README.md

---
license: apache-2.0
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: video_name
    dtype: string
  - name: idx
    dtype: string
  - name: question
    dtype: string
  - name: GT
    dtype: string
  - name: dataset
    dtype: string
  - name: category
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 7347835
    num_examples: 9867
  - name: test_short_qa
    num_bytes: 7347835
    num_examples: 9867
  - name: test_long_qa
    num_bytes: 8468396
    num_examples: 5485
  - name: test_short_caption
    num_bytes: 2296752
    num_examples: 1891
  download_size: 2997558
  dataset_size: 25460818
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: test
    path: data/test-*
  - split: test_short_qa
    path: data/test_short_qa-*
  - split: test_long_qa
    path: data/test_long_qa-*
  - split: test_short_caption
    path: data/test_short_caption-*
task_categories:
- video-text-to-text
language:
- en
tags:
- temporal-reasoning
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
extra_gated_prompt: 'TemporalBench is made for academic research purposes only. Commercial
  use in any form is strictly prohibited.

  The copyright of all videos belong to their respective owners. We do not own any
  of the videos.

  Any form of unauthorized distribution, publication, copying, dissemination, or modifications
  made over TemporalBench in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.

  MICROSOFT RESEARCH LICENSE TERMS IF YOU LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES, PLEASE READ THE
  “BINDING ARBITRATION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER” SECTION BELOW. IT AFFECTS HOW DISPUTES
  ARE RESOLVED. These license terms are an agreement between you and Microsoft Corporation
  (or one of its affiliates). They apply to the source code, object code, machine
  learning models, or data (collectively “Materials”) that accompany this license.
  IF YOU COMPLY WITH THESE LICENSE TERMS, YOU HAVE THE RIGHTS BELOW. BY USING THE
  MATERIALS, YOU ACCEPT THESE TERMS. 1) INSTALLATION AND USE RIGHTS TO THE MATERIALS.
  Subject to the terms of this agreement, you have the below rights, if applicable,
  to use the Materials solely for non-commercial, non-revenue generating, research
  purposes: 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) a) Source Code. If source code is included, you may use
  and modify the source code, but you may not distribute the source code. b) Object
  Code. If object code is included, you may use the object code, but you may not distribute
  the object code. c) Models. If machine learning model(s) are included, you may use
  the model(s), but you may not distribute the models. d) Data. If data is included,
  you may use and modify the data, but your use and modification must be consistent
  with the consent under which the data was provided and/or gathered and you may not
  distribute the data or your modifications to the data. SCOPE OF LICENSE. The Materials
  are licensed, not sold. Microsoft reserves all other rights. Unless applicable law
  gives you more rights despite this limitation, you will not (and have no right to):
  a) work around any technical limitations in the Materials that only allow you to
  use it in certain ways; b) c) reverse engineer, decompile or disassemble the Materials;
  remove, minimize, block, or modify any notices of Microsoft or its suppliers in
  the Materials; d) e) use the Materials in any way that is against the law or to
  create or propagate malware; or share, publish, distribute or lend the Materials,
  provide the Materials as a stand-alone hosted solution for others to use, or transfer
  the Materials or this agreement to any third party. PERSONAL DATA. If the data (set
  forth in Section 1(c) above) includes or is found to include any data that enables
  any ability to identify an individual (“Personal Data”), you will not use such Personal
  Data for any purpose other than was authorized and consented to by the data subject/research
  participant. You will not use Personal Data to contact any person. You will keep
  Personal Data in strict confidence. You will not share any Personal Data that is
  collected or in your possession with any third party for any reason and as required
  under the original consent agreement. Further, you will destroy the Personal Data
  and any backup or copies, immediately upon the completion of your research. LICENSE
  TO MICROSOFT. Notwithstanding the limitations in Section 1, you may distribute your
  modifications back to Microsoft, and if you do provide Microsoft with modifications
  of the Materials, you hereby grant Microsoft, without any restrictions or limitations,
  a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, assignable and sub-licensable
  license, to reproduce, publicly perform or display, install, use, modify, post,
  distribute, make and have made, sell and transfer such modifications and derivatives
  for any purpose. PUBLICATION. You may publish (or present papers or articles) on
  your results from using the Materials provided that no material or substantial portion
  of the Materials is included in any such publication or presentation. FEEDBACK.
  Any feedback about the Materials provided by you to us is voluntarily given, and
  Microsoft shall be free to use the feedback as it sees fit without obligation or
  restriction of any kind, even if the feedback is designated by you as confidential.
  Such feedback shall be considered a contribution and licensed to Microsoft under
  the terms of Section 4 above. 7) COMPLIANCE WITH TRADE LAWS. You acknowledge that
  the Materials may be subject to applicable trade laws in one or more countries.
  You will comply with all relevant laws and regulations applicable to the import
  or export of the Materials, including but not limited to, trade laws such as the
  U.S. Export Administration Regulations or other end-user, end use, and destination
  restrictions by the U.S. and other governments, as well as sanctions regulations
  administered by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control. Microsoft may suspend
  or terminate the agreement immediately to the extent that Microsoft reasonably concludes
  that continued performance would violate trade laws or put it at risk of becoming
  subject to sanctions or penalties under trade laws. For additional information,
  see www.microsoft.com/exporting. 8) SUPPORT SERVICES. Microsoft is not obligated
  under this agreement to provide any support services for the Materials. Any support
  provided is “as is”, “with all faults”, and without warranty of any kind. 9) BINDING
  ARBITRATION AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER. This Section applies if you live in (or, if
  a business, your principal place of business is in) the United States. If you and
  Microsoft have a dispute, you and Microsoft agree to try for 60 days to resolve
  it informally. If you and Microsoft can’t, you and Microsoft agree to binding individual
  arbitration before the American Arbitration Association under the Federal Arbitration
  Act (“FAA”), and not to sue in court in front of a judge or jury. Instead, a neutral
  arbitrator will decide. Class action lawsuits, class-wide arbitrations, private
  attorney- general actions, and any other proceeding where someone acts in a representative
  capacity are not allowed; nor is combining individual proceedings without the consent
  of all parties. The complete Arbitration Agreement contains more terms and is at
  aka.ms/arb-agreement-1. You and Microsoft agree to these terms. 10) ENTIRE AGREEMENT.
  This agreement, and any other terms Microsoft may provide for supplements, updates,
  or third-party applications, is the entire agreement for the Materials. 11) APPLICABLE
  LAW AND PLACE TO RESOLVE DISPUTES. If you acquired the Materials in the United States
  or Canada, the laws of the state or province where you live (or, if a business,
  where your principal place of business is located) govern the interpretation of
  this agreement, claims for its breach, and all other claims (including consumer
  protection, unfair competition, and tort claims), regardless of conflict of laws
  principles, except that the FAA governs everything related to arbitration. If you
  acquired the Materials in any other country, its laws apply, except that the FAA
  governs everything related to arbitration. If U.S. federal jurisdiction exists,
  you and Microsoft consent to exclusive jurisdiction and venue in the federal court
  in King County, Washington for all disputes heard in court (excluding arbitration).
  If not, you and Microsoft consent to exclusive jurisdiction and venue in the Superior
  Court of King County, Washington for all disputes heard in court (excluding arbitration).
  12) CONSUMER RIGHTS; REGIONAL VARIATIONS. This agreement describes certain legal
  rights. You may have other rights, including consumer rights, under the laws of
  your state, province, or country. Separate and apart from your relationship with
  Microsoft, you may also have rights with respect to the party from which you acquired
  the Materials. This agreement does not change those other rights if the laws of
  your state, province, or country do not permit it to do so. For example, if you
  acquired the Materials in one of the below regions, or mandatory country law applies,
  then the following provisions apply to you: a) Australia. You have statutory guarantees
  under the Australian Consumer Law and nothing in this agreement is intended to affect
  those rights. b) Canada. If you acquired this software in Canada, you may stop receiving
  updates by turning off the automatic update feature, disconnecting your device from
  the Internet (if and when you re-connect to the Internet, however, the Materials
  will resume checking for and installing updates), or uninstalling the Materials.
  The product documentation, if any, may also specify how to turn off updates for
  your specific device or software. c) Germany and Austria. i. ii. Warranty. The properly
  licensed software will perform substantially as described in any Microsoft materials
  that accompany the Materials. However, Microsoft gives no contractual guarantee
  in relation to the licensed software. Limitation of Liability. In case of intentional
  conduct, gross negligence, claims based on the Product Liability Act, as well as,
  in case of death or personal or physical injury, Microsoft is liable according to
  the statutory law. Subject to the foregoing clause (ii), Microsoft will only be
  liable for slight negligence if Microsoft is in breach of such material contractual
  obligations, the fulfillment of which facilitate the due performance of this agreement,
  the breach of which would endanger the purpose of this agreement and the compliance
  with which a party may constantly trust in (so-called "cardinal obligations"). In
  other cases of slight negligence, Microsoft will not be liable for slight negligence.
  13) DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY. THE MATERIALS ARE LICENSED “AS IS.” YOU BEAR THE RISK
  OF USING THEM. MICROSOFT GIVES NO EXPRESS WARRANTIES, GUARANTEES, OR CONDITIONS.
  TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED UNDER APPLICABLE LAWS, MICROSOFT EXCLUDES ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
  INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT.
  14) LIMITATION ON AND EXCLUSION OF DAMAGES. IF YOU HAVE ANY BASIS FOR RECOVERING
  DAMAGES DESPITE THE PRECEDING DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY, YOU CAN RECOVER FROM MICROSOFT
  AND ITS SUPPLIERS ONLY DIRECT DAMAGES UP TO U.S. $5.00. YOU CANNOT RECOVER ANY OTHER
  DAMAGES, INCLUDING CONSEQUENTIAL, LOST PROFITS, SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR INCIDENTAL
  DAMAGES. This limitation applies to (a) anything related to the Materials, services,
  content (including code) on third party Internet sites, or third party applications;
  and (b) claims for breach of contract, warranty, guarantee, or condition; strict
  liability, negligence, or other tort; or any other claim; in each case to the extent
  permitted by applicable law. It also applies even if Microsoft knew or should have
  known about the possibility of the damages. The above limitation or exclusion may
  not apply to you because your state, province, or country may not allow the exclusion
  or limitation of incidental, consequential, or other damages.



  You cannot access our dataset unless you comply to all the above restrictions and
  also provide your information for legal purposes.'
extra_gated_fields:
  Name: text
  Country: country
  Affiliation: text
  Job title:
    type: select
    options:
    - Undergraduate Student
    - Graduate Student
    - AI researcher/developer/engineer
    - Other
  ? By clicking Submit below I accept the terms and conditions and acknowledge that
    the information I provide is only for legal purposes and will not be shared with
    any other entity
  : checkbox
extra_gated_button_content: Submit
---

# Dataset Card

**Dataset is released now!**
<!-- insert an figure here -->
![Alt text](https://temporalbench.github.io/static/images/teaser-enlarged-v1.png)
[[Project Page]](https://temporalbench.github.io/) [[arXiv]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10818) [[code]](https://github.com/mu-cai/TemporalBench) [[Leaderboard]](https://temporalbench.github.io/#leaderboard)

**TemporalBench** is a video understanding benchmark designed to evaluate fine-grained temporal reasoning for multimodal video models. It consists of ∼10K video question-answer pairs sourced from ∼2K high-quality human-annotated video captions, capturing detailed temporal dynamics and actions.

### Dataset Description

- **Curated by:** Mu Cai, Reuben Tan, Jianfeng Gao, Yong Jae Lee, Jianwei Yang, etc.
- **Language(s):** English
- **License:** MIT

### Dataset Sources

<!-- Provide the basic links for the dataset. -->

- **Paper:** [TemporalBench: Benchmarking Fine-Grained Temporal Understanding for Multimodal Video Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10818)

### Direct Use

<!-- This section describes suitable use cases for the dataset. -->

The dataset is useful for assessing the temporal reasoning abilities of multimodal models, particularly fine-grained video understanding, long-term video understanding, and video captioning with rich details.

### Out-of-Scope Use

<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the dataset will not work well for. -->

The dataset is not intended for use in non-temporal video tasks.

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances

Each data instance in the dataset consists of a question-answer pair based on a video clip. Below is an example from the dataset:

```python
{
    "idx": "short_video/Charades/EEVD3_start_11.4_end_16.9.mp4_0",
    "video_name": "short_video/Charades/EEVD3_start_11.4_end_16.9.mp4",
    "category": "Action Effector",
    "source_dataset": "Charades",
    "question": "Which caption best describes this video?\nA. A person closes the door of the fridge with his left hand while looking at the bowl of fruit he holds in his right hand. He transfers the bowl from his right hand to his left hand. He picks up a fruit from the bowl with his left hand. He tosses the fruit up with his left hand and catches it with the same hand while walking forward. \nB. A person closes the door of the fridge with his left hand while looking at the bowl of fruit he holds in his right hand. He transfers the bowl from his right hand to his left hand. He picks up a fruit from the bowl with his right hand. He tosses the fruit up with his right hand and catches it with the same hand while walking forward.\nAnswer with the option's letter from the given choices directly.",
    "GT": "B"
}
```

### Data Fields

- `idx`: A string representing the video identifier.
- `video_name`: Video path
- `question`: A string containing the question related to the video.
- `GT`: A string containing the correct answer.

### Data Splits

The dataset is split into the following:

- `test`: 9867 rows


## Dataset Creation

This dataset was created from human annotators with fine-grained temporal annotations. The videos were sampled from various sources, including procedural videos and human activities.

### Source Data

- ActivityNet-Captions, COIN, Charades-STA, FineGym, Oops, Movei Description, EgoExo4d, 

#### Data Collection and Processing

Refer to the main paper for detailed information about the data collection and curation process.

#### Personal and Sensitive Information

No personal or sensitive information is contained in this dataset.

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

TemporalBench is made for academic research purposes only. Commercial use in any form is strictly prohibited.
The copyright of all videos belong to their respective owners. We do not own any of the videos.
Any form of unauthorized distribution, publication, copying, dissemination, or modifications made over TemporalBench in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.
You cannot access our dataset unless you comply to all the above restrictions and also provide your information for legal purposes.
This dataset is foucsing on fine-grained temporal tasks rather than coarse-grained video understanding.

## Citation

If you find this work useful, please cite:

```
@article{cai2024temporalbench,
      title={TemporalBench: Towards Fine-grained Temporal Understanding for Multimodal Video Models},
      author={Cai, Mu and Tan, Reuben and Zhang, Jianrui and Zou, Bocheng and Zhang, Kai and Yao, Feng and Zhu, Fangrui and Gu, Jing and Zhong, Yiwu and Shang, Yuzhang and Dou, Yao and Park, Jaden and Gao, Jianfeng and Lee, Yong Jae and Yang, Jianwei},
      journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.10818},
      year={2024}
}
```