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metaeval 4

[ "People are unlikely to make a connection between a meal they have eaten and a subsequent illness unless the illness strikes a group who are in communication with one another.", "Many restaurant provide catering services for banquets in addition to serving individual meals.", "A significantly large number of people eat in restaurants than attend catered banquets in any given time period.", "Catering establishments know how many people they expect to serve, and ttherefore are less likely than restaurants to have, and serve, leftover foods, a major source of food poisoning." ]

[ "Orangutans are the most intelligent of nonhuman primates.", "Orangutans dislike being caged more than chimpanzees do.", "Some nonhuman primates are capable of deception.", "Not all nonhuman primates understand tool use." ]

[ "It fails to consider whether the owls' vision was permanently impaired by their having worn the lenses while immature.", "It uses as evidence experimental results that were irrelevant to the conclusion.", "It neglects to consider how similar distorting lenses might affect the behavior of other bird species.", "It attributes human reasoning processes to a nonhuman organism." ]

[ "High blood cholesterol levels preclude the weakening of artery walls.", "Cerebral hemorrhages are more dangerous than strokes caused by blood clots.", "Western diets result in higher blood cholesterol levels than do non-Western diets.", "People who have low blood pressure are at increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage." ]

[ "In some animal species, no members ever display tameness.", "Domesticated animals cannot be turned into wild species by breeding only those animals that display some wild characteristics.", "In some animal species, wild members mate more frequently than tame members.", "In some domesticated animal species, some members are much more tame than other members." ]

[ "The number of graduates who went on to college remained constant each year during the 10-year period.", "Many of last year's graduates who went on to college did so in order to prepare for careers requiring college degrees.", "Some of the graduates who went on to college never received guidance from a high school counselor.", "Any college courses that the graduates take will improve their career prospects." ]

[ "Children would be terrified if they believed they were in the presence of a real lion.", "Children apparently have a reasonably sophisticated understanding of what is real and what is pretend.", "Children who have acquired a command of language generally answer correctly when asked about whether a thing is real or pretend.", "The pleasure children get from make-believe would be impossible to explain if they could not distinguish between what is real and what is pretend." ]

[ "The handling of water drainage and retention is the most important part of good farming.", "Industrial solutions for problems in farming should never be sought.", "Farmers are better than anyone else at solving farming problems.", "The problems of farming should be viewed in all their complexity." ]

[ "aesthetically relevant properties other than representation can determine whether an object is a work of art", "some objects that represent things other than themselves are not works of art", "because some works of art are nonrepresentational, there is no way of judging our aesthetic experience of them", "an object may have some aesthetic properties and not be a work of art" ]

[ "presumes, without providing justification, that a phenomenon that supposedly increases the total amount of suffering in a society should ttherefore be changed or eliminated, regardless of its beneficial consequences", "presumes, without providing justification, that if many people have a negative psychological reaction to a phenomenon, then no one can have a positive reaction to that phenomenon", "fails to address adequately the possibility that one phenomenon may causally contribute to the occurrence of another, even though the two phenomena do not always occur together", "takes for granted that a behavior that sometimes leads to a certain phenomenon cannot also significantly reduce the overall occurrence of that phenomenon" ]

[ "In conducting the tests, the laboratory used each type of petrol on each type of engine.", "Drivers whose automobiles regularly exhibit adverse effects from oxygenated petrol generally cease to notice the adverse effects by the time their automobiles have been driven 100, 000 kilometers.", "The adverse effects from oxygenated petrol can be distinguished from mechanical engine problems in the laboratory tests.", "Automobile owners who regularly use oxygenated petrol get more frequent engine maintenance because of the adverse effects from the petrol." ]

[ "Customers differ significantly in the percentage of resources they can devote to computer workstations.", "The capabilities of workstations suitable for given jobs are not significantly different among various manufacturers.", "Buyers for corporations that purchase workstations for computer-aided design receive bonuses for negotiating large discounts from the list price.", "The proposed list prices would seem low to a typical buyer for the manufacturer's most important corporate customers." ]

[ "It fails to address the issue, raised by the public-housing advocates' argument, of who would pay for the construction of more low-income housing.", "It overlooks the possibility that not all apartment buildings have vacant apartments for rent.", "It offers no justification for dismissing as absurd the housing advocates' claim that there are many homeless people in the city.", "It responds to a claim in which \"available\" is used in the sense of\"affordable\" by using \"available\" in the sense of \"not occupied. \"" ]

[ "Some mall shoppers patronize more than one store in any given shopping trip.", "Mall shoppers, on average, spend 50 percent more time shopping than shoppers at other locations do.", "Indoor malls often attract the customary numbers of shoppers even during inclement weather when outdoor malls are likely to lose business.", "In the course of any year, 95 percent of all households in the United States have at least one member who does some shopping at a mall." ]

[ "Jeff had to choose either a grapefruit or cereal for breakfast this morning. Given that Jeff is allergic to grapefruit, Jeff must have had cereal for breakfast this morning.", "Emily's water glass is wet and it would be wet only if she drank water from it this morning. Since the only time she drinks water in the morning is when she takes her medication, Emily took her medication this morning.", "Lisa went to the hair salon today since either she went to the hair salon today or she went to the bank this morning, but Lisa did not go to the bank this morning.", "Linda is grumpy only if she does not have her coffee in the morning, and Linda does not have her coffee in the morning only if she runs out of coffee. Ttherefore, Linda runs out of coffee only on days that she is grumpy." ]

[ "Ramirez was forced by the discovery of new evidence to admit that she lied about her role in managing the chief of staff 's financial affairs. Nevertheless, the board of directors cannot justifiably take action against Ramirez, because in past instances it has pardoned others guilty of similar improprieties.", "After a conservation officer discovered them, Kuttner admitted that he had set the illegal animal traps on his land. But, because she was trespassing at the time, the conservation officer cannot justifiably punish Kuttner in this case.", "After Takashi told Sarah's parents that he had seen her at the movies on Tuesday, Sarah confessed to sneaking out that day. On Monday, however, Takashi had violated the local curfew for minors. Hence Sarah's parents cannot justifiably punish her in this case.", "Shakila's secretary has admitted that he is illegally receiving cable television without paying for it. Shakila would not be justified in reporting him, though, since she once did the same thing." ]

[ "Governments have near monopolies on the dissemination of many kinds of information.", "Preserving a free marketplace of ideas is important.", "The control that governments have over information needs to be reduced.", "The freedom of the marketplace of ideas is in jeopardy." ]

[ "the opinions of the Athenian prosecutors did not represent popular opinion", "the Athenian prosecutors considered themselves too harsh", "although Athenians considered themselves too lenient, they might not actually have been too lenient", "the mercy the Athenians showed was not always misguided" ]

[ "Workers at nuclear power plants have filed only a few lawsuits against the management concerning unsafe working conditions.", "Medical problems arising from work at a nuclear power plant are unusual in that they are not likely to appear until after an employee has left employment at the plant.", "The exposure of the workers to radiation at nuclear power plants was within levels the government considers safe.", "Workers at nuclear power plants are required to report to the manager any cases of accidental exposure to radiation." ]

[ "The assigning of praise and blame is what is most important in the assessment of the value of human actions.", "There can be good actions that are not performed by a good person.", "The intention of an action is indispensable for an evaluation of its morality.", "One can sometimes know one's own motives for a particular action." ]

[ "People admit to having only those character flaws that most other people consider trivial.", "In casual conversation, people readily admit to having a character flaw only when that admission causes them little psychological discomfort.", "In casual conversation, people admit to having character flaws only when they must.", "Most character flaws are considered trivial by those who have them." ]

[ "Amelia's society has a rule against lying. However, she lies anyway in order to protect an innocent person from being harmed. While the rule against lying promotes the general welfare of people in the society, Amelia's lie is not wrong because she is preventing harm.", "Jordan lives in a society that requires its members to eat certain ceremonial foods during festivals. Jordan disobeys this rule. Because the rule is not detrimental to the general welfare of people in her society, Jordan's disobedience is wrong.", "Edward's society requires children to take care of their aged parents. Edward's taking care of his aged parents is the right thing for him to do because the rule requiring this action promotes the general welfare of people in the society.", "Dahlia always has a cup of coffee before getting dressed in the morning. Dahlia's action is right because it does not violate any rule of the society in which she lives." ]

[ "People do less well on a task if they have been told that they will be closely watched while doing it.", "People execute a task more proficiently when they do not believe their abilities are being judged.", "People who assess their talents accurately generally perform near their actual level of proficiency.", "People who think that a superior performance will please those who are testing them generally try harder." ]

[ "people can be persuaded to have a greater concern for the environment than they now have", "the rise in organic food production shows people to have a greater concern for the environment than they had before", "people ought to be more concerned about the environment than they currently are", "people can become healthier by increasing their consumption of organic foods" ]

[ "The ability to use landmarks to find one's way home is probably not an innate ability in birds.", "Studies testing whether the accuracy of birds' migratory patterns is due to an innate homing sense are inconclusive.", "There is as yet little reason to accept that birds have an innate homing sense.", "It is as false to claim that humans have an innate sense of direction as it is to claim that birds have an innate homing sense." ]

[ "rejecting a hypothesis because it is seemingly self-contradictory", "considering people and locations whose existence cannot be substantiated by modern historians", "ignoring available, potentially useful counterevidence", "taking evidence that a text has correctly described an effect to show that the text has correctly described the cause" ]

[ "research efforts aimed at discovering how to change the climate of Mars are justified", "it is probably technologically possible for humankind to alter the climate of Mars", "efforts to change the climate of Mars could facilitate understanding of the Earth's climate", "it would take several centuries to make Mars even marginally inhabitable" ]

[ "Traffic lights and street markings are intended to have benefits in addition to those related to safety.", "Most drivers were not aware that traffic lights and street markings had been removed.", "Drivers were given advance notice that the traffic lights and street markings would be removed.", "The lack of traffic lights and street markings caused drivers to drive more cautiously." ]

[ "Characteristics associated with maturity are important factors in psychotherapy's success.", "Elderly people should not be reluctant to undergo psychotherapy.", "Elderly people are better able to benefit from psychotherapy than are younger people.", "Certain psychotherapists practice age discrimination." ]

[ "presumes, without presenting relevant evidence, that an entity can be distinguished as the best only on the basis of competition", "presumes, without providing warrant, that if an entity is the best among its competitors, then each individual part of that entity must also be the best", "concludes that because an event is the most likely of a set of possible events, that event is more likely to occur than not", "predicts the success of an entity on the basis of features that are not relevant to the quality of that entity" ]

[ "Parents' and siblings' perceptions of a person's personality tend not to change between that person's early childhood and adulthood.", "Parents and siblings have accurate perceptions of the behavior patterns of other family members.", "Standard personality tests have detected significant birth-order effects in some studies of young children's personalities.", "Standard personality tests will detect at least some birth-order effects on personality, if those effects exist." ]

[ "Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory.", "Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle's cosmological theory.", "Aristotle's cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements.", "A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory." ]

[ "Certain cuisines that have become popular use many more vegetable ingredients, including carrots, than most cuisines that were previously popular.", "Weather conditions have caused a decrease in the availability of carrots.", "The purchase of peeled and chopped carrots has become very popular, though carrots are known to lose their vitamins quickly once peeled.", "Carrot consumption has increased only among those demographic groups that have historically had low vitamin A deficiency rates." ]

[ "It's not obvious that reducing the number of criminals will always be beneficial.", "Because these robots could pose a hazard to cars at night, special barriers would have to be constructed between the paths of the robots and the lanes of traffic.", "Since police officers carry guns, the robots would incapacitate them just as efficiently as they incapacitate criminals.", "Such robots would need to be charged during the daytime." ]

[ "If an artist is sympathetic to social justice, that artist is unemployed.", "If there are artists interested in the prospect of great personal fame, they are sympathetic to social justice.", "All artists are either sympathetic to social justice or are interested in the prospect of great personal fame.", "All artists uninterested in the prospect of great personal fame are sympathetic to social justice." ]

[ "corporations make nonfinancial contributions to social programs within their local communities", "many shareholders of corporations are in favor of their corporations making contributions to community social programs", "financial contributions to community social programs improve a corporation's image in a way that improves its profitability", "a corporation's making financial contributions to community social programs violates no laws" ]

[ "Enabling people to believe that better futures are possible will help prevent the loss of motivation that results from pessimistic beliefs about the future.", "If future generations believe that the future can be better, then pollution, poverty, and war will be eliminated.", "Motivating people to work to solve humanity's problems will enable them to believe that the future can be better and will cause them to be less pessimistic.", "The current prevalence of such problems as pollution and poverty stems from previous generations' inability to believe that futures can be better." ]

[ "That fewer people use cigarettes than eat fast food", "That health concerns are the only reason people believe tobacco companies should be held liable", "That the long-term health impact is the same for cigarettes as fast food", "That tobacco companies tend to use the same type of marketing for their products as fast food companies" ]

[ "undermining a view by showing that its general acceptance would lead to undesirable consequences", "claiming that whatever is true of a group must be true of each of the members of the group", "rebutting an objection by attacking the assumption on which it is said to be based", "attacking a view by claiming that those who propose it are motivated only by self-interest" ]

[ "If Pellman's corporate leaders had expected that the legal fees for going to trial would have been less costly than the settlement, they would have taken the lawsuit to trial.", "If Pellman's corporate leaders had expected to win in court, then they would not have settled the lawsuit out of court for $1 million.", "If Pellman's legal fees for going to trial would have been more costly than the settlement, then settling the lawsuit was the most cost-effective solution for the corporation.", "Pellman's corporate leaders were able to accurately estimate their chances of winning in court." ]

[ "new crops of spring wheat must be planted earlier than the time at which standing crops of winter wheat are ready to be harvested", "spring wheat has uses that are different from those of winter wheat", "the smaller-than-average size of a winter wheat harvest this year would not be compensated for by higher winter wheat prices", "planting spring wheat is more profitable than planting certain other crops, such as rye" ]

[ "Since every year there are more marriages than divorces, there must be some marriages that will not end in divorce.", "At least one of the families in Herndon has more than one child, since in Herndon, there are fewer families than children and every child is a member of a family.", "Since boys under ten slightly outnumber girls under ten and since some families have more than one child under ten, it follows that at least one girl under ten has more than one brother under ten.", "There must be fewer families that include teenagers than there are teenagers belonging to such families, since there is at least one family that includes more than one teenager." ]

[ "the evidence cited to show that one factor led to a certain result is not sufficient to show that a second factor will not also lead to that result", "the reason indicated for the claim that one event caused a second more strongly supports the claim that both events were independent effects of a third event", "the evidence cited to show that a certain factor was absent when a certain result occurred does not show that the absence of that factor caused that result", "the reasons given in support of the conclusion presuppose the truth of that conclusion" ]

[ "Many criminals do not have access to the advanced photocopiers that are needed to produce counterfeits of microprinted paper currency that cashiers will accept as real.", "Before photocopying technology existed, most counterfeits of paper currency were accomplished by master engravers.", "When an anticounterfeiting technique depends on the detection of counterfeits by experts, the cost of inspection by experts adds significantly to the cost to society of that technique.", "The process of microprinting paper currency involves fewer steps than does the printing of paper currency with the special ink." ]

[ "mistakes a property of each member of a group taken as an individual for a property of the group taken as a whole", "assumes without warrant that the newspaper stories in question are not biased", "presupposes that most newspaper stories are about violent crime", "presupposes the truth of the conclusion it is attempting to establish" ]

[ "It is presented to counteract a possible objection to the argument's overall conclusion.", "It provides the basis for an analogy used in support of the argument's overall conclusion.", "It is the overall conclusion of the argument.", "It helps establish the scientific importance of the argument's overall conclusion, but is not offered as evidence for that conclusion." ]

[ "Size is the most important factor in deter- mining dominance among tigers.", "Some large female tigers dominate young male tigers.", "Some lions are more ferocious than tigers.", "If a female tiger dominates a male of the species, the male is not an adult." ]

[ "users of a language can easily adapt to changes in that language", "grammar violations should be resisted", "languages evolve through an accumulation of changes in usage and rules", "people only rarely violate grammar rules" ]

[ "presumes, without providing justification, that the public has a right to all information about matters of public safety", "presumes, without providing justification, that information about airline safety is impossible to find in the absence of government disclosures", "fails to consider whether the publication of airline safety statistics will have an effect on the revenues of airlines", "fails to consider that, even if the reports are incomplete, they may nevertheless provide the public with important information about airline safety" ]

[ "The diet of H. erectus was richer in calcium than was the diet of A. robustus.", "The diet of A. robustus included at least some meat.", "The diets of A. robustus and H. erectus both contained less strontium than calcium.", "The meat in the diet of H. erectus was higher in strontium than was the meat in the diets of other hominids." ]

[ "Any psychological technique that can be successfully taught to a child can also be successfully taught to an adult.", "Psychologists should do everything they can to minimize the number of adults troubled by chronic nightmares.", "Psychologists should not teach the technique for replacing nightmares with pleasant dreams to children who are unlikely to suffer from nightmares as adults.", "Identifying nightmare-prone children is generally more difficult than teaching adults the technique for replacing nightmares with pleasant dreams." ]

[ "All of the 1, 000 to 2, 000 species of fruit flies worldwide are believed to be the descendants of one or two females.", "All of the picture-winged drosophilids in Hawaii are believed to be the descendants of the same one or two ancestral female fruit flies.", "Some fruit flies originated in Hawaii and spread from there to other parts of the world.", "Picture-winged drosophilids are found only in the Hawaiian islands." ]

[ "Camera stores that are part of the same national franchise in major metropolitan locations, like New York or Los Angeles, sell comparatively large numbers of the high end cameras.", "The sales associates are already well informed about the capabilities of all the cameras, and often know detailed technical information about their circuitry.", "The high end cameras can generate photographs of profession quality, such as those a portrait photographer might produce", "The only reason many customers buy the economy cameras is that they do not appreciate that the high-end cameras are significantly better." ]

[ "showing that two alternate explanations for a situation are equally probable", "citing a law of nature to explain a particular kind of change", "explaining why a situation came about by referring to the intended outcome of a course of action", "presenting the situation to be explained as part of a general pattern" ]

[ "Socially responsible companies offer better pay than companies that are not socially responsible.", "Funding social programs is required for a business to be socially responsible.", "To be socially responsible, it is not enough for a company to make fine products.", "Adkjos treats its employees and customers well." ]

[ "Field observations of the behavior of young animals often inspire insightful hypotheses about human personality development.", "It is generally less expensive to perform experiments on animals than it is to perform them on humans.", "Proper understanding of human personality is thought to provide a model for better understanding the personality of animals.", "The actions of humans and animals are believed to be motivated by similar instincts, but these instincts are easier to discern in animals." ]

[ "It supports the conclusion that forcing children to pursue academic success is not objectionable.", "It supports the ethicist's view that vanity's being the motivation for cloning is not enough of a reason to ban cloning.", "It describes a legal position that the ethicist argues should be changed.", "It is implied by the ethicist's conviction that clones are not subpeople." ]

[ "the immediate per capita cost to inhabitants of changing the name of the town would be less than the immediate per capita revenue they would receive from the change", "other towns in the region have changed their names to reflect historical associations and have, as a result, experienced a rise in tourism", "the town can accomplish, at a very low cost per capita, the improvements in tourist facilities that an increase in tourism would require", "many inhabitants would be ready to supply tourists with information about Washington Irving and his \"legend\"" ]

[ "It is not a requirement of house paints that they correct surface defects such as badly cracked paint.", "Acrylic paints come in as wide a range of colors as do any other paints.", "Acrylics should not be used to paint over other types of house paint.", "Badly cracked paint is not a result of harsh weather conditions." ]

[ "The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.", "The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.", "The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation.", "The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends." ]

[ "A decreased risk of stroke is correlated with increased levels of folic acid.", "An increased propensity for blocked arteries is correlated with decreased levels of homocysteine.", "Stroke is prevented by ingestion of folic acid in quantities sufficient to prevent a decline in the levels of homocysteine.", "A decreased propensity for blocked arteries is correlated with low levels of folic acid." ]

[ "Among office workers who rarely use keyboards, the rate of carpal tunnel syndrome is much higher for those who feel that they lack control over their own work.", "Office workers who have the most control over their own work tend to perform repetitive motions other than typing more often than do office workers with the least control over their own work.", "The keyboards on which office workers type tend to put typists' arms and hands in positions that promote the development of carpal tunnel syndrome.", "Feeling a lack of control over one's own work tends to put one under emotional stress that makes one more susceptible to nerve disorders." ]

[ "The percentage of restaurant bills paid with a given brand of credit card increases when that credit card's logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is presented.", "In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.", "Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with a credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.", "The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards." ]

[ "In the past 1, 000 experiments, whenever an experimental fungicide was applied to coffee plants infected with coffee rust, the infection disappeared. The coffee rust never disappeared before the fungicide was applied. Ttherefore, in these experiments, application of the fungicide caused the disappearance of coffee rust.", "Three thousand registered voters -- 1, 500 members of the Liberal party and 1, 500 members of the Conservative party -- were asked which mayoral candidate they favored. Four hundred of the Liberals and 300 of the Conservatives favored Pollack. Ttherefore, Pollack has more support among Liberals than among Conservatives.", "Every one of these varied machine parts is of uniformly high quality. Ttherefore, the machine that we assemble from them will be of equally high quality.", "All of my livestock are registered with the regional authority. None of the livestock registered with the regional authority are free-range livestock. Ttherefore, none of my livestock are free-range livestock." ]

[ "The footprints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals.", "Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross-stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous.", "When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased.", "Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe." ]

[ "Disease is not a biochemical phenomenon at all.", "Stress can weaken the immune system.", "Discussing one's condition eliminates the stress of being in that condition.", "Cancer patients can learn to function well under extreme stress." ]

[ "The stock portfolios for which the guests were consultants performed better for the past 12 year period than the market as a whole.", "Performance of the stocks recommended on the television show was measured independently by a number of analysts, and the results of all the measurements concurred.", "Taken together, the stocks recommended on the television show performed better than the market as a whole for the past year.", "Performance of the stocks recommended on the telephone show was measured by stock dividends, whereas the performance of the market as a whole was measured by change in share value." ]

[ "that departments other than sales are more vital to the company's success", "that the sales department taken by itself is not critical to the company's success as a whole", "an absurd consequence of its apparent assumption that a department's necessity earns it the highest priority", "that the sales manager makes a generalization from an atypical case" ]

[ "It is a conclusion based on the premise in the argument that it is best to let small forest foes bum.", "It is used as evidence against the contention that the Forestry Department is not doing its job properly if it does not extinguish forest fires as quickly as possible.", "It is used to show what the consequences would be if the Forestry Department based its policies on the ideas most people have about how it should do its job.", "It is offered as support for the contention that the Forestry Department is not doing its job properly if it does not extinguish forest fires as quickly as possible." ]

[ "taking for granted that dependable predictions about the future cannot ever be made simply on the basis of the present facts", "inferring that since an event that is taken to be likely on a given hypothesis has not occurred, the hypothesis is probably false", "reasoning that because an event has not occurred, that event has a low probability of occurring", "making a prediction far into the future based on established human tendencies" ]

[ "presents counterarguments to a view that is not actually held by any medical researcher", "fails to consider the possibility that popular newspapers and magazines do a good job of identifying the most important medical research articles", "fails to consider the possibility that popular newspapers and magazines are able to review only a minuscule percentage of medical research articles", "draws a conclusion that is logically equivalent to its premise" ]

[ "The outside audit of our public relations department has exposed serious deficiencies in the competence of each member of that department. We must conclude that the department is inadequate for our needs.", "The employees at this fast-food restaurant are the youngest and most inexperienced of any fast-food workers in the city. Given this, it seems obvious that customers will have to wait longer for their food at this restaurant than at others.", "This supercomputer is the most sophisticated -- and the most expensive -- ever built. It must be that each of its components is the most sophisticated and expensive available.", "Literature critics have lavished praise on every chapter of this book. In light of their reviews, one must conclude that the book is excellent." ]

[ "Most of the major carpet producers market other floor coverings as well.", "The carpet market is unlike most markets in that consumers are becoming increasingly resistant to new patterns and styles.", "Price reductions, achieved by cost-cutting in production, by some of the dominant firms in the carpet market are causing other producers to leave the market altogether.", "Two of the three mergers in the industry's last ten years led to a decline in profits and revenues for the newly merged companies." ]

[ "It begins with a generalization, offers some examples, and concludes with a definition.", "It begins with a definition, offers some examples, and concludes with speculation.", "It begins with a generalization, defines some terms, and concludes with an example.", "It begins with a bright-line test, offers some examples, and concludes with a definition." ]

[ "If a species is highly adaptable, it will thrive when introduced into a new environment. If a species thrives in its new environment, it will have an adverse effect on species already existing in that environment. But, since this species has not had an adverse effect on any species already existing in its new environment, it is not highly adaptable.", "If the introduction of a new species would adversely affect some species already existing in an environment, that species should not be introduced into it. Ttherefore, since the introduction of species into new environments will result in some species in those environments being adversely affected, species should probably not be introduced into new environments.", "If a species thrives in a new environment, that species is adaptable. Species that adapt to new environments adversely affect some species already existing in those environments. So, if a species does not adversely affect any species already existing in its new environment, it has not adapted to it.", "If a species is introduced into a new environment, it adversely affects some species already existing in that environment, but only if it adapts well to it. Ttherefore, if a species does not adapt well to a new environment, it will not adversely affect any species already existing in it." ]

[ "People are not morally responsible for most of the actions that they perform .", "A person is morally responsible for an action if there is an alternative action that is genuinely open to the person.", "An alternative action is not genuinely open to a person unless that person would be morally responsible for performing the alternative action.", "An action is not free unless there is an alternative action that is not morally wrong." ]

[ "young people who have asthma are no more likely to become competitive athletes than are young people who do not have asthma", "many people have asthma without knowing they have it and thus are not diagnosed with the condition until they begin engaging in very strenuous activities, such as competitive athletics", "competitive athletes who specialize in sports other than swimming are rarely exposed to chlorine", "until a few years ago, physicians routinely recommended competitive swimming to children with asthma, in the belief that this form of exercise could alleviate asthma symptoms" ]

[ "The study found that for people who drank three or more cups of coffee daily, the additional risk of heart disease increased with each extra daily cup.", "The study did not collect information that would show whether variations in level of coffee consumption are directly related to variations in level of stress, a major causal factor in heart disease.", "Subsequent studies have shown that heavy coffee consumption tends to cause an elevated blood-cholesterol level, an immediate indicator of increased risk of heart disease.", "Per capita coffee consumption has been declining over the past 20 years because of the increasing popularity of soft drinks and also because of health worries." ]

[ "Antismoking education programs that are funded by taxes on cigarettes will tend to lose their funding if they are successful.", "People who are well informed about the effects of long-term tobacco use are significantly less likely to smoke than are people who are not informed.", "Usually, cigarette sales will increase substantially in the areas surrounding a city after that city imposes stiff taxes on cigarettes.", "A city-imposed tax on cigarettes will substantially reduce the amount of smoking in the city if the tax is burdensome to the average cigarette consumer." ]

[ "The reputation of a vineyard generally plays a greater role than the quality of its grapes in determining its wines' prices.", "The reputation of a vineyard does not always indicate the quality of its wines.", "Wines produced by lesser-known vineyards generally are priced to reflect accurately the wines' quality.", "Price is never an accurate indication of the quality of a bottle of wine." ]

[ "Will owners who have placed decals on their cars'windows but who find it necessary to drive between 1 A. M. and 5 A. M. be harassed by police?", "Are the neighborhoods in which the program has been put into effect a representative cross section of neighborhoods with respect to the types of automobiles owned by residents?", "In how many neighborhoods is the police program operating?", "Are owners who are cautious enough to join the program taking other special measures to protect their cars against theft?" ]

[ "The eyesight of a fetus develops during the last trimester of pregnancy.", "Babies generally prefer mother's milk to formulas low in P-fat.", "Adults whose diets lack P-fat tend to have worse eyesight than those whose diets are high in P-fat.", "A fetus typically receives high levels of P-fat from the mother during only the last four weeks of pregnancy." ]

[ "envisaging radically new technologies rather than radically new social arrangements is a shortcoming of futuristic science fiction", "writers of conventional fiction are more skillful than are writers of futuristic science fiction", "some science fiction writers have succeeded in envisaging convincing, radically new social arrangements", "futuristic science fiction has more promise as a source of social criticism than does conventional fiction" ]

[ "Some three-month-old children weigh as much as 17 pounds.", "The phrase \"below average\" does not necessarily mean insufficient.", "It is possible for a normal child to weigh 10 pounds at birth.", "Average weight gain is not the same as average weight." ]

[ "The argument questions the integrity of those who are opposed to allowing runways to be built closer together.", "The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the air traffic control tapes studied do not provide accurate information concerning specific flights.", "The argument overlooks the fact that those who make mistakes are often unreliable sources of information about those mistakes.", "The argument presumes, without providing justification, that building runways closer together will encourage pilots to be more cautious while landing." ]

[ "Mandatory minimum sentences are too mechanical and reduce judicial discretion.", "Mandatory minimum sentences are needed to help prevent judicial arbitrariness.", "People believe that they have good judgment but never do.", "Judges should be free to exercise their own judgment." ]

[ "All substances except those that do not occur naturally in any source are considered natural.", "Many other foods advertising all natural ingredients also contain some ingredients that are chemically synthesized.", "The label was printed before the cookie company decided to switch from sugarcane alphahydroxy acids to synthesized ones.", "Not all chemicals that are part of the manufacturing process are ingredients of the cookies." ]

[ "The argument takes evidence showing merely that its conclusion could be true to constitute evidence showing that the conclusion is in fact true.", "The argument depends for its appeal only on the emotional content of the example cited.", "The argument does not explain what is meant by \"reward\" and \"personal benefit. \"", "The term \"self-interest\" is allowed to shift in meaning over the course of the argument." ]

[ "Gary will do his laundry tomorrow only if Peter has to go to work. Unless Cathy is ill, Peter will not have to go to work. Since Cathy is not ill, Gary will not do his laundry tomorrow.", "Lisa will attend the family reunion next week only if one of her brothers, Jared or Karl, also attends. Karl will not attend the reunion, but Jared will. So Lisa will attend the reunion.", "If Janice comes to visit, Mary will not pay the bills tomorrow. Janice will not come to visit unless she locates a babysitter. However, Janice has located a babysitter, so she will visit Mary.", "George will not go to the museum tomorrow unless Mark agrees to go. Mark will go to the museum only if he can postpone most of his appointments. Mark has postponed some of his appointments, so he will go to the museum." ]

[ "Displays of works of art that are considered obscene change the way in which obscenity is defined.", "Public opinion does not determine the artistic value of a work of art.", "The number of things that are considered obscene has decreased with the passage of time.", "Not all currently recognized masterpieces that were once considered obscene are still considered obscene." ]

[ "The first is inferred from another statement in the argument; the second is inferred from the first.", "The first is one of two premises used to support the argument's main conclusion; the second is the other of those two premises.", "The first is the argument's main conclusion; the second is a premise used to support that conclusion.", "The first is a premise used to support the argument's main conclusion; the second is a premise used to support another conclusion drawn in the argument." ]

[ "the danger of chemical pollution of waterways is to be evaluated in terms of human health only and not in terms of the health of both human beings and wildlife", "there is a swift flow of water in the waterway that ensures rapid dispersion of chemicals discharged", "relatively harmless chemicals do not interact with each other in the water to form harmful compounds", "there are no chemicals for which discharge into waterways is entirely prohibited" ]

[ "Property owners are sometimes allowed exemptions from restrictive zoning laws.", "An individual's property rights may be infringed upon by other people altering their own property .", "Zoning laws ensure that property rights are not overly extensive.", "It is in the best interest of property owners to maintain current laws in order to prevent an increase in their property taxes." ]

[ "Many of the patrons who do use the library are dissatisfied with the library's resources.", "The last time the town allocated additional funding for the library, the funding was used to repair the crumbling staircase and ramp leading to the library entrance.", "A large percentage of library users are children and teens, who do not vote or pay taxes.", "Usage of the library did increase in 1994, when the town voted to allocate funds for an advertising campaign promoting reading." ]

[ "Industrial workers who have just been exposed to noxious fumes are not good judges of whether they should keep working.", "People who are being treated for schizophrenia are not good judges of whether they should continue their medical treatments.", "Elementary school students who dislike arithmetic are not good judges of whether multiplication tables should be included in the school's curriculum.", "People who have been drinking alcohol are not good judges of whether they are too drunk to drive." ]

[ "The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.", "Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.", "Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.", "There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont." ]

[ "The total amount of writing paper manufactured worldwide will increase significantly in the future.", "Certain kinds of paper cannot be manufactured from recycled paper.", "Beyond a certain limit, increasing the amount of filler added to paper pulp does not increase the whiteness of the paper made from the pulp.", "Grayish writing paper will not be a universally acceptable alternative to white writing paper." ]

[ "A prominent plastic surgeon loses her license after an employee sues her for malpractice after she operates on him.", "A Congressional aide reveals cases of bribery in the House of Representatives.", "An energy company's stock plunges after an employee publicizes its accounting records.", "A movie star loses popularity because a studio employee tells a magazine about the star's troubled personal life." ]

[ "from the location of certain hunting weapons in juxtaposition with mastodon remains, it is possible to determine whether those weapons were used to hunt mastodons", "it is possible to determine whether the earliest human dwellings constructed from mastodon tusks and bones come from an earlier period than the earliest hunting weapons unambiguously associated with mastodon remains", "from the remains of mastodons already discovered, it can be accurately estimated when mastodons became extinct", "the average age at which mastodons reached reproductive maturity can be established from mastodon tusks, of which there are many fossils dating from different periods" ]

[ "A second largely undeveloped airstrip close to Greentown airport would be a more attractive alternative than Hevelia for many passengers who now use Greentown.", "If an airplane has to wait to land, the extra jet fuel required adds significantly to the airline's costs.", "Turning Hevelia into a full-service airport would require not only substantial construction at the airport itself, but also the construction of new access highways.", "Several airlines use Greentown as a regional hub, so that most flights landing at Greentown have many passengers who then take different flights to reach their final destinations." ]