lengths of up to 60 feet (18 m). Their body coloration is primarily dark grey, but individuals have a variable amount of white on their pectoral fins and belly. This variation is so distinct that the pigmentation pattern on the undersides of their “flukes” is used to identify individual whales, similar to a human fingerprint. Other markings on the body and fins are useful for identification as well. One of the most distinguishing characteristics for this species is the “humped” dorsal fin for which the species is named. Once hunted heavily to near extinction levels, populations of humpback whales are increasing and in recovery. The species is a true marine mammal conservation success story. During our rather lengthy encounter with this animal we were fortunate to witness and record multiple events of “lunge feeding” on large schools of menhaden (another heavily exploited species that is showing signs of a population increase due to a ban on large scale targeted harvesting). Through some of the photographs taken by the crew of “Spyhop” we have successfully matched this animal to other recent local sightings of north carolina whales, and hope to use them for further whale identification studies. If you happen to sight a whale, please enjoy the experience in a cautious manner and at a safe distance (see NOAA guidelines). These animals are large, and though peaceful, direct encounters with boats can be dangerous for both humans and whales.
“Working the Land” (Viticulture) As with sparkling wines, there is little in terms of bespoke viticulture or grape-growing practices specific to rosé. Not unlike still/table wines, decisions as to variety, clone, planting density, pruning methods, climate and soils are individually addressed according to the quality desired. Sometimes these wines are by-products of red wine production (rosé wines made using the saignée technique); sometimes they are produced with dedicated intent (i.e. managed maceration of red wine skins with fermenting must); occasionally they are serendipitous, unintentional mistakes. However, in the end, the reality is that there are simply no specific studies that have focused on viticulture explicitly for rosé wine production. Working The Land Does soil influence the flavor of the final wine? Traditionalists answer unequivocally “Yes!” Soil is a key element of “terroir,” the natural environment in which vines grow -- along with climate (temperature, rainfall), topography (altitude, drainage, slope, aspect) and sunlight. A more unorthodox view holds that the influence of soil on what you taste in the glass is a myth. Maynard Amerine and Ann Noble, two famous names at the University of California, Davis, California’s premier wine school and wine research facility, conducted a study on the topic. Though the study is based on Chardonnay grapes, they concluded that the following holds true for all winegrapes: “no outstanding sensory differences were observed in wines produced from different soil type locations.” The key word is “sensory” (sight, smell, taste): They are not saying that the soil doesn’t affect vine behavior (yield, growth cycle, etc.). Soil types in regions where quality rosé wines are produced in California can be as diverse and wide-ranging as wine styles, blends/cuvées, and individual winemakers’ points of view on production. The commonality of these terroirs is that they are selected for their ability to grow excellent quality fruit. We recommend that you check out the “Working the Land” section of the respective grape varieties to better understand their unique soil preferences. Sustainability and California: The California wine community has a long history of demonstrating a commitment to sound environmental practices and social responsibility. Building on these efforts are the educational and certification programs of the California Sustainable Winegrowing Alliance (CSWA). Established by the Wine Institute and the California Association of Winegrape Growers, the CSWA is the most comprehensive and widely adopted program for wine sustainability practices in the world in terms of acres and cases produced.
Carnegie Museum of Natural History Conservator, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Areas of focus: Preventative conservation Gretchen Anderson is a conservator and the head of the Section of Conservation at Carnegie Museum of Natural History, which houses more than 22 million objects. Anderson manages collections care and continually improves environmental conditions throughout the museum, including in exhibitions and storage. Her research interests focus on preventive conservation practices for natural science collections, including environmental and integrated pest management. Albert D. Kollar Geologist and Collection Manager, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Areas of focus: Geology, Natural History of Western Pennsylvania, Carnegie Architecture and Building Stone History, Carnegie historic dinosaur discovery sites Albert D. Kollar is the museum’s collection manager for its section of invertebrate paleontology, home to the more than 800,000 specimens. Kollar has traveled extensively throughout the United States and conducted research on invertebrate fossils, climate change, and the geology at sites of significant Carnegie paleontology discoveries. His most recent research will take him to Ireland, France, Italy and Croatia to study the geology and provenance of the famous architectural stones used in the historic Carnegie Museum building in Oakland. Paleontologist and principal dinosaur researcher, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Areas of focus: Dinosaurs, birds, and crocodilians that lived during the Mesozoic Era Matt Lamanna is a paleontologist and the principal dinosaur researcher at Carnegie Museum of Natural History, which houses one of the world’s largest dinosaur collections. Within the past 18 years, Lamanna has directed or co-directed field expeditions to Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, China, Egypt, and Greenland that have resulted in the discovery of multiple new species of dinosaurs and other Cretaceous-aged animals. Lamanna and colleagues’ most significant finds include the gigantic new titanosaurian sauropods (long-necked plant-eating dinosaurs) Dreadnoughtus, Notocolossus, and Paralititan. He also led the study of the bizarre bird-like dinosaur Anzu wyliei, also known as the ‘Chicken from Hell,’ and co-discovered dozens of beautifully-preserved fossils of the 120 million-year-old bird Gansus yumenensis in China. Assistant Curator of Mollusks, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Areas of focus: Ecology and systematics, especially of mollusks and other invertebrates Malacologist Tim Pearce cares for the museum’s huge research collection of snails and clams. His area of study focuses on the ecology of land snails, especially in Pennsylvania. He has a master’s degree in snail paleontology coupled with a Ph.D. in snail ecology, which gives him a perspective on how time has affected the makeup of modern snail communities. Director of Powdermill Nature Reserve Areas of focus: Insect behavior, pollinators, forest regeneration, Marcellus gas development, and Appalachian ecology John Wenzel is an entomologist and the director of Powdermill Nature Reserve, Carnegie Museum of Natural History’s environmental research center. Wenzel has traveled to tropical America, Africa, and Europe on expeditions, and has published a large volume of research on insect and arachnid behavior. Wenzel created new educational and research programs at Powdermill that include gardening with native plants, landscape-level research in forest regeneration, field experiences in North American ecology for South American students, and basic research on the crisis in bee health. He also created web tools for following the hydrofracture (fracking) gas industry. To schedule an interview, email Sloan MacRae or call him at 412.353.4678.
Guest post from Stephen Zachary. The past few weeks have seen a number of entertaining and interesting animal behavior articles published in academic journals. Entertaining because, well, who doesn’t get a kick out of the video above? Interesting because the findings prompt us to rethink, yet again, the nature of cognition. In a letter published in Current Biology, cognitive scientist Mathias Osvath reports on a cunning chimp housed in a Swedish zoo. For over a decade, the chimp — who is ironically named Santino, Italian for “little saint” — has been hurling stones at visitors and tourists in aggressive displays of dominance. What’s noteworthy about Santino’s behavior is that he seemingly plans ahead for these outbursts by stockpiling his arsenal of stones in the early morning before any zoo patrons arrive. Santino also has a knack for identifying and chipping off weakened parts of his concrete enclosure in order to use those fragments in his attacks as well. Such forethought in non-human animals is rarely observed and suggests that this chimp can anticipate his future experiences of aggression. The ability to discriminate between memory and perceptual stimuli make Santino, in effect, a military genius of the chimpanzee world — perhaps they should rename him Sun Tzu or Patton. Another paper, written by biologists at the University of Florida, describes the ability of city-dwelling mockingbirds to single out individual humans and distinguish threatening humans from mere passersby. The experiment called for the same researcher to boldly approach and threaten the mockingbirds’ nest on four successive days. Over the course of the four days, the mockingbirds were flushed from their nests at greater distances, issued a larger number of alarm calls, and increased their rate of attack against the intruder. On the fifth day, a different researcher approached and threatened the nest in the same manner, but the mockingbirds defensive behavior returned to the levels exhibited on the first day of the experiment, indicating that the birds were able to identify the repeating offender and tailor their responses based on their history with that individual. Over a 23 day span, the authors found that the average mockingbird faces about 15,000 instances of humans venturing within five meters of their nest. By recognizing individuals and accurately assessing the danger they present, the mockingbirds are able to efficiently manage risk in the environment. The authors point out that this ability is likely an underlying factor in the mockingbirds’ ability to thrive in urban areas. Because the mockingbird is considered to be further from the top of the avian intelligence hierarchy than, say, parrots or corvids, the study is both novel and surprising. Staying with the topic of bird brains, a separate study published recently showed that cockatoos have the ability to synchronize their movement to musical beats — a skill that has been widely considered distinctively human. In the video above, you’ll see the subject, Snowball, a twelve-year old cockatoo, head bobbing and leg lifting to the beat of his favorite song, “Everybody” by the Backstreet Boys. Despite his questionable taste in music, it’s clear that Snowball can cut a rug. In fact, he’s a better dancer than some of us. By slowing down and speeding up the tempo of the song, the researchers found that Snowball adjusted his head bobs to correspond with the rhythm; and, thus, the dancing observed was not simple mimicry of human movement he’s previously observed. So why is Snowball the life of the party while our dogs and cats sit around like wet blankets? The hypothesis supported by the current study is that beat perception and synchronization rely on strong connections between the auditory and motor areas of the brain, which provide the neural wiring for vocal imitation shared by few species. On the surface, animal studies inform us about the nature of other species, but they really prove invaluable when they are able help explain the evolutionary history of humans. The scientists writing about Santino and Snowball agree that these animals make excellent models for the study of planning and dance, and the results above allow us to design plenty of new experiments that might parcel out what is necessary and sufficient for some of our own mental phenomena. But animal studies also force us to take a hard look at our notions of cognition, consciousness, and human uniqueness. Because these concepts have blurry meanings and are difficult to articulate, an old philosophy professor of mine simply referred to them as “the good stuff” — an umbrella phrase for all the properties that are important for personhood. And while we may not agree on what constitutes personhood, it appears that the world of “the good stuff” — to the extent that it is considered distinctively human — is shrinking. In other words, we learn of animal similarities to humans quicker than we evolve meaningful differences that separate us from the rest of the animal kingdom. And whether we’re talking about a chimp that plans for the future or a dog that has a sense of fairness, what emerges is an idea of cognition that is not a go/no-go proposition. Instead, the evidence points to something along the lines of an continuum, with different species — and even individual humans — finding themselves at various points. When does an infant have a sense of psychological continuity that allows her to distinguish events in the past? When does she possess a theory of mind, with which she infers the mental states of others? If an animal exhibits some of the traits relevant to personhood, such as the ability to plan for the future, should we bestow greater ethical value on them? Spain seems to be going in that direction. Can science help us be more theoretically consistent about what aspects of life carry moral weight? Now we’re venturing way too close to social issues, and the most prudent course of action is to take another look at Snowball cutting loose and have a chuckle.
It’s hard to believe it took a decade for highway signs to get that far. In the mid-2000s, when Google Maps was just a concept, people were already making their own versions. But even today, there are plenty of ways to make your own highway signs. A few of them are easy, and most are hard to get right. Read on to find out which ones are most effective and which ones you should be more careful about. HAVESU A road sign is a piece of paper that identifies a road. The letters on a highway sign are made up of two parts: a color code, or code, and a number. HITSU A highway is a specific place, a line of roads, or a specific segment of roads. The letter “S” means that the highway is marked with an arrow, and the “U” means the highway has a “U.” HOSU A “hot spot” is the area where cars are most likely to run into other cars and other objects. “S”-like letters represent a hot spot, and “U”-like symbols represent a cool spot. HEXA A hexadecimal number is a representation of a number with only two decimal places. The hexadecials “x” and “y” represent two decimal digits. For example, “0x0” would represent 0, and 0x10 would represent 10. It’s also important to remember that “0” is not necessarily a digit. It could be an angle, a “backspace” or a “period.” You can use a combination of these to form letters. “0 0 0 0 x x x” would form a letter with an angle of 45 degrees, and would form “0 x x 0 0” in a triangle. The same letter would form an angle with a backspace of 90 degrees. “x x 0” would be formed by adding a backslash after the “x.” “0y” would have an angle between 90 and 90 degrees, “y y” would become “0 y y” and so on. A “h” is an abbreviation for “highway,” so you could also say “high-way.” A “xh” would indicate a “headway,” which is what is meant by the term “high highway.” “x 0 0,” for example, would form the letter “x,” which indicates a “roadhead.” HEXANDS A hexagon is a circle that is not exactly a circle, but it’s the same shape as a circle. In other words, it’s a triangle with four sides. It can be made into letters, too. “A” would mean that a circle is made of four sides, and it would form letters like “A-2” or “A 2 1.” HESU An “S-” is a “stop sign.” It indicates that a sign should not be taken as a general rule, but rather that the signs are for specific situations. For instance, “stop” means stop on a particular part of the road, and is a general term for stopping. It should not mean “go,” which means to go all the way around the block. “W” means “watch” and is used when the sign is in a specific location. A sign like “W-3” is a sign that indicates a stop sign should only be taken after other signs are already in place. HIGHSU A symbol that looks like a heart is a halo. Hinges or bands are placed around a symbol to indicate that it indicates that it is a symbol. For an “S,” a “T” would make the symbol look like a circle and a circle would make it look like the word “T.” A circle would be a “D.” A line would make an “X.” A triangle would be “H.” A dot would be an “O.” For an H-shaped symbol, you can add a circle in the center of the halo and make it a “Y.” HIGHERSU A circle or halo would make a sign look like an “I.” “O” would add a dot and a “O,” and a dot would make another “O”. “X” would create an “H,” which would be like a “I” but would be slightly wider than the hurl. “Y” would give a “Z,” which could be a circle with a circle at its center. A dot could be used to make a “G.” HASH A letter, usually followed by a space, is sometimes used to indicate the end of a line or segment of a road, such as “S.” “E” is used for an end sign. “N” is for an intermediate sign. For a line, you use the same letters as a “W,” “T,” “S
After sharing the Gospel, one of the most important things you can pass on to your children is how to handle money God’s way. The trouble is, a shocking percentage of parents fail to pass along strong money management skills to their kids. Here are 5 money lessons your kids should know, and fortunately, it’s never too late to start teaching them. - Kids need to know that credit cards aren’t free money! Yes, a bill comes every month and if you don’t pay it in full, interest piles up fast. Teach by example and pay off your credit cards every month. - The biggest “secret” to managing money is to live on less than you make. Otherwise, you can’t save for emergencies or invest for the future. Teach your kids to save every time they receive income. - Giving. Jesus was right when He said, “It is more blessed to give and to receive” (Acts 20:35). Young children naturally think they’re the center of the universe. Teaching them to generously help those less fortunate is an important life lesson. - Teach them to manage a bank account. It’s not rocket science. Help them set up an account and teach them how to record transactions, keep the register balanced, and reconcile the account. - Finally, paying back student loans isn’t fun. In the past, students could borrow their way through school, get a good job and pay back loans quickly. No more! Today jobs are harder to come by and student debts are a lot higher. Teach them to borrow as little as possible. This will help them choose a major or a minor that gives them marketable skills so they can land a job after graduation. Remember what Proverbs 22:6 says, “Train a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it.” Teaching your kids to manage money God’s way is a gift that will last their whole lives and impact their children as well. Warmly in Christ,
This month we are taking the time to talk about the importance of teenagers maintaining good oral health habits. As they discover the limits of their independence, sometimes their good habits can fall to the side as being a teenager can be both awesome and challenging at the same time. Dental decay is one of the most common chronic diseases in young people between the ages of 5-17, making it imperative that your teenager continues to follow good oral health habits during their teen years. Some dental concerns are somewhat unique to teenagers, and we want to highlight them and also include some tips on how your teenager can maintain excellent dental health. Brushing and Flossing As mentioned above, dental decay and gingivitis are common diseases that affect teenagers every year. It can be prevented with good oral hygiene habits such as daily brushing and flossing and attending routine dental examinations. Teenagers should brush with an age-appropriate toothbrush with soft to medium bristle strength, and ADA approved fluoride toothpaste twice a day for at least two minutes. Flossing between every tooth at least once a day can help to remove plaque buildup and food from between teeth and underneath the gum lines. Mouthwashes can also help to keep your teen’s mouth clean and fresh. Though at times, teenagers can be indifferent to certain things, be sure your teenager keeps up with their at-home care and comes in for routine cleanings and examinations so your dentist can catch any problems before they become worse Crowded or crooked teeth can not only be an oral health problem but also affect your teen’s self-confidence. Your dentist may refer you to an orthodontist if he or she believes that orthodontic treatment, such as braces or a retainer, will help your teen. Another everyday problem teenagers face is wisdom teeth! Though in a perfect world, wisdom teeth would grow in with plenty of room every time, it doesn’t always happen, and your teen’s wisdom teeth may need to be removed. Ask your dentist about how your teenager’s wisdom teeth are coming in and what he or she thinks the best option will be. No matter what age, a healthy, well-balanced diet is essential not just for dental health but overall general health and wellbeing. We understand that sometimes snacks and quick meals can prove more tempting to teenagers. However, diets high in sugar and carbohydrates combined with the potential for poor oral hygiene can increase the risk of cavities and tooth decay in your teenager. Remind them of healthier options or have your teen keep a travel-sized dental kit or on-the-go toothbrush in their locker or bag to brush between meals or snacks. Unfortunately, eating disorders are common in teenagers, and though a parent may be unaware, a trained dental professional will be able to notice the signs during a routine exam. Eating disorders can damage teeth and the soft tissue of the mouth. Your dentist can provide referrals for teenagers who may need help beginning the process of recovery from eating disorders. Injuries from sports or extracurricular activities can put your teenager at risk for dental injuries. A bad fall off a skateboard or a wayward ball to the face can break teeth, bones, and even your teen’s jaw. Be sure they have adequate protection such as mouthguards and safety gear like a helmet to reduce the risk of injury. Remind your teen to keep their mouthguard clean and stored in a ventilated container when not in use. Smoking, Alcohol, and Substances Discouraging smoking and the use of tobacco or illegal substances is vital in protecting your teenager’s health and teeth. Dental effects of tobacco include stained teeth, bad breath, canker sores, loss of taste, bone/tooth loss, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. In terms of oral health, alcohol can also increase the risk of tooth decay and dental erosion if the alcohol contains large amounts of sugar or acid. Dental erosion is the loss of tooth enamel due to sugar and acid attacks from sweet treats and drinks. Once worn away, the underlayer of the tooth is exposed and can cause discoloration and sensitivity. Illegal drugs can lead to a range of health problems. Any smokable drug has the same effects on oral health as smoking tobacco does. Most drugs can also lead to conditions such as dry mouth, dental erosion, tooth decay, gum disease, and tooth loss. Oral piercings can affect the tongue, lips, cheek, and other soft tissues within the mouth. Oral health problems associated with oral jewelry include swallowed jewelry, fractured/chipped teeth, infection, inflammation, and difficulty swallowing or eating. Be sure your teenager follows proper hygiene instructions regarding the care of their piercing to avoid infections. Dental professionals can also offer guidance on how to maintain good oral health and avoid common problems associated with piercings. Some dental concerns may not be as apparent to teenagers or parents, making it all the more critical that teenagers come in for routine dental cleanings and exams. For more information on teenagers and dental health, contact Concord Children’s Dental Associates today.
On November 20, 2019, the Associated Press published an article by Mike Melia regarding efforts to diversify America’s teaching ranks WATERBURY, Conn. (AP) — It wasn’t until she became a high school senior that Kayla Ireland had another black person as a teacher in Waterbury, a former manufacturing hub where the students are mostly minorities and the educators are generally white. The imbalance never troubled her much, except for some moments, like when a white teacher led a discussion of police brutality and racial profiling. But the absence of black teachers has been a frequent topic of discussion among Kayla’s classmates at Wilby High School, which has struggled with high numbers of disciplinary issues, including a mass suspension over dress-code violations. “Sometimes people go through bad days. But because you don’t have that person that looks like you, a person that you can talk to that can relate to it, you don’t really know how to explain it,” said Kayla, 16. “So it feels good to have a teacher that you can go to, and you feel comfortable with, because you’re not going to be deemed the girl in class who doesn’t know anything.” More than half of the students in American public schools are minorities, but the teaching force is still 80% white, according to statistics from the U.S. Education Department. As mounting research highlights the benefits minority teachers can bestow on students, the gap has received renewed attention, including from Democratic presidential candidates who have endorsed strategies to promote teacher diversity. Sen. Kamala Harris, who spoke at a September debate about the importance of black teachers for black students, has proposed spending $2.5 billion for teacher-preparation programs at historically black colleges and universities. Other leading Democrats have also called for investment in those schools, as well as mentorship programs, assistance for teacher aides and new requirements to promote transparency around teacher hiring. The Waterbury school system has taken steps to close the racial gap following complaints from the NAACP. Its limited success so far highlights some of the challenges of addressing the problem, which some see as rooted in teacher training programs and barriers that date back to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling that led to desegregation. An agreement reached by a state human rights commission and Waterbury’s mayor in 2017 committed the city to build a partnership with black colleges and universities for recruiting purposes, to train students interested in teaching beginning as early as middle school and to provide cultural competency training to current educators. The 2016 national teacher of the year, Waterbury’s Jahana Hayes, was hired as the top recruiter before becoming the first black woman from Connecticut elected to Congress in 2018. Known as the Brass City for its historical brass production, Waterbury has 19,000 students in its school district. The number of black and Hispanic educators has been rising, but the teaching force was still 86% white as of the last school year. Among new hires, the percentage of minority teachers jumped above 30% for two years before falling back to around 25% last year. Despite the district’s outreach efforts, teachers and administrators often pass up or leave jobs in Waterbury for nearby districts offering higher salaries. “We’re one of 169 towns in the state. And so there is stiff competition,” said W. Lee Palmer, the district personnel director. “And that’s one of the reasons that we have to be really aggressive about what we do.” Cicero Booker, a former NAACP Waterbury branch president, said the district is doing the necessary work and change will take time. He also raised questions about the city’s financial commitment. “What are we going to do to make it attractive for teachers from other communities? Are we going to help them with housing? Are we going to give them six months’ living expenses?” he said. Research has found that black students who have at least one black teacher are more likely to graduate from high school and that black teachers are likely to have higher expectations for black students. Exposure to teachers of the same race has also been linked to lower rates of suspension and expulsion for black students. Kayla remembered the police brutality discussion as an example of when a white teacher struggled to connect with black students. During a sophomore-year English course, the teacher assigned the class to read “The Hate U Give,” a young adult novel about a police shooting. As students talked about how they avoid going into stores with hoodies on, the teacher understood but could not relate, she said. After the mass suspension of over 150 students for dress code violations at Wilby in the spring of 2017, the appointment of a black principal brought optimism that the climate would improve, Kayla said. With more minority educators, she said, there would be less antagonism. “I just feel like if we had a more diverse staff that reflected the school population, people would feel a little more comfortable in school, a little more comfortable to open up,” she said. The low numbers of minority educators nationally results partly from disparities in teacher training programs, which have been shown to enroll disproportionately large numbers of white students. Researchers also have traced declines in the numbers of black teachers to the period of desegregation marked by school consolidations and a trend toward tighter accreditation requirements. The issue has received attention from state leaders in Connecticut, which this year passed a law creating new flexibility in teacher certification requirements and providing mortgage assistance for teachers who graduated from colleges that traditionally serve minority students. But advocates say it will take change at each individual district. “If there is an opening in your building, unless you say I am intentionally going to fill that opening with a person of color, we will not change,” said Subira Gordon, director of the ConnCAN education advocacy group. Kayla’s mother, LaToya Ireland, said she will never forget a black teacher she had in seventh grade. “She took her time not just with me but with other students, and she really left a lasting impression on my life,” she said. “I would like for my girls and other kids to see that.”
Why don’t all our cars have a speed warning function? On the highway, I usually try to maintain a speed between the speed limit and five miles per hour over (never more than that), and I’d like to have a button on my steering wheel that I can push (like cruise control) at any particular speed so that if that speed is exceeded, I get a soft audible “beep” every few seconds until my speed has fallen below the set point. And, like cruise control (which I never use anymore for safety reasons), you would be able to change the set point as often as you like while driving. Having this speed warning function would improve safety because you’d be less likely to inadvertently drive too fast, and you wouldn’t have to take your eyes off the road as often to look at the speedometer. I can’t understand why this isn’t standard equipment on all motor vehicles. HIP 56948 (HD 101364)—an 8.7 magnitude star in Draco—is more like our Sun than any other star yet discovered. It is 194 light years away and located at α2000 = 11h 40m 28s and δ2000 = +69° 00′ 31″, near Gianfar (λ Draconis) and the Draco-Ursa Major border, above the Big Dipper’s bowl. With the exception of lithium, the elemental abundances are identical to that found in the Sun, within the observational uncertainties. As expected, lithium is severely depleted in HIP 56948, but not as much as in the Sun. This is to be expected for a solar twin about 1 Gyr younger than the Sun. The temperature, luminosity, mass, and rotation of HIP 56948 almost exactly match that of the Sun. For example, HIP 56948 is only 17 ± 7 K hotter than the Sun, and its mass is 1.02 ± 0.02 M☉. Given all these similarities, it appears its most recently determined (1993) spectral type of G5 is incorrect. Or is it the spectral type of our Sun that is wrong (G2V)? Actually, it is quite difficult to make measurements of our Sun “as a star” because it is so incredibly close and bright. HIP 56948 harbors no giant planets or “hot Jupiters” within or interior to its habitable zone, so there remains the enticing possibility that it may host a planetary system similar to our own, though no planets have yet been detected. Incidentally, the next time you’ve got a good view of the Head of Draco and the “box” of Cepheus, cast your eyes toward a point halfway between the two. You’re looking towards where the rotational axis of the Sun points north. Like HIP 56948, it’s in Draco.
I had my first encounter with the stigma that surrounds migraine when I was in secondary school. One of my teachers didn’t believe that my migraine attack was anything more than a headache. He refused to let me go to see the school nurse and told me to stop attention-seeking. I wish I could say that now, over twenty years later, I no longer come up against this kind of stigma. But I can’t. And you know what? I’m not the only one. For many others, the stigma is still very much alive and kicking, and can be found in all levels of society. This stigma is incredibly damaging for people with a migraine disorder in so many different ways including their employment and relationships. It’s also often the reason why many migraineurs don’t seek treatment for their disorder and instead just suffer in silence. That’s just not acceptable. You wouldn’t expect someone with cancer to just get on with things and not seek treatment…right? So why is migraine any different? Basically, people don’t see migraine as an actual disorder and that needs to change. This is my contribution to the efforts already being made to get rid of the stigma around migraine for good! So if you want to find out more about migraine stigma and debunk some myths keep on reading! What’s the deal with migraine stigma? When did it start? In order to understand the stigma that surrounds migraine, you need to go back to the 18th century. Before that migraine had been treated the same as any other condition or disorder with none of the migraine sufferers being looked down upon. Things changed in the 18th century, however with people seeing migraine sufferers as posh and self-absorbed. Migraine was seen as an excuse these well off and upper-class people used to avoid their social duties. Think that’s bad? Wait it gets worse…By the 19th century, migraine was a condition that doctors believed was a weakness of lower-class women. Since it was widely accepted by then that women, in general, had much more delicate and weaker minds than men migraine were seen as a consequence of their struggles with the toils of their daily life. It was during this time that those doctors who continued to care for their patients were ridiculed and seen as old fashioned or out of touch. According to Catherine Foxhall (a medical historian), these physicians were also believed to be doing nothing but encouraging their patient’s neurotic tendencies. From then on migraine became more and more associated with women resulting in the negative stigma migraineurs suffer with to this day. What are the most common myths about migraine disorders? If you look up migraine myths and misconceptions on the web you’ll find that there’s a lot of different ones out there. But there are some of them that come up time and again and are also, in my opinion, the most harmful. These are the ones I’ve focused on in this post. Myth #1 Migraine is just a headache The first myth on this list is one that I have heard repeatedly throughout my life and I’m sure many other migraineurs say the same. Born from the belief that migraine was caused by a woman overloading her weaker mind with too many intellectual pursuits migraine became known as something neurotic housewives got. Even though nowadays it’s accepted that migraine affects people from all walks of life the belief that migraine isn’t anything more than an exaggerated headache still persists. It doesn’t help that many assume migraine affects everyone in the same way, so if one person is able to function during an attack then why can’t all migraineurs. Not only that but some people feel they have no option but to tough it out. I’ve done this myself when I was worried I would lose my job if I took another day off. It was one of the worst work days I’ve ever had. I have no idea how I managed to get through the day considering I kept going to the toilet to be sick and felt as though my head was being crushed in a vice. The trouble is, by doing that I was only serving to reinforce the belief that migraines were just headaches that didn’t stop you from going about your day. The reality is that migraine is a neurological disorder that just happens to have a headache as one of the symptoms. Migraine attacks can include a wide variety of symptoms but some common ones (other than a headache) are: - Nausea and/or vomiting - Light Sensitivity - Sound Sensitivity - Speech problems - Trouble concentrating There are also several types of migraine disorder that don’t have a headache. Migraine Again’s website has a really useful series for learning about migraine. You can check it out here. The fact that migraine doesn’t always even have a headache just proves that the myth ‘it’s just a headache is most definitely wrong. Myth #2 Migraine isn’t as bad as you say it is This one really does my head in (no pun intended!) The number of times I’ve come across this is too many to count. I’ve heard it from people who still believe that those who suffer from migraine are just weaker or have a lower pain threshold. A classic example of this is when my then manager told me to take a tablet and stop moaning. Erm…when I say I feel as though my head is literally about to explode I’m not kidding (I actually thought it might during one attack the pressure and pain was that intense) The other way I’ve heard this myth is when someone says “You’ve got a migraine? My so and so friend/hubby etc gets those. He just chills out for half-hour and then he’s fine.” Just because their ‘auntie Jackie’s sister’s boy’ (thank you Hot Fuzz!) has migraine doesn’t mean that they have ANY idea what migraine is actually like. For a start, the person they’re referring to might suffer from a different type of migraine. The International Classification of Headache Disorders (considered the official classification of headache disorders by the World Health Organisation) lists several types and subtypes of migraine. On top of that migraine affects everyone differently. Two people with the same type of migraine disorder will experience it differently to each other. Not only that but migraine attacks don’t always occur with the same symptoms every time. For example, the migraine attacks I get around my period are different from the ones I get at other times. Want to read more about the different types? Want to explain migraine to someone else? Read my Beginners Guide to Migraine it gives you detailed info on migraine types, symptoms and more. Myth #3 Migraine is your fault This one is just so full of crap. It’s just another example of how those beliefs back in the 19th century are still around. Seriously they stick around like a bad smell. Want a way to avoid taking a disease seriously just make people feel it’s their fault that they have it. You’re either weaker with a low pain threshold or you’re careless for not avoiding your triggers or you’re just neurotic. But the truth is that it’s NOT YOUR FAULT. You’re no more to blame than a person who has asthma or epilepsy! Migraine is caused by several different things with two of the biggies being your genes and your brain chemistry. Also, it’s nearly impossible for anyone with a migraine disorder to completely avoid all of their triggers. Well maybe if they lived in a bubble… since most people aren’t able to live their lives in said bubble then all they can do is do their best when it comes to their triggers. For example if I’m going into town I have to be careful of the heat or cold, the lights, the noise and so many other things. Then there’s all of the other stuff like sleep, what food I can and can’t eat…you get the idea. There’s A LOT that can affect a migraine disorder. The Migraine Trust website lists 13 of the most common triggers but there are many many more. Myth #4 Over the counter meds is enough to treat anyone’s migraine I really wish this one was true. It would make life so much easier! But it’s not. At least not for everyone. I think this one comes back to how people assume everyone’s migraine disorder is the same. If the person they know with migraine can treat it with over the counter meds then everyone can right? Wrong. If your attack is a mild one (a mild attack for me is where I can take painkillers and lie in a dark quiet room and sleep it off) then maybe…maybe over the counter meds will work. But again it really depends on how severe the attack is and what type of migraine disorder you have. Hell, even some of the prescription meds available doesn’t work (triptans do absolutely nothing for my attacks) There is also another problem that we have to be careful of when we take over the counter meds (it can also occur with prescription meds) and that’s medication overuse headache. If meds are taken too frequently it causes a dull throbbing between attacks. Taking meds too often can also result in your migraine disorder changing from episodic to chronic (more than 15 attacks a month) Want to know more about medication overuse headache? The American Migraine Foundation has this really good article. Myth #5 Men don’t get migraines I think it can be easy to forget that the negative stereotypes developed around women and migraine are harmful to men too. Men have their own negative stereotype that they deal with generally (you know the one. Men are expected to be tough by pushing through pain and not being overly emotional) without adding migraine to the mix. Because migraine is associated with being weak many men don’t feel like they can be open about their suffering. I remember one of my best friends happened to mention to the rest of our friends that he had a migraine. Boy did he get taken the piss out of him. Those friends didn’t mean anything by it (We have a saying here in the UK “We wouldn’t take the piss out of you if we didn’t like you”) it’s a good example though of the stigma for men as they pretty much told him to man up and stop acting like a girl. Men DO get migraine disorders. Yes, it’s true that more women have them than men (1 in 5 women and 1 in 15 men suffer from a migraine disorder) but there are still a lot of men out there living with the disease. Approximately 6 million people in the UK have a migraine disorder and at least 2 million of those are men. That’s a lot of men with migraine don’t you think? What can we do to fight the stigma? The stigma around migraine and the myths that exist because of that stigma are still far too common these days. For someone with a migraine disorder daily life can be full of prejudice and it can feel like a losing battle. I’ll be honest I still have days when I just want to scream after coming up against them. But it’s not all bad news. Things are improving with more people coming forward to tell their stories and advocate for migraine disorders. Organisations like The Migraine Trust, Migraine Again and others are continuisly fighting for more funding for migraine research as well as working to educate people about the truth of migraine. We’re not there yet though and as tesco used to say ‘every little helps’ whether it’s just sharing info on social media or writing blog posts like this one. I really believe that one day we will be free of stigma and all of the myths will have been vanquished! What myths have you come across? Have you helped fight migraine myths? Let me know in the comments below. Don’t forget to share this post if you liked it!
Each semester, when teaching the passion, death, and resurrection narratives of the Gospels to my students, I also teach the Paschal Mystery and assign the text of the Exsultet. The Exsultet is the prayer chanted by the priest or deacon at the Roman Catholic Paschal Vigil liturgy each year. I have my students read the Exsultet because song texts have been a helpful pedagogical tool in getting students to read deeply and slowly, chewing over the theological claims in the text. I also assign the Exsultet as a small introduction to Liturgical Theology in their larger Introduction to Theology course: particularly, the axiom that what Christians pray is also what Christians believe (or lex orandi, lex credendi). And so the Exsultet as both a song and a prayer serves as an ideal liturgical and theological text for students to read, to interpret, and on which they can practice “doing theology.” As a chanted prayer proclaiming the wonder of the Paschal Vigil—what happens on “this night”—and, therefore, the wonder of the Paschal Mystery—how humanity is saved by Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection—the Exsultet is an ideal text for demonstrating how Christian theology, practice, and prayer are always connected. For if we are going to understand Christian theology, as I point out to my students, we cannot read the Gospels’ passion, death, and resurrection narratives outside of their place in ancient Christian theology of the Paschal Mystery and the later practices of the Paschal Triduum. For the rest of us who hear the Exsultet chanted each Paschal Vigil, however, the Exsultet’s layers of symbolism can also help us to meditate on and wonder at the personal, communal, and cosmic implications of Jesus’s saving life, death, and resurrection. The Exsultet is a prayer of offering and blessing, a song of praise and thanksgiving. The prayer is itself functions as a prayer of blessing and offering, asking God to accept and bless the candle for its service in the baptismal rite throughout the year. For anyone who has witnessed the Paschal Vigil liturgy, however, it is clear that the Exsultet is far more than just a prayer. It is a proclamation of the Paschal Mystery and a celebration of our participation in God’s work of salvation, culminating in Christ’s Incarnation, his self-giving death, and his glorious resurrection. Before turning to the Exsultet’s other symbolic layers, I want to first consider how the Exsultet functions as sort of preview to the Paschal liturgy and, further, a communal meditation on salvation on and through “this night.” The Exsultet celebrates and reflects on, in a few breathless ritual moments, that which we celebrate and reflect on throughout Paschal Vigil liturgy: the long history of God’s merciful actions towards humanity, the climactic moment of Christ’s resurrection, the transformation of one night into the most important night in history, and the ritual means by which we, too, hundreds of years later, can enter into this wondrous mystery of salvation through baptism and the Eucharist “this night.” In its ritual framework—the proclamation of the readings, in the baptismal rite, and the celebration of the Eucharist—the Paschal Vigil liturgy as a whole is our invitation to participate in the transformative events of “this night.” Yet the Paschal Vigil liturgy itself is also a sort of summary of the whole of the Triduum, the solemn Three Days of marking Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection. For in the Paschal Vigil, like the Exsultet, we recount the totality of salvation history, Christ’s saving life, death, and resurrection, and our hope for its completion on the last day. Like an image within an image, the Exsultet, as well as the Paschal Vigil Liturgy, and also the whole of the Triduum liturgies, these ritual elements both reveal the totality of the message of salvation and invite us into deeper participation. Let us consider some of the symbolic layers of the performance of the Exsultet and how they invite listeners into the mystery of salvation. The Exsultet begins with a call that all—the hosts of heaven, the earth and all creation in it, and finally, we, the Church—rejoice at the wonders of this night. But why is this night, the Paschal Vigil, particularly wondrous? What happens on the Eve of Easter? While Good Friday recalls Jesus’s suffering and death on the cross and Easter Sunday morning relives the awe and excitement of the disciples who find the tomb empty and encounter the Risen Christ, the Paschal Vigil is the preeminent liturgy of the Paschal Mystery. In the Paschal Vigil, the Church celebrates what has already been done on our behalf, what is being done in this ritual moment—the resurrection of Jesus—and what we hope to experience on the last day—the resurrection of all the dead. All Christian liturgies celebrate the meeting of these three timelines in the ritual: we remember what God has done for us, we rejoice in participation in God’s ongoing salvation of the world, we await with hope the last day when God’s kingdom comes. The Paschal Vigil, however, reveals in a most palpable way this ritual meeting of timelines and this wondrous uniting of our own lives and the long history of salvation. The Exsultet, through its theological imagery, leads our imaginations through the same meeting of God’s time and our time. The Exsultet recounts the origins of the rift between God and humanity, “the record of our ancient sinfulness,” and describes how, Jesus Christ, in his life, death, and resurrection, “wiped clean” the primordial sin. It then turns our minds’ eye to the other most wondrous instance of God saving God’s people: Israel’s liberation from slavery and salvation at the Red Sea. Yet “this,” it continues, “is the night, that even now, throughout the world, sets Christian believers apart” from the slavery of sin and leads them instead to a life lived in God’s grace. The saving acts of the past are recalled here tonight because here, in our midst, God’s saving work continues through the Paschal Mystery: Christ’s death was his victory over death, Christ’s descent into hell freed those faithful who awaited eternal life with God, Christ’s resurrection brought God’s life everlasting into the human realm. What a wondrous, merciful love: Christ’s self-gift in the Incarnation and at his passion and death. What astonishing divine love: to seek to be with us, let alone to save us. What incomprehensible logic of love, to offer forgiveness again and again. A love that is so precious that it causes us to celebrate that “happy fault,” felix culpa, that sin of Adam that, in its despairing depth, necessitated a Redeemer so glorious. Truly this night is blessed, the Exsultet reminds us, this shining moment suspended in time, that changed forever all of history. This night shines forward and backward through the centuries, bringing light into even the darkest moments of human time. And this night serves as a beacon each year, a guiding light for us who participate in that one night, nearly two thousand years ago, and who participate in this particular night. Because we also celebrate tonight the means by which we enter into Christ’s work tonight, the instrument of our communal salvation: baptism into Christ’s death and resurrection. The Exsultet closes with its ultimate ritual function: a blessing and offering prayer over the Paschal Candle. The Paschal Candle, shining at each celebration of baptism during the year, links in our minds this night’s ritual weight and theological meaning for baptism. Each Paschal Candle blessed at a community’s Paschal Vigil celebration become a symbolic means for baptisms throughout the year to participate in the work of this night. Paul’s Romans 6 baptismal theology—“are you unaware that we who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were indeed buried with him through baptism into death, so that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might live in the newness of life”—is echoed this night and at all baptisms with this Paschal Candle. Because, like this night, which “dispels wickedness, washes faults away, restores innocence to the fallen and joy to mourners, drives our hatred, fosters concord, and brings down the mighty,” so too does baptism makes manifest the Kingdom of God in the here and the now and the reality of our lives. In the Paschal Vigil liturgy as we watch the candidates for baptism undergo the ritual in front of us, we see Christ’s saving life, death, and resurrection at work before our very eyes. As we renew our baptismal promises and are sprinkled with the holy water blessed by the Paschal Candle, we recall our own saving baptisms. As the prayer continues, the meeting of our world and God’s work continues: in the Exsultet we ask that God accept and bless the Paschal Candle, a product of cooperation between two of God’s own creatures, bees and humanity. Indeed, the bees and all of creation participate in God’s work of salvation, symbolized by the light produced by the burning wax of the Paschal Candle, so that heavenly and earthly things mingle in this candle, this night, this saving work. The Paschal Candle, then, becomes our memory of the wonders of this night and a sign of our hope of entering into God’s innermost life of love. It becomes an image of God the Father of Israel as the pillar of fire in the desert of Exodus, an image of Christ as the Light of the World, an image of the Holy Spirit in the tongues of fire at Pentecost, and an image of our own illumination through baptism. The Exsultet closes with our shared eschatological hope. We recall that the power of what occurred on this night nearly two thousand years ago is still as potent today, that the effects of Christ’s glorious transformation can still be felt by us now, and that it is a beacon for our hope that the whole world, and indeed we, too, will be gloriously transformed, body and soul, when he comes again. The Exsultet reminds us that we look forward with hope to the return of Christ, our Light, on the last day, and pray that he may find the flame of our Paschal Candle and the fire of our baptismal faith burning bright. The prayer then leads us into the Paschal Vigil’s liturgies of the Word, of Baptism, and of the Eucharist, all of which serve to make Christ known to us and make us one with him.
Currently, there are 5 endangered tuna species living in different parts of the oceans in the world. Some of them are critically depleting in population while some are even close to extinction. Tuna fish are important to people mainly because their meat are sold and used for food. Not only are they delicious but also nutritious. Besides, as one of the top predators, they play a major role in maintaining the ocean ecology. Here are the 5 endangered tuna species that you should know along with their status in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1. Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga) The Albacore tuna is often nicknamed as the chicken of the sea due to the colour of their flesh. They live in the Mediterranean Sea as well as the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. The Albacore Tuna are dark blue in colour with a hint of silver. Meanwhile, as for their bellies, they are white. These fish are relatively small but they have big eyes and big mouth too. Additionally, they also have fins located at the top of their bodies that are also dark blue with a yellowish tone. See also: Surface of Tension Liquids An adult Albacore tuna can reach up to 1.4 metres and weigh around 36 kg. They have a life span of 12 years. When they travel around in water, they form a school consisting of the same species only. Moreover, they feed on various oceanic creatures depending on what season it is. They often eat other fish, crabs or squids. Also, they dive deep underwater to hunt for their food. Status: Near Threatened Unfortunately, overfishing has made the Albacore tuna to be listed as one of the near threatened species of tuna. The Albacore tuna is one of the most popular tuna that are available to consume. Their meat are usually packaged in cans. For the labels, they are often known as the white meat tuna. This label makes it easier to distinguish the Albacore tuna from the other species of tuna. In result to high demands and overfishing, their population numbers continue to decline. Other than that, there are also reports stating that they have become rarer by the days. 2. Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) They Yellowfin Tuna are one of the top predators in the sea. They are quite large and could measure up to 2.4 metres in length. As for their weight, they could weigh around 200 kg. They can be identified from their metallic blue bodies with yellow colouring on their sides. Their bellies are silver. They do not have a long lifespan like the Albacore tuna since they can only live up to seven years. These tuna fish commonly prefer tropical waters. In addition, these tuna fish are also known to be migratory, swimming to different locations depending on the seasons. They swim in school consisting of different species of tunas or even dolphins. Furthermore, these tuna are one of the top predators of the ocean feeding on other fish or squids. They are very strong and fast swimmers. Status: Near Threatened They are currently listed as near threatened since the demands for their meat is still very high. The meat of the Yellowfin tuna are highly desired for food especially in the sashimi and sushi culinary. Other than that, they are usually sold canned, frozen or fresh in the market. Thus, it creates some overfishing in certain population. 3. Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) Another species that is at risk of being endangered is the Bigeye tuna. They are very large tuna fish that live in the tropical waters namely the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Similar to the Yellowfin tuna, the Bigeye also migrate during different seasons. Also, they swim in school with the other species. In length, they could measure up to 2.5 metres. For their weight, the Bigeye tuna could reach 180 kg. Indeed, in addition to their large heads, they also have large eyes. They are dominantly metallic in colour for their upper side of the body, specifically dark blue. As for the lower side, including the belly, they are mostly white. They have a very long lifespan ranging from 10 up to 12 years. Reportedly, the longest living Bigeye tuna lived for around 16 years. The Bigeye tuna eat sardines, tiny mackerels, squids or other water creatures that they could find. Status: Vulnerable to Extinction Sadly, these Bigeye tuna actually have the status of vulnerable to extinction. Their population are increasingly depleting due to different factors. One of the factors is global warming. The temperature of the oceans is getting warmer. It halts the production of phytoplankton that are crucial to the food chain in the ocean. See also: Volcanoes under the Ocean Other than that, the temperature seriously stresses out the tuna and causing early deaths. The second factor is overfishing. Just like the Yellowfin tuna, the Bigeye tuna is very sought after in the food industry. This include them being sold frozen, fresh or in sashimi. Currently, consumers are discouraged from consuming the fish because of their critical situation. 4. Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) The Southern Bluefin tuna belongs to the family of the largest tuna in the world. They mainly live in the Southern parts of the world. These big tuna fish could grow up to 2.5 metres in length. Their weight could reach around 260 kg. The colour of their bodies is mainly white and silver with a hint of light yellow. Their tails are also shaped like the crescent moon. The Southern Bluefin tuna are very fast swimmers and continuously swim across different oceans in search for food or colder water. They mostly feed on squids, octopus, crustaceans and other oceanic species that they could find. In addition, Southern Bluefin tuna have an extremely long life expectancy that is around 12 years. The longest lifespan of a Souther Bluefin tuna that is ever recorded is 40 years. Status: Critically Endangered Unfortunately, their popularity might be one of the reason for their worryingly declining population number. The Southern Bluefin tuna are currently in the critically endangered status. Additionally, the Southern Bluefin tuna is the most popular and the most desired for their meat. The top three countries that have a huge demand for this fish are Japan, USA and China. Moreover, the high demand specifically comes from the sushi and the sashimi culinary. It is said that their meat has the perfect flavour for raw consumption. Therefore, high-end restaurants usually their meat for their food. It is reported that one Southern Bluefin tuna could sold for $1.75 million. Their species keep reducing in number due to overfishing and also illegal fishing. Highly hunted since the 1950s, their species are reduced by 15%. It is predicted that in the next 100 years, there could be less than 500 species of Southern Bluefin tuna in existence. 5. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Atlantic Bluefish tuna is another large tuna that currently resides in the waters of the world namely of the Newfoundland, Iceland, Western and Easter parts of the Atlantic ocean. They also live in the Mediterranean sea as well. See also: Red Sea Fish Species They once could be found in the Black sea but their population have completely diminished. Furthermore, these massive fish could reach the size of 3 metres and weigh around 450 kg. The heaviest Atlantic Bluefin tuna ever recorded is apparently 900 kg. For those who are wondering what these giant tuna fish feed on, they hunt for smaller fish, eels, squids, crustaceans and any other creatures found in the deep oceans. The way their bodies are structured enable them to swim fast and also make them powerful predators. In addition, they have beautifully coloured bodies that are dominantly metallic blue for the upper part. Their lower part is sparkling silver and white. Their colouring is interesting as it helps them to camouflage themselves in different parts of the oceans. Moreover, the Atlantic Bluefish Tuna take longer time to fully mature. But they have a relatively long lifespan of 20 years. Sadly, the Atlantic Bluefin tuna is also under threat of going extinct. Right now, they are currently listed under endangered. However, their status could become worse as their population number keeps decreasing. There are different factors that are contributing to their unfortunate condition. See also: Effects of Sea Level Rise One factor is definitely overfishing. Since their meat is said to be very delicious, the sushi and the sashimi culinary are also highly demand for their availability. Demands begun to increase during the 1970s as Japan wanted more of them. Decades after decades of hunting this fish hurt their numbers as they are also very slow to reach maturity. People are also eager to hunt this tuna because they are sold at very high price range. One of the highest price for this fish is $736.000. Other factors include pollution as well as oil spillage that occur in the ocean. Those things highly affect the quality of their habitat and in return also negatively impact their lives. Premature and unwanted deaths might occur due to a disturbance in the food chain and ecology as a whole. To protect these tuna from extinction, more conservation and restrictions are needed. Conservation will help them from being overfished and help them to maintain a healthy population. Also, restrictions or laws could prevent overfishing. Thus, these important tuna fish could grow and flourish in good numbers.
Border Collies are known for their loyalty, courage, and love of family. They have been used in military operations since World War II. They were first bred to work with farm animals such as sheep and cattle. Since then they have been used in search and rescue missions and even in bomb disposal units. Their ability to track explosives makes them useful for these tasks too! Nowadays, there are many breeds of dogs that do not just perform well but excel at certain jobs or activities. These are called “specialty” breeds. A specialty breed is one that performs better than other types of dogs in its type’s job or activity. For example, a labrador retriever is a good dog for tracking down lost objects because it has excellent scenting abilities and a keen sense of smell. However, if you want your Labrador to be able to retrieve a dropped phone from the bottom of the ocean, you will need another kind of dog that does not have those same skills. So, what is the difference between a border collie and other kinds of dogs? The answer: they both belong to the Canis lupus familiaris (wolf) family. Wolves are known for being very intelligent and loyal. They live in packs where each member contributes to maintaining the pack’s social structure. The wolf pack consists of several generations of wolves that have lived together for years. The most powerful member is not always the Alpha Male or Female. The wolves display complex social skills and take part in several complex social hierarchies. Loyalty, Intelligence, Playfulness and Bravery are just a few of the traits that make up a Border Collie. It is one of the most intelligent dogs in the world and can easily be trained to obey basic commands such as “sit”, “stay”, “fetch”, “down” and “come”. Border Collies were bred to herd sheep, so they are naturally drawn to moving objects. They will often nip at the heels of their owner if they sense that person is not paying attention. This can be a problem when dealing with small children or the elderly. However, if trained properly and given enough exercise, Border Collies make excellent pets for active families. It is also important to note that contrary to popular belief, Border Collies are not “one person dogs”. Sources & references used in this article: An inversion disrupting FAM134B is associated with sensory neuropathy in the border collie dog breed by OP Forman, RJ Hitti, L Pettitt, CA Jenkins… – G3: Genes, Genomes …, 2016 – g3journal.org Clinical features of ceroid lipofuscinosis in border collie dogs by VP Studdert, RW Mitten – Australian Veterinary Journal, 1991 – Wiley Online Library Progressive retinal atrophy in the Border Collie: a new XLPRA by D Metallinos, J Rine – Genome biology, 2000 – genomebiology.biomedcentral.com Use of intravenous lipid emulsion to treat ivermectin toxicosis in a Border Collie by T Vilboux, G Chaudieu, P Jeannin, D Delattre… – BMC veterinary …, 2008 – Springer Pectinate ligament dysplasia in the Border Collie, Hungarian Vizsla and Golden Retriever by DL Clarke, JA Lee, LA Murphy… – Journal of the American …, 2011 – Am Vet Med Assoc Survey with follow-up of 67 dogs with testicular sertoli cell tumours. by JAC Oliver, AB Ekiri, CS Mellersh – Veterinary Record, 2017 – veterinaryrecord.bmj.com Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Border Collie dogs in Japan: clinical and molecular epidemiological study (2000–2011) by AD Weaver – The Veterinary Record, 1983 – europepmc.org
The Pharmaceutical Journal reports that a strain of Escherichia coli with immunity to last-resort antibiotics can be destroyed with a novel combination of three existing drugs, citing researchers at the University at Buffalo, New York. It’s early days but this is important news. Over-prescription and less new antibiotics from Big Pharma have signalled risks of returning to the dark ages before antibiotics. Most people have a friend or family member who goes to a public hospital for a routine procedure and picks up a nasty infection – too many die from complications. It’s far too easy to come up against the only recommended antibiotic, often with serious side effects. I have a friend who’s developed a serious infection following a plate inserted in his leg – he’s been in hospital for three months having three hours of intrevenous antibiotics every day, So how should governments intervene to ensure that there are more effective antibiotics when required?
ACT UP! To Stop Bullying Drama Kids is proud to introduce our newest initiative – ACT UP! to Stop Bullying. This series of anti-bullying workshops is designed for 3rd through 5th graders and utilizes a variety of student participatory drama activities and group discussions to teach children about the various forms of bullying and the ways in which students can properly respond. Specifically, the workshops are designed to help students: - Understand the many and different forms of bullying, from physical and verbal attacks to more subtle forms like purposefully excluding someone from a group - See the different roles they can play when bullying occurs, from silent participant to observer to preventer - Reinforce that their negative feelings about bullying are very common and shared with their peers - Learn how to model good behavior - Role play to learn how to identify bullying and practice safe and effective interventions Drama Kids Provides - Imaginative learning experiences that also include occasional fun class performances to enhance the experience. - Highly qualified and specially trained teachers. - New creative lessons in each class, proven to both fun and highly developmental. - Programs in community centers, schools and other convenient locations.
Small, short-tailed, most similar to Warbling Vireo, but brighter: look for yellow wash on underparts, brightest on throat and undertail, and dark line through the eye that connects to base of bill. Dull individuals can be very difficult to distinguish from Warbling Vireo, but Warbling usually brightest yellow on flanks, not throat. Similar to Red-eyed Vireo but with shorter bill and yellower below. Breeds in deciduous forests, especially areas with younger trees including birches or aspens. Migrates through a variety of wooded and brushy habitats; winters in Central America. Song nearly identical to Red-eyed Vireo. Feeds on insects; especially caterpillars.
Using XML eliminates any networking, operating system, or platform binding. So Web Services based applications are highly interoperable application at their core level. The role of a Web Service provider is to implement web service and make it available to the web service requestor/ consumer. These are some of the important advantages of SOAP web services: - WS Security – SOAP defines its security known as WS Security. - Language Independent – Its web services can be written in any programming language - Platform Independent – Its web services can be executed on any platform. The SOAP message refers to the data sent to the application from web services. SOAP message is an XML document which is sent through web services to provide data to the client application written in any programming language. SOAP message sends via using hypertext transfer protocol. These are some of the important advantages of RESTful web services: - Fast – The Web Services are fast because there is no strict specification of SOAP. It consumes less bandwidth and resource. - Language Independent – The web services can be written in any programming language. - Platform Independent – The web services can be executed on any platform. - Can use SOAP – The web services can use SOAP web services as the implementation. - Allows different data format – The web service permits different data format such as Plain Text, HTML, XML, and JSON. The requirement for accessing web services from any application is that should support XML-based request and response. Hence there is no need to install any app for accessing web services. Synchronicity is used to bind the client to the execution of the service. In synchronous invocations, the client blocks and waits for the service to complete its operation before continuing. On the other hand, synchronous operations facilitate a client to invoke a service and then execute different functions. The role of Web Service Requestor / Consumer is to utilize the pre-existing web service provided by the Web Service Provider/ Publisher. Web Service Requestor/ Consumer request the Web Service provider for the information by sending a SOAP message to the Web Service provider. Then in-Turn Web Service Publisher sends the requested information back to the requestor in the form of a SOAP message. These are some of the important disadvantages of SOAP web services: Slow – It uses XML format that must be parsed to be read and defines many standards that must be followed while developing the SOAP applications. So it is slow and consumes more bandwidth and resource. WSDL Dependent – It uses WSDL and doesn’t have any other mechanism to discover the service. The element is used as the root element of every SOAP message. The Root element is known as the first element in the XML Document. The envelope, in turn, separated into two parts. One is the header part and second is the body part. The header contains the routing data which stores the source and destination address of the client. So the body includes the actual data. The tools used to test web services are: - SoapUI tool for testing SOAP and RESTful web services - Poster for firefox browser - Postman extension for Chrome The UDDI uses the language known as WSDL (Web Service Description Language). Enlisted below are some common HTTP methods along with their functions that are supported by RESTful web services. - GET: Read-only access to the resource. - PUT: Creation of new resource. - DELETE: Removal of a resource. - POST: Update of an existing resource. - OPTIONS: Get supported operations on the resource. - HEAD: Returns HTTP header only, nobody. The Service Transport Layer is used to transport messages between applications. This layer includes Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and newer protocols like Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP). The following list specifies the features of SOAP: - SOAP is a communication protocol. - SOAP communicates between applications. - SOAP is a format for sending messages. - SOAP is designed to communicate via Internet. - SOAP is platform independent. - SOAP is language independent. - SOAP is simple and extensible. - SOAP allows you to get around firewalls. - SOAP developed as a W3C standard. The web services consist of four layers, as mentioned below: This layer is the first layer in the web services protocol stack used in transporting XML files between various clients applications. Protocols used in the layer is as follows: - HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - BEEP (Block Extensible Exchange Protocol) This layer is the second layer in the web services protocol stack based on XML model where messages are encoded in common XML format which can be understandable to other client applications. This layer includes the following protocols: - XML – RPC - SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) This layer provides the service description to the public interface like the location of web service, Available functions, And the data types for XML messaging. This layer only includes one language: - WSDL: WSDL stands for Web Service Description Language. This layer in the Web Services protocol stack is used to publish or finding web services over the web. This layer includes: UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and integration). In Web service, an XML is used to tag the data, format the data. These are the steps involved in accessing a web service: - Client application bundled the information and into a SOAP message. - SOAP message sends to the server as a body of Hyper-Text markup language using POST method. - Web service unpacks the SOAP message and converts it into a command understandable by the application. - Application processes the information and in turn bundled the info and send it back to the client as a SOAP message. - A Client then unpacks the SOAP message to obtain the results. These are some of the important advantages of web services: Interoperability: With the help of web services, an application can communicate with other application developed in any language. Reusability: We can expose the web service so that other applications can use it. Modularity: With the help of web service, we can create a service for a specific task such as tax calculation. A Standard protocol for every application program: Web services use standard protocol so that all the client applications written in different languages can understand it. This Standard protocol helps in achieving cross-platform. Cheaper cost for communication: Web services uses SOAP over HTTP so that anybody can use existing internet for using web services. The Service Description layer is used to describe the public interface to a specific web service. Currently, service description is handled via the Web Service Description Language (WSDL). The WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language. It is an XML document containing information about web services such as method name, method parameter. The Client needs a data dictionary which contains information about all the web services with methods names and parameters list to invoke them for the web services. The Web Service Description Language bridge up this gap, by providing all necessary information to the client. Some Important elements used in Web Services Description language are as follows: - <message>: The message element in WSDL is used to define all different data elements for each operation performed by the web service. - <portType>: The port type element is used to determine the operation which can be performed by the web service. This operation can have two messages one is input and the second one is the output message. - <binding>: This element contains the used protocol. The web service framework includes three different layers. The roles of these layers are: - Service Provider: Role of Service provider is to make the web service which makes it accessible to the client applications over the Web. - Service Requestor: Service requestor refers to any consumer of web service like any client application. Client applications are written in any language contact web service for any functionality by sending XML request over the available network connection. - Service Registry: Service Registry is the centralized directory System which helps to locate the web services for client applications. Used to find the existing web services, as well as developers, can also create the brand new one web service also. The Service Provider uses the interface named as ?Publish? interface of Service Registry to make the existing web services available to client applications. With all the information provided by the service registry, service requestor able to find or invoke services. WSDL is used in web service to describe the availability of service. The Web services facilitate various applications to communicate with each other and share data and services among themselves. Other applications can also use the web services. For example, a VB or .NET application can communicate with a Java web services and vice versa. Web services are used to make the application platform and technology independent. Communication protocol refers to the protocols which were used to transmit information over the web. By using Transport protocols, applications from the different background can quickly communicate with each other without knowing the inside functioning of the various systems. HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) can be used to implement a SOAP message whereas FTP (File Transfer Protocol) can be used as the reliable transport mechanism. SMTP and BEEP can also be used for transport mechanism. SOAP message is not tied to any protocol. It can use any of the open Transport protocol. Following is a list of main features of web services: - It is available over the Internet or private (intranet) networks. - It uses a standardized XML messaging system. - It is not tied to any one operating system or programming language. - It is self-describing via a common XML grammar. - It is discoverable via a simple find mechanism. The Service Discovery layer is used for centralizing services into a universal registry and providing easy publish/find functionality. Currently, service discovery is handled via Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI). The UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery and Integration. It is a XML based framework for describing, discovering and integrating web services. It contains a list of available web services. WSDL is the part of UDDI. More details.. The RPC is Remote Procedure Call. It is the method used for calling a procedure or function available on any remote computer on the web. XML-RPC refers to a simple protocol used to perform RPCs by using XML messaging. It is an excellent tool for connecting different environments and also establishing connections between wide varieties of computers. A consumer of a web service is not tied to that web service directly. The web service interface can change over time without compromising the client’s ability to interact with the service. A tightly coupled system implies that the client and server logic are closely tied to one another, implying that if one interface changes, the other must be updated. Adopting a loosely coupled architecture tends to make software systems more manageable and facilitates simpler integration between different systems. The terms “Platform independent” and “Diverse Application” were related to each other because XML-RPC uses HTTP for transporting SOAP messages over the web. The HTTP is a universal standard protocol for exchanging information on the Web. Hence, it leads to Cross Platform support/ Platform independent. So because it is Platform independent, it leads to the diverse application capable of accessing the web services. The SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It is an XML-based protocol for accessing web services. It is platform independent and language independent. By using SOAP, you can interact with other programming language applications. More details.. The Remote procedure calls refer to the calls made to the methods which are hosted by related web service. The REST stands for Representational State Transfer. It is an architectural style. It is not a protocol like SOAP. More details.. The BEEP stands for Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol. BEEP is an alternative to HTTP and FTP. BEEP is determined as building new protocols for the variety of applications such as instant messaging, network management, file transfer. It is termed as new Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which is layered directly over TCP. Some of the Build-in features of BEEP protocol are listed below: - Error handling - Initial Handshake Protocol
There are quite a few common colloquialisms that are centered around food. Phrases with meanings that have little or nothing to do with food … or even eating. Here are a few of my favorites. Dollars to donuts ~ A certainty I’d bet dollars to donuts. Why are people betting donuts? Are they Krispy Creme employees, perhaps with a gambling problem? Seriously, what is up with that? This is a uniquely American betting term. However, I was relieved to discover it did not originate from actual bets that involved donuts. It’s an expression that indicates short odds. Dollars being valuable, while donuts are not. The phrase first appeared in mid 19th century in the newspaper The Daily Nevada State Journal, February 1876: Whenever you hear any resident of a community attempting to decry the local paper… it’s dollars to doughnuts that such a person is either mad at the editor or is owing the office for subscription or advertising. The phrase doesn’t appear in print again for some years, but is still used today. I’ll eat my hat ~ A display of confidence This next phrase is about something to eat, but not something you’d actually want to. Why someone would offer to eat their hat is beyond me. Where do people get this stuff? Absurd as it is, this phrase has been around since the late 16th century! “I’ll eat my hat” is an expression used to convey confidence in a specific outcome. For example, “She’d forget her head if it weren’t screwed on. I’ll eat my hat, if she remembers my birthday.” The earliest example of the phrase found in print is in Thomas Brydges’ Homer Travestie, 1797: For though we tumble down the wall, And fire their rotten boats and all, I’ll eat my hat, if Jove don’t drop us, Or play some queer rogue’s trick to stop us. Charles Dickens used another version of the expression in The Pickwick Papers, 1837: If I knew as little of life as that, I’d eat my hat and swallow the buckle whole. The expression later became popular in the United States, and is still used today. No one wants to actually eat a hat. Which is why the phrase is only used when there’s certainty about the outcome of an event. Take the cake ~ Get all the honors This phrase was used by the Greeks in the 5th century BC. The Greeks used ‘take the cake’ as a symbol of a prize for victory. Surprisingly, there’s no evidence of the English use of this phrase until it caught on in the United States in the 19th century. In the US, the phrase became popular due to the cake-walk strutting competitions in the South in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The following is from The Indiana Progress, January 1874: The cake-walk, in which ten couple [sic] participated, came off on Friday night, and the judges awarded the cake, which was a very beautiful and costly one, to Mrs Sarah and John Jackson. In cake-walk competitions, couples were judged on their strutting style. The winners were said to have ‘taken the cake’, which was the prize. In modern-day usage, the meaning has changed somewhat. Today, the expression is often used with sarcastic overtones. For example, “She got perfect scores on the SAT, but has a 2.0 grade point average. If that doesn’t take the cake…”. Pie in the sky ~ A fantastical idea or promise Pie in the sky … seriously? Why is there a pie in the sky? What were they smoking? You have to wonder. The ridiculousness of this phrase makes it even harder to believe that it first had a religious connotation. I am not kidding. Originally, it implied the promise of heaven while continuing to suffer on earth. The phrase originated in America in 1911. A Swedish laborer named Joe Hill–a leader of a radical labor organization called the Wobblies, for which he wrote songs–first used the phrase in his song The Preacher and the Slave, a parody of the Salvation Army hymn In the Sweet Bye and Bye. The phrase didn’t become popular until the Second World War, however. Then it was used figuratively, to refer to happiness that was unlikely to ever come about. Similar to how the phrase is used today. The following excerpt is from the California newspaper The Fresno Bee, November 1939: The business world is fearful that Roosevelt’s obsession with war problems will mean a continued neglect of questions which still restrict trade and profits. They are highly skeptical of Washington’s promise that they will ‘eat pie in the sky’ solely from war orders, which they decry publicly. [Photo Credits: morguefile.com] Bite the Dust ~ To die This phrase has nothing to do with eating anything, not even dust. I wrote about this idiom in a previous post. To learn more, go here.
\|Class:\|\|Animals (Animalia) - Jointed Legs (Arthropoda) - Insects (Insecta)\| \|Order:\|\|Crickets, Grasshoppers & Katydids (Orthoptera)\| \|Family:\|\|Short-horned Grasshopper (Acrididae)\| \|Species:\|\|Crepitating Spurthroat (Scurra marmoralis)\| Thank you Matthew Connors for identifying this species for us General Species Information: Found on Ellura (in the Murray Mallee, SA), the Riverland and elsewhere We thought this was Halgania Grasshopper (Histrioacrida roseopennis), but for one thing the antennae are MUCH shorter with this species compared to H. roseoppenis. Crepitate (in the common name) means to make a crackling sound.
Instrumentation cables are designed to conduct or transmit low energy electrical signals. They can transmit electrical signals without any outside interference. This makes them ideal for controlling or monitoring electrical systems. They are used in manufacturing, processing and broadcasting industries as well as mass transit systems. Some of the common applications are: — Assembling Instruments, — Digital / Analog Control — Data Acquisition Systems — PA Systems — Computer Networking — Measuring & Communication Systems. Like other cables, the instrumentation cable too has a conducting wire or combination of wires that conduct electrical current or signals. Copper is usually used for its high thermal and corrosion resistance. Less frequent is the use of aluminium. Although less suitable than copper in almost every other capacity, aluminium has the singular advantage of being less dense. Hence, it is more suitable for power conduction. Steel is also used as conductor. It is wrapped in a copper or aluminium casing. Insulation of the copper wire is important to stop the leakage of current. This is the role of the insulation jacket. In some instrumentation cables we also find an electromagnetic shielding layer that is wrapped around the wire, just below the insulation jacket. This shielding layer is an added layer of security to the underlying wire, deducting the cable’s radiation, while cutting out electrical noise from reaching the signal carrying wire. The shielding material is usually a metal or foil braid. An assembly with shielding layered-instrumentation cables will usually also have an earthing wire. There are different kinds of insulation jacket. The material is usually chosen according to the area of application for the cable. Some of the insulation materials used are Ethylene Propylene Diene EPDM, neoprene, silicon rubber,thermoplastic and mica tape. Why is it important to Invest in High Quality Instrumentation Cable? Instrumentation cables are often chosen for their efficiency in transmitting signals of high quality. For instance, musicians like guitarists use it for their equipment. It is the cable that is used in a computer network. These are all applications where a disturbance free transmission is of supreme importance and instrumentation cables do just that. A high quality instrumentation promises the least dispersal of energy. In other words, the signal remains clear and disturbance free. This means that the guitarist will get a clear sound and the computer network will get a disturbance free transmission. Different kinds of Instrumentation Cable are: ARCNET cables: These are used inARCNET networks that form the local area network or LAN communications.These cable are ideal for high-speed, token-based communication between industrial computers. AS-I cables: These two-core cables are used to interfaceAS-i devices like binary actuators and sensors. They are good at supplying power and transferring data. CANbus cables: They are used in serial data networks that need high-speed, such as the automotive industry.They are designed to withstandhostile electrical environments. CANopen cables: These cables have fieldbus protocol based on CANbus. They are widely used in industrial communications DeviceNet cables: Although these cables use the controller area network or CAN protocol, they are typically used to connect devices such as photoelectric cells, motor starters, limit switches, valve manifolds, drives, and personal computers. Fieldbus cables: These are used in various industries. They are used to connect devices like transducers, actuators, sensors, and controllers. Foundation Fieldbus cables: Widely used in the local area network in all-digital, serial, two-way communications systems, especially for factory control and plant instrumentation. HART cables: These cables allow a person to get multiple digital updates per second from a field device. Communication can take place without disturbing a 4-20mA signal. PROFIBUS cables: use fieldbus standard that can be applied to both manufacturing and process automation applications. P-Net cables: This is a European standard (EN 50 170 Vol. 1). It is also considered the International Fieldbus Standard (IEC 61558 Type 4). Many people also choose instrumentation cables according to the shielding it carries. Where the quality of signal is of supreme importance, the shielding layer can be critical in maintaining the quality of the output. It also increases the efficiency, quality and durability of the cable. A prime example is computer network where such an instrumentation cable ensures a high quality are network.
Notable centennial events at a national or world-level include: - Centennial Exhibition, 1876, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. First official World's Fair in the United States, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. About 10 million visitors attended, equivalent to about 20% of the population of the United States at the time. The exhibition ran from May 10, 1876, to November 10, 1876. (It included a monorail.) - New Zealand Centennial Exhibition, 1939–1940, celebrated one hundred years since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 and the subsequent mass European settlement of New Zealand. 2,641,043 (2.6 million) visitors attended the exhibition, which ran from 8 November 1939 until 4 May 1940. - 1967 International and Universal Exposition, better known as Expo 67, celebrating Canada's centennial year. This "Category One" World's Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from April 27 to October 29, 1967. Sixty-two nations participated, and it set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair, with 569,500 visitors on its third day. Official attendance was 50,306,648. Was endpoint of the Centennial Voyageur Canoe Pageant, the longest canoe race in history. (Its monorail was a major attraction.) - 100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China - 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania - First World War centenary, started in 2014 with commemorations of the outbreak of the war and concluded in 2018 with Armistice centennial commemorations. - 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) Selected regional or other centennial events include: - Argentina Centennial (1910) - Centenary of Western Australia, in 1929, which included the Western Australian Centenary Air Race across Australia. - 1934 Centenary of Melbourne
Content Only Available to Members Print out the pages to make an early reader book, “Words That Start With P.” The book has pages for the student to assemble, objects to color, and short phrases to copy (like “Pan starts with p”). The words are: pail, pan, panda, paper, parrot, pear, pea, pen, pencil, penguin, penny, pet, pig, pin, puppy, and push. For the Teacher: There are 2 ways to use this book! Read it online using the interactive viewer on this page. Print the PDF to make a short book for young readers. Make sure the pages are in the right order. Staple the pages together at the left of the page, then read the book, and optionally color the pages.
Ransomware is the name given to malicious programs designed to extort money from their victims, by blocking access to the computer or encrypting the data stored on it. The malware displays a message offering to restore the system in return for a payment. Sometimes the cybercriminals behind the scam try to lend credibility to their operation by masquerading as law enforcement officials. Their ransom message asserts that the system has been blocked, or the data encrypted, because the victim is running unlicensed software or has accessed illegal content, and that the victim must pay a fine. While anti-malware software can detect and block ransomware programs, it may not be possible to decrypt the data. So it’s a good idea to take regular backups, to avoid data loss resulting from ransomware (as well as to safeguard against data loss because of other computer problems).
Henry, Alexander,two fur traders, uncle and nephew, of the Old Northwest, each of whom left a valuable journal of his travels and experiences. Alexander Henry, the elder, 1739–1824, b. New Brunswick, N.J., served under Jeffery Amherst in the last of the French and Indian WarsFrench and Indian Wars, 1689–1763, the name given by American historians to the North American colonial wars between Great Britain and France in the late 17th and the 18th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. . As a fur trader he barely escaped massacre (1763) by Native Americans at Michilimackinac in Pontiac's Rebellion. Captured by the Ojibwa, he was later adopted and protected by a family and made his way back to Fort Niagara in time to join Bradstreet's army in lifting the siege of Detroit. He returned to fur trading and in 1775 penetrated the Old Northwest to the region of the Saskatchewan. Competition with the Hudson's Bay Company caused a body of the free traders, among them Henry, Peter Pond, and the Frobishers, to unite as the group that eventually became the powerful North West Company. See his Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories (new ed. with biographical notes by James Bain, 1972). The date and place of birth of his nephew, Alexander Henry, the younger, d. 1814, are not known. His journal of 1799–1814, edited by Elliott Coues (together with the journal of David Thompson) as New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest (1897), describes his adventures as a trader of the North West Company on the Red, Pembina, Saskatchewan, and Columbia rivers and is particularly valuable for its account of the native tribes of those regions. Henry was drowned near Astoria, Oreg. See W. O'Meara, The Savage Country (1960). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia™ Copyright © 2013, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/
Date of Submission “Tariff of 1828.” In the history of the United States, 1828 is a year to remember. John Quincy Adams was the president during this era when the famous “Tariff of 1828” was passed by the U.S Congress to act as a “protective tariff”. Its main aim was to protect industries in the northern part of the U.S. The southerners termed it as the “Tariff of Abomination” due to the effects it caused to the southern economy. This essay composes a discussion between three senators representing three regions, discussing the “Tariff of 1828.” From the discussion, the definition of terms such as tariffs, ‘revenue’ and ‘protective’subject to tariffs will be obtained, the benefits and hindrances of tariffs, and the stand of each senator’s region on the issue of tariffs and the reason behind the stand. North East senator, “Tariffs are any form of taxes imposed on goods and services imported from foreign countries”. Midwest senator, “Agrees with the definition of tariffs and add that it is a way through that the government acquires revenue to finance its programs”. South Senator, “The government, uses tariffs as a protective measure to safeguard the local goods from competition arising from cheap imported goods”. Benefits and disadvantages of tariffs North East Senator, “Local consumers and producers, benefit from price increments caused by competition from… Order Original Essay on the Similar TopicOrder Similar from $10 per-page
What is Group B Strep? Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a type of bacteria that can cause illness in people of all ages. In newborns, GBS is a major cause of meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord), pneumonia (infection of the lungs), and sepsis (infection of the blood) (CDC 1996; CDC 2005; CDC 2009). Group B strep lives in the intestines and migrates down to the rectum, vagina, and urinary tract. All around the world, anywhere from 10-30% of pregnant people are “colonized” with or carry GBS in their bodies (Johri et al. 2006). Using a swab of the rectum and vagina, people can test positive for GBS temporarily, on-and-off, or persistently (CDC 2010). Being colonized with GBS does not mean that someone will develop a GBS infection. Most people with GBS do not have any GBS infections or symptoms. However, GBS can cause urinary tract infections and GBS infections in the newborn (CDC 2010), and people who have preterm births are 1.7 times more likely to be colonized with GBS during labor than people who do not have preterm births (Valkenburg-van den Berg et al. 2009). This article focuses on Group B Strep in pregnancy in the United States, along with some information about other countries. Are some people more likely to carry GBS? Researchers have looked at the risk factors for GBS in young, non-pregnant women (Feigin, Cherry et al. 2009). People with these factors may be more likely to carry GBS: - Multiple sexual partners - Male-to-female oral sex - Frequent or recent sex - Tampon use - Infrequent handwashing - Less than 20 years old In pregnant people, researchers have found that the presence of any amount of GBS in the urine makes it more likely that someone will be colonized at 35-37 weeks pregnancy (Perez-Moreno et al. 2017). How often do newborns become infected with GBS? There are 2 main types of GBS infection in newborns: early infection and late infection. In this article we will focus on early infection, which occurs in the first 7 days after birth. When a baby has an early GBS infection, symptoms usually appear within the first 12 hours, and almost all babies will have symptoms within 24-48 hours (CDC 2010). In a study of 148,000 infants born between 2000 and 2008, almost all of the 94 infants who developed early GBS infection were diagnosed within an hour after birth—suggesting that early GBS infection probably begins before birth (Tudela et al. 2012). Early infection is caused by direct transfer of GBS from the mother to the baby, usually after the water breaks. The bacteria travel up from the vagina into the amniotic fluid, and the fetus may swallow some of the bacteria into the lungs—leading to an early GBS infection. Babies can also get GBS on their body (skin and mucous membranes) as they travel down the birth canal. However, most of these “colonized” infants stay healthy (CDC 2010). In 1993-1994, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended screening all pregnant women for GBS and treating GBS-positive women with intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor. Since that time, we have seen a remarkable drop in early GBS infection rates in the U.S.—from 1.7 cases per 1,000 births in the early 1990’s, to 0.25 cases per 1,000 births today (CDC 2012). If someone who carries GBS is not treated with antibiotics during labor, the baby’s risk of becoming colonized with GBS is approximately 50% and the risk of developing a serious, life-threatening GBS infection is 1 to 2% (Boyer & Gotoff 1985; CDC 2010; Feigin, Cherry et al. 2009). As I noted earlier, being colonized is not the same thing as having an early GBS infection– most colonized babies stay healthy. On the other hand, if someone with GBS is treated with antibiotics during labor, the risk of their infant developing an early GBS infection drops by 80%. So for example, the risk could drop from 1% down to to 0.2%. (Ohlsson 2013) What is the risk of death if the baby has an early GBS infection? Researchers have estimated that the death rate from early GBS infection is 2 to 3% for full-term infants. This means of 100 babies who have an actual early GBS infection, 2-3 will die. Death rates from GBS are much higher (20-30%) in infants who are born at less than 33 weeks gestation (CDC 2010). Although the death rate of GBS is relatively low, infants with early GBS infections can have long, expensive stays in the intensive care unit. Researchers have also found that up to 44% of infants who survive GBS with meningitis end up with long-term health problems, including developmental disabilities, paralysis, seizure disorder, hearing loss, vision loss, and small brains. Very little is known about the long-term health risks of infants who have GBS without meningitis, but some may have long-term developmental problems (Feigin, Cherry et al. 2009; Libster et al. 2012). Are some newborns more likely to get early GBS disease? The primary risk factor for early GBS infection is when the pregnant parent carries GBS. However, there are some things that increase the risk of early GBS infection: - Being born at less than 37 weeks (Boyer &Gotoff 1985; Velaphi et al. 2003; Heath et al. 2009) - A long period between water breaking and giving birth (Boyer &Gotoff 1985; Velaphi et al. 2003; Heath et al. 2009) - Water broke before going into labor (premature rupture of membranes) (Adair et al. 2003) - High temperature during labor (> 99.5 F or 37.5 C) (Boyer & Gotoff 1985; Adair et al. 2003; Velaphi et al. 2003; Heath et al. 2009) - Infection of the uterus (aka “chorioamnionitis”) (Adair et al. 2003) - Parent previously gave birth to an infant who had an early GBS infection (CDC 2010) - Intrauterine monitoring during labor (Adair et al. 2003) - GBS in the urine during pregnancy (Carroll et al. 2016) - Giving birth for the first time (Carroll et al. 2016) *The bolded items are the major risk factors. However, about 60% infants who develop early GBS infection have no major risk factors, except for the fact that their mothers carry GBS (Schrag et al. 2002). How accurate is testing for GBS? The CDC recommends measuring GBS with a culture test at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy. This is done by swabbing the rectum and vagina with a Q-tip, and then waiting to see if GBS grows. It takes about 48 hours to get the results back. The goal is to get the results back before labor begins (CDC, 2010). A culture test during labor is considered the “gold standard,” but this method is not used in practice because it takes too long to get results back. In a recent, high-quality study, researchers did the culture test twice– once at 35-36 weeks and once during labor. They compared the 35-36 week test to the gold standard. Of pregnant people who screened negative for GBS at 35-36 weeks, 91% were still GBS-negative when the gold standard test was done during labor. The other 9% became GBS positive. These 9% were “missed” GBS cases, meaning that these people had GBS, but most (41 out of 42) did not receive antibiotics. Of the pregnant people who screened positive for GBS at 35-36 weeks, 84% were still GBS positive when the gold standard test was done during labor. However, 16% of the GBS-positive people became GBS-negative by the time they went into labor. These 16% received unnecessary antibiotics (Young et al. 2011). Is there a faster test that could be used in labor? It’s possible that a rapid-test for GBS during labor may be a better option for some people, and this has been a hot topic for research over the past few years. In the same study mentioned above, researchers compared the 35-36 week culture test and the in-labor rapid test to the gold-standard test (culture during labor). The researchers found that the 35-36 week culture test only identified 69% of the pregnant people who actually had GBS during labor. Meanwhile, the in-labor rapid test was much more sensitive—it identified 91% of those with GBS during labor (Young et al, 2011). Since the Young study, at least two other studies have found that the rapid test identified 100% of people with GBS during labor. (Helmig et al., 2017; Wolheim et al., 2017). However, one “real life” study (with obstetricians and midwives doing the testing) found that the sensitivity of the rapid test was only 86%, and on average, 24% of test swabs were invalid, meaning that a result was not given 24% of the time. More than half (59%) of these invalid results were due to improper handling of the test. An additional 2-hour training of hospital staff lowered the invalid rate from an initial high of 55% down to 13%. (Mueller et al., 2014). In a 2012 study in France, researchers followed a hospital as it switched from prenatal testing to in-labor testing for GBS. With the in-labor rapid GBS test, more mothers with GBS were identified (17% vs. 12%), there were fewer cases of early GBS infection in newborns (0.5% vs. 0.9%), and the financial cost was the same (El Helali et al. 2012). In another study, researchers estimated that switching from the conventional prenatal test to the rapid test reduced the percentage of people unnecessarily treated with antibiotics from 14% down to 5%. They state that the rapid test strategy does generate extra costs for the hospital, but that these costs could be offset somewhat by decreasing nursing time spent administering unnecessary IV antibiotics or observing uninfected newborns (Poncelet-Jasserand et al. 2013). One drawback of rapid-testing is that it can still take up to an hour or more to get the results back, and people would have to wait to get antibiotics until the results came in (Honest et al. 2006; Young et al. 2011). In one study, researchers found that the average time it took to receive a result was 75 minutes when the test was conducted by laboratory staff, and 165 minutes when the test was conducted by midwives and obstetricians (Mueller et al. 2014). The CDC says that the ideal rapid test for GBS could be done at the bedside in less than 30 minutes (CDC, 2010). What is the evidence for antibiotics during labor to prevent early GBS infection? To answer this question, I will walk you through the most important studies that led to how we most commonly try to prevent early GBS infections in the U.S. today. GBS emerged as a widespread threat to newborns in the early 1970’s. At that time, 1.7 of every 1,000 infants had early GBS infection (CDC 2010). In 1973, a researcher proposed giving pregnant women penicillin to stop early GBS infections in infants (Franciosi et al. 1973). First, researchers tried giving penicillin to women before labor, but this didn’t work. Although penicillin temporarily lowered GBS levels, by the time women went into labor the GBS levels were back up again (Gardner et al. 1979). Next, researchers tried giving antibiotics to those with GBS during labor. In the late 1980’s, three groups of researchers in the U.S., Spain, and Finland randomly assigned women with GBS to either receive IV antibiotics during labor (penicillin or ampicillin) or no antibiotics (Boyer & Gotoff 1985; Tuppurainen and Hallman 1989; Matorras et al. 1991). In a recent Cochrane review, researchers combined the results of these 3 studies, with a total of 500 pregnant women. They found that when women with GBS had antibiotics during labor, their infants risk of catching early GBS infection dropped by 83% (Ohlsson & Shah 2013). As the Cochrane reviewers noted, there were quite a few limitations to these 3 studies. In their summary, the reviewers said “There is no valid information from these three small, old, and biased trials to inform clinical practice.” However, an alternative perspective would be that there is some valid information from these studies, along with some limitations to the evidence. Was the Cochrane review correct in saying that there was no valid information from these studies to inform practice? The Cochrane Collaboration is a highly respected organization that conducts meta-analyses on different topics related to healthcare. A meta-analysis is a type of research study when researchers pool statistics from previous studies into one large study, and look at the results. The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group has a policy that they only do meta-analyses on randomized, controlled trials. So the Cochrane review on GBS (published in 2009 and “updated” but essentially unchanged in 2013 and 2014) only includes three small randomized, controlled trials, and does not look at other types of evidence, such as evidence from large observational studies where some people received antibiotics and others did not. Are the results from the Cochrane review concerning? The researchers who wrote the Cochrane review on Group B Strep came to strong conclusions against the use of antibiotics for Group B Strep. After reviewing the three existing randomized, controlled trials on Group B Strep, they stated “There is no valid information from these three small, old, and biased trials to inform clinical practice…It is remarkable that in North America the commonly implemented practice of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to GBS colonized women has been so poorly studied.” It is true that these three studies had some major limitations. In fact, most studies published before 1996 suffered from less than optimal written reports of their findings. In the mid-1990’s, researchers became very concerned about the widespread quality problem with clinical trial reports. So in 1996, researchers from Canada and the U.S. came together and published the CONSORT guidelines for clinical trials. CONSORT stands for the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, and it is basically an evidence-based checklist of items that researchers must disclose in their article before they can report the results of their studies in most medical journals. Publishing of the CONSORT guidelines forced researchers to be transparent about their methods, and it greatly improved our ability to evaluate the quality of a clinical trial. The three studies that the Cochrane reviewers critique as being “invalid” were done in 1986, 1989, and 1990, before the CONSORT guidelines were developed. So this partially explains why the written reports of these three studies are not up to today’s standards. What about their critique of the three randomized trials on antibiotics for Group B Strep? To help you understand this issue, I would like to present two different ways that you could look at these three clinical trials: the concerns raised by the Cochrane reviewers, and an alternative point of view. Table: Cochrane Perspective vs. Alternative Perspective \|Cochrane Perspective\|\|Alternative Perspective\| \|None of the studies had a placebo treatment. The antibiotics were compared to no treatment.\|\|This would not have changed the findings. The diagnosis of GBS in infants is not subjective or symptom-based, but it is based on culture (lab test) results.\| \|Patients, care providers, and researchers were not blinded to the group assignments.\|\|Likewise, this would not have changed the results. Blinding is much more important when the outcome of interest is subjective, like pain or quality of life.\| \|The researchers did not do an up-front “power analysis” to determine the appropriate sample size.\|\|It is possible that the researchers conducted a power analysis but did not report it, since power analyses were not required information for medical journals before 1996. Also, the meta-analysis did show a difference in GBS infection rates, so it appears that the studies were adequately powered to observe differences between the groups.\| \|The sample sizes were likely too small to detect differences in early GBS infection and mortality.\|\|But the studies did show a difference in early GBS infection rates. True, larger studies may have been better able to detect a difference in mortality rates, but it would take a very large sample, and such a study may not be practical or ethical given that the researchers found a decrease in GBS infection rates.\| \|Only one of the three studies specifically looked at mortality.\|\|Yes, this is a limitation, but we are interested in GBS infections, because they are a big deal. Infants are in the ICU for many weeks. This is traumatic, can have long term health effects, and also costs a lot of money.\| \|Boyd et al. published their results and then announced that they only needed one more event in the control group to achieve statistical significance. After this one event happened, they re-published the study with the new “significant” finding. This indicates a high level of bias and possible manipulation of the study findings.\|\|This is not ideal, but it is not uncommon for researchers to do a preliminary data analysis, find that there is a “trend” towards statistical significance, and then continue collecting more data. A trend towards significant results often indicates that the study needs only a slightly larger sample size in order to determine differences between groups.\| \|Boyd et al. improperly tweaked their statistics (switched from a 2-tailed test to a 1-tailed test) so that the results were changed from “not significant” to “statistically significant.”\|\|In current times, researchers would have handled this differently by doing something called a “sensitivity analysis” and appropriately explained what they were doing.\| \|Boyd et al. excluded all women who developed a fever from their statistics, which is incredible considering the fact that fever is a risk factor for early GBS infection.\|\|The researchers excluded women with fever because all these women needed to receive antibiotics—they ethically could not stay in an untreated group. Therefore they were not eligible to be in this ‘preventive trial’. This was an appropriate thing to do.\| \|They were missing final results for 11% of women and infants in the study.\|\|Yes, but it is unlikely that any of these missing individuals had GBS infections or were septic. Nowadays, there is a different type of analysis that we could have done to account for the missing data.\| In summary, although these three studies had limitations (not uncommon for research published before 1996), there was also some valid information that we can use. Although it would be best if we had modern, larger, randomized, controlled trials on antibiotics for Group B Strep, such trials would be very impractical and highly unlikely to be carried out, given that antibiotics are already in routine use. Furthermore, we have newer evidence from large observational studies that we can use to look at the potential benefits and risks of antibiotics for Group B Strep. Based on information from the 3 original randomized, controlled trials, in 1996, the CDC initially recommended 2 ways to prevent early GBS infections: - The “universal approach.” Screen all pregnant people at 35-37 weeks and treat everyone who is positive with antibiotics during labor (this is the method that is currently used in the U.S.) - The “risk-based approach.” Treat laboring people with antibiotics if they have one or more of these risk factors: GBS in the urine at any point in pregnancy, previously gave birth to an infant with early GBS infection, goes into labor at less than 37 weeks, has a fever during labor, or water has been broken for more than 18 hours (this is the method that is currently used in the United Kingdom) In 2002, the CDC revised their guidelines to recommend the universal approach. This decision was based on an important study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (Schrag et al. 2002). In this study, researchers used CDC lab results and chart reviews to look at 629,912 live births that took place in the U.S. between the years 1998-1999.The researchers randomly selected 5,144 of these births to study, plus all 314 infants who were born with early GBS. They used hospital records to label people as receiving the universal approach (52%) or the risk-based approach (48%). The results? There were 0.5 infants born with GBS per every 1,000 pregnant parents. People in both groups received antibiotics about a third of the time. But people whose care providers used the universal approach had a 54% reduction in the risk of early GBS infection compared to people whose care providers used the risk-based approach. This means that the universal approach worked better than the risk-based approach. In 2002-2003, the same group of researchers looked at 819,528 births in the U.S. to see whether the revised guidelines had been put into practice. Like the previous study, the researchers picked a random sample of birthing people and infants to analyze, along with the 254 infants who had early GBS infection. Between 1999 and 2002, use of the universal approach rose from about 50% to 85%, and use of antibiotics during labor rose from 27% to 32%. This time around, there were 0.32 infants born with early GBS per every 1,000 birthing people (down from 0.5 cases per 1,000 only four years earlier). When researchers looked at the infants born at 37 weeks or later who had early GBS, only 18.0% were born to pregnant parents who were not screened. Most of the cases of GBS in term infants (61%) happened in pregnant parents who had been screened but tested negative for GBS. The researchers concluded that universal screening and antibiotic use cannot be expected to prevent 100% of early GBS infections, and that if we want to further lower GBS infection rates, then we will need access to rapid testing and vaccines against GBS (Van Dyke et al. 2009). What is the best time to receive antibiotics for GBS? The CDC recommends that antibiotics be given every 4 hours, starting more than 4 hours before birth. Recent evidence supports these recommendation: In 2013, researchers looked at 7,691 live births that took place during 2003-2004 in the U.S. (randomly selected out of >600,000 births), along with 254 infants who had early GBS infection (Fairlie et al., 2013). About 1 in 3 birthing people had antibiotics during labor (31%), and 59% of those received antibiotics more than 4 hours before birth. When penicillin or ampicillin was given more than 4 hours before birth, it was effective 89% of the time. In contrast, giving antibiotics 2-4 hours before birth was effective 38% of the time. Antibiotics given less than 2 hours before birth were effective 47% of the time. When Clindamycin (another antibiotic) was used in place of penicillin, it worked very poorly (only 22% effective). There was no statistical difference between the 2-4 hour window and the 2-0 hour window, so even though the percentages look different, they are not statistically significant. In another study published in 2013, researchers reviewed the medical records of 4,756 birthing people who received antibiotics during labor for GBS– 1,149 received antibiotics for less than 4 hours, and 3,633 receiving antibiotics for 4 or more hours. More infants whose mothers received less than 4 hours of antibiotics had a discharge diagnosis of sepsis when compared to infants whose mothers received 4 hours or more of antibiotics (1.4% versus 0.4%.) (Turrentine et al., 2013). Finally, a study carried out in Uruguay in 2015 followed 60 carriers of GBS at term who came to the hospital in early labor. They swabbed each person for GBS before antibiotics were started, and then again 2 and 4 hours after the first dose of penicillin was given. The researchers found that 72% of the participants were GBS positive before antibiotics were started, 47% were positive 2 hours after the first dose, and only 12% were positive for GBS 4 hours after the first dose. In all 60 newborns, the cord blood and amniotic fluid reached therapeutic levels of penicillin, even though 28% of the women gave birth before 4 hours. The maximum effect of the antibiotics was reached at 4 hours, just before the next dose was due (Scasso et al. 2015). How will antibiotics during labor affect a newborn’s microbiome? When this Evidence Based Birth® article was first published in early 2014, I could not find any evidence on the effects of in-labor antibiotics for GBS on the newborn’s microbiome. However, since that time, I have found 8 studies in which researchers have looked at the microbiota consequences of IV antibiotics during labor for Group B Strep. In these studies (Table 1), researchers enrolled infants whose mothers had IV antibiotics during labor (typically for GBS) and compared them to infants whose mothers did not have IV antibiotics during labor. Most researchers studied the infant microbiome by collecting and analyzing stool samples at time points ranging from 3 days of life to 1 year of age. Overall, researchers found that receiving IV antibiotics during labor does impact the infant’s microbiome, at least temporarily. Seven of eight studies found that IV antibiotics during labor had at least a short-term effect on reducing beneficial bacteria and/or increasing levels of non-beneficial bacteria. Of the four studies that followed the infant microbiome over time, two found that the infant’s microbiome had either recovered or mostly recovered by 4-8 weeks, while two other studies found important differences that persisted up to 3 months or a year later in some infants. Perhaps the most important study on this topic, and the only study to follow infants for a year, was conducted by researchers in Canada. In 2016, Azad et al. studied 198 mother-infant pairs from a large Canadian cohort study. Infants could be included in the microbiome study if they had stool samples collected at 3 months and 1 year, and if they had complete information about antibiotic exposure during labor and infancy. Infants were separated into 4 groups: no antibiotic exposure during labor with vaginal birth (57%), antibiotic exposure with vaginal birth (21%), antibiotic exposure with elective Cesarean (9%), and antibiotic exposure with unplanned Cesarean (13%). Cefazolin was the antibiotic that was typically used during Cesareans, and penicillin was the antibiotic of choice for vaginal births. Researchers also measured the presence and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. The results showed that the infant microbiome was influenced by antibiotic exposure during labor, birth route (Cesarean or vaginal birth), and breastfeeding. At 3 months, infants exposed to antibiotics during labor or birth had a decreased level of Bacteroidetes (a beneficial bacteria), as well as a decrease in the “richness” of their microbiome, regardless of whether they were exclusively breastfed or not. The most severe deficiencies happened among infants born by Cesarean. Infants born by Cesarean also had higher levels of Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus—potentially harmful bacteria. At one year of age, most of these differences were gone, showing that the effect on the microbiome was short-term. However, some negative effects on the microbiome still persisted in infants born by unplanned Cesarean who had not been breastfed for at least 3 months. The changes in the microbiome seen in all of these studies are consistent with what one would expect after administering IV antibiotics, like ampicillin, that mainly act against gram-positive bacteria. Killing off gram-positive bacteria (like Group B Strep) can lead to an over-abundance of gram-negative bacteria. Also, some beneficial bacteria, like Bacteroidetes, are sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin, meaning that they are also killed off by the antibiotic. In summary, it does appear that IV antibiotics during labor have a short-term negative effect on the infant’s microbiome, but that this negative effect can be lessened by breastfeeding. Research is needed to determine if giving probiotics to mothers and/or newborns can help lessen or reverse the impact of IV antibiotics on the infant’s microbiome. Research is needed to determine if there are any long-term effects associated with the temporary reduction in beneficial bacteria. What are the potential benefits and harms of the universal screening and treatment approach? - In clinical trials, using antibiotics (penicillin or ampicillin) during labor decreases the risk of early GBS infection by 83%, although there are limitations to the quality of this evidence (Ohlsson 2013) - Penicillin rapidly crosses the placenta into the fetal circulation (at non-toxic levels) and can prevent GBS from growing in the fetus or newborn (CDC 2010; Barber et al. 2008). - In large studies in the U.S., the universal approach (screening and treating all GBS-positive pregnant parents with antibiotics during labor) is associated with lower rates of GBS infections than giving antibiotics based on risk factors alone (Schrag et al. 2002). - Most research has found that antibiotic resistance has not been a problem with penicillin, the drug most commonly used to prevent early GBS infection (CDC 2010; Melo et al. 2016). However, one recent study found a 12% resistance rate in Italy (Matain et al. 2016). - Although rare, severe allergic reactions have been reported. The risk is estimated to be 1 in 10,000 for a severe reaction, and 1 in 100,000 for a fatal reaction. (Weiss and Adkinson 1988). - IV antibiotics have been shown to cause a short-term negative effect on the infant’s microbiome; however, most infants will experience a recovery of their microbiome, and this recovery is enhanced by breastfeeding. - There is an increase in the risk of maternal and newborn yeast infections, which can harm the breastfeeding relationship. In one study, 15% of women who received antibiotics in labor had mother-baby yeast infections (maternal nipple and infant mouth infections), compared to 7% of mothers who did not have antibiotics (Dinsmoor et al. 2005). - Other potential harms have to do with side effects related to the antibiotic that is used (click on the link to see a comprehensive list of potential side effects for each antibiotic, but keep in mind that most of the serious risks are rare): Penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, clindaymycin, and vancomycin. - The potential medicalization of labor and birth (RCOG 2003). What are the best antibiotics for someone who is allergic to penicillin? Many people who have an allergy to penicillin can take Cefazolin instead. One advantage to Cefazolin is that (like penicillin) it crosses the placenta quickly and reaches the fetus’s bloodstream. Penicillin and Cefazolin also have a relatively narrow spectrum of antibiotic activity, which means they are less likely to encourage antibiotic resistance. If someone is at high risk for anaphylaxis with penicillin (i.e., has a history of anaphylaxis or has had respiratory distress, hives, or swelling beneath the skin after receiving penicillin), then the CDC recommends several different antibiotics instead of Cefazolin. Which antibiotic a birthing person can take depends on the results of their GBS lab tests. Alternative antibiotics include clindamycin and vancomycin. Unfortunately, clindamycin and vancomycin have never been tested in clinical trials for the prevention of early GBS infection. However, there is some research on whether these drugs can cross the placenta and reach therapeutic levels. Clindamycin faces high rates of drug resistance and doesn’t concentrate as well as Cefazolin in the fetal bloodstream (CDC, 2010). It should never be used unless the pregnant parent’s GBS has been specifically tested and it is known that these antibiotics will work on their particular strain of GBS. Vancomycin can be used in someone who is highly allergic to penicillin and whose GBS is either resistant to clindamycin or test results are not available. Vancomycin is used cautiously because it is a drug of last resort for many bacterial infections (CDC, 2016). It is also thought to be less effective than clindamycin for preventing early newborn GBS infection; however, new evidence suggests that vancomycin can reach effective levels more than 90% of the time using a different dose regimen (Towers and Weitz, 2017). This new approach might be more effective than what the 2010 CDC guidelines recommend. Also, the effects of these more broad-spectrum antibiotics on the infant’s microbiome are unknown, but it is possible that these antibiotics may have a stronger effect on the infant’s microbiome, given their effectiveness against a broader range of bacteria. Finally, although some care providers may use erythromycin to prevent early GBS, the CDC states that erythromycin should never be used to prevent early GBS infection (CDC, 2010). If I have antibiotics, does this mean I will be continuously hooked up to an IV? Not necessarily. If you use the antibiotics, you will have an IV placed, but it only takes 15-30 minutes for the antibiotics to run in. The antibiotics are only given every 4 hours until birth, which for many people is only once or twice. When the IV is running, it should not limit positioning, walking, or even laboring in water. For the hours in between, parents can ask for the IV can be “hep-locked” or “saline-locked” and detached, so that you are free from the IV pole. For more information about saline locks, please read my article about saline locks during labor here. For low-risk, healthy pregnant people, it is a very reasonable request to ask for the IV to be hep-locked or saline-locked in between antibiotic doses. For more information on IV fluids during labor, please read this article here. To learn about the evidence for eating and drinking during labor, click here. Are there any other options? One alternative to the universal approach is the “risk-based approach.” This is when you receive antibiotics based on other risk factors such as having a fever or your water being broken for more than 18 hours. This alternative is no longer recommended by the CDC. The number of birthing people who receive antibiotics is roughly the same whether you choose the universal approach or the risk-based approach—about 30%. However, as already mentioned, evidence from large observational studies shows that the universal approach is more effective than giving antibiotics based on risk factors alone. Chlorhexadine (aka Hibiclens) Chlorhexadine is a topical disinfectant that kills bacteria on contact. It binds easily to the skin and mucous membranes. In the vagina, the anti-GBS effects of chlorhexadine last from 3-6 hours. Chlorhexadine has been shown to be safe, is easy to administer, and only costs a few cents per use (Goldenberg et al. 2006). Hibiclens is a brand formulation that includes chlorhexadine. Most of the research studies have used chlorhexadine; however, in the U.S., many midwives can only access Hibiclens. In a Cochrane review that was updated in 2014 (Ohlsson et al. 2014), researchers combined results from 4 randomized, controlled trials that compared vaginal chlorhexadine vs. a placebo or no treatment on outcomes of 1,125 infants born to women who were GBS positive. The evidence from these studies was judged to be of very low quality. The researchers removed a 5th trial that had been included in previous versions of the Cochrane review, because it did not include women with known positive GBS status. They also corrected a data analysis mistake from the previous version. In this updated review, the Cochrane reviewers found that chlorhexidine does not reduce the infants’ risk of being colonized with GBS. They also found no difference in early GBS infection rates between people who used the chlorhexadine and those who did not. There were no cases of infant deaths from GBS in either group. The chlorhexadine group had higher rates of the side effects of stinging and irritation. The researchers called for a large clinical trial to test chlorhexadine for the prevention of early GBS. Chlorhexadine may potentially be beneficial for pregnant people living in low-resource countries where access to antibiotics is limited. In their review of the literature, Goldenberg et al. (2006) found 2 studies from developing countries (Egypt and Malawi) where researchers tested chlorhexadine in the vagina every 4 hours during labor and then wiped the newborn with chlorhexidine shortly after birth. This is a lower level of evidence than the studies listed above, because neither of these were randomized, controlled trials. Instead, the researchers followed hospitals over a period of months when: 1) they did not use chlorhexadine, 2) they used chlorhexadine, and 3) they stopped using chlorhexadine. In both studies, researchers found that when chlorhexadine was used in both the vagina and wiped all over the newborn, there were immediate drops in newborn hospital admissions, newborn sepsis (blood infection) admissions, and newborn deaths due to infections. Unfortunately, researchers did not specifically count the number of GBS infections, just the overall number of babies who had admissions for sepsis. So is chlorhexadine effective? Randomized, controlled trials show that in developed countries, applying chlorhexadine topically during labor does not make any difference in GBS colonization or early GBS infection rates. However, evidence from developing countries shows that chlorhexadine vaginal wipes PLUS newborn wipes may reduce sepsis rates in general. Chlorhexidine might be better than nothing, but it cannot prevent the ascent of GBS in the amniotic fluid unless it is given before the birthing person’s water breaks and repeated before its effect wears off. Unlike IV antibiotics, there is no evidence that chlorhexadine can stop GBS from growing in the fetus before birth. Garlic has antibacterial properties, and some websites recommend putting garlic in the vagina to eliminate GBS before the GBS test. However, there is very little evidence to back up this treatment. One group of researchers put garlic extract and GBS in a petri dish together (Cutler et al., 2009). They found that the garlic was able to kill the GBS within about 3 hours. However, this treatment has never been tested in a scientific study with humans. Also, it’s important to understand that back in the 1970’s when researchers tried using penicillin during pregnancy, they found that the antibacterials temporarily lower levels of GBS, but levels almost always go up again by the time someone goes into labor. So by temporarily using garlic, this could help you get a negative test result, but the effect may wear off very quickly. In a letter to the editor in a medical journal, Cohain (2009) described treating 8 women with long-term GBS infections using a half clove of freshly cut garlic, inserted into the vagina at bedtime and removed in the morning for 3 to 6 weeks, with maintenance doses used every 2-4 days. However, none of these women were pregnant, and all of them had active infections. Based on this one small case report we do not have any research evidence yet to inform this practice in pregnant people who are colonized with GBS– meaning we have little evidence about the potential benefits and harms. For example, it is possible that long-term garlic or chlorhexidine use could potentially or theoretically have unexpected effects like premature rupture of membranes or increase other bacteria– even GBS– due to destruction of good bacteria, like lactobacilli. Until researchers examine the potential benefits and harms, there are a lot of unknowns related to this treatment. Vaccines for GBS are under development, but are not available yet at this time (World Health Organization, 2005; Heath 2016). There is a push for a GBS vaccine for several reasons: 1) in-labor antibiotics do not prevent GBS infection 100% of the time (Velaphi et al., 2003), 2) in-labor antibiotics can have side effects, 3) in-labor antibiotics do not prevent other GBS problems, such as preterm labor or late-onset GBS disease in newborns, and 4) developing countries have not been able to implement widespread use of antibiotics for GBS during labor. Taking probiotics (lactobacilli) may lessen your chances of being colonized with GBS. In 2016, researchers published the first randomized trial on using probiotics to switch GBS status from positive to negative (Ho et al. 2016). In this study, researchers randomly assigned 110 women in Taiwan who were GBS positive at 35-37 weeks to take either two probiotic capsules each night at bedtime, or two placebo capsules. Both the pregnant women and the researchers were blinded to the treatment, meaning that nobody knew who was taking a placebo or probiotic while the study was being carried out. The treatment for each person lasted 3 weeks on average, and the GBS culture test was repeated when women returned to the hospital to give birth. The results showed that 43% of GBS positive people who took probiotics were GBS negative when they went into labor, compared to 14% in the placebo group. The researchers state that although more research is needed, probiotics show promise for GBS prevention during pregnancy and birth. The results from the Ho et al. randomized trial are supported by several “in vitro” (petri dish based) studies. In these studies, researchers put vaginal lactobacilli (including a commercially available version) in a petri dish with different strains of GBS. They found that the lactobacilli strongly inhibited the growth of GBS by increasing the acidity of the environment (Acikgov, 2005— article in Turkish; Zarate, 2006). In another small clinical trial, researchers randomly assigned healthy, fertile (but non-pregnant) women to wear panty liners that were saturated with probiotics, or to wear placebo panty liners. The results showed that it is possible to transfer probiotics to the vagina using panty liners. The researchers also found that people who had higher levels of lactobacilli in the vagina had lower levels of GBS (Rönnqvist PD, 2007). There is one larger clinical trial going on right now in which researchers are studying the effects of probiotics on Group B Strep colonization in pregnant people. Hopefully this study will give us more information about the potential effects of probiotics on GBS in pregnancy. The study is scheduled to finish recruiting in 2019. Read more. A few websites mention colloidal silver as a remedy for preventing GBS infection. Although silver has anti-bacterial properties, no known research studies have ever been conducted on taking colloidal silver to prevent a GBS infection—and no studies have ever looked at the safety of colloidal silver in pregnancy. The potential benefits and harms of this substance are unknown. In 1997, the FDA stated that colloidal silver is not safe or effective for any condition. Can infants acquire a GBS infection from staff handling the newborn? Researchers are quite certain that infants catch early GBS infections before they are born—most likely from GBS in the amniotic fluid. As mentioned earlier, almost all infants with early GBS infection show symptoms within an hour after birth. However, infants can catch “late” GBS infections from the hospital (nursery, hands of hospital staff and family members) or the community. This is one reason hand-washing is so important (Kliegman et al. 2011). If I am GBS positive, and I don’t get the IV antibiotics for some reason, what kind of tests will my baby need to have? As long as your baby appears to be doing well and you did not have any additional risk factors (<37 weeks, infection of the uterus, water broken >18 hours), then there is no need for your baby to have any special testing. There are some situations where the CDC recommends that a well-appearing infant have some blood tests. The CDC also recommends 48 hours of “observation” for infants who are born to GBS positive mothers, but there is no need to separate mom and baby for this observation period. To see the CDC’s flow-chart with more details about newborn testing and observation, click here. What do national organizations have to say? In the United States: In 2010, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended universal screening for GBS at 35-37 weeks and in-labor antibiotics for all women who test positive. These recommendations are supported by the: - American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists - American Academy of Pediatrics - American College of Nurse-Midwives - American Academy of Family Physicians - American Society for Microbiology In the United Kingdom: - The United Kingdom National Screening Committee states that pregnant people in the UK should not be screened for GBS. The UK follows the risk-based approach. This includes giving antibiotics in-labor to all women who have fever, prolonged rupture of membranes >18 hours, GBS in urine at any time during pregnancy, preterm labor, or a prior infant with GBS. This means that many people who are actually GBS negative receive antibiotics directed at GBS, just based on their risk factors. In the UK, the rate of early GBS infections is 0.5 per 1,000 births, which is higher than the rate of 0.2 per 1,000 births in the U.S. - The Royal College of Obstetricians does not recommend routine screening for GBS during pregnancy. However, they do state that in-labor antibiotics could be considered if GBS was detected in passing or if women have any of the risk factors listed above. Many people are already receiving antibiotics for these reasons. - There is controversy in the UK over the lack of access to GBS testing within the National Health Service. Group B Strep Support is a consumer-based charity that advocates for women to have access to GBS screening in the UK. - The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) recommends offering GBS screening to all pregnant people and treating those who are positive with IV antibiotics. - The Association of Ontario Midwives recommends GBS screening and has a great article for midwives to use in helping women make an informed choice regarding the treatment strategy. In New Zealand - In 2014, multiple professional organizations released a consensus statement recommending that the risk-based approach should continue to be used in New Zealand. They mention that this recommendation may need to be revised once rapid-screening becomes more available. The rate of early onset GBS disease in New Zealand is comparable to the U.S., with 0.26 cases per 1,000 births. - Adair, C. E., L. Kowalsky, et al. (2003). “Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates: a population-based case-control study.” CMAJ 169(3): 198-203. - Ackigov, Z. C., S. Gamberzade et al. (2005). “Inhibitor effect of vaginal lactobacilli on group B streptococci.” Mikrobiyol Bul 39(1): 17-23. (Article in Turkish and unable to translate). - Aloisio, E., Mazzola, G., Corvaglia, L. T., et al. (2014). “Influence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group B Streptococcus on the early newborn gut composition and evaluation of the anti-Streptococcus activity of Bifidobacterium strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98: 6051-6060. - Aloisio, I., Quagliariello, A., De Fanti, S., et al. (2016). Evaluation of the effects of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on newborn intestinal microbiota using a sequencing approach targeted to multi hypervariable 16S rDNA regions.” Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(12): 5537-46. - Azad, M. B., Konya, T., Persaud, R. R. (2015). “Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life: a prospective cohort study.” BJOG 123: 983-993. - Barber, E. L., G. Zhao, et al. (2008). “Duration of intrapartum prophylaxis and concentration of penicillin G in fetal serum at delivery.” Obstetrics and gynecology 112(2 Pt 1): 265-270. - Boyer, K. M. and S. P. Gotoff (1985). “Strategies for chemoprophylaxis of GBS early-onset infections.” Antibiot Chemother 35: 267-280. - Carroll, A., Eogan, M., Monteith, C., et al. (2016). “Case-control study of neonatal group B streptococcal disease risk factors in a Dublin maternity hospital over a 13-year period.” Int J Gynaecol Obstet 135(1): 117-8. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009). “Trends in perinatal group B streptococcal disease- United States, 2000-2006.” MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 109-112. - CDC (2010). “Prevention of perinatal group b streptococcal disease.” MMWR 59: 1-32. - CDC (2012). “ABCs report: Group B streptococcus, 2010.” Retrieved March 10, 2013. - CDC (1996). “Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: a public health perspective. .” MMWR Recomm Rep 45: 1-24. - CDC (2005). “Early-onset and late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease– United States, 1996-2004.” MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54: 1205-1208. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Questions & Answers About Implementing the 2010 Guidelines for Obstetric Providers. Accessed online August 27, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/clinicians/qas-obstetric.html#antibiotic - Cohain (2009). “Long-term symptomatic group B streptococcal vulvovaginitis: eight cases resolved with freshly cut garlic.” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 146(1): 110-111. - Corvaglia, L., Tonti, G., Martini, S., et al. (2016). “Influence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus on gut microbiota in the first month of life.” JPGN 62: 304-308. - Cutler, R. R., Odent M, et al. (2009). In vitro activity of an aqueous allicin extract and a novel allicin topical gel formulation against Lancefield group B streptococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 63(1): 151-154. . - Dinsmoor, M. J., R. Viloria, et al. (2005). “Use of intrapartum antibiotics and the incidence of postnatal maternal and neonatal yeast infections.” Obstetrics and gynecology 106(1): 19-22. - El Helali, N., Y. Giovangrandi, et al. (2012). “Cost and effectiveness of intrapartum group B streptococcus polymerase chain reaction screening for term deliveries.” Obstetrics and gynecology 119(4): 822-829. - Fairlie, T., E. R. Zell, et al. (2013). “Effectiveness of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of early-onset group b streptococcal disease.” Obstetrics and gynecology 121(3): 570-577. - Feigin, R. D., J. D. Cherry, et al. (2009). Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Saunders. - Fouhy, F. et al. (2012). “High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals the Incomplete, Short-Term Recovery of Infant Gut Microbiota following Parenteral Antibiotic Treatment with Ampicillin and Gentamicin.” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56(11): 5811–5820. - Franciosi, R. A., J. D. Knostman, et al. (1973). “Group B streptococcal neonatal and infant infections.” J Pediatr 82(4): 707-718. Click here. - Gardner, S. E., M. D. Yow, et al. (1979). “Failure of penicillin to eradicate group B streptococcal colonization in the pregnant woman. A couple study.” Am J Obstet Gynecol 135(8): 1062-1065. - Goldenberg, R. L., E. M. McClure, et al. (2006). “Use of vaginally administered chlorhexidine during labor to improve pregnancy outcomes.” Obstetrics and gynecology 107(5): 1139-1146. - Heath, P. T., G. F. Balfour, et al. (2009). “Group B streptococcal disease in infants: a case control study.” Arch Dis Child 94(9): 674-680. - Heath, P. T. (2016). “Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for GBS.” Vaccine 34(26): 2876-9. - Helmig, R. B., &v Gertsen, J. B. (2017). “Diagnostic accuracy of polymerase chain reaction for intrapartum detection of group B strep colonization.” Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Epub ahead of print. - Ho, M., Chang, Y., Chang, W. (2016). “Oral Lactobacillus rhamnosusGR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteriRC-14 to reduce Group BStreptococcus colonization in pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial.” Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 55(4): 515-8. - Honest, H., S. Sharma, et al. (2006). “Rapid tests for group B Streptococcus colonization in laboring women: a systematic review.” Pediatrics 117(4): 1055-1066. - Johri, A. K., L. C. Paoletti, et al. (2006). “Group B Streptococcus: global incidence and vaccine development.” Nat Rev Microbiol 4(12): 932-942. - Keski-Nisula, L., Kyynarainen, H. R., Karkkainen, U., et al. (2013). “Maternal intrapartum antibiotics and decreased vertical transmission of Lactobacillus to neonates during birth.” Acta Paediatr 102(5): 480-5. - Kliegman, R. M., B. F. Stanton, et al. (2011). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Saunders. - Libster, R., K. M. Edwards, et al. (2012). “Long-term outcomes of group B streptococcal meningitis.” Pediatrics 130(1): e8-15. - Mandell, G. L., J. E. Bennett, et al. (2010). Principles and practice of infectious diseases, Elsevier. - Matani, C., Trezzi, M., Matteini, A., et al. (2016). “Streptococcus agalactiae: prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in vaginal and rectal swabs in Italian pregnant women.” Infez Med 24(3): 217-21. - Matorras, R., A. Garcia-Perea, et al. (1991). “Maternal colonization by group B streptococci and puerperal infection; analysis of intrapartum chemoprophylaxis.” Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 38(3): 203-207. - Mazzola, G., Murphy, K., Ross, R. P., et al. (2016). “Early gut microbiota perturbations following intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent Group B Streptococcal disease. PLoS ONE 11(6): e015727. - Melo, S. C., Santos, N. C., Oliveira, M., et al. (2016). “Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from pregnant women.” Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 58: 83. - Mueller, M., Henle, A., Droz, S., et al. (2014). “Intrapartum detection of Group B streptococci colonization by rapid PCR-test on labor ward.” Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 176: 137-41. - Ohlsson, A. and V. S. Shah (2013). “Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD007467. - Ohlsson, A., Shah, V.S., and Stade, B. C. (2014). “Vaginal chlorhexidine during labor to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003520. - Perez-Moreno, M. L., Pico-Plana, E., Grande-Armas, J., et al. (2017). “Group B streptococcal bacteriuria during pregnancy as a risk factor for maternal intrapartum colonization: a prospective cohort study.” J Med Microbiol 66(4): 454-460. - Poncelet-Jasserand, E., Forges, F., Varlet, M. N., et al. (2013). “Reduction in the use of antimicrobial drugs following the rapid detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in the vagina at delivery by real-time PCR assay.” BJOG 120(9): 1098-108. - Ronnqvist, P.D., U. B. Forsgren-Brusk, et al. (2006). “Lactobacilli in the female genital tract in relation to other genital microbes and vaginal pH.” Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 85(6): 726-735. - Scasso, S., Laufer, J., Rodriguez, G., et al. (2015). “Vaginal group B streptococcus status during intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis.” Int J Gynaecol OObstet 129(1): 9-12. - Schrag, S. J., E. R. Zell, et al. (2002). “A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates.” N Engl J Med 347(4): 233-239. - Towers, C. V. and Weitz, B. (2017). Transplacental passage of vancomycin. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med;31(8):1021-1024. Click here. - Tudela, C. M., R. D. Stewart, et al. (2012). “Intrapartum evidence of early-onset group B streptococcus.” Obstetrics and gynecology 119(3): 626-629. - Tuppurainen, N. and M. Hallman (1989). “Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease: intrapartum detection and chemoprophylaxis of heavily colonized parturients.” Obstetrics and gynecology 73(4): 583-587. - Turrentine, M.A. et al. (2013). “Duration of Intrapartum Antibiotics for Group B Streptococcus on the Diagnosis of Clinical Neonatal Sepsis.” Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013: 525878. - Van Dyke, M. K., C. R. Phares, et al. (2009). “Evaluation of universal antenatal screening for group B streptococcus.” N Engl J Med 360(25): 2626-2636. - Velaphi, S., J. D. Siegel, et al. (2003). “Early-onset group B streptococcal infection after a combined maternal and neonatal group B streptococcal chemoprophylaxis strategy.” Pediatrics 111(3): 541-547. - Weiss, M. E. and N. F. Adkinson (1988). “Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin and related antibiotics.” Clin Allergy 18(6): 515-540. - State of the art of vaccine research and development: Initiative for Vaccine Research. 2005. [online] - Wolheim, C., Sperhacke, R. D., Fontana, S. K. R., et al. (2017). “Group B Streptococcus detection in pregnant women via culture and PCR methods.” Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 50(2): 179-183. - Young, B. C., L. E. Dodge, et al. (2011). “Evaluation of a rapid, real-time intrapartum group B streptococcus assay.” Am J Obstet Gynecol 205(4): 372 e371-376. - Zarate, G. & Nader-Macias, M. E. (2006). “Influence of probiotic vaginal lactobacilli on in vitro adhesion of urogenital pathogens to vaginal epithelial cells.” Lett appl Microbiol 43(2): 174-178. \|First Author (Year)\|\|Sample and Methods\|\|Results\|\|Notes\| free PMC article PMC525278 \|Researchers collected stool samples from 50 newborns in France on day 3 after birth. Half of the infants were born to mothers who had IV amoxicillin for GBS during labor, while the other half did not. Infants were matched for gestational age, vaginal or Cesarean birth, and breastfeeding or bottle feeding.\|\|49 of the 50 infants were colonized with bacteria by day 3 of life. The only infant who was not colonized came from the antibiotics group. Bacterial colonization was similar between groups, but there were fewer infants colonized with C. difficile (a harmful bacteria) in the antibiotic group. They also found no difference in colonization rates with antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.\|\|This was the first study that compared bacterial colonization among infants whose mothers received IV antibiotics for GBS, versus those whose mothers did not have GBS or IV antibiotics.\| Researchers examined the gut microbiota of 9 newborns who were given IV ampicillin and gentamicin within 48 hours of birth. They took stool samples 4 and 8 weeks after the infants completed their antibiotics, and compared the results to 9 untreated infants. \|Infants who received antibiotics shortly after birth had much lower levels of beneficial bacteria, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. These good bacteria were replaced by members of the Proteobacteria family. Overall, the infants who received antibiotics shortly after birth had less diversity of their gut microbiome 4 and 8 weeks after antibiotic treatment, despite the fact that some beneficial bacteria had recovered.\|\| The information from this study may or may not apply to infants whose mothers receive IV antibiotics during labor for GBS, because these infants received antibiotics after birth. The most common antibiotic given for GBS during labor is penicillin, with cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin being given less frequently. Keski-Nisula et al. 2013 \|Researchers collected vaginal swabs from 50 mothers approximately 21 days before birth. They also swabbed the baby’s mouth immediately after birth. They only included mother-baby pairs in the final data analysis if the mother had Lactobacillus present in the vagina prenatally, and they excluded babies born by elective Cesarean when the membranes were intact. 17 women received antibiotics during labor—indications for the antibiotics included GBS, suspected chorioamnionitis, and Cesarean.\|\|45 of the 50 women were colonized with Lactobacilli in the last trimester, and 14 of their newborns were also colonized with Lactobacilli dominant mixed flora after birth. The researchers found that longer duration of ruptured membranes and IV antibiotics during labor were independent predictors of a decreased transmission of Lactobacillus to the baby. Of babies born to the 45 mothers who were colonized with Lactobacilli- only 1 baby exposed to antibiotics during labor was colonized with Lactobacillus at birth, while half of the newborns (16 in total) who were not exposed to IV antibiotics during labor were colonized with Lactobacillus at birth.\|\|Researchers are not sure why longer durations of ruptured membranes led to a decreased colonization with Lactobacillus. The researchers state that research is needed to determine if giving to probiotics to mothers and newborns immediately after birth can help lessen the impact of IV antibiotics on the baby’s microbiome.\| Aloisio et al. (2014) \|Collected stool samples from 52 newborns in an Italian NICU at 6 to 7 days after birth. Half of these newborns were born to mothers who had IV antibiotics for GBS, and the other half were born to mothers who were GBS negative and did not receive antibiotics during labor. All of the babies were born vaginally at term and were exclusively breastfed.\|\|All types of bacteria that they tested for were present in both groups; however, the number (counts) of some types of bacteria differed between groups. In the group that was exposed to IV antibiotics during labor, there were lower counts of E. coli and Bifidobacterium, but there were no differences between groups in the average counts of Bacteroides fragilis group, lactobacilli, and C. difficile. In the newborns whose mothers received antibiotics, there was less diversity of the Bifidobacterium that were present.\|\|The authors stated that the most important difference was a significant reduction in bifidobacteria counts (one type of beneficial bacteria) at 1 week of life in infants whose birthing parents received IV antibiotics.\| \|Aloisio (2016)\|\|Collected stool samples at 7 days of age from 10 babies born to GBS-negative mothers who did not receive antibiotics during labor and 10 babies born to GBS-positive mothers who received antibiotics during labor. The 20 newborns in this study were in the NICU at the time their samples were collected, and were all born vaginally at term and had been exclusively breastfed. The authors used a special genetic (DNA) analysis to look at the genetic diversity of the bacteria, called “next generation sequencing.”\|\| The infants whose parents had not received antibiotics had a more “rich” and complex microbial profile, while the babies whose birthing parent had received in-labor antibiotics had very poor diversity of their microbiome, higher levels of gram-negative bacteria, and a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. There were higher levels of gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Proteobacteria in the IV antibiotics group. \|The authors stated that there were clear differences in the gut microbiome between the two groups at one week of age. They also state that the changes in the microbiome are consistent with what one would expect after administering an IV antibiotic like ampicillin that mainly acts against gram-positive bacteria, leading to an over-abundance of gram-negative bacteria.\| \|Researchers enrolled 198 mother-infant pairs from a large Canadian cohort study. The infants included in this sub-study had stool samples collected at 3 and 12 months, and complete data about antibiotic exposure during labor and after birth. Infants were separated into 4 groups: no antibiotic exposure during labor with vaginal delivery (57%), antibiotic exposure with vaginal birth (21%), antibiotic exposure with elective Cesarean (9%), and antibiotic exposure with unplanned Cesarean (13%). Cefazolin was used during Cesareans, and penicillin was used during vaginal births. Researchers also measured the presence and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. They used high through-put genetic sequencing to determine the infant gut microbiome.\|\| Among vaginal births, GBS was the most common reason for antibiotic use during labor (76%), followed by prolonged rupture of membranes (24%). Half (52%) of the infants were exclusively breastfed at 3 months, and half (49%) were still receiving breast milk at one year. The results showed that the infant microbiome was influenced by antibiotic exposure, route of delivery, and breastfeeding. At 3 months, infants exposed to antibiotics during labor had a decreased level of Bacteroidetes, as well as a decrease in microbiome richness, regardless of breastfeeding status. The most severe deficiencies happened among infants born by Cesarean. Infants born by Cesarean also had higher levels of Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus. At one year of age, most of the differences were gone, although some differences remained in infants who were not breastfed for at least 3 months. \|This was the most thorough study so far in terms of measuring antibiotic exposure during labor and during the first year of life, as well as breastfeeding. Breastfeeding had the beneficial effect of helping the microbiome recover after antibiotic exposure—the benefits increased with exclusive breastfeeding and with an increased breastfeeding duration. Although by one year of age the gut seemed to have recovered in all infants who were breastfed for at least 3 months, the researchers were not able to rule out long-term health effects from the initial microbiome changes before that. It is not surprising that Bacteroidetes (a type of beneficial bacteria) were suppressed at 3 months following antibiotic exposure during labor, given that this type of bacteria is sensitive to penicillin and cefazolin.\| \|Researchers enrolled 84 healthy term infants whose mothers had all been screened for GBS. They excluded infants born by Cesarean, who received antibiotics after birth, those admitted to the NICU, or those whose mothers had antibiotics before labor. Stool samples were collected at 7 and 30 days of life, and infants were separated into two groups: those whose mother received antibiotics during labor for GBS, or those whose mother was GBS-negative and did not receive antibiotics during labor. Researchers also collected info on breastfeeding. None of the parents gave their infants probiotics after birth. They researchers counted the number of these beneficial bacteria: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and B. fragilis (includes Bacteroides).\|\|The number of Bificobacterium was lower in the antibiotic group at 7 days of life, but there were no differences between groups at 30 days. There were no differences in Lactobacillus or B. fragilis group bacteria at either time point. There were higher counts of Bifidobacterium at 7 days among infants who did not receive antibiotics during labor and those who were exclusively breastfed. By 30 days, there was no relationship between Bifidobacterium and feeding type or antibiotics.\|\|The authors concluded that the counts of these bacteria were only temporarily lowered by antibiotic use during labor. However, this study is limited by its use of simple bacterial counts of only 3 bacterial groups, and no examination of microbiome richness, although they did use molecular techniques that improves the accuracy of bacterial counts.\| \|Researchers enrolled 26 infants from the NICU in a hospital in Italy. Infants could be in the study if they were born vaginally at term, had a normal weight at birth (2.5 to 4 kg) and their mothers were screened for GBS at 35-37 weeks. Stool samples were collected at 7 days and 30 days of life. Infants were separated into 4 groups: breastfed infants born to GBS-negative mothers who did not receive antibiotics during labor (“breast fed control”), breastfed infants born to GBS positive mothers who received antibiotics during labor, mixed-fed infants born to GBS negative mothers (“mixed fed control”), and mixed-fed infants born to GBS positive mothers who received antibiotics during labor.\|\| Among breastfed infants, the researchers found a lower diversity of bacteria at 7 and 30 days in infants who received antibiotics during labor compared to the control group. The most prominent differences at day 7 were found with higher numbers of Enterobacteriacaea family (Escherichia) and lower numbers of Bifidobacterium. By day 30, the bifidobacteria had recovered, but there were still higher levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the infants exposed to antibiotics during labor. Mixed-fed infants exposed to antibiotics had higher numbers of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Streptococcus, and bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family when compared to mixed fed control infants at 7 days. The control groups who were mixed-fed had higher levels of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and Bifidobacterium at 7 days. By day 30, the two mixed-fed groups looked more similar in terms of their microbiome. There was less diversity and richness in the microbiome of breastfed infants exposed to antibiotics during labor, compared to mixed-fed infants exposed to antibiotics during labor. \|These researchers are not sure why the breastfed infants exposed to antibiotics during labor fared worse in terms of richness and diversity of their microbiome profile, compared to mixed-fed infants exposed to antibiotics. They propose that perhaps there are effects of the antibiotics on breast milk when the mother is exposed to antibiotics during labor, but this needs further study. They also state that we need research on probiotic supplements to help newborns balance the microbiome after antibiotic exposure during labor.\| I would like to acknowledge my reviewers for helping maintain the quality of articles published at Evidence Based Birth. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Jessica Illuzzi, Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, and researcher who studies Group B Strep at Yale School of Medicine, for her expert review and assistance in writing the original article published in 2014. I would also like to acknowledge Robert Modugno, MD, FACOG, and Shannon J. Voogt, MD, Board-Certified in Family Medicine, and 2 other anonymous reviewers (a GBS researcher and a microbiologist) for their review of the original article. This article was since updated by Rebecca Dekker, PhD, RN, in 2017, with the revisions reviewed by Julie Le, Microbiologist, Birth Doula CD (DONA), and Evidence based Birth® Instructor and Shannon J. Voogt, MD, Board-Certified in Family Medicine. Join others who also want to help bring evidence-based care to their local community. Also, gain complimentary access to a printable library of our Signature Articles, 20+ hours of CE courses, a private community, and more. Buy EBB Inspirational T-shirts, Due Date Buttons & Birth Affirmation Cards Stay empowered, read more : EBB 197 – Addressing Perinatal Mental Health for Communities of Color with the Co-Founders of the Perinatal Mental Health Alliance for People of Color, Divya Kumar, Jabina Coleman, and Desirée Israel Don't miss an episode! Subscribe to our podcast: iTunes \| Stitcher On today’s episode, we have EBB podcast coordinator, Mystique Hargrove, talking with the co-founders of the Perinatal Mental Health Alliance for People of Color, Divya Kumar, Jabina Coleman, and... Don't miss an episode! Subscribe to our podcast: iTunes \| Stitcher On today's podcast, we're going to talk with Brittany Sharpe McCollum about pelvic biomechanics, movement, and fetal positioning during labor. Brittany Sharpe McCollum, CCE (BWI), CD (DONA), CLC... Don't miss an episode! Subscribe to our podcast: iTunes \| Stitcher On today's podcast, we're going to talk with Rose Rankin about grief and healing through pregnancy and infant loss. Rose Rankin (she/her) is a full spectrum doula from Brooklyn, New York, who lives...
Information Possibly Outdated The information presented on this page was originally released on October 14, 2004. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding. Reduced soybean seed rates don't limit yields MISSISSIPPI STATE -- Soybean producers are learning that planting fewer seeds can mean higher profits. Rising seed technology fees are encouraging soybean producers to be frugal as they plant. Soybean seed costs about $26 to $27 a bag this year, but there is speculation it will rise to as much as $35 as seed companies pass on a higher cost of research and development. "We've always had the tendency to over-plant. It's just been our nature," said Alan Blaine, soybean specialist with the Mississippi State University Extension Service. "For 12 years, I begged growers to fine-tune planting equipment and plant fewer seeds, but not many listened. With prices rising to about 60 cents a pound, they're listening now." Blaine said soybeans have a tremendous capacity to compensate for thin stands, and with proper variety selection, growers can plant fewer beans and still see the same yield. "A lot of the reason we used to plant heavy populations was for weed control," Blaine said. "We don't need that any more because we have good herbicides available." Blaine said early-planted soybeans should have 130,000 to 160,000 plants per acre and 100,000 to 130,000 for later-planted beans. Actual planting rates are individual decisions made based on soil type, land preparation, variety, weather forecast and more. "You don't have to cover many acres with a reduced seed rate before you can buy a new planter with the money you save," Blaine said. Charlie Stokes, area agronomic crops Extension agent working out of Monroe County, used a 30-acre demonstration plot last year to introduce producers to the concept of reduced seeding rates. Forty pounds of Roundup-Ready soybeans were planted per acre with a vacuum planter. The producer who owns the field usually planted 60 pounds an acre with a grain drill. "At harvest, the soybeans yielded an average of 50 bushels an acre, which equaled the producer's best-ever average while planting 60 pounds of seed per acre," Stokes said. This field netted a per acre seed cost savings of $10 while yielding the same harvest. Stokes said reduced soybean seeding rates are suited to a wide-row system planted with a precise planter. Seed treatment is very important, and he recommended growers select a soybean variety that branches out and fills in the space between plants. Mack Young, Quitman County Extension director, convinced two area producers last year to plant four to five seeds per foot of row rather than eight or nine as they had been planting. They planted about 30 pounds of seed per acre rather than 45 pounds. "Average yields for both producers were above 40 bushels per acre, which was comparable with the higher seeding rates they had been using," Young said. He said these producers saved nearly $8 an acre using the lower seed rate on 2,000 acres. "Whether you have four or nine plants per foot of row, there's not going to be a bean's difference in yield," Young said. "The fallacy of planting more seeds is if you don't get a stand from planting six seeds, conditions won't let you get one from planting 10 to 12 seeds."
Alternatively you can directly sow your onions in to the main field. Make 2cm furrows, broad cast in manure and finely mix it with the soil. Place in your onion sets or transplants then gently cover with soil. Water the onion plantlets to give them moisture needed for proper root establishment. How do spring onions grow in Uganda? Quick tips planting spring onions in Africa - Clear up space meant for planting, or you can use a container with draining holes. - Open up 1.5-2 cm holes on surface. - Gently spread in your tiny seeds. - Cover thinly with soils and water to give moisture. - Watch out for birds as they love the green so much. How much is a sack of onions in Uganda? The sack of the bigger onions fetches between Shs150,000 and Shs200,000 and depending on the packing, where some bags are heavily packed, a trader will pay up to Shs330, 000. For some wholesale and retail buyers, it is logical to buy bigger onions over many smaller ones. How many months do onions take to grow? Step 5: The Crop Will Be Ready for Harvest in Four to Five Months. You will know that the plant is ready when the tops of onions are visible above the soil. How long do spring onions take to sprout? – Sow seeds in trays of compost ½ an inch deep, covering them with ¼ inch of compost. – Keep the seeds moist and within a temperature between 15 to 18 °C. – They should start to germinate from 7 to 14 days. How long do onions take to grow in Uganda? How to Harvest Onions in Uganda. Onions need around 4 months to mature. The last 3 weeks before harvesting the weather should be absolutely rain free. Is growing onions profitable in Uganda? Most of the common onion varieties grown in Uganda have a lower yield compared to hybrids. … The high-yielding onion variety has potential to yield between 18 and 25 tonnes from an acre compared to open-pollinated varieties (OPV) such as Red Coach F1 and Red Creole which yield 7-10 tonnes in the same acreage. Do onions require a lot of water? Onion plants require adequate water to produce high yields, but it doesn’t take much over watering for your onions to become diseased and rot in the ground. … In a typical 12 week growing season, we recommend irrigating with one inch of water once or twice a week depending on the amount of rainfall received. How many onions do you get from one plant? If you plant the whole cut bottom as one piece, you may get more than one new onion but they will likely be crowded together and small. The number of plants a single onion can grow will vary from 1-6, the onion pictured above can be divided into two. What is the best time to plant onion sets? The best time to sow onion sets is mid March to mid April. If you are sowing red onion sets is better to leave them till April as they are more prone to bolting and a later planting may help. Sets can also be sown in Autumn from September to early October. How long does it take for red onions to grow? Red onions grown for bulbs usually require three to four months to reach maturity while green onions are ready to pick in as little as three weeks. What kind of fertilizer do onions need? Fertilization and Growing Tips Onions require a high source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-based fertilizer (ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate) should be applied at the rate of one cup per twenty feet of row. Does garlic need full sun? Garlic thrives in full sun in loose soil. Choose a well-drained garden bed that receives 6-8 hours of sunlight per day.
Fundamentals of Relational Database Design andDatabase Planning J.Trumbo Fermilab CSS-DSG Outline • Definitions • Selecting a dbms • Selecting an application layer • Relational Design • Planning • A very few words about Replication • Space DefinitionsWhat is a database? A database is the implementation of freeware or commercial software that provides a means to organize and retrieve data. The database is the set of physical files in which all the objects and database metadata are stored. These files can usually be seen at the operating system level. This talk will focus on the organize aspect of data storage and retrieval. Commercial vendors include MicroSoft and Oracle. Freeware products include mysql and postgres. For this discussion, all points/issues apply to both commercial and freeware products. DefinitionsInstance A database instance, or an ‘instance’ is made up of the background processes needed by the database software. These processes usually include a process monitor, session monitor, lock monitor, etc. They will vary from database vendor to database vendor. DefinitionsWhat is a schema? A SCHEMA IS NOT A DATABASE, AND A DATABASE IS NOT A SCHEMA. A database instance controls 0 or more databases. A database contains 0 or more database application schemas. A database application schema is the set of database objects that apply to a specific application. These objects are relational in nature, and are related to each other, within a database to serve a specific functionality. For example payroll, purchasing, calibration, trigger, etc. A database application schema not a database. Usually several schemas coexist in a database. A database application is the code base to manipulate and retrieve the data stored in the database application schema. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions • Table, a set of columns that contain data. In the old days, a table was called a file. • Row, a set of columns from a table reflecting a record. • Index, an object that allows for fast retrieval of table rows. Every primary key and foreign key should have an index for retrieval speed. • Primary key, often designated pk, is 1 or more columns in a table that makes a record unique. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions • Foreign key, often designated fk, is a common column common between 2 tables that define the relationship between those 2 tables. • Foreign keys are either mandatory or optional. Mandatory forces a child to have a parent by creating a not null column at the child. Optional allows a child to exist without a parent, allowing a nullable column at the child table (not a common circumstance). Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions Entity Relationship Diagram or ER is a pictorial representation of the application schema. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions Constraints are rules residing in the database’s data dictionary governing relationships and dictating the ways records are manipulated, what is a legal move vs. what is an illegal move. These are of the utmost importance for a secure and consistent set of data. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions Data Manipulation Language or DML, sql statements that insert, update or delete database in a database. Data Definition Language or DDL, sql used to create and modify database objects used in an application schema. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions A transaction is a logical unit of work that contains one or more SQL statements. A transaction is an atomic unit. The effects of all the SQL statements in a transaction can be either all committed (applied to the database) or all rolled back (undone from the database), insuring data consistency. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions • A view is a selective presentation of the structure of, and data in, one or more tables (or other views). A view is a ‘virtual table’, having predefined columns and joins to one or more tables, reflecting a specific facet of information. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions Database triggers are PL/SQL, Java, or C procedures that run implicitly whenever a table or view is modified or when some user actions or database system actions occur. Database triggers can be used in a variety of ways for managing your database. For example, they can automate data generation, audit data modifications, enforce complex integrity constraints, and customize complex security authorizations. Trigger methodology differs between databases. Definitions Cont.Primary Definitions Replication is the process of copying and maintaining database objects, such as tables, in multiple databases that make up a distributed database system. Backups are copies of the database data in a format specific to the database. Backups are used to recover one or more files that have been physically damaged as the result of a disk failure. Media recovery requires the restoration of the damaged files from the most recent operating system backup of a database. It is of the utmost importance to perform regularly scheduled backups. Definitions Cont. Mission Critical Applications An application is defined as mission critical, imho, if 1. there are legal implications or financial loss to the institution if the data is lost or unavailable. 2. there are safety issues if the data is lost or unavailable. 3. no data loss can be tolerated. 4. uptime must be maximized (98%+). Definitions Cont. ‘large’ or ‘very large’ or ‘a lot’ Seems odd, but ‘large’ is a hard definition to determine. Vldb is an acronym for very large databases. Its definition varies depending on the database software one selects. Very large normally indicates data that is reaching the limits of capacity for the database software, or data that needs extraordinary measures need to be taken for operations such as backup, recovery, storage, etc. Definitions Cont. Commercial databases do not a have a practical limit to the size of the load. Issues will be backup strategies for large databases. Freeware does limit the size of the databases, and the number of users. Documentation on these issues vary widely from the freeware sites to the user sites. Mysql supposedly can support 8T and 100 users. However, you will find arguments on the users lists that these numbers cannot be met. Selecting a DBMS Many options, many decisions, planning, costs, criticality. For lots of good information, please refer to the urls on the last slides. Many examples of people choosing product. Selecting a DBMSHow do I Choose? Which database product is appropriate for my application? You must make a requirements assessment. Does you database need 24x7 availability? Is your database mission critical, and no data loss can be tolerated? Is your database large? (backup recovery methods) What data types do I need? (binary, large objects?) Do I need replication? What level of replication is required? Read only? Read/Write? Read/Write is very expensive, so can I justify it? Selecting a DBMSHow do I Choose? Cont. If your answer to any of the above is ‘yes’, I would strongly suggest purchasing and using a commercial database with support. Support includes: • 24x7 assistance with technical issues • Patches for bugs and security • The ability to report bugs, and get them resolved in a timely manner. • Priority for production issues • Upgrades/new releases • Assistance with and use of proven backup/recovery methods Selecting a DBMSThe Freeware Choice Freeware is an alternative for applications. However, be fore warned, support for these databases is done via email to a ad hoc support group. The level of support via these groups may vary over the life of your database. Be prepared. Also expect less functionality than any commercial product. See http://www-css.fnal.gov/dsg/external/freeware/ Selecting a DBMSThe Freeware Choice Freeware is free. Freeware is open source. Freeware functionality is improving. Freeware is good for smaller non-mission critical applications. Selecting an Application Layer Again, planning takes center stage. In the end you want stability and dependability. • How many users need access? • What will the security requirements be? • Are there software licensing issues that need consideration? • Is platform portability a requirement? • Two tier or three tier architecture? Selecting an Application Layer • Direct access to the database layer? (probably should be avoided) • Are you replicating? How? Where? With what? • There are no utilities that will port data from 1 database to another (i.e., postgres to mysql). if database portability is a requirement, an independent code must be written to satisfy this requirement. Selecting an Application Layer Cont. Application maintenance issues • People availability, working with users as a team, talent, and turnover? (historically a huge issue) • A ‘known’ or ‘common’ language? • Freeware? Bug fixes, patches…are they important and timely? • Documentation? Set standards, procedures, code reviews making sure the documentation exists and is clear. • Is the application flexible enough to easily accommodate business rule changes that mandate modifications? • The availability of an ER diagram at this stage is invaluable. We consider it a must have. • There are no utilities to port data from 1 type of db to another. This lack of portability means a method to move data between databases • must be written independently. Selecting an Application Layer Misc. application definitions… This presentation is not an application presentation, but I will mention a few terms you may hear. Sql the query language for relational databases. A must learn. ODBC, open database connectivity. The software that allows a database to talk to an application. JDBC, java database connectivity. Relational Design The design of the application schema will determine the usability and query ability of the application. Done incorrectly, the application and users will suffer until someone else is forced to rewrite it. Relational DesignThe Setup The database group has a standard 3 tier infrastructure for developing and deploying production databases and applications. This infrastructure provides 3 database instances, development, integration and production. This infrastructure is applicable to any application schema, mission critical or not. It is designed to insure development, testing, feedback, signoff, and an protected production environment. Each of these instances contain 1 or more applications. Relational DesignThe Setup The 3 instances are used as follows: • Development instance. Developers playground. Small in size compared to production. Much of the data is ‘invented’ and input by the developers. Usually there is not enough disk space to ever ‘refresh’ with production data. Relational Design Cont.The Setup 2. The integration instance is used for moving what is thought to be ‘complete’ functionality to a pre production implementation. Power users and developers work in concert in integration to make sure the specs were followed. The users should use integration as their sign off area. Cuts from dev to int are frequent and common to maintain the newest releases in int for user testing. Relational Design Cont.The Setup 3. The production instance, real data. Needs to be kept pure. NO testing allowed. Very few logons. The optimal setup of a production database server machine has ~3 operating system logons, root, the database logon (ie oracle), and a monitoring tool. In a critical 24x7 supported database, developers, development tools, web servers, log files, all should be kept off the production database server. Relational Design Cont.The Setup Let’s talk about mission critical & 24x7 a bit. • To optimize a mission critical 24/7 database, the database server machine should be dedicated to running the database, nothing else. • All software products need maintenance and downtime. Resist putting software products on the db server machine so that their maintenance does not inhibit the running of the database. Further, if the product breaks, it could inhibit access to the database for a long period. Example, a logging application, monitoring users on the db goes wild, fills all available space and halts the database. If this logging app. were not on the dbserver machine, the db would be unaffected by the malfunction. Relational Design Cont.The Setup 3. All database applications and database software require modifications. Most times these modification require down time because the schema or data modifications need to lock entire tables exclusively. If you are sharing your database instance with other many other applications, and 1 of those applications needs the database for an upgrade, all apps may have to take the down time. Avoid this by insuring your 24/7 database application is segregated from all other software that is not absolutely needed. In that way you insure any down times are specific to your cause. Our 1st relational example A cpu can house 1 or more databases schema applications in d0ofprd1 (sam, runs, calib) Databases on d0ora2 (d0ofprd1, d0ofint1) CPU (d0ora2) schema applications in d0ofint1 (sam, runs, calib) An database can accommodate 1 or more instances An instance may contain 1 or more application schemas What is a schema? One implements a schema by running scripts. These scripts can be run against multiple servers and should be archived. Relational DesignGetting Started Using your design tool, you will begin by relating objects that will eventually become tables. All the other schema objects will fall out of this design. You will spend LOADS of time in your design tool, honing, redoing, reacting to modifications, etc. The end users and the designers need to be working almost at the same desk for this process. If the end user is the designer, the end user should involve additional users to insure an unbiased and general design. It is highly suggested that the design be kept up to date for future documentation and maintainers. Tables are related, most frequently in a 0 to many relationship. Example, 1 run will result in 0 or more events. Analyzing and defining these relationships results in an application schema. What will a good schema design buy you? I am afraid the 80% planning 20% implementation rule applies. Gather requirements. • Discovery of data that needs to be gathered. • Fast query results • Limited application code maintenance • Data flexibility • Less painful turnover of application to new maintainers. • Fewer long term maintenance issues. Write a requirements document. You will not be able to anticipate all requirements, but a document will be a start. A well designed schema naturally allows for additional functionality. Who are the users? What is their mission? Identify objects that need to be stored/tracked. Think about how objects relate to each other. Do not be afraid to argue/debate the relationships with others. Relational DesignLet’s get started Relational DesignSo how do you get there? Design tools are available, however, they do not think for you. They will give you a clue that you are doing something stupid, but it won’t stop you. It is highly recommended you use a design tool. A picture says 1000 words. Create ER, entity relationship, diagrams. Get a commitment from the developer(s) to see the application through to implementation. We have seen several applications redone multiple times. A string of developers tried, left the project, and left a mess. A new developer started from scratch because there was no documentation or design. Relational DesignHow do I get there? Adhere to the recommendations of your database vendor for setup and architecture. Don’t be afraid to ask for help or to see other examples. Don’t be afraid to pilfer others design work, if it is good, if it closely fits your requirements, then use it. Ask questions, schedule reviews with experts and users. Work with your hardware system administrators to insure you have the hardware you need for the proposed job to be done. Relational DesignCommon Mistakes Mistakes we see ALL the time • Do not design your schema around your favorite query. A relational design will enable all queries to be speedy, not only your favorite. • Don’t design the schema around your narrow view of the application. Get other users involved from the start, ask for input and review. Relational DesignCommon Mistakes • Create a relational structure, not a hierarchical structure. The ER diagram should not necessarily resemble a tree or a circle. It is the logical building of relationships between data. Relationships flow between subsets of data. The resulting ER diagram’s ‘look’ is not a standard by which one can judge the quality of the design. Relational DesignCommon Mistakes • Do not create 1 huge table to hold 99% of the data. We have seen a table with 1100+ columns…unusable, unqueryable, required an entire application rewrite, took over a year, made 80 tables from the 1 table. • Do not create separate schemas for the same application or functions within an application. • Use indices and constraints, this is a MUST! Relational DesignExamples of Common Mistakes • Using timestamp as the primary key assumes that within a second, no other record will be inserted. Actually this was not the case, and an insert operation failed. Use database generated sequences as primary keys and NON-UNIQUE index on timestamp. • A table with more than 900 columns. Such design will cause chaining since each record is not going to fit in one block. One record spanning many blocks, thus chaining, hence bad performance. Relational DesignExamples of Common Mistakes • Do not let the application control a generated sequence. Have seen locking issues, and duplicate values issues when the application increments the sequence. Have the database increment/lock/constrain the sequence/primary key. That is why the databases have sequence mechanisms, use them. • Use indices! An Atlas table with 200,000 rows, halted during a query. Reason? No indices. Added a primary key index, instantaneous query response. Indices are not wasted space! Relational DesignExamples of Common Mistakes USE DATABASE CONSTRAINTS!!!!!! Have examples where constraints were not used, but ‘implemented’ via the api. Bugs in the api allowed data to be deleted that should not have been deleted, and constraints would have prevented the error. Have also seen apis error with ‘cannot delete’ errors. They were trying to force an invalid delete, luckily the database constraints saved the data.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Wage and salary workers are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the earnings series, it excludes all self-employed persons, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. For more information see https://www.bls.gov/cps/earnings.htm The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LEU0254711900 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employed full time: Wage and salary workers: Real estate brokers and sales agents occupations: 16 years and over: Women [LEU0254711900A], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LEU0254711900A, October 23, 2021.
Among the first steps you have to take as a trainer is to make sure you have control of your pet and this is done with the help of a leash. Depending on the dog, this might be a difficult or an easy task, but here are the basics on how to train a puppy to walk on a leash. The city is a dangerous and noisy place so there are many threats for a dog and you donâ€™t want him or her to jump in front of a car or bite the first unknown person you encounter. Before you take your pet out for a walk you need to make sure he is accustomed to a leash. Introducing the Leash There are many collars and leashes to choose from and you need to make sure you find one that is appropriate because otherwise you are only making things more complicated for yourself. The introduction of the leash should be done while the dog is doing something he likes such as playing or eating. You need to get him used to wearing the collar and associate it with a pleasant experience. Some practice indoors is really useful so see how your dog reacts to the first trials. You must help your pet learn how to follow and this is why it is recommended that you start when the dog is young. The outside is the next step and now the pet will have many new sensations to encounter such as smells and noises, so give him time to adapt. Practicing with some cue sounds indoors will make it easier to get his attention back and during the first walks make sure you bring plenty of treats! Common Problems with Leash Training If the dog constantly pulls in another direction then the idea is to just stay still and refuse to move until the pet comes back to you. Yanking the leash or dragging the dog can lead to harm and that is quite the opposite of positive reinforcement, so donâ€™t try it. If he lunges for another dog, or something that catches his attention try to refocus him through treats and move away from the thing that he wants to go toward. Another problem is barking and this habit is usually caused by a lack of mental and physical stimulation, so make sure you work him out and this should stop. If it doesnâ€™t, then use the same method as with the lunging toward cars.
‘There’s alchemy in those words, and when it starts sparking in your brain it is magical.’ A musical culture began to take shape amid the unrest of Great Britain during the mid nineteen-seventies. With the emergence of bands like the Sex Pistols and the Clash, the punk rock movement sparked a nihilistic ethos and a new sound that would change the musical landscape forever. While the modern day use of the word ‘punk’ might suggest anarchistic youth, William Shakespeare used the term quite differently over four hundred years ago. So how did this word evolve from a derogatory term aimed at a woman to a derogatory term aimed at a young man? Although its exact etymology is not known, the term “punk” has survived numerous changes in meaning throughout the centuries. The first recorded use of the term (unknown origin) occurred in the early 1590s, with reference to a “prostitute, harlot.” The term “taffety punk,” a reference to “a well dressed whore,” appears in William Shakespeare’s All’s Well That Ends Well, penned between 1604 and 1605. The Scottish, spunk, meaning “a spark,” is a 1530s reference to burning embers and ashes. A similar use of the word can be found in a 1618 account by native inhabitants of Virginia as a reference to overcooked corn: “Some of them, more thriftye then cleanly, doe burn the coare of the eare to powder, which they call ‘pungnough,’ mingling that in their meale, but yet never tasted well in bread or broath.” Native peoples throughout the Delaware region of the United States used the word ponk around this time to reference “rotten wood used as tinder.” By 1896, and perhaps fueled by the “rotten” connotation to the term, punk had become synonymous with “something worthless” and “young criminal” — specifically in relation to a male youth. It is perhaps the latter definition that Dave Marsh had in mind when he coined the phrase “punk rock” in his May 1971 column featured in Creem magazine.
2 edition of AIDS and society found in the catalog. AIDS and society Mary Bronson Merki by Glencoe Pub. Co Written in English \|The Physical Object\| \|Number of Pages\|\|47\| AIDS is a condition that can arise from an advanced stage of infection with HIV. We look at symptoms, progression, transmission, medication, and management strategies. Read on for more information. The Guardian - Back to home and is still not named in the Nature study - but he was outed and demonized in Randy Shilts’s book And whose lives the society values. When Aids was only. AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome; it’s also called advanced HIV infection or late-stage HIV. AIDS is a set of symptoms and illnesses that develop as a result of advanced HIV infection which has destroyed the immune system. Fewer people develop AIDS now because treatment for HIV means that more people are staying well. or 39 per cent of the population, were under 18 in The AIDS epidemic has had many negative implications for South African society, which stem from the illness and eventual death resulting from HIV and AIDS. The identification of im-pacts needs, therefore, to be placed in the context of the scale of illness and death. AIDS. ; Thompson MA, Aberg JA, Cahn P, Montaner JS, et al; International AIDS Society-USA. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. ; UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Global AIDS Programme). In reality, there have been many changes in policy throughout society as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic because of the impact HIV/AIDS has on society as a whole. For example, in the field of health care and emergency services, there have been significant changes in policy, such as blood donation precautions. Pro Linux system administration A collectors guide to baseball cards Hierarchical models in the study of cognition The rabbinic mind. exhibition of paintings, drawings & etchings by Arthur Bell. Bonnard at Le Cannet EU focus on coastal zones Harris Directory of West Virgina Business 2006 (West Virginia Business Directory) life of Gordon, major-general, R. E., C. B Dry Pass, Alaska. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report from the Chief of Engineers on preliminary examination and survey of Dry Pass, Alaska. Kid Power Strikes Back (Apple) On Freedom Street Canadian transportation law reporter The use of understandable vocabulary and clear illustrations, along with updated biomedical data and the most current statistics on AIDS available, makes AIDS: Science and Society an engaging resource for students, researchers, and general readers. Key Features: Revised data throughout on the immune system and its response to new by: The World Economic Forum #1 book to read for context on the coronavirus outbreak This sweeping exploration of the impact of epidemic diseases looks at how mass infectious outbreaks have shaped society, from the Black Death to today.4/5(7). AIDS: Science and Society, Sixth Edition provides readers with the most current information available on the biology of the virus and the impact it has on society. The use of understandable vocabulary and clear illustrations, along with updated biomedical data and the most current statistics on AIDS available, makes AIDS: Science and Society an engaging resource for students, researchers, and general Size: KB. The text covers the molecular and cellular aspects of the HIV virus and the immune system's response to it and then considers epidemiology and it's role in understanding HIV/AIDS. AIDS, Fear and Society Challenging the Dreaded Disease. By Kenneth J. Doka. Paperback $ Hardback $ eBook $ ISBN Book Description. First Published in Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. Reviews. Find AIDS & HIV Textbooks at up to 90% off. Plus get free shipping on qualifying orders $25+. Choose from used and new textbooks or get instant access with eTextbooks and digital materials. 1Introduction and Summary. An epidemic is both a medical and a social occurrence. Medically, it is the appearance of a serious, often fatal, disease in numbers far greater than normal. Socially, it is an event that disrupts the life of a community and causes uncertainty, fear, blame, and flight. And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic is a book by San Francisco Chronicle journalist Randy Shilts. The book chronicles the discovery and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with a special emphasis on government indifference Author: Randy Shilts. Heroin, AIDS and Society Paperback – 1 April by Roy Robertson (Author)Author: Roy Robertson. DOI link for AIDS, Fear and Society. AIDS, Fear and Society book. Challenging the Dreaded Disease. AIDS, Fear and Society. DOI link for AIDS, Fear and Society. AIDS, Fear and Society book. Challenging the Dreaded Disease. By Kenneth J. Doka. Edition 1st Edition. First Published eBook Published 1 May Pub. location New York Cited by: The first cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in the United States in the spring of By the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, had been isolated. Early in the U.S. HIV/AIDS pandemic, the role of substance abuse in the spread of AIDS was clearly established. Injection drug use (IDU) was identified. AIDS Education & Prevention: An Interdisciplinary Journal This journal highlights existing theoretical models of AIDS education and prevention, including model development, implementation, and evaluation. AIDS Patient Care and STDs A monthly journal as of. Founded inthe International AIDS Society (IAS) is the world’s largest association of HIV professionals, with members from more than countries working on all fronts of the global AIDS response. The IAS is also the steward of the world’s two most prestigious HIV conferences – the International AIDS Conference and the IAS Conference on HIV Science. AID TO BIBLE UNDERSTANDING (Book) (See also Watch Tower Publications) effect on congregation organization: kr; jv gas station attendant attracted by title: g88 1/22 photo: jv Spanish edition: g88 1/22 Updated throughout with the latest findings on the AIDS virus, the Seventh Edition provides readers with the most current information available on the biology of the virus and the impact it has on society. The Seventh Edition of this text provides readers with a solid overview of AIDS from both a biomedical and a psychosocial perspective. The use of understandable vocabulary and clear illustrations, along with updated biomedical data and the most current statistics on AIDS available, makes AIDS: Science and Society an engaging resource for students, researchers, and general Features: Revised data throughout on the immune system and its response to new antigens.-New content on the mutation and Book Edition: 7th R AIDS and Society HIV/AIDS Memoir/Biography Book Report: To help you appreciate the impact of HIV/AIDS on a person's life, this assignment requires you to choose a Memoir or Biography about someone afffected by HIV/AIDS at some time over the course of the AIDS pandemic [choose 2 if you have time]. This can. The Use Of Understandable Vocabulary And Clear Illustrations, Along With Updated Biomedical Data And The Most Current Statistics On AIDS Available, Makes AIDS: Science And Society An Essential Resource For Students, Researchers, And General Readers. The hivbook is a medical textbook that follows the concept of being independent, easy to read, and freely available on the Internet. The book has first been published in and has since been updated annually. HIV / is the 23rd edition. The concept of this book was developed by Bernd Sebastian Kamps: to provide readable and freely. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for A Guide to Wellness, Modules, HIV/AIDS and Society by McGraw-Hill Staff (, Book, Other) at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!The International AIDS Conference is the largest conference on any global health or development issue. First convened during the peak of the AIDS epidemic inthis conference continues to provide a unique forum for the intersection of science and advocacy, and an opportunity to strengthen policies and programmes to ensure an evidence-based response to the epidemic.Welcome to the companion web site dedicated to AIDS: Science and Society, Seventh Edition. This Website is designed to: Provide you with study aids to prepare for your class. Help you master the material in the text. Expand the scope of the textbook. Grant you access to the most up-to-date discoveries and information regarding HIV/AIDS.
this analysis is something i came across today I just checked out the distance between the Shard and Silbury Hill and 123456 metres does fall into it and is is 66.66 nautical miles but you can't just buy a building plot in London against it location to ancient monuments. i wonder what ancient building was there before the Shard? Anyway the site is worth a read. The cubit works as follows 20.736 x 1200 = 24883.20 Michell's meridinal circumference 20.736 x 1760 = 36495.36 the GP base meridinal x 1.4666r(the eclipse unit) = GP base It is possible to drill into the cubit to understand what is actually in it. The unit that opens it up is 12 inches / 100 = 0.12 inches or 100th of a foot. 20.736 / 0.12 = 172.8 / 0.12 = 1440 / 0.12 = 12000 / 0.12 = 100000 this is 12/100 4 times as 20736 / 100 to the power 4. It is possible to find pi in it by using 3 different methods 1 cubit / 6.6 2 meridinal circ / 7920 3 GP base / 11616 being 7920 x 1.4666r (eclipse unit) The result in all 3 cases is 3.14181818181818r One thing that seems to work with the cubit is to work out its proximity to 560 and this can be done by multiplying it by 27. 20.736 x 27 = 559.872 So the Earth circumference that aligns with 560 can be calculated. 24883.2 / 559.872 x 560 = 24888.888r and this surely tells us that they were designing the cubit against 560/27 = 20.740740740740 So using a unit of 28/27 = there are 20 of the units in the 20.740740r or 560/27 cubit. It is also worthy of note that 1.4666r x /28 x 27 = 99/70 as root 2 approximate and that many cubit rods have shown divisions into 27 as well as 28. perhaps this helps us to understand the thinking of the designers Edited 3 time(s). Last edit at 26-Mar-19 15:26 by DavidK.
Cognative Behavior Therapy Fights Depression Through Recalibration, Making the Right Connections in the Brain Tesla may have had a brain bigger than Einstein. Unfortunately, he died in poverty and obscurity due to financial manipulation. But if he could see how cognative behavior therapy helps depression he would be very impressed, and I believe he would recommend it. The brain, in its unlimited power and influence over everything, really controls the show. It controls how a person behaves and what feelings they allow to enter, take hold, and act. The study and processes of cognative behavior therapy can heal the mind through repetition. It is a therapeutic approach which understands the power of the mind over a person and understands that seismic changes often happen with a small calibration. Therapy, Depression, and Recalibrating the Charts Therapy almost universally touches on depression in one form or another. Depression is an overwhelming sense of sadness, and it manifests in a myriad number of ways. But, there is one unifying component of depression that basically always rings true. Individuals who are clinically depressed are capable of being happy. In other terms, it is not their inability to have happy thoughts that is perpetuating a state of depression. It is the brain minimizing and pushing away happy thoughts- holding them in a vice grip in the recesses of the brain. How does the process of cognitive therapy bring about happiness and fight off depression? It happens through recalibrating. The brain is hiding thoughts of happiness. It is creating cycled thoughts or loops that generate the same response to different activities and feelings. A person has a bad day. They have sad thoughts. They get an A on a report card, find a $20 bill on the ground, lose desired weight, whatever it may be, yet they have sad thoughts. “I didn’t deserve this” or “why did I get this?” are common thoughts. The mind placates the scenario with negative thoughts not because it can’t have happy thoughts, but because it is hiding them. They are trapped and the mind circulates a loop of negativity. It can also by why some people are just negative, and they counter many things with negativity. This is not to say that clinical depression is the same as a person who is a pessimist, but it certainly harkens back to the mental state of a person in either scenario. What is the Answer? The thankful thing is that this cycle of despair can be broken by recalibrating the mind to respond happily to happy events as appropriate. CBT works to recalibrate the mind through repetition strategies. One such approach is the negative counter. A patient may write their response to a scenario. They then write out various positive counters instead. These are self-statements that contradict the sneaking voice in the head that says “no” or “don’t be happy.” Hopefully the above is not an unreasonable simplification of cognitive therapy and depression. These are complex, nuanced, and challenging problems that will take serious time and energy to improve upon. The therapy strategies can heal, but they will take a willing participant who knows the challenge ahead. That, of course, can be a massive gate to jump if they are already in a place of overt negativity. The patient is already coming from a place of “I can’t do it” or “this won’t help me.” Neither of these things is true for anyone.
It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. The GEE is a meticulously researched encyclopedic work in Spanish, designed and written by leading specialists and contributors throughout Spain, including two Nobel prizes. The GEE focuses exclusively on Spain and its historical presence in other territories of the world, especially in Latin America, and many aspects related to the history and culture of its diverse people are discussed in detail and depth. Includes more than 180 000 articles, more than 50,000 images and videos, and the Dictionary of la Real Academia Española. Contents updated daily. Gran Enciclopedia Iberoamericana contains 8 reference databases in Spanish. It includes images, videos, and the Dictionary of la Real Academia Española. Also offers access to la Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal and to the collection of books "Clásicos de la literatura española". Developed cooperatively with scholars and librarians worldwide, Oxford Bibliographies offers exclusive, authoritative research guides. There are many guides on various aspects of Latin America and Spain.
1. Most common bone to fracture in subcutaneous bone. 4. Location of Erb’s point 5. Terminal branch of posterior cord (C5,6,7,8,T1) 8. Can occur with humeral head impression fracture. 9. Triangular Bordering between teres major and triceps (long and lateral). 10. Spheroidal (“ball & socket”) joint. 14. Ventral rami of spinal nerves. 15. Triangular borders of teres muscles (major/minor) and triceps (long head). 17. Radiograph technique to find of ACJ. 2. Origin from T7-T12, iliac crest to humerus (intertubercular groove) with thoracodorsal innervating. 3. Common site of shoulder degenerative joint. 6. Anterior inferior glenoid labrum due to anterior shoulder dislocation. 7. Radiograph technique to find humeral head position. 11. Reduction maneuver for dislocation of glenohumeral joint. 12. Network of nerves formed. 13. Athrophy cause of axillary nerve damage. 18. Origin from scapula to lesser tuberosity
(Georgian to Victorian - 1830 AD to 1839 AD) Loading documents & images Clough Mills, Little Hayfield, is a 19th century textile mill in stone with a hipped slate roof. The building is of three, four and five storeys, the windows having hinged casements. There is a square tower at one angle. Originally it was a cotton mill. There are the extensive ruins of an earlier building behind. (1) Photograph collection. (2-3) Clough Mill is an impressive four/five storey gritstone mill building probably dating in part from the 1830s, being one of three mills located on this small tributary of the Sett. The west end has a pitched roof of local stone and would seem to be substantially earlier than the main body of the mill. Winches, notices etc. from cotton mill days remain and the mill is in reasonable condition despite the apparent lack of use. Some of the adjacent housing in Little Hayfield could have been associated with the mill. Formerly the cotton spinning mill of Hibbert and Alcock (1846) although owned by the Slack family. In the tithe award it is described as a 'rough water cotton mill'. It is now apparently used principally for storage of 'Lastite' paints and adhesives . (4) The OS map of 1898 shows a number of buildings and a mill pond. There is also a leat on the east side of the mill, running south from a possible earlier mill pond site which, by 1898, had silted up. (5) The original small water-powered mill built in the 1790s was at the western end and this section of the building is today labelled 'The Wheel House'. (7) Photograph: Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA). Black and white photograph collection. 401.0A-21A, 402.1-10, 441.19, 475.2-3. Photograph: Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA). Slide Collection. 7505.1-37. Bibliographic reference: Fowkes, D. 1984. Derbyshire Industrial Archaeology - A Gazetteer of Sites. Part I. Borough of High Peak. p 23. Map: Ordnance Survey (OS). 1896-1900. OS County Series, 2nd edition (1st revision), scale 1:2500 (c. 25" to one mile). Sheet V.12, 1898. Index: Council for British Archaeology (CBA). CBA Industrial Archaeology Report Card. Clough Mills, Hayfield. Bibliographic reference: Fowkes, D (ed.). 2004. Derbyshire Industrial Archaeology: A Gazetteer of Sites, Part I, Borough of High Peak (second edition). pp. 32. Find a placename, postcode or grid reference The map is limited to 3000 records per layer so not all records are being displayed for this area. Zoom in to see more. Centred SK 032 883 (100m by 100m) (Approximate) HAYFIELD, HIGH PEAK, DERBYSHIRE Related Monuments/Buildings (0) Related Events/Activities (0) External Links (0) Record last edited Oct 17 2014 2:58PM Comments and Feedback Do you have any more information about this record? Please feel free to comment with information and photographs, or ask any questions, using the "Disqus" tool below. Comments are moderated, and we aim to respond/publish as soon as possible.
It’s an alarming, frightening and incomprehensible statistic. The suicide rate among kids ages 10-14 nearly tripled from 2007 to 2017, while the suicide rate among older teenagers has increased by 76 percent between 2007 and 2017, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics. What should we be worried about as parents when it comes to our kids’ mental health? What kinds of conversations should we be having with our kids, especially about suicide? What type of care and treatment are available in New Jersey? We asked Dr. Marianne Farag, medical director of Psychiatric Emergency Services at Trinitas Regional Medical Center in Elizabeth, these questions and more. Trinitas is New Jersey’s only hospital with inpatient beds for children and adults with developmental disabilities and mental illness. It’s also one of the nation’s few behavioral health hospitals with its own Primary Care Medical Clinic and is home to one of just two crisis units for adolescents in New Jersey and a 15-bed residential facility for teens. Here Farag gives advice about how to talk to our kids and shares Trinitas’ mission to support those struggling with mental health issues. New Jersey Family: Adolescents are reporting alarming rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. Preteen suicide attempts in New Jersey have increased at a startling rate since 2018, according to the New Jersey Poison Control Center. Oftentimes, there are no clear warning signs. What advice do you have for parents of preteens and teens in the wake of these alarming numbers? Dr. Marianne Farag: Be involved in your child’s life. Know their friends, their interests, speak their language and try to see everything from their perspective. Keep open communication and an open mind so that they feel comfortable being able to come to you and talk to you. Try to limit the use of social media. Encourage and promote healthy habits. Promote positive self-esteem and help them feel loved and appreciated to help them know their worth and value as people. Be understanding and let them know that you are there for them. Life can be difficult and teens have a difficult time speaking to their parents. Let them know that there are supports and tools along the way to help them. These tools are readily available through many modalities of treatments including school counselors and in mental health clinics, outpatient settings and in hospitals such as Trinitas. NJF: Teenage girls seem to be especially at risk of clinical depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. What should we be saying to our sons and daughters about this? What kinds of conversations should we be having? Dr. Farag: Teenage girls are especially susceptible due to self-esteem problems they deal with. The growing use of social media has them constantly comparing themselves to others. They start valuing themselves based on the number of “likes” they get on their pictures or the number of “friends” they have on social media. Body image issues also develop through this increased use of social media which can lead to depression, anxiety and suicidal thoughts. Mental health problems have vastly increased with this increased use of social media. Teens are also very vulnerable to peer pressure and have not yet developed the life skills to deal with their emotions and the surmounting problems being thrown into their lives. Be understanding of everything your child is going through and let them know that you are there for them. Watch for any signs or symptoms of anxiety or depression, changes in personality or behaviors, and seek professional help if there is a change in level of functioning or any safety concern and especially if you are still having a difficult time getting through to them or they are not opening up to you. NJF: At the Trinitas Department of Behavioral Health and Psychiatry in Elizabeth, you deal with these issues in a clinical setting. What type of care and treatment do you offer children and teens? Dr. Farag: There are many modalities of treatment to evaluate and treat patients. Treatments range from an ER visit for evaluation and referral, children’s mobile crisis outreach (perform care) which provides in home therapy to all of Union County and responds to in-home emergencies, child and adolescent outpatient clinic for individual therapies, group therapies and medication management by a psychiatrist as needed, child and adolescent partial hospital program, intensive outpatient programs (IOP) which provide daily treatment for either a full day program or after school program, substance abuse services for children. We also have a child and adolescent inpatient unit for acute psychiatric stabilization and/or safety concerns. NJF: Trinitas also offers critical psychiatric emergency, consulting, and training programs in every county in New Jersey. Can you tell us how NJ families can access this? Dr. Farag: For Union County residents, the fastest way to get immediate help is to call Trinitas. Trinitas’ Adult Psychiatric Emergency/Mobile Crisis unit can be reached at 908-994-7131. For Children’s Mobile Response and Stabilization, call 877-652-7624. Anyone in New Jersey can call the NJ Mental Health Cares Helpline at 866-202-4357 to be directed to behavioral health services in your county. Union County residents will be directed to Trinitas via this helpline as needed. NJF: You’re currently conducting a two-year, $4.4 million renovation of your facility in Elizabeth. What are the goals of this renovation? Dr. Farag: Our goal is to create a home away from home for the thousands of patients who utilize our facilities every year. Our behavioral health facility was over 100 years old, and it looked worn and run-down. Trinitas’ amazing staff and services did not match the look and feel of the facility, so we are aiming to create an environment that matches the high standard of care we provide to patients. After much research, we know that patients are able to heal faster in a therapeutic, refreshed environment. At the end of the day, this campaign to renovate the space is all about helping our patients in their recovery. By Dina El Nabli, Sourced from NJfamily.com *I would like to thank NJ Family for allowing me to share this article as it is such an amazing source of information on such a relevant topic today. Parts have been omitted due to content on a past event; the original can be found at NJFamily, follow them for all things Jersey!
The Headmasters’ and Headmistresses’ Conference has, for the first time, recently published data on the way national teenage mental health concerns are affecting their schools, to help ensure their pupils receive the best possible emotional support. The survey shows that incidents of intolerance and bullying are down, but there are unprecedented levels of concern amongst heads over pupils’ disclosing online threats, depression, self-harm and eating disorders. Chris Jeffery, Chair of the HMC’s Wellbeing Working Group, said: “Young people in all types of school are experiencing pressures like never before. They worry about getting the right grades in public exams that appear ever more important, a place at their chosen university and a good career beyond that so they can pay of increasing levels of student debt – all whilst constantly trying to look their best on social media. “These pressures are daunting, both for pupils and the teachers who support them. But good schools put themselves at the forefront of trying to alleviate pressure rather than add to it, often fighting against the tide. As independent schools we can use that independence to make necessary changes quickly without waiting for national frameworks or political buy in. “However, educators need educating about how to promote good mental health, so we can understand better what is happening in the minds of our pupils in and out of lesson time. By being open and thoughtful about the problem we can ensure we find the best solutions and help our young people thrive. “Over the past five years HMC schools have hugely increased the emotional and medical support we offer our pupils, with 83% now having in-house counselling services. In addition many schools are doing excellent work to research and test what really works. We have responded quickly and our independence allows us to do that. But there is much more to do. “The emotional and mental wellbeing of our pupils is our number one concern and we fully support the Sunday Times Young Minds campaign in its efforts to ensure teachers are better trained and understand the early warning signs of mental health problems.” Sixty-five leading independent schools were asked which problems they felt had increased and decreased in their schools over the last five years. Social media and technology was cited most frequently by Heads (43 times from 65 respondents) as the biggest cause of pressure on young people. - 94% of schools report misuse of social media as an issue as opposed to 45% five years ago, a 109% increase. It is of serious concern to 65% of schools - 82% of schools report cyber bullying as an issue as opposed to 39% five years ago, a 110% increase. It is of serious concern to 45% of schools - 88% of schools reported self-harm as a concerning issue, a 57% rise on the situation 5 years ago. 45% of schools felt it was a significant concern, up from 11% - 87% of schools report depression as a concern, as opposed to 47% five years ago, an 85% increase. 42% said it was a significant concern (12% previously) - 85% of schools report eating disorders as a concern, as opposed to 65% five years ago, a 33% increase. 30% said it was a significant concern (17% previously). Some issues were reported as causing schools and young people fewer problems that they were five years ago. These included illegal drug use, alcohol misuse, smoking, homophobic bullying and sexual health. Over half of schools said that pupils were kinder to each other; 48% that there was less bullying overall; 78% indicated that older pupils were more likely now to volunteer to help younger ones and 82% that pupils were more tolerant of difference among their peers. Pupils were reported as generally better behaved and work harder (the latter possibly being seen as a cause of the mental and emotional health issues noted already). 72% of schools note improved behaviour; 63% an improvement in the staff/pupil relationship; and 60% greater prevalence of hard work. HMC schools have been tackling this problem seriously for some time as deep rooted and complex changes to the way young people live their lives has taken hold. Over the past five years, those schools surveyed have significantly increased their pastoral provision in many ways, including in-house counsellors, PHSE provision and links with psychologists. Chris Jeffery said: “While pupils are generally seen to be treating each other better, it seems they are not treating – or don’t know how to treat – themselves as well in the light of the pressures they experience. Hence the rise in mental and emotional health issues should not be a surprise. “This is of grave concern to those of us teaching and caring for them and we will be listening to both pupils and experts in helping us roll out best practice in our schools.” Malcolm Trobe, Deputy General Secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, welcomed the research and said: “This is a serious area of concern for all schools. Cuts to local child and adolescent mental health services mean there is now less support available for young people. Schools have increasingly had to fill this gap, even though they do not have the resources to provide this extra support. We are very keen to work with HMC on this issue and we are pressing the Government to urgently increase mental health provision for young people.”
When it came to immigrant kids, the U.S. government was doing everything it could to keep them from getting to America. In this video, we’ll discuss the issues that have been raised about the government’s approach to children in the United States. What do we know about children from Mexico? A new study found that between 2010 and 2015, the United State sent children from the United Nations to the United Kingdom more than three times as many times as it did children from any other country. How are the immigrant children treated by the government? In a 2014 report, the Migration Policy Institute estimated that about 4.1 million unaccompanied children have been apprehended in the U, but that the actual number is likely much higher. Some parents believe that they were sent there by the Border Patrol to be reunited with their children. Others claim that they simply did not have enough money or were afraid to return home. Who’s in charge of children from countries other than the U? Children from other countries can be detained and held for years in the country where they came from. Many countries allow children to be held for extended periods of time without charges. The U.N. estimates that between 1 and 2 million children are detained by the U for non-criminal reasons, but only about 1 percent are actually deported. Is it illegal to send children from another country to the U.? Yes, sending children to the country in which they came is illegal, even if the child is brought in with the parents’ permission. However, this does not necessarily mean that the child was brought illegally. Children may be brought in to a foreign country because they are a victim of trafficking or because they were abused as children, or for any other reason. If a child was sent illegally, the government must have a reason for the detention and must provide a “reason” for the removal of the child. How many children are held at ICE detention centers each year? The number of children detained at ICE facilities nationwide has grown dramatically in recent years. As of June 2018, ICE detention facilities held more than 7.2 million children, up from less than 2.4 million children in 2017. The number has also grown by more than 3,000 children per day. What happens to children who are detained at immigration detention centers? Children who are held in immigration detention facilities are treated the same as other detainees, according to ICE. However the number of kids who are transferred from immigration detention to adult detention facilities varies by facility. Many facilities do not have detention officers who are assigned to the children. The Department of Homeland Security says that “children and youth are held without legal status, without access to counsel, and without the opportunity to counsel during their detention.” ICE says that these children are referred to local child welfare agencies who then have to contact immigration judges and ICE officials to receive the child’s rights. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency says that it will make every effort to reunite children with their families and that ICE will provide legal representation. What about children brought into the U., but released on the other side of the border? This is a complicated issue. Immigration attorneys and human rights advocates say that the children who cross into the United, but who are then released on another side of border, should be released. But advocates say they should be processed differently. What are the differences between the children being released on a side of U.A.E. and the children coming to the border in the first place? In some cases, children brought to the Border are given an alternative to being held in the detention facility. Some families of those children say that they are being released from detention because the child has a valid case and has a legal claim for asylum. For others, the children are being sent to the detention center to be deported because they cannot speak English. What is the difference between a child who is detained and one who is released? The two are often different, said María Teresa Pérez, director of the Department of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Protection. The children detained in immigration facilities have an immigration hearing before an immigration judge. When they arrive at the hearing, the immigration judge reviews their case, and determines whether the child should be removed. The judge will decide whether the removal is in the best interest of the children or whether the children should be allowed to stay in the immigration facility. In the case of children who have been released on U.B.O., they have an appeal process that includes a hearing before a U.C.I.A.-designated special immigrant judge. If the child gets a fair hearing and is able to present an argument, the judge may release the child and the child may then apply for asylum, according, Péez. Is there a separate program for unaccompanied minors? No, there is no separate program that would allow a child from Mexico to be sent back to the US. In 2017, ICE announced plans to establish a temporary program to
- 1 Is Inauguration Day always January 20th? - 2 What time is the presidential inauguration? - 3 Why did the inauguration date change? - 4 Is the inauguration virtual? - 5 Which president did not use the Bible to take the oath of office? - 6 What is President of the United States salary? - 7 Is Inauguration Day 2021 a federal holiday? - 8 Where is the inauguration held 2021? - 9 How do you get tickets for inauguration? - 10 Why is 20th amendment called lame duck? - 11 Can the inauguration date be changed? - 12 What does the 22 Amendment say? Is Inauguration Day always January 20th? Dates. The first inauguration, that of George Washington, took place on April 30, 1789. Inauguration Day moved to January 20, beginning in 1937, following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, where it has remained since. What time is the presidential inauguration? The 20th amendment to the Constitution specifies that the term of each elected President of the United States begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. Each president must take the oath of office before assuming the duties of the position. Why did the inauguration date change? In his speech he shared his vision of the nation’s potential and challenged Americans to continue in a united effort to address poverty. The American Presidency Project. Congress had originally established March 4 as Inauguration Day. The date was moved to January 20 with the passage of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933. Is the inauguration virtual? In celebration of Inauguration Day, explore presidential and inauguration history in national parks with virtual experiences and activiites. Which president did not use the Bible to take the oath of office? Theodore Roosevelt did not use the Bible when taking the oath in 1901, nor did John Quincy Adams, who swore on a book of law, with the intention that he was swearing on the constitution. What is President of the United States salary? President of the United States \|President of the United States of America\| \|Formation\|\|June 21, 1788\| \|First holder\|\|George Washington\| Is Inauguration Day 2021 a federal holiday? Inauguration Day is a Federal holiday in Washington D.C. in January every four years. This holiday is designated as ” Inauguration Day ” in section 6103(c) of title 5 of the United States Code, which is the law that specifies holidays for Federal employees. Where is the inauguration held 2021? The inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th president of the United States took place on January 20, 2021, marking the start of the four-year term of Joe Biden as president and Kamala Harris as vice president. The 59th presidential inauguration took place on the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. How do you get tickets for inauguration? Free tickets for the Inauguration can be obtained through an individual’s United States Senator or United States Representative. To request a ticket through our office, please read the following carefully before submitting a request: Tickets are limited. All ticket requests must be submitted by January 1st, 2021. Why is 20th amendment called lame duck? The 20th Amendment is often referred to as the Lame Duck Amendment. It was passed by Congress on March 2, 1932, and ratified on January 3, 1933. Because Congress failed to reach a quorum on March 4, Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789. Can the inauguration date be changed? For 144 years, the U.S. President was inaugurated in the spring. But after the election of 1933, Congress changed the date in the 20th Amendment to the Constitution, moving the date up to Jan. 20. What does the 22 Amendment say? No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once.
Origin and history of card games Krida-patram was the name of the game of cards that originated in ancient India. It was the favorite pastime of kings and the royal and the noble families. Playing cards came to be known as Ganjifa in medieval India. The Moghul emperors also were no exception to the game of cards. Akbar’s court author Abul Fazal has documented the use of 12 sets of cards with 12 cards in each and a total of 144 cards. Before Akbar’s time, cards, came in sets of 8, 9, and 10 representing the Ashtadikpalas (rulers of 8 directions), Navagrahas (9 planets), and the Dashavatars (10 avatars of Lord Vishnu). Anecdotes in the form of motifs from the two major Indian epics or itihasas of Ramayana and Mahabharata were also depicted on these cards. Types of cards The pack of cards was led by the monarch on a horse (Ashvapati) followed by a general on horseback (Senapati), and 10 other cards from 1 to 10 with that many number of horses printed on each card. Similarly there were packs of cards led by a king on an elephant (Gajapati), king leading infantry (Narpati), lord of treasures (Dhanpati), squadron (Dhalpati), navy (Navappati), divinities (Surapati), genii (Asrapati), forest (Vanapati), and snakes (Ahipati). The Moghul era cards used various segments of traders such as painters, book binders, dyers, manufacturers, etc,. Materials used to make cards These Ganjifa cards were made from cloth with a black border and specially made colors, typically as pattachitras in Orissa. According to their wealth, royals and nobles also used cards made of tortoise shells, ivory, pearls, inlaid or enameled with precious stones or metals. They came in all shapes like circular, rectangular, and oval. Circular ones were used widely. A wooden box with its lid painted with mythological figures was used to hold the cards. Later in the 17th and the 18th centuries, when the Europeans started colonizing India, our traditional cards were replaced by the printed paper cards. Cards as learning aids With such a rich history behind them, cards or flash cards, besides our regular playing cards are a good learning aid for kids. A card with an interesting visual helps children to understand the concept portrayed easily, such as shapes, colors, vegetables, fruits, flowers, opposites, singular, plurals, etc,. Cards are also widely used as aids in psychology. Here are some of the popular card games to keep your children engaged while they snuggle in their woolens on a cold wintry evening: This is the card version of the popular board game where the players get to buy, sell, lease their properties, collect cash or go bankrupt. Monopoly is all about developing that competitive streak in your children. If you are looking for some fun ways to help your children with their basic math, go order this one. When a player gets to win 5 queens or 50 points worth of queens or 4 queens or 40 points worth of queens, or when all the queens in the pack are awakened, the game ends. Getting simple addition equations between three cards help in discarding them and so this is a good game to improve your children’s numerical skills. If this reminds you of the Harry Potter Quidditch game, well this is closer to English than magic. The card version of scrabbles, this game can help improve your kids’ vocabulary. 5 Second Rule Buy this game of 5 Second Rule for your kids to improve their skill of association and develop their ability to think quickly. The game is simple to understand. A kid needs to pick a card, read the topic and think of 3 things that go with the topic – easy, right! Well, may not be that easy, since the time to do so is just 5 seconds. That is why this is so fun as you see your kids falling over their words and pulling out their hairs. Having been around since the 1970s, this game is one of the most popular among kids and adults. All it requires is to match the numbers and colors thereby stimulating your children’s gadget tired eyes. The winner is the child who has managed to discard all the cards. But just when they start relaxing counting as the cards in their hands become fewer, there are enough cards to jolt them out of their complacency like “Pick Up 4” or “Skip your turn” cards. This one is a good game to teach children to handle disappointments in life. Next time, when you run out of options to have some family time with your kids, go grab a card game from the shelves.
The idea of organization normally identifies any corporation or enterprise engaged in small business, business oriented, or administrative pursuits. Businesses might be personal, for-income, or federal government companies. In either case, the scope of economic is considerable and frequently includes every aspect of lifestyle, as well as production, management, profits, advertising and fund and delivery. Business businesses may be made up of people today or organizations. Most small establishments are begun by a few people. The most typical kinds of enterprises containproduction and retailing, and merchandising. Manufacturing identifies people firms that create actual products and solutions likelivestock and foodstuff, and other related professional services retailing is the term for firms that promote real products or services, including promotion, system improvement, and team education and profit deals. There are numerous ways that small businesses are produced. Some are bottompartnerships and proprietorships, and organizations. Each has their down sides and benefits. Each involves various operations styles, which in turn triggers disagreements amongst partners or between people. One technique to avoid these types of situations is produce a small business administration team, that can assist to assist you thru the entire process of setting up a small business. When small enterprises initially begin, it is usually tricky to ascertain where to begin in bookkeeping and online business procedures. The reason being bookkeeping procedures are usually quite different from the ones from different industries. Comprising enterprises will not get started with files trying to keep. Accounting will have to get started on as soon as the provider includes a label and is also set up and will start offering products and solutions or giving solutions to consumers. Like a new business, small enterprises start out with straightforward files. What this means is accounting data for supply, things in store, buying and gross sales, and also the sum total of all the small business surgical procedures, which includes acquire, hire, and income taxes. To advance in front, corporations will have to keep track of the efficiency in their raw elements, produce a stabilize page, and predict future gross sales and expenses. By doing so, organizations can develop when their results and take care of their money more proficiently. By doing this, they raise sales and reduce deficits. Another significant detail to note is different corporations have varying strategies for revealing their gains. Some enterprises have claimed their sales directly to the firm, other folks statement these to the patient spouse, yet many others record those to the shareholders of the online business. However, the most popular technique of reporting earnings in an enterprise involved in bookkeeping is using the gross make money system. Under this approach, right after analyzing each and every partner’s proportionate share of sales, the accountant divides the net salary from the organization by its person partners. As soon as a organization organization begins to generate products and solutions, it should be offered for sale. In either case, it has to be marketed, even though most companies opt to produce their own products or produce a business based upon offering other people’s products. Therefore, if the company has goods to dispose of but no human being tools to teach and seek the services of, it should incur costs because of its individual tools, which will in the long run reduce its revenue. Likewise, should the organization has not products nor workforce to exercise, it is going to get expenses for making use of these folks. In conclusion, businesses are consists of lots of essential styles, all of which calls for specific operations and upkeep. A small business endeavor consists of much more than simply just manufacturing and trying to sell products, even though these components are essential to the achievements a business corporation. To appropriately manage a company, it has to offer an user who controls the fundamental sorts of organization supervision for instance preparation, investing, taking care of operations, and funding, as well as sufficient human tools such as trained sales agents and excellent management inspectors. Large organizations and publicly traded companies differ in a number of methods. A openly dealt organization is a split authorized thing through the root company that has and handles it. For instance, CitiBank, in spite of like a openly dealt corporation, is still regulated by the non-public value business that created it. A privately owned organization has one shareholder, when a publicly performed an individual just has one shareholder, the company on its own,. That’s that organization by yourself retains all of the shares of CitiBank. A different differentiation in between little businesses and businesses. One notable different to this very generalization is the situation of one person offering his conveys to a different particular person. A institution, unlike a joint venture, only has one shareholder as well as two shareholders cannot merge together to form a new organization. The explanation for this is when a small business has a few shareholder, every one of which possesses a share of your small business, then all those shareholders will likely need to indicator independent agreements. Small enterprises tend to not be integrated. In comparison, most big companies are multinational, world-wide organizations, for this reason opportunity. They have many regions and quite often several departments operating throughout every state. A organization can hence have staff members and treatments in various regions all at once. Its reveals are placed in a internationally publication. That’s on the list of distinctive features of an institution. The main reason for this particular is to give purchasers with increased contact with the company’s sector scale and let them obtain significantly greater self confidence how the company is practical and will be successful sooner or later.
The Tragedy of Love in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is one of the most iconic pieces of literature of all time. Everyone knows how the tragic love story ends, but who is really to blame for the famous couple's death? Many people have different views about this subject, but in reality there is no one person to blame for this incident. However, there are certainly characters who influenced the affair more than others. Friar Lawrence, Tybalt, and even Romeo himself are most responsible for the tragedy. Friar Lawrence, the kind, old Clerc and mentor for both Romeo and Juliet had nothing but good intentions for their relationship, but he is responsible for their deaths nonetheless. To start, the fact that Friar Lawrence marries Romeo and Juliet in the first place is evidence that he should be held accountable. The Friar was fully aware of the consequences and severity of marrying the two and yet he still decided to do so. In Act 2, Scene 3 Romeo approaches Friar Lawrence and tells him how he has moved on from Rosaline and is now in love with Juliet. “I’ll tell thee as we pass, but this I pray: That thou consent to marry us today. Holy Saint Francis, what a change is here! Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear, So soon forsaken? Young men’s love then lies. Not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes” (2.3. 60-70). Friar is clearly shocked by Romeo’s exclamation of love and he knows marrying too quickly can have many negative outcomes for the lovers, and he could get in a lot of trouble if the two families find out he married them. This is not the only reason proving Friar Lawrence’s recklessness with Romeo and Juliet’s relationship; since he allowed the two lovers to eventually get married, their devotion to each other grew dramatically, giving them even more of a reason to kill themselves in the end. The last major reason that Friar Lawrence is to blame is that he irresponsibly tells Juliet to take the sleeping potion without properly executing the plan. The Friar should have put deeper thought into his plan, so it would not fail so terribly. Because of the ill-thought-out scheme, Friar Lawrence was not able to get a servant to Romeo to explain that Juliet’s death was fake. With no knowledge that Juliet was not actually dead, Romeo drank the poison in order to be with Juliet. “Ah, dear Juliet, Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believe That unsubstantial death is amorous And that the lean abhorrèd monster keeps Thee here in dark to be his paramour? For fear of that, I still will stay with thee, And never from this palace of dim night” (5.3. 110-115). If Friar would have sent out multiple servants at different times or just went himself to ensure that Romeo would get his message then Romeo would not have died. Friar Lawrence should have made better decisions during the play to stop the tragedy from happening, which is why he holds partial responsibility for Romeo and Juliet’s deaths. The next character to blame for Romeo and Juliet’s death is Tybalt. Tybalt Capulet is Juliet's cousin in the play and is Romeo’s rival. Tybalt is a very prideful man and he participated in many fights throughout the play, initially stirring up conflict between the two families. If it were not for Tybalt’s stubborn personality there may have been less hatred between the Montagues and Capulets, which would have caused Romeo and Juliet's relatio his PAGE) Fetch me my rapier, boy.— What, dares the slave Come hither, covered with an antic face, To fleer and scorn at our solemnity? Now, by the stock and honor of my kin, To strike him dead I hold it not a sin” (1.5. 50-55). Tybalt is saying since Romeo is a Montigue it will not be a ‘sin’ to kill him. If Tybalt was less close-minded and was able to realize that Romeo was not meaning any harm to the Capulet family, then he would not have caused future events leading up to Romeo and Juliet’s deaths. Tybalt threatens Romeo at the party and sparks the tension between himself and Romeo leading to Mercutio's death. Tybalt killing Mercutio is the biggest reason why there is blood on his hands; Mercutio’s death caused Romeo to get banished from Verona. When Romeo sneaks into the Capulet’s party with Mercutio, Tybalt takes notice and becomes very angry. “This, by his voice, should be a Montague.— (tished from Verona not allowing Romeo and Juliet to visit each other. The separation between them strained their relationship and caused them to act even more desperately. If Tybalt hadn’t killed Mercutio, Romeo would not have killed Tybalt and gotten himself banned from Verona, Juliet wouldn’t have faked her death, and both Romeo and Juliet would still be alive. Romeo himself is also at fault for his and Juliet’s death. This might seem obvious because he was the one to intentionally drink the poison but it is not as simple as that. Firstly, Romeo, acting through his heart and not his head, foolishly decided to go to the Capulet's party to spy on Rosaline which (as mentioned in the previous paragraph) triggered Tybalt. Going to this party uninvited can also be seen as another mistake on Romeo’s side because if he would not have gone he would not have met Juliet in the first place, which would have prevented all the events leading up to their death. One can also blame Romeo for his and Juliet’s deaths because Romeo decided to avenge Mercutio by killing Tybalt. Romeo should have tried harder to hold his anger against Tybalt and not kill him but, once again, Romeo acted on his heart. Because of Romeo’s banishment, he leaves Verona and Juliet. Romeo’s departure causes much pain to Juliet and this is when she decides to fake her death and be with Romeo; this by itself should show the dedication the two had to their love. This all leads up to the consequences of the last Act when Romeo comes upon Juliet’s tomb, filled with despair Romeo was not able to get over the fact that his love had died. If Romeo had been able to hold his anger and not kill himself then Juliet would not have taken her own life. In the end, if Romeo would have acted more with his head and less with his heart it would have saved a lot of lives. “JULIET: Go, get thee hence, for I will not away.— What’s here? A cup, closed in my true love’s hand? Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end.— O churl, drunk all, and left no friendly drop To help me after? I will kiss thy lips. Haply some poison yet doth hang on them, To make me die with a restorative” (5.3. 175). Upon waking up from her faked death Juliet sees Romeo’s dead body with this, Juliet decides that she wants nothing more than to be with Romeo and kisses his lips in hopes to consume any remnants of poison. When Juliet does not die from that she takes Romeo’s dagger and stabs herself. In conclusion, Romeo is responsible for his and Juliet’s deaths because if he had not killed himself he and Juliet would be living happily together. Some might believe that Juliet’s Nurse also played a part and is responsible for Romeo and Juliet’s deaths but that is not the case. Although certain events could have influenced Romeo and Juliet’s relationship, the Nurse was a very helpful character to the couple especially to Juliet. The Nurse cares greatly about Juliet, and because of her affection for her, she meets with Romeo and Mercutio to see if Romeo is decent enough to marry Juliet. “NURSE: If you be he, sir, I desire some confidence with you” (2.4. 64). The reason readers often blame Juliet’s Nurse is because of how involved she is in making their relationship work; by meeting with Romeo in Act 2, the Nurse is defying Juliet’s parents’ orders and she does this again at Romeo and Juliet’s wedding night so that they can see each other. Although defying orders would cause more conflict between the Montague and Capulet families if caught, what the Nurse did to make Romeo and Juliet’s marriage work helped Romeo and Juliet stay out of more trouble. It is clear to see how passionate the two are to each other; Romeo or Juliet would have taken drastic measures to see each other if the nurse hadn’t helped them. The Nurse’s motherly affection towards Juliet strengthened the relationship between Romeo and Juliet in a healthy way, which is why she cannot be blamed for their deaths. At the very end of the play when Romeo and Juliet are discovered dead, their family members gather around to discuss the situation. Prince Escalus says “A glooming peace this morning with it brings. The sun, for sorrow, will not show his head. Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things. Some shall be pardoned, and some punishèd. For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo” (5.3. 320-330). He expresses the great sadness that everyone is feeling and exclaims how the two cannot just die without punishing those responsible. When someone close dies it is very hard for everyone they once knew. People often find themselves wondering about what they wish they had done or said before that close person passed away. The Prince explains if there is a known person responsible for the death of that loved one then they should be punished. In Shakespeares’s Romeo and Juliet there were many decisions characters made that lead up to the deaths of the couple and one can not help but wonder how the play would have ended if those decisions were different. But just like in real life, when something is done, it's done and there is nothing else to do except hold those responsible accountable for their actions.
Thomas died somewhere along the southwest coast of India. According to an ancient text called Acts of Thomas, King Misdeus, a local ruler, blew his stack when Thomas converted his Queen, his son, and his sister-in-law to the Way of Jesus. In response, Misdeus ordered four soldiers to drag Thomas outside the city to a nearby hill. There, they executed the Apostle with spears. This is what Empires—even tiny, local Empires—do to people who threaten the established dominance hierarchy. Students of nature use the term “dominance hierarchy” to describe the social structure that emerges among animals like lobsters or wolves or chickens. Maybe you’ve used the phrase “pecking order.” Well, that’s an example of a dominance hierarchy. If you throw some feed into a chicken yard, you’ll see the biggest, strongest chicken eat first. An inner circle follows next. Finally, a bedraggled, wary bunch will scurry to and fro to collect whatever remains. That last group looks literally henpecked. Since this last group of weaker chickens were young, stronger chickens have mercilessly pecked them whenever they approached food before everyone else was finished. These lowlier chickens avoid this torture only by remaining timid and subservient. Whenever they assert their right to the food, the beaks of the other chickens swiftly deliver pain, humiliation, and even death. In the dominance hierarchy, the strong get the most food, the most secure places to live, and the most attractive mates. Those at the top of the heap use force against anyone who threatens to unseat them from their privileged position. The Acts of Thomas does not tell us for sure, but it’s reasonable to suggest that Misdeus executed Thomas because he was a threat to the hierarchy that he ruled. Sure, maybe he was the kind of guy who could get murderous about differences of opinion. But I’m willing to bet that changed behavior among the king’s subjects was the real trigger for Thomas’ death sentence. After all, Thomas had established several congregations. Jesus had clearly told Thomas, “I am the Way, and the Truth, and the Life.” (John 14:6) Everywhere Jesus went, God got what God wanted. The sick got healthy. The blind could see. The lame began to walk. The hungry ate their fill. So, when we walk the way of Jesus, God gets what God wants. You see, God does not want the strong to get all the best stuff while everybody else gets leftovers and castoffs. God does not want a few to accumulate a garish excess while others go wanting. God wants plenty—plenty of resources, plenty of health, plenty of security—for everybody. In other words, God is not a fan of the dominance hierarchy. The Way of Jesus is a direct threat to any Empire and any empire-like social structure. Jesus knew this. He knew that Caesar and those in league with that system of domination would lash out. And he was willing to be wounded in order to heal the world. In order to remake the world into the world that God had always wanted in the first place. Following the Way of Jesus is not just a matter of believing a list of concepts and taking up a particular style of worship. Following the Way of Jesus means giving our lives for the sake of making a world that looks like the world that God has in mind. A world where each person can flourish and the dignity of all is recognized. Where every stranger is meant to become friend. Jesus was clear about what this would probably mean. “No one has greater love than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends.” (John 15:13) Like Martin Luther King and all the martyrs of the faith, we work for a world that we will probably not see in our lifetime. We give our lives now for the sake of a future promised by God. A promise sealed by the resurrection of Jesus. And that is why Thomas insisted on seeing and touching the wounds of the risen Jesus. (John 20:19-31) He wanted to see for himself that being wounded in the name of love is the Way to the healing of the world. When Thomas finally gazed on Jesus’ hands and side, he did not see ruined flesh. He saw the results of God’s transforming love. He saw the beginnings of a new heaven and a new earth. A new creation. As Rumi once said, “The wound is the place where the light enters you.” Love’s wounds are how the divine light gets into the world.
Home » Uncategorized Category Archives: Uncategorized The scene begins with Claudius tasking Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to take him to England. Then Claudius begins to pray over his “heavy burden.” As he is praying, Hamlet happens by and decides quickly to stab him to death, but then realizes that he is shriving and will go to heaven, unlike his father who was killed “unhousled…unaneled” (1.5.84) and has to burn off sins in hell. Hamlet will wait until he kills Claudius while “…drunk asleep, or in his rage…about some act that has no relish in it” so “his heels may kick at heaven”(3.4.94-99) as he plunges headfirst to hell. Yes: Hamlet would drink hot blood right then, but decides to wait to assure not only revenge, but the justice of Claudius in hell. Male heirs. Heathcliff has played the board masterfully: Hindley beat him as a child and Heathcliff indebted him, stole his son, broke him. Edgar and Isabella made fun of the dirty, swearing servant boy; Edgar as adult thought Heathcliff still servant in station; Edgar lands a lucky punch to his throat; Heathcliff takes the sister, makes an heir, and crushes that family, and walks in as master: if your ethic is that revenge is justified, he is your man. As students of history and social equality—what was that? What did you say, Boy?—you know that women can’t own property. Catherine is trapped. Nell, a servant, is no social equal: she speaks her mind and is tolerated—but the superior’s shut-up is backed by termination of at-pleasure employment. No labor board or lawyer to complain to. A woman’s protest—regardless of station—could be met with abuse. No police, no CPS. Heathcliff established his level of physical control, and we understand that Linton, not strong enough physically, will work his as does the rat. Heathcliff relays to Nell his bribery of the sexton to show his Cathy’s corpse, and to secure a spot next to her when his time comes. Then he tells of, some eighteen years ago, digging to her grave in a snowfall to die next to her. But then her ghost “appears”—and keeps appearing. “Now since I’ve seen her, I’m pacified – a little. It was a strange way of killing, not by inches, but by fractions of a hair-breadths, to beguile me with the spectre of a hope, through eighteen years!” (230) Nerves of catgut. We suppose that Heathcliff would have killed himself at her death, but the hope that she would come back more substantially stops him, and he reckons that she has killed him by teasing her spectral presence. Have you ever had a ghost lover? Let me tell you… I’m using a site for one-way text messaging, Remind. (Formerly known as Remind101.) The address for AP lit 2015: I will also communicate with you via the mailing list, and here. As it stands right now — although the schedule is not “set in stone” until day one — I have the Health and Medicine section on AP lit, and Ms. Sandoval has the other SLCs. (The address for last year’s AP lit 2014 is https://www.remind.com/join/cb6ce83) Again with “nightmare – grotesque” Henry Gatz. “He told me I et like a hog once, and I beat him for it.” So much can be revealed about a person’s upbringing in a simple sentence. And again, the owl- eyed man. (You will encounter people like this in your life, who, in a few words or a simple action, restore faith in humanity.) “…and then the owl-eyed man said ‘Amen to that,’ in a brave voice.” Amen to what? Timeshift to the Midwest of the past, as an explanation of Nick’s decision to leave the East and return to it. May you never run into such careless people, but be warned that they may be rich or poor.
Unfortunately, the inability to be self-critical of oneself that many of the characters in Julius Caesar experience causes them to meet a tragic fate. A Shakespearean tragic hero is a high ranking noble person who fails to reach his goal usually because of a tragic flaw, which is a character flaw that first seems to make a person well renowned, but ultimately leads to their defeat. Sometimes, a tragic hero can have tragic recognition before their doom. Tragic recognition is when the hero is able to realize and acknowledge his flaws. Through this event, it is easy to infer that Julius Caesar fits into the traits of a tragic hero because his character flaw prevents him from understanding what was happening around him. He says that he will never change his mind, as he is a man who sticks to his word. Julius Caesar Persuasion Essay Julius Caesar: Is Brutus A Villain Or A Hero? Essay - Words In the play Caesar is greatly respected in Rome and the citizens want to make him king. Brutus is a respected citizen of Rome and is a strong supporter of the republic. If Caesar became king he would destroy the Roman Republic, and Brutus thinks he is not fit for a king. Brutus stands out in the play because he is willing to kill Caesar for what he thinks is good for the Roman people. He puts Rome ahead of his friends, only people with a brave personality could do such a thing. Brutus is the most heroic character because he is honorable, selfless, and brave. Julius Caesar Thesis Analysis Please join StudyMode to read the full document. They thought that he may have become a tyrant and would make the Roman Republic fall. The aftermath of killing Caesar led to violence and a civil war. As a result, the Republic evolves into an Empire. The whole point of assassinating Caesar is to prevent a dictatorship, but killing him is one of the main events why the Republic is never restored. However the reasoning behind each speech differs. Brutus lets him speak at Caesar's funeral, but only after Brutus, a great orator in his own right, has spoken first to "show the reason of our Caesar's death. But Antony has two advantages over Brutus and that was his subterfuge and his chance to have the last word. It is safe to say that Antony makes the most of his opportunity.
Answer: We exist within a force field called nature, which includes within it a multitude of various forces. We divide this force into levels: inanimate, vegetative, animate, and human, or according to the scientific approach used to study it: physics, chemistry, biology, etc. We define it, according to the trajectory of our development, as a cause and effect relationship. Within this field there are areas that are completely unknown and incomprehensible to us. All of nature is a single force. The further we advance in our understanding of reality and the deeper we investigate nature, the more we are convinced that it is a single force. Our perception becomes increasingly more integrated and global; we already understand that there is no separation between physics, chemistry, biology, and zoology; rather, each is an aspect of a single form. It is only due to the limitations of our perception that we are able to tune into a single reality that appears to us in the form of separate fragments. We are simply not able to see all of creation in the form of one picture, one force. But gradually, according to the degree of our development, we begin to understand that this is actually a single picture, a single force, within which we exist. And this force develops us and gives us the possibility to get to know it. This force called nature, as if it itself, wants us to recognize it. A person studies nature with his own abilities given to him from birth, and that is why, of course, he is limited by time, movement, space, and his own perceptions. He is not capable of clearing his brain and reprogramming it anew. This is because humanity is the result of a lengthy evolutionary process, which took place under the influences of various activities and forces extending over billions of years. A person is a result of the development of nature. And that is why a question arises: being that man is an inseparable, integral part of nature, is he able to study it? Because in order to do this, it is necessary to rise above nature. Only recently, on the cutting edge of science, we have begun to understand that time and space are relative, that instead of matter, there can be energy. But energy is something that disappears, which means that matter too can disappear. It turns out that all the endless tons of matter that we see in the universe is not matter but energy, that is, something ephemeral and disappearing. In essence, our universe is empty! Furthermore, cause and effect can change places, and that which seemed to us as being the cause, can be discovered to be the effect, and vice versa. It is possible that the event that needs to occur now, produces the cause for itself, and not the cause producing the event. There is a phenomenon described in quantum physics where particles that are separated from each other by cosmic differences are observed to be connected to each other. And if one of the particles spins in a particular way, then the other particle, that is billions of miles away, spins the same way. And it’s not that one particle mimics the actions of the other, rather the two of them are bound together. Neither one of them is the cause nor the effect, but everything is a unified whole and is in such a form that we are unable to conceptualize it with our intellect because our intellect is so extraordinarily limited. It turns out that because of this, all of our investigation of nature is extremely limited. Question: Do we have to admit that there is a great deal we don’t know? Answer: We know almost nothing! Since our perception of mathematics and physics is also the result of the way we are made. And if we were made differently, we would have a different sort of mathematics and 1 + 1 would not equal two. It is only an assumption that 1+1=2. If we replaced our sensory organs, then we would see a different reality. All of nature surrounding us would seem completely different. But the force that develops nature can be accepted as absolute, existing outside of us. This force created nature and us in such a form that enables us to study part of nature, to a limited degree. And if we actually want to study nature, then we must rise to the level of this force, for which it is necessary to acquire new abilities. From KabTV’s “A New Life” 6/27/17
Lectures/Scripts/WritingsTelevision ScriptsYoung People's ConcertsFolk Music in the Concert Hall Young People's Concert Folk Music in the Concert Hall Written by Leonard Bernstein Original CBS Television Network Broadcast Date: 9 April 1961 [ORCH: Mozart - Minuet in E-flat:Trio] Now that's what you call a pretty tune, isn't it? Perhaps it makes you think of a song you learned in school, or at camp. Somehow it has that folk-song flavor, like something a lot of people might sing together, in a bus, or on a hike, or around the campfire. But it's not sung in any of those places: it's not even sung at all; it's played by a clarinet, as you just heard, and it comes from a symphony by Mozart, Maybe that surprises you — because it seems so simple and natural, not like the kind of complicated and grand stuff we usually think of as being in a symphony. But folk-songs and folk-dances are really the heart of all music, the very beginning of music; and you'd be amazed at how much of the big, complicated concert music we hear grows right out of them. What is folk-music, anyway? Well you see, folk music expresses the nature of a people — you can almost always tell something about a certain people by simply listening to their folk-songs. Of course, most of the folk-songs we know belong to the past, when the different peoples of the earth were more separate from one another, and their characters and different natures were easier to tell apart. Sometimes these songs reflect the climate of a certain country; or they may tell us something about the geography of a country; or even tell us something about what the people do mostly, like being shepherds or cowboys, or miners, or whatever. But most important of all, folk-songs reflect the rhythms and accents and speeds of the way a people talk, a particular people talks: in other words, their language — especially the language of their poetry — sort of grows into musical sounds. And those speaking rhythms and accents finally pass from folk-music into what we call the art-music, or opera or concert-music of a particular people; and that is what makes Tchaikovsky sound Russian or what makes Verdi sound Italian, or what makes Gershwin sound American. It all comes from the folk-music, which in turn comes first of all from the way we speak. And that's the important thing we have to learn about today. For instance, take a Hungarian folk-song that begins like this. [SING: Hungarian folk-song] Why do we know immediately that that's a Hungarian tune? (I mean, besides the fact that it's got Hungarian words.) It's because the Hungarian language has a strange thing about it: almost all the words in it are accented on the first syllable. Yoyon Hazak Edes Anyam. That's how you can always tell a Hungarian speaking English: he always says: "I don't UNderstand, BEcause I am HUNgarian." And that same accent naturally pops up in the music; [PLAY: Hungarian folk-song] — all the stresses BElong at the BEginning. And so it's just natural, when a great Hungarian composer like Bela Bartok writes his music, that he should compose in that same accent. Just listen to this tune from Bartok's beautiful "Music for Strings, and Percussion and Celeste. [VIOLINS :Bartok - Music for Strings, Percussion and Celeste] Do you see how that tune is like a string of words in a sentence, each one with a big accent at the BEginning on the first syllable? And that's not even folk-music anymore; it's already moved into the concert-hall. But the same thing is true of all music; it grows out of a people's folk-music, which first grew out of their language. Look at French, for instance. French is a language that has almost no strong accents at all: almost every syllable is equal — not in length, but in stress, in accent. "Permettez-moi de vous presenter M. Bernstein." Now the minute you hear somebody say "PerMETtez-MOI de vous PREsenTER M. BERNstein" then you know he's no Frenchman. All the syllables have to be alike in stress. And these equal stresses show up just as clearly in French folk-music. Do you know this charming French folk-song? [SING: Il etait un petit navire] Do you see how equal all these syllables are? Just the opposite of the Hungarian song. Because it's all smooth and even. [SING: Il etait un petit navire] and that's exactly the smoothness and evenness that we hear in French concert-music, like this phrase from Ravel's "Daphnis and Chloe": [ORCH: Ravel - Daphnis and Chloe] And so it goes, through all the languages, Italian, for instance, is famous for its long beautiful vowels — Volare, cantare, oh, oh, ho, ho. And so Italian music lingers on the vowels. But Spanish, on the other hand, doesn't linger so much on the vowels; the consonants are more important: "Para bailar la bamba se necesita una poca di gracia y otra cosita"; and so the folk music comes out crisp and rhythmic, like the language: [SING: La Bamba] German, of course, is a very heavy language, with long words, and very long combinations of sounds: "Soll ich schlurfen, untertauchen, suss in duften mich verhauchen?" and so German music tends to be heavier and longer and more — well, self-important —than, say French or Spanish music. And as for English — well, that depends what kind of English you're talking about. English English is on thing; and the folk-songs from England are unmistakable — tripping and light, and quick with the tongue, just the way the British speak: [SING: Strawberry Fair] But now what kind of English is this? [SING: Lone Prairie] What is that? What kind of English is that? American. But what kind of American? Western. Right. Cowboy. And you see how different, how lazy and drawling the music is, too; completely different from the British. And just as different is the English of New York City, with its slap-dash syncopations, and its kind of tough charm: That's another kind of English, so it's another kind of music. Well, all this is fascinating, but it still doesn't explain that Mozart tune we started out with. But that's easily explained. It's the middle part of the Minuet — the 3rd Movement — of Mozart's Symphony in E-flat; and the thing that makes that tune so enchanting is not that it's a folk-tune, but that it's like a folk tune. And Austrian this time. The melody has all the clean sweetness of Austrian Speech. And what's more, in the first part of the minuet you will also hear some of those Tyrolean hup-tsa-tsas that makes that folk-music so famous. You know those thigh slapping things that you get in the mountainous music of Austria. And so here is the whole Minuet now, real high-brow concert-music by Mozart, which could never have been written if the simple Austrian folk music hadn't come first. [ORCH: Mozart - Symphony in E-flat - Minuet] Now we're going to take a big jump, from Austria all the way to Mexico. And this will bring us even closer to real folk music — not just music that's sort of like folk music, as we heard in the Mozart minuet, but music that is really based on the old melodies and rhythms of the Mexican Indians. This is a short symphony, in one movement only, by the famous Mexican composer Carlos Chavez, and it's called Indian Symphony, or in Spanish, Sinfonia India. Perhaps the most wonderful thing about this exciting piece is the rhythms you'll hear in it — all kinds of rhythms, regular, irregular, in 2's and 3's and 5's and 7's and every combination. We're not dealing anymore with little French songs or British ditties or cowboy laments; this stuff goes way, way back to a very old Indian civilization — which we now call primitive. Of course, we have very little idea of what their language sounded like way back then, but we can almost tell by listening to this music: choppy, unemotional, almost wooden-like, Indian, in other words, primitive. But primitive music can be very thrilling, even if it's also quite limited. You see, it's usually just five notes —sometimes six — over and over again, the same five notes. Usually these. [PLAY: pentatonic scale] I'm sure you've heard all kinds of old folk music from all over the world that use those five notes: Old Chinese music Scotch bagpipe music only those five notes. You can find it in African music or certain Hindu music, Malayan music, all over the place, and that's called a pentatonic scale. And here are the same five notes again, only this time they are Mexican Indian [PLAY: Carlos Chavez - Sinfonia India] That's the first tune from this Indian Symphony we're going to hear; and at first you might just say, so what? How boring to have to listen to the same five notes all the time, never changing! But that's just the wonderful part; Chavez takes these simple primitive scales and makes them not just interesting, but so exciting you want to jump out of your seat. And he does it through his imagination, by the way he puts the notes together, and by the marvelous rhythms he uses. Like this section at the beginning. [PLAY: Carlos Chavez - Sinfonia India] Of course a lot of the excitement comes from the way he uses the orchestra; he has a whole gang of Indian drums and rattles and strings and things. Like this: [ORCH: Carlos Chavez - Sinfonia India] And in addition to that he has a xylophone that seems to have a primitive life of its own, which keeps going on no matter what the rest of the orchestra is playing with this: [XYLOPHONE: Carlos Chavez - Sinfonia India] And then there are very strange shrieks and whistles that occur in the woodwinds: [FLUTE & PICCOLO: Carlos Chavez - Sinfonia India] Of course, there are also some lovely melodies that Chavez makes out of his five or six notes: in fact there's one you may all go out whistling. And there's a dance at the very end that builds up to such a pitch of excitement by repeating and repeating, that I wouldn't be surprised to turn around at the end and find you all swinging in the aisles. Her is the Sinfonia India by Carlos Chavez. [ORCH: Carlos Chavez - Sinfonia India] So far we have heard a Mozart Minuet that is not folk-music, but has a family resemblance to it; and a Mexican symphony that uses real folk music rhythms and notes, but no actual folk melodies; Chavez wrote all those tunes himself. But now, at last, we are going to hear real folk songs, preserved just as fresh as the day they were born in that ancient region of France called the Auvergne. Even the language they are sung in is the same old dialect, part French, part Spanish, part who knows what, that the shepherds and peasants spoke in those mountains there centuries ago. These songs from the Auvergne have been collected for almost 40 years by a French composer named Canteloube, who has a special passion for the folk music of his country, and who has arranged orchestra accompaniments for them that are as beautiful and touching as the folk songs themselves, Now I have the great pleasure of presenting to you Miss Marni Nixon, a beautiful young soprano, who will sing three of these songs for you. [ORCH: Canteloube - Chansons d'Auvergne L'antoueno] That last song was a love song sung by a young farm girl to her lover. In the next song, the same girl sits down to her spinning wheel and spins and she says, "When I was a little girl I used to watch the sheep." And then she spins a little and she makes fast, little spinning sounds: Ti lirou lirou lirou lirou. Then she says, "There was a shepherd who helped me watch the sheep. He asked me for a kiss and out of gratitude, I gave him two." Then she spins again and says, "Ti lirou lirou lirou lirou." [ORCH: Canteloube - Chansons d'Auvergne Lo fiolaire] And the last song is a bit of carefree philosophy. It says: Unhappy is the man who has a woman, Unhappy is the man who doesn't have a woman, And he who has a woman, doesn't want one And he who doesn't have one, wants one. [ORCH: Canteloube - Chansons d'Auvergne Malurous qu'o uno fenno] And now we're going to hear a marvelous piece that sums up all the things we've been talking about — a piece with the folk-spirit of the Mozart Minuet, the folk-material of the Chavez Symphony, but also real folk-tunes quoted as exactly as those folk songs of the Auvergne that we've just heard. It's an American piece this time by a salty old Yankee named Charles Ives, who lived, up to his death a few years ago, in Danbury, Connecticut. He was one of the first American composers to use folk songs and folk dances in his concert music. It was his way of being American to take marching tunes and hymns and patriotic songs and popular country fiddle music and develop them all together into big symphonic works. The piece we are going to hear is the last movement of his Second Symphony and before it is finished you will have heard tunes that sound like barn dance music, and tunes that sound like Stephen Foster melodies, Swannee River, tunes that sound like fife and drum music; but more than all this, you also hear real barn dance tunes like "Turkey in the Straw" which you all know [PLAY: Turkey in the Straw] and real folk songs such as "Long Long Ago" [PLAY: Long Long Ago] and a real Stephen foster tune - "Campton Races" [PLAY: Campton Races] and a real bugle call - "Reveille" and to top it all off, a long quotation from that grand old American tune — "Columbia the Gem of the Ocean" [PLAY: Columbia the Gem of the Ocean] which I guess you know too. It all adds up to a rousing sort of jamboree, like a Fourth of July celebration, finished off at the very end by a wild yelp of laughter by the whole orchestra made by playing a chord of all the notes in the rainbow at once like this: That's the finish, as if to say — Wow! It's a perfect piece for ending this series of programs which have been very exciting for us to present to you. We hope you found them exciting too, and we're happy to say we'll be back with you for another series next year. And now ... Here's the final movement of the Second Symphony of Charles Ives. [ORCH: Charles Ives - Second Symphony] © 1961, Amberson Holdings LLC. All rights reserved.
An entrance exam in today’s world is every student’s way to achieve their aims and desires in the educational field they want to. But if we look at a broader view of it, what actually is an entrance exam? And why do we have to apply to these exams to get into our desired colleges? An entrance exam is just a medium through which the students get into colleges and the reason behind why they are taken is that the institutions want to test student’s skills, the conceptual learnings and what kind of approach will the students have regarding the topic. Aptitude and subject-based tests are what these entrances consist of and it has all been worth it from quite a long time now. The fear of exams is what every student has from the very start of his/her educational life and when it comes to an entrance exam the level of fear rises a bit, this goes without saying that how important these entrance exams are for the students and thus the fear. Lakhs of students apply to various entrance exams in a year, for example, there are entrances for Engineering, Medical, Management, Designing, Fashion, Film and TV and many more. There are a few reasons why students usually have a hard time preparing for the entrance exams or why they cannot make it to the colleges. Some of them could be as stated: Lack of preparation – Not to say that to ace the entrance exams, one needs a lot of practice and preparation and without that there are a lot of chances of failure and many students do not give it their all and that may cause a problem at times. Distractions – We are talking about the 21st century, the social media generation and something which is bound to come in between our preparations for the exams. Socializing is good, but when you are to achieve something for good you got to take a step back, some sacrifices are worth making. Low motivation – It is tough to prepare for an exam and there will be times when you will think you have lost it all, which makes things worse and hence students go low on motivation which results in failure. Over-learning materials –In the panic situation, while preparing for an entrance exam, students usually tend to start referring to numerous different books or study materials which eventually confuses them and leads to self- doubting. Here are some ways through which one can easily prepare for the entrance exams. Time Management – The most important and the most crucial part about preparing for an exam should be focusing on the time one has and its utilization to the best. Students usually do not have a good time management plan and hence fall short of time to cover up the whole syllabus and also they do face problems while attending the exams the time runs out and they cannot attend the whole exam paper. So the reduce these problems, one should always keep a good schedule according to their needs and have a plan and work according to that. Make a study plan– From the first point, we derive this particular point which is creating a study plan for yourself. You are the one who knows what strengths do you hold and what weaknesses are there at your part and hence you should plan your study schedule according to your needs and most importantly stick by it. Previous years test paper to practice– We cannot emphasize enough on the fact that how important and helping, practicing throughout is. Previous year’s papers are a good way to practice because you get to know various types of questions and also the pattern for the paper. Useless study materials–Referring to a lot of books can be stressful and confusing, thus one should stick to a single plan and consider studying from limited study materials. Stay physically and mentally balanced – It is very important for a student to be both physically and mentally stable and balanced in order to give their 100% so students should make sure they are keeping up with the environment and giving their physical as well as mental health good amount of attention. We all know that this is a tough process and things get frustrating after a point of time but you need to hold on and just give your best. Here are some DO’s and DONT’S during the preparation for your entrance exam. - Make sure you have some amount of recreation, it may be something you love to do. - Taking time to time breaks and going around for walks is a great idea. - Spending some family time, they will be your best support at these times. - Meditating once in a day will bring you peace and calm. - Do not over-practice, or overdo anything. - Don’t be negative about anything, be it yourself or the exams. - Do not procrastinate things, just stick to your plan and practice according to that. - Do not talk to peers about their preparation and doubt yourself. This is a crucial phase of your life and being dedicated and motivated to achieve what you want is the only key to succeed at this. Practice well and have faith in yourself.
Needle and Blood Injury Phobia is triggered when an individual comes in contact with or witnesses any type of injury or injection that results in exposure to blood. - Extreme fear of anxiety related to the sight of blood, the anticipation of physical injury, or the anticipation of an injection - Feared object or situation is actively avoided or endured with extreme distress, fainting or panic - Fear of object or situation causes clinically significant emotional distress and/or functional impairment Light On Anxiety’s Needle & Blood Injury Phobia treatment combines psychoeducational, cognitive and exposure therapy as well as applied tension to rewire your brain to diminish your fear response when you make contact with feared stimuli such as needles, the sight of blood, and other health procedures. - Psychoeducational entails learning why your brain and body react with an extreme fear when you think about or make contact with blood or needles or related stimuli. - Cognitive therapy entails identifying your inaccurate thoughts and beliefs associated with your needle and blood injury anxiety and then developing more accurate counter thoughts you can offer yourself. - Exposure therapy entails creating a fear ladder, ranging from 1 (least distress) to 10 (highest distress), of blood and/or needle anxiety riggering objects, events, or situations. Light On Anxiety will work with you to gradually expose yourself to these objects, events, or situations. - Applied tension is a behavioral technique that intentionally increases your blood pressure immediately before and during the feared event (such as giving blood or getting a shot). The increase in blood pressure will counter your natural physiological inclination to experience an acute drop in pressure, which can prevent fainting and other troubling symptoms associated with needle and blood injury phobia.
In 2016, the order Mononegavirales was emended through the addition of two new families (Mymonaviridae and Sunviridae), the elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae to family status (Pneumoviridae), the addition of five free-floating genera (Anphevirus, Arlivirus, Chengtivirus, Crustavirus, and Wastrivirus), and several other changes at the genus and species levels. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The viral order Mononegavirales was established in 1991 to accommodate related viruses with nonsegmented, linear, single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes. These viruses were initially assigned to three mononegaviral families: Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae [20, 21]. In subsequent years, these families continued to grow through the inclusion of numerous novel species and genera, and the order was therefore emended in 1995 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , and 2011 . The families Bornaviridae and Nyamiviridae joined the other three mononegaviral families in 1996 and 2014 [1, 11], respectively. In 2015, the Study Groups of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) responsible for the taxonomy of the order and its five families embarked on a joint effort to assign unclassified mononegaviruses to existing or novel taxa and to streamline order nomenclature. Here we present a brief overview of the first round of these efforts, which by now is accepted by the ICTV Executive Committee and, thereby, is official taxonomy. Taxonomic changes at the order level In recent years, several mononegaviruses have been described that are only distantly related to the members of the families Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Nyamiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. These viruses include Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (SsNSRV-1) found in an ascomycete in China ; Sunshine Coast virus (SunCV; previously called Sunshine virus) isolated from Australian carpet pythons ; and Líshí spider virus 2 (LsSV-2), Sānxiá water strider virus 4 (SxWSV-4), Tǎchéng tick virus 6 (TcTV-6), Wēnzhōu crab virus 1 (WzCV-1), and Xīnchéng mosquito virus (XcMV) detected in Chinese arthropods . To accommodate these viruses in the order and to appropriately reflect their phylogenetic relationships to other mononegaviral taxa, two new families and four free-floating genera were established: Mymonaviridae (accommodating SsNSRV-1), Sunviridae (SunCV), Anphevirus (XcMV), Arlivirus (LsSV-2), Chengtivirus (TcTV-6), Crustavirus (WzCV-1), and Wastrivirus (SxWSV-4). In addition, the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae was elevated to family status (Pneumoviridae) because the members of this taxon are as closely related to filoviruses as to the members of the paramyxoviral subfamily Paramxyovirinae (now dissolved) (Table 1). Taxonomic changes at the family level The monogeneric family Bornaviridae was reorganized in 2015 by establishing five distinct species in the genus Bornavirus [2, 12] following a non-Latinized binomial species name format . These efforts were continued in 2016 by expanding the genus by an additional two species (Elapid 1 bornavirus for Loveridge’s garter snake virus 1 and Psittaciform 2 bornavirus for parrot bornavirus 5 [9, 18]) (Table 1). The monogeneric family Nyamiviridae was expanded to include a second genus (Socyvirus) for the until-then free-floating nyamivirus species Soybean cyst nematode virus. This species name was changed to Soybean cyst nematode socyvirus to adhere to the non-Latinized binomial species name format (Table 1). The family Paramyxoviridae was emended by expanding the genus Avulavirus by three species (Avian paramyxovirus 10-12 for avian paramyxoviruses 10-12, respectively [5, 19, 28]), the genus Henipavirus by three species (Cedar henipavirus for Cedar virus , Ghanaian bat henipavirus for Kumasi virus [GH-M74a] , and Mojiang henipavirus for Mòjiāng virus ), the genus Morbillivirus by one species (Feline morbillivirus for feline morbillivirus ) and the genus Respirovirus by one species (Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 for porcine parainfluenza virus 1 ). The species Simian Virus 10 was dissolved on the evidence that simian virus 10 is an isolate of human parainfluenzavirus 3 rather than a distinct virus . The genus Pneumovirus, now included in the new family Pneumoviridae, was renamed Orthopneumovirus to avoid confusion between family and genus members (Table 1). The family Rhabdoviridae was expanded by two genera: Dichorhavirus (new; ) and Varicosavirus (previously free-floating outside of the order) to accommodate bisegmented plant viruses (coffee ringspot virus and orchid fleck virus; lettuce big-vein associated virus). The species Alfalfa dwarf cytorhabdovirus (for alfalfa dwarf virus ) was added to the genus Cytorhabdovirus. Finally, the non-Latinized binomial species name format was applied throughout the family (Table 1). A summary of the current, ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales is presented in Table 1. Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Carstens EB (2014) Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2014). Arch Virol 159:2831–2841 Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Bamford DH, Breitbart M, Davison AJ, Ghabrial SA, Gorbalenya AE, Knowles NJ, Krell P, Lavigne R, Prangishvili D, Sanfacon H, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Carstens EB (2015) Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2015). Arch Virol 160:1837–1850 Bejerman N, Giolitti F, de Breuil S, Trucco V, Nome C, Lenardon S, Dietzgen RG (2015) Complete genome sequence and integrated protein localization and interaction map for alfalfa dwarf virus, which combines properties of both cytoplasmic and nuclear plant rhabdoviruses. Virology 483:275–283 Bishop DHL, Pringle CR (1995) Order Mononegavirales. In: Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, Martelli GP, Mayo MA, Summers MD (eds) Virus taxonomy—Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses/Arch Virol Suppl 10. 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Elife 4:e05378 Liu L, Xie J, Cheng J, Fu Y, Li G, Yi X, Jiang D (2014) Fungal negative-stranded RNA virus that is related to bornaviruses and nyaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:12205–12210 Marsh GA, de Jong C, Barr JA, Tachedjian M, Smith C, Middleton D, Yu M, Todd S, Foord AJ, Haring V, Payne J, Robinson R, Broz I, Crameri G, Field HE, Wang LF (2012) Cedar virus: a novel henipavirus isolated from Australian bats. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002836 Marton S, Bányai K, Gál J, Ihász K, Kugler R, Lengyel G, Jakab F, Bakonyi T, Farkas SL (2015) Coding-complete sequencing classifies parrot bornavirus 5 into a novel virus species. Arch Virol 160:2763–2768 Miller PJ, Afonso CL, Spackman E, Scott MA, Pedersen JC, Senne DA, Brown JD, Fuller CM, Uhart MM, Karesh WB, Brown IH, Alexander DJ, Swayne DE (2010) Evidence for a new avian paramyxovirus serotype 10 detected in rockhopper penguins from the Falkland Islands. J Virol 84:11496–11504 Pringle CR (1991) Order Mononegavirales. In: Francki RIB, Fauquet CM, Knudson DL, Brown F (eds) Classification and nomenclature of viruses—Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses/Arch Virol Suppl 2. Springer, Vienna, pp 239–241 Pringle CR, Alexander DJ, Billeter MA, Collins PL, Kingsbury DW, Lipkind MA, Nagai Y, Orvell C, Rima B, Rott R, ter Meulen V (1991) The order Mononegavirales. Arch Virol 117:137–140 Pringle CR (1996) Virus taxonomy 1996—a bulletin from the Xth International Congress of Virology in Jerusalem. Arch Virol 141:2251–2256 Pringle CR (1997) The order Mononegavirales—current status. Arch Virol 142:2321–2326 Pringle CR (2000) Order Mononegavirales. In: van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB (eds) Virus taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 525–530 Pringle CR (2005) Order Mononegavirales. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds) Virus taxonomy—Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier/Academic Press, San Diego, pp 609–614 Sharp CR, Nambulli S, Acciardo AS, Rennick LJ, Drexler JF, Rima BK, Williams T, Duprex WP (2016) Chronic infection of domestic cats with feline morbillivirus, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 22:760–762 Stenglein MD, Leavitt EB, Abramovitch MA, McGuire JA, DeRisi JL (2014) Genome sequence of a bornavirus recovered from an African garter snake (Elapsoidea loveridgei). Genome Announc 2:e00779-14 Terregino C, Aldous EW, Heidari A, Fuller CM, De Nardi R, Manvell RJ, Beato MS, Shell WM, Monne I, Brown IH, Alexander DJ, Capua I (2013) Antigenic and genetic analyses of isolate APMV/wigeon/Italy/3920-1/2005 indicate that it represents a new avian paramyxovirus (APMV-12). Arch Virol 158:2233–2243 Van Regenmortel MH, Burke DS, Calisher CH, Dietzgen RG, Fauquet CM, Ghabrial SA, Jahrling PB, Johnson KM, Holbrook MR, Horzinek MC, Keil GM, Kuhn JH, Mahy BW, Martelli GP, Pringle C, Rybicki EP, Skern T, Tesh RB, Wahl-Jensen V, Walker PJ, Weaver SC (2010) A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials. Arch Virol 155:1909–1919 Woo PC, Lau SK, Wong BH, Fan RY, Wong AY, Zhang AJ, Wu Y, Choi GK, Li KS, Hui J, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Chan KH, Yuen KY (2012) Feline morbillivirus, a previously undescribed paramyxovirus associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis in domestic cats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:5435–5440 Wu Z, Yang L, Yang F, Ren X, Jiang J, Dong J, Sun L, Zhu Y, Zhou H, Jin Q (2014) Novel henipa-like virus, Mojiang paramyxovirus, in rats, China, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 20:1064–1066 We thank Laura Bollinger (NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA) for critically editing the manuscript. Thomas Briese, Ralf Dürrwald, Masayuki Horie, Jens H. Kuhn, Norbert Nowotny, Susan L. Payne, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Martin Schwemmle, Keizo Tomonaga: The members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Bornaviridae Study Group; Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Christopher F. Basler, Sina Bavari, Alexander Bukreyev, Kartik Chandran, Olga Dolnik, John M. Dye, Hideki Ebihara, Pierre Formenty, Roger Hewson, Gary P. Kobinger, Jens H. Kuhn, Eric M. Leroy, Elke Mühlberger, Sergey V. Netesov, Jean L. Patterson, Janusz T. Paweska, Sophie J. Smither, Ayato Takada, Jonathan S. Towner, Viktor E. Volchkov, Victoria Wahl-Jensen: The members of the ICTV Filoviridae Study Group; Ralf G. Dietzgen, Andrew J. Easton, Jens H. Kuhn, Gael Kurath, Norbert Nowotny, Bertus K. Rima, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker: The members of the ICTV Mononegavirales Study Group; Ralf G. Dietzgen, Leslie L. Domier, Elodie Ghedin, Dàohóng Jiāng, Jens H. Kuhn, Nikos Vasilakis, David Wang: The members of the ICTV Nyamiviridae Study Group; Peter L. Collins, Andrew J. Easton, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Gael Kurath, Robert A. Lamb, Andrea Maisner, Rick E. Randall, Bertus K. Rima, Paul Rota, Lin-Fa Wang: The members of the ICTV Paramyxoviridae Study Group; Kim R. Blasdell, Charles H. Calisher, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Hideki Kondo, Gael Kurath, Ben Longdon, David M. Stone, Robert B. Tesh, Noël Tordo, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker, Anna E. Whitfield: The members of the ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of the Army, the US Department of Defense, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. In no event shall any of these entities have any responsibility or liability for any use, misuse, inability to use, or reliance upon the information contained herein. The US departments do not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. A subcontractor to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work is: J. H. K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. This work was also funded in part under Contract No. HSHQDC-07-C-00020 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (V. W.-J.); and National Institutes of Health (NIH) contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 (N. V., R. B. T.). Y. B. was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. About this article Cite this article Afonso, C.L., Amarasinghe, G.K., Bányai, K. et al. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2016. Arch Virol 161, 2351–2360 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2880-1 - Soybean Cyst Nematode - Garter Snake - Taxonomic Change - Orchid Fleck Virus
- 1 Was there a zombie apocalypse in 1599? - 2 What are the signs of a zombie apocalypse? - 3 Can humans turn into zombies? - 4 What would happen if there was zombie apocalypse? - 5 When was the first zombie apocalypse? - 6 Where was the first zombie found? - 7 What is the zombie virus? - 8 How do you prepare for a zombie apocalypse? - 9 How do you become a zombie? - 10 What can cause a zombie apocalypse? - 11 Does the government have a plan for zombie apocalypse? - 12 Is there a warm bodies 2 movie? - 13 What would be your weapon of choice in a zombie apocalypse? - 14 What does a zombie eat? - 15 Where would you survive a zombie apocalypse? Was there a zombie apocalypse in 1599? Romero-style zombie apocalypse happened in 1599, the night Shakespeare’s Henry V opened — and builds from there. What are the signs of a zombie apocalypse? Being aware of these infectious diseases may just help you to avoid your own personal zombie apocalypse. Symptoms usually progress quickly and may be difficult to diagnose right away: - Muscle soreness. - Warm and red/purplish or black-spotted skin. - Ulcers and blisters that erupt on the skin. - Extreme tiredness. Can humans turn into zombies? But there is also a specific psychiatric disorder called Cotard’s syndrome that can cause people to act like zombies. This is because they are under the delusion that they are dead or decomposing. It remains unclear just how prevalent this condition is, but research suggests that it is a rare occurrence. What would happen if there was zombie apocalypse? Smith further predicted that in the event of a zombie apocalypse there would be a significant run on supplies, quarantine of cities, restrictions on travel and ongoing battles to find a vaccine. When was the first zombie apocalypse? Night was the first of six films in Romero’s Living Dead series. Its first sequel, Dawn of the Dead, was released in 1978. George A. Romero and the modern zombie film (1968–1985) \|Apocalyptic and post- apocalyptic fiction character\| \|First appearance\|\|Night of the Living Dead (1968)\| Where was the first zombie found? Origin of Zombies Zombie folklore has been around for centuries in Haiti, possibly originating in the 17th century when West African slaves were brought in to work on Haiti’s sugar cane plantations. What is the zombie virus? For more than 30,000 years, a giant virus lay frozen in northern Russia. It’s the largest virus ever discovered. And it’s not frozen any more. Even after so many millennia in cold storage, the virus is still infectious. Scientists have named this so-called “ zombie ” virus Pithovirus sibericum. How do you prepare for a zombie apocalypse? What To Put In Your Zombie Apocalypse Home Emergency Kit - Water (1 gallon per person per day) - Food: Stock up on non-perishable items that you eat regularly. - Medications: prescription and non-prescription meds. - Tools and fix-it supplies, such as a utility knife, duct tape and battery-powered radio. How do you become a zombie? If you stub your toe, get an infection and die, you turn into a zombie, UNLESS your brain is damaged. If someone shoots you in the head and you die, you’re dead. A zombie bite kills you because of infection, or blood loss, not because of the zombie “virus.” What can cause a zombie apocalypse? There are several common themes and tropes that create a zombie apocalypse: Initial contacts with zombies are extremely traumatic, causing shock, panic, disbelief and possibly denial, hampering survivors’ ability to deal with hostile encounters. Does the government have a plan for zombie apocalypse? CONPLAN 8888 also known as Counter- Zombie Dominance is a U.S. Department of Defense Strategic Command CONOP document that describes a plan for defending against zombies. The April 30, 2011 document depicts fictional scenarios of zombie attacks as a means of training students in military planning. Is there a warm bodies 2 movie? The Burning World, the much-anticipated sequel to Isaac Marion’s popular zombie book Warm Bodies, finally has a release date: Feb. 7, 2017. What would be your weapon of choice in a zombie apocalypse? Schoolbooks would DEFINITELY be my weapon of choice if there happens to be a zombie apocalypse. Just think about it, schoolbooks are heavy and bulky, perfect for bonking a zombie in the head. What does a zombie eat? Zombies know not to eat each other because they only eat living human flesh. Once infected and full zombification has taken place, the zombie is no longer alive, so its flesh is not palatable to other zombies. Where would you survive a zombie apocalypse? More farmlands with fewer people may help you from falling under whatever zombie -inducing disease is floating around. Top 10 best states for surviving a zombie apocalypse.
8 edition of Galileo"s intellectual revolution found in the catalog. Galileo"s intellectual revolution William R. Shea Bibliography: p. -197. \|Statement\|\|[by] William R. Shea.\| \|LC Classifications\|\|QB36.G2 S46\| \|The Physical Object\| \|Pagination\|\|xii, 204 p.\| \|Number of Pages\|\|204\| \|LC Control Number\|\|72089852\| Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin for Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), often referred to as simply the Principia (/ p r ɪ n ˈ s ɪ p i ə, p r ɪ n ˈ k ɪ p i ə /), is a work in three books by Isaac Newton, in Latin, first published 5 July After annotating and correcting his personal copy of the first edition, Newton published two further editions, in Language: New Latin. A summary of The Starry Messenger in 's Galileo Galilei. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Galileo Galilei and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. The Cognitive Development of Galileo’s Theory of Buoyancy develop the theory of mechanical buoyancy? How did he ﬁxate his belief in the theory of mechanical buoyancy? Eventually, to what extent did the methodology of his intel-lectual revolution shape the rhetoric he infused the Discourse with, in order to achieve the power of persuasion? Oct 17, · Mark Peterson makes an extraordinary claim in this fascinating book focused around the life and thought of Galileo: it was the mathematics of Renaissance arts, not Renaissance sciences, that became modern bii-va.como’s Muse argues that painters, poets, musicians, and architects brought about a scientific revolution that eluded the philosopher-scientists of the day, steeped as they were. Although by the eighteenth century, the article had advanced from an insignificant competitor of the book to a serious rival in the communication of new science, books remained an important means of scientific communication well into the nineteenth century. On August 21, , Galileo introduced his first scientific discovery of the telescope that amazed the whole world. It was sold to the Venetian Senate who were very much impressed and could see the possibility of its usage in military for protecting from sea attacks. Marian Childrens Mass Book Evergreen With Readings And Cd-rom, Seventh Edition And Compact American Heritage Dictionary Groundwater of Shenandoah County, Virginia Sound and Music America, the natural and the artificial New approaches to secondary education On the Adirondack survey with Verplanck Colvin Manchester New College, London. A True relation of a plot to betray the towne of Poole in the county of Dorset The 2000 Import and Export Market for Pearls, Precious Stones and Semi-precious Stones in N. America & Caribbean (World Trade Report) Galileo's Intellectual Revolution book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Galileo's Intellectual Revolution book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Galileo's Intellectual Revolution book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for bii-va.coms: 0. Galileo's intellectual revolution This book is primarily a very good survey of much of Galileo's work. Interspersed with this are some short reflections on the general character of Galileo's outlook, but certainly nothing to warrant the highly misleading title of the book.4/5(1). Galileo's intellectual revolution: Middle period, [William Galileos intellectual revolution book Shea] on bii-va.com FREE shipping on qualifying offers. Book by Shea, William RAuthor: William R Shea. Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the €25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in This coin also commemorates the th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The Galileos intellectual revolution book Alma mater: University of Pisa – (no degree). Get this from a library. Galileo's intellectual revolution: middle period, [William R Shea]. May 01, · Copernicus published his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (hereafter referred to simply as Revolutions) in shortly before his death)In Revolutions, Copernicus states that the Sun is at the center and the Earth revolves around it while rotating on its axis daily)Like all scholarly authors, Copernicus wrote in Latin, which only educated people could read, effectively Cited by: 1. The Cambridge Companion to Galileo co-author or editor of over 30 books including Galileo's Intellectual Revolution and The Magic of Numbers and Motion: The Scientific Career of René Descartes. His book Designing Experiments and Games of Chance: The Unconventional Science of Blaise Pascal won the Library Association Award as one of the. Dec 03, · The alleged predominance of an Aristotelian worldview in antiquity is an illusion created by this distortion of sources. The “continuity thesis” that paints 17th-century science as building on medieval thought is doubly mistaken, as it misconstrues both ancient science and Galileo’s role in the scientific revolution. The publication of this model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution. Galileo Galilei (–) has always played a key role in any history of science and, in many histories of philosophy, he is a, if not the, central figure of the scientific revolution of the 17 th Century. His work in physics or natural philosophy, astronomy, and the methodology. Nov 12, · "Wootton’s Galileo is many things: private unbeliever, reluctant empiricist and impetuous thinker. This brilliant book traces Galileo’s difficult negotiations of academic jealousies, court politics and ecclesiastical scrutiny, allows us to imagine the excitement and danger of looking through a telescope in Venice, and gives fresh insights into the mind and the man as father and son. This book will make an excellent textbook for a course on Islamic philosophy. Furthermore, it can be used as a supplementary textbook in a course on medieval philosophy. ROBERTELIASABU SHANAB University o/ Benghazi, Libya Galileo's Intellectual Revolution: Middle Period, By Author: Michael S. Mahoney. Sep 04, · At first, Galileo supported this view, like any other intellectual of his time, and was on track to be a university professor. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution of the 17th. Aug 30, · Sobel finds a new way to celebrate history's intellectual heroes. Newsweek. Despite its title, this impressive book proves to be less the story of Galileo's elder daughter, the oldest of his three illegitimate children, and more the story of Galileo himself and his trial before the Inquisition for arguing that Earth moves around the Sun/5. I was surprised that this book is more about Galileo's life, his studies, inventions, etc. We do learn about his daughters, 2, and one in particular and their relationship but that is not the focus of the book. I enjoyed this book twice because there is so much history about religion, Italy, and other famous peopled that influenced him. Jan 18, · Galileo—the self-declared enemy of relying on textual authority, who often mocked his opponents for believing things simply because it said so in some book—he was the one in this case who found in some old book the claim that tides are greatest in summer and winter, took this for fact and derived this supposed effect from his own theory. In this provocative, brave, and clearly written book, Goff makes a compelling case for an initially absurd thesis: that the colors we perceive are instances of universal qualities hidden within all material processes.” (Lee Smolin, author of Einstein’s Unfinished Revolution and founding member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics). Galileo Galilei () – Italian astronomer, scientist and philosopher, who played a leading role in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo improved the telescope and made many significant discoveries in astronomy. His findings encouraged him to speak out for the Copernican view that the earth revolved around the sun. However, his views were considered heretical, and he. Oct 25, · Innovations like Galileo’s work, the use of mathematics, and Bacon’s Scientific Method gave rise to modern science, a secular way of understanding society as well as the natural world. As a result, an intellectual revolution began in the West during the Early Modern period. Jan 21, · In a manner fully in keeping with the radical theory of “triune time” proposed by Kim Stanley Robinson in his invigorating, questing and touching new novel, Galileo’s Dream, I will for a moment depart from the familiar chronology of the book review — which would have us begin at the opening of this captivating hybrid historical/science-fictional tale.Nov 14, · Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei made a number of inventions and discoveries that remain important to astronomy and science in general today.The Counter-Reformation reinvigorated the Church, and incited a great wave of intellectual, artistic, and religious energy. But it also put an end to the liberality and leniency of the Renaissance; its emphasis on religious orthodoxy, rigidly enforced by the Inquisition, would .
Cooking or simply making your delicacy is one task that one can consider a sweet one. Undoubtedly,cooking saves one the many dangers associated with food, (food poison) emanating from some unhygienic practices by some food handlers. Hygiene and cleanliness are very important aspect of cooking. This is because it protects both food consumers and handlers alike from food poison outbreak. This is even more reason one should be very careful what one eats, and if possible, make it, where and when one can. Every year, thousands of people suffer from food-borne illnesses, usually involving severe diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramp. This is the resultant effect of the consumption of contaminated or poisoned food. Due to the fact that such cases are not generally reported, except only on severe outbreak, it is difficult to find a figure and statistics on the number of cases of food poison. Food poison can be devastating, depending on who the victim is, especially the frail. In most cases, the effect on the elderly and the babies are, to say the least, very fatal. It seems, rather too sad though, that few people know about the principles and practices of health and hygiene and even fewer are aware of the laws relating to transporting, handling and storage of food for public consumption, hence, the lack of practical, applied knowledge in this regard. Sincerely, if I may advice, if you must cook your food, as I will suggest you do, take time to follow the hygienic tips below: Be sure to; – Wash off dirt from body, hands and face. – Wear clean, protective clothing. – Leave outdoor clothing in another room. – Put hair in net, trim beards and wear a hat. – Touching your nose, eyes and lips. – Fiddling your hair. – Licking your fingers. – Biting your nails. Otherwise, you are in real danger of contaminating the food you are cooking and I wonder how many of your family members and friends will thank you for that. NOTE: CARELESS HABITS RISK LIFE. And so, remember to wash your hands after: – Going to the toilet (wash with the toilet basin and not the kitchen basin) – A break in the rest room. – Touching your face or hair – Sneezing, coughing, and blowing your nose. – Touching dirty surface, utensils and cleaning duties. – Handling raw food, wastes and refuses.
Today in History, June 11: 1804 – A duel between Alexander Hamilton and Vice-President Aaron Burr ends in the death of Hamilton. Both men had played important roles in the birth of America, Hamilton greatly more so. Hamilton had been an aide to Gen. Washington during the Revolutionary War and a key player in the writing of the Constitution, and then the primary driver in creating our financial system. Burr had been a hero of the Canadian campaign during the war and was a talented politician, if less than diligent in his ethics. Hamilton despised Burr, and considered it his duty to defeat Burr’s ambitions wherever he could. Finally, after Hamilton played a key role in defeating Burr’s ambitions to be New York’s next Governor, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Duels were then illegal in New York, and most of the challenges were brought to an amicable solution without gunfire. The combatants and their seconds had to go across the river to New Jersey, to a promontory known as Weehawken. Depending on which side you listen to, Hamilton fired his shot into the air, believing the duel to be frivolous. In this version, Burr then took careful aim and shot Hamilton dead. Burr’s second reports that Hamilton fired at Burr and missed. With the death of such a prominent American, Burr was excoriated as a cad. He finished out his term as Vice-President to hide behind the immunity from prosecution it provided. Afterwards he instigated a scheme to create a separate nation within the Louisiana Territory, going to the British for support (which was refused) and was tried for treason, of which he was acquitted. Nonetheless, he was despised by all, and remained so in history. This is one of those moments in History, that will forever be shrouded in mystery. As with time travel theories…what if this had never happened? What if Burr had missed? There is a very real possibility Hamilton could have been President at some point. If so, what effect would he have on the War of 1812? With his financial acumen, would he have affected Andrew Jackson’s battle with the Bank? Or would Jackson or any since have even been President? How often has a split second in History…changed History?
Destructive insects in unprecedented numbers are finding Alaskan forests to be a more comfortable home, year by year, and climate change could well be the cause. Warmer winters kill fewer insects, and longer, warmer summers let insects complete a life cycle and reproduce in one year instead Warmer winters can also damage trees and make them less able to fend off insect attacks by changing the nature of snow. Instead of light, fluffy snow formed at extreme cold temperatures, warm winters produce wet, heavy snow more likely to break the limbs of spruce and other trees. Since 1980, aerial surveys indicate spruce bark beetles have killed mature white spruce trees on 4.4 million acres, including more than a million acres on the Kenai Peninsula. After two successive warm winters, Alaska had some really warm summers, and the beetle numbers increased dramatically. At the same time, reduced rainfall meant that the resistance of the trees was down everywhere. One major outbreak marched across the landscape killing most of the mature trees in a whole region of the state. Spruce bark beetles bore into trunks and feed on the live cambium layer, a thin strip of tissue under the bark. Trees resist beetles with pitch, the substance from which turpentine is distilled. If the tree is healthy, beetles try to avoid it; too much pitch pressure makes boring difficult. When a tree is injured, bark beetles can detect the change in pitch composition and home in for the kill. When it comes to climate, warmer is not necessarily better.
Master Class: How to remember names – with Chester Santos “A person’s name is to him or her the sweetest and most important sound in any language.” –Dale Carnegie, How to Win Friends and Influence People And as Carnegie points out in his book, remembering people’s names creates better business (and personal) relationships. But what if you FORGET someone’s name? You just apologize, right? Well, yeah. Do that. However, it’s still no bueno: “If you are not remembering people’s names, or even worse, you’re calling them by the wrong name…what they feel is that they’re really not important to you,” says Chester Santos. Chester is the winner of the USA Memory Championship & he writes at InternationalManofMemory.com. Ok…but what if you have the memory of a goldfish?* Well, Chester has a whole bag of tricks to help. In fact, they helped one guy with ADHD and dyslexia… Go from barely being able to remember a name… To 15th place at the US National Memory Championship. In Chester’s Mixergy course, you’ll discover: - The SIMPLE, 3-minute method to quickly and easily recall information… - The TWO THINGS you must do every time you meet someone new… - What to do when you LEAVE a social event that will cement all the new names into your brain… - Why Chester would use C3-P0 from “Star Wars” to remember my name (and how you can apply the same tactic)… - and much more!
On the 20st of July, 1969, mankind step onto the moon for the first time in the human history. This year marks the 50th anniversary of the historical moment. This month I’m going to share not just one but two spece-tacular picture books to celebrate this special month! The first one is This Is the Way to the Moon by Miroslav Šašek (Universe Publishing 2009). If you love picture books, Šašek’s name must be familiar to you. He’s the author-illustrator of classic children’s ‘travel guides’, This Is… series. This Is the Way to the Moon follows the similar format. It takes you to “a land of giants, of science-fiction-turned-fact”, “Space Capital of the World” – Cape Canaveral on the east cost of Florida. Cape Canaveral is “the land of satellites, space vehicles and spacemen” where “the effective speed limit is 17,400 m.p.h.”. To be more specific, it’s where John F. Kennedy Space Center is. Like all other This Is… books, this is not a typical reference picture books filled only with dry facts and numbers. Yes Šašek gives you facts and numbers about different missiles and radars. But the heart of the book is the relationship between the space centre and the city and people who visit and live and work there, and it’s told with warmth and humour, featuring the 37-pound astronaut, “birdwatchers” and a chocolate spacecraft! In my opinion, Šašek’s artwork is one of those that age well. It’s retro and nostalgic but it never dates – just like our fascination for space. I also love the layout of the book. It’s arranged the way that reminds me of someone’s holiday photo album. And by looking at the beautiful colours of the artwork, blue and yellow in particular, you can almost feel the hot west coast air. Actually, this book was originally published as This is Cape Canaveral in 1963, then as This is Cape Kennedy in 1964, before Neil Armstrong and Co. landed on the moon. The book tells you what happens on a Project Mercury and the first American spaceman, Alan Shepard. But this new edition is updated with Apollo 11 moon landing facts (illustrated by Jessie Harland). The second book is Armstrong: The Adventurous Journey of a Mouse to the Moon by Torben Kuhlmann (NorthSouth 2019). This is one of those books I had never heard of before and just stubbled across in a book shop and fell in love. When you see a mouse in spacesuit, you got to pick up the book, right? I was hooked as soon as I opened the book and saw the endpaper with pencil drawings of inventions by the mouse. Then I saw the first spread of the little mouse looking into a human-size telescope. WOW. The story is about the stargazer – a curious mouse who is obsessed with the moon. He observes the moon night after night. One day he decided to share his discovery with his fellow mice. But no one is interested because they don’t want to know the moon is a giant ball of stone. They believed something quite different… To prove his discovery, the little mouse decided to be the first mouse on the moon. However, soon he learns that going to the moon is lot more complicated than he thought (he slipped into human libraries and university lectures). But it doesn’t stop him. He overcomes many obstacles by trial and error. However, his experiment leads to a catastrophe and now humans are after him (“THE RODENT SABOTEUR”)! But our little dreamer never gives up. And one day his dream comes true. He picks up a stone as an evidence to show the other mice. His mission is a complete success. And when he comes back to Planet Earth, he is welcomed by a big crowd of fellow mice as a hero! This is an epic story that runs over 128 pages (what I just told you is just a digest). The book is more of a graphic nobel than a picture book. What makes this book so special is the stunning illustrations by Torben Kuhlmann. The details and cinematic compositions make every spreads look like a piece of art. Kuhlmann also has great skill to mix realism and fantasy. The star of the story, for example, looks pretty realistic but it has just right amount of human qualities, and Kuhlmann can demonstrate range of emotions through slight change of posture and angle of ears. You can’t help relating to this little hero. The synopsis on the cover reads “dreams are determined only by the size of one’s imagination and the biggest innovators are the smallest of all”. This fantastic story is not just about power of curiosity and determination but also it is itself a fantastic example of great imagination. This is a sort of re-imagined history of moon landing. You would like the witty little twist at the end.
Financial Statements Measure Your Financial Health and Progress. Financial statements are compilations of personal financial data that describe an individual’s or family’s current financial condition. They present a summary of assets and liabilities as well as income and spending of an individual or family. The two most useful statements are the balance sheet and the cash-flow statement. A balance sheet (or net worth statement) describes an individual’s or family’s financial condition on a specified date (often January 1) by showing assets, liabilities, and net worth. It provides a current status report and includes information on what you own, what you owe, and what the net result would be if you paid off all of your debts. It answers the question “Where are you financially right now?” A cash-flow statement (or income and expense statement) lists and summarizes income and expense transactions that have taken place over a specific period of time, such as a month or a year. It tells you where your money came from and where it went. It answers the question “Where did your money go?”.
The benefits of eating almonds are numerous, especially in today’s world. Almonds have been a source of nutrition for generations of people in the Middle East. The amazing health benefits of eating almonds range from lowering your cholesterol levels to regulating your blood sugar levels. They can also help protect you against heart disease. The benefits of almonds are not just limited to your cholesterol levels. Almonds are packed with vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids which can help boost your immune system. They are also rich in vitamin E and protein. This nutrient is very important because it helps build cell wall strength, which is very necessary when you are battling illness. With a high fiber content, almonds can help you control your weight as they contain low calories without the fatty deposits. Magnesium is a nutrient that our bodies need to absorb and use efficiently. It is also a good source of energy. When almonds are combined with the protein found in whole-grain breads and cereals, you can get a great source of nutrition without adding too many calories to your diet. For this reason, almonds are known as a “good source” of magnesium. Sugar is another food group that you might want to cut out of your diet. Not only does sugar to raise your blood glucose levels, it is also a main culprit in food-related accidents and even tooth decay. A medium almond is about 80% already coated with oil and has one to two tablespoons of almonds in it. This makes an excellent snack for any time of the day. When mixed with a little honey or molasses, you can even make a dessert. There are some people who claim that almonds are bad for your health. While there have been no studies linking eating almonds with an increased risk of colon cancer, a glass of almond milk may provide you with some benefits. One of the best antioxidants found in nature is called rutein. This substance is found in almonds and related fruits and vegetables. Eating a glass of almond milk on a daily basis may be an easy way to improve your vision and reduce your risk of colon cancer. The health benefits of nuts are not limited to those that can be eaten raw. Almonds can be mixed with honey and made into delicious drinks such as a chocolate milk shake. You can also use almonds as a topping for pancakes, French toast, or cereal. They make an excellent spread for breads and tortillas. The benefits of snacking on almonds are endless. When combined with a healthy sweetener, like honey, they can be used as a healthy alternative to candy bars. They are also beneficial for diabetics because they help control blood sugar levels. Since they contain healthy amounts of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, it makes it easy for diabetics to control their blood sugar levels throughout the day. It can be difficult for people with diabetes to regulate their blood sugar levels because of the disease, so this type of snack is a great alternative to help people keep track of their progress. Almonds are also good for people who need a little bit of extra energy to get through the day. Although almonds don’t offer a lot of vitamins and minerals, they do provide a significant amount of protein. Protein helps to build muscle and keeps the body energized. If you find that you are feeling sluggish after a meal, you should consider adding almonds to your diet. By including almonds in your diet you can provide your body with extra protein and nutrients that will help keep your metabolism up. They are also a good source of vitamin e, which is a powerful antioxidant that can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
10 REM: Define Ethical Algorithm; 30 GOTO 10; If you don’t know the answer then search for it. Once you think you know the answer. Look at it, critically; look hard; examine it; pour over it; tear it apart; ask for help looking at it. And if it works – look again. And if it doesn’t work, search again. In a word: search. This is not the answer to the question; it is the answer to finding the answer to the question if it exists. It may not, but we don’t know; this is why we search. This is what Socrates is doing. This is what Socrates tells us we should do. When Socrates stops asking questions for once and tells us something positive – admits to an actual belief – it is this: “….I would contend at all costs both in word and deed as far as I could that we will be better men, braver and less idle, if we believe that one must search for the things that one does not know, rather than if we believe that it is not possible to find out what we do not know and that we must not look for it.” – Meno, 86c And if it makes us better men, braver and less idle then isn’t that virtue; the belief that we can know and must search to know? Isn’t that the definition of ethical behavior? So, what am I suggesting: that wanting to know what it is to be virtuous or ethical or questioning how to deal with a particular ethical dilemma, together with the willingness to expend the effort in searching for the answer to that question, results in an actual answer? Isn’t that just wishful thinking? What proof can I offer that thinking deeply about things isn’t just narcissistic behavior; that it really isn’t just a way of avoiding making an unpleasant decision? Does thinking about things really make us less idle, or is it just laziness? And more specifically, doesn’t Plato contradict himself, if this is the answer? When Socrates speaks of virtuous men later in this dialog he states: “As regards knowledge, they are no different from soothsayers and prophets. They too say many things when inspired, but they have no knowledge about what they are saying” – Meno, 99c “Virtue… comes to those who possess it as a gift from the gods.” – Meno, 100a These sorts of statements seem to devalue the need to search. Aren’t they saying that virtue can’t be taught or learned, but rather that you either got it or you don’t? I actually don’t think so. I think that the search, for Socrates, has a purpose, and that purpose is not to define or create logical explanations or rules about ethics or virtue. It IS virtuous in itself. Or if not quite that, it is a meditation on virtue that can lead to a first hand knowledge of virtue, or at least to inspiration. But the argument that virtue/morality comes from inspiration sounds weak. Why should we spend our time in so much logistical/verbal analysis if the result of all that heavy thinking is just to jettison it like so much extra ballast in a storm at sea. And inspiration itself sounds suspiciously like that old legal saw about pornography, “I know it when I see it.” But notice that none of Socrates’ interlocutors ever come out and answer that “I’ll know it when I see it.” Only Socrates is brave enough to claim ignorance. They always fall back on reasons. They believe in reasons; they claim to have reasons for their actions or beliefs about things, and they suppose that these reasons are valid or self evident without ever bothering to examine them. And so Socrates is not finding reasons, he is debunking them. He examines the conventional reasons, and finds them wanting. What he is looking for defies reason and expectation. It is inspiration. In fact, I will go further; reasons interfere with inspiration. In every case, verbal logic fails to capture the essence of virtue and ethics. The method is too inexact. It’s like trying to cut sushi with a carpenter’s saw. Plato holds that these ethical properties are real. There is a real virtue, a real piety, a real justice but they are not their words. Words can’t contain them. Words are just the tags we label them with. They point to something, but the definitions can’t explain the thing in itself because the thing is inspired in us on some level that words an logic can’t quite reach. To know these things requires an Eureka! moment, like the child discovering the diagonal. There is a real principle, but it is blinding in its abstractness. This is the source from which our moral precepts derive, but it is not identical to the precepts. What the search achieves is to keep us in contact with that source. Analysis of these moral constructs, debate on the dilemmas they engender, keep us close to the inspiration and allow it to work through us. It can’t really answer any questions, but it can put us in the proper frame of mind to have that Eureka! And that is more than ethics, it’s metaphysics. This is my take on ethics. At least it is for today. I will search again tomorrow.
Biography 24.3 (2001) 669-670 [Access article in PDF] This nicely written study of a number of antebellum slave narratives seeks to illuminate the multiple identities created within such narratives. Composed for a literary theory audience but very accessible to other readers and students, the book reaffirms a number of older interpretations while mixing in the author's own ideas. Bland divides his argument into three main sections, encompassing the literary and cultural landscape, the slaves' response, and an epilogue. The first section includes an illuminating discussion of "masking" in slave narratives, by which bond people produced a series of identities separate from the ken of their masters. Using original insights overlaying older ideas, Bland relates "masking" to W. E. B. Du Bois's double-consciousness and Bahktin's theory of "double-voiced discourse." Such doubling, the author announces, served as "an imaginative and creative (as well as an honest and accurate) response to the contradictions inherent in a supposedly Christian nation that tolerated the slave system" (13). Within this statement the author reveals much of his argument: masking is a creative means to allay spiritual malaise. This analysis is carried through a second chapter, in which Bland surveys a number of techniques slaves used to combat their conditions on plantations. The second section, entitled "Speaking for Themselves," introduces a novel interpretation of Nat Turner's trial record. While many of the narratives spoken about in this book are unsurprising--Frederick Douglass, William Wells Brown, Harriet Jacobs, and William and Ellen Craft--Bland's interpretation of Nat Turner is highly original and expansive. He relates Turner's jeremiad to the Old Testament, a reference used ably by Douglas Egerton in his recent book on Denmark Vesey. Initially, Bland associates Turner's voice with that of the criminal conversion narratives common in the early nineteenth century which invariably featured a deathbed confession. More powerfully, Turner's vision, Bland argues, was related to contemporary works by David Walker and Robert Alexander Young in creating an early manifestation of liberation theology. Following this evocative chapter is a more pedestrian reading of Frederick Douglass's narratives. It includes a lengthy discussion of the fight with Mr. Covey, one of American literature's greatest villains. A nice photo of Mr. Auld, Douglass's troubled master, will compensate readers. After that are more familiar but useful interpretations of Sandy and the African root. Bland is also intent in posing his narrators against their white abolitionist allies. So the quarrel between Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison is [End Page 669] reviewed, as is the contest between Harriet Jacobs and Lydia Maria Child. A final section offers a concise discussion of passing as presented in the narrative of William and Ellen Craft. Throughout, occasional asides relate antebellum narratives to twentieth-century literary figures. This technique is helpful, though not always fully developed. Bland presents a number of good ideas and novel insights into familiar and lesser-known narratives. His argument about double consciousness, though previously made by William Andrews, Jr., and Will Gravely, is effective throughout this trim volume. One criticism is the lack of a good index. This book can be profitably used in undergraduate classrooms or as an ancillary text. Graham Russell Hodges Graham Russell Hodges is Professor of History at Colgate University. He is the author of Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey 1613-1863 (U of North Carolina P, 1999) and David Ruggles: Black Apostle of Freedom (U of North Carolina P, forthcoming).
Summary: Researchers have identified acute transverse myelitis (ATM) in a number of COVID-19 patients. ATM, which is marked by inflammation of the spinal cord, is a rare neurological disorder that can lead to spinal cord lesions, paralysis, and bowel dysfunction. Source: Houston Methodist As researchers continue to study the neurological impacts of COVID-19, a Houston Methodist international collaboration has documented an unexpectedly frequent occurrence of acute transverse myelitis (ATM) – inflammation of the spinal cord – in 43 COVID-19 patients. Led by Houston Methodist neurologist Dr. Gustavo Roman, the study of existing scientific literature found that patients from 21 countries developed spinal cord lesions after contracting the virus. Symptoms included paralysis and sphincter/bowel dysfunction. The patients’ ages ranged from 21 to 73 and included about half-and-half women and men. ATM, a rare neurological condition, affects between 1.34 and 4.6 cases per million per year, and researchers believe the unusually high rate in post-COVID-19 patients merits additional investigation. Moreover, 3 ATM cases were reported during the trials of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine. The study is published in Frontiers in Immunology. Dr. Roman collaborated with researchers from Hospital Paitilla, Interamerican University of Panama and Hospital Santo Tomas (Drs. Fernando Gracia, Antonio Torres, Alexis Palacios, Karla Gracia and Diogenes Harris. About this neurology and COVID-19 research news Source: Houston Methodist Contact: Patti Muck – Houston Methodist Image: The image is in the public domain Acute Transverse Myelitis (ATM):Clinical Review of 43 Patients With COVID-19-Associated ATM and 3 Post-Vaccination ATM Serious Adverse Events With the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine (AZD1222) Introduction: Although acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a rare neurological condition (1.34-4.6 cases per million/year) COVID-19-associated ATM cases have occurred during the pandemic. Case-finding methods: We report a patient from Panama with SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated by ATM and present a comprehensive clinical review of 43 patients with COVID-19-associated ATM from 21 countries published from March 2020 to January 2021. In addition, 3 cases of ATM were reported as serious adverse events during the clinical trials of the COVID-19 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222). Results: All patients had typical features of ATM with acute onset of paralysis, sensory level and sphincter deficits due to spinal cord lesions demonstrated by imaging. There were 23 males (53%) and 20 females (47%) ranging from ages 21- to 73- years-old (mean age, 49 years), with two peaks at 29 and 58 years, excluding 3 pediatric cases. The main clinical manifestations were quadriplegia (58%) and paraplegia (42%). MRI reports were available in 40 patients; localized ATM lesions affected ≤3 cord segments (12 cases, 30%) at cervical (5 cases) and thoracic cord levels (7 cases); 28 cases (70%) had longitudinally-extensive ATM (LEATM) involving ≥4 spinal cord segments (cervicothoracic in 18 cases and thoracolumbar-sacral in 10 patients). Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) occurred in 8 patients, mainly women (67%) ranging from 27- to 64-years-old. Three ATM patients also had blindness from myeloneuritis optica (MNO) and two more also had acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN). Conclusions: We found ATM to be an unexpectedly frequent neurological complication of COVID-19. Most cases (68%) had a latency of 10 days to 6 weeks that may indicate post-infectious neurological complications mediated by the host’s response to the virus. In 32% a brief latency (15 hours to 5 days) suggested a direct neurotropic effect of SARS-CoV-2. The occurrence of 3 reported ATM adverse effects among 11,636 participants in the AZD1222 vaccine trials is extremely high considering a worldwide incidence of 0.5/million COVID-19-associated ATM cases found in this report. The pathogenesis of ATM remains unknown, but it is conceivable that SARS-CoV-2 antigens –perhaps also present in the AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccine or its chimpanzee adenovirus adjuvant– may induce immune mechanisms leading to the myelitis.
Goal: Reason regarding electrodynamics Source: 283-630 Path of a charge in E&B fields. charge is released from rest in E and B fields. Both fields point along the x axis. Which of the following statements regarding the charge’s motion are correct? - The charge will travel along a straight-line path. - The charge’s speed will change as it travels. - The charge will travel in helical path. - The charge will travel in helical path of increasing pitch. - The charge will travel in a circle in the x-y plane. - 1 and 2 only - 2 and 4 only - None of the above (6) The different responses reveal the extent to which students understand vector cross products and/or read the problem carefully. Some students choose #8 because they do not like the way the motion is expressed. They prefer descriptions such as, the charge first moves in a straight line until it gets some speed then …
U.S. Records Highest Number Of Coronavirus Cases In 1 Day Since Pandemic Began The United States hit a record high number of confirmed daily coronavirus cases Friday, recording more than 83,000 new cases, according to data compiled by Johns Hopkins University. The number surpasses the previous record of more than 77,000 cases in mid-July. The U.S. also recorded 943 deaths due to COVID-19 on Friday. More than 8 million people in the U.S. have been infected with the virus, and more than 223,000 people have died from the disease since the pandemic began, according to Johns Hopkins University. More than 42 million cases have been reported worldwide. One day earlier, 71,671 new coronavirus cases were reported in the U.S. on Thursday. Cases have been rising sharply in the U.S. since mid-September, with new outbreaks picking up in several states. Hospitalizations have also been on the rise. The COVID Tracking Project reports 41,485 coronavirus patients were hospitalized as of Friday. The number is more than half of the highs recorded during the coronavirus surges in the spring and summer. Unlike past surges, where a few states drove up case numbers, the current high is being propelled by many states. Texas currently has the most recorded cases, followed by Illinois, Wisconsin and Florida. Despite the rise in cases, there has been some good news. Two peer-reviewed studies recently showed a drop in mortality among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, suggesting health care workers have gotten better at helping patients survive the disease. One study found that the mortality rate among hospitalized patients dropped from 25.6 percent to 7.6 percent. The mortality rate remains high compared with other diseases, and some continue to suffer complications long after recovering. Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
Cold Frames - Mini Greenhouses for New Seedlings Notes From the Gardener In this climate of ours where winters linger and springs are short, many gardeners employ cold frames to get a jump on the growing season. Cold frames are mini-greenhouses used to start new seedlings, or protect them from the cold of early spring. In fact, they are sometimes called "poor man's greenhouse" because they are cheap and simply constructed. A cold frame can be something as simple as a wooden box with a sheet of glass placed over it, but most are constructed of four boards nailed together into a rectangle. To maximize the exposure to the sun, cold frames should be located in a southern exposure, preferably on a slope. Covers can be made of glass or plastic, but must shut tightly to protect young plants from freezing temperatures. Depending on the severity of the cold additional covering might be necessary, such as blankets, tar paper or pine needles. If you really want to get a jump on the season you can add a heat source to the cold frame. Here are three suggestions: 1.You can build your cold frame next to your house, adjacent to a cellar window. On very cold nights all that will be necessary to do is open the cellar window to allow heat from the house into the covered cold frame. 2.You can also deliver heat to a cold frame by stringing incandescent light bulbs into the interior. The number of bulbs you use and their wattage depends on the size of the cold frame. I have used 40 watt bulbs and found them sufficient. 3.Another method I have had success with, but requires more labor, is using the natural heat given off by composting manure. First, dig a pit 18" deep where the cold frame is to be located. Then fill this with moistened, fresh stable manure if available. After a few days turn the manure, moisten it if necessary, and cover with a few inches of soil. Locate the cold frame over the compost and heat from below will keep the soil and plants warm. Cold frames must be watched carefully for cold is not the only danger. On a sunny day the heat in a closed cold frame can shrivel up tender seedlings in a very short time. So you must be prepared to remove or prop open cold frame covers on a sunny day and even provide shade using netting or cheesecloth if necessary.
Feudalism was the system of domination of the Middle Ages. The deceitful granted a country to a vassal in exchange for service and an oath of loyalty. The whole country belonged directly to the monarch. All the masters of the country swore allegiance to their king as part of their feudal contract. In exchange for services and military assistance, the king allowed each baron or lord to use a country in part like his own. The king gave earth on the basis of the number of men whom the Lord hired in the service of the king, and also on the basis of services, family ties and personal friendships. The Lord then gave land and land to knights in exchange for an oath of loyalty and a treaty on military service. In return, the knight had the right to give land, home and protection to Yeomen in exchange for an oath of loyalty and service as an infantry man or other non-military service. During the Middle Ages, in addition to barons, knights and yeomes, other titles were granted, including dukes and counts, on the basis of the size of the country granted. In addition, feudal contracts were entered into in exchange for things other than military service, including production, protection and wages. Feudalism is defined as a medieval European political, economic and social system from the 9th to the 15th century. An example of feudalism is that someone who exploits a piece of land for a lord and agrees to serve under the Lord during the war in exchange for his life in the country and his protection. A feudal contract defines the obligations between a feudal vasal and their Liège. Only the feudal government form allows each Vassal to negotiate its commitments individually. There are special contracts such as the March, scutage or Palatinate contracts. These special contracts can only be held by the animal Duke Vassals or more. We will guide you through some of the basics of the feudal treaties below. The question is also, what is a simple definition of feudalism? The vassal owes fidelity to its Lord. A violation of this duty was a crime considered so abominable that in England all serious crimes, including those unrelated to feudalism, were classified as crimes, for they constituted a sort of violation of the Fealty, which was owed to the king as guardian of public peace and public order. During the Middle Ages, a feudal treaty was a contract between a lord and his vassals.